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Skin whitening
|This article needs more medical references for verification or relies too heavily on primary sources. (December 2013)
Skin whitening, skin lightening, and skin bleaching refer to the practice of using chemical substances in an attempt to lighten skin tone or provide an even skin complexion by reducing the melanin concentration in the skin. Several chemicals have been shown to be effective in skin whitening, while some have proven to be toxic or have questionable safety profiles, adding to the controversy surrounding their use and impacts on certain ethnic groups.
- 1 Uses
- 2 Combination treatments
- 2.1 Pre-melanin synthesis
- 2.2 During melanin synthesis
- 2.3 Post-melanin synthesis
- 2.4 Other/ungrouped
- 3 Laser treatments
- 4 Cryosurgery
- 5 Controversy and negative health effects
- 6 See also
- 7 References
Specific zones of abnormally high pigmentation such as moles and birthmarks may be depigmented to match to the surrounding skin. Conversely, in cases of vitiligo, unaffected skin may be lightened to achieve a more uniform appearance.[1][medical citation needed] Long term use of skin whiteners can lead to pigmentation increasing to the joints of the fingers, toes, buttocks and ears.[medical citation needed] The skin of the face can become thinned and the area around the eyes can have increased pigmentation causing a 'bleach panda effect'.[2]
2012 sales of skin lightening creams in India alone totaled 258 tons[3] and the global market for skin lighteners is projected to reach US $19.8 billion by 2018 based on sales growth primarily in Asia, Africa and the Middle East.[4]
Combination treatments[edit]
Most skin-lightening treatments, which can reduce or block some amount of melanin production, are aimed at inhibiting tyrosinase. Many treatments use a combination of topical lotions or gels containing melanin-inhibiting ingredients along with a sunscreen, and a prescription retinoid. Depending on how the skin responds to these treatments, exfoliants — either in the form of topical cosmetic or chemical peels — and lasers may be used. New development using LED systems are also showing good results.[5][6][7][8][9]
There are various mechanisms described for achieving this. Inhibiting tyrosinase activity reduces the synthesis of melanin so that as existing skin cells are naturally exfoliated keratinocytes with less melanin are eventually brought to the surface, giving the skin a lighter, more even toned complexion.[10]
Pre-melanin synthesis[edit]
Research has shown that the use of tretinoin (also known as all-trans retinoic acid) can only be somewhat effective in treating skin discolorations.[6][11][12][13] Users of tretinoin have to avoid sunlight, as the skin can tan. Using tretinoin always makes the skin more sensitive to UVA and UVB rays.
During melanin synthesis[edit]
In medical literature, hydroquinone is considered the primary topical ingredient for inhibiting melanin production.[14][15][16][17] Its components have potent antioxidant abilities.[18] Topical hydroquinone comes in 2% (available in cosmetics) to 4% (or more) concentrations (available from a physician or by prescription), alone or in combination with tretinoin 0.05% to 0.1%. Research has shown hydroquinone and tretinoin to prevent sun- or hormone-induced melasma.[6]
Hydroquinone is a strong inhibitor of melanin production, meaning that it prevents dark skin from making the substance responsible for skin color.[19] Hydroquinone does not bleach the skin but lightens it, and can only disrupt the synthesis and production of melanin hyperpigmentation. It has been banned in all European countries (e.g. France) because of fears of a cancer risk.
Some concerns about hydroquinone's safety on skin have been expressed, but the research when it comes to topical application indicates negative reactions are minor or a result of using extremely high concentrations or from other skin-lightening agents such as glucocorticoids or mercury iodine. Any perceived risk is most likely applicable for African women.[20] Hydroquinone has been shown to cause leukemia in mice and other animals. The European Union banned it from cosmetics in 2001, but it shows up in bootleg creams in the developing world. It is sold in the United States as an over-the-counter drug, but with a concentration of hydroquinone not exceeding 2 percent.[21]
Because of hydroquinone's action on the skin, it can be an irritant, particularly in higher concentrations of 4% or greater and predictably when combined with tretinoin. Some medications have been created that combine 4% hydroquinone with tretinoin and a form of cortisone. The cortisone is included as an anti-inflammatory. The negative side effect of repeated application of cortisone is countered by the positive effect of the tretinoin so that it does not cause thinning of skin and damage to collagen.[22]
Some of alternative lighteners are derived from natural sources of hydroquinone. These include Mitracarpus scaber extract, Uva ursi (bearberry) extract, Morus bombycis (mulberry), Morus alba (white mulberry), and Broussonetia papyrifera (paper mulberry). All of these contain arbutin (technically known as hydroquinone-β-D-glucoside), which can inhibit melanin production. Pure forms of arbutin are considered more potent for affecting skin lightening.
Arbutin is derived from the leaves of bearberry, cranberry, mulberry or blueberry shrubs, and also is present in most types of pears. It can have melanin-inhibiting properties.[23] Arbutin and other plant extracts are considered safe alternatives to commonly used depigmenting agents to make the skin fairer. Medical studies have shown the efficiency of arbutin for skin lightening.[24][not in citation given] There are patents controlling its use for skin lightening. Arbutin actually exists in two isomers, alpha and beta. The alpha isomer offers higher stability over the beta isomer and is the preferred form for skin lightening indications.
Kojic acid[edit]
Kojic acid is a by-product in the fermentation process of malting rice for use in the manufacturing of sake, the Japanese rice wine. Some research shows kojic acid to be effective for inhibiting melanin production.[25] However, kojic acid is an unstable ingredient in cosmetic formulations. Upon exposure to air or sunlight it can turn brown and lose its efficancy. Many cosmetic companies use kojic dipalmitate as an alternative because it is more stable in formulations. However, there is no research showing kojic dipalmitate to be as effective as kojic acid, although it is a good antioxidant. Further, some controversial research has suggested that kojic acid may have carcinogenic properties in large doses.[26] Other further studies show that kojic acid is not carcinogenic, but can cause allergic contact dermatitis[27] and skin irritation.[28][29]
Azelaic acid[edit]
Azelaic acid is a component of grains, such as wheat, rye, and barley. It is applied topically in a cream formulation at a 10-20% concentration. Azelaic acid is used to treat acne, but there also is research showing it to be effective for skin discolorations.[30] Other research also indicates azelaic acid may be an option for inhibiting melanin production.[5]
Vitamin C[edit]
Vitamin C and its various forms (ascorbic acid, magnesium ascorbyl phosphate, etc.) are considered an effective antioxidant for the skin and help to lighten skin.[medical citation needed] One study[31] found it raises glutathione levels in the body. Another study found that brownish guinea pigs given vitamin C, vitamin E and L-cysteine, simultaneously, led to lighter skin.[32]
Glutathione is a tripeptide molecule found in mammalian bodies. It is an antioxidant that plays an important role in preventing oxidative damage to the skin. In addition to its many recognized biological functions, glutathione has also been associated with skin lightening ability.
A double-blind placebo-controlled study found glutathione to be effective as a skin whitening agent and in reducing dark spots; the dose regime was 500 mg per day (split in 2 equal doses per day) for 4 weeks.[33] In contrast, a study that examined the effect of glutathione and related compounds in-vitro found that glutathione monoethyl ester but not glutathione had a depigmenting effect.[34] A review of the use of glutathione for skin whitening was published in 2016.[35]
Glutathione is an ingredient in some cosmetics preparations. Glutathione for skin whitening is available in cream, soap, lotion, nasal spray and injectable form. Glutathione that is applied on the skin in the form of lotion is not efficiently absorbed by the skin cells as the thiol group undergoes rapid formation of disulfide. When taken orally, glutathione is hydrolyzed by enzymes in the gastrointestinal tract resulting in reduced bioavailability. The level of glutathione increased in smalls amounts temporarily when large oral doses were administered.[36] As a result, the effectiveness of externally administered glutathione is slowed down by its inability to cross cell membranes efficiently and its rapid degradation by enzymes in the gastrointestinal tract. On the contrary, intravenous glutathione delivers very high doses directly into the systemic circulation and is the preferred mode of administering glutathione. However, this method of administrating the antioxidant might flood the cells with glutathione that may cause reductive stress. This might expose people to potential health risks associated with long-term use of high dose of glutathione.
Glutathione can be combined with many other agents like vitamin C to increase its absorption, N-acetyl cysteine to boost its level, and other antioxidants like vitamin E. Some oral intake of glutathione could have dangerous effect when combined with other skin whitening agents such as hydroquinone which is a carcinogenic element and monobenzone which causes irreversible depigmentation.
Cinnamomum subavenium[edit]
Cinnamomum subavenium, a Chinese herb, has been suggested for use as a skin whitening agent. The plant contains substances which inhibit production of tyrosinase, an enzyme which catalyzes the production of melanin. The herb has not been established as either effective or safe but is being researched by Hui-Min Wang and his colleagues at Kaohsiung Medical University in Taiwan where experiments shown that it was effective at causing Zebrafish to lose their stripes.[37]
Post-melanin synthesis[edit]
Alpha hydroxy acids[edit]
Alpha hydroxy acids (AHAs) — primarily in the form of lactic acid and glycolic acid — are the most researched forms of AHAs because they have a molecular size that allows effective penetration into the top layers of skin. It is generally assumed that in and of themselves AHAs in concentrations of 4% to 15% are not effective for inhibiting melanin production and will not lighten skin discolorations in that manner. It is believed that their benefit is in helping cell turnover rates and removing unhealthy or abnormal layers of superficial skin cells (exfoliation) where hyperpigmented cells can accumulate. However, other research has shown that lactic and glycolic acids can indeed inhibit melanin production separate from their actions as an exfoliant on skin.[38]
Alpha hydroxy acid peels (using 50% concentrations or greater) may remove skin discolorations. Only a qualified physician should perform these types of facial peels.[39]
Niacinamide is claimed to be a much safer alternative when applied topically for skin or genitalia whitening. According to research by Procter & Gamble, a cosmetics company, niacinamide has no adverse side-effects. It also promotes acne reduction, increases skin moisture, and reduces fine wrinkles.[40]
Depigmenting agents[edit]
Most commonly, depigmentation of the skin is linked to people born with vitiligo, which produces differing areas of light and dark skin. These individuals, if they so decided to use a lightening process to even out their skin tone, could apply a topical cream containing the organic compound monobenzone to lessen the remaining pigment. Monobenzone may cause destruction of melanocytes and permanent depigmentation. An alternate method of lightening is to use the chemical mequinol over an extended period of time. Increasingly, people who are not afflicted with the vitiligo experiment with lower concentrations of monobenzone creams in the hope of lightening their skin tone evenly. However, monobenzone is not recommended for skin conditions other than vitiligo.
Many skin whiteners contain toxic mercury, such as mercury(II) chloride or ammoniated mercury as the active ingredient. However, mercury has been banned in most countries for use in skin whitening (1976 in Europe, 1990 in the USA) because it accumulates on skin and it can have the opposite results in the long term. As late as January 2016, the FDA published a warning not to use a particular brand of whitener - Viansilk's "Crema Piel De Seda" ("Silky Skin Cream"), sold in the United States due to its mercury content.[41] Some studies suggest that long-term use could cause systemic absorption that leads to tissue accumulation of the substance.[42]
Other options with some amount of research regarding their potential skin lightening abilities are licorice extract (specifically glabridin).
There is also a small amount of research showing oral supplements of pomegranate extract, ellagic acid, vitamin E, and ferulic acid can inhibit melanin production.[43]
Laser treatments[edit]
Both ablative and nonablative lasers can have a profound effect on melasma[citation needed]. However, the results are not always consistent, and problems have been reported (such as hypo- or hyperpigmentation). Laser treatments of this kind are more likely to result in problems for those with darker skin tones.[44]
Another alternative to laser treatment is cryosurgery using liquid nitrogen. Controlled destruction of skin cells causes the skin to naturally regenerate itself. Excess melanin comes to the surface and peels off in a few days. This is particularly useful in sensitive areas like the genitals where laser treatment could leave a scar. Efficacy of the treatment depends on the depth of the pigment. Freckles in any part of the body can be treated the same way.[citation needed]
Controversy and negative health effects[edit]
There is evidence to suggest that some types of skin-whitening products use active ingredients (such as mercurous chloride) and hydroquinone which can be harmful.[45] Hydroquinone had been banned in Europe. However, it is now available again but only when prescribed by a medical doctor. This is also the case in many other countries, where hydroquinone can only be prescribed by a doctor for certain skin conditions.
A test of common skin lightening creams available in Nigeria showed that they caused mutations in bacteria and were possibly carcinogenic.[46] A study that examined skin whitening creams in Mexico found an high concentration of mercury in several of them.[47]
See also[edit]
- Depigmentation
- Diseases
- Agents
- Anal bleaching
- Hyperpigmentation
- Taxifolin
- Colorism
- Shadism
- Venetian Ceruse - white lead based cosmetic worn by Elizabeth I of England.
- Sun tanning
- Facial
- Racial whitening
- Pale (skin tone)
- Tooth bleaching
- Whiteness in Japanese culture
- Colonial mentality
- Michael Jackson
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- ^ Olumide, Y. M. (2010). "Use of skin lightening creams". BMJ 341 (nov23 2): c6102–c6102. doi:10.1136/bmj.c6102. ISSN 0959-8138.
- ^ Narayan, A. Bloomberg Business Week, A Lucrative Promise for India's men: Whiter skin, Dec 5, 2013
- ^ McDougall, A. Cosmeticsdesign-Asia.com, Skin lightening trend in Asia boosts global market.
- ^ a b Rendon, Marta; Berneburg, Mark; Arellano, Ivonne; Picardo, Mauro (May 2006). "Treatment of melasma". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. Supplement 2 54 (5): S272–S281. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2005.12.039.
- ^ a b c "Repeated Treatment Protocols for Melasma and Acquired Dermal Melanocytosis". Dermatologic Surgery 32: 365–371. March 2006. doi:10.1097/00042728-200603000-00005.
- ^ Journal of Drugs in Dermatology: 27–34. 2004. Missing or empty
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- ^ "Efficacy of Glycolic Acid Peels in the Treatment of Melasma". Archives of Dermatology 138: 1578–1582. December 2002. doi:10.1001/archderm.138.12.1578.
- ^ Woodruff, John. "There are various mechanisms described for achieving this. Inhibiting tyrosinase activity reduces the synthesis of melanin so that as existing skin cells are naturally exfoliated keratinocytes with less melanin are eventually brought to the surface, giving the skin a lighter, more even toned complexion.". www.cosmeticsbusiness.com. HPCi Media. Retrieved 11 August 2010.
- ^ "Hypopigmented Macules of Photodamaged Skin and Their Treatment with Topical Tretinoin". Acta Dermato-Venereologica 79: 305–310. July 1999. doi:10.1080/000155599750010724.
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- ^ Cutis: 177–184. March 2006. Missing or empty
- ^ Journal of Drugs in Dermatology: 592–597. September–October 2005. Missing or empty
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- ^ Dermatological Surgery 22: 443–447. May 1996. doi:10.1016/1076-0512(96)00065-9. Missing or empty
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- ^ Fuller, Thomas (2006-05-14). "A Vision of Pale Beauty Carries Risks for Asia's Women". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-05-23.
- ^ Drugs in Dermatology: 377–381. July–August 2004. Missing or empty
- ^ Maeda, K; Fukuda, M (1996). "Arbutin: mechanism of its depigmenting action in human melanocyte culture". Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 276 (2): 765–769. PMID 8632348.
- ^ Jun, So-Young; Park, Kyung-Min; Choi, Ki-Won; Jang, Min Kyung; Kang, Hwan Yul; Lee, Sang-Hyeon; Park, Kwan-Hwa; Cha, Jaeho (2007). "Inhibitory effects of arbutin-β-glycosides synthesized from enzymatic transglycosylation for melanogenesis". Biotechnology Letters 30 (4): 743–8. doi:10.1007/s10529-007-9605-1. PMID 18040603.
- ^ Archives of Pharmacal Research, August 2001, pages 307-311.
- ^ Mutation Research, Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, June 2005, pages 133-1450 and Toxicological Sciences, September 2004, pages 43–49.
- ^ Serra-Baldrich, E.; Tribô, M. J.; Camarasa, J. G. (1998). "Allergic contact dermatitis from kojic acid". Contact Dermatitis 39: 86–87. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1998.tb05843.x.
- ^ Sarkar, Rashmi; Garg, VijayK; Arya, Latika; Arora, Pooja (2012). "Lasers for treatment of melasma and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation". Journal of Cutaneous and Aesthetic Surgery 5 (2): 93. doi:10.4103/0974-2077.99436.
- ^ "Plastic Surgery Articles (Indications, Anatomy, Workup, Surgical Therapy, Treatment, Complications) - Medscape Reference". Retrieved 29 May 2014.
- ^ Baliña, Luis M.; Graupe, Klaus (December 1991). "The Treatment of Melasma 20% Azelaic Acid versus 4% Hydroquinone Cream". International Journal of Dermatology 30 (12): 893–895. doi:10.1111/j.1365-4362.1991.tb04362.x.
- ^ Johnston, CS; Meyer, CG; Srilakshmi, JC (1993). "Vitamin C elevates red blood cell glutathione in healthy adults". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 58 (1): 103–5. PMID 8317379.
- ^ Fujiwara, Yoko; Sahashi, Yumiko; Aritro, Mitsumi; Hasegawa, Satoko; Akimoto, Koji; Ninomiya, Shinji; Sakaguchi, Yasue; Seyama, Yousuke (2004). "Effect of simultaneous administration of vitamin C, L-cysteine and vitamin E on the melanogenesis". BioFactors 21 (1–4): 415–8. doi:10.1002/biof.552210182. PMID 15630239.
- ^ Arjinpathana, Nutthavuth; Asawanonda, Pravit (2012). "Glutathione as an oral whitening agent: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study". J. Dermatolog. Treat. 23 (2). doi:10.3109/09546631003801619. PMID 20524875.
- ^ Chung, Bo Young; Choi, So Ra; Moon, Ik Jun; Park, Chun Wook; Kim, Young-Hoon; Chang, Sung Eun (2016). "The Glutathione Derivative, GSH Monoethyl Ester, May Effectively Whiten Skin but GSH Does Not". Int. J. Mol. Sci. 17 (5). doi:10.3390/ijms17050629. PMC 4881455. PMID 27128906. No-cost access and free license (CC-BY 4.0).
- ^ Sonthalia, Sidharth; Daulatabad, Deepashree; Sarkar, Rashmi (2016). "Glutathione as a skin whitening agent: Facts, myths, evidence and controversies". Indian J. Dermatol. Venereol. Leprol. 82 (3). doi:10.4103/0378-6323.179088. PMID 27088927. No cost access but non-free license.
- ^ Witschi, A.; Reddy, S.; Stofer, B.; Lauterburg, B. H. (1992). "The systemic availability of oral glutathione". European journal of clinical pharmacology 43 (6). doi:10.1007/BF02284971. PMID 1362956.
- ^ Bhanoo, Sindya N. (December 15, 2011). "An Herbal Alternative to Creams for Pale Skin". New York Times. Retrieved March 30, 2011.
- ^ Experimental Dermatology, January 2003, supplemental. pages 43-50.
- ^ Dermatologic Surgery, February 2005, pages 149-154; Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery, April 2004, pages 97-102; Cutis, February 2004, supplemental, pages 18-24; Dermatologic Therapy, June 2004, pages 196-205; and Dermatological Surgery, June 1999, pages 450-454.
- ^ Hopkins, Michael (24 July 2013). "How is bleaching done?". vaginalbleaching.org. Retrieved 24 October 2015.
- ^ "Drug Safety and Availability - FDA Warns Consumers Not to Use Viansilk's "Crema Piel De Seda" ("Silky Skin Cream")". Drugs: Drug Safety and Availability. USFDA. January 29, 2016. Retrieved January 30, 2016.
- ^ "Skin lightening products".
- ^ Experimental Dermatology, August 2005, pages 601-608; Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, December 2005, pages 2368-2373; International Journal of Dermatology, August 2004, pages 604-607; Journal of Drugs in Dermatology, July–August 2004, pages 377-381; Facial and Plastic Surgery, February 2004, pages 3-9; Dermatologic Surgery, March 2004, pages 385-388; Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, March 2005, pages 272-276; Journal of Biological Chemistry, November 7, 2003, pages 44320-44325; Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, February 2003, pages 1201-1207; International Journal of Cosmetic Science, August 2000, pages 291-303; and Anti-Cancer Research, September–October 1999, pages 3769-3774.
- ^ Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, May 2006, supplemental, pages 262-271; Dermatologic Therapy, January 2001, page 46; Journal of Cosmetic and Laser Therapy, March 2005, pages 39-43; Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery, April 2004, pages 97-102; Journal of Drugs in Dermatology, November–December 2005, pages 770-774; Dermatologic Surgery, October 2005, page 1263; and Lasers in Surgery and Medicine, April 2000, pages 376-379.
- ^ Counter, S. Allen, Whitening skin can be deadly, Boston Globe, 16 Dec 2003
- ^ Akortha, E.E.; Niemogha, M.T.; Edobor, O. (1 June 2012). "MUTAGENIC AND GENOTOXIC SCREENING OF EIGHT COMMONLY USED SKIN WHITENING CREAMS IN NIGERIA". Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences 5 (1): 5–10. doi:10.4314/bajopas.v5i1.2. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
- ^ Peregrino, C. P.; Moreno, M. V.; Miranda, S. V.; Rubio, A. D.; Leal, L. O. (11 June 2011). "Mercury Levels in Locally Manufactured Mexican Skin-Lightening Creams". Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. doi:10.3390/ijerph8062516. PMC 3138038. PMID 21776243. Free access and license (CC-BY 3.0)


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Plastic Beer Glasses
Serve Brews On Tap and Other Beverages in Disposable Beer Glasses
Plastic beer glasses are ideal for your sports bar, night club, catering business, or casual foodservice establishment. These disposable beer glasses are designed to resemble high-quality glass but are actually made from plastic materials for reduced breakage. Plus, since they won't shatter into dangerous glass shards if they're dropped, they're great for use in highly-trafficked or outdoor establishments. Read more
These plastic beer glasses are versatile products that can be used for a variety of tasks. Thanks to the wider tops and narrower bases of these pilsner glasses, they allow guests to easily sip your select beers on tap. You can also use these disposable beer glasses to present milkshakes, ice cream sundaes, Italian sodas, and other desserts in your ice cream parlor.

subset: commoncrawl


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AFTER OUTRAGEOUS RNC STUNT=> Lyin' Ted Refused Entry into Adelson's Party – Booed in RNC Hallways After his disgraceful stunt RNC attendees booed Lyin' Ted in the hallway.Sheldon Adelson turned him away. On the donor suite level, people approached Cruz … Continue reading
Category Archives: Liberals
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U.S. Supreme Court poised to issue major abortion ruling The court is evenly divided between liberals and conservatives following the February death of conservative Justice Antonin Scalia. The court could split 4-4, which would leave in place a lower court's … Continue reading
Bernie Sanders' Campaign Has Crossed Into Neverland | Mother Jones I've generally tried to go easy on Sanders. I like his vision, and I like his general attitude toward Wall Street. But this is insane. If anything, it's worse than … Continue reading
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Alexander Skarsgard: Lunch Break at Joan's on Third
About this photo set: Alexander Skarsgard makes a phone call after having lunch on Thursday (April 28) at Joan's on Third in Los Angeles. The 34-year-old True Blood actor is a huge… Read More Here
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Cancer Health Center
New Clues on How Cancer Spreads
Nov. 27, 2006 -- New clues about how tumors prepare for cancer's deadly spread may open up new avenues for cancer prevention and treatment.
A Japanese study suggests that early in lung cancer's progression, cells within a tumor may pave the way for cancer's invasion by triggering processes that allow for the spread of disease. By interrupting these signals, researchers were able to block the development of cancer's spread to lungs in mice.
Cancer advances through a process of metastasis in which the cancer spreads from the initial site to other areas of the body, making it more deadly and difficult to treat. By learning more about the processes that trigger this spread, researchers say they may be able to develop new cancer treatment strategies.
Tumors Prepare for Invasion
In the study, researcher Sachie Hiratsuka of Tokyo Women's Medical University School of Medicine and colleagues studied mice bred to develop cancer.
They found certain chemicals were produced in the lung by factors secreted by the primary tumor. These chemicals then prompted the migration of both inflammatory and tumor cells to the lung.
Researchers found an amplifying circuit was created between the primary tumor and the targeted area to facilitate the tumor's invasion. But interrupting this circuit of signals effectively stopped the invasion or spread of cancer to the lungs in mice.
If further studies confirm these results, published in Nature Cell Biology, researchers say targeting this preparatory period in tumors may open up a new avenue to prevent the spread of cancer.
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Rebecca Rogers Ackermann is an Associate Professor in the Department of Archaeology, University ofCape Town, South Africa. Her primary research focuses on the relationship between evolutionary process and morphological variation in human evolution.
Phenotypic traits of primate hybrids: Recognizing admixture in the fossil record
Version of Record online: 11 JAN 2011
DOI: 10.1002/evan.20288
Copyright © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews
Volume 19, Issue 6, pages 258–270, November/December 2010
Additional Information
How to Cite
Ackermann, R. R. (2010), Phenotypic traits of primate hybrids: Recognizing admixture in the fossil record. Evol. Anthropol., 19: 258–270. doi: 10.1002/evan.20288
Publication History
- Issue online: 11 JAN 2011
- Version of Record online: 11 JAN 2011
- Abstract
- Article
- References
- Cited By
- Hybridization;
- gene flow;
- hominins
For many years, the likelihood that hybridization occurred in human evolution has been debated. Tattersall and Schwartz pointed out one of the core problems with resolving this debate, namely "that nobody has any idea what a Neanderthal/modern human hybrid might look like in theory, and few have dared to suggest in practice that any particular known fossil represents such a hybrid."1:7117 Moreover, while molecular data is proving increasingly useful for characterising hybrid zones, the utility of the phenotype for this purpose is not clear.2 Here I address these issues, discussing both theoretical and empirically-derived expectations for what hybrid morphology looks like, with an emphasis on the skeleton of hybrid primates, and consideration of the hominin fossil record.


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Welcome to
Christian Center Church
We will be a training ground for the believers in Jesus, and those who are not yet believers but are attending the Center, to become all that they can be to change their world.
We are an active community and we invite you to join us!
Our Mission
Get inspired and learn how you can change your world!
Worship With Us
Friday evenings at 7 Sunday mornings at 9 & 10:30 Wednesday evening 7-8:30
130 Charity Lane Belle Vernon, PA 15012
Fun and casual for all ages and families
Catch up on sermons you've missed or review ones you've heard. Our archive dates back several years. Check it out here.
"…we will speak the truth in love, growing in every way more and more like Christ, who is the head of his body, the church. 16 He makes the whole body fit together perfectly. As each part does its own special work, it helps the other parts grow, so that the whole body is healthy and growing and full of love."
Ephesians 4:15,16
Get Connected
We have designed our building with children in mind. Our Children's church area is perfect for kids and the playground perfect for each age.More →
This age group is "finding their way" and our programs are designed to meet them in all areas of life.More →
We have a very high percentage of men in our church family and from breakfasts, specific classes, retreats, and fellowship we help men, practically to become "real men of God."More →
From fellowship to teaching relationships are being built to last. If there is a need we are trying to meet it. The real women of God are learning and growing here, not perfect the simply know who they are!More →


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1997 Buick Riviera V6 Two Wheel Drive Automatic 26000 miles
With a full tank of gas the gage reads full. As I use gas down to about a quarter tank, the gage goes back to full. As I use more gas, the gage starts down again. ? What's wrong and how is it repaired.
Friday, May 28th, 2010 AT 10:37 AM


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Akasa Cobra 650W PSU Review Most people know Akase for their Power Supply Units and Cases. In this review we look at the new Akasa Cobra 650W PSU. It is Modular Power Supply Unit with plenty of power for most systems, modular cables and a 80 Plus Certification… at Tweak Related Items: FSP Aurum Xilenser …
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Another word for asshole.
Stop being such an asshat
di thebestaround69 28 ottobre 2014
A term that generally used to refer to an individual who has their head permently impaled in their ass making it impossible for the to be useful in any situation.
Ryan fucking Cannon is a real asshat.
di Chaos company 16 luglio 2014
When someone's head is so far up their ass their wearing it as a hat.
He's such an ass hat!
who? Adair? Yes, yes he is.
Adair Sugrue
who? Adair? Yes, yes he is.
Adair Sugrue
di davidtennantmegatron 28 settembre 2011
That which refers to Logic
That asshat Logic is a midget
di ilLOGICalFarmer 21 settembre 2009
One with their head so far up their own ass it could be considered a hat.
Ron: Im the best at everything.
Me: You're a fucking asshat.
Me: You're a fucking asshat.
di MuffDiver01 10 settembre 2009
a legal professional; one who engages in the practices of law; an attorney; in England, a barrister; from the latin roots 'ass' and 'hat' meaning 'law' and 'yer,' respectively. Alt., less common usage, a business school student or recent graduate.
My ex-wife's asshat demanded the refrigerator in the divorce... I mean, the fucking refrigerator!!!
That corporate asshat is wearing Italian loafers, which cost more than my car.
How many asshat books can John Grisham write?
That corporate asshat is wearing Italian loafers, which cost more than my car.
How many asshat books can John Grisham write?
di gnumb 01 aprile 2009


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Skip to comments.I blame the PA GOP and the pro life community for Dr. Gosnell
Posted on 01/23/2011 11:30:36 AM PST by jhigh
By now you've all heard of the butcher from Philadelphia, Dr. Gosnell, who was mudering babies and mutilating women at a "clinic" in Philadelphia that the government had stopped inspecting over a decade ago. This allowed this "doctor" to continue his butchering of human life unabated.
And who was Governor when this policy of not inspecting clinics was implemented? That's right...Tom Ridge. The PA GOP, who consistently forces milquetoast conservatives down the throats of the party faithful, insisted that only pro-abort Ridge could be elected, that it was "his turn." And now we have countless dead babies...and they're all on the heads of the state party leadership.
But they're not the only political entity that I blame this horror on. I also blame the pro life movement in Pennsylvania. The movement that "holds it's nose" and votes Republican every time the state party tells you it's in your interest. The movement that votes for "the lesser of two evils," even when both of those evils result in the taking of human life.
The Republican Party has learned that the pro life community as a whole cares more about "winning" than it does about babies, and they exploit this every chance they get. They know that you'll vote for a pro-abortion Republican as long as he's a little less pro-abortion than the Democrat, and so they continue to use the pro life community to advance their own interests. These dead babies lie at the feet of very "pro life" person in Pennsylvania that votes for Republicans that support abortion. These dead babies lie at the feet of every "pro life" Pennsylvanian who votes for the candidate that can win, even if they may not be reliably pro life.
Some criticize me for being a single issue candidate because the abortion issue is a litmus test. But we're not talkin about tax cuts. Or government spending. Or debt. When the pro life community votes for the lesser of two evils, babies die.
Hopefully, this is a wakeup call for everyone that claims to support the right to life. Compromise is not an option. As I'm fond of saying, when there's a compromise, both sides lose. When we lose, we find lots of murdered babies in the wake of that loss.
I had always heard Ridge was pro-abortion. That was the thing that made him unacceptable for VP with McCain.
Well said. This was a much-needed wakeup call for people. Keep up your excellent work.
Uh, Tom Ridge has not been governor of Pennsylvania since 2001.
"Uh, Tom Ridge has not been governor of Pennsylvania since 2001."
Who cares, I still blame Ridge. He set the bi-partisan 'tone' that allowed this butcher to feel comfortable in Pennsylvania.
Right, but if you read the grand jury report, the policy of not inspecting these clinics was implemented under Ridge. Rendell just left in place, and now claims that he didn't know. He's a liar and I don't believe him, but this started with Ridge.
Have you read the Grand Jury report? It states that the inspection of abortion mills stopped when Tom Ridge took over for (the pro-life Dem) Bob Casey. His administration considered inspections as placing a barrier to women seeking abortions.
What makes me nauseated is one line in a story. It said the workers played with the babies before killing them. What kind of monster would do that and then murder the tiniest victims?
We just went through a week of being amazed that the Dems blamed Sarah Palin and the Tea Party for the Arizona shootings. We all pointed out how crude and immoral it was to use an event like that to score political points, and that the only person to blame was the killer himself. We saw the danger of claiming that the Right "set the tone" that made the murders possible.
And now we have this. The Pennsylvania Republican Party and Tom Ridge are not responsible for this monster Gosnell, nor are pro-abortion Democrats. And to pull Tom Ridge of all people into this is unthinking vitrol—a bad event happens and I hate Tom Ridge so I'll link him to the event. Grow up.
I didn't pull Tom Ridge into this, genius. Read the grand jury report. Ridge intentionally stopped inspecting these clinics because he's pro-abortion. I understand that you're just another hack who will defend Republicans no matter what, but Ridge caused this...pure and simple. Had the inspection of the clinics continued, this could not have happened or, at a bare minimum, would have been detected and ended years ago.
Perhaps it is you that needs to grow up and actually get some facts before you post your blind defense of all things Republican.
You'll never get a Conservative Republican anywhere near the PA Governor's Mansion. Between Philadelphia and Pittsburg (bastions of big city Liberal Think) you're lucky when a RINO can make it. PA like all its Rust Belt neighbors are failed states. They just haven't reached the bottom yet but it's not for lack of trying.
Tom Ridge is not to blame for Gosnell. Ridge implemented a policy. You disagree with that policy. Democrats implement policies that are much worse than what Ridge implemented. A policy may be bad but that doesn't make a leader personally responsible for what this guy did any more than George Bush is responsible for the Iraq War dead because his policy was to prosecute the war. The report did not say that Ridge was responsible for Gosnell.
I'll go back to what I said before. Its wrong, opportunistic and immature to blame any particular politician for the crimes of another person. That is what you are doing.
There's no way around it ~ the man is a human monster.
Tom would be much better off just disappearing from the face of the Earth, although I suspect he once again has some friends in the inner bowels of the RNC!
By your logic, Obama is not responsible for increasing the national deficit. Obama implemented policies. You disagree with those policies, and a Socialist would implement far worse policies. You cannot say that Obama increased the deficit.
You're attempts to keep this from being blamed on a Republican are pathetic and laughable. If I were a family member of one of the women, I would go after Ridge in court. People like you that are willing to twist themselves into pretzels to defend Republicans are precisely what is wrong with this nation.
Get off yer high horse! Yes, Repub. Ridge and others were derelict in their duties, as were Dem. Rendell and others during his regime, but none of those folks shoved the scissors into all those babies' spinal cords, murdering them, nor butchered their mothers, all for more money!
Did you fail to read about that in the Grand Jury Report, or did you just ignore it so you could sensationalize your report? SHEEEESH
I "sensationalized" nothing. I was writing about ONE ASPECT of the story. Yes, the doctor needs to go to jail. Everyone that turned their head needs to go to jail. But we must not forget the political realities that allowed this to take place, and we must learn from them. That is the point of what I wrote.
Facts, all you got are facts. What are they compared to self righteous, sanctimonious finger pointing?
"Facts, all you got are facts. What are they compared to self righteous, sanctimonious finger pointing?"
Good point. I'll go back to finger pointing. LOL.
Don't be silly. Only an activist pro-abortion politician like Tom Ridge would implement a policy that abortion clinics would not be inspected, although hospitals would be inspected.
The state has a responsibility to supervise medical care, respond to complaints, and see that unqualified or criminal medical practitioners are removed. Doctors, lawyers, nurses are licensed to practice, and lose their license if they seriously violate the rules.
Abortion clinics, however, manage to be the great exception, even though there is obvious danger in having an abortion with an incompetent or unlicensed practitioner, as is often the case.
Ridge was certainly aware of all that.
While it's clear the inspection findings under Casey weren't followed up on, Ridge changed the policy altogether and maybe if they were going on then this whole tragedy could have been exposed. Ridge really dropped the ball here and I'd like to hear what he has to say.
The bleep?
A) Ridge was fiercely pro-choice. This column is exactly why it's not worth it for Republicans to adopt liberal positions.
B) It's the fanatical pro-abortion forces who demanded that inspections of abortion clinics be as lax as possible. Otherwise the "civil right" to "choose" might be infringed.
The truth is that anyone who would do an abortion would do that. Why not? It's just tissue.
Ed Rendell, who claims he is "flabbergasted" about what was going on in the abortuary should not get off the hook either. I think it is fair to say that Ridge's career as a politico is officially finished now. And people must get on Rendell's case also about this.
Nazis did the same thing - they toyed with their victims before killing them.
I wonder what supposedly pro life Senator Casey Jr. has to say about this. He has done very little for the pro life movement and is a fraud.
Ridge is finished - however, don't lose sight of the fact that the PERPS are the blame. Yes, they could have stopped years ago and people should be fired in the Health Department over this - and maybe prosecuted. I wonder if any bribes were offered. I wonder how much official corruption was involved in addition to neglect.
Disclaimer: Opinions posted on Free Republic are those of the individual posters and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Free Republic or its management. All materials posted herein are protected by copyright law and the exemption for fair use of copyrighted works.


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2. We didn't have a secret "terrorism-industrial complex."
That's the term coined by Dana Priest and William Arkin in their book Top Secret America to describe the ever-growing post-9/11 world of government agencies linked to private contractors charged with fighting terrorism. During the Cold War, we had a handful of government agencies doing "top secret" work; today, they found, we have more than 1,200.
For example, Priest and Arkin found 51 federal organizations and military commands that attempt to track the flow of money to and from terrorist networks. And don't forget the nearly 2,000 for-profit corporate contractors that engage in top-secret work, supposedly hunting terrorists. The official budget for "intelligence" has increased from around $27 billion in the last years of the Cold War to $75 billion in 2012. Along with this massive expansion of government and private security activities has come a similarly humongous expansion of official secrecy: the number of classified documents has increased from perhaps 5 million a year before 1980 to 92 million in 2011, while Obama administration prosecutions of government whistleblowers have soared.
It's true that the CIA and the FBI engaged in significant secret and illegal surveillance that included American citizens during the Cold War, but the scale was small compared to the post-9/11 world.
3. Organized labor was accepted as part of the social landscape.
"Only a fool would try to deprive working men and women of their right to join the union of their choice." That's what President Dwight D. Eisenhower said in 1952. "Workers," he added, "have a right to organize into unions and to bargain collectively with their employers," and he affirmed that "a strong, free labor movement is an invigorating and necessary part of our industrial society." He caught the mood of the moment this way: "Should any political party attempt to" eliminate labor laws, you would not hear of that party again in our political history." "There is," he acknowledged, "a tiny splinter group, of course, that believes you can do these things, but their number is negligible... And they are stupid."
You certainly wouldn't catch Barack Obama saying anything like that today.
Back then, American unions were, in part, defended even by Republicans because they were considered a crucial aspect of the struggle against Communism. Unlike Soviet workers, American ones, so the argument went, were free to join independent unions. And amid a wave of productive wealth, union membership in Eisenhower's America reached an all-time high: 34% of wage and salary workers in 1955. In 2011, union membership in the private sector had fallen under 7%, a level not seen since 1932.
Of course, back in the Cold War era the government required unions to kick communists out of any leadership positions they held and unions that refused were driven out of existence. Unions also repressed wildcat strikes and enforced labor peace in exchange for multi-year contracts with wage and benefit increases. But as we've learned in the last decades, if you're a wageworker, almost any union is better than no union at all.
4. The government had to get a warrant before it could tap your phone.
Today, the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act Amendments Act (yes, that repetitive tongue twister is its real name) gives the government vast powers to spy on American citizens -- and it's just been extended to 2017 in a bill that Obama enthusiastically signed on December 29th. The current law allows the monitoring of electronic communications without an individualized court order, as long as the government claims its intent is to gather "foreign intelligence." In recent years, much that was once illegal has been made the law of the land. Vast quantities of the emails and phone calls of Americans are being "data-mined." Amendments approved by Congress in 2008, for instance, provided "retroactive immunity to the telecom companies that assisted the Bush administration in its warrantless wiretapping program," which was then (or should have been) illegal, as the website Open Congress notes.
There were several modest congressional attempts to amend the 2012 FISA extension act, including one that would have required the director of national intelligence to reveal how many Americans are being secretly monitored. That amendment would in no way have limited the government's actual spying program. The Senate nevertheless rejected it, 52-43, in a nation that has locked itself down in a way that would have been inconceivable in the Cold War years.
It's true that in the 1950s and 1960s judges typically gave the police and FBI the wiretap warrants they sought. But it's probably also true that having to submit requests to judges had a chilling effect on the urge of government authorities to engage in unlimited wiretapping.
5. The infrastructure was being expanded and strengthened.
Today, our infrastructure is crumbling: bridges are collapsing, sewer systems are falling apart, power grids are failing. Many of those systems date from the immediate post-World War II years. And the supposedly titanic struggle against communism at home and abroad helped build them. The best-known example of those Cold War infrastructure construction programs was the congressionally mandated National Defense Highways Act of 1956, which led to the construction of 41,000 miles of the Interstate Highway System. It was the largest public works project in American history and it was necessary, according to the legislation, to "meet the requirements of the national defense in time of war." People called the new highways "freeways" or "interstates," but the official name was "the National System of Interstate and Defense Highways."
Along with the construction of roads and bridges came a similar commitment to expanding water delivery systems and the electrical and telephone grids. Spending on infrastructure as a share of gross domestic product peaked in the 1960s at 3.1%. In 2007, it was down to 2.4% and is assumedly still falling.


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Mother-of-two fought off a hammer-wielding robber by grabbing his PRIVATES in 15 minute tussle after he demanded cash from the till
- Lisa Woodhead, 33, was alone in the eCloud store in Rotherham, Yorkshire
- Hammer-wielding robber entered and demanded she hand over cash
- But mother-of-two put up a fight, grabbing the man by his privates
- After 15-minutes, two customers entered and the man ran off
- 'I didn't feel much. I wouldn't say he's too well endowed,' she said
- Police are investigating the incident and have appealed for witnesses
Mother-of-two Lisa Woodhead fought off a robber who entered her shop and demanded cash from the till by grabbing his genitals
A shop assistant fought off a hammer-wielding robber who demanded cash from the till by grabbing his genitals.
Mother-of-two Lisa Woodhead, 33, was working in the eCloud store in Rotherham, South Yorkshire, on Friday when the robber entered the shop.
The man, who was holding a hammer, then demanded she gave him cash from the till.
But rather than giving in to his demands, the woman wrestled with the man - during which time she made a grab for his genitals.
After 15 minutes, two customers entered the shop and the robber ran away.
South Yorkshire police are investigating the incident and are appealing for witnesses.
Ms Woodhead from Sheffield, South Yorkshire, said: 'I haven't had a fight for a good few years and that got a good bit of anger out of me.
'He was quite surprised, although I didn't feel much in my hand so I wouldn't say he's too well endowed.
'I was desperate to get rid of him so my only hope was to grab his privates - it was the only way I could attempt to protect myself.
'I was keeping one hand on the hammer which he was holding and so I only had my right hand spare. Thinking back, it certainly puts a smile on my face.'
The mother to Kieran, 14, and Krystal, six, was working alone in the store at around 9.30am on Friday when the man entered the shop and began browsing a selection of e-cigarettes in a glass cabinet before brandishing a hammer at her.
She said: 'He was having a look around and then he came over and said "give me the money".
'My first reaction was just "what?" but he repeated himself. He was holding the hammer in the air with one hand and he was banging the buttons on the till with the other, trying to open it.
'I grabbed the hammer to stop him hitting me with it, and we ended up in a scuffle and went into the back room. I was refusing to let go.'
The intruder then began pushing the worker into the shop's bathroom and on to the floor.
The man entered the eCloud store in Rotherham, South Yorkshire (pictured) before making his demands. Following a 15-minute wrestle, the man was scared off by customers
Desperate to fend him off, the mother grabbed his privates and in an attempt to punch him, scratched his face.
She said: 'I was absolutely terrified. As he pushed me into the bathroom, I thought he was going to overpower me. I'm only a little lady and he seemed to be stopping at nothing to get what he wanted.
'All I could think about was my kids, and whether I was going to see them again. But I was determined not to give up without a fight.
'I've got his DNA under my fingernails - we were fighting for about 15 minutes.'
Eventually, Ms Woodhead heard the shop door ring as two customers entered.
She screamed for help - and the man fled after threatening the couple with the hammer.
Ms Woodhead added: 'He was kicking me in the back and I was shouting for help. He ran off with his hammer in the air.
'People have called me brave but it could have been a different story so maybe it was a bit stupid of me. I just couldn't let him brazenly steal from the shop whether he had a hammer or not.'
During the fight, the thief ripped the mother's gold chain from her neck and grabbed an empty e-cigarette packet from the side - which she believes he thought was her purse.
The shop assistant says she 'didn't feel much' when she grabbed the man's genitals. Police are now investigating the incident and appealing for witnesses
She added: 'I was so relieved. The man who came into the shop chased him down the street but the thief got away.
'He left empty-handed other than my gold chain and that's mine. He didn't take anything from the shop, but he still got away with something.
'I am going back to work this week but I am a bit reluctant. You just don't know what lengths people will go to.'
South Yorkshire Police confirmed they are investigating the incident, and detectives are appealing for witnesses to come forward.
The intruder is described as wearing dark clothing and a dark hat.
Lisa added: 'He had some cheek trying to break into a shop first thing in the morning without covering his face.
'It was only the beginning of the day so we didn't even have any takings, but he obviously thought I was going to give him what he wanted without a fight.
'Anyone who can help, please come forward because I don't want it to happen to anyone else. Next time it could be someone who can't defend themselves.'
Anyone with any information should call South Yorkshire police on 101 quoting incident number 304 of February 7.
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Taken at the Loch of the Lowes near Dunkeld, Perthshire, Scotland.
Can you spot the Grebe on its nest?
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
|Look up recast in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Recast may refer to:
- Recast (language teaching), a language teaching technique
- Recast (comics), a Korean comic
See also[edit]
|This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Recast.
If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.


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FULL LIST OF policy - page 9 Articles
Mo. governor vetoes teacher gun legislation - Legislation would have allowed specially trained teachers to carry concealed guns, asserting that the move could jeopardize student safety
Dallas chief: It's time to stop segregating unions by race - The associations' leaders say Brown's idea is a nice thought — just don't bet on it happening soon
Dozens more Va. cops join overtime lawsuit - About 25 additional officers have joined a class-action lawsuit for back overtime pay from the Hampton Police Division, bringing the total to 130 officers
$50 fee could get Ky. cops cruisers for personal use - Lexington police are considering changes to the city's cruiser policy that would allow officers to use city-owned vehicles for personal use for a $50 monthly fee
ACLU targets Mass. department's grenade launchers - West Springfield Police Department received the two M79 grenade launchers in the late 90's through a Department of Defense excess property program
Ind. lawmakers may join dispute over cop's '0INK' vanity plate - A fuss over an officer's vanity plate has blown up into a constitutional debate that could lead to the Indiana General Assembly deciding whether to rewrite the law or stop selling personalized license plates altogether
308 Memphis cops call in sick in 'blue flu' protest - Move comes in protest to a recent City Council vote that will reduce health care subsidies for current and retired city employees
States look to gun seizure law after mass killings - As officials across the country grapple with how to prevent mass killings, some are turning to a gun seizure law pioneered in Conn. 15 years ago
More overtime, limited raises in tentative LAPD labor deal - City officials Tuesday reached a tentative one-year salary agreement with the police officers' union that dramatically expands cash payments for overtime while avoiding raises
Supreme Court: Warrant required to search cell phones - Unanimous Supreme Court ruled Wednesday that police may not generally search the cellphones of people they arrest without first getting search warrants
Police consider safety, security as hobby drone use increases - Drone use is becoming an issue as the unmanned aircraft become more popular, especially as a way for hobbyists to create videos
Ill. bans police ticket quotas - Law prevents departments from assigning an officer a specific amount of citations to issue and also stops them from comparing officers based on tickets
New gun control bills introduced in response to Calif. massacre - Officers investigating allegations that a person may be a danger to himself or others would be required to first check a state database to determine whether the person owns firearms
NY assigns town officials cars with sirens, lights - The lights and sirens allow the 16 officials to quickly respond to events "to assess imminent threats to the public"
NY bill would require top cops to have college degrees - Suffolk County Police Department calls bill "unnecessary"
PoliceOne top 5
1 Prosecutors drop all remaining charges in Freddie Gray case
2 Country music duo under fire after requesting armed cops not be allowed backstage
3 McDonald's employee fired for refusing service to Texas cop
4 Video: Cuffed suspect opens fire in back of cruiser, is killed by police


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NEON: Darkness Electrified
NEON:Darkness Electrified, features more than 20 vintage neon advertising signs from local collector Jed Schleisner. Explore the history and science behind the glow of the tubes.
Museum/Gallery Type
- Historical


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The dumas method is used to determine the molecular weight of an unknown substance. Pasta is a common food product, usually made from durum wheat flour though other grains are used. For nutritional purposes correct labeling on food is important and can impact health, for example coeliac sufferers, therefore it is also important knowing the amount of different components. This application note describes a study analyzing the protein content in durum wheat pasta using the dumas method and comparing it to the content listed on the label.
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From the creator and executive producers of Grey's Anatomy and Private Practice - Shonda Rhimes & Betsy Beers - comes a drama revolving around the life and work of a professional crisis manager and her dysfunctional staff; inspired by real life DC Crisis Manager Judy Smith.
Olivia Pope (Kerry Washington) is a former Presidential media relations consultant who has dedicated her life to protecting and guarding the public images of America's high society elite. Pope opened her own consulting firm after leaving the White House, hoping to start a new chapter in her life not only professionally, but personally. However, no matter how hard she tries, cutting ties with her past seems to be easier said than done. As for her new staff, who specialize in fixing the lives of other people, the issues in their own lives turn out to be more challenging to fix than those of their clients.
Seven Fifty-Two
Through flashbacks from fourteen and five years ago information about Huck's past is revealed... Did he have a life before he joined the CIA? When did he join the CIA? When and how did he first meet Charlie? Who was he before joining the CIA? Did he have a family? How did he meet Olivia?
Meanwhile, the gladiators - Harrison, Abby & Quinn - reveal information about themselves to Huck while he's in a trance repeating "752" over-and-over again-and-again. Who can break him from his trance... Olivia, Quinn or could it be Charlie???
And then there's the big question... what does "Seven Fifty-Two" mean?
Will Olitz last?
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Kirk Samuel Penney
Position: Shooting Guard ▪ Shoots: Right
Height: 6-5 ▪ Weight: 220 lbs.
Born: November 23, 1980 in Auckland, New Zealand
High School: Westlake Boys in Auckland, New Zealand
College: University of Wisconsin
NBA Debut: November 3, 2003
D-League: 50 G, 13.0 PPG, 3.3 RPG, 1.5 APG (Full Record)
Other Pages: College Basketball Stats
Other SR Links: Olympics at Sports-Reference.com
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Jul 22, 2016
LONDON [MENL] -- The Israel Air Force has overseen the modernization of itsU.S.-origin air transport fleet.
Jul 18, 2016
LONDON [MENL] -- The Saudi-led coalition was said to have achieved a perfectinterception record against ballistic missiles fired from neighboring Yemen.
Jul 14, 2016
WASHINGTON [MENL] -- The U.S. intelligence community expects additionalmass-casualty strikes by Islamic State of Iraq and Levant.
Jul 13, 2016
LONDON [MENL] -- Turkey has signed an electronic warfare agreement withPoland.


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We welcome undergraduate and postgraduate visiting students from across the world. You'll be fully integrated into the academic and social life of the University during a period of full-time supervised study.
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If you want a good academic environment, in a fun and interesting city, York is the place for you."
Miyuki, Japan
Other opportunities


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Consumer Reports and the 2012 Honda Civic haven't had the best of relationships. The model failed to earn the publication's coveted "recommended" designation for the first time in the vehicle's history after an extensive redesign, but CR has found space in its heart for the 2012 Civic SI.
2012 Volkswagen Jetta Gli
1 / 1
77Consumer Reports recommends Civic Si, but ranks Jetta GLI higher
- Zach Bowman
- Dec 21, 2011
- 77
1Autoblog Podcast #257
1052012 Volkswagen Jetta GLI
68Chicago 2011: Volkswagen debuts turbocharged 2012 Jetta GLI, priced from $23,495
- Steven J. Ewing
- Feb 8, 2011
- 68
14VW teams up with Fender for in-car audio systems
- Damon Lavrinc
- Dec 9, 2010
- 14
Four years ago Volkswagen came up with the V-Dub Rocks promotion, giving away a free guitar with nearly every new 2007 model. So it came with the slightest sense of deja vu when VW announced a partnership with Fender. This time, however, a guitar isn't part of the package, and instead, VW will be offering select 2012 models with an all-new Fender Premium Audio System, featuring nine speakers equipped with proprietary Panasonic tech, dual voice coil speakers and extended range tweeters. The first
1 / 1
- Volvo shoots for self-drivers by 2021
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- Find Parts & Accessories for your vehicle!
- Obama rolls out new EV plan
- Infiniti dealers ranked best, Tesla worst
- Compare Volvo XC90 and Lincoln MKX


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Jud Suss (Jew Suess): The Deluxe Restored Version
|Additional DVD options
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(Apr 17, 2008)
"Please retry"
Deal of the Day: Select DC titles on Blu-ray and DVD
Save on featured DC Comics titles including all season 1s of The Flash, Arrow, and Gotham. This offer ends at 11:59:59 PM (PT) on July 25, 2016. Learn more
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Editorial Reviews
Historical Slide Show: The Life & Trials of Joseph Süss Oppenheimer by John Abbott
Video Commentary by Harvard's Eric Rentschler
Illustrated 22 page Essay Booklet by Louisiana State University's David Culbert**
Original Promotional Materials and Posters Slide Show
Interactive Scene Selection
Switchable English, French & Italian Subtitles
Digitally Restored from Original 35mm Film Elements using state of the art daVinci RevivalTM Technology by I-Cubed Chicago
**Jud Suess (Jew Suess, Germany, 1940) is the most successful anti-Semitic feature film ever made, a product of opportunism, brilliant acting, and the hateful agenda of Joseph Goebbels, Nazi propaganda minister. It remains notorious to this day. Softbound, 22 pages, 29 B&W and Color Photos, 4 1/2 x 7 inches size. Booklet included with this DVD.
Special Features
Product Details
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Top Customer Reviews
novel by Jewish author Lion Feuchtwanger - obviously, the Nazis completely distorted the source material so that this film is completely anti-Semitic. The movie was a huge success at its time - millions of Germans watched it and SS boss Heinrich Himmler made viewing the movie mandatory for every member of his organization. Today the film is banned in Germany.
In 18th century Germany, the foolish duke of Wurttenberg decides to make the Jewish businessman Joseph Suss Oppenheimmer his financial adviser. Soon disaster will come to the dukedom, in the form of a higher cost of living (under advice from Suss, the duke sharply rises all sort of taxes). Suss also advices the duke to let the Jews enter Wurttenberg (from where they were banned from residing). Eventually, the members of Wurttenberg council, decides to rise against the duke and his adviser.
Ironically, in some ways the message of the movie looks different today than originally intended. To a modern audience, the Germans in the movie are so naïve, ignorant and narrow minded that they seem off
putting, while Suss appears to be, until he turns into a rapist and torturer toward the end, not such a bad guy, just a sharp, quick if a bit ethically loose businessman. Putting tolls in the roads of Wurttenberg doesn't look to be such a bad thing, while the politicians of the council opposing Suss seem uptight, arrogant and pompous.Read more ›
i would be a phony, if i'd say, i can identify
with words like 'patriotism', 'honor', 'allegiance',
'proud', 'loyalness' or anything
else like this!
i am absolutely not anti-semitic,
i don't believe anybody is better
than another people, just 'cause
of religion, skincolor or policy affinity!
dear americans!
in germany is this movie in point of fact still prohibited!
it was captured on film in 1940 and 'til now, more than 70 years later, it is
still banned by the german censor!
that is desolate!
it should not be censored - it should be compulsory subject in
all senjor classes, in every obligatory secondary school!
if a student realizes the audio-visual policy of the nazis,
he/she will also know much more, how to expose
with the propaganda today!
no matter, who wants to purchase influence!
since i saw this film the first time, i am
much more "sharp-eyed"!
don't be afraid of the movie, have no fears of contacts -
but see it with the respect and the knowledge what it
has helped to do with 6 million
innocent people!
the plot of the movie is describable with
less words:
a greedy, devious, lustfully jew influences a simple-minded
duke to fleece the german people...but at the end the
just punishment claims him!
this movie is so dangerous, because the brainwash
is often so subtile, so subliminal, that you have
to face every single scene like a 'criminal investigator'!
for example:
dorothea, the girl oppenheimer want's to have, asks him
where in the world he lived in his life before, and
where he deeply felt at home.Read more ›
Most Recent Customer Reviews
Interesting movie showing that it is easy to treat People. Why it is so easy ?Published 12 months ago by fg
This is a fascinating movie, well acted and with high production values. It is also a slap in the face of those Germans of Jewish descent (two personal heroes, Fritz Haber and... Read morePublished 14 months ago by ERIC RACHUT M.D.
A hateful example of Nazi anti-semitic propaganda cinema, but very useful in understanding that horrible phenomenon. Read morePublished 18 months ago by Thomas Ochiltree II
Ironically the lesson of this film is:
Beware of silver tonged political leaders that promise wealth and superiority by use of immoral means. Read more
This movie may be a lot of things but it did not TEACH Germans to hate Jews. It echoes the dishonesty of antisemitism. Read morePublished on October 6, 2013 by vvv


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St. Vincent's signature guitar for Ernie Ball Music Man looks absolutely awesome.... Read more »
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Engine Performance problem
1994 Mercury Cougar V8 Two Wheel Drive Automatic 160, 00 miles
my cougar is using a excessive amount of gas and I can smell a raw gas smell when driving, it is a bit sluggish and I need to travel 800 miles to get home and I sure wont make it in this condition can you help? I was told the egr valve and/or mass air flow sensor?
Friday, April 30th, 2010 AT 8:21 AM


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Company Overview of Swaki Investment Corporation Limited
Company Overview
Swaki Group is based in Manzini, Swaziland. As of April 1, 2010, Swaki Group operates as a subsidiary of Kirsh Holdings Group.
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268 505 2001
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Mon, Apr 11 2016. 05 43 PM
The Jungle Book has garnered much praise for its Indian voice cast that includes names like Nana Patekar, Om Puri and Irrfan. A list of ten other animation films that Bollywood actors lent their voices to
Fri, Apr 08 2016. 06 07 PM
Indian menswear is in desperate need of an audacious endorser, and he, with his coolness and discipline, could be the man
Fri, Apr 01 2016. 06 31 PM
Fashion, film and white lilies at Manish Malhotra's party for the luxury conference speakers and team
Mon, Dec 21 2015. 05 54 PM
With the release of Bajirao Mastani, the already spectacular genre seems to have hit an all-time high
Thu, Oct 29 2015. 07 39 PM
Year's second half began on a promising note with Baahubali, Bajrangi Bhaijaan making more than Rs.500 crore each worldwide, but quickly saw a downslide
Fri, Jun 05 2015. 01 00 AM
Lawyer Sudhir Kumar Ojha's case against Amitabh Bachchan, Madhuri Dixit for endorsing Maggi isn't his first against a celebrity
Tue, Feb 03 2015. 08 54 PM
Ashok Pandit dubbed the comedy show as performing a 'porn show on stage' and made some uncharitable remarks against Karan Johar
Thu, Jan 22 2015. 11 36 PM
Air India's new mascot fuels the ongoing narrative of the contemporary Indian male as a caricature (that is when he is not a rapist)
Fri, Jan 09 2015. 06 40 PM
Bollywood production past its sell-by date
Sat, Jan 03 2015. 12 38 AM
Indian fashion weeks complete 15 years, H&M is set to launch, the Victoria & Albert Museum's tribute to fabrics of India, a quirky take on the Kerala 'mundu'—10 highlights from the 2015 fashion book
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John HiattMon, August 26, 2013 - 8:00 PMPabst Theatre in Milwaukee, WI
We are sorry, the date for this event has already passed. This event took place on 8/26/2013. Click here to view upcoming events for John Hiatt.
Still unsure? Check out our user reviews for:
Have a question? Need help? Call us at 800.477.5285


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Book your room at Econo Lodge Clinton
Get an overview of this hotelMotel in Clinton with free breakfast and seasonal outdoor pool
Situated in Clinton, this motel is within 9 mi (15 km) of Metrocenter Mall, Jackson State University, and Battlefield Park. Jackson Zoological Park and Mississippi Governor's Mansion are also within 12 mi (20 km).
Property Features
Self parking, a seasonal outdoor pool, and dry cleaning are available at this motel. Free continental breakfast and free WiFi in public areas are also provided. Other amenities include laundry facilities, free newspapers, and tour/ticket assistance.
Room Amenities
All 52 rooms provide conveniences like refrigerators and microwaves, plus free WiFi and flat-screen TVs with cable channels. Pillowtop beds, coffee makers, and free local calls are among the other amenities available to guests.Would you like to give us feedback? Share it! Opens in a new window
Econo Lodge Clinton103 Clinton Center Dr Clinton MS 39056
Hotel Amenities
Hotel Amenities
A complimentary breakfast is offered. High-speed wireless Internet access is complimentary. This Clinton motel also offers a seasonal outdoor pool, tour/ticket assistance, and gift shops/newsstands. Parking is available onsite for a surcharge.
- Free newspapers in lobby
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Free breakfast
- Free WiFi
- Gift shops or newsstand
- Laundry facilities
- Outdoor seasonal pool
- Pool sun loungers
- RV, bus, truck parking
- Self parking (surcharge)
- Total number of rooms - 52
- Tours/ticket assistance
Family Friendly Amenities
- Free Wi-Fi
- Laundry facilities
- Microwave
- Refrigerator
Available in all rooms: Free WiFi
Available in some public areas: Free WiFi
Self parking (surcharge), RV, bus, truck parking
Room Amenities
- Air conditioning
- Cable TV service
- In-room climate control (air conditioning)
- Coffee/tea maker
- Flat-panel TV
- Free local calls
- Free WiFi
- Hair dryer
- In-room safe
- Iron/ironing board
- Microwave
- Pay movies
- Phone
- Pillowtop mattress
- Refrigerator
- Television
Where to Eat
Guests are offered a complimentary continental breakfast.
Nearby Things to Do
- Golfing nearby
To make requests for specific accessibility needs, complete the "Special or Accessibility Requests" section of "Trip Preferences" when you book your hotel.
- In-room accessibility
Hotel Policies
Check-in time starts at 2 PM
Check-out time is 11 AM
Payment types
- Pets not allowed
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
Hotel Name
- Econo Lodge Clinton
- Econo Lodge Motel Clinton
- Econo Lodge Clinton Motel
- Clinton Econo Lodge
We should mention
Children 18 years old and younger stay free when occupying the parent or guardian's room, using existing bedding.


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Huge SHARKS and chelsea supporter! Will not tweet 50 times a day, but will be amusing! love 80's rock!
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The Hinesville City Council during its Thursday meeting approved the purchase of more than a half million dollars worth of equipment for its public-works department.
Georgia Land Trust staffers recently informed the Liberty County Board of Commissioners of possible violations of conservation easements, such as unauthorized timbering and trespassing on conservation lands in the county.
Federal and state funding cuts, in addition to a sluggish economy, are hurting local organizations and the services they provide.
First District representative Mary Hamilton gave Ludowici City Council options on Tuesday for the city to join the Southeast Georgia Friends of Fort Stewart and Hunter.
Parents with children attending the Liberty County Pre-K Center have complained the center's new afternoon parent walk-in pick-up policy is inconvenient and forces those who arrive early to wait outside. School officials say there is little to no wait for parents to pick up their children if they arrive on time.
Hinesville City Council members Thursday saw and approved preliminary plans for a Zaxby's that is to be built on Highway 84, across from First Presbyterian Christian Church.
Representatives from the city of Midway and the Liberty County Development Authority and their respective attorneys met Friday to discuss the manner in which water and wastewater usage rates and connection fees are charged. The city and development authority have an intergovernmental agreement in place to share water and sewer infrastructure. The authority operates an industrial park in Midway and the Tradeport East Business Park adjoining Midway's city limits.
In an effort to prepare for any potential hurricanes that could strike the coast this season, the Liberty County Emergency Management Agency already has its post-storm debris-cleanup plan in place.
Walthourville City Councilwoman Luciria Luckey Lovette recently was elected to the board of directors for the Georgia Municipal Association during the association's annual meeting in Savannah.
The Hinesville Fire Department on Tuesday afternoon received a $4,100 donation from Firehouse Subs to provide car seats to eligible applicants. The money comes from the company's Public Safety Foundation, which was created after Hurricane Katrina in 2005. For more on this story, see Friday's Coastal Courier.
A majority of the Liberty County Commission changed its collective mind Tuesday and voted to commit $2,000 toward the hiring of a consulting firm that would market the county and its cities to retailers and restaurateurs.
The Long County Commission on Tuesday reported that fees collected to cover the cost of the 911 service were coming up short, and the cost of the county's emergency-management service is going to increase.
The Hinesville City Council's Thursday meeting was only 51 minutes long, but in that time the board approved three planning-and-zoning action items and two bids for equipment and services.
The Long County Commission on Wednesday made a special allowance so Sgt. Stefan M. Smith could be buried at his home in Long County.
More than 1,000 people from around the coastal region descended on Long County on Sunday afternoon to pay their respects to and support the family of Sgt. Stefan Smith, a 3rdInfantry Division soldier and Ludowici resident who was killed in action July 23 in Afghanistan. Smith's wife, Kristi Smith, and children, Dewey, Denver and Gracie Smith, live in Ludowici.
The Liberty County Reentry Coalition recently hosted a workshop to teach faith-based organizations how they can help former inmates during their transition back into society.
Early voting for the two countywide races that were forced to a runoff election begins Tuesday and goes through July 22, according to Long County ...
Liberty County Sheriff Steve Sikes and the Board of Elections recently filed responses denying allegations of wrongdoing in the May 24 Democratic primary for sheriff ...
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It is important to set just one goal you can stick with when putting together an exercise routine, says registered dietitian Mitzi Dulan. Other tips for creating a successful workout include having a plan and support team, keeping things simple, and using music or other forms of motivation.
Full Story:NutritionExpert.com


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Separate names with a comma.
Also two or three threads on...
Is this WiFi only or LTE you're talking?
Perspective instantiates reality.
( By DX w/DF app. )
Rooting stuff with the non-removable battery is a concern.
I posted this on HoFo before the D4 release. It might help:
"OK. I think I'm...
The LG Revolution is an interesting 4G omission.
Perspective instantiates reality.
( By DX w/DF app. )
Disagree. The hypothetical "entitlement" is that -- despite the now circular nature of (our) argument -- I still believe that I'm -- morally and...
I have seen posts saying that the ctrl cut & paste options are gone. Useful post. Thank you!
Is there any document, like a manual or...
I remember a choice other than unlimited for less $. Maybe the rep mis-spoke, maybe I misunderstood, maybe your facts aren't as cut and dried as...
Thanks! Useful post.
Perspective instantiates reality.
( By DX w/DF app. )
Answered on Mar 2. Read the thread.
Perspective instantiates reality.
( By DX w/DF app. )
The question I'd ask is: Can the D4 fixed battery work for the heavy user? What is required to use the D4 for music, LTE surfing and/or video 4 or...
LTE is the only reason I skipped on the D3. If I could get a D3 with LTE & a full gig of RAM, I'd prefer it to the D4.
LTE is like sex, until...
See the HoFo D4 Pre-release thread.
Perspective instantiates reality.
( By DX w/DF app. )
Nope. Totally different concept. More along the lines of Chrome OS.
Don't be too quick to count Mozilla out. The Firefox browser beat out IE...
No Moto patent. It's the same battery tech used in iPhones.
What I'd really like to see is a std Lithium hard metal case extended battery that...
A Singer who can "sound like the stars" (e.g. Billy Voltaire) is a lounge rat. You need to differentiate to reach the top.
I also have chickens on my farm -- none with teeth though; good QWERTYs are getting scarce as hen's teeth.
A global D4G MAXX with ICS, a 3.3amp...
Nah. No manufacturer makes anything without an eye to the market. Many, if not most, produce to fill customer orders.
In this case, it is...
I have a farm on a US highway right on a busy RR right-of-way. Been here a few years now, so sometimes I hardly notice the trains going by.
For me, the above post reads a little like a vzw advertisement.
The idea that the display matches the D1, IMO, is used hogwash. Two years later,...
I have grandfathered unlimited data but it is no guarantee I won't get throttled if vzw changes its throttling ways.
AT&T has just gone to a...


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J Maze Design is looking for another web programmer to join our team. This position is primarily responsible for accurate and timely completion of a wide range of projects.
These projects will be done in conjunction with our design and project management team. Projects range in complexity from very simple HTML to data-driven applications written in ASP, PHP/ MySQL.
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