text:
|University of California, Berkeley
|Jepson Herbarium
|Jepson eFlora
Key to families | Table of families and genera
Key to Groups
1. Plant hairy at least in part (check sheaths, blades, perigynium)
2. Leaves hairy; perigynium hairy or glabrous ..... Group 1
2' Leaves glabrous; perigynium hairy ..... Group 2
1' Plant completely glabrous throughout
3. Inflorescence 1 terminal spikelet ..... Group 3
3' Inflorescence generally >= 2 spikelets
4. Stigmas 3; fruit 3-angled
5. Inflorescence bract sheath >= 6 mm ..... Group 4
5' Inflorescence bract sheath < 5 mm
6. Perigynium inflated at least near beak ..... Group 5
6' Perigynium not inflated ..... Group 6
4' Stigmas 2; fruit lenticular
7. Pistillate and staminate flowers on different stems (unisexual stems) ..... Group 7
7' Pistillate and staminate flowers on same stem (bisexual stems)
8. Terminal spikelet(s) generally staminate; lateral spikelets pistillate (rarely tips staminate) ..... Group 8
8' Terminal and lateral spikelets all a mix of staminate and pistillate flowers
9. Spikelets each with staminate flowers above pistillate flowers (often easiest to see in terminal spikelet; look for remnants of stamens) ..... Group 9
9' Spikelets each with pistillate flowers above staminate flowers
10. Perigynium not winged (occasionally thin-edged above); stem generally solid; cespitose or rhizomed ..... Group 10
10' Perigynium winged; stem hollow; cespitose ..... Group 11
Group 1: Sheaths and/or blades hairy
1. Plants dioecious
2. Spikelets 1–4; plant loosely cespitose; fruit << perigynium body ..... C. scabriuscula
2' Spikelet generally 1; plant rhizomed; fruit ± = perigynium body ..... C. scirpoidea subsp. pseudoscirpoidea
1' Plants monoecious
3. Leaf blades glabrous, sheaths hairy at least at mouth
4. Perigynium glabrous; leaves 1.5–23 mm wide
5. Longer teeth of perigynium beak 1.5–3.3 mm, curved ..... C. atherodes (2)
5' Longer teeth of perigynium beak < 0.5 mm, straight
6. Plant rhizomed; leaves 8–23 mm wide; perigynium abruptly narrowed to beak ..... C. amplifolia
6' Plant cespitose; leaves 1.5–5.5 mm wide; perigynium gradually narrowed to beak
7. Distal lateral spikelets arching or drooping, 0.7–3.5(–6) mm between perigynium at mid-spikelet; proximal staminate flower bract awns 0.5–5 mm; pistillate flower bracts, including awns, (2.2)3–4.8(–6.8) mm, awns (0–)0.5–2.2(–3.1) mm ..... C. cyrtostachya
7' Distal lateral spikelets erect or ascending, 0.3–0.6(–1.2) mm between perigynium at mid-spikelet; proximal staminate flower bract awns 0 (0.3–0.5 mm); pistillate flower bracts, including awns, 1.7–3.2(–3.7) mm, awns 0–0.3(–2) mm ..... C. mendocinensis (3)
4' Perigynium hairy; leaves 1.5–8 mm wide
8. Plant rhizomed; often in standing water --> see couplet 5
8' Plant cespitose; upland or damp ground, rarely in standing water
9. Pistillate flower bract face hairy; lowest inflorescence bract sheath < 5 mm; spikelets, upper 1/2 of perigynium dark purple; talus, 2600–3900 m ..... C. congdonii (2)
9' Pistillate flower bract face glabrous; lowest inflorescence bract sheath 20–30 mm; spikelets, perigynium green to gold or pale brown; moist ground, often on serpentine, 150–1600 m ..... C. mendocinensis (3)
3' Leaf blades hairy, sheaths hairy or glabrous
10. Plant long-rhizomed; sheath fronts occasionally fibrous
11. Perigynium sparse-hairy on main veins or glabrous; longer teeth of perigynium beak 1.5–3.3 mm ..... C. atherodes (2)
11' Perigynium dense-hairy; longer teeth of perigynium beak 0.2–1.4 mm
12. Perigynium gradually narrowed to long beak; fruit << perigynium body; leaf sheaths white, not red-dotted, not fibrous; mature spikelets 8–10 mm wide ..... C. sheldonii
12' Perigynium ± abruptly narrowed to beak; fruit ± = body; leaf sheaths often red-dotted, fibrous; mature spikelets 4–7 mm wide
13. Leaf blades inrolled to triangular-channeled, 0.7–2(2.2) mm wide, those of vegetative shoots especially prolonged into curled, thread-like tips; midvein of leaf, inflorescence bract a low, rounded, inconspicuous keel at least toward base ..... C. lasiocarpa
13' Leaf blades flat or folded into an M-shape except at base and near tip, (2)2.2–4.5(6) mm wide, not prolonged into thread-like tips; midvein of leaf, inflorescence bract a prominent, sharp keel ..... C. pellita
10' Plant cespitose to loosely so, forming clumps; sheath fronts not fibrous
14. Lowest inflorescence bract sheath < 5 mm; terminal spikelet staminate; not on serpentine
15. Perigynium glabrous, face strongly 5-veined; pistillate flower bracts glabrous; stem brown (red-brown) at base ..... C. whitneyi
15' Perigynium hairy, face faintly 0–10 veined; pistillate flower bracts hairy near tips; stem red to purple at base
16. Pistillate flower bracts dark purple with 1–5 pale brown, strong veins; spikelets dark; perigynium > pistillate flower bracts, purple on upper 1/2 of body, gradually narrowed above; talus, 2600–3900 m ..... C. congdonii (2)
16' Pistillate flower bracts with 1 weak vein in wide central green zone; spikelets light; perigynium < or > pistillate flower bracts, green to dark brown (dark purple) on upper 1/2 of body, generally abruptly narrowed above; moist or wet sites, 1200–2600 m ..... C. sartwelliana
14' Lowest inflorescence bract sheath > 5 mm; terminal spikelet staminate or staminate and pistillate; generally on serpentine
17. Perigynium generally glabrous (sparse-hairy toward tip); leaf blade glabrous or sparsely hairy at base; basal leaves 1.5–5.5 mm wide ..... C. mendocinensis (3)
17' Perigynium hairy; leaf blade hairy; basal leaves occasionally > 7 mm wide
18. Pistillate flower bracts obovate to wide-elliptic, red-brown or ± purple, midrib green; perigynium purple-splotched; on serpentine, < 600 m, North Coast, Klamath Ranges, Outer North Coast Ranges, n Central Coast (Marin, Santa Cruz cos.), San Francisco Bay Area, Outer South Coast Ranges ..... C. gynodynama
18' Pistillate flower bracts elliptic to elliptic-obovate, green or pale red-brown, midrib green; perigynium green or gold-green to pale brown, occasionally red-dotted but not purple-splotched; often on serpentine, 60–1200 m, North Coast Ranges (Mendocino, Lake cos.), Cascade Range, n&c Sierra Nevada ..... C. hirtissima
Group 2: Perigynium hairy
1. Flower stems all unisexual, either staminate or pistillate
2. Flower stems staminate
3. Flower stem base scaly, not fibrous; spikelets 1–4; anthers 2–2.8 mm ..... C. scabriuscula (2)
3' Flower stem base ± fibrous, scaly or not; spikelet 1; anthers 3.1–4.5 mm
4. Leaf sheath front occasionally hairy, not coarse-veined, fine-red-dotted; ligule occasionally longer than wide ..... C. scirpoidea subsp. pseudoscirpoidea (2)
4' Leaf sheath front glabrous, coarse-veined, generally not red-dotted; ligule wider than long ..... C. serpenticola (3)
2' Flower stems pistillate
5. Perigynium flat except over relatively small fruit, perigynium veins strong on lower 1/2 (obscure if dark purple) ..... C. scabriuscula (2)
5' Perigynium plump, filled by fruit, perigynium veins 0 or short, weak on lower 1/2
6. Spikelets generally 1 (2, overlapped), oblong-cylindric; mature stems stiffly erect ..... C. scirpoidea subsp. pseudoscirpoidea (2)
6' Spikelets 2–4, lowest generally well-separated or obvious, generally elliptic-ovate to ± spheric; mature stems weak, drooping ..... C. serpenticola (3)
1' Some or all flowering stems bisexual, with both staminate and pistillate flowers
7. Stigmas 4, warty, not plumose, at 15×; fruit base 4-angled; leaf sheath mouth V-shaped; leaves ± sickle-shaped — Klamath Ranges, North Coast Ranges ..... C. concinnoides
7' Stigmas 3, fine-plumose at 15×; fruit base 3-angled; leaf sheath mouth U-shaped; leaves straight (except Carex brevicaulis sickle-shaped)
8. Basal spikelets present
9. Perigynium with 12–20 strong veins at least to midbody; pistillate flower bracts generally prominently 3–5-veined
10. Leaves pale blue-green or glaucous; perigynium stalks ± = beaks; perigynium bodies barrel-shaped; leaves generally papillate abaxially at 40× ..... C. brainerdii
10' Leaves green, not glaucous; perigynium stalks 1.5–2 × beaks; perigynium bodies obovoid; leaves not papillate or papillate only on veins abaxially at 40×
11. Some basal spikelets on generally arching, long, slender stalk > 10 cm; perigynium <= 2.3 mm wide; perigynium stalks <= 2.2 mm; coastal moist forest, openings ..... C. globosa
11' All basal spikelets on stiffly erect stalks < 8 cm; perigynium <= 1.9 mm wide; perigynium stalks <= 1.6 mm; inland dry forest, savannah, chaparral ..... C. xerophila
9' Perigynium with 2 strong veins, veins otherwise 0 or faint; pistillate flower bracts prominently 1(3)-veined
12. Inflorescence bracts on taller (non-basal) stems inconspicuous, scale-like, < inflorescence; old leaves occasionally persisting as shredded fibrous tufts; perigynium 1.5–2.1 mm wide; coastal dunes, headlands, North Coast, Central Coast ..... C. brevicaulis
12' Inflorescence bracts on taller (non-basal) stems prominent, leaf-like, generally >= inflorescence; old leaves not persisting as shredded fibrous tufts; perigynium 1–1.7 mm wide; North Coast, Central Coast, and elsewhere
13. Perigynium 2.3–3.1 mm, beak 0.4–0.8 mm, teeth 0.1–0.2 mm; stems generally spreading or arching, ± smooth except near inflorescence; plant loosely cespitose; rhizomes slender ..... C. deflexa var. boottii (2)
13' Perigynium 3.1–4.5 mm, beak 0.7–1.7 mm, teeth 0.2–0.4 mm; stems generally ascending, scabrous; plant loosely to densely cespitose; rhizomes stout ..... C. rossii
8' Basal spikelets 0
14. Staminate spikelets 2–3
15. Stems 10–50 cm; dry uplands, Siskiyou Co. ..... C. halliana (2)
15' Stems 60–180 cm; wet soil, Siskiyou Co. and elsewhere
16. Plants cespitose (Carex spissa cespitose to rhizomed); perigynium sparse-hairy, sharp-3-angled or 2-edged, generally fine-red-dotted; springs, seeps, streambanks, generally not in standing water, often on serpentine; Central Coast, Outer South Coast Ranges, South Coast
17. Perigynium sharp-3-angled, lanceolate, gradually narrowed to long beak ± 2 mm; lateral spikelets with 15–45 perigynium; generally on serpentine; Outer South Coast Ranges (Monterey, San Luis Obispo cos.), Peninsular Ranges ..... C. obispoensis (2)
17' Perigynium often ± flat, 2-edged, or strongly inflated, but not 3-angled, obovoid, abruptly narrowed to beak ± 0.5 mm; lateral spikelets with 150–300 perigynium; on serpentine or not; Central Coast, South Coast ..... C. spissa
16' Plants rhizomed; perigynium dense-hairy, plump, not sharp-3-angled or 2-edged, green or dark-purple-splotched; often emergent in shallow water, not on serpentine; widespread
18. Leaf blades inrolled to triangular-channeled, 0.7–2(2.2) mm wide, those of vegetative shoots especially prolonged into curled, thread-like tips; midvein of leaf, inflorescence bract a low, rounded, inconspicuous keel at least toward base ..... C. lasiocarpa
18' Leaf blades flat or folded into an M-shape except at base and near tip, (2)2.2–4.5(6) mm wide, not prolonged into thread-like tips; midvein of leaf, inflorescence bract a prominent, sharp keel ..... C. pellita
14' Staminate spikelet 1 (except Carex triquetra, Carex obispoensis with 1–2 upper lateral spikelets occasionally staminate/pistillate, but not entirely staminate)
19. Spikelets 1, terminal ..... C. filifolia
20. Longest pistillate flower bracts (except awns) generally < 2.5 mm, generally << perigynium; perigynium body generally abruptly narrowed to beak 0–0.4 mm; fruit 1.6–2.4 mm ..... var. erostrata
20' Longest pistillate flower bracts (except awns) generally > 3 mm, generally >= perigynium; perigynium body ± gradually narrowed to beak 0.1–0.8 mm; fruit 2.2–3 mm ..... var. filifolia
19' Spikelets > 1, terminal and lateral
21. Lateral spikelets generally < 1 cm; mouth of leaf sheath fine-toothed
22. Rhizomes short, plants loosely cespitose; perigynium 1–1.4 mm wide ..... C. deflexa var. boottii (2)
22' Rhizomes elongate, plants generally scattered; perigynium 1.5–2.2 mm wide
23. Pistillate flower bracts, lower staminate flower bracts green, red, or purple with white margin 0.4–0.8 mm wide; terminal spikelet staminate on taller inflorescences; stems bisexual; High Cascade Range ..... C. inops subsp. inops
23' Pistillate flower bracts, lower staminate flower bracts dark purple with white margin 0.1–0.2 mm wide; terminal spikelet on taller inflorescences staminate, pistillate, or pistillate/staminate; stems unisexual or bisexual; Klamath Ranges ..... C. serpenticola (3)
21' Lateral spikelets generally > 1.5 cm; mouth of leaf sheath entire or fine-ciliate
24. Plant rhizomed; leaf blade smooth; often in pumice — Klamath Ranges, High Cascade Range ..... C. halliana (2)
24' Plant cespitose; leaf blade smooth, scabrous, or minute-papillate; not in pumice
25. Perigynium hairs obvious, not sparse
26. Perigynium lanceolate, ± gradually narrowed to beak ± 2 mm; generally on serpentine; Outer South Coast Ranges (Monterey, San Luis Obispo cos.), Peninsular Ranges ..... C. obispoensis (2)
26' Perigynium elliptic, abruptly narrowed to beak < 1 mm; not on serpentine; Central Coast, South Coast, s Channel Islands, Transverse Ranges, Peninsular Ranges ..... C. triquetra
25' Perigynium hairs 0 or occasionally inconspicuous, sparse
27. Spikelets <= 60 mm; perigynium, pistillate flower bract green to brown, occasionally red-marked; generally on serpentine ..... C. mendocinensis
27' Spikelets <= 32 mm; perigynium, pistillate flower bract red-brown to dark purple, or green, marked with red-brown to dark purple; generally not on serpentine
28. Peri, at least distally on faces, with sparse, spreading-ascending, short, stiff, stout hairs or bristles; flower bract midvein distal margin scabrous to ciliate ..... C. fissuricola
28' Perigynium faces generally glabrous or with sparse, spreading to appressed, generally long, soft, thin hairs; flower bract midvein, margin glabrous ..... C. luzulina
Group 3: Spikelet 1
1. Lowest pistillate flower bracts green, leaf-like, 1–15 cm, base clasping perigynium; perigynium with bristle-like axis inside
2. Upper stem round or blunt-3–angled, generally smooth toward tip; perigynium with 2 strong marginal veins, several faint veins; longest leaves much exceeded by inflorescence, blades inrolled or flat, 0.8–1.5 mm wide; plant cespitose ..... C. multicaulis
2' Upper stem sharp-3–angled, scabrous toward tip; perigynium with 2 strong marginal veins, generally 0 faint veins; longest leaves ± equaling inflorescence, blades flat, 1.5–3 mm wide; plant loosely cespitose ..... C. tompkinsii
1' Lowest pistillate flower bracts not green, not leaf-like, <= 1.5 cm, base clasping perigynium or not; perigynium with bristle-like axis inside or not
3. Perigynium body wide-elliptic to ± round
4. Perigynium 2–4.8 mm wide; generally some lower pistillate flower bracts 3- or 5-veined; dry soil ..... C. breweri
4' Perigynium 1.5–1.8 mm wide; lower pistillate flower bracts 1-veined; wet or seasonally wet soil
5. Stigmas 2; leaves green, <= 1 mm wide; peatland, moist alpine meadows ..... C. capitata
5' Stigmas 3; leaves ± glaucous, 2–5 mm wide; meadows ..... C. idahoa (2)
3' Perigynium body narrowly elliptic to oblanceolate
6. Perigynium green, tip blunt, beak 0
7. Perigynium obovoid, marginal veins 2, fine veins 0 ..... C. geyeri (2)
7' Perigynium elliptic to narrow-oblong-elliptic, with many fine veins ..... C. leptalea
6' Perigynium green or straw to dark purple, tip pointed or distinctly beaked
8. Perigynium 1–3 per stem, 4.9–7 mm; leaves evergreen ..... C. geyeri (2)
8' Perigynium 8–50 per stem, 2–5 mm; leaves deciduous
9. Mature perigynium gradually narrowed to ± long stalk and beak; perigynium narrow-elliptic, often ± ascending to spreading or reflexed; pistillate flower bracts shed before perigynium ..... C. nigricans
9' Mature perigynium abruptly narrowed to short stalk or beak or both; perigynium elliptic to obovate, ascending or erect; pistillate flower bracts persisting with perigynium
10. Leaves ± glaucous, flat, 2–5 mm wide; perigynium without bristle-like axis inside ..... C. idahoa (2)
10' Leaves green, not glaucous, inrolled or channeled, 0.4–1 mm wide; perigynium with bristle-like axis inside ..... C. subnigricans
Group 4: Stigmas 3; inflorescence bract sheath >= 6 mm
1. Plant rhizomed
2. Perigynium inflated; style persisting on fruit; stem base spongy-thickened; leaf sheaths, lower leaf blades with well-developed brickwork pattern of crosswalls ..... C. utriculata
2' Perigynium not inflated; style breaking off near fruit; stem base not spongy-thickened; leaf sheaths, lower leaf blades without well-developed brickwork pattern of crosswalls
3. Stigmas 2–3 (generally an even mix on a stem), ripe fruit lenticular or 3-angled; serpentine wetlands, Klamath Ranges ..... C. hassei
3' Stigmas 3, ripe achenes 3-angled; various (including serpentine) wetlands or meadows, Klamath Ranges and elsewhere
4. Perigynium beak distinct or indistinct, 0.5–1.5 mm; leaves green, not glaucous
5. Stem base red or purple; perigynium abruptly narrowed to distinct beak; lower leaves on flowering stems reduced to bladeless sheaths ..... C. californica
5' Stem base brown; perigynium gradually narrowed to indistinct beak; lower leaves on flowering stems well developed ..... C. luzulina (4)
4' Perigynium beak indistinct, < 0.5 mm; leaves glaucous
6. Perigynium beak bent to 1 side; perigynium obovate, veins generally strong; leaves flat or folded; serpentine fens; Klamath Ranges, Inner North Coast Ranges ..... C. klamathensis
6' Perigynium beak straight; perigynium elliptic, veins weak or 0; leaves channeled; coastal peatland, not on serpentine; North Coast (Mendocino Co.) ..... C. livida
1' Plant cespitose to loosely so (Carex spissa cespitose to rhizomed)
7. Perigynium beak teeth spreading, generally curved, 1.3–2.8 mm ..... C. comosa
7' Perigynium beak teeth 0 or erect, straight, < 1 mm
8. Terminal spikelet generally pistillate/staminate
9. Pistillate flower bracts white; perigynium 1.3–2.3 mm ..... C. tiogana (2)
9' Pistillate flower bracts red-brown or purple; perigynium 3–5.5 mm
10. Perigynium plump, 0.9–2 mm wide
11. Perigynium not papillate, ovate to lanceolate ..... C. luzulina (4)
11' Perigynium papillate, wide-elliptic to ovate ..... C. serratodens
10' Perigynium flat, 1.7–3.5 mm wide
12. Lateral spikelets pistillate, larger with < 50 perigynium ..... C. heteroneura
12' Lateral spikelets generally pistillate/staminate, larger with > 60 perigynium ..... C. mertensii
8' Terminal spikelet generally staminate or staminate/pistillate (pistillate/staminate)
13. Wider leaves 9–20 mm wide; stems often weak, leaning
14. Perigynium gradually narrowed to indistinct beak; spikelets erect or spreading
15. Perigynium 4.3–6.5 mm, 20–32-veined, not red-dotted; inflorescence bract sheaths inflated; fruit stems often prostrate; coastal forest, not on serpentine, < 900 m ..... C. hendersonii
15' Perigynium 2.5–4.3 mm, finely 8–10-veined, occasionally red-dotted; inflorescence bract sheaths not inflated; fruit stems erect or ascending; openings, mixed-evergreen forest, disturbed wet places, often on serpentine, 60–1200 m ..... C. hirtissima
14' Perigynium abruptly narrowed to distinct beak; spikelets erect to spreading or drooping
16. Spikelets 1–3 cm, dark purple; perigynium < 30, margins flat; leaves green; 1900–3100 m ..... C. luzulifolia (2)
16' Spikelets 3–20 cm, green; perigynium generally > 75, margins not flat; leaves blue-green, at least when young; < 1200 m
17. Perigynium body elliptic, 1.1–1.5 mm wide; stem base red to purple; pistillate spikelets 5–8 mm wide ..... C. pendula
17' Perigynium body obovate, 1.5–2.5 mm wide; stem base brown; pistillate spikelets 7–12 mm wide ..... C. spissa
13' Wider leaves generally 1–8 mm wide; stems erect or leaning
18. Spikelets ± sessile, erect; inflorescence bracts ± stiff, ascending or spreading; perigynium green to ± yellow or brown
19. Perigynium body lanceolate, gradually narrowed to indistinct beak ..... C. lemmonii (2)
19' Perigynium body elliptic to ovate or obovate, abruptly narrowed to distinct beak ..... C. viridula subsp. viridula
18' Spikelets stalked, erect or arching to drooping; inflorescence bracts ± weak, spreading; perigynium white, green, brown, red-brown, or purple
20. Perigynium beak distinct, <= 0.5 mm, or indistinct
21. Perigynium 1.3–2.3 mm, 0.4–0.9 mm wide; pistillate flower bract white ..... C. tiogana (2)
21' Perigynium 3–5.5 mm, 0.9–2 mm wide; pistillate flower bract red-brown or dark purple
22. Perigynium body ovate to lanceolate, gradually narrowed to indistinct beak ..... C. luzulina (4)
22' Perigynium body obovate to wide-elliptic, abruptly narrowed to distinct beak ..... C. raynoldsii
20' Perigynium beak distinct, generally > 0.5 mm
23. Pistillate spikelets (15)20–60 mm, linear; perigynium beak ciliate on inner side of teeth
24. Distal lateral spikelets arching or drooping, 0.7–3.5(–6) mm between perigynium at mid-spikelet; proximal staminate flower bract awns 0.5–5 mm; pistillate flower bracts, including awns, (2.2)3–4.8(–6.8) mm, awns (0–)0.5–2.2(–3.1) mm ..... C. cyrtostachya
24' Distal lateral spikelets erect or ascending, 0.3–0.6(–1.2) mm between perigynium at mid-spikelet; proximal staminate flower bract awns 0 (0.3–0.5 mm); pistillate flower bracts, including awns, 1.7–3.2(–3.7) mm, awns 0–0.3(–2) mm ..... C. mendocinensis
23' Pistillate spikelets generally <= 20 mm, oblong; perigynium beak generally not ciliate on inner side of teeth, but beak margins and outer side of teeth generally with spreading, stiff bristles
25. Perigynium faces, at least near beak, with sparse, spreading-ascending, short, stiff, bristles; pistillate flower bract margins ciliate distally ..... C. fissuricola
25' Perigynium faces generally glabrous (or with sparse, weak hairs); pistillate flower bract margins glabrous
26. Perigynium flat margin > 1/2 fruit width; perigynium 1.7–2.5 mm wide; inflorescence bract sheath expanded toward shallow-U-shaped mouth (1.8)2–3 mm wide ..... C. luzulifolia (2)
26' Perigynium flat margin 0 or < 1/2 fruit width; perigynium 0.9–2 mm wide; inflorescence bract sheath not (or ±) expanded toward shallow Y- or V-shaped mouth 0.6–2 mm wide
27. Perigynium beak tip to fruit tip < 1.5 mm; lowest spikelet stalk generally exserted < 10 mm; pistillate flower bracts white, green, gold, or red-brown to dark purple, margin white ..... C. lemmonii (2)
27' Perigynium beak tip to fruit tip >= 1.5 mm; lowest spikelet stalk exserted > 10 (> 5) mm; pistillate flower bracts generally red-brown to dark purple ..... C. luzulina (4)
Group 5: Stigmas 3; inflorescence bract sheath < 6 mm; perigynium inflated at least near beak
1. Lower lateral spikelets nodding on drooping stalks
2. Perigynium strongly 7–11-veined, beak teeth without eroded tips, 0.3–2.8 mm
3. Perigynium beak teeth spreading or strongly curved, 1.3–2.8 mm, not prickle-like; stem base brown ..... C. comosa
3' Perigynium beak teeth erect, straight, 0.3–0.9 mm, prickle-like; stem base red-purple ..... C. hystericina
2' Perigynium weakly 0–7-veined, beak teeth with eroded tips or < 0.5 mm
4. Perigynium obovate; leaf margins very sharply scabrous ..... C. spissa (2)
4' Perigynium elliptic to ovate; leaf margins smooth to ± serrate
5. Plant rhizomed; perigynium beak 0.7–1.2 mm ..... C. amplifolia
5' Plant cespitose; perigynium beak 0.5 mm ..... C. pendula
1' Lower lateral spikelets generally erect, stalks sometimes 0
6. Lateral spikelets 4–20 mm; perigynium 1.8–4.5 mm
7. Pistillate flower bracts dark purple or black; perigynium 1.6–2.1 mm wide ..... C. raynoldsii
7' Pistillate flower bracts green to rusty; perigynium 0.8–1.6 mm wide ..... C. viridula subsp. viridula
6' Lateral spikelets 20–100 mm; perigynium 3.6–12.7 mm
8. Perigynium widest above middle, weakly veined; leaf margins very sharply scabrous; young leaves blue-green ..... C. spissa (2)
8' Perigynium widest below middle, strongly veined; leaf margins entire or weakly serrate; young leaves green
9. Plant long-rhizomed; stem base spongy-thickened, brown or red-tinged, crosswalls between veins many, well developed, yielding brick-like pattern, sheaths generally not fibrous; ligule length generally < width on lower leaves; widest leaves to 15 mm wide ..... C. utriculata
9' Plant ± cespitose; stem base not spongy-thickened, generally red- or purple-tinged, crosswalls between veins generally few, weakly developed, not yielding brick-like pattern; sheaths often fibrous; ligule length > width on lower leaves; widest leaves to 6.5 mm wide
10. Larger perigynium 7.5–12.7 mm, length 3.4–7.4 × width, tip gradually narrowed to an indistinct beak; < 1800 m ..... C. exsiccata
10' Larger perigynium 3.6–8.2 mm, length generally 2–3.5 × width, tip ± abruptly narrowed to ± distinct beak; < 3300 m ..... C. vesicaria
Group 6: Stigmas 3; inflorescence bract sheath < 6 mm; perigynium not inflated
1. Perigynium beak teeth curved, 1.3–2.8 mm ..... C. comosa
1' Perigynium beak teeth 0 or inconspicuous, straight, 0–1 mm
2. Leaves 8–23 mm wide; lateral spikelets often with > 100 perigynium
3. Stem brown at base; upper 2–4 spikelets staminate; sheaths, perigynium red-dotted ..... C. spissa
3' Stem ± red or ± purple at base; uppermost spikelet staminate; sheaths, perigynium not red-dotted
4. Plant rhizomed; perigynium beak 0.7–1.1 mm ..... C. amplifolia
4' Plant cespitose; perigynium beak 0.5 mm ..... C. pendula
2' Leaves < 8.5 mm wide; lateral spikelets with < 70 perigynium
5. Plant long-rhizomed; perigynium beak 0–0.5 mm; leaves glaucous; perigynium papillate
6. Perigynium abruptly narrowed to distinct beak
7. Perigynium beak straight, beak, upper body often minute-serrate or bristly; moist mountain meadows over dolomite, 2800–3400 m, White and Inyo Mountains (White Mtns) ..... C. idahoa (3)
7' Perigynium beak bent to side, beak, upper body not minute-serrate, not bristly; serpentine fens, 450–900 m, Klamath Ranges, Inner North Coast Ranges ..... C. klamathensis
6' Perigynium tapered to indistinct beak
8. Spikelets nodding; roots with dense felt-like hairs ..... C. limosa
8' Spikelets erect or ascending; roots without dense felt-like hairs
9. Pistillate flower bracts prominently awned; sheaths fibrous; terminal spikelet pistillate/staminate ..... C. buxbaumii
9' Pistillate flower bracts awnless; sheaths not fibrous; terminal spikelet staminate ..... C. livida
5' Plant cespitose to loosely so; perigynium beak < to > 0.5 mm; leaves green or glaucous; perigynium papillate or not
10. Spikelets green to gold, pistillate flower bracts without dark purple or black
11. Perigynium 1.3–2 mm, beak 0.2–0.4 mm; pistillate flower bracts blunt or mucronate; 3100–3350 m, c High Sierra Nevada (Mono Co.) ..... C. tiogana
11' Perigynium 4.5–7.3 mm, beak 0 or 1.9–2.8 mm; pistillate flower bracts long-awned; < 1800 m, Klamath Ranges, Sierra Nevada
12. Terminal spikelet staminate; lateral spikelets 2–4, generally nodding, dense; perigynium rounded, > 25, ribs 3, veins 13–21, beak 1.9–2.8 mm, teeth prominent, 0.3–0.9 mm ..... C. hystericina
12' Terminal spikelet staminate flowers above pistillate; lateral spikelet 1, erect, not dense; perigynium 3-angled, 1–5, ribs 3, veins 0, beak 0, teeth 0 ..... C. tompkinsii
10' Spikelets darker than green to gold, pistillate flower bracts at least partly dark brown to dark purple or black
13. Terminal spikelet staminate (some species variable, keying here or at 13')
14. Perigynium ascending, <= 1/2 filled by fruit; lower spikelets often nodding on drooping stalks ..... C. spectabilis
14' Perigynium spreading, > 1/2 filled by fruit; lower spikelets generally erect
15. Perigynium body ovate to widely elliptic, beak 0.3–1 mm, teeth generally bristly, 0.2–0.5 mm; < 1800 m, often on serpentine ..... C. serratodens (2)
15' Perigynium body elliptic to obovate, beak 0.1–0.5 mm, teeth 0 or smooth to bristly, < 0.2 mm; 1800–3200 m, not on serpentine
16. Lateral spikelets < terminal; perigynium 2–3 mm ..... C. idahoa (3)
16' Lateral spikelets >= terminal; perigynium 3.5–4.5 mm ..... C. raynoldsii
13' Terminal spikelet pistillate or pistillate/staminate (or staminate/pistillate/staminate in some Carex helleri)
17. Perigynium flat, < 1/2 filled by fruit, generally not papillate (± papillate near beak)
18. Lateral spikelets spreading or drooping, often > 2 cm, generally pistillate/staminate, basal flowers with remnant filaments ..... C. mertensii
18' Lateral spikelets generally erect or ascending, generally < 2 cm, generally pistillate
19. Lower pistillate flower bracts acuminate, awns generally 0.5–2 mm; perigynium elliptic to obovate; stem 5–40 cm ..... C. helleri
19' Lower pistillate flower bracts acute to acuminate, awns < 0.5 mm or generally 0; perigynium ovate to ± round or obovate; stem 25–100 cm ..... C. heteroneura
17' Perigynium plump, > 1/2 filled by fruit, papillate or not
20. Perigynium ovate to widely elliptic, generally 3–5 mm ..... C. serratodens (2)
20' Perigynium elliptic to obovate, generally 2–3 mm
21. Perigynium green to olive, obvious, strongly contrasting with, not hidden by shorter, darker pistillate flower bracts ..... C. stevenii
21' Perigynium yellow to dark brown to dark purple, hidden by or not contrasting with pistillate flower bracts
22. Perigynium upper body, beak not minute-serrate or bristly; pistillate flower bracts oblong or lanceolate to widely elliptic, tips not bristly ..... C. orestera
22' Perigynium upper body, beak minute-serrate or bristly; pistillate flower bracts obovate to widely elliptic, tips or awns bristly or not ..... C. idahoa (3)
Group 7: Spikelets 2+; stigmas 2; stems generally unisexual
1. Stems staminate or mostly so
2. Plant cespitose to loosely so (Carex alma cespitose to rhizomed); spikelets >= 1 per lower node or branch; leaf sheath front red-dotted or not
3. Leaf sheath front not red-dotted; anther tips acute, awn 0 ..... C. infirminervia (2)
3' Leaf sheath front red-dotted; anther tips with bristle-like awn <= 0.3 mm
4. Leaf sheath front not cross-wrinkled, colorless at mouth, rim not thick or dark, generally with contraligule ..... C. alma (2)
4' Leaf sheath front occasionally cross-wrinkled, copper or ± purple at mouth, rim often thick or dark, without contraligule ..... C. cusickii (2)
2' Plant rhizomed; spikelets generally 1 per node or branch; leaf sheath front generally not red-dotted
5. Stem angles smooth near tip; rhizomes 0.6–1.9 mm thick
6. Anther awns 0.2–1 mm, bristly at 30×; leaf blades 1–3.5 mm wide; inflorescence 12–45 mm ..... C. douglasii (2)
6' Anther awns < 0.1 mm, smooth to warty at 30×; leaf blades < 1.5 mm wide; inflorescence <= 20 mm ..... C. duriuscula (2)
5' Stem angles ± scabrous near tip; rhizomes 1.5–5 mm thick
7. Longest anther awns 0.2–0.4 mm, filaments generally included; stem generally < 40 cm; coastal, islands ..... C. pansa (2)
7' Longest anther awns 0.1–0.2 mm, filaments exserted; stem 20–75 cm; coastal or inland
8. Anther awns generally hairy at 20×; leaf sheath mouth occasionally with dark or ± thick rim; leaf blades 1.5–3 mm wide ..... C. praegracilis (2)
8' Anther awns glabrous (warty) at 20×; leaf sheath mouth with or without dark stripe, generally without thick rim; leaf blades 2–5 mm wide ..... C. simulata (2)
1' Stems pistillate or mostly so
9. Plant cespitose (Carex alma cespitose to rhizomed)
10. Leaf sheath front copper or ± purple at mouth, often with thick or dark rim, mouth generally concave or truncate ..... C. cusickii (2)
10' Leaf sheath front colorless at mouth, without thick or dark rim, mouth concave to convex
11. Leaf sheath front red-dotted; perigynium ovate to triangular-ovate; inflorescence a dense panicle of spikelets, spikelets generally several per lower node, or lower node long-branched with 3+ spikelets ..... C. alma (2)
11' Leaf sheath front not red-dotted; perigynium narrow-lanceolate; inflorescence a raceme of spikelets, spikelets 1 per node ..... C. infirminervia (2)
9' Plant rhizomed
12. Upper stem smooth on angles; rhizomes 0.6–1.8 mm thick; shoots often 2–several in small clusters, 0 at many nodes
13. Pistillate flower bracts 4.3–7.5 mm, pale brown to ± white; perigynium beak 0.9–1.9 mm; spikelets generally unisexual; anthers 2.5–3.9 mm, tip 0.2–1 mm, bristly at 30× ..... C. douglasii (2)
13' Pistillate flower bracts 2.4–4.1 mm, red-brown; perigynium beak 0.3–0.9 mm; spikelets occasionally with staminate flowers above pistillate (as in Group 9); anthers 1.4–3 mm, awn < 0.1 mm, smooth to warty at 30× ..... C. duriuscula (2)
12' Upper stem ± scabrous on angles; rhizomes 1.5–5 mm thick; shoots generally 1 every few nodes
14. Perigynium beak 0.25–0.5 mm; contraligule 0.3–1.6 mm; anthers occasionally present, tip smooth to warty at 30× ..... C. simulata (2)
14' Perigynium beak 0.5–1.5 mm; contraligule 0; anthers occasionally present, tip bristly-hairy at 30×
15. Pistillate flower bracts, base of spikelet bracts dark brown or purple-brown, generally shiny, darker than perigynium; pistillate inflorescence not elongate, ovate to elliptic; coastal, islands ..... C. pansa (2)
15' Pistillate flower bracts, base of spikelet bracts pale brown to pale red-brown, ± dull, lighter than perigynium; pistillate inflorescence elongate, generally oblong-elliptic; generally inland ..... C. praegracilis (2)
Group 8: Stigmas 2, terminal spikelets generally staminate, lateral generally pistillate, rarely staminate-tipped
1. Perigynium fleshy, plump, often dense-papillate, tip blunt or with beak <= 0.3 mm; sheath of inflorescence bract generally > 4 mm; plants long-rhizomed
2. Mature perigynium, just before dropping, bright orange (green to white when immature, as in many herbarium specimens), ± spheric, ± spreading; pistillate flower bracts spreading, often falling before perigynium; ripe perigynium smooth (often papillate when immature)..... C. aurea
2' Mature perigynium, just before dropping, green to white, occasionally purple- or red-brown-marked, elliptic to elliptic-obovate, ascending; pistillate flower bracts ascending, generally ± persistent with perigynium; ripe perigynium dense-papillate at 10×
3. Upper 1/2 of perigynium generally green or white, ± abruptly rounded, blunt, or only slightly narrowed, red-brown generally only on small, occasionally bent beak, if present; lower staminate flower bracts blunt or short-awned, generally < 4 mm, not like inflorescence bract; spikelets 1 per lower node ..... C. hassei
3' Upper 1/2 of perigynium red-brown- or purple-splotched, gradually narrowed to tip or short straight beak; lower staminate flower bracts generally long-awned, >= 4.5 mm, like inflorescence bract; spikelets occasionally > 1 per lower node ..... C. saliniformis
1' Perigynium not fleshy, ± flat, papillate or not, tip distinctly beaked < or > 0.3 mm; sheath of inflorescence bract generally < 2 mm; plants long-rhizomed or cespitose
4. Plant cespitose; perigynium veined
5. Leaf sheath fronts fibrous; lower sheaths scabrous, red-brown to shiny dark brown
6. Stem 30–70 cm, < 1 cm wide at base; staminate spikelets 1–2, terminal < 5 cm; perigynium purple-splotched on upper 2/3; below high water mark on rocky streams ..... C. nudata
6' Stem 75–150 cm, ± 1 cm wide at base; staminate spikelets 2–7, terminal generally > 5 cm; perigynium red-spotted, generally more densely so toward base; creekbanks, wet meadows, swamps ..... C. schottii
5' Leaf sheath fronts not fibrous; lower sheaths glabrous, dull light brown ..... C. lenticularis
7. Lower spikelets 4–6 mm wide; perigynium stalks 0.4–0.7 mm; lower spikelets crowded, overlapping; perigynium = pistillate flower bracts; North Coast, < 20 m ..... var. limnophila
7' Lower spikelets generally 3–4 mm wide; perigynium stalks 0.1–0.5 mm; lower spikelets generally more separated; perigynium > pistillate flower bracts; Central Coast, San Francisco Bay Area or montane, < 3000 m
8. Upper 1/2 of perigynium purple-dotted, abaxially 1–3-veined, beak generally purple; perigynium stalks 0.1–0.2 mm ..... var. impressa
8' Upper 1/2 of perigynium generally green, abaxially generally 5–7-veined, beak generally green, tip purple; perigynium stalks 0.2–0.5 mm ..... var. lipocarpa
4' Plant rhizomed; perigynium veined or not
9. Leaf sheath fronts generally fibrous; lower sheaths generally scabrous
10. Perigynium ± soft, thin
11. Bladeless sheaths present on lower stem; perigynium 2.2–3.1 mm, 1.2–2 mm wide, weakly 1–3-veined adaxially on lower 1/2 ..... C. angustata
11' Bladeless sheaths 0 on lower stem; perigynium 3–4 mm, 2–2.2 mm wide, strongly 3–7-veined abaxially, adaxially ..... C. senta
10' Perigynium ± tough, thick
12. Perigynium generally red-spotted, faintly veined, dull, beak teeth bristly; pistillate flower bract awns bristly; fruit 0 or lenticular, not indented ..... C. barbarae (2)
12' Perigynium generally not red-spotted, not veined, shiny, beak teeth 0 or minute, not bristly; pistillate flower bract awns generally entire; fruit generally indented on 1–2 sides, like a bent beer can ..... C. obnupta
9' Leaf sheath fronts not fibrous (generally fibrous in Carex barbarae); lower sheaths generally not scabrous
13. Spikelets drooping or nodding (generally erect when immature)
14. Longest spikelets 1.8–5 cm; fruit often indented on 1–2 sides, like a bent beer can; coastal salt marshes, freshwater intertidal zones ..... C. lyngbyei
14' Longest spikelets 4.55–11.5 cm; fruit not indented; coastal or inland, freshwater ..... C. aquatilis var. dives
13' Spikelets generally erect or ascending
15. Mature perigynium faces veined, walls tough or thick
16. Leaves green, generally not glaucous, sheath front red-dotted, generally dark copper or purple near tip, lower generally fibrous ..... C. barbarae (2)
16' Leaves generally blue-green, ± glaucous, sheath fronts generally white, occasionally sparse-red-dotted or ± coppery, lower not fibrous ..... C. nebrascensis
15' Mature perigynium faces not veined, walls delicate or thin
17. Leaf sheaths red-dotted or white; inflorescence bract generally > inflorescence; flower stem base spongy-thickened ..... C. aquatilis var. aquatilis
17' Leaf sheaths brown- or purple-dotted; inflorescence bract < inflorescence; flower stem base thin, not spongy-thickened ..... C. scopulorum var. bracteosa
Group 9: Stigmas 2; spikelets with staminate flowers above pistillate flowers
1. Plants rhizomed (loosely cespitose)
2. Inflorescence ovoid to oblong, open to dense; lowest spikelets generally obvious at arm's length
3. Inflorescence 3–4 mm wide; lateral spikelets with 1–3 perigynium ..... C. disperma
3' Inflorescence > 5 mm wide; lateral spikelets with > 3 perigynium
4. Perigynium bulging, marginal veins occasionally not visible abaxially; pistillate flower bracts often with awns > 1 mm, the bracts covering perigynium ..... C. tumulicola (2)
4' Perigynium not bulging, marginal veins visible abaxially; pistillate flower bracts with awns 0 or < 1 mm, the bracts < or > perigynium, covering perigynium or not ..... Group 7, couplet 12
2' Inflorescence spheric to ovoid, dense; lowest spikelets not obvious at arm's length
5. Spikelets generally pistillate ..... Group 7, couplet 12
5' Spikelets staminate/pistillate
6. Leaves inrolled, ± = stem, 0.5–1.5 mm wide; stem curved; perigynium ± not inflated, > pistillate flower bracts, beak indistinct, 0.4–0.9 mm; anthers 0.9–1.4 mm ..... C. incurviformis
6' Leaves flat, < stem, (1.5)2–3.5(4) mm wide; stem straight; perigynium not inflated, ± = pistillate flower bracts, beak distinct, 0.9–1.5 mm; anthers 1.5–2.8 mm ..... C. vernacula
1' Plants cespitose to loosely so
7. Inflorescence branched, lower nodes or branches generally with > 1 spikelet; spikelets often > 10
8. Leaf sheath faces red-dotted
9. Perigynium pale to medium brown
10. Peri, beak, pistillate flower bract dull yellow-brown to medium- or red-brown; pistillate flower bract awns 0.5–2 mm; perigynium adaxial veins 0–5, abaxial 3–7; inflorescence often continuous, obvious bracts generally 0–few; flowering stems generally longer than leaves ..... C. densa
10' Peri, beak, pistillate flower bract dull yellow-green to pale gray-brown; pistillate flower bract awns to 3 mm; perigynium adaxial veins 0, abaxial 0–3; inflorescence often interrupted, obvious bracts often > few; flowering stems generally < leaves ..... C. vulpinoidea
9' Perigynium dark brown to black
11. Leaf sheath faces widely dark or coppery at top ..... C. cusickii
11' Leaf sheaths faces pale, not dark or coppery at top (narrowly copper-margined)
12. Perigynium 3–4.5 mm, 1.4–2.1 mm wide, beak 1–1.5 mm fruit 1–1.3 mm wide ..... C. alma
12' Perigynium 2–2.9 mm, 0.9–1.4 mm wide, beak 0.9–1.1 mm; fruit 0.7–1 mm wide ..... C. diandra
8' Leaf sheath faces white, not red-dotted
13. Perigynium widest near base, gradually narrowed to indistinct beak, length > 2 × width; sheath faces generally cross-wrinkled
14. Stem not winged, mid-stem generally <= 1.5 mm wide, not easily compressed between fingers; lower inflorescence branches < 1 cm ..... C. neurophora (2)
14' Stem wide-3-winged, mid-stem generally 2.5–7 mm wide, easily compressed between fingers; lower inflorescence branches generally 1–3+ cm ..... C. stipata var. stipata
13' Perigynium generally widest near middle, ± abruptly narrowed to distinct beak, length generally < 2 × width; sheath faces cross-wrinkled or not
15. Inflorescence open, lowest internode generally 2+ × lowest spikelet ..... C. divulsa subsp. divulsa (2)
15' Inflorescence dense, lowest internode < lowest spikelet (see couplet 12)
7' Inflorescence not branched, lower nodes with 1 spikelet; spikelets generally < 10
16. Perigynium widest near base, gradually narrowed to indistinct beak
17. Perigynium beak pale or green; introduced weeds at low elevations ..... C. texensis
17A. Spikelets densely clustered, indistinct at arm's length; inflorescence ovate; perigynium ovate ..... [C. leavenworthii]
17A' Spikelets loosely clustered, at least lowest spikelets distinct at arm's length; inflorescence narrow-oblong; perigynium lanceolate ..... C. texensis
17' Perigynium beak dark brown; native, often montane
18. Leaf sheath front generally cross-wrinkled; perigynium beak serrate at least on 1 side ..... C. neurophora (2)
18' Leaf sheath front not cross-wrinkled; perigynium beak entire
19. Perigynium adaxial veins 5–7; lower leaves generally overlapped and hiding sheaths; sheath mouth without thick rim ..... C. jonesii
19' Perigynium adaxial veins 7–12; lower leaves generally not overlapped and hiding sheaths; sheath mouth generally with thick rim ..... C. nervina
16' Perigynium widest near middle, often abruptly narrowed to distinct beak
20. Perigynium pale green or light brown; perigynium > pistillate flower bracts, easily visible
21. Inflorescence lowest internode generally 2+ × lowest spikelet ..... C. divulsa subsp. divulsa (2)
21' Inflorescence lowest internode <= lowest spikelet ..... C. vallicola
20' Perigynium center brown or copper, margins generally contrasting pale or green; perigynium >= pistillate flower bracts, often obscured
22. Inflorescence ovoid or spheric, 0.8–2 cm, 6–15 mm wide; lower spikelets generally not distinct ..... C. hoodii
22' Inflorescence oblong, 1.5–5 cm, 6–10 mm wide; lower spikelets ± distinct
23. Perigynium ascending to spreading, beak 0.6–1.3 mm; pistillate flower bracts 3.4–4 mm, 1.6–2 mm wide; lower bracts generally < spikelets, inflorescence ..... C. occidentalis
23' Perigynium erect, beak 1.2–3 mm; pistillate flower bracts 4–5.2 mm, 2–2.8 mm wide; lower bracts > spikelets, often > inflorescence ..... C. tumulicola (2)
Group 10: Stigmas 2; spikelets with pistillate flowers above staminate flowers; perigynium not winged; stems generally solid
1. Inflorescence bracts >> inflorescence; plant rhizomed; < 100 m ..... C. inversa
1' Inflorescence bracts generally < inflorescence; plant cespitose to loosely so; generally < 3500 m
2. Perigynium spreading or reflexed, beak obvious, spikelet outline jagged at arm's length
3. Staminate flower bracts inconspicuous in wide terminal spikelet
4. Pistillate flower bracts green, white, or light brown, spikelets green or pale brown; inflorescence oblong, elliptic, or lanceolate, >= 1.5 cm ..... C. arcta (2)
4' Pistillate flower bracts ± black, spikelets dark; inflorescence ovoid, <= 1.5 cm ..... C. illota
3' Staminate flower bracts obvious at narrowed base of terminal spikelet
5. Perigynium ascending to spreading, beak 15–40% perigynium length, perigynium attached at base ..... C. laeviculmis (2)
5' Perigynium widely spreading or reflexed, beak generally 20–85% perigynium length, perigynium attached near base abaxially
6. Lower perigynium in spikelet ± abruptly narrowed to short beak, margin with slight bulge or shoulder; beak 0.4–0.95, 18–44% length of body, perigynium generally 1.9–3.3 mm, length 1–2(2.2) × width ..... C. interior
6' Lower perigynium in spikelet more gradually narrowed to longer beak, margin without bulge or shoulder; beak 0.95–2 mm, 35–86% length of body, perigynium generally 2.9–4.75 mm, length 1.7–3.6 × width ..... C. echinata
7. Perigynium generally 2.9–4 mm, veins generally 0 over fruit adaxially; widest leaves generally 0.7–2.7 mm wide; inflorescence open to dense; Klamath Ranges, Outer North Coast Ranges, High Cascade Range, High Sierra Nevada, San Bernardino Mountains, < 3200 m ..... subsp. echinata
7' Perigynium generally 3.5–4.75 mm, veins 2–12 over fruit adaxially; widest leaves generally 1.7–3.8 mm wide; inflorescence dense; North Coast, Central Coast, < 200 m ..... subsp. phyllomanica
2' Perigynium ascending or beak inconspicuous, spikelet outline generally smooth at arm's length
8. Perigynium beak 0–0.5 mm; perigynium widest near middle
9. Perigynium fleshy; terminal spikelet generally obviously staminate at base, some terminal spikelets entirely staminate (see Group 8, couplet 2)
9' Perigynium not fleshy; terminal spikelet inconspicuously staminate at base, not entirely staminate
10. Perigynium beak abaxial flap pale, non-contrasting, not reaching to just below base of beak; stem generally erect, (10)30–90 cm ..... C. canescens subsp. canescens
10' Perigynium beak abaxial flap dark, contrasting, reaching to just below base of beak; stems generally leaning at 45° angle, 10–30 cm ..... C. praeceptorum
8' Perigynium beak generally 0.5–2.5 mm; perigynium widest below middle or near base
11. Inflorescence straight; spikelets clustered, lowest > lowest internode ..... C. arcta (2)
11' Inflorescence generally bent at lowest spikelet; spikelets separated, lowest generally < lowest internode
12. Perigynium beak 15–38% perigynium length (beak measured from fruit top, on perigynium from middle of spikelet)
13. Perigynium ascending or spreading, 2.3–3.7 mm, beak occasionally recurved; leaves 0.9–2.3 mm wide ..... C. laeviculmis (2)
13' Perigynium erect or ascending, 2.8–4.5 mm, beak not recurved; leaves 2.4–5.9 mm wide ..... C. leptopoda
12' Perigynium beak 39–53% perigynium length (beak measured from fruit top, on perigynium from middle of spikelet)
14. Perigynium beak teeth prominent, 0.2–1 mm; mid-stem glabrous or ± scabrous at 20× ..... C. bolanderi
14' Perigynium beak teeth not prominent, 0–0.2(0.4) mm; mid-stem papillate at 20× ..... C. infirminervia
Group 11: (sect. Ovales) Stigmas 2; spikelets with pistillate flowers above staminate; perigynium winged; stem hollow. Inflorescence bracts generally elongate on first flush of growth of some species, but other species sporadically produce elongate inflorescence bracts on late season shoots (e.g., C. fracta, C. specifica, C. subfusca). Late season shoots often with atypically elongate or compact inflorescence, and/or atypically shaped perigynium. Perigynium beak shape variable in some species (e.g., C. fracta, C. preslii, C. subfusca), ± uniform, important in others, e.g., C. specifica (see illustration), with beak margin either ± flat and serrate or ± so, except tip entire 0–0.3 mm, or e.g., C. abrupta (see illustration), beak tips ± cylindric, tip entire for >= 0.4 mm. [Note: For keying, use subbasal perigynium in mature spikelets from first flush of growth; avoid perigynium from upper 1/2 of spikelet, they are narrow and not diagnostic; similarly basal-most perigynium are occasionally malformed; use ripe perigynium, immature perigynium generally do not show critical ventral veins]
1. Leaf sheath front green ± to top, white-translucent triangular area extending < 6 mm below top ..... Group 11A
1' Leaf sheath front with extensive white-translucent zone extending > 10 mm below top
2. Contraligule 3–13 mm ..... Group 11B
2' Contraligule 0–2 mm
3. Perigynium margin entire and marginal wings 0 or < 0.2 mm wide ..... Group 11C
3' Perigynium margin minute-serrate, especially upper body or beak base or marginal wings generally > 0.2 mm wide
4. Pistillate flower bracts uniformly covering and ± obscuring perigynium; perigynium generally with strong abaxial veins ..... Group 11D
4' Pistillate flower bracts < or narrower than perigynium, perigynium easily visible; perigynium with strong abaxial veins or not
5. Larger perigynium 6–9.3 mm ..... Group 11E
5' Larger perigynium < 6 mm
6. Inflorescence bract obvious, > inflorescence ..... Group 11F
6' Inflorescence bract inconspicuous, < inflorescence
7. Perigynium beak tip broadly winged and flattened, minute-serrate throughout or ± so (cylindric entire tip <= 0.3 mm), generally pale or only slightly darkened ..... Group 11G
7' Perigynium beak tip cylindric, entire >= 0.4 mm, often darkened or ± black ..... Group 11H
Group 11A: Leaf sheath front green ± to top
1. Perigynium gradually narrowed to indistinct beak, generally lanceolate; pistillate flower bract tip acuminate to short-awned ..... C. scoparia var. scoparia
1' Perigynium abruptly narrowed to distinct beak, ovate to ± round to obovate or widely elliptic; pistillate flower bract tip blunt to acute
2. Perigynium body widest at or below middle; vegetative stems not leaning or branching or rooting at nodes ..... C. feta
2' Perigynium body widest above middle; vegetative stems occasionally leaning or branching or rooting at nodes ..... C. longii
Group 11B: Ligules long, sleeve-like
1. Inflorescence generally short, generally ± ovate, dense, ± head-like ..... C. pachycarpa
1' Inflorescence elliptic to oblong, dense or not, not head-like
2. Perigynium wings generally 0.1–0.25 mm wide at mid-body; contraligule generally 5–13 mm; inflorescence often ±white or green (pale brown); perigynium abruptly narrowed to distinct beak ..... C. fracta
2' Perigynium wings generally 0.3–0.5 mm wide at mid-body; contraligule generally 1–5 mm; inflorescence green or light- to rusty-brown; perigynium abruptly or gradually narrowed to beak
3. Perigynium adaxial veins generally 1–6, 0 exceeding fruit; perigynium ovate to narrow-ovate, 3.7–5.5 mm, walls translucent to opaque ..... C. multicostata
3' Perigynium adaxial veins generally 6–10, >= 3 exceeding fruit; perigynium generally lanceolate, 4.9–6.6 mm, walls generally translucent ..... C. specifica
Group 11C: Perigynium marginal wings entire (generally 0 in Carex illota)
1. Perigynium spreading, margins sharp-edged but not winged at mid-body; pistillate flower bracts and spikelets dark brown to ± black; inflorescence dense, length <= 2 × width, often wider than long; perigynium gradually narrowed to indistinct beak (beak base occasionally winged ± 0.1 mm); perigynium base with spongy or pithy interior around fruit ..... C. illota
1' Perigynium ascending, margins winged <= 0.2 mm at mid-body; pistillate flower bracts and spikelets pale to dark brown; inflorescence often ± open, length 3+ × width; perigynium abruptly or gradually narrowed to ± distinct beak; perigynium base without spongy or pithy interior around fruit
2. Perigynium wings often inrolled, beak generally with inconspicuous flap; fruit generally 1.7–2.3 mm, generally 1.1–1.5 mm wide; < 850 m ..... C. gracilior
2' Perigynium wings flat, beak with obvious white-margined flap; fruit 1.1–1.4 mm, 0.7–1 mm wide; 1000–3400 m ..... C. integra
Group 11D: Perigynium covered by pistillate flower bracts; perigynium abaxially strongly 3–14-veined
1. Inflorescence ± bent, flexible, or nodding
2. Perigynium wing generally 0.1–0.2 mm wide, inrolled, not visible in abaxial view; perigynium generally without adaxial veins, margins often entire above widest point ..... C. gracilior (2)
2' Perigynium wing generally 0.2–0.6 mm wide, flat, visible in abaxial view; perigynium often with strong adaxial veins, margins serrate above widest point
3. Perigynium beak tip brown, cylindric and entire > 0.4 mm, or flat and entire < 0.4 mm; perigynium generally ± flat except over fruit, body generally wide-elliptic ..... C. leporina (2)
3' Perigynium beak tip white, generally cylindric, entire > 0.4 mm; perigynium generally ± planoconvex, body generally narrow-elliptic ..... C. praticola
1' Inflorescence straight, stiff, erect
4. Longer perigynium 6–8.1 mm
5. Inflorescence open; perigynium beak with obvious white abaxial flap; perigynium walls thick, opaque ..... C. petasata
5' Inflorescence dense; perigynium beak with inconspicuous abaxial flap; perigynium walls thin, ± translucent ..... C. specifica
4' Longer perigynium < 6 mm
6. Perigynium 0.8–1.2 mm wide, beak indistinct, wings generally incurved ..... C. leporinella
6' Perigynium 1.3–2.6 mm wide, beak distinct or not, wings not incurved
7. Perigynium generally widest near or above middle; inflorescence generally dense, spikelets overlapped; leaf sheath mouth white; subalpine to alpine, 2500–4000 m
8. Strong adaxial perigynium veins generally 0(4); perigynium walls thin, ± translucent ..... C. phaeocephala
8' Strong adaxial perigynium veins 3–8; perigynium walls thick, opaque ..... C. tahoensis
7' Perigynium generally widest below middle; inflorescence dense or open, spikelets overlapped or not; leaf sheath mouth occasionally brown-tinged; coastal, montane, 0–3500 m
9. Perigynium adaxial veins generally reaching beak base; perigynium walls sometimes thin, ± translucent
10. Perigynium not shiny at 10×, beak tip ± flat, serrate; inflorescence elongate, generally open, green or gold; montane, 800–3500 m ..... Group 11B, couplet 2
10' Perigynium ± shiny at 10×, beak tip cylindric, entire; inflorescence ovoid, dense, generally brown or coppery; coastal, insular, or montane, < 900 m ..... C. harfordii
9' Perigynium adaxial veins 0 or generally reaching at most to fruit tip; perigynium walls generally ± thick, opaque
11. Well-developed perigynium with wing at mid-body generally 0.4–0.6 mm wide ..... C. leporina (2)
11' Well-developed perigynium with wing at mid-body <= 0.4 mm wide
12. Inflorescence generally open, lower spikelets distinct; perigynium wings generally 0.1–0.2 mm wide at mid-body, generally inrolled, not visible abaxially, margins at 16× entire from base to above widest point; perigynium upper body entire or not, beak minute-serrate; leaf blades 1.2–3 mm wide ..... C. gracilior (2)
12' Inflorescence ± dense (except on late season stems), lower spikelets often clustered or overlapped, indistinct; perigynium wings generally 0.2–0.3(0.4) mm wide at mid-body, flat, visible abaxially, margins at 16× entire from base to ± widest point; perigynium upper body, most of beak minute-serrate; leaf blades 1.3–4.6 mm wide ..... C. subbracteata
Group 11E: Larger perigynium 6–9.3 mm
1. Inflorescence ± ovate (elliptic, triangular), dense, head-like
2. Pistillate flower bracts generally dark brown to ± black; perigynium flat except over fruit ..... C. haydeniana
2' Pistillate flower bracts light brown or red-brown; perigynium planoconvex ..... C. pachycarpa
1' Inflorescence elliptic to oblong, dense or not, not head-like
3. Inflorescence bent or flexed at lower node, curved ..... C. praticola
3' Inflorescence straight
4. Perigynium base abruptly narrowed to stalk 0.5–1 mm (measured below fruit base); inflorescence generally dense, elliptic, spikelets (4)6–14; perigynium margin crinkled or flat; pistillate flower bracts green to light brown or red-brown ..... C. specifica
4' Perigynium base abruptly narrowed to stalk 1–2 mm (measured below fruit base); inflorescence open, oblong, spikelets 1–7; perigynium margin flat; pistillate flower bracts red-brown
5. Translucent pistillate flower bract margins <= 0.4 mm; perigynium beak abaxial flap inconspicuous ..... C. davyi
5' Translucent pistillate flower bract margins generally > 0.4 mm wide; perigynium beak abaxial flap obvious ..... C. petasata
Group 11F: Inflorescence bract generally 2–3 × inflorescence
1. Inflorescence ± lateral, lowest bract wide, leaf-like, erect, appearing to be continuation of stem; most perigynium beaks flat, winged, minute-serrate (cylindric, unwinged, entire portion < 0.4 mm) ..... C. unilateralis
1' Inflorescence ± terminal, lowest bract often narrower, less leaf-like, ascending or spreading, not appearing to be continuation of stem; perigynium beaks ± flat or cylindric (unwinged, entire portion > 0.4 mm)
2. Perigynium adaxial veins exceeding fruit top
3. Contraligule generally 5–13 mm; inflorescence 2.5–8 cm, generally ± white or green (to pale brown) ..... C. fracta
3' Contraligule 0 or < 3 mm; inflorescence 1.5–4 cm, generally dark brown or ± black ..... C. harfordii
2' Perigynium adaxial veins 0 or not exceeding fruit top
4. Perigynium base abruptly narrowed to distinct stalk (on dried material often bent or crumpled); perigynium strongly flattened except over fruit, or occasionally biconvex ..... C. athrostachya
4' Perigynium stalk indistinct or 0; perigynium planoconvex
5. Perigynium generally 3.5–4.7(5.7) mm; inflorescence coarse, parts large at arm's length; < 900 m ..... C. subbracteata
5' Perigynium generally 2.3–3.5 mm; inflorescence fine, parts small at arm's length; (75)700–3800 m ..... C. subfusca
Group 11G: Perigynium beak wide-winged, minute-serrate; tip cylindric, entire < 0.4 mm
1. Inflorescence bent or flexed at lowest node ..... C. scoparia var. scoparia (2)
1' Inflorescence erect, not bent or flexed at lowest node
2. Widest perigynium 2.2–3.4 mm wide
3. Perigynium wide-ovate or -elliptic or ± round, winged margin generally 0.5–1 mm wide ..... C. straminiformis
3' Perigynium lanceolate to ovate, winged margin generally 0.3–0.5 mm wide
4. Inflorescence dense, ± spheric, 10–22 mm; perigynium 4.9–5.9(6) mm ..... C. pachycarpa (2)
4' Inflorescence open, linear-oblong, 20–60 mm; perigynium (5.7)6–8.1 mm ..... C. petasata (2)
2' Widest perigynium <= 2.1 mm wide
5. Wider perigynium wings generally 0.1–0.3 mm at midbody
6. Inflorescence 2.5–8 cm; contraligule generally 5–13 mm; perigynium adaxial veins exceeding fruit generally >=3 ..... C. fracta
6' Inflorescence 1.1–3 cm; contraligule generally < 3 mm; perigynium adaxial veins generally 0 or not exceeding fruit ..... C. subfusca
5' Wider perigynium wings generally 0.3–0.5 mm at midbody
7. Inflorescence ± ovate (elliptic, triangular), ± head-like
8. Perigynium thick, planoconvex, abaxial veins 8–17, wide, tissue often sunken between veins; adaxial veins 0–12; individual spikelets generally indistinct at arm's length ..... C. pachycarpa (2)
8' Perigynium thin, flat, abaxial veins 0–8, thin, tissue not sunken between veins; adaxial veins 0–5; individual spikelets distinct at arm's length ..... C. scoparia var. scoparia (2)
7' Inflorescence oblong, lanceolate, or elliptic, generally not head-like
9. Inflorescence generally open, linear-oblong, spikelets distinct at arm's length ..... C. petasata (2)
9' Inflorescence often dense, elliptic to lanceolate or oblanceolate, at least upper spikelets indistinct at arm's length
10. Perigynium adaxial veins exceeding fruit; perigynium generally 4.9–6.6 mm, generally lanceolate ..... C. specifica
10' Perigynium adaxial veins generally shorter, not exceeding fruit or 0; perigynium 3.3–5.5 mm, generally ovate
11. Perigynium generally gradually narrowed to indistinct beak, adaxial veins obvious, (1)3–13; perigynium walls translucent to opaque ..... C. multicostata
11' Perigynium abruptly narrowed to distinct beak, adaxial veins 0 (3, inconspicuous); perigynium walls opaque ..... C. preslii
Group 11H: Perigynium beak tip generally cylindric, generally entire >= 0.4 mm
1. Perigynium flat, thin except over fruit (± inflated, convex both faces)
2. Perigynium wide-elliptic to ± round, margins occasionally crinkled or ruffled, beak distinct, 20–25% of total perigynium length; anthers early-deciduous to persistent; pistillate flower bracts 1/2 perigynium width
3. Perigynium beak <= 1.2 mm; leaves generally 0.5–2.7 mm wide when flat, in life generally folded or channeled toward base; inflorescence dense to more open, ovate, elliptic, or oblong ..... C. proposita
3' Perigynium beak generally 1.2–1.5 mm; leaves (1.7)3–4 mm wide when flat, in life flat or folded; inflorescence generally dense, ovate ..... C. straminiformis
2' Perigynium ovate to lanceolate, margins generally flat, beak indistinct or > 25% of total perigynium length; anthers generally deciduous; pistillate flower bracts > 1/2 perigynium width
4. Most perigynium distinctly short-stalked, dried stalks often bent or crumpled; inflorescence bract on some heads long-awned, wide at base ..... C. athrostachya
4' Most or all perigynium not distinctly stalked; inflorescence bract rarely long-awned or wide at base
5. Perigynium 4–6.5 mm, (2.3)2.6–4.2 mm beak tip to fruit; perigynium green, dark brown, or coppery, margins often darker than wings; stem 9–20(40) cm; subalpine to alpine ..... C. haydeniana
5' Perigynium (2.8)3.4–4.5(5.2) mm, 1.5–2.5(2.8) mm beak tip to fruit; perigynium green to light brown, center often brown, margin color generally same as wings; stem 20–110 cm; montane to alpine ..... C. microptera
1' Perigynium generally planoconvex, thick
6. Perigynium adaxial veins generally 3–10, generally exceeding fruit
7. Inflorescence elongated, oblong to elliptic, not head-like, lower spikelets generally distinct, bases generally tapered; montane
8. Perigynium 2.5–4.8(5.3) mm ..... C. mariposana
8' Perigynium (5.7)6–8.5 mm ..... C. petasata
7' Inflorescence compact, often ovoid, head-like, lower spikelets indistinct, bases generally blunt; coastal or montane
9. Perigynium margins entire from base to ± widest point, minute-serrate on beak and upper body; stems erect, not branched at nodes; sheath face tops generally pale; generally without leaf-like inflorescence bract; 1200–3450 m ..... C. abrupta
9' Perigynium margins entire from base often to above widest point, minute-serrate on beak and occasionally uppermost body; stems often leaning, occasionally branched at nodes, branches leafy or fertile; sheath face tops often brown-tinged; inflorescence bract occasionally leaf-like; < 900 m ..... C. harfordii
6' Perigynium adaxial veins 0 or short, 0 (1) exceeding fruit
10. Perigynium margins at 16× entire from base to above widest point; marginal wings at mid-body often inrolled so not visible from abaxial side ..... C. gracilior
10' Perigynium margins at 16× entire from base to ± widest point; marginal wings at mid-body generally not inrolled, visible from abaxial side
11. Pistillate flower bracts generally 4.2–5.8 mm, ± hiding perigynium
12. Inflorescence generally open, often bent or flexed at lowest node, most spikelets distinct at arm's length ..... C. praticola
12' Inflorescence generally dense, erect, most spikelets indistinct at arm's length ..... C. subbracteata (2)
11' Pistillate flower bracts generally < 4.2 mm, not hiding perigynium
13. Perigynium generally 2.3–3.5 mm, wing margin at midbody generally 0.1–0.25 mm wide; inflorescence at arm's length fine-textured, parts small ..... C. subfusca
13' Perigynium generally >= 3.5 mm, wing margin at midbody generally 0.3–0.4 mm wide; inflorescence at arm's length coarse-textured, parts large
14. Perigynium spreading; spikelet ± star-shaped, outline jagged at arm's length; pistillate flower bract dark throughout, or white margins narrow, < 0.1 mm wide ..... C. pachystachya
14' Perigynium ± ascending; spikelet not star-shaped, outline ± smooth at arm's length; pistillate flower bract generally with white margins 0.2–0.5 mm wide
15. Perigynium beaks of 2 kinds in an inflorescence, some ± flat, with smooth entire part < 0.4 mm, some cylindric, with smooth entire part > 0.4 mm; generally dry soil; 1800–3400 m, Klamath Ranges, North Coast Ranges, High Cascade Range, High Sierra Nevada, San Jacinto Mountains ..... C. preslii
15' Perigynium beaks of 1 kind, generally cylindric, smooth entire part > 0.4 mm; seasonally wet soil; < 900 m, North Coast, Outer North Coast Ranges, Central Western California, South Coast, n Channel Islands, Western Transverse Ranges ..... C. subbracteata (2)
Citation for the whole project: Jepson Flora Project (eds.) [year] Jepson eFlora, http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/IJM.html [accessed on month, day, year]
Citation for an individual treatment: [Author of taxon treatment] [year]. [Taxon name] in Jepson Flora Project (eds.) Jepson eFlora, [URL for treatment]. Accessed on [month, day, year].
We encourage links to these pages, but the content may not be downloaded for reposting, repackaging, redistributing, or sale in any form, without written permission from The Jepson Herbarium.


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Few of us are prepared for the emotional shock wave of falling in love with our first tiny offspring. As a new parent, you hold your new child's life in your hands, and through that sacred trust open yourself up to a new depth of compassion for another person. When the time comes to provide guidance or limits for this incredibly important being, you may find yourself rethinking old concepts of what discipline and parenting are all about. Your baby may have taught you that when it comes to nourishment, sleep, and being held, you can trust her cues and your own inner voice above the many public voices telling you what you "should" be doing. It is empowering to discover that you are the most reliable expert on your own child. Indeed, that you and your child can be a team in finding the answers.
Scooped by
Peter C. Newton-Evans
onto Human Nature and Culture of Peace

subset: commoncrawl


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I loved Ravenna with its 5th and 6th century well-preserved churches, baptisteries, and incredible mosaics. The hotel is a perfect location, and I spent two nights there. I arrived from a direct train from Rome in the evening, just walked down the street and there is the hotel, a good three/four star quality. The hotel architecture is bland, but who cares. The rooms are very clean, the bed comfortable, and the furniture is traditional and nice. The breakfast was excellent. You can walk to the main sights in Ravenna, and take the bus from the station to Sant'Appolinare in Classe. I did all that by the middle of the afternoon, and the very friendly receptionist printed out a map of Rimini, and I took the train to visit there to visit the Tempio Malatestiano and the Arch of Augustine, getting back to Ravenna in the evening. The location of the hotel is perfect for fitting in a lot in one day.
- Official Description (provided by the hotel):
- The NH Ravenna hotel can be found in the center of historic Ravenna, where the city's greatest attractions await. From the doors of the hotel you can walk to highlights such as the Basilica of San Giovanni Evangelista, and soak in the timeless ambiance of its old town district. ... more less
- Reservation Options:
- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Expedia, Hotels.com, TripOnline SA, Booking.com, Hotwire, Travelocity, HotelTravel.com, Odigeo, NHHotels, Priceline and Agoda so you can book your NH Ravenna reservations with confidence. We help millions of travelers each month to find the perfect hotel for both vacation and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.
- Also Known As:
- Nh Ravenna Hotel Ravenna
- Ravenna Jolly Hotel


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Nestled between the Giriama village of Fumbini and the beautiful emerald waters of Kilifi Creek, Distant Relatives is... More Info »
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Product Description
Door Latch Striker Assembly for 1983-1993 Mustangs.The striker bolt takes a tremendous amount of abuse over the years. Replacing your door latch striker will give you better door alignment and fitment. This mounts on either the driver or passenger side of the quarter post. Includes bracket and bushing.
Not all cars will need the bushing. Ford used some door latch assemblies that used accept a smaller diameter latch.
Sold individually, use two per car. Fits either driver or passenger side.
Product ReviewsWrite a review
Door Latch Striker Assembly 1983-1993 is rated out of 5 by 1.
Rated 3 out of 5 by Joe K from over all works fine The bolt works great but had to file down a bit on the bushing to get latch to close on it properly.
Date published: 2015-07-10
Product Questions
will this fit on 1986 mustang?
Yes, this will fit 83-93 mustangs.
Date published: 2016-06-22
my 1984 Mustang SVO (built late 1983) has what appears to be p/n D2AZ-6522008-A (1979-1982). I see the part listed for 1984's is DLSP5 (1983-1993) which has a black bracket. Is the thread size the same between the 2 strikers?
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Laurent Potdevin is confident his company can sustain its industry-leading comparable-sales growth. It just has to keep innovating. » Read More
CNBC's Bertha Coombs reports on oil prices and inventories.
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CNBC's Dominic Chu reports the highlights of earnings from big names like Stanley Black & Decker, Skechers and VF Corp.
Lululemon CEO, Laurent Potdevin, speaks with CNBC's Sara Eisen about the athleisure brand's business including its premium price point, expansion plans and contentious comments from founder Chip Wilson.
New York Times columnist Jim Stewart discusses Roger Ailes' resignation from Fox as well as the Lehman legacy on the RNC.
CNBC Senior Contributor Larry Kudlow discusses Donald Trump's speech on the final night of the Republican National Convention.
CNBC's Bertha Coombs looks at early moves in energy markets.
CNBC's Courtney Reagan looks ahead at the day's market activity following the open.
Starbucks CEO Howard Schultz discusses the change in the company's loyalty program and how it affected the recent earnings release.
Starbucks CEO Howard Schultz discusses the coffee giant's quarterly results.
Ringing the opening bells are Global Medical REIT Chair ex-officio Jingguo Zhang, highlighting the company's June 29th listing at the NYSE, and non-bank direct lender China Lending Corporation CEO Jingping Li, at the Nasdaq.
Today's bell ringers are Global Medical REIT Chair ex-officio Jingguo Zhang, highlighting the company's June 29th listing at the NYSE, and non-bank direct lender China Lending Corporation CEO Jingping Li, at the Nasdaq.
CNBC's David Faber reports that Verizon has emerged as the lead bidder for Yahoo's core business and that an announcement could be announced early next week, according to sources.
Discussing whether Donald Trump's speech at the RNC will ignite more than just current Republican voters with Ben White, Politico Chief Economic Correspondent and CNBC Contributor, and Keith Boykin, Columbia University Assistant Adjunct Professor and Form Clinton White House Aide.
CNBC's Eamon Javers reports the highlights of Ivanka and Donald Trump's speeches on the final night of the Republican National Convention in Cleveland, Ohio.
Lululemon CEO, Laurent Potdevin, speaks with CNBC's Sara Eisen about the athleisure apparel space and how the company is growing.
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Union Pacific CEO Lance Fritz, discusses freight volume levels, and his confidence in coal's "place in electricity generation long-term."
Donald Hoffman, EXCEL Services Corp. CEO, discusses Donald Trump's position on coal and energy policies.
Jim Cramer is host of CNBC's "Mad Money" and co-anchor of the 9 a.m. ET hour of CNBC's "Squawk on the Street."
Carl Quintanilla is an Emmy-winning reporter and co-anchor of CNBC's "Squawk on the Street," broadcast live from the NYSE.
"Squawk on the Street" Co-Anchor
Simon Hobbs co-anchors the 10 a.m. hour of CNBC's "Squawk on the Street" live from the New York Stock Exchange.
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text:
Fundraising with The Raisers Edge: A Non-Technical Guide / Edition 1by Bill Connors
View All Available Formats & Editions
Pub. Date: 03/08/2010
Publisher: Wiley
A non-technical guide to The Raiser's Edge-the most widely-used fundraising database package on the market-for the fundraising professional
The first-ever guide to The Raiser's Edge database package for the fundraising professional, Fundraising with The Raiser's Edge: A Non-Technical Guide educates your nonprofit about what The Raiser's/i>/b>/i>
A non-technical guide to The Raiser's Edge-the most widely-used fundraising database package on the market-for the fundraising professional
The first-ever guide to The Raiser's Edge database package for the fundraising professional, Fundraising with The Raiser's Edge: A Non-Technical Guide educates your nonprofit about what The Raiser's Edge can do for you and will help you more effectively work with the staff who are responsible for data entry and output.
- Helps your organization get much greater return on The Raiser's Edge, and use it to raise more money more effectively and with less stress
- Contains specific and clear direction on the key areas you should know without technical discussion
- Includes numerous checklists to give you practical takeaways
Providing you with the non-technical details you need to know to recruit, manage and retain quality database personnel, Fundraising with The Raiser's Edge: A Non-Technical Guide will help you in your day-to-day fundraising work without needing to become a database expert.
Product Details
- 9780470560563
- Publisher:
- Wiley
- Publication date:
- 03/08/2010
- Pages:
- 288
- Sales rank:
- 602,713
- Product dimensions:
- 6.90(w) x 9.80(h) x 0.90(d)
Table of Contents
Acknowledgments xi
About the Author xiii
Introduction xv
Chapter 1 Organizing Fundraising 1
Getting Started with The Raiser's Edge 2
Accessing Campaign, Fund, and Appeal Records 3
Defining Campaign, Fund, and Appeal 5
Funds 10
Appeals 12
Campaigns 14
Other Considerations 16
Summary 20
Note 21
Chapter 2 Prospects, Donors, and Other Constituents 23
Who Should Be Recorded in The Raiser's Edge 24
Who Should Be a Constituent 26
Constituent Tabs 29
Constituent Tabs for Optional Modules 58
Tools for Fundraisers 62
Summary 64
Chapter 3 Gifts and Giving 65
Gift Types 67
Gift Tabs and Concepts 69
Functionality by Gift Type 77
Adjustments 82
Constituent Giving Totals 83
Understanding Gift Processing 85
Summary 92
Chapter 4 Direct Marketing and Other Mailings 95
Four Steps 96
Step 1. Output Format 98
Step 2. Recipients 99
Step 3. Fields 112
Step 4. Field Content 115
The Mailing Process 120
Staff Training 123
Reporting 124
Putting This Together 124
Summary 125
Chapter 5 Events and Membership 127
Events and Membership in Context 127
Events 128
Membership 155
Summary 140
Chapter 6 Major Gifts and Grants 143
Basic Major Gifts Fundraising Tools 146
The Life Cycle of a Major Gifts Donor in The Raiser's Edge 151
Protecting Your Prospects 171
Major Gifts Process Reports 173
A Word to Corporate and Foundation Fundraisers 177
Making It Happen 178
Summary 179
Note 179
Chapter 7 Reporting, Lists, and Other Output 181
Output Tools 181
Dashboards and Reports to Run 189
Event, Membership, and Volunteer Reports 199
Custom Reports 200
Summary 201
Chapter 8 Database Oversight 203
Development or IT? 203
Database Administrator Roles and Responsibilities 204
Hiring 216
Retention 220
Version 8 of The Raiser's Edge 222
Summary 223
Conclusion 225
Appendix A Converting to and Implementing The Raiser's Edge 229
Purchase Process 230
Project Participant Training 230
Project Planning 230
Conversion and Business Process Development 231
Custom Reports and Customizations 233
Final Push for Go-Live 233
After Go-Live 234
Appendix B Database Administrator Task List 235
Technical Oversight 235
User Oversight 237
Data Oversight 240
Summary 243
Appendix C Policy and Procedure Documentation Example: Generating Direct Mail File 245
Criteria for Include Query 246
Criteria for Exclude Query 246
Merge Query Results 247
Parameters for Export Files 247
Uploading Data 249
Marking Appeals and Packages on Constituent Records 249
Bibliography 251
Index 253
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I was a RE user some years ago and I purchased this book to brush me up as my organization purchased RE and was building our database. This book was extremely helpful to me as I was building my database to help me define what is the difference between an action item and a note. What is an attribute, what constitutes a campaign and so many other helpful tips and tricks. I Highly Recommend this book to anyone who is new or old to RE for background info and to gain development dept knowledge!
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text:
Phoenix Suns
Updated Jan 16, 2013 - 12:05 am
Suns vs. Sixers – Wed.
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Alan Hahn, ESPN New York Radio Host
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Alan Hahn discusses why Amare Stoudemire retired as a Knick rather than a Sun?
Yay or Nay?
Wednesday July 27
Amar'e should be in the Suns Ring of Honor, Dave Coulier was funniest on Full House + more
Frank Isola, NY Daily News NBA reporter
Wednesday July 27
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Bickley Blast
Wednesday July 27
Amar'e chose to retire as a NY Knick and this irks Dan Bickley.
Monday July 25
See who won the "Golden Arches" award, the "Legacy" award and more.


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- Heart Disease Slideshow Pictures
- Medical Illustrations of the Heart Image Collection
- Take the Heart Disease Quiz!
- Patient Comments: Echocardiogram - Preparation
- Patient Comments: Echocardiogram - Types
- Patient Comments: Echocardiogram - Results
- Find a local Cardiologist in your town
- What is an echocardiogram?
- What are the different types of echocardiograms?
- Why is an echocardiogram performed?
- How should one prepare for an echocardiogram?
- What happens during an echocardiogram test?
- What are the potential risks of having an echocardiogram?
- What will the results of an echocardiogram indicate?
Quick GuideA Visual Guide to Heart Disease
What are the different types of echocardiograms?
Transthoracic echocardiogram: In this procedure, the echocardiographer places the transducer, or probe, on the chest wall and bounces sound waves off the structures of the heart. The return signals are received by the same transducer and converted by a computer into the images seen on the screen.
Transesophageal echocardiogram: In some situations, a clearer view of the heart is required and instead of placing the transducer on the chest wall, a cardiologist will direct the probe through the mouth into the esophagus. The esophagus is located right next to the heart in the middle of the chest and the sound waves can travel to the heart without the interference of the ribs and muscles of the chest wall.
This test usually requires intravenous medications to sedate the patient. Because of the sedation, monitors will also be used to measure blood pressure and oxygen levels in the blood.
Doppler echocardiogram: In addition to sound waves bouncing off the solid structures of the heart, they also bounce off the red blood cells as they circulate through the heart chambers. Using Doppler technology, the echocardiogram can assess the speed and direction of blood flow, helping increase the amount and quality of information available from the test. The computer can add color to help the doctor appreciate that information. Color flow Doppler is routinely added to all echocardiogram studies and is the same technology used in weather reports.
Stress echocardiogram: To help uncover abnormalities in heart wall muscle function, the patient may be asked to exercise, either walking on a treadmill or riding an exercise bicycle. The echocardiogram is performed before exercise as a baseline and then immediately afterwards.
When coronary arteries narrow due to atherosclerotic heart disease, the heart muscle may not get enough blood supply to meet its needs during exercise. This can cause chest pain (angina) or shortness of breath or no symptoms at all. On stress echocardiogram, those areas of heart muscle not receiving enough blood flow, may not squeeze as well as other parts of the heart and will appear to have motion abnormality. This can indirectly indicate narrowing, or stenosis, of the coronary arteries.
For a stress echocardiogram to be effectively interpreted, the exercise done needs to achieve certain minimum intensity. If the patient is unable to adequately exercise, medications can be injected intravenously to chemically make the heart respond as if exercise is occurring.
Contrast may be injected into the patient's vein to help enhance the images and increase the information that is obtained. The contrast material (Optison, Density) are microscopic protein shells filled with gas bubbles. The decision to use contrast depends upon the patient's specific situation.


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HONG KONG Jan 7 Blackstone Group LP has appointed one of its senior advisers to head its Australia business, a spokeswoman said on Tuesday, in a sign the firm plans to ramp up its investing efforts inside the country.
Carnegie, an Australian private equity veteran and a former partner at domestic firm Archer Capital, will be a senior managing director at Blackstone and will assume a direct deal-making role, according to Charlotte Bilney, an external spokeswoman for the firm. He had been a Blackstone senior adviser in Australia since 2012.
Carnegie will report to Michael Chae, Blackstone's Hong Kong-based head of Asia Pacific private equity.
The Australian Financial Review earlier reported Carnegie's new role.
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I'd like to report two problems.
As the title says.
IE 11 redirects me to the home page. if I go to a category it's fine, but if I go in a post, then the link on the address bar is automatically changed, and if I refresh, it shows the home page.
The second problem is the comments. When I reply to another comment, it doesn't appear under it. Instead, it appears as an individual comment.
I disabled the plugin, and both problems were gone.
Any solutions?
PS: for the IE problem, I tried THIS and it didn't solve the problem.


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Eddie Vedder Slams Gun Laws
Pearl Jam singer Eddie Vedder has slammed the current state of gun laws in the U.S. in a new interview.
Pearl Jam singer Eddie Vedder has slammed the current state of gun laws in the U.S. in a new interview.
Pearl Jam singer Eddie Vedder took a swipe at the pop music scene and the MTV Video Music Awards in his new interview with Rolling Stone.
"Well, we made it through another one. Can't wait to see what's next."
Pearl Jam has released a new music video for "Mind Your Manners," the first single from the band's upcoming album Lightning Bolt.
Pearl Jam wrapped up their run of summer dates with an epic show Friday at Wrigley Field in Chicago.
Pearl Jam has confirmed a new album and U.S. Tour. Get all the details and hear the first new song from the upcoming album here.
Pearl Jam are full of big announcements this week. Just two days after revealing the details of their 2013 North American tour, the band just unveiled another surprise: They have a new album coming out on Oct. 15. You can see a brief, 40-second video trailer for it above.
Pearl Jam has launched a countdown clock online at the band's official website that is scheduled to hit zero on July 8th at 1:00 p.m. ET. The band is scheduled to make a major announcement at that time, with most of the speculation suggesting that the group will be unveiling details about its 10th studio album.
Pearl Jam, Foo Fighters, Soundgarden, Black Sabbath and Gotye are among the dozens of acts joining the Global Citizen Tickets Initiative, a new program launched on Thursday (May 2nd) which is designed to incentive social activism with concert tickets.


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Orleans has immediate openings for representatives on both the Nauset Regional School Committee and the Orleans Elementary School Committee, due to member resignations.
Citizen interest forms may be downloaded from the Town of Orleans Web site or picked up at town hall.
The Nauset Regional School Committee member will be appointed by the selectmen on Aug. 20. Interest forms for this position should be received by Aug. 15. The elementary school committee member will be elected by a joint vote of the Orleans Elementary School Committee and the board of selectmen, at a date to be scheduled.
Each school committee member will serve until the May 2015 town election.
Location, ST | website.com


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Pineapple-Blueberry Cream Tart
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Celebrate grilling season with this easy freeform pie thanks to ready-to-go pie crust.
Cooking the galette on the underside of the pizza pan makes it easy to remove it when you're ready to serve—simply slide onto a serving plate.
To make preparation easy, purchase freshly cut pineapple from the produce section of your grocery store.
Don't let the pie crust get too warm while you work, or it can become difficult to handle. If it seems to be getting too soft, just put it in the refrigerator for a few minutes.
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Fitbit Zip wireless activity tracker
The tiny Fitbit Zip is a great motivational tool and wireless syncing is effortless
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text: On Wednesday 28 September 2005 17:54, Jeff Dike wrote: > On Wed, Sep 28, 2005 at 02:14:32PM +0200, Blaisorblade wrote: > > Very, very nice. > > Let's hope for the better, but next time the debug should be done > > *before* merging, ok? Even because, for instance, if (say) the patch was > > ready for 2.6.14 and merged into 2.6.15, I could have released a test > > tree against 2.6.14 (maybe I could do this now). > I thought I did. AIO had been in my tree forever with no apparent > problems. We're not currently getting a lot of testing on that. Apart the really current issue of the page not uptodate, users mostly ran that because of x86_64 support, which is now reliable in mainline. In fact, the SKAS0 compiler-dependant bug (the asm code was popping a fixed number of words, which was wrong with different compiler) only came out on the tree I released against 2.6.12... > I recently started running 24 hour/day stress tests on UML, and > that turned up some problems. People turning on spinlock debugging turned > up the sleeping while atomic problem. And me staring at the code as a > result of that turned up the possible deadlock. > > And ask Jens Axboe if it can give a look to them (this time it's less > > necessary, since there are less dirty tricks). > Yeah. This still needs some work. I need to deal with the bitmap array > properly. > Jeff -- Inform me of my mistakes, so I can keep imitating Homer Simpson's "Doh!". Paolo Giarrusso, aka Blaisorblade (Skype ID "PaoloGiarrusso", ICQ 215621894) http://www.user-mode-linux.org/~blaisorblade ___________________________________ Yahoo! Messenger: chiamate gratuite in tutto il mondo http://it.messenger.yahoo.com


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Awesome pads. Works great!
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I've run these on all my track cars. They last substantially longer than most other pads Iv'e tried, including carbotech XP8, XP10, XP12. They heat up quick, don't fade and have great bite. You can't beat them.


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Hotfrog Canada provides information regarding Bethshan Gardens in Cloverdale BC. Bethshan Gardens is located at 17528 59th Avenue, Cloverdale BC V3S 3T7 and provides Citizens Housing services. Contact them on 778 373 0299 or by visiting them on their website http://bethshangardens.org.
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PO Box 34168-17790 No 10 Hwy Cloverdale BC V3S 8C4
17681 - 57th Avenue Cloverdale BC V3S 1H1
5693 176 st Cloverdale BC V4N5M7
63 18701 66TH Ave Cloverdale BC V3S 8E7
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