text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Mar 17, 1992
|Filing date
|Jun 18, 1990
|Priority date
|Jun 18, 1990
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Bruce V. Testa, Brian M. Morris
|Original Assignee
|General Signal Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (7), Referenced by (18), Classifications (8), Legal Events (10)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates to an improvement in electrical arrangements for isolating short circuit faults and undervoltage conditions from the other part of an alarm system, such as a fire alarm system or the like.
The central controller (sometimes referred to as a control unit, also as a central panel) of a fire detection system may be required to be connected to a large number of sensors or detectors located throughout a given premises.
In general, it is know to design and manufacture fire alarm systems and devices in which, characteristically, control units or panels are provided to divide the protected premises into areas or fire zones. Each zone is monitored separately by the controller or panel for troubles and alarm conditions. This zonal arrangement allows for some precision in identifying the location of a fire alarm or a trouble condition. However, conventional systems suffer the disadvantages of the high cost of wiring involved in multiple monitoring circuits, where a more precise means for locating a fire is desired.
Because of recent demand due to stricter fire codes, as well as to rising insurance premiums and pressures from local fire departments, coupled with significant cost reductions in high technology electronic circuits, it has become more economically feasible for manufacturers of fire alarm systems and devices to develop equipment which incorporates circuitry that establishes a sophisticated communication link between the control unit or panel and the sensors or devices that are interconnected in, or connected across, appropriate transmission lines or loops.
Generally speaking, upon proper configuaration of such a sophisticated system, the control panel or unit has the ability to determine the status of any detector device as well as to pinpoint the device's exact location. These types of systems have come to be commonly referred to as "addressable fire alarm control panels". Moreover, such systems lend themselves to the elimination of complex and/or extensive wiring schemes and monitoring circiuts.
However, up until recently there has been a lack of assurance of maximum protection in the event of a hazardous condition, such as an open connection or break in the wiring; or, on the other hand, a short circuit fault in the wiring. What has been proposed heretofore, particularly in the latter case of a short circuit fault is an arrangement for detecting and isolating any such short circuit fault, but one which unfortunately could render all of the detector devices inoperative.
Reference to U.S. Pat. No. 4,528,610 makes clear the kind of circuitry that has been contemplated for isolating a section of a loop circuit from a bidirectional supply unit, in the event of a short circuit in the section; however, such an arrangement, as described, does not provide sufficient control from the control unit over the short circuit condition to insure that the possibility is eliminated of having all or substantially all of the detector devices rendered inoperative upon occurrence of the short circuit.
Accordingly, it is a primary object of present invention to provide a means which will allow a large portion of the interconnected detectors to remain operational in the event of a short circuit on a bidirectional loop ("Class A"). More specifically, it is an object of the present invention to provide selectivity in the arrangement such that only the detectors which are physically located adjacent to the shorted section of wire will be caused to switch from a low impedance path to a high impedance path.
Another object of the present invention is to provide such low impedance path during normal system operation, thus providing that the interconnected detectors' operating currents produce small line losses.
A further object of the present invention is to provide the same benefit of a low impedance path for interconnected devices that are arranged in a unidirectional configuration.
Yet another object is to provide a means to automatically disconnect detectors which are operating at line voltages that are below minimum requirements. By doing so maximum reliability is obtained.
The present invention provides system control over short circuit isolations; that is to say a controlling factor is the control unit or panel at a central location which furnishes the system a means to filter out occurrences of line transients and intermittent short circuits which would otherwise cause false isolations, as is encountered with present well known similar designs.
Moreover, the present invention enables selectivity in the response to short circuits and like conditions. Thus it is a primary feature of the present invention to have the control unit or panel sense a given short circuit condition and then to generate a unigue signal (referred to as a "walkback" signal) which selectively switches those isolator devices which are physically located adjacent to a short circuit, but without interfering with the operations of other interconnected detectors.
Another feature which forms part of the present invention is an undervoltage detection arrangement. Thus the invention provides line voltage detection and automatic load control, whereby an appropriate isolator device will automatically change from a low impedance path to a high impedance path when the wiring voltage connected to this isolator device drops below the minimum operating voltage of the given interconnected detectors. Clearly this circumstance can easily be appreciated where wiring impedances and unaccountable elevated wiring currents (i.e. faulty interconnected detectors) are present.
Yet another feature or aspect of the invention involves a means to control and limit the total inrush current seen by the control unit when power is first applied to the interconnected detectors. This feature allows for the use of low cost, low power devices, such as field effect transistors, thereby to configure the control unit's supply output circuitry, as well as provide interconnected detector versatility, in the sense that one can intermix devices with different inrush current specification. Other and further objects, advantages and features of the present invention will be understood by reference to the following specification in conjunction with the annexed drawing, wherein like parts have been given like numbers.
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an isolator device forming part of the present invention.
FIGS. 2A and 2B are simplified depictions of the two different directions of transmission within the isolator device of FIG. 1.
FIG. 3A is a block diagram of a typical conventional addressable alarm system showing groups of addressable detectors separated by a plurality of isolator devices.
FIG. 3B is a block diagram of the system in accordance with the present invention, from an overall point of view, including depiction of the groups of addressable detectors, and specialized line fault isolators, each of which involves a 5 millisecond delay arrangement.
FIG. 4A is a schematic diagram depicting an inventive isolator device in simplified form, and including a schematic showing of the arrangement within the control unit or panel for sensing a reflected large current pulse under short circuit conditions and for responding, by generating an output signal for transmission to the isolator devices so as to accomplish the distinctive result in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 4B consists of pulse diagrams useful in explaining ciruit operation.
FIGS. 5A through 5E are block diagrams illustrating the changing conditions in the system of the present invention, as a consequence of a transient occurring somewhere along the line; the invention operating to avoid shutdown due to a transient being present.
FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a transmission line or loop (Class A) containing the invention by which a short citcuit condition causes isolation precisely where desired; that is, by only that pair of isolators immediately adjacent the short circuit condition.
FIG. 7 is another block diagram depicting the system in accordance with the present invention by which a limited number of isolator devices are activated responsive to a faulty detector (that is, a detector having an excessive operating current), or responsive to a line voltage which is below a safe operational level.
Referring now to FIG. 1 of the drawing, there will first be discussed the feature by which an inrush current limit is imposed on the system. First of all, it is assumed that power is applied to isolator device 20 by way of the input terminals TB1 seen at the left in FIG. 1. At this time the capacitors C6 and C1 are rapidly charged to the peak amplitude of the applied voltage through the diodes D2, D6 and D2, D10 respectively (D2 being at the lower left in FIG. 1 and the diodes D6 and D10 being in the upper portion thereof). It should be noted that in this figure the value or type of device is indicated in parentheses below the designation for a given element, such as capacitor, resistor or diode and the like. For a capacitor, the value is in microfarads unless otherwise noted.
It will be understood that resistors R7 and R6 form a voltage divider such that a fraction of the applied peak voltage across these resistors is applied to pin 5 of the operational amplifier IC1, while the voltage divider formed by R12 and R11 in symmetrical fashion determines the voltage applied to pin 3 of the same operational amplifier IC1.
It will be appreciated that IC1's plus input pins (i.e. 3 and 5) voltage levels exceed the voltage levels of minus input pins (2 and 6). Accordingly, IC1's output pins 1 and 7, respectively, are disabled, thereby rendering the optically coupled integrated circuit devices, IC2, appearing on the left and right respectively, at the lower portion of the figure, nonconductive. The integral LED's 22 and 24 is connected at the common output (pins 1 and 7) of IC1 provide the light to be coupled to IC2. Therefore Q1 and Q2 are normally OFF (nonconductive), thereby blocking current flow to the output terminals TB2. The output voltage of the isolator device 20 is equal to zero at this time.
Subsequent to the above described operation, capacitor C2 (lower left in FIG. 1) begins to charge through resistor R3 and diode D4, and, at approximately 2-4 volts, field effect transistor Q1 (having gate, source and drain as indicated) turns ON (with 5ms -12ms delay). A current path is established through transistor Q1 and the internal diode 10 of transistor Q2 (such diode not seen in FIG. 1, but appearing in FIGS. 2A and 2B [opposite direction of transmission]), Consequently, the value of Vout is now equal to V+ (the input voltage minus a diode drop of approximately 0.7 volts.)
Due to the above considerations, another current path is established through capacitor C5 (lower right in FIG. 1) resistor R14 and diode D11. As a result, capacitor C5 begins to charge at approximately 2-4 volts and Q2 turns ON. With transistor Q2 being in a conductive state, the internal diode drop thereof is eliminated, thereby minimizing the series loss to (Itotal)�(Q1RDSon+Q2RDSon), where Itotal equals the total interconnecting detector current and RDSon equals resistance from drain to source in the "ON" state.
As will be appreciated, this effect greatly increases the ability to connect a large number of detectors to the transmission lines 12 and 14, as seen in the loop configurations of FIGS. 3A and 3B. The further result of this is the maximization of the number of operational interconnected detectors that can remain operational when a short circuit occurs. A noteworthy aspect of the primary feature of the present invention, as seen in FIGS. 2A and 2B, is the use of Q1 and Q2's internal diodes 10 to establish current paths which would otherwise require external components and thereby involve higher costs.
An implementation of the unique isolator device's ability to provide inrush current limiting, will be appreciated by reference to FIGS. 3A-3B, wherein the conventional system is seen in FIG. 3A and the system of the present invention in FIG. 3B. In FIG. 3B, the isolator devices are interleaved with detectors connected in groups across the lines of the loop such that subgroups of, for example, 25 detectors are provided between pairs of isolators.
In FIG. 3A, the panel must provide inrush current which is equal to the inrush current of one detector times the total number of detectors connected to the loop (i.e. 5 amps �12 detectors =70 amps). In FIG. 3B, the panel must provide inrush current which is only equal to the inrush current of one detector times the number of detectors between isolators (i.e. 5 amps �3 detectors =15 amps).
Referring now to FIG. 1. of the drawing, there will be seen on the far left two input terminals TB1 and on the far right two output terminals TB2 (the upper terminals also being designated input plus and output plus respectively and the lower terminals input minus and output minus).
Let it be assumed that a short circuit condition arises across the output terminals TB2 and this causes the input voltage to drop to zero volts. During this time interval when the input voltage is dropping, transistors Q1 and Q2 (seen at the bottom of FIG. 1) remain in condition by virtue of a relatively long time constant provided by capacitor C2 (bottom left) in conjunction with resistor R2. This constitutes a low impedance, normal condition for the isolator devices.
It is a noteworthy feature of the present invention that the short circuit condition now becomes an integral part of this isolator output and, in conjunction with the control unit's output supply provides a means for this isolator device to reflect a large current pulse back to the control unit. This feature will be understood by further reference to FIG. 4 of the drawing in which there will be seen a fire alarm control unit or panel 40 basically similar to the panel seen previously in FIG. 3B. Connected to this control unit 40, in simplified form, is a first isolator device 20.
When the assumed short circuit occurs, as indicated by the dotted lines at the output of the isolator device 20 in FIG. 4, a large current pulse 42 will be reflected back to the current unit 40 and will be suitably fed to the short circuit current sense circuit 44 forming part of the control unit. A further signal is sent to the CPU 46 responsive to which a command signal is sent from the CPU 46 to the output supply current source 48. As a consequence of this command signal, a reset (deactivate) signal is produced on lines 12 and 14 forming a typical loop. This reset signal is transmitted to all isolators connected to the lines 12 and 14. Reset is accomplished when capacitors C2 and C5, seen connected to transistors Q1 and Q2 respectively in FIG. 4A, have been completely discharged.
It will be understood that when the reset signal, which can be applied sequentially to both channel A and channel B in typical fashion as seen in FIG. 4B, is timed out in accordance with program control, the control unit 40 transmits a set (activate) signal, also seen in FIG. 4B, which is received first by the isolator device 20 that is physically located closest to the control panel 40.
The isolator device 20, which is assumed to be the first isolator encountered, is now activated whereby a short circuit at the output during the time transistor Q1 is in the "OFF" state allows capacitor C3 (FIG. 1) to charge through resistor R5, diode D5, and through transistor Q2's internal diode and through the short circuit. If the short circuit is present when the voltage on capacitor C3 (IC1 pin 6) exceeds the voltage on IC1 pin 5, then IC1 pin 7 goes "LOW", allowing current to flow through LED D7 and IC2 thereby causing IC2 to conduct, and hence keeping transistors Q1 and Q2 "OFF".
It will be understood that if a transient and/or an intermittent short, typically of quite short duration, caused the above sequence to occur, then capacitor C3 would have a voltage that would not exceed the voltage on IC pin 5; consequently, no isolation would take place.
A significant effect of no isolation taking place is that the activate signal will be transferred to the next device (this is sometimes referred to as "walkback"). This is also a notable feature of the present invention; that is, the "walking" effect of the activate signal from one isolator device to the next. This effectively eliminates false isolations due to transients and/or intermittent short circuits. See FIGS. 5A-5E for an understanding of the sequence of events attendant upon the occurrence of an applied transient. FIGS. 5A-5E depict a configuration whereby a transient of a duration which is less than the duration to activate three line fault isolators is filtered out.
FIG. 5A depicts the isolators in a normally "ON" (low impedance) condition. At this time, a transient is applied to the output terminals of the last isolator.
FIGS. 5B-5E depict the control panel receiving a large current pulse as a result of the applied transient, thus initiating the "walkback" sequence.
The walkback feature also eliminates detector corruptions, as opposed to similar constructions, whereby there is an immediate reaction which can cause the possibility of false isolations and detector corruptions. Another aspect of this feature allows a short circuit to be detected only by the device which is physically located adjacent to the short circuit. This eliminates the possibility of the short circuit being detected and isolated by any other isolator device(s) connected to the wiring. This assures that the largest portion of detectors remain operational during a wiring short circuit. In accordance with similar constructions known in the art, a low impedance path is provided in normal operation. This can cause short circuits to be detected by isolators that are not adjacent the short circuit due to circuit reaction time which is dependent on transistors thresholds which are variable.
Another noteworthy aspect of the "walkback" signal is its implementation in a dual channel loop (Class A) configuration. This is previously alluded to in connection with the depiction of the set and reset signals of FIG. 4B. This is further shown in FIG. 6 in which configuration the walkback signal is first transmitted on channel A allowing a single isolator device to operate and isolate the short circuit from channel A's output. Once the signal times out on channel A, it is immediately transmitted on channel B which allows the second isolator device to operate and isolate the short circuit from channel B's output. This alternate or bidirectional transmission protocol allows short circuit protection during an open wiring condition on a loop (Class A) wiring configuration.
Referring back to FIG. 1 of the drawing, the line voltage monitor feature of the present invention comprises a peak detector/low pass filter comprising capacitor C1 and diode 10, a voltage detector (IC1, R9, D9, C4, R11 and R12) and a latch (D8 and R10). The voltage applied to IC pin 3 is a ratio portion of the total wiring voltage. The reference voltage applied to IC pin 2 selects the minimum threshold which determines the voltage level which will switch the isolator device from its low impedance path to its high impedance path. This is accomplished when the wiring voltage decreases below the detectors safe operating level. When this happens, the voltage on pin 3 of IC1 will drop below the reference voltage on pin 2. IC1 pin 1 will go low turning IC2 "ON" and transistors Q1 and Q2 "OFF". During this time the current path is established through D8 and resistor R10. This effectively decreases the voltage supplied to pin 3 well below the reference voltage on pin 2 and remains there when the short is disconnected and the wiring voltage returns to a normal level. The circuit remains in this state until it is reset by the control unit as alreadly described.
A significant aspect resides in applications where wiring impedances are relatively high. Thus a substantial increase in wiring current (i.e. a defective detector) can cause wiring voltage drops to develop. This effect could possibly cause the wiring voltage in a section of wire to decrease below the safe operating level of the detectors (see FIG. 7). In this instance, the isolators connected to that section of wire would switch from a high impedance to a low impedance. This effectively disconnects the detectors which can no longer be guaranteed reliable.
What has been disclosed is a variety of features in a line fault isolator context which provide the following advantages:
System control over short circuit wiring faults is provided, involving the use of walkback signals. The significant result is that false isolations are eliminated as well as data transmission corruptions. Moreover, it is assured that only those isolators adjacent to the short circuit are activated and that further allow short circuit protection during an open wiring fault condition. Beyond the above, the invention sets limits on high inrush currents during power up and it provides line voltage sensing such that safe and reliable detector operating levels are assured.
While there has been shown and described what is considered at present to be the preferred embodiment of the present invention, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that modifications of such embodiment may be made. It is therefore desired that the invention not be limited to this embodiment, and it is intended to cover in the appended claims all such modifications as fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jul 25, 1980
|Jan 18, 1983
|Hochiki Kabushiki Kaisha
|Fire detector and fire alarm system having circuitry to detect removal of one or more detectors at a signal station
|Mar 15, 1984
|Mar 26, 1985
|Baker Industries, Inc.
|Bidirectional, interactive fire detection system
|Nov 16, 1983
|Feb 4, 1986
|Cerberus Ag
|Monitoring system including a number of measuring stations series connected to a signal line
|Jul 21, 1986
|Jun 21, 1988
|Hochiki Corp.
|Emergency supervisory system
|Mar 27, 1987
|Jan 3, 1989
|Lev Advanced Detection Systems Ltd.
|Perimeter surveillance system with sectional inhibition
|Sep 8, 1988
|Sep 5, 1989
|Gent Limited
|Information transmission system
|Nov 5, 1986
|May 19, 1988
|Siemens Ag
|Alarm signalling system according to the pulse signalling system
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jul 29, 1992
|Mar 21, 1995
|Pittway Corporation, A Delaware Corporation
|Short circuit detector and isolator
|Sep 5, 1996
|May 20, 1997
|Hochiki Corporation
|Line fault monitoring apparatus
|Apr 29, 1996
|Sep 1, 1998
|Kiddie-Fenwal, Inc.
|Isolation circuitry
|Jun 11, 2002
|Nov 30, 2004
|Edwards Systems Technology, Incorporated, Inc.
|Audio line isolator
|Sep 28, 2004
|Jan 30, 2007
|Ge Security, Inc.
|Multiple suite audio line isolator
|Jun 2, 2003
|Jan 8, 2008
|Robert Bosch Gmbh
|Safety alert device
|Jan 24, 2011
|Mar 18, 2014
|Nohmi Bosai Ltd.
|Short-circuit isolator
|Oct 4, 2011
|Oct 6, 2015
|Thorn Security Limited
|Isolator circuit
|Jun 11, 2002
|Dec 11, 2003
|Edwards Systems Technology, Inc.
|Audio line isolator
|Sep 28, 2004
|Jun 9, 2005
|Edwards Systems Technology Inc.
|Audio line isolator
|Jun 2, 2003
|Jul 21, 2005
|Joachim Schmidl
|Safety alert device
|Jul 28, 2011
|Takahiro Noguchi
|Short-circuit isolator
|Oct 4, 2011
|Dec 19, 2013
|Thom Security Limited
|Isolator Circuit
|Jul 27, 1993
|Feb 2, 1994
|Pittway Corporation
|Short circuit detector and isolator
|May 25, 1994
|Nov 30, 1994
|Hochiki Corporation
|Line fault monitoring apparatus
|Nov 30, 2000
|Jun 20, 2001
|Job Lizenz GmbH & Co. KG
|Method and device for determining the defective detectors in an alarm system
|Jun 17, 2011
|Mar 14, 2012
|Novar GmbH
|Hazard notification assembly with two data transfer speeds
|Aug 28, 1992
|Mar 18, 1993
|Electronic Retailing Systems International
|Localizing power faults in an electronic pricing display system
|U.S. Classification
|340/6.1, 340/506, 361/62, 361/63, 340/3.42
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jun 18, 1990
Owner name: GENERAL SIGNAL CORPORATION, A CORP. OF NY
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:TESTA, BRUCE V.;MORRIS, BRIAN M.;REEL/FRAME:005345/0613
Effective date: 19900606
|Jun 7, 1995
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Oct 12, 1999
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Mar 19, 2000
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|May 30, 2000
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20000317
|Jun 27, 2000
Owner name: SAC CORP. (DE CORP.), MICHIGAN
Free format text: MERGER;ASSIGNOR:GENERAL SIGNAL CORPORATION (NY CORP.);REEL/FRAME:010937/0221
Effective date: 19981006
|Jun 28, 2000
Owner name: GENERAL SIGNAL CORPORATION (DE CORP.), MICHIGAN
Free format text: CHANGE OF NAME;ASSIGNOR:SAC CORP. (DE CORP.);REEL/FRAME:010937/0207
Effective date: 19981006
|Aug 4, 2000
Owner name: CHASE MANHATTAN BANK, AS COLLATERAL AGENT, THE, NE
Free format text: CONDITIONAL ASSIGNMENT OF AND SECURITY INTEREST IN PATENT RIGHTS;ASSIGNOR:GSBS DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION (DE CORPORATION);REEL/FRAME:011035/0185
Effective date: 20000613
|Aug 30, 2000
Owner name: GSBS DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION (DE CORP.), MICHIGAN
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:EDWARDS SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY, INC. (CT CORP.);REEL/FRAME:011122/0939
Effective date: 20000101
|Dec 2, 2005
Owner name: GSBS DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION, NORTH CAROLINA
Free format text: TERMINATION AND RELEASE OF SECURITY INTEREST IN PATENT RIGHTS (PREVIOUSLY RECORDED AT REEL 11035 FRAME 0185);ASSIGNOR:JPMORGAN CHASE BANK, N.A., AS COLLATERAL AGENT;REEL/FRAME:016844/0286
Effective date: 20051118


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Mesa, AZUSA
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When Jessica (not her real name) came to Smart Works in October 2013 she had been out of work for two years and she had applied for over a hundred jobs. Anyone who has struggled to find work will understand the demoralising effect of so many job applications and so many rejections. Smart Works helped to restore Jessica's confidence and feel more positive about her chances of finding work. This is how Jessica described the support she received at Smart Works:
"My overall experience today was really positive. The fabulous team really created an upbeat, caring and encouraging service whiich I found to be exceptional and rare - a gem of a charity and I felt humble and happy at receiving the support including the dressing session, which was such fun, and the interveiw pointers were really helpful. Here's to keeping my fingers crossed. Much thanks and warmest wishes for your kind and much needed support. The interview clothes are lovely! Thank you so much."
Jessica did not succeed in her job interview but she is feeling much more positive about applying for jobs and she is hopeful of finding something soon. Smart Works helped 143 women like Jessica in September 2013.
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text:
Understanding light modifier types and their use
Understanding light modifier types and their use
One of the benefits to moving the flash off the camera is that it's a lot easier to modify the light. So why would we want to do that in the first place? Well, let's get into that. So when you are shooting with your flash, you have this small area right here, a small light source. So the rule in photography is the smaller the light source, and the farther away it is, the harsher the light. Now there may be some instances when you want that, but when you are shooting portraits, that's probably not the case. What you want is a larger light source that's more flattering, and that's what these modifiers allow us to do.
By simply mounting the flash here on the stand, rotating it around, and bouncing it off this large umbrella, now we have a nice big light source. Because it's off-camera, we can move it closer to our subject. That makes it even more flattering. Now these umbrellas come in a couple of different sizes. We have a large size here, and then we have a smaller size for when you are shooting in more, kind of, tighter quarters. So you can go either way, and they have all sorts of fancy ones, but I'll tell you, the basic umbrella gets the job done.
They've been around forever, and there's a good reason, because they are very efficient, very useful. You do lose a little bit of light because you are reflecting it off the surface, but because we are using automatic flash system here, our Dedicated system, the camera will take care of that for you. So no worries there, but just be aware; you are losing a little light when you bounce it off that surface. Now, when you are not shooting people and you are shooting products, you may want to use the light box, and these light boxes are also quite handy.
We have one right here; there is a white surface here. The flash goes on the inside, and then you have a reflective surface. This is a small one. They also come in larger sizes, and in fact, they can get quite big. So depending on what you are shooting, you can choose the appropriate light box. They are fairly affordable, and they modify the light very well. So this is another option when you want a little bit more efficiency, and you want a little bit more directional light. Again, I tend to use these for products, and tend to use the umbrellas more for people.
So that's that situation. Now there are times when maybe you can't set up your umbrella or the light box doesn't work, but you still need to modify the light a little bit. So here's one of my little tips from the field. What I've done is I've taken a photo disk here, and these are great reflectors for when you are shooting natural light stuff, and you need to direct the light, I've actually used the gaffers tape. You remember that. Well, this is one of the 1,001 uses, and I've actually just taped it right on here.
I can set this flash on a table or something or if I do have my light stand, I can put it there. Now, I've managed to modify this light; it's a bigger surface area. But yeah, I can do it very quickly, and I don't have to set up umbrellas or mount a light box. Then let's say you can't even do that. You don't even have time to do that. You are at a wedding reception, and you have to shoot on the go. Actually, I have a tip that will help you with that. This is an on-camera tip.
What I have here is a Gary Fong. It's a light modifier just like this. It's actually a dome that goes over the flash head. This is the original one, has all sorts of different ones now. But they all work essentially the same; the light goes up here, bounces off this dome, and radiates out. Now it's very, very handy for when you have to shoot on the go. You can shoot like this. Then if your flash head rotates, as this one does, you can also shoot in portrait mode, like this. Then when you are done, just rotate it back like this.
So you can use this when you have to shoot on the go. So we have you covered, no matter what the circumstance is. When you have time, I really recommend setting up the stands and going for that beautiful, big, flattering light. But life isn't always perfect, so sometimes you have to do things like use the light disk or the Gary Fong. The bottom line is is that when you modify this small light source here and make it bigger and find a way to get it closer to your subject, it's going to be more flattering, and it's definitely worth the effort.
Understanding light modifier types and their use provides you with in-depth training on Photography. Taught by Derrick Story as part of the Photo Assignment: Off-Camera Flash
- Subject:
- Photography
- Author:
- Derrick Story
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Gustavus Set to Induct Nine New Members into Athletics Hall of Fame
The Gustavus Adolphus College Athletics Department has chosen nine individuals for induction into its Athletics Hall of Fame. The 2016 inductees include Ryan Boutwell '99 (Football), Scott Crowell '01 (Soccer), Heather Fitch '96 (Gymnastics), Rick Hjelm '83 (Hockey), Molly Nemes '01 (Gymnastics, Track & Field), Bret Newcomb '92 (Hockey), Dana Peterson '96 (Cross Country, Track & Field), Rod Swenson '99 (Baseball), and Larry Zelenz (Coach). This group will be honored at the Athletics Hall of Fame Banquet, which will be held in Alumni Hall at 6 p.m. on Saturday, October 22, following the Hall of Fame football game against Saint John's at 1 p.m.
Four Women's Golfers Named WGCA All-American Scholars
The Women's Golf Coaches Association (WGCA) All-American Scholars were announced Tuesday and four Gustavus student-athletes were recognized with the prestigious honor - senior Chloe Altmann (Olivia, Minn.), junior Mae Meierhenry (Sioux Falls, S.D.), sophomore Jessica Nelson (Wayzata, Minn.), and first-year Ellie Brandt (Wayzata, Minn.). The criteria for selection to the All-America Scholar Team includes a minimum cumulative GPA of 3.5. A total of 830 women's collegiate golfers make up the 2015-16 season's team.
Britt Stewart Named Head Softball Coach At Gustavus Adolphus College
Britt Stewart, a native of Minnetonka, Minn., has been named the head softball coach at Gustavus Adolphus College, which was announced Tuesday by Athletic Director Tom Brown. Stewart most recently completed her third season at Southwest Minnesota State University where she was the lead pitching and assistant hitting coach.
Gustavus Hosts ITA Summer Circuit Event
Gustavus Adolphus College is hosting an Intercollegiate Tennis Association (ITA) Summer Circuit event Friday through Sunday, July 1-3. The tournament brings together college players from all divisions as well as top junior players for a weekend of singles and doubles. Play begins with play-in matches, beginning at 5 p.m. on Friday. Main draw and consolation matches continue Saturday with play beginning at 9 a.m. Sunday's matches also begin at 9 a.m.
Baseball Hosts Eighth Annual Golf Fundraiser On July 18
The Gustavus baseball program is set to host its eighth annual golf fundraiser on Monday, July 18 at the Le Sueur Country Club. Check-in and lunch starts at 12 p.m. and the shotgun start is 1 p.m.
Women's Hockey Hosts Annual Golf Tournament
The Gustavus women's hockey team welcomed 80 alumni, family, and friends to its annual golf tournament on June 20 at the Le Sueur Country Club. The annual tourney helps raise funds for the women's hockey program, which mostly includes general expenditures, but this upcoming season will help pay for the Gusties' trip to Europe.
Mohanad Alhouni Recognized As ITA Men's Tennis All-American
The Intercollegiate Tennis Association (ITA) recently announced its 2016 Division III All-Americans and Gustavus's top player Mohanad Alhouni (So., Tripoli, Libya) was named All America on the singles team for his performance during the fall season. Alhouni becomes the 51st Gustavus men's tennis player to earn All America status and claims the 98th All America distinction in program history.
Volleyball's Alyssa Taylor Nominated For 2016 NCAA Woman Of The Year Award
Recent Gustavus Adolphus College graduate Alyssa Taylor (Trimont, Minn.) has been selected as a candidate for the 2016 NCAA Woman of the Year award. Taylor was a standout middle hitter for the Gustie volleyball team, earning AVCA Third Team All-America honors in 2015 as well as MIAC Player-of-the-Year.
58 Gusties Recognized As MIAC Winter-Spring Academic All-Conference
Remarkably, student-athletes in the Minnesota Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (MIAC) keep finding ways to achieve both in their chosen sports and in the classroom at ever-improving rates. For the first time in MIAC history, the conference recognized more than 1,000 student-athletes with Academic All-Conference honors. Gustavus has 58 student-athletes recognized as Winter-Spring Academic All-Conference.
Matthew Boyce, Alex Kopp Named Gustavus Student-Athletes Of The Year
To officially close the 2015-16 academic year, the Gustavus Adolphus College Sports Information Department is proud to announce senior football player Matthew Boyce (Excelsior, Minn.) and junior gymnast Alex Kopp (Wayzata, Minn.) as this season's Male and Female Student-Athletes of the Year.


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A collection of things you think only you do. Go ahead and confess. You probably aren't the only one.
"Your skin would make a nice coat.."
via: Anti-Pickup Line
"The Amphibian Car Challenge "Which would come first, summer or James May?"."
via: Clarksonisms
via: Pointless Inventions
"The power to make dead batteries appear.."
©2008-2014 Things You Think Only You Do. All rights reserved.
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Health fair Saturday
One of the largest health fairs in Mississippi occurs this Saturday in New Albany.
It's the Back-to-School Health Fair, conducted by Baptist Memorial Hospital-Union County with the support of lots of other groups. The fair is geared toward children from 4 to 12 years old.
A thousand people, including about 400 children, will show up from 9 to 11:30 a.m. Saturday at the hospital for a free health check, dental check and a variety of other activities.
Nancy Kidd, director of marketing and physician relations at the hospital, said the goal is to catch health problems early, provide lots of information about nutrition and safety and have fun while doing it.
"And the best part is, it's all free," she said.
There will be lots of things for children to see and do. A helicopter, ambulance, fire truck and law enforcement vehicles will be on display. And activities include fingerprinting, rock climbing, seatbelt safety, tobacco education, face painting and inflatables.
"We'll even have a teddy-clinic," she said, so children may bring their bear or doll.
Each school-age child up to 12 years old will receive a backpack for participating in a short lesson about carrying backpacks safely, and free hot dogs and drinks will be provided, Kidd said.
This program, which has been going on 21 years, is part of Baptist Memorial Hospital's strong commitment to our community.
And it's all part of a responsible, non-profit hospital's mission to improve community health. We congratulate Baptist for putting on this free event.
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3 Reviews
I tried this last night and thouhgt it was pretty good, and easy to fix. The only thing I didn't like was how long it took to cook - but once it was done, the meat and cabbage had a wonderful tangy flavor.
Definately not diet stuff!! Very tasty. I cut the recipe in half and tried it to get away from all the holiday fair. We enjoyed it very much and will finish it up for lunch tomorrow. I added about 4 cloves of garlic,smashed, just because we like garlic and served some horseraddish on the side with boiled potatoes to finish it off. Thanks for sharing/
This a excellent recipe, my husband and I enjoyed this alot.


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Belt holder
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Re: the what fights did you watch today\scorecard thread.
and finally....Eubank vs Carl Thompson
Eubank:1,2,4(10-8 ),5,6
round 7 even
commentators had thomspon winning by a couple of points.
Great fight,with past prime Eubank up at Cruiser against decent, big punching Thompson.Chris looks a lot sharper and even faster than in his last few years at super middle, indicating a move up to light heavy may have been beneficial a few years earlier, circa Benn 2.
He started very well, showing some excellent counterpunching to build a commanding early lead.His eye had begun to shut from quite early on however; no doubt owing to the far bigger Cat's cruiserweight power, and maybe a few headbuts/elbows during the infighting.
eubank took a serious drawn out beating for most of the second half, even if he was keeping it reasonably competitive.For a smaller fighter he showed awesome punch resistance here.
Ultimately i had it a draw, which would have been a fair result imo.Not sure i could really see Eubank winning, as most of the rounds were easy enough to score.
The second fight was another good one incidentally, and about even on the cards when it was stopped.Eubank should have given his eye far more time to recover.
Nash Equilibrium Debunker
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Re: the what fights did you watch today\scorecard thread.
Picking up again...next third...
Holyfield - displayed two of his most admirable traits (determination and chin) but none of his others. Got hit repeatedly over the course of the round.
Moorer - utilized his jab to great effect, and rolled away from and under most of Holyfield's return fire.
5th Round: Moorer 10-9
Aggregate: Even 48-48
Holyfield - dramatically lowerd his output, still landing the harder shots overall but throwing them as intermittent singles (occasionally paired). He actually boxed and moved fairly well but was outworked and outlanded. When not retreating he clinched more often than punching. This seemed a round that Holyfield "took off", and Moorer did what was needed to capitalize it and look the better man.
Moorer - looked far sharper, and comfortable throwing in multiples from bell to bell. His frequent connectivity had Holyfield flinching from jab feints by the end of the round, and Moorer here began to shift his concentration to the body without leaving himself open.
6th Round: Moorer 10-9
Aggregate: Moorer 58-57
Holyfield - came out strong with a two-fisted attack and did not give Moorer room or time to breathe, simply mauling him when his gloves weren't arriving in rapid succession from both sides.
Moorer - tried to continue to "be first" but was forced to back straight up by the stronger Holyfield. He wisely did his best to avoid taking more than a few of these hard shots at a time. This, in stark contrast to the 6th, seemed a round that Moorer himself "took off", and Holyfield did what was needed to capitalize it and look the better man.
7th Round: 10-9 Holyfield
Aggregate: Even 67-67
Holyfield - was unable to maintain his assault, or even resume it. He continued to press forward and tried to pick off shots with his crossed forearms but his head was snapped back numerous times.
Moorer - simply looked fresher, and once again in control, and finally began to look comfortable on the inside, moving his hands and pushing Holyfield off.
8th Round: 10-9 Moorer
Aggregate: 77-76 Moorer
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Re: the what fights did you watch today\scorecard thread.
Julio Cesar Chavez vs Edwin Rosario
Julio Cesar Chavez vs Hector Camacho
Julio Cesar Chavez vs Roger Mayweather II
...Scorecards not neccesary.
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Re: the what fights did you watch today\scorecard thread.
Holmes TKO 11 Shavers. 2nd fight. One of the most enjoyable near shutouts I've watched. I could only give Shavers the 7th round where he laid Holmes out. We've seen this before with Holmes. Love him or hate him the guy has heart and great recuperative powers. This is 1979 and prime Holmes. Damn great fighter. Shavers was dangerous throughout.
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Re: the what fights did you watch today\scorecard thread.
1: Barrera 10-9
2: Barrera 10-9
3: Barrera 10-9
4: Barrera 10-9
5: Morales 10-9
6: Morales 10-9
7: Morales 10-9
8: Barrera 10-9
9: Even 10-10
10: Morales 10-9
11: Barrera 10-9
12: Barrera 10-8 (Morales unlucky with the KD)
116-112 Barrera
Barrera was superb in this fight, the thing I notice is how often Morales was really hurt, it happened a few times at the end of the round with Morales saved by the bell. Barrera's body punching was just vicious and he gave a masterclass in how to box on the inside. It was a good exciting fight but one I felt Barrera won without doubt, he was really robbed for me. Then again I had Morales winning the rematch 115-113. Sad to say my scoring must be as **** as McCrory's.
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Re: the what fights did you watch today\scorecard thread.
Holyfield - came out in familiar fashion: stronger and more aggressive, but throwing wider and slower.
Moorer - threw largely down the middle, landing a bit better despite some questionable tallies shown to TV audiences. His blows were cleaner but less damaging.
Between the 9th and 10th round is the first time in the entire fight I turned the volume up from mute, and Atlas berating his man over a round I thought he won was absolutely shocking. Instead of giving tactical advice he was just an asshole.
9th Round: 10-9 Moorer
Aggregate: 87-85 Moorer
Holyfield - came on especially strong in the last minute but still not landing especially well.
Moorer - backed Holyfield up to the ropes momentarily about a minute in with a good 1-2 previously collecting dust, and boxed and turned Holyfield well for the duration of the round. I give Moorer credit here for an improved performance and clearer win in this round than the 9th in spite of - not because of - Atlas' coaching.
10th Round: 10-9 Moorer
Aggregate: 97-94 Moorer
Holyfield - just absolutely smothered Moorer this round. He didn't throw many of them, but he unveiled an uppercut that almost couldn't miss, and struck with authority when it landed.
Moorer - mounted little counter-offense while under constant siege beyond jabbing often but too lightly to be taken seriously.
11th Round: 10-9 Holyfield
Aggregate: 106-104 Moorer
Holyfield - was still able to impose his musculature and drive Moorer to the roped perimeter, but lacked the wind to keep him there, clearly fatigued.
Moorer - in contrast, looked focused and willing to win the championship more in this round than any previous. The "bounce is back" - the bounce-back of Holyfield's head from Moorer's newly recrispened jab, that is. Moorer fought hard, and fought until the bell.
12th Round: 10-9 Moorer
Aggregate: 116-113 Moorer
Lederman: 114-113 Holyfield
Official judges
Shirley: Even 114-114
Giampa: 116-112 Moorer
Roth: 115-114 Moorer
George Foreman gave Holyfield the 12th.
No room for controversy as far as who got the nod, IMO. There were a couple of close rounds but many clear ones - and even throwing one or two of the swing chapters Holyfield's way it still pans out tight for Moorer or a draw. This of course assumes correct scoring of the knockdown round, which Holyfield lost but for the knockdown...
Undisputed Champion
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Re: the what fights did you watch today\scorecard thread.
Found my card sweet...a tad different to what I remember but here it is.
Pedroza-Lockridge I - 146-141
Pedroza: 4,6,8,9,10,11,12,13,14
Lockridge: 1,2,5,7,
Rounds 3 and 15 Even
Could easily see the 3rd, 4th and 15th (on reflection I should have given the last to him) for Rocky but felt that Pedroza did some very good work himself.
Perhaps the final score is not indicative of the closeness of the the bout but Ive got to score each round on their own and I thought Pedroza just edged some of the more contentious ones, and had a big second half of the fight.
The whole fight the commentators were very bias against Pedroza.
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Re: the what fights did you watch today\scorecard thread.
Do they have to be fights I watched today? Because I've watched a lot of good fights lately, just not right this day. Here's a list and some thoughts
Sergio Martinez v. Adrian Stone
Martinez pitched a shut-out. Mesmerizing and highly entertaining performance. Adrian Stone was at the end of his career but he had been good enough to step into the ring against Vernon Forrest and Shane Mosley prior to this fight. Martinez foot movement and hand speed are sights to behold.
Sergio Martinez v. Alex Bunema
Another electric and entertaining performance by Martinez.
Sergio Martinez v. Vasile Surcica
Surcica was a nobody, but he managed to go the distance. Martinez failed to impress in this fight.
Sergio Martinez v. Russell Jordan
Fairly entertaining. Jordan was another tomato can. I think it was stopped a bit prematurely.
Sergio Martinez v. Kermit Cintron
2nd viewing. A pretty ugly fight. I had Martinez winning clearly. I gave Cintron two rounds, plus one more for a BS point deduction. Cintron should have lost on three separate occasions. Terrible robbery.
Sergio Martinez v. Paul Williams
Great, great fight. Both guys showed a lot of heart and determination. I was especially impressed by Martinez defense, he was able to nullify a lot of Williams aggression and his workrate. I had Martinez by 116-113 based on more effective punching, accuracy and defense.
Shane Mosley v. Wilfredo Rivera
Exciting at times, frustrating at others. It was a tough, close battle. Shane looked winded through rounds 8 and 9 (possibly due to it being his first fight at a new weightclass?) and even though I wasn't keeping score I might have had him losing the fight if he lost the tenth. Fortunately for him his was able to dig deep to pull off one of his patented late round rallies and beat the **** out of Rivera throughout the 10th before knocking him senseless with a left uppercut. Prime Mosley's speed was awe-inspiring, and his defense looked sharp at times here, moreso than usual anyway.
Roberto Duran v. Pipino Cuevas
A short but entertaining fight. Roberto just had too much chin and skill for Pipino, while Cuevas' own chin failed him. A good win for Duran.
Roberto Duran v. Ray Leonard
One of the most exciting fights of all time. A bruising inside battle. Roberto's inside fighting skills were probably the best ever seen. Duran took Leonard's legs out from under him and swept the majority of the first 10 rounds.
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Re: the what fights did you watch today\scorecard thread.
1: Barrera 10-9
Excellent, exciting first round of action. Barrera starts really fast, unleashing three punch combinations, and owning the first half of the round with Morales being a little shell shocked at what's coming at him. Morales does well during the second half of the round, making Barrera miss more and landing some right hands and jabs of his own. Cleaner shots landed by Barrera.
2: Barrera 10-9
One of the clearest rounds of the fight, domination on the part of Marco, who on three separate occasions in the round lands the jab, right hand, left uppercut combination. All the uppercuts land flush and had. Morales rallies mid way through, only to be met with another three punch combination and a straight right hand which sends Morales into the ropes.
3: Barrera 10-9
Starts off a little quieter, with the action picking up in the final 45 seconds with two way exchanges. Barrers backs Morales on the ropes with multiple flurries, and also gets some good body work done in the center of the ring. Close round but I think Marco did enough.
4: Morales 10-9
Morales best round of the fight so far, if only because Marco slowed down on his attack a little more.
5: Morales 10-9
Tremendous round of Boxing. Barrera opens up the round with a right hand that backs Morales up. Morales then pours on the pressure with flurries, multiple right hands finding its target, just when Marco looks ready to go he strafes Morales with two right hands and left hook which sends him to the ropes once again. A big left hand ends the round for Marco, but I give it to Morales for dominating the majority.
6: Morales 10-9
Slowest round of the fight, starts with a big right hand from Barrera but the rest of the round is quite uneventful with Morales work rate bringing the round home for Erik.
7: Barrera 10-9
Another tremendous round, littered with exchanges. Most of the round is controlled by Erik, who unleashes a fury of shots near the ropes which seems to trouble Marco on the inside. Work rate belongs to Erik, but the two most effective shots in the round are landed by Barrera. A big right hand on the end of a jab sends him to the ropes again, and in the last 10 seconds an insane exchange see's Barrera land three hard hooks flush. Morales almost goes down and out, but then recovers and throws back. An epic moment in an epic fight.
8: Barrera 10-9
The pace just doesn't let up, Barrera and Morales come out firing with Erik looking to make Barrera uncomfortable with movement. The biggest shots are against landed by Barrera, a one-two combination and a series of left hooks that...once again...sends Erik to the ropes who looks stunned. Morales fires back but most of his shots are being blocked. The round finishes with another epic exchange with Barrera banging to the body and then coming up stairs, landing a solid flush right hand to Morales jaw. He doesn't stop, go down, or hold, he fires back and the crowd go wild.
9: Barrera 10-9
Another amazing round. The round starts off with a three punch combination on the part of Barrera, Morales retreats to the corner hurt. He then gets pinned on the ropes and Barrera lands a series of shots which seem to both Morales, who fires back. For the rest of the round barrera looks tired, Morales just doesn't stop throwing, landing right hands and jabs. Barrera seems to be out of range. 10 seconds left, I'm about to give the round to Morales on activity, and then BOOM! A flush three punch combination lands for Marco, Morales badly hurt stumbles into the corner. ...Morales hurt three times in the round, Barrera wins on inflicting more damage.
10: Morales 10-9
Both are tiring. Morales wins on work rate, but they both land solid shots.
11: Barrera 10-9
Close round, pace has slowed.
12: Barrera 10-8 (Morales unlucky with the KD)
Was a bull**** knockdown but Barrera came out firing to the body, and later hurt Morales with a double left hook which seen him stumble to the corner.
8-4 Barrera.
I can see arguments for Rounds 1, 7, and 9 being scored for Morales. That's why this is the greatest fight of all time in my humble opinion.
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Alexis Arguello-Ray Mancini
Round 1- Feeling out round, neither man really landed anything significant but Mancini threw and landed a few more.
Rd.1 10-9 Mancini
Round 2- Both men start to mix it up more, both men working the jab fairly effectively, Mancini throwing hooks to the head and the body while Arguello is looking to counter inside of those hooks with partial success. Close round.
Rd.2 10-9 Mancini
Round 3- Mancini being more active and backing Arguello up. Arguello landing good shots occasionally but they are few and far between.
Rd.3 10-9 Mancini
Round 4- Both men mix it up at the beginning of the round, Arguello's jab and body shots landing better. Mancini backs Arguello up against the ropes and flurries to the body. Most of the round close but Arguello lands the more quality shots.
Rd.4 10-9 Arguello
Round 5- Arguello heating up and landing more shots early. Mancini lands a good flurry and later a good right-left hook combo. Mancini lands a good right and backs him up with a flurry and they slug it out for the remainder of the round with Mancini getting the better of it.
Rd.5 10-9 Mancini
Round 6- Both men circling and trading shots, big right hand from Arguello with one returned by Mancini which stuns Arguello momentarily Mancini more effectively pressuring Arguello and lands some eye catching shots. Both men starting to look beaten up but Arguello is getting the worst of it.
Rd.6 10-9 Mancini
Round 7- Arguello jabbing more effectively, Mancini not as aggressive as the previous rounds. Neither man landing anything signifacant but Arguello controlling the pace. Mancini lands a good flurry. Arguello controls to the end of the round.
Rd.7 10-9 Arguello
Round 8- Not a lot of action this round, neither man landing much. Arguello starts backing Mancini up and lands a few good shots to the head and body.
Rd.8 10-9 Arguello
Round 9- Arguello looking sharp, lands a good three punch combination. Arguello's jab landing well while most of Mancini's shots come up short. Mancini tries to rally but Arguello matches him punch for punch and was landing the cleaner shots.
Rd.9 10-9 Arguello
Round 10- Mancini trying to be more aggressive, Arguello returning more effectively. Mancini cut on the corner of his left eye. Close round but Arguello was more effective.
Rd.10 10-9 Arguello
Round 11- Both men circling and jabbing, neither man landing too many of their powershots. Arguello starts landing more at the last minute of the round.
Rd.11 10-9 Arguello
Round 12- Fairly even round with both men doing good work. Arguello lands a good right and backs Mancini up. Arguello starts landng big shots at the end of the round and right at the end he hits Mancini with a big right that puts him out on his feet.
Rd.12 10-9 Arguello
Round 13- Arguello coming out more aggressively landing good shots to the head and body. Mancini giving ground and jabbing. Arguello lands another good right hand. Arguello starts a right hand rally landing three in a row and Mancini is on unsteady legs. Arguello turns up the pressure a little more landing hooks off of the jab. Mancini bleeding from a cut inside of his mouth.
Rd.13 10-9 Arguello
Round 14- Arguello comes out looking for a big shot to put Mancini away. Mancini tries to rally but Arguello shuts him down with a 1-2. Arguello lands a big left hook, right uppercut to the body, two more left hooks and a right puts Mancini down and the ref calls it off.
Scoring through thirteen I had it Arguello-8, Mancini-5.
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Synonyms of spineless in English:
Fiona could have smacked him for being so spineless
weak, weak-willed, weak-kneed, feeble, spiritless, soft, ineffectual, inadequate, irresolute, indecisive;
cowardly, timid, timorous, fearful, faint-hearted, pusillanimous, craven, submissive, unmanly, namby-pamby, lily-livered, chicken-hearted, limp-wristed, afraid of one's shadow
British informal wet
North American vulgar slang candy-assed, chickenshit
archaic poor-spirited, recreant
[Antonyms] bold, brave, strong-willed
Definition of spineless in:
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Rhea Becker reports she was feeling kind of bad when a woman who turned out to be a Dutch tourist asked her if she knew of any nearby coffeehouses and all she could think of was a Starbucks:
I told [her] that I don't like to recommend chains. In fact, when I visited Amsterdam a few years ago, I loved the multitude of little cafes all over the city, all independently owned. She countered with, "But you don't know what you're getting in each of those cafes. The coffee could be bad. With Starbucks, you know what you're getting."


text:
The Gilded Age: A History in Documents / Edition 1by Janette Thomas Greenwood
View All Available Formats & Editions
Pub. Date: 05/29/2003
Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA
"When many Americans think of the Gilded Age, they picture the mansions at Newport, Rhode Island, or the tenements of New York City. Indeed, the late 19th century was a period of extreme poverty thinly veiled by fabulous wealth. However, we should not remember the era only for the strides made by steel magnate Andrew Carnegie or social reformer Jane Addams. All Americans had to adjust to the dynamic social and economic changes of the Gilded Agethe booming industries, growing cities, increased ethnic and cultural diversity. African American W. E. B. Du Bois, Native American Sitting Bull, and Chinese American Saum Song Bo spoke out against racial injustice. European immigrants Mary Antin and Robert Ferrari suffered the pitfalls and praised the opportunities found in their new country. Pioneer Phoebe Judson lamented the loneliness of making a life out West. And workers at Homestead Steel lost their lives in an attempt to improve labor conditions. Drawing from the letters, memoirs, newspaper articles, journals, and speeches of Gilded Age Americans, author Janette Greenwood arranges all of these voices to tell a story more vibrant and textured than the simple tale of robber baron versus starving poor. In addition to these voices, visualssuch as advertisements, maps, political cartoons, and a picture essay on Jacob Riiss urban photographscreate a kaleidoscopic view of the quarter century when diverse Americans struggled for the same goal: a better way of life, with more justice and democracy for each and all. PAGES FROM HISTORY General Editors: Sarah Deutsch, University of Arizona, Carol Karlsen, University of Michigan, Robert G. Moeller, University of California, Irvine,and Jeffrey N. Wasserstrom, Indiana University, Bloomington Textbooks may interpret history, but the books in the Pages from History series are history. Each title, compiled and edited by a prominent historian, is a collection of primary sources relating to a particular topic of historical significance. Documentary evidence including news articles, government documents, memoirs, letters, diaries, fiction, photographs, and facsimiles allows history to speak for itself and turns every reader into a historian. Headnotes, extended captions, sidebars, and introductory essays provide the essential context that frames the documents. All the books are amply illustrated and each includes a documentary picture essay, chronology, further reading, source notes, and index."
Product Details
- 9780195166385
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press, USA
- Publication date:
- 05/29/2003
- Series:
- Pages from History Series
- Edition description:
- New Edition
- Pages:
- 192
- Sales rank:
- 1,065,192
- Product dimensions:
- 9.90(w) x 7.90(h) x 0.40(d)
- Age Range:
- 13 - 17 Years
Table of Contents
What is a Document?
How to Read a Document
Chapter 1: Big Business, Industry, and the American Dream
Captains of Industry
"Survival of the Fittest"
Responsibilities of the Rich
From Rags to Riches
Chapter 2: Immigration to a "Promised Land"
Chapter 3: The Sorrows of Labor
The Knights of Labor
The Haymarket Affair
Trade Unions
Industrial Unions
Women in the Work Force
Child Labor
The Homestead Lockout
Chapter 4: The Perils and Promise of Urban Life
Social Activism
Social Darwinism
Ward Bosses
Chapter 5: Jacob Riis and the Power of the Photograph
Chapter 6: The New South
A Sharecropper's Contract
"A Perfect Democracy"
Cotton Mill Workers
The Rise of "Jim Crow"
Chapter 7: The West
An Indian Victory
"Whitening" Indians
Mexican Americans Fight Back
Chapter 8: The Farmer's Revolt
Farmers' Alliances
The Populist Party
Election 1896
Chapter 9: The United States Builds an Empire
The Spanish-American War
The Philippines
Chapter 10: New Women, Strenuous Men, and Leisure
"The Strenuous Life"
Rebellious Women
Further Reading
Text Credits
Picture Credits
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Hi there,
My client's website was injected with code that I went in and removed. However, some of HIS clients are still unable to access the site, receiving fraud errors from Opera and malicious website on Websense.
I'm not sure what to do here because I feel that this could clear up in a few weeks as the new, clean site is reindexed - but maybe it won't? Or if this is a browser/firewall/websense specific problem? Any comments?


text:
Celebrity Pictures in Designer Jeans
Katie Holmes in Current/Elliott
Katie Holmes was caught arriving back to her New York home earlier this week. She wore a pair of the Current/Elliott Stiletto Skinny in Grey Leopard. I love the pairing of the jeans with the Marant boots and rusty red colored sweater. Looks like Katie spent all night packing. She was caught in the same outfit at the Katy Perry Concert with husband Tom in Los Angeles.
I love the way these fit Katie. I have been waiting to spot someone wear them skintight and cropped like this. Everyone who has been caught in them has gone for a more slouchy route. They just fit Katie so amazing, in my opinion. You can click here to purchase these jeans at Singer22 for $198.
Images Courtesy of PacificCoastNews.com
Adriana Lima in 7 For All Mankind
Adriana Lima and her husband, Marko Jaric, took their daughters for a walk around Miami Beach and to get some lunch at a restaurant last week in Miami, Florida.
Adriana showed the heat in a pair of 7 For All Mankind denim shorts and a loose t-shirt. I love these shorts on her! I think they fit perfectly and I have always loved this style. I think the pocket bags showing through makes them casual and the wash and cut are just really flattering. They are a great pair of shorts in my opinion. Buy 7 For All Mankind online at BlueHeavenBoutique.com.
Ashley Tisdale in Siwy
Ashley Tisdale made her way into the Planet Blue boutique in Malibu, California with a friend yesterday to do some shopping. Planet Blue seems to be Ashley's favourite store, we always catch her there and wearing their clothes.
Ashley wore a pair of shorts that we haven't seen her wear for a while! She chose her Siwy Camilla denim shorts in white with flip flops, a floaty shirt and a hat. I think she looks great here! I'm going to be reviewing a pair of Siwy shorts today actually so stay tuned! On another note, how cute is that dog in the background?! Buy Siwy shorts online at Singer22.com.
Images courtesy of Pacificcoastnews.com
Katie Holmes in J Brand
Katie Holmes was seen out with daughter Suri at the Country Mart in Los Angeles, California. She wore a pair of the J Brand Lovestory in Essex. I like that Katie is wearing a lighter washed pair of the Lovestory jeans. We usually only see the Ink and Dark Vintage washes. These are a nice change.
I think the shirt is amazing on Katie. It just goes so well with the jeans, boots and hat. I also like the little details in this look as well. The gold nails are a really nice touch to the look too. Click here to purchase these jeans at RevolveClothing for $204.
Images Courtesy of INFDaily.com


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HP Pavilion G6 Cooling Fan Error
I purchased a Pavilion g6 Product number (A8S62EA#ABU) in late september this year and now when I switch the laptop on I get an error message saying that a cooling fan isnt operating....
I have used hp support to scan the laptop and it found no problems, it is under warranty but I am unsure of how to get the problem fixed.
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HP Pavilion G6 Cooling Fan Error
While the title might be misleading, I believe the information in the following document might be able to help your issue: http://goo.gl/oZVOp
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I see a disconnect between how he depicted religious reproductions and a reading of that work as an expression of an intimate spirituality. That doesn't mean he didn't experience faith as personally meaningful, but he certainly did not put that kind of "meaningful" in his work.
Exhibit of Warhol's late work opens Saturday at Milwaukee Art Museum
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To be clear, my critique of one of Ketner's curatorial notions of Warhol's late work has nothing to do with a discomfort of religiosity. The enormous, simplified, re-interpretation of a drawing of a reproduction etching of the Last Supper, all styled up just waiting for the numbers to paint-by, complete with corporate conglomerate logo and super-sized bargain price is about as religious as the mass-produced Last Supper trinkets sold at tourist traps in Milan. It is, as always with Warhol, not as simple as it looks. These late paintings contain images that we recognize as belonging to "religious", but it isn't Warhol summoning that Holy Ghost, it's the faithful work of Saint Sign and Saint Symbol waving about a learned and familiar incense. Warhol's religiosity may have christened new subject matter for Andy to lay his hands upon, but the content of the billboard for Jesus is hardly sublime revelation, end of life salvation, or even pious palpitations.
I see a disconnect between how he depicted religious reproductions and a reading of that work as an expression of an intimate spirituality. That doesn't mean he didn't experience faith as personally meaningful, but he certainly did not put that kind of "meaningful" in his work.
Sorry if this is too curator backing up curator....I think Ketner and the MAM should be praised for this show. Not only do I think that Ketner found a much deserved niche within the expanding arena of Warhol scholarship, but isn't it great that the people of Milwaukee and Wisconsin have the chance to see these great, quizzical, flamboyant, and camp paintings? Also, who knows what Warhol thought? The man played a complex and complicated game with every interview he ever gave.... Props to Ketner....this is a great show.
Jane Simon
The Real question is "Why does a 1960s Warhol grace this review?" Are "we" concerned that Warhol's late works lack iconicty and therefore don't lend marketing cred?
I saw the show and thought the curator did a poor job surveying and elucidating what is actually a very interesting period in Warhol's career. After all those dreadful, mostly commissioned portraits of the later 1970s, there really was a new spark in his production, but this show (and these works) miss the boat.
Whoops, I meant "iconicity" -- my bad.
Also, don't believe the hype about this being the "first show of Warhol's late works." Confer the traveling exhibition of late works presented in Dusseldorf in 2004, the major show at Gagosian (NY) in 2006, and the emphasis on late works in the annual retrospectives of Warhol's career floating around the world at any one time.
toddbirch, don't have a clue what you are talking about, so catch me if I am wrong. Modern advertising is defined not by iconicity but by the disjuncture between sign and meaning.
Warhol's later work is entirely consistent with advertising in that what you see is not what you get.
And besides, even his commissioned work (portraits,etc.)are replicated to the point that they become simulacrum, which I see as symptomatic of capitalism in it's later phase.
What a genious. Not only an artist extraordinaire, also a great great marketer.
I still miss you Warholas.
Me a.k.a mago fiesta
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Rent Nationalism and Cultural Practice in the Postcolonial World 1st edition today, or search our site for other textbooks by Neil Lazarus. Every textbook comes with a 21-day "Any Reason" guarantee. Published by Cambridge University Press.
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While driving, the car started beeping, the oil light came on and all dials went to zero. The odometer also reset itself to zero miles driven and it no longer reads the outside temperature. The car never shut off and after that one 5 second incident, never happened again. Hoping someone could make some suggestions or she d little light on the issue. Thanks!
Anyone have what appears to be a power surge while driving? on 2003 BMW 330xi
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