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This activity relates water temperature to fishery health within inland freshwater watersheds as a way to explore how environmental factors of an ecosystem affect the organisms that use those ecosystems as important habitat.
This visualization explains in simple and easy-to-understand visuals the causes of sea-level change.
This activity addresses climate change impacts that affect all states that are part of the Colorado River Basin and are dependent on its water. Students examine available data, the possible consequences of changes to various user groups, and suggest solutions to adapt to these changes.
This is a slideshow without audio about the effects of sea level rise on a Louisianan coastal community - the Isle de Jean Charles -- and focusing on the human impact of disappearing land.
This beautifully filmed and produced video describes the changes that global warming is already bringing to Northern Canada and Greenland. Local people describe changes to ecosystems, impacts on culture and life styles, and the challenges of melting permafrost. Ship captains describe changes in navigational channels and fjords. Scientists describe changes in albedo and permafrost, as well as increased pollution transported from outside the Arctic (the Grasshopper effect).
Bell Telephone Science Hour produced this video in 1958, explaining how the production of CO2 from factories and automobiles is causing the atmosphere to warm, melting the polar ice caps, and causing the sea level to rise.
This simulation allows students to explore the change in sea surface pH levels with increasing CO2 levels.
The NOAA Sea Level Trends map illustrates U.S. regional and some international trends in sea level, with arrows representing the direction and magnitude of change. Students can investigate sea level changes around the U.S. and some worldwide using an interactive map interface with supporting data plots and tables.
Students run a simplified computer model to explore how climate conditions can affect caribou, the most abundant grazing animal in the Arctic.
This video documents the impact of the 2011 drought on the water supply of two Texas towns. It discusses how the higher temperatures have increased the evaporation from open reservoirs, resulting in a drop in their water levels. The use of water in fighting wildfires has also contributed to this drawdown. While some jurisdictions have been able to develop pipelines to other sources, others have had to resort to trucking water in.

subset: commoncrawl


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FOXBOROUGH -- The Derrick Burgess the Patriots acquired Thursday afternoon isn't the same player who terrorized opposing quarterbacks in 2005 with a league-high 16 sacks. But according to some who've spent time watching him the last few seasons, if his talents are used properly, he can still be a pass-rushing force for New England this season.
Burgess, who will turn 31 next week, was primarily a defensive end in Oakland's 4-3 scheme the last four seasons, but he will almost certainly be switched to outside linebacker in New England's 3-4 base defense. The two-time Pro Bowler will likely try and fill the same role that Rosevelt Colvin and Willie McGinest had in recent years with the Patriots -- that is, line up in a three-point stance off the left tackle on passing downs.
"New England needs pass rushers, and I don't know if they've replaced [Mike Vrabel]," said NFL Network analyst Brian Baldinger in the spring when asked about the possibility of the Patriots making a play for Burgess. "Burgess is not really a stand-up linebacker. But he'd be a good pass rusher in the New England defense."
He had a combined 27 sacks in 2005 and 2006, but since then, his sack numbers have been in a free-fall, tumbling all the way to 3½ in an injury-plagued 2008 season. According to some, the wear and tear of working as a 260-pound defensive end going up against massive left tackles on every down has taken its toll.
Simply put, the Raiders were asking a pass-rushing specialist to play on every down.
"The Raiders haven't had the talent in the last few years to spot him, so he's been in the lineup for nearly every defensive snap when healthy," said Football Outsiders editor Mike Tanier earlier this spring when asked about the Patriots' possibly going after Burgess. "That's not good for a 260-pound end."
"He wasn't very productive last year, but no one on the Oakland defense had a good year last year, other than [cornerback] Nnamdi Asomugha," Baldinger said. "I think he could be a good, solid player. I don't know if he's an every down guy, but not many are these days."
While Burgess was asked to serve as an every down linebacker the last four seasons in Oakland, he will now likely split reps with incumbent OLB Pierre Woods in New England, with Woods seeing the majority of time on running downs and Burgess in the game in passing situations.
"He should probably be thought of as a situational pass rusher who gets 25 to 30 snaps at this point in his career," Tanier said. "With that kind of workload, he can register six to seven sacks."
The deal, which sends a pair of picks to Oakland in 2010, came less than eight hours after Patriots Director of Pro Personnel Nick Caserio said he was "confident" about the players New England had at the outside linebacker position.
"Their role is going to be determined by how they perform on the field," Caserio said. "In the end, we will put the people out there that we feel give us the best chance to win. We are confident with the players that we have. Otherwise, they wouldn't be here."
But after trading Mike Vrabel to Kansas City in February and sizing up the options they had at outside linebacker throughout the spring practices and the first week of training camp, the Patriots felt the need to pull the trigger on a player who had been a trade possibility since the draft -- WEEI.com reported the news in May that a deal had been discussed, with one league source saying at the time: "It would be a great move for the Pats. … Burgess can rush very well, and the Pats need a rusher."
The acquisition of Burgess means a few things for the rest of outside linebackers who were already in camp for the Patriots: A Woods/Burgess platoon will handle duties for the foreseeable future on one side, while Adalius Thomas will continue in his role on the other.
Meanwhile, Tully Banta-Cain, re-acquired by New England in the offseason, and Shawn Crable, who was placed on injured reserve last season with a shin injury, both get bumped down the depth chart. (In fact, at least one of them is probably on the bubble when it comes to roster cutdown day.) And newly acquired Rob Ninkovich might be forced to win a job on the 53-man roster via special teams.
To make room for Burgess, the team released offensive lineman Al Johnson.
Dale, Michael and Jerry dig into the details of this draft for the Patriots with ESPN's Mike Reiss.
Giardi and Price discuss the Tom Brady appeal getting overturned and Roger Goodell's victory tour. The guys can't believe the victory lap and some of his behavior. The more you listen to him, the more frustrating his behavior becomes.
Giardi and Price break down how the teams in the AFC East altered their futures after the NFL Draft weekend.
Sam Packard is joined by Celtics 2nd Round draft pick Abdel Nader to discuss his path to the the NBA and how he plans to improve his game. Sam then talks to Player Development Coach Nick Friedman from Elite Skills Training, the pre-Draft camp Nader attended. Friedman also gives his opinion on the Celtics performance at summer league and the development of Jaylen Brown.
Isaiah Thomas talks to Glenn and Lou about why he loves Boston, the NBA Money Bump, oh, and some Durant guy
Danny Ainge joins Glenn and Christian to explain the Celtics draft process; and he also discusses the trade rumors that permeated the night.
Christian recaps the Sox 2-1 loss to the Twins. Eduardo Rodriguez had a good showing tonight but couldn't get the run support needed to secure a W. Thoughts on all of that as well as your calls on Red Sox Review.
Red Sox Starting Pitcher Steven Wright joins Glenn, John Tomase, and Tom Caron to discuss pitching the knuckler in adverse conditions, his journey through MLB, and his All-Star experience.
The final hour of RSR features your calls as well as some thoughts on Clay Buchholz and Fenway Park.
Joey Mac joins Ken Laird on his Saturday show to discuss the David Backes addition and Loui Eriksson departure in NHL free agency
DJ and Pete continue to assess the season that was for the Bruins and look toward the future for the franchise and how they can improve.
DJ and Pete are together for the final Sunday Skate of the season. They get into their overall thoughts on the season, the Bruins keeping Claude Julien on as head coach and the end-of-season press conferences last week. They discuss the rebuild process, what the Bruins need and how they can obtain it. Plenty of callers have their own theories and opinions on all of these topics as well.
Former rock jock Gary Tanguay channels his radio past to attempt to "hit the post" of several classic soft rock favorites as Minihane eggs him on.
Somewhat reluctantly, Kirk and Gary take calls on who would start a one-game playoff for the Red Sox right now between Steven Wright, Rick Porcello and David Price
The 8am hour stays off the rails with Kirk and Gary discussing Ken the producer's sex life and how attractive women find them
Red Sox Starting Pitcher Steven Wright joins Glenn, John Tomase, and Tom Caron to discuss pitching the knuckler in adverse conditions, his journey through MLB, and his All-Star experience.
Acronyms abound, as Glenn, John Tomase, and Tom Caron discuss the MLB Hall of Fame, and PED's. Also, is David Ortiz a Hall of Famer?
Glenn, John Tomase, and Tom Caron discuss Clay Buchholz' current state of limbo.
With less than a week before camp opens up, we discuss some Patriots on a day that just feels like NFL training camp weather.
We talk Sox on a hot summer Friday, and how John Farrell is in a no-win situation with some fans despite the team's performance.
In honor of the passing of coach Dennis Green, we present four of the best NFL Coaching rants (during press conferences) of all time.
Kirk Minihane is joined by Boston comedy legend Lenny Clarke. If you are a fan of stand up comedy this is the podcast for you. Kirk and Lenny talk about Carlin, Pryor, Williams, Murphy and many more.
Kirk Minihane is joined by former ESPN ombudsman and New York Times writer Robert Lipsyte. Kirk and Robert discuss the current state of ESPN and how Robert feels he did in his role as ombudsman. They both criticize ESPN for the lack of journalism at ESPN and look at some of the curious decisions the world wide leader has made in the past few years.
Kirk Minihane is joined by Lenny Dykstra to talk about his book, his life pleasing older women, and Lenny tries to avoid his past issues with money. This is one explosive episode.
Uncle Buck breaks down the WWE Draft and the new rosters for Monday Night Raw and Smackdown Live.
This week we look back at the Open Championship.
Jim Hackett and Pete Davidson are back right on time for the start of the NFL and Fantasy Football pre-draft season. Topics of the day include some news around the league centering on the suspension of Le'Veon Bell, bad news swirling around Ezekiel Elliot and the passing of Coach Dennis Green. Then it's into the fun stuff featuring conversation about the Patriots Offense with the additions of Martellus Bennett and Chris Hogan and a first look at the Top 12 Wide Receivers heading into Training Camp. It's time to gear up for Fantasy Football people, giddy up!
After a few callers argue with Kirk and Gerry about racial profiling in America, the guys get to WEEI's Michael Holley disagreeing with Callahan on the inclusion of Michael Brown into recent examples of tragic deaths of blacks in America.More from this show
Glenn, Lou, and Christian examine the latest Pitcher rumored to be on the Sox' radar.More from this show
Dale, Michael and Jerry talk about the end of it all... Tom Brady will not seek a higher appeal of the US District Court's decision.More from this show
Gerry, Mut and Kirk dig back into the Melania Trump speech on night one of the RNC and discuss how the Trump team will and should handle things going forward.More from this show
ESPN analyst, Stephen A. Smith joins to the show to defend his comments that Tom Brady shouldn't be fighting to the Supreme Court. Glenn, Lou, and Christian demand Stephen explain his reasoning behind calling Brady, "uppity."More from this show


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About This Recipe
The flavors of fall collide in this hearty comfort food. Tender cooked squash topped with cinnamon laced beef create a combination that will truly set the table for fall.
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FRIDAY, 6 P.M. -- An impressive bolt of lightning flashed across the Atlanta skyline heralding the beginning of Music Midtown 2002. As rain slacked, lines of adventurous music fans streamed in the gates on Piedmont. Minutes later, at the nearby Fox 5 stage, a security guard grumbled to no one in particular, "I just smelled my first joint, and was asked my first stupid question. Yep, it's Music Midtown time again!"
FRIDAY, 8 P.M. -- Barnes and Leslie from 99X's morning show introduced the former-Marvelous-3-gone-solo Butch Walker, saying it was a "historic moment." Undaunted by a sound system that silenced the band several times during the set, Walker plowed through his performance. Introducing "Sugar Buzz," Walker said, "This is a song about not conforming," and added, "You aren't fuckin' cool if you don't get your fuckin' hands up in the air." The horde of "non-conformists" all swayed together, hands aloft.
SATURDAY, 6 P.M. -- When the rain finally ended late Saturday afternoon, a restless and soggy crowd huddled around the 99X stage, ankle-deep in crushed plastic cups. Bent beer cans floundered like abandoned canoes in puddles of brackish rainwater, the air was fiercely chilly, the sky bleached gray and the rooftops of downtown's skyscrapers were invisible amid the swirling, cloudy mists above. When Pete Yorn's set began, 20 minutes late, the murky sound system reduced his show to sonic mush. Sufficiently discouraged, many festival-goers retreated to the Turner South Stage inside the Civic Center, which offered seats -- dry seats.
SATURDAY, 8 P.M. -- After a warm-up song by local troubadour Doria Roberts, who strolled through the crowd unplugged, the production crew scrambled to set the stage for the "Turner South Live!" telecast. June Carter Cash settled into a chair with her massive wooden zither, while a makeup artist powdered the top of singer Angie Aparo's bald head to diminish its camera-unfriendly glare. R&B songwriter Tony Rich and elder statesman Don McLean took up spots on the far left and far right of the group. B-52's vocalist Cindy Wilson muttered that she felt hot, prompting impish R.E.M. bassist Mike Mills to quip salaciously, "We know you're hot, Cindy!"
Edwin McCain kicked off the show, leading the ensemble through a gentle rendition of Bob Dylan's "I Shall Be Released." Mills joined McLean on a cover of Roy Orbison's "Crying," which brought tears to the eyes of Cash, who explained that she's godmother to Orbison's sons. Rich performed several songs on a grand piano while Aparo stared intently, hunched atop his silver guitar like a gargoyle on a rampart of Notre Dame.
Wilson delivered a heartfelt solo song about her deceased brother (and B-52's bandmate) Ricky Wilson. "He followed a trail to the sun," she sang. "He was outrageous fun." But for sheer crowd-pleasing momentum, nothing -- not even Carter's show-closing "Will the Circle Be Unbroken" -- could match the anthemic force of McLean's "American Pie." The assembled musicians were almost drowned out by the audience, which sang along to every verse. Afterward, Carter gasped, "That should have been the end of the show!" McLean, however, summed up the virtues of the Turner event. "This is best night I've ever had," he declared. "No, really ... we've got cutting edge, we've got history ... and we're inside!"
SATURDAY, 10 P.M. -- At the Z-93 area -- built atop a baseball field that now resembled a quicksand pit -- Joan Jett and the Blackhearts blasted through Iggy Pop's "I Wanna Be Your Dog." Jett's attempts at starting an audience bark-a-long failed dismally (where were all the dawg-lovin' UGA kids?!). But she got a tremendous rise from the assembled multitude by following it with her own signature hit. Fists clenched high in the air, audience members howled out the words to each chorus of "I Love Rock 'n' Roll." After the long, wet, chilly day they'd endured, this declaration was the only explanation necessary for why they were all still there, and still smiling.
SUNDAY, 6 P.M. -- With so much of Music Midtown consumed by big -- big crowds, big lineups, big stages -- it was surprising to find the littlest attraction inspiring the most action. In the shadow of the Jumbotron screen, dozens of young men and women bounced, bumped and gyrated together around the DJ tent, where DJ Dust (shoulda been Mud) spun disco and house music -- each one guaranteed having more fun than the crowds enduring Better Than Ezra on the other side of the hill. The absence of any official stage or of corporate sponsors or, hell, of even any live music seemed to make a mockery out of everything for which Music Midtown has been known. But as in the world at large, the secret to finding satisfaction in the temporary society formed each year came in discovering your own niche. Credit goes to the promoters for providing enough choices.
SUNDAY, 7 P.M. -- Ah, the irony. Puddle of Mudd played on the only day of sunshine, on a stage where the crowd stood on a paved surface. As the up-and-coming rockers played their hit "Control," a barrage of soda bottles thrown toward the stage represented fans' appreciation. Afterward, eager No Doubt fans pushed their way forward to gain a better view of sassy frontwoman Gwen Stefani. Fans turned fences and stinking trash dumpsters into seats, in order to see over all the young women perched on guys' shoulders and the obnoxious inflatable objects on poles (note to self: next year, bring a slingshot). No Doubt kicked off with tracks from its latest album and, despite long pauses between songs, the energy level of the crowd stayed high. Stefani shimmied around the stage shaking her groove thing, while older hits drove the crowd to waves of over-the-head clapping and singing along.
SUNDAY, 10 P.M. Part of the fun of Music Midtown is how it brings every type of person out of the woodwork for three days of corporate orgy. It's like our version of a state fair. As usual, the strongest rock acts were the oldies -- David Lee Roth, Joan Jett and Journey (well, Journey and a Kenny G-looking motherfucker doing a damn good Steve Perry impression) blew 99X's best out of the water. Then again, over in the Publix parking lot Friday night, Scoop, a band of juniors and seniors from Harrison High School, knocked out Jimi Hendrix and Matchbox 20 covers with more conviction than most of the acts on the inside playing originals. Learn from past transgressions as well as transcriptions, and we'll see you at Midtown Music 2005.
3 people apparently love handing over an extra 40% in fees for nothing in return…
Dang. I thought they would name some actual headliners.
Forgot to mention that Iggy did a stellar show @ the Agora in the spring…
Their fees were onerous, to say the least. $16 per ticket for "convenience," and it's…
That poster is for the Iggy Pop show on March 11 1983 @ 688 club…


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ACE Fit Share
Use a combination of these core back exercises to strengthen your lower, upper or middle back areas. Whether you're interested in barbell deadlifts or reverse extensions, we have back strengthening exercises for every level. These exercises are also featured in convenient workout routines that include proper warm-up and cool-down techniques, which greatly reduces the risk of injury.
Fit Life Articles
Exercises that feature single-leg work are beneficial, particularly because they mimic how we move in day-to-day life and while playing sports. These six exercises featuring the TRX Suspension Trainer enable you to work unilaterally and create enough instability to...
If you're looking for ways to improve your mobility, movement, coordination and strength specifically for the purpose of golf, consider adding the following movements to your exercise program. These exercises will not only help you improve your golf swing, but also reduce...
It can be challenging to eat healthy on vacation, especially if your adventure includes a lot of time spent on the road. But with a little pre-planning and some mindfulness, you can eat healthier on your trip, even when your choices are limited!


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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Oct 26, 1976
|Filing date
|Dec 10, 1974
|Priority date
|May 5, 1972
|Publication number
|John B. Scott, Sang Y. Whang, Robert G. Ragsdale, Ran-Fun Chiu
|Original Assignee
|Milgo Electronic Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (6), Referenced by (19), Classifications (5), Legal Events (1)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 250,667, filed May 5, 1972, now abandoned.
1. Field of the Invention
The field of this invention includes digital circuitry for synthesizing an analog waveform of a particular desired shape.
The primary application of this invention is in a communication system for digital data and particularly involves such communication systems as are adapted for connection to telephone lines, associated telephone circuitry and the like. More particularly, the transmitter of this invention is substantially entirely digital and, thus, is readily subject to an integrated circuit manufacturing technique.
2. Description of the Prior Art
The concept of providing a modem adaptable for integrated circuit manufacturing is a familiar desire known to the prior art. For example, such a modem is discussed in an article entitled: "The Use of Digital Circuit in Data Transmission," Philips Technical Review, Vol. 30, No. 3, Pages 71-81, 1969. In that article the stated goal was to design an all digital transmitter as an integrated circuit, wherein, digital signals are modulated onto a carrier and the signal is filtered by a digital transversal filter. As is typical in such prior art techniques broad bandwidth is employed in order to maintain signal integrity over the entire modulation period. This means that the entire frequency spectrum of the communication link, such as a telephone line, is utilized in order to transmit the digital modulated signal from one modem transmitter to one modem receiver. A great deal of bandwidth is thus wasted. In addition, the modem there described utilizes a complex and sensitive digital transversal filter. This component includes numerous weighted resistors that must have extremely precise values. Such resistors are not readily subject to an integrated circuit manufacturing technique. Furthermore, the complexity of operation of this prior art modem transmitter is a limiting factor in its feasibility and commercialization.
In U.S. Pat. No. 3,524,023, issued Aug. 11, 1970, by Sang Y. Whang, and assigned to the same assignee as the present invention, a narrow bandwidth modem utilizing a single carrier/double sideband is described and claimed. Each serial group of digital signals to be transmitted during each given modulation interval are passed through a bandpass filter which has a bandpass of 1/T Hz with its center frequency of fo, the carrier frequency. The phase characteristic of the filter and its associated communication link is substantially linear within the narrow passband and a highly unusual wave shape is developed. Reference to the above-mentioned patent will supply details of operation if desired. Briefly, however, certain fundamental concepts of the above-mentioned patent will be described to enhance a clearer understanding of this invention. As discussed in the above-mentioned patent, extremely narrow bandwidth is utilized for data transmission regardless of the type of modulation utilized. As typical examples, the carrier frequency, fo, may conveniently be located between 1600 and 1800 Hz for transmission of either 2400 bits per second or 4800 bits per second. Bandwidth based upon groups of three serial bits in a differential phase modulation system is about 800 Hz for 2400 bits per second or is about 1600 Hz for 4800 bits per second. The passband for the two typical examples given is, thus, approximately 1300 Hz to 2100 Hz for 2400 bits per second or 900 Hz to 2500 Hz for 4800 bits per second, with fo located at 1700 Hz.
In U.S. Pat. No. 3,128,343, issued Apr. 7, 1964, to P. A. Baker, another prior art data communication system is disclosed. In the Baker system incoming digital data is grouped into bit pairs called dibits. Two separate channels are employed in the transmitter with each channel alternately encoding successive dibits as differential phase angles in a carrier signal. A raised cosine impulse response is amplitude modulated on the carrier in each channel. The raised cosine impulse response, at one half the transmission rate, is switched from one channel to the next in the channel pair so that the differential phases in the channels do not significantly interfere with one another. The signals from both channels are applied to a telephone line. The various circuits employed in the Baker patent are analog rather than digital in nature. There is no suggestion that any particular signal spectrum be digitized as a plurality of discrete values that are stored in a memory. Mentioning such patent, as prior art with respect to applicant's invention, is simply based upon the fact that a data modulated carrier may be alternated as a pair of signals, with one signal each for one channel each for a pair of channels.
Our invention in its broadest aspect comprises a transmitter in which a carrier signal is modulated by digital data to be transmitted over a communication link, wherein the data modulated carrier is represented by a unique group of discrete signal values stored in a memory. The memory, upon command, reads out a predetermined sequence which represents the signal shape of a digital data modulated carrier. The predetermined shape appears as though it had been passed through a narrow band limited linear phase network having a passband width of 1/T Hz with a center frequency of fo, where fo is the carrier frequency in cycles per second.
In one preferred embodiment of our invention, the predetermined signal shape occupies a signal spectrum which extends in time for a frame, with a frame comprising four successive modulation periods. In this particular embodiment, four successive frames are utilized to form a composite signal. Each frame's starting point in time is offset by one modulation period with respect to the preceding frame. The memory storage device of our transmitter, upon command, reads out several discrete sequences. A summing circuit is connected to the output of the memory storage device and is timed in such a manner that it collates the sequence of signals as they are read from the memory. The summing operation generates in a digital manner a composite data modulated carrier for application to a communication link.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of the transmitter of our invention;
FIG. 1A is an illustration of waveforms from the aforementioned prior art patent;
FIG. 2 is an illustration of waveforms useful in explaining certain of the operational concepts of the transmitter of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a more detailed block diagram of a selected portion of the transmitter of FIG. 1;
FIG. 4A is a timing chart useful in describing the operation of the circuitry of FIG. 3;
FIG. 4B depicts waveforms useful in describing the timing operation of FIG. 3;
FIG. 5 is a more detailed block diagram of another selected portion of the transmitter of FIG. 1; and
FIG. 6 depicts digital to analog circuits adapted for connection to the output leads depicted in FIG. 5;
FIG. 7 is a signal chart useful in explaining the operation of the apparatus of FIG. 6.
FIG. 1 discloses a block diagram of a digital transmitter 100 in accordance with the principles of this invention. As earlier stated the ultimate goal of this invention is to provide a modem transmitter which may be readily and economically manufactured as an integraed circuit. In this regard it is believed helpful to generally summarize the operation of the transmitter 100, FIG. 1, before setting forth a more detailed description of our invention.
In its broadest concept the transmitter 100, FIG. 1, comprises an input circuit 20 for receiving serial data along with an input circuit 21 for receiving a clock signal as is normally the case in all data modem transmitters. This invention may employ frequency modulation, phase modulation, amplitude modulation, or any combination of same.
Simply for ease of description a preferred inventive embodiment employing differential phase modulation will be described in connection with the block diagram transmitter 100, FIG. 1. As is well known, in differential phase modulation phase shifts in a selected carrier are assigned from one modulation period to the next. The difference between the phase in two adjacent modulation periods, identifies the data represented in a given modulation period relative to the data represented in a previous modulation period. In the particular transmitter of this invention, a pair of memories are employed in the transmitter. Such memories may be of the read only memory type as they are particularly well suited for integrated circuit manufacturing techniques. Obivously, however, other memory types suitable for integrated circuit manufacturing techniques may also be employed.
Assume, for example, that the incoming binary data is grouped into any convenient multi-bit grouping. Each multi-bit grouping is applied to a first read only memory (hereinafter ROM) which is located in the binary data to phase change encoder 25. Encoder 25 emits timed digital outputs which are representative of differential phase amounts. These differential phases are assigned, in any selected manner, a given amount which identifies the unique bits present in the multi-bit groupings. The digital output signals from encoder 25, timed by address counter 10, constitute one portion of an address signal that is received by a memory address circuit 30. Address circuit 30 subsequently applies these digital outputs to a digital storage memory 50. Address counter 10 provides another input signal to the memory addressing circuit 30. These two signals, namely an output signal from encoder 25, and an output signal from address counter 10 are utilized by memory addressing circuit 30 to fully address digital storage memory 50.
Memory 50 is addressed in such a manner that predetermined relative phase changes in a selected carrier signal are emitted as a predetermined sequence of unique digital characters. These unique digital characters will be more fully described hereinafter with respect to FIG. 5. Briefly, however, memory 50 stores a large number of discrete unique constants in the form of encoded digital words. Upon command from memory addressing circuit 30 and address counter 10, the encoded digital words are read in a given timing sequence from memory 50. Each sequence extends over several modulation periods in order to fully define each given absolute phase amount. A summing circuit 60, also timed by the transmitter timing control 40, collates or sums the binary bits of the encoded words as they are read from memory 50. The summed signal from circuit 60 is applied to a digital to analog converter 70. The converter 70, in response to a summed signal from circuit 60, forms a composite differential phase waveform for application to a communication link. Experience has shown that the composite line signal of this invention is optimum for application over various classes of telephone lines including those poor quality telephone lines which exhibit irregular and erratic amplitude and delay characteristics.
With the general description in mind, reference is now made to FIG. 1A which depicts certain waveforms presented in the Narrow Band Limited Telephone Line Data Communication System, U.S. Pat. No. 3,524,023 assigned to the present assignee.
FIG. 1A depicts a step function input 110 for an entire modulation period T. If such an input is applied to a linear phase 1/T Hz bandpass filter of the narrow characteristics described in the abovementioned patent, then the filter's output is one-half of the envelope 111 shown in dashed lines. If, on the other hand, a sine wave input 113, is applied as an input signal to the narrow bandpass filter, the filter's output is a full envelope having the analog signal 112 present with diminished amplitude ringing into several adjacent modulation periods.
As described and claimed in the aforementioned patent, the narrow bandlimiting filter preserves the integrity of the transmitted phase of the input carrier signal 113, in the middle of the modulation period. Other portions of signal 112 do not maintain phase integrity and are useless for data sampling. The unique signals are readily available for derived clock timing, ease of equalization and other advantages as described in the aforementioned patent. The present invention makes use of the discoveries of the aforementioned patent and improves upon that patented invention.
FIG. 2, Line A depicts a typical carrier which may be 1800 Hz associated with a modulation period of 1/1200 seconds. Any suitable carrier frequency may be employed in this invention, and the description and claims are not to be limited by the specific examples discussed herein. As shown in FIG. 2 the carrier signal 213 has 11/2 cycles present in a given modulation period T.
The principles of a preferred embodiment of our invention will be explained with reference to a signal spectrum of four sectors per frame. Our invention is not limited to four sectors only. Those skilled in the art will recognize that more than four sectors could be employed since the number of sectors is a function of the available bandwidth and the bit rate being transmitted.
Carrier 213, during modulation period To, is arbitrarily assigned an absolute phase angle corresponding to 0�. By absolute it is meant that carrier 213 alone, i.e., with several modulation periods on every side of 213 being free of any signals, is passed through the aforementioned narrow passband filter of 1/T Hz. In such a situation it was discovered that the filtered signal rang for several modulation periods. In our invention we forced the signal shape to ring quickly to a neglible value while still maintaining phase integrity at the middle of the signal's spectrum. For example, it was discovered that four sectors, or modulation periods, was a convenient and satisfactory number for most modem transmitting speeds.
The generalized mathematical expression of the spectrum I.sub.(t), of a single given input signal, such as signal 213 is defined as follows:
I.sub.(t) = [pulse response] [amplitude] [sineωt+ θ]
Where: a. The pulse response of a step function input (such as 110, FIG. 1A) as subjected to a 1/T Hz narrow bandwidth filter;
b. The amplitude is any selected amplitude and need not be fixed as will be explained later;
c. ω is related to the carrier frequency fo, which in our exemplitive case is 1800 Hz; and
d. θ is any selected angle, which in our exemplitive case will be (2N � 45�), where N is 0, 1, 2 or 3.
The analog shape of different absolute phase angle amounts (assuming a data modulated carrier 213) have different signal spectrums over their own four sectors. Thus at lines B, C, D and E of FIG. 2 signal spectrums for absolute phase angles of 0�, 90�, 270�, and 180�, respectively, are depicted. The composite waveform shown in Line "F" of FIG. 2 is ultimately presented as an output from transmitter 100 to the telephone line over which the modem transmitter is to operate.
Reference is now made to FIG. 3 wherein the encoder 25 of FIG. 1 is shown in more detail. Encoder 25 includes a first ROM 325, whih responds to the clock signal output from a divide-by-two circuit 326 to read out any preselected digital character. As a typical example, ROM 325 may operate in any one of four possible modes which will be more fully described hereinafter. The particular mode depicted for ROM 325 in FIG. 3 is mode "A." Four possible binary pair input conditions to ROM 325 are 00, 01, 10, 11. Associated with each possible input bit pair at the output of ROM 325 in mode "A" is a digital output character indicative of phase angles of 90� multiples. In mode "A" the digital characters from ROM 325 comprise three bits per character. In the exemplitive character of mode "A" the least significant bit is at the right hand side. A binary "one" in that position corresponds to a 45� angle, (in mode "A" there are none). The most significant bit is on the left hand side and a binary "one" in that position corresponds to a 180� angle. A binary "one" in the middle bit position corresponds to a 90� angle.
It is essential that the inherent 180� phase difference due to the 11/2 cycles of carrier 213 be adjusted for by encoder 25. Without considering any data modulation whatsoever, carrier 213 changes phase by 180� in each adjacent modulation period. As depicted earlier at line A, FIG. 2, as previously described, carrier 213 is shown in solid line (modulation period) To) and in dashed lines (modulation period T1) as it would normally appear. Obviously carrier 213 is out of phase by 180� when the signal present in T1 is compared with the signal present in To. If 180� is added to carrier 213 during each modulation period T, then carrier 213 in adjacent modulation periods To and T1, etc., is always in phase. Stated another way, the carrier signal present during each modulation period, without data-representing phase changes involved, will exhibit a 0� phase shift when 180� is added in each modulation period, T.
The 180� phase change is accomplished in ROM 325, FIG. 3, as shown by adding 180� for the input bit pair 00. As earlier described the output character 100 with a "one" in the left hand position adds 180� and this compensates for the inherent phase shift in carrier 213. Thus, ROM 325 for input pair 00 emits an in-phase signal, or 0� differential phase, output value of carrier 213.
The four possible binary input bit pairs described earlier are depicted, from top to bottom in the input column of ROM 325, as they might appear in time during a random string of input data. The Δ θ or required angle change assigned to each binary bit pair combination is shown in the second column of ROM 325. This Δ θ is the angle that is desired for ultimate application to the telephone line. In the third column of ROM 325, 180� is added to correct for the inherent phase shift of carrier 213 as described earlier. The last column of ROM 325 depicts the actual binary characters respectively read out from ROM 325.
Output characters from ROM 325 are applied to binary adder 327 which may be any conventional binary adder. It is assumed simply for a starting condition that an initial character "I" is stored in the binary adder. Thus, at starting time to, character "000" is shown in the top, or output portion, of adder 327.
This first character "I" ("000") is applied to the memory address circuit 30 by binary adder 327 in the manner depicted in FIG. 4.
Reference to the waveform and timing diagram of FIG. 4A at row A, shows that a ready to send signal (RTS) was true or high, during this start period. The true condition and the initial character I ("000") being present in the top position of binary adder 327, FIG. 3, are proper conditions to start the transmitter operation. At time to, character "I" is applied as θn to memory address circuit 30. The data, at Row B of FIG. 4A, follows this arbitrarily assumed input condition. The next exemplitive bit pairs, in the order received are 01, 00, 10 and 11. These bit pairs are serially loaded into the input exchange of ROM 325 by the 2400 Hz data clock. This data clock is divided down to the baud rate of 1200 bits per second by circuit 326, FIG. 3. The output of divider 326 reads out the characters from ROM 325, which characters are representative of the change in phase plus 180�.
Adder 327 receives the characters from the output of ROM 325. Adder 327, supplies binary characters to accumulator circuit 340, which operates in response to the baud rate clock from divider 326. Adder 327 and accumulator 340 cooperate to accumulate successive characters after they are read from ROM 325 and binarily add each character, stored in binary adder 327, to a previous character, θn-1, as supplied by accumulator 340.
The binary accumulator circuit 340 may be any conventional accumulator circuit as is well known in the prior art. Its operation will now be described with reference to the initial starting condition, namely, that character I ("000") at time to is present in the top position of adder 327. This initial character I in this case is assumed to represent a data-modulated angle of 0� in carrier 213. Output θn at time to FIG. 4A, is sent to memory address circuit 30. The next data bit pair "01" is thereafter input into ROM 325. At time t1, FIG. 4A, an output character A ("010") is read from ROM 325 under control of the read ROM signal from divider 326. This output character A ("010") is supplied to the binary adder 327 and it is added to the previous character I, ("000"). The resultant binarily added signal total is "010." . The character "010" represents a data-modulted differential phase shift of 90� to carrier 213. The resultant "010" then assumes the top position in binary adder 326 in the manner just described. Reference to FIG. 4A shows that this character A is supplied to memory address circuit 30 as θn+1 at time t1. The binary accumulator 340 repeats the operation just described when the next character B ("100") is read from ROM 325 shortly fter time t1. Thereafter the operation continues in the manner described such that bit pairs 10, 11, 01, etc., are represented by characters C, D, E and the like.
It should be noted, in the operation of the transmitter 100, FIG. 3, as described thus far, that differential phase angle represented by binary encoded words are emitted to memory address circuits 30 by binary adder 327. Thus the binary words representing characters "I" "A" "B" and "C" (FIG. 4A) each differ from the preceding character encoded word by a given angle that represents the data. It should be understood, also that as described thus far provision has already been made to adjust for the fact that the original 1800 Hz carrier always includes 11/2 cycles per modulation period. If some other carrier signal were selected, then a similar adjustment could be made for the expected repetitive phase difference of the selected carrier per each modulation period. For example, if a carrier of 1200 Hz were selected for a slower transmission rate, then it is obvious that no phase correction need be added because there is no phase difference from one modulation period to the next. FIG. 4B as will be more fully explained hereinafter represents the analog forms of the differential phase angles represented by the binary words from the phase change encoder 25.
FIG. 5 depicts additional details of memory addressing circuit 30 and certain other block diagrams of the transmitter 100 of FIG. 1. Binary adder 327 supplies the relative phase angles (previously discussed) to memory address circuit 30 which includes a shift register 510. Shift register 510 may be any suitable shift register of a well known type suitable for integrated circuit manufacturing techniques. The particular example utilized in the exemplitive description of our invention is a four by four shift register with the least significant and most significant bits of the characters from adder 327 occupying the positions shown on the inputs to memory address circuit 30. Shift register 510 also receives from address counter 10, FIG. 1, shift pulses which are four times as fast as the counting rate for reading out constants from the data constant memory 50. This counting rate will be described in greater detail hereinafter.
The top row of shift register 510 normally contains binary zeros except when a soft carrier signal (SCS) is present. Zeros present in the top row of register 510 inhibit reading of any data from ROM 50 via an inhibit signal applied to ROM 50 by lead 511 in a manner well known for read only memories. An SCS condition on the other hand is represented by a binary "ONE" present in the top output stage of shift register 510. When the ready to send level is true, and SCS is present, it is indictive of a data constant request for ROM 50. Simultaneously, of course, the inhibit signal which prevented reading out values from ROM 50 is removed.
The soft carrier control (SCS) signal is depicted true in FIG. 2 for four different phases only that go over the the telephone line, Row F, FIG. 2, to build up gradually and decay gradually in the manner shown. It should be understood, of course, that many data bits would be transmitted before SCS goes false, and thus FIG. 2 is diagrammatic only. In any event, however, SCS signal goes true at the very beginning of the first signal sector and it persists true until the very last sector of the last signal frame that is transmitted. Because the beginning and end of the sectors commence and diminish in amplitude, low-valued constants are read from ROM 50. It is apparent that during these periods ROM 50 is alternately read and inhibited during the first sector of the first frame such that constants for the first sector of 0� phase only are provided from ROM 50. A similar sequence, of course, takes place at the termination of data transmission.
To appreciate in detail, how discrete constants are read out from ROM 50, reference is made to FIG. 4B and the four sectors in the first frame assigned to the initial character "I." The signal depicted during this first frame represents a 0� phase angle for the telephone line signal as discussed hereinbefore. Comparison of the wave form of character I with other characters shown in FIG. 4B discloses that during sector 1, only constants indicative of the amplitude for 0� phase are present. During this sector 1 for character I (hereinafter sector I1) the other characters are not yet present because each character's frame is offset by one sector, or modulation period, from the start of preceding character's frame.
Any convenient number of read commands may be applied to ROM 50 during a given frame. The number of signals, N, present during a frame is strictly a function of how many samples are sufficient to reconstruct the desired analog signal via a desired number of unique digital constants in one frame. Assume that N is equal to 48 samples per frame, as a preferred number for this embodiment. Character I is a 0� waveform which is thus made of 12 unique constants in each one of its four sectors I1, I2, I3, and I4.
The 48 constants for a 0� phase angle is shown in decimal form in Table 1. Approximate values rounded off to the third decimal position are given in Table 1. It is not necessary to give the decimal value for every angle because they can readily be determined by those skilled in the art by simply
measuring the amplitude value of an angle-modulated carrier passed through the 1/T Hz narrow band filter to derive similar amplitude tables for all other angles as desired.
Although the amplitude values of Table 1 are shown as decimal amounts, for ease of understanding, it is to be understood that they are actually represented in ROM 50 as binary words for each discrete decimal value. The binary words, for example, may be expressed as an 8 bit binary word. The manner in which these binary words are read out in a timing sequence will now be explained by reference to Table 2 taken in conjunction with FIG. 5 and the waveforms of FIGS. 4A and 4B.
TABLE NO. 2__________________________________________________________________________FRAMES 1 & 5 FRAMES 2 & 6 FRAMES 3 & 7 FRAMES 4 & 8(CHARACTERS I & D) (CHARACTERS A & E) (CHARACTERS B & X) (CHARACTERS A & Y)(FIGS. 4A & 4B) (FIGS. 4A & 4B) (FIGS. 4A & 4B) (FIGS. 4A & 4B)__________________________________________________________________________N + 1Sector 1 0�N + 12N + 13 M + 1Sector 2 0� Sector 1 90�N + 24 M + 12N + 25 M + 13 O + 1Sector 3 0� Sector 2 90� Sector 1 270�Sa-1→N + 36 M + 24 O + 12Sa→N + 37 M + 25 O + 13 P + 1Sector 4 0� Sector 3 90� Sector 2 270� Sector 1 0�N + 48 M + 36 O + 24 P + 12Q + 1 M + 37 O + 25 P + 13Sector 1 180� Sector 4 90� Sector 3 270� Sector 2 0�Q + 12 M + 48 O + 36 P + 24Q + 13 R + 1 O + 37 P + 25Sector 2 180� Sector 1 270� Sector 4 270� Sector 3 0�Q + 24 R + 12 O + 48 P + 36Q + 25 R + 13 S + 1 P + 37Sector 3 180� Sector 2 270� Sector 1 X� Sector 4 0�Q + 36 R + 24 S + 12 P + 48Q + 37 R + 25 S + 13 T + 1Sector 4 180� Sector 3 270� Sector 2 X� Sector 1 Y�Q + 48 R + 36 2 + 24 T + 12__________________________________________________________________________
As shown in FIG. 4A there are six binary characters addressed into shift register 510 of FIG. 5. Our preferred embodiment has been described in terms of four frames with four sectors per frame, based upon one sector offset per each succeeding frame. It is believed helpful to illustrate these various characters, frames and sectors in a timing chart in table form as shown in Table 2. Table 2 depicts in the vertical columns the various frames. In the horizontal column of Table 2, the various sectors for each frame are shown. The characters of FIG. 4A, and the associated angle amounts are depicted in Table No. 2 at the positions and times that they occupy. Thus, character I of 0� phase amount is shown in the four sectors of frame 1, together with 12 counts (N+1 through N+12, N+13 through N+24, etc.) for each sector. Character A is shown with its four sectors of frame 2 and each of the other characters of FIG. 4 are likewise shown with their associated frames and sectors 1 through 4.
The particular timing utilized in deriving all the various unique constants for the angles associated with characters I, A, B, C, of FIG. 4 will now be described in detail with reference to Table No. 1 and Table No. 2. One particular sample time, Sa, is shown in Table No. 2. The sample time, Sa, is selected in order to illustrate how the constants are (a) read from ROM 50; (b) binarily added, and (c) made available to the digital to analog converter 70.
As mentioned earlier with respect to Table No. 1, the values of the discrete constants are shown in decimal form, but are read from ROM 50 as eight bit encoded digital words. In Table 1, sample Sa corresponds to time N+37 of the address counter 10. The various words read from ROM 50 during sample time Sa are shown in the horizontal row including dashed rectangles in Table No. 2. The first word read from ROM 50 at, Sa, is in frame 1, sector 4, time N+37. It was mentioned earlier that shift register 510 is running at four times the rate at which the read only memory is gated. Thus during sample, Sa, characters I, A, B and C will successively address ROM 50 during this one sample time. The characters constitute address signals that are gated in any well known manner so as to select predetermined constants from ROM 50. Numerous known gating arrangements are readily available for such read only memories, and thus need not be described in detail.
The 37th constant for a 01 phase is addressed by the output character I in the output stage of shift register 510, at time N+37. An eight bit binary word representing the decimal amount of 0.078 (see Table No. 1) is read from memory 50 into binary adder 515.
Binary adder 515 operates in a manner similar to that described hereinbefore with respect to binary adder 327, except that it is adding eight bit binary words rather than adding three bit characters. Accumulator 526 similarly operates in the same manner as accumulator 327, FIG. 3, except that it is feeding back into binary adder 350, eight bit words. Binary adder 515 comprises an input register 516 which receives each digital word from ROM 50 during sample time Sa. Connected to input register 516 is an add register 517 which adds the input word to the previous word fed back from accumulator 526. The previous word which would be present in add register 517, in this instance, would be an eight bit word of binary "zeroes" because shift register 515 is cleared after sample time Sa-1, Table 2 is completed. During sample time, Sa, the first word delivered from ROM 50 is located in table 2 at frame 1, sector 4, time N+37. This word from ROM 50 is moved into the input register 516. Just thereafter, the digital word representing the output value of frame 2, sector 3, time M+25 is moved into input register 516. The total of these two values in binary form is added by add register 518. The added sum is accumulated by accumulator 526 and is fed back into the add register 517 to await the next digital input word. The summed value is then added to the next digital word representative of the value stored at frame 3, sector 2, time 0+13. Register 518 now binarily adds the three values, and accumulator 526 fees that new sum back to the add register 517 where it is available for another binary add operation when the last digital word during Sa, is supplied from ROM 50 into input stage 516. The next digital word is the value at frame 4, sector 1, time P+1. Thereafter the last digital word is added to the total of the three previous constants by total register 518 of binary adder 515. At that instant a read out and clear signal is applied to binary adder 515. The accumulated total of all four constants of the particular sample just described is read out to a digital to analog converter 70.
As just described it is apparent that one unique constant from the fourth sector of Frame 1 (representative of a 0� phase) has been added to an earlier unique constant from the third Sector of Frame 2 (representative of a 90� phase) which is added together with two still earlier unique constants from the second Sector, of frame 3 and the first sector of frame 4, respectively representative of 270� phase and 180� phase. Although the values of the 90�, 270� and 180� have not been given in table form, their relative corresponding amplitudes are shown in FIG. 4B at sample time, Sa. If one applies the rules previously set out in this specification the decimal values are respectively 1.297 for the 90� phase, 0 for the 270� phase and zero for the 180� phase. 0� phase in frame 4, sector 1, time P+1.
At this point in the specification, a further unique aspect of our invention needs to be described. If one applies the rule set forth in the specification for generating a phase shifted carrier in the manner herein described based upon 45� phase shifts, certain phases differ from other phases only in polarity with respect to a zero amplitude as a reference. Thus we discovered that the values of discrete constants of 0�, Table No. 1, is exactly the same amount as every unique constant for 180� except that 180� differs in polarity of amplitude with respect to zero. Stated another way, the values of Table No. 1, are exactly the same for 180� if one changes each positive decimal present in the table to a negative decimal value and vice versa. In a similar manner we discovered that the discrete unique constants for 45� are exactly the same as they are for 225� with the exception that the polarities are opposite. Similar relationships exist for 90� and 270� and for 135� and 315�. This discovery allows us to reduce the number of discrete constants stored in ROM 50 and further simplifies the transmitting operation and circuitry.
For example, if ROM 50 includes 48 constants for each absolute angle of 0�, 45�, 90� and 135�, then the opposite polarity of these frames of 48 constants each represent, respectively, 180�, 225�, 270� and 315�. Circuit implementation is simplified by using digital words stored in one's complement in ROM 50. A complement and add binary "one" operation whenever 180� or higher is addressed into ROM 50 inverts the polarities from ROM 50. This feature of our invention is now described with reference to FIG. 5 wherein a one's complement circuit 505, is connected between the output of ROM 50 and the input 516 of the binary adder 515. This one's complement circuit 505 is such that a +2 value is read from ROM 50 at a time, when in fact, a -2 is the value actually desired for the digital to analog converter 70. In such an instance, a one's complement and a binary one addition operation will take place via a command on lead 506, FIG. 5. The one's complement of the binary word indicating +2, namely 00000010, is 11111101. The addition of a binary "one" to the complement results in a total eight bit word of 11111110. Table No. 3 designates this word as representing a -2 value.
TABLE NO. 3__________________________________________________________________________AMPLITUDE OUTPUT FROMVALUE ADDER 515+ Maximum 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1+ 2 Volts 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 → Compli- → 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 ment+ 1 Volt 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 & Add "1"→ + 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 Reference 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0- 1 Volt 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1- 2 Volts 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0- Maximum 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0__________________________________________________________________________
It is not believed necessary to describe in any further detail the timing operation of the circuitry of FIG. 5, since such circuitry is well known to those in the art. For the preferred embodiment described herein, however, certain typical timing values will be described. Accordingly, it has been found useful to employ a crystal oscillator 540 as part of the transmitter timing control 40. Oscillator 540 supplies a high frequency square wave clock signal to address counter 10. As a typical value the output signal from crystal oscillator 540 may be 230.4 KHz. A divide-by-24 circuit 545, emits the 0 through 48 frame counts, as described earlier, to partially address ROM 50. The output signal from oscillator 540 is a shift signal for register 510. Oscillator 540 is also connected to a divide-by-4 circuit 555 to obtain a read out and clear signal which is applied to binary adder circuit 515 after every sample pulse, Sa-1, Sa, Sa+1, etc., as described hereinbefore.
Reference is now made to FIG. 6 which depicts digital circuitry for readily converting the eight bit words of our exemplitive embodiment into waveforms having substantially digital equivalents of the analog shapes depicted in FIG. 2. The circuits of FIG. 6 comprise shift register stages and logic gates which are readily adapted for integrated circuit manufacturing techniques. Each eight bit binary word from adder 515 is divided into half words of four bits each. One four bit half word comprises the four least significant bits of the eight bit word, and the other four bit half word comprises the four most significant bits of the eight bit word. A 14.4 KHz clock signal from divider circuit 555, FIG. 5, stores the least significant bit binary word through input gate exchange 601 into the least significant bit register 605. Simultaneously the same 14.4 KHz clock enables input gate 602 to store the four most significant bits into the most significant bit register 606. A digital-to-level converter circuit 610 is connected to the output of the least significant bit register 605. A similar digital to level converter 615 is connected to the output of the most significant bit register 606. Only the digital level converter 610 will be described in detail since both converters operate in the same manner.
The waveforms of FIG. 7 depict various modifications to the high frequence 230.4 KHz signal as it is applied to the shift register stages 650 to 653 of converte 610. These stages continually apply pulse train inputs to the AND gates designated as 611 through 614. Each of the four AND gates are designated by the letters I, J, K and L. FIG. 7 depicts these same letters at I, J, K and L together with the output waveforms from those gates when any one or more of them are enabled by a binary one being present at an associated command lead of the least significant bit storage 605.
The operation of the digital-to-level converter 610 is fully described in a copending patent application by R. G. Ragsdale having Ser. No. 198,843 filed Nov. 15, 1971, now abandoned and assigned to the same assignee as the present invention. Reference may be made to tha application if full details are required. Briefly, however, a stepped waveform is obtained through the selection of one or more of the enable leads from the least significant bit storage 605 on AND gates 611 through 614. Enablement of one or more of these gates selects an additive combination of one or more of the waveforms I, J, K, L as shown in FIG. 7. These waveforms added together form a voltage level which varies between 0.0265 volts as associated with gate 611 to approximately one full volt if all of gates 611 through 614 are enabled simultaneously.
A d.c. output level from digital-to-level converter 615, associated with the most signifcant bit storage 606, operates in a manner similar to converter 610 except its output level increases to a possible voltage from approximately one volt to approximately 15 volts. The output levels emitted by converters 610 and 615 are together connected to OR gates 630 and 635 respectively. The output of these OR gates are applied to AND gates 640 and 645 respectively, which gates are clocked by the high frequence clock of 230.4 KHz. The output terminals of AND gates 640 and 645 are available from the integrated circuit chip for electrical connection by any suitable means to input resistors 636 and 637 of a conventional operational amplifier 638 with feedback resistor 639.
The input resistors 636 and 637 are selected with weighted values such that any desired full scale level may be available. In our preferred embodiment that scale value may be approximately 8 volts, absolute, as shown in Table 3. Again reference may be made to FIGS. 2 through 4 of the above mentioned copending patent application by R. G. Ragsdale for a thorough description of the details in which a digitized and subsequently filtered waveform is generated by the circuitry of FIG. 6. Briefly, however, the various constants read from ROM 50 are summed and collated by the operation previously described. The collated signal yields the composited data modulated carrier as shown at line F. of FIG. 2, except that it is a stepped digitized waveform. Filter 647 is connected between the output of amplifier 658 and the input circuitry 620 of a conventional communication link to smooth the amplifier's output to a smooth analog shape substantially as shown at line F in FIG. 2. Filter 647 also removes high frequency components introduced into the signal by the digital process employed for generating the line signal.
It was discussed hereinbefore that the binary data to phase change encoder 25, FIG. 3 was operating in mode "A." Table 4 below depicts additional modes B, C and D. Mode "B" is similar to mode "A" in that it also is a four phase mode with 90� phase differentials assigned to unique input pairs as shown in the table.
This mode is often referred to as the International Standard which is defined by the formula 2N+45� where N is 0, 1, 2 or 3. Mode "C" is referred to as a metrological format and mode "D" is a particularly unique format utilized in some specialized areas. Irregardless of which mode is employed, the principles for ROM 325, FIG. 3, as described earlier apply with equal force. Any of these various modes are clearly within the scope of this invention and need not be described further.
It is apparent that these modes require, in some instances different combinations of 45� angle increments. Accordingly, as a minimum, ROM 50 must store a group of unique constants for 45� and for various multiples of 45� as well. In a 16-phase modem of course the lowest multiple stored in unique constant form would be 22.5� and various multiples thereof.
As mentioned in the introduction, various forms of modulation may be employed. For example, the basic waveform of Line F, FIG. 2, in slightly different form may represent a composite signal of an eight-phase modem. Such a modem has three data bits grouped together as inputs to the binary data to phase change encoder 25. There are eight possible input groupings for three binary bits in an eight phase system, and the principle of this invention still apply by employing differential phases of 45� per each distinct three bit grouping.
It is also within the scope of this invention to utilize a four phase, two amplitude transmitting technique. A typical and simplified way of implementing a four phase, two amplitude encoding operation is to employ two read only memories storing unique data modulated carrier constants. One read only memory such as memory 50, FIG. 5 includes constants for four phases at a full amplitude. The second read only memory, similar to ROM 50 includes a similar group of constants for the exact same four phases but at a lesser amplitude. Again, the incoming binary data is grouped into three binary bit groupings for each modulation period. Two of the input bits select a phase and the third bit of the three bit groupings selects one of the two possible amplitudes for that phase fromone of the two ROMS. These various data transmitting techniques are generally defined in the claims hereinafter simply as multi-level carrier modulation.
While a preferred embodiment of the present invention has been described hereinabove, it is intended that all matter contained in the above description and shown in the accompanying drawings be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense and that all modifications, constructions and arrangements which fall within the scope and spirit of the invention may be made.
|Cited Patent
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|Milgo Electronic Corp
|Band limited telephone line data communication system
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|Jun 22, 1971
|Bell Telephone Labor Inc
|Multilevel pulse transmission systems employing codes having three or more alphabets
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|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
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|Compagnie Industrielle Des Telecommunications Cit-Alcatel S.A.
|Device for numerically generating a wave which is phase modulated and which is free from unwanted modulation products
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|Microprocessor data modem
|Feb 29, 1980
|May 25, 1982
|Hewlett-Packard Company
|Digital phase domain amplitude modulation method and apparatus
|Jan 22, 1981
|Nov 9, 1982
|Codex Corporation
|Digital modem transmitter
|Dec 31, 1980
|May 17, 1983
|Walton Charles A
|Portable radio frequency emitting identifier
|Sep 21, 1981
|Apr 10, 1984
|Racal Data Communications Inc.
|Digital transmitter with vector component addressing
|Feb 5, 1985
|Apr 15, 1986
|Racal Data Communications Inc.
|Modified absolute phase detector
|Jun 12, 1985
|Oct 14, 1986
|Exar Corporation
|PSK digital echo modulator with reduced memory capacity required
|Sep 9, 1983
|Oct 28, 1986
|Cts Corporation
|Digital signal processor modem
|Apr 21, 1986
|Sep 1, 1987
|Cts Corporation
|Multi-speed, full duplex modem
|Nov 14, 2002
|May 20, 2004
|Unb Technologies Inc.
|Communications system including a narrow band modulator
|Nov 14, 2002
|May 20, 2004
|Unb Technologies, Inc.
|Communications methods for narrow band demodulation
|Nov 14, 2002
|Jun 10, 2004
|Unb Technologies, Inc.
|Communications system including a narrow band demodulator
|Oct 5, 1978
|Apr 10, 1980
|Siemens Ag
|Phase-difference data-signal modulation system - stores pulse replies of transmit filter for data signal generation and code signal part-sum products, latter modulated by inversion
|Jul 29, 1987
|Feb 24, 1988
|AT&T Corp.
|Apparatus for synthesizing the modulation of a time varying waveform with a data signal
|Sep 17, 1982
|Mar 31, 1983
|Racal Data Communications Inc
|Digital transmitter with vector component addressing
|Sep 5, 1984
|Mar 28, 1985
|Cts Corporation
|Digital signal processor modem
|Nov 22, 1985
|Jun 5, 1986
|Devon County Council
|Data modem system
|U.S. Classification
|375/280, 332/104
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Nov 8, 1982
Owner name: RACAL DATA COMMUNICATIONS INC.,
Free format text: MERGER;ASSIGNOR:RACAL-MILGO, INC.,;REEL/FRAME:004065/0579
Effective date: 19820930


text:
The Williams College of Business educates students of business, enabling them to improve organizations and society, consistent with the Jesuit tradition.
The mission of the College is in keeping with the university's mission, articulated by President Michael Graham, S.J. as "Xavier's mission is to serve society by forming students intellectually, morally and spiritually, with rigor and compassion, towards lives of solidarity, service and success."
These Williams College of Business graduates landed jobs with one of Cincinnati's 9 Fortune 500 companies – all within two months of graduation.
With all due respect to George Orwell, it's not always a bad thing when big brother is watching you. Especially, if big brother is Matt Stainbrook. Tim Stainbrook, junior forward for the men's basketball team, reflects about his own personal prospects in business, basketball and life beyond Xavier. (Here's a hint: Once a Musketeer, always a Musketeer.)
Cuba is hot! Pope Francis visited in September 2015. President Obama is the first American Commander-in-Chief since Calvin Coolidge to stroll the cobblestones of Havana. But Xavier's already been there—twice. In early January 2015, Scott Quertimont, an undergraduate international business major in the Williams College of Business, found himself discovering Cuba one conversation at a time.
President Obama made history as the first sitting American president to visit Havana in nearly nine decades. But for business majors at Xavier, visits to Cuba have become a yearly event. Here's their latest annual report in words and pictures.
For someone who didn't know what he wanted to do when he came to college, Tai Piazza sure made the most of his Xavier experience. Now he travels around the world for the company that turned his internship into a full-time job.


text:
Wii U
Why yelling at the top of your lungs for ''MOAR GAMES NOW!!!!'' is a bad idea...
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3 years ago#21
Also, justify it all you want, this board is great at it, but people are crying "moar games!" because there is an unprecedented lull in software releases for such a new console, it seems to be getting next to no current gen or next gen support. The wait for 1st party games is getting a little tiring.
"Bros before foes" - The death of free speech in gaming
3 years ago#22
SychinLegacy posted...
IloveElite posted...MD1500 posted...Sailor Goon posted...People arent screaming for more games. They're screaming for ANY games.
Lego City- Let's be honest. Nobody in their right minds should be playing a Lego video game. I've played a few and they are beyond terrible.
Monster Hunter- Port. I played the hell out of Tri. I'll wait for 4.
NFS- Port. Got it on PS3.
Toki Tori- This one looks good.
Bit Trip- Rhythm-based auto running platformer? What the hell are you people on?
"The Arcana is the means by which all is revealed."
3 years ago#23
IloveElite posted...
MD1500 posted...
i lol'd on how clueless you sound with this statement :P
3 years ago#24
So many words to describe your own ignorance. Good job tc.
Sent from my iPhone via PowerGuides 1.10
3 years ago#25
Schwepps01 posted...
SychinLegacy posted...Schwepps01 posted...SychinLegacy posted...
So what was the PS3's launch like again? At least we know for sure you're trolling now.
(Topic Creator)3 years ago#26
Schwepps01 posted...
SychinLegacy posted...Schwepps01 posted...SychinLegacy posted...
But it's ok that all multiplats on PS3 are ****** 360 ports??? Explain this...all of the games that are ports on the Wii U have extra and enhanced content...if you call having ports bad, then your PS3 is terrible. GOW HD collection, MGSHD collection, Shadow of the Collosus, Okami, Splintercell Trilogy...all ports...I'm sure there's more, but that's 10 ports right there.
NNID: Xenteros
Currently playing: LoZ:SS, NSMBU
3 years ago#27
fissionprimer posted...
Soanevalcke6 posted...IloveElite posted...
See, THIS is a more reasonable reason. Learn from this guy IloveElite.
Official Dark Samus of the SSB4 board
SSB4 Roster: http://i.imgur.com/6Bta9nE.png PSN/NNID/Steam: Soanevalcke6
(Topic Creator)3 years ago#28
DesperateMonkey posted...
So many words to describe your own ignorance. Good job tc.
Dang, you win. You managed to do it in only 11 words.
NNID: Xenteros
Currently playing: LoZ:SS, NSMBU
(Topic Creator)3 years ago#29
Soanevalcke6 posted...
fissionprimer posted...Soanevalcke6 posted...IloveElite posted...
You're right...I should throw grammar out the window and purchase games solely on review scores. You sir, have opened my eyes.
NNID: Xenteros
Currently playing: LoZ:SS, NSMBU
3 years ago#30
IloveElite posted...
MD1500 posted...Sailor Goon posted...People arent screaming for more games. They're screaming for ANY games.
You know they say opinions are like something....hmmm hows that saying go?
PSN- fhsfootball74 Nintendo Network- returnoftheryan
Blue Jackets, Bengals, Ohio State, Reds, and Columbus Crew Fan
|More topics from this board...
|I seriously question why more Wii U games won't support 8 player games
|Unlikely games you wish would come to Wii U VC
|Several Wii U games on sale $23.99 at Best Buy
|How are the Castlevania games on VC?
|Is there a way to put more games onto my WiiU?


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40mm STM Manual Focus & DoF Preview
Started Aug 7, 2012 | Discussions thread
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thenibster • Forum Member • Posts: 99
40mm STM Manual Focus & DoF Preview
Aug 7, 2012
Hey there,
A quick observation, and interesting point of discussion.
During a landscape shooting today, I noticed that it is NOT possible to manually focus the new Canon EF40mm f/2.8 STM lens when the depth of field preview button is held down.
Whether or not this is just because it's an electronically driven Manual Focus, and not mechanical, or if it's a property of the new STM AF system I am not sure. I tested it on both a 1DX, and 1D IV with the same results.
Does anyone have any thoughts on this?
Canon EOS-1D
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I need to compute numerically the determinant of $M^T M$ where $M$ is a large (non-square) sparse matrix. Is there any sensible way to compute it? More generally, is there any mathematical property of determinants for expressions like $M^T M$?
Assuming that M has more rows than columns (or else the determinant is 0), you could do a rank revealing qr decomposition; if M is rank deficient the determinant is zero, and otherwise we have
where R is square upper triangular and so det(R) is the product of its diagonal elements.


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With BMW introducing the 2013 6 Series Gran Coupe this week to the press, the automaker let a little more information slip about the future of its entire lineup regarding engine options.
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BMW's online configurator for the 2014 BMW 4 Series coupe has gone live.
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For the 2013 model year, BMW has upgraded its flagship full-size 7 Series luxury sedan and priced it accordingly.


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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Ţîbuleuca)
Ţîbuleuca (Ukrainian: Цибулівка, Tsybulivka, Russian: Цыбулевка, Tsybulevka) is a commune in the Dubăsari sub-district of Transnistria, Moldova. It is composed of a single village, Ţîbuleuca. It is currently under the administration of the breakaway government of the Transnistrian Moldovan Republic.
Coordinates: 47°24′N 29°06′E / 47.400°N 29.100°E
|This Transnistria location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.


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Upcoming Events
Sunflower Concert Series by Family Arts of Metuchen
Wednesday, July 20
Danny and Kim Adlerman
Show at 6:15pm, $5 per person at the door
Picnics on the lawn welcome! Rain location inside the Old Franklin Schoolhouse. Generously supported by the BIL and the Metuchen Arts Council.
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Friday, July 22
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"Outside In," an exhibit inspired by nature, is the latest show hosted at Transformation Gallery within the Old Franklin Schoolhouse and features the works of eighteen artists. Please join us for this very special opening reception.
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Saturday, July 30, 8 pm
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For info on other events happening around Metuchen, visit www.metuchencalendar.org.