text:
European Journal of Law and Economics
, Volume 29, Issue 2, pp 211-237
First online:
The London Agreement and the cost of patenting in Europe
- Bruno van Pottelsberghe de la PotterieAffiliated withUniversité Libre de Bruxelles (ULB, SBS-EM), ECARES, and BruegelCEPRCEB and DULBEA
- , Malwina MejerAffiliated withUniversité Libre de Bruxelles (ULB, SBS-EM), ECARES Email author
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This paper analyses the consequences for the European patent system of the recently ratified London Agreement, which aims to reduce the translation requirements for patent validation procedures in 15 out of 34 national patent offices. The simulations suggest that the cost of patenting has been reduced by 20–30% since the enforcement of the LA. With an average translation cost saving of €3,600 per patent, the total savings for the business sector amount to about €220 millions. The fee elasticity of patents being about −0.4, one may expect an increase in patent filings of 8–12%. Despite the translation cost savings, the relative cost of a European patent validated in six (thirteen) countries is still at least five (seven) times higher than in the United States.
KeywordsEuropean patent system London Agreement Patent fees Translation costs Fee elasticity
JEL ClassificationsP14 P51 O34
Reference tools
- Title
- The London Agreement and the cost of patenting in Europe
- Journal
European Journal of Law and Economics
Volume 29, Issue 2 , pp 211-237
- Cover Date
- 2010-04
- 10.1007/s10657-009-9118-6
- Print ISSN
- 0929-1261
- Online ISSN
- 1572-9990
- Publisher
- Springer US
- Additional Links
- Topics
- Keywords
- European patent system
- London Agreement
- Patent fees
- Translation costs
- Fee elasticity
- Industry Sectors
- Authors
- Bruno van Pottelsberghe de la Potterie (1) (2) (3)
- Malwina Mejer (4)
- Author Affiliations
- 1. Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB, SBS-EM), ECARES, and Bruegel, Brussels, Belgium
- 2. CEPR, London, UK
- 3. CEB and DULBEA, Brussels, Belgium
- 4. Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB, SBS-EM), ECARES, 50, Avenue Roosevelt, CP 114, 1050, Brussels, Belgium


text:
'Move over Pippa': Jessica Ennis' derriere gets the attention at BBC Sports Personality of the Year Awards as she leads glamour in ravishing red frock
She's had a stellar year, becoming golden girl of the 2012 Olympics.
And it seems Jessica Ennis isn't only a winner on the track but in the fashion stakes as well.
The gold medal Olympian lead the glamour at the BBC Sports Personality Of The Year Awards on Sunday night, turning up in a ravishing red floor-length Victoria Beckham dress.
Scroll down for video
No red card here: Jessica Ennis leads the glam our at the BBC Sports Personality of the Year awards in a stunning floorlength red gown
Stealing rear of the year: Twitter went wild as Jessica Ennis showed off her derriere during the sporting celebration Poznan, taking the crown from Pippa Middleton
And her stunning look even caused a Twitter storm with fans hailing her as the new 'rear of the year', taking over from Pippa Middleton.
The sister of the Duchess of Cambridge has had a flurry of interest since the world saw her derriere in her bridesmaid dress at the royal wedding last year.
But Jessica's appearance at Sunday night's awards has caused online devotees to comment on her physique in droves.
Fine form: The sports star drew attention in her figure hugging frock as she first took to the red carpet to answer pre event questions
Lady in red: The gold medal winner looked a million miles away from her usual track look as she posed in her glamorous gown
Winning in the fashion stakes: Jessica looked ravishing in her scarlet number as she posed up next to fiance Andy Hill
Showing what she's got: Jessica received applause as she took to the stage to be greeted by the Duchess of Cambridge, who made her first public appearance at an event since announcing her pregnancy and being taken sick
One even wrote: 'Move over pippa @J_Ennis is now Queen of the bottom! #spoty.'
Looking a far cry from her look on the field, Jessica, whose flawless skin has won her role as face of Olay Essentials, stunned the crowds in the scarlet number.
She completed her look showing off her slender toned waist with a thin black belt around her middle, while she even showed off some skin with the plunging neckline.
Ennis even accessorised to perfection holding a large black clutch with her hair worn down and sleek.
Strike a pose: The 26-year-old was one of the favourites to take away the coveted award
Could it be her? Jessica was seen smiling and clapping in the audience before the big name was announced
Shapely: Her stunning outfit on the night has meant many are now dubbing Jessica's derriere better than Pippa Middleton's after her appearance at her sister the Duchess of Cambridge's wedding last year
Festive: She smiled as she held her trophy while wearing her red frock, next to a radiant Kate in green
Pert: While she was there to pick up her trophy and see who won the title, Jessica wouldn't have been aware the effect her dress would cause
Taking centre stage: Jessica chatted away to the Duchess as it was announced Bradley Wiggins had won the coveted title of 2012
Making friends: She seemed to hit it off with Kate as she made it another night to remember
Not usually allowed to wear jewellery during her competitions, the 26-year-old made the most of her glamorous night out with a cute pendant adorning her neck.
And she also came armed with the ultimate accessory - fiance Andy Hill looking proud and dapper in his suit next to her.
Another fan wrote on Twitter: 'Pippa Middleton is seething with jealousy at all the attention Jessica Ennis's bum is getting on Twitter right now,' while another commented: 'How do I vote for Jessica Ennis's bum? #sportspersonality.'
But she wasn't the only sports personality to stand out on the red carpet.
VIDEO Duchess and Jess catch up backstage...
The work's paid off: Not only was Jessica hailed for her sporting achievements at the event but her shapely figure also didn't go unnoticed
Lady in black: While Jessica stood out in her vibrant frock, cyclist Victoria Pendleton opted for a simple black shift dress for the night
Dressed up: Gymnast Beth Tweddle went for a cute lace frock as she also brought boyfriend Steven Cryer along
Playing it safe: Rebecca Adlington and Sally Gunnell went for black dresses as they also walked the red carpet at ExCeL
Swimmer Rebecca Adlington also dressed to the nines, showing off her figure in a plunging black halterneck dress.
And it seems black was the popular choice for the night as many of the sporting stars played it safe in dark ensembles.
Even Strictly star and gold Olympic cyclist Victoria Pendleton showed up in a simple black shift dress.
Running theme: Victoria wasn't the only one to play it safe in black, as fellow cyclist Sarah Storey and Amy Williams also showed off their own LBDs
All that glitters: Dame Kelly Holmes ensured she looked her best for the special sporting evening
Glammed up: Jade Jones showed off her toned legs in a mini-dress and side swept hair, while Paula Radcliffe also showed off her style
Splashes of colour: Both Helen Glover and Heather Stanning went for printed frocks as they posed up together on their way in
Making her entrance: Zara Phillips was also one of the guests of honour to watch the evening unfold and the name be announced
She showed off her long dark curly locks, while going for bare legs and chunky heeled shoes.
Gymnast Beth Tweddle also went for black, although dressed it up with lace detailing as she brought boyfriend Steven Cryer along in tow.
Sally Gunnell was also among those in black, opting for an asymmetric cut and sheer tights for presenting duties.
Scarlet stunner: Paralympian swimmer Eleanor Simmonds also went for red with a silver clutch for the big night
In the blue: Hurdler Christine Ohuruogu went for an electric wrap around dress with matching heels, while Jane Torvill also opted for a similar hue
Happily married: Singer Katie Melua went for a risque frock as she joined husband, superbike champion James Toseland, who she married in August
Dressed to the nines: Denise Lewis and Zoe Smith mingled with the A-listers of the sporting world at the annual bash
Lovely in lemon: Rugby star Chris Robshaw's girlfriend, singer Camilla Kerslake, wore one of the brightest ensembles of the evening
Ladies' night: Katherine Grainger, cyclist Joanna Rowesell and former athlete Dame Mary Peters were also in attendance
Co-ordinating: Both Kelly Sotherton and Katarina Johnson-Thompson opted for black dresses with lace detailing
Date night: Boris Becker brought wife Lilly along, who shimmered on to the red carpet in a sequin black dress with splashes of pink
Hosts: TV presenters Amanda Byram and Helen Skelton ensured all eyes were on them as they showed up to Royal Victoria Dock in London
Britain's top sport stars gathered on Sunday night to celebrate their greatest ever year at the BBC's Sports Personality of the Year awards, with the Duchess of Cambridge set to present the main prize after recovering from illness.
Olympic and Paralympic heroes dominated this year's shortlist, with golfer Rory McIlroy the only one of the 12 nominees not to have won medals at London 2012 this summer.
Cyclist Bradley Wiggins was the bookmakers' odds-on favourite after his historic triumph in the Tour de France and gold in the Olympics time trial, followed by heptathlon champion Jessica Ennis.
Showing off her medals: Hannah Cockroft went for a satin strappy frock, accessorising with her medals
Leaving little to the imagination: Katie was joined by Karen Pickering, who also bared her flesh in an LBD
Going girlie: Natasha Baker and Samantha Murray took their seats to hear who was crowned the winner
And smile: 400m hurdler Dai Greene and Sian Davies smiled for the many waiting cameras
Entertaining the crowds: Emeli Sande also went for red as she belted out some tracks for the audience
Mo Farah, double gold medallist in the 5,000 metres and 10,000m, was ranked third favourite with the bookies, just ahead of Andy Murray, who became the first British man to win a grand slam singles title for 76 years when he triumphed in the US Open and won an Olympic gold.
The list of nominees had been extended from 10 to 12 this year to reflect the incredible year for British sport.
It was aslo the Duchess' first public appearance since leaving hospital for severe pregnancy sickness when she presented the main award as well as the lifetime achievement honour to Lord Sebastian Coe.
VIDEO Radiant in red. All eyes on Jess as she arrives for awards...
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subset: commoncrawl


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There is no Ibs reported by people who take Augmentin xr yet. We study 2,148 people who have side effects while taking Augmentin xr from FDA and social media. Find out below who they are, when they have Ibs and more.
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Augmentin xr has active ingredients of amoxicillin; clavulanate potassium. It is often used in sinusitis. (latest outcomes from Augmentin xr 394 users)
Ibs (irritable bowel syndrome -chronic abdominal pain, discomfort, bloating) has been reported by people with breathing difficulty, pain, abdominal pain upper, chest pain, depression (latest reports from 15,024 Ibs patients).
On Jul, 25, 2016
No report is found.
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Date: 1906-08-26
Description: Exterior view of the punch table at a company picnic under trees. A man stands in the foreground looking at the camera while holding a knife, and the woman...
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Date: 1932 ca.
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Date: 1912 ca.
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Description: This map shows the voting districts of Waukesha in red ink for the year 1962. The bottom of the map includes an index of streets.
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Description: Fred Esser puting a milk can into an McCormick-Deering 6 can milk cooler.
Date: 1844-01-12
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Date: 1910 ca.
Description: View of Rankin Science Hall at Carroll College.
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Description: Group portrait of boarders, all railroad shop workers, sitting on the front porch at Mrs. Armour's boarding house. Left to right are: Bill Salsig, Roy Mart...
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Description: Front view of the Waukesha Freeman building, where an abolition paper was published in the 1850's.
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