text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Dec 15, 1987
|Filing date
|Aug 29, 1985
|Priority date
|Aug 29, 1985
|Fee status
|Publication number
|John T. Wilson, Jr., Barbara H. Wilson
|Original Assignee
|The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (5), Non-Patent Citations (27), Referenced by (106), Classifications (19), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention relates to the aerobic biodegradation of certain halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons and more particularly to the biodegradation of unsaturated halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons in aqueous systems by treatment of the aqueous system with microorganisms which have the ability to aerobically degrade low molecular weight alkanes.
There has been substantial work directed to procedures by which polluted water may be purified by the removal of halogenated organic components. Some of these processes involve the use of various types of microorganisms. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,401,569 to Jhaveri et al discloses methods and apparatus for treating ground water contaminated with halogenated hydrocarbon compounds. The process involves degradation of the halogenated hydrocarbons by a microorganism. In this process, growth of microorganisms is enhanced under controlled conditions by addition of nutrients and gases such as oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide or a combination. Treated water carrying these microorganisms, nutrients and gases is then returned for recirculation through a contaminated area of ground to leach out and biodegrade contaminants deposited in the ground. This patent is primarily concerned with removal of hydrocarbons from contaminated ground and ground water. The Jhaveri process uses the hydrocarbon as the feed stock; that is, the hydrocarbon provides the carbon and energy to support the growth of the active microorganisms. The only compounds which will support the growth of microorganism in this process are those that are capable of serving as a sole carbon and energy source.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,979,283 to Prudom discloses a process for the microbial degradation of DDT (dichlorodiphenyl-trichloroethane) by contact with microorganisms. However, the work in this patent is limited to aromatic halogenated hydrocarbons which are degraded with the non-pathogenic, hydrocarbon utilizing strains of Nocardia, Candida and Penicillium species. A similar disclosure may be found in U.S. Pat. No. 4,447,541 to Peterson which discusses various methods for biological decomposition of polyhalogenated organic compounds (PCB's) by treatment with microorganisms of the Pseudomonas type under special conditions of soil pH.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,452,894 to Olsen et al and No. 4,385,121 to Knowlton also disclose the degradation of hydrocarbons and halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons, respectively, using aerobic methods.
A substantial problem in this area is the contamination of drinking water by halogenated hydrocarbons which heretofore appeared non-biodegradable. Compounds such as trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, carbon tetrachloride, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, vinyl chloride, 1,2-dichloroethane, and the like are especially difficult to remove from water. The extent of contamination in industrial regions is suggested from a survey of the State of New Jersey (Tucker, "Groundwater Quality in New Jersey: an Investigation of Toxic Contaminants"; Available from Office of Cancer and Toxic Substances Research, New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection). This study showed that more than a quarter of the wells sampled contained detectable concentrations of halogenated aliphatic compounds, a tenth had concentrations in excess of 10 ug/l, and one to two percent had concentrations in excess of 100 ug/l. The "Safe Drinking Water Act" (42 USC 300) requires the Environmental Protection Agency to establish primary drinking water regulations. One of the aspects of these regulations is to establish a maximum contamination level of halogenated organic materials such as those mentioned above. Proposed rules for drinking water regulations were published in the Federal Register, Volume 49, No. 114, 24329-24355, June 12, 1984.
The proposed Recommended Maximum Contaminant Levels (RMCL's) are zero for trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, and carbon tetrachloride, and 200 ug/l for 1,1,1-trichloroethane.
Substantial work has been carried out to determine the levels of contaminants of this type, together with attempts as to how such contaminants may be removed. For example, Parsons et al, J. Am. Water Works Assoc., Vol. 76 (2), February 1984, pages 56-59, studied the contamination of drinking water by trichloroethene, which is a compound used as a drycleaning solvent. Wilson et al, J. Environ. Qual., Volume 10, No. 4, pages 501-506, 1981, discusses a study of the vulnerability of ground waters to pollution by organic chemicals that migrate through the soil, including various halogenated hydrocarbons. This article concluded that most low molecular weight halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons were transported readily through the soil, which explained the increasingly frequent occurrence of these compounds in ground water.
In a publication by Wilson et al, EOS, Vol. 64, No. 33, page 505, Aug. 16, 1983, the authors studied the biological transformation of organic pollutants in ground water, and particularly the biotransformations of organic pollutants in the deeper subsurface environment. It was concluded that the rate of transformation is limited by the numbers and activity of microorganisms available, while the extent of transformation is most frequently limited by some requirement for metabolism such as oxygen, pH buffering capacity or mineral nutrients. In Table 2 of this publication the authors also set forth their opinion as to prospects for biotransformation of several important classes of organic pollutants found in ground water. The predictions were based on a cautious extrapolation from the behavior of the compounds and other natural systems. In general, the authors concluded as may be noted from Table 2 of that publication that for many halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons there was no prospect of biotransformation in water table aquifers.
A further study was reported by Wilson et al, In Giuliano Ziglio, page 183-195, 1983, Monduzzi Editorie SPA, Bologna, Italy, wherein it was reported that, in general, halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons are resistent to biodegradation in aerobic subsurface environments and this contributes to their persistence in polluted ground waters.
In a publication by Love et al, J. Am. Water Works Assoc., Vol. 74, August 1982, pages 413-425, there is set forth the results of studies on laboratory and pilot scales to ascertain the effects of aeration, adsorption and boiling for the removal of volatile organic solvents from water. None of these methods appear to be satisfactory for the removal of certain of these volatile materials.
Other work has included qualitative and quantitative studies with respect to the amount of volatile organic compounds of this type which may be contained in the soil or in the water. For example, in a publication by Bellar et al, J. Am. Water Works Assoc., Vol. 66, December, 1974, pages 739-744, the authors describe a method for the quantitative recovery of volatile organic compounds including chlorinated organic solvents from waste water using gas chromatographic procedures.
Studies have also been carried out with respect to possible transformation of halogenated aliphatic compounds using various bacteria. For example, in a publication by Bouwer et al, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., Volume 45, (4), pages 1286-1294, April, 1983, the transformation of 1- and 2-carbon halogenated aliphatic organic compounds was studied under methanogenic conditions. These authors concluded that several 1- and 2-carbon halogenated aliphatic organic compounds which were present at low concentrations in ground water were degraded under methanogenic conditions in batch baterial cultures and in a continuous flow methanogenic fixed film laboratory scale column. The authors suggest that transformation of halogented aliphatic compounds can occur under methanogenic conditions in the environment, but it was their conclusion that degradation of halogenated aliphatic compounds did not occur under the aerobic conditions of the study.
Many studies have been made with respect to bacteria contained in water of various types. Thus, in a publication by Wilson et al, Ground Water, Volume 21, No. 2, March-April, 1983, pages 134-142, the authors studied the enumeration and characterization of bacteria which are indigenous to a shallow water table aquifer. The goal of this study was simply to determine the bacteria present in such environments. In these studies concentrations of various halogenated organic volatile materials were determined and their degradation by bacteria contained in water table aquifers were then measured. The conclusions were that certain materials were degraded slowly and others were not degraded at all. For example, there was no detectable degradation of 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,1,2-trichloroethane, trichloroethylene or tetrachloroethylene. A similar report is described by Wilson et al in Developments of Industrial Microbiology, Vol. 24, p. 225-233 (1983).
In none of the prior art of which Applicants are aware are there successful procedures for degradation of certain low molecular weight halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons, and particularly unsaturated chlorinated hydrocarbons under aerobic conditions. The present invention provides a solution to this problem.
It is accordingly one object of the invention to provide a method for the degradation of certain low molecular weight halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons under aerobic conditions so as to degrade and effectively remove these halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons from water.
A further object of the invention is to provide a method for the purification of water including purification of ground water.
A still further object of the invention is to provide a method for the aerobic degradation of low molecular weight chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons which are contained in aqueous systems by the use of microorganisms which have the capacity to metabolize gaseous hydrocarbons.
Other objects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent as the description thereof proceeds.
In satisfaction of the foregoing objects and advantages, there is provided by this invention a process for the removal of low molecular weight halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons from water, which comprises treating the water with organisms which have the capability to aerobically degrade low molecular weight hydrocarbons by the action of a monooxygenase which produces the corresponding alcohol.
Reference is now made to the drawing accompanying the application which illustrates the effective degradation of trichlorethylene in accordance with the process of the invention.
The present invention is concerned with methods for the aerobic degradation of low molecular weight halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons, and especially chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons, to effectively remove these contaminating materials from aqueous systems. The aqueous systems with which the invention is concerned include drinking water as well as ground water, industrial waste waters and waters such as those produced by an interdiction well designed to intercept and remove a plume of contaminated ground water. The invention is particularly applicable to the treatment of ground water either in situ or by removal of a portion of the water, subjecting it to treatment and then returning the water to its environment. Broadly, however, the invention is concerned with the treatment of water regardless of its location or source to remove the indicated contaminants.
The invention is considered to be particularly suitable for improvements in the purities of ground water and drinking water by the removal of certain low molecular weight halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons so as to cause contaminated water to conform to the requirements of the Safe Water Drinking Act as discussed above. No methods have previously been reported in the prior art for removal or degradation of these halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons.
According to the present invention, it has been discovered that certain bacteria as described hereinafter will aerobically degrade low molecular weight halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons. Compounds contained in water which may be degraded by the method of the invention include, in particular, trichloroethylene, 1,1,2-trichloroethane, dichloromethane, chloroform, 1,1-dichloroethane, 1,2-dichloroethane and cis-1,2-dichloroethylene, trans-1,2-dichloroethylene, 1,2-dibromoethane and vinyl chloride. The process is particularly satisfactory in the degradation of unsaturated aliphatic halogenated hydrocarbons. This group of compounds is ordinarily resistant to biodegradation in aerobic subsurface environments, as disclosed in the prior art publications mentioned above, and this characteristic contributes to their persistence in pollution of ground waters. While there is some consideration in the art with regard to biotransformation of these compounds in anaerobic subsurface materials, the transformations are often incomplete, and occasionally result in the accumulation of products that are as much a problem as the original contaminants, such as the conversion of trichloroethylene or tetrachloroethylene to vinyl chloride.
The current technology for reclaiming ground water polluted with these compounds primarily involves pumping the water to the surface and either stripping out the compounds in aeration towers or removing the pollutants on some type of sorbing material. The present invention, however, provides a method for treatment of contaminated water which can be carried out in situ so as to result in destruction of the contaminants rather than simple transfer to another environmental medium. This process thus has substantial economic and environmental advantages which are applicable directly at the pollution site.
The effective aerobic agent of the present invention comprises organisms which will metabolize low molecular weight hydrocarbons using a class of enzymes called monooxygenases. The bacteria or microorganisms used in the present invention are those bacteria which have the capability to aerobically degrade low molecular weight alkanes by beginning their attack with the action of a monooxygenase which produces the corresponding alcohol. Apparently these monooxygenases have low specificity and will accept a variety of compounds.
As a class, the microorganisms for use in the present invention are those microorganisms which proliferate in the soil when exposed to a mixture of a low molecular weight hydrocarbon and oxygen. Low molecular weight hydrocarbons include methane, ethane, n-propane, n-butane or mixtures thereof. The oxygen is preferably supplied as air but pure oxygen may be used. Also, other substances may be used which liberate oxygen such as hydrogen peroxide.
The present invention takes advantage of the metabolic activity of these indigenous microorganisms, in order to aerobically degrade certain halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons, and particularly chlorinated ethanes and ethenes of this class. As indicated above, these bacteria apparently aerobically degrade low molecular weight alkanes by beginning their attack with the action of monooxygenase to produce the corresponding alcohol. They appear to have low specificity and accept a variety of compounds. Further, the monooxygenase of propane-grown bacteria transforms ethylene to ethylene oxide, which in turn is further degraded.
The process can occur in any material that can be colonized by alkane oxidizing bacteria. Oxygen, either in pure form or as air or other admixture, or oxygen-liberating substance, together with an alkane, and optionally an inoculum of appropriate bacteria, is added to the water to be treated. On proliferation of the alkane oxidizing bacteria, the halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbon is degraded. The only product of degradation which can be identified is carbon dioxide.
There are a number of procedures which have been theoretically proposed for the enhancement of indigenous microorganisms to encourage biological transformation of pollutants. However, all of these, such as the process of Jhaveri et al, U.S. Pat. No. 4,401,569 discussed above, appear to involve the addition of dissolved oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, iron magnesium, calcium, or other inorganic nutrient which stimulates general microbial activity by supplying nutrients which are inadequately available to cause microbial activity. In contrast to these types of processes, the method of this invention involves the unique addition of an oxygen or an oxygen containing compound and an organic material, i.e., an alkane, to stimulate the activity of specific microorganisms which will biodegrade specific materials; that is, halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons such as trichloroethylene. The method degrades these halogenated aliphatic compounds aerobically without the production of byproducts which are in themselves unwanted materials. Thus, the products from the process of this invention are carbon dioxide and water so that the halogenated organic compound is removed from the water.
Microorganisms of this type used in this invention are described, by Hou et al, for example, in Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Volume 46, No. 1, pages 171-177, July, 1983. The agents are described in this publication as being effective to epoxidize ethylene. They are also described as bacteria that can use as the sole sources of carbon and energy, 1-carbon compounds, thus the name methanotrophic bacteria. Methanotrophic bacteria, their biochemical diversity and genetics are described by Haber et al, Science, Volume 221, pages 1147-1153, September, 1983. Methanotrophic bacteria as described by Haber et al designate bacteria that can use methane to produce carbon and energy. As described by Haber et al, approximately 50% of the organic carbon which is degraded anaerobically is converted to methane, most of which is oxidized by methanotrophs to carbon dioxide before it reaches the atmosphere. In aquatic environments Haber et al points out that these microbes are numerous in regions where methane produced from anaerobic decomposition of organic matter and oxygen from the atmosphere are present at concentrations optimal for their growth. The entire disclosures of the Hou et al and Haber et al publications are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety as disclosing known sources and characteristics of the microorganisms of the invention.
While Hou et al, Haber et al and Bouwer et al, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., Vol. 45 (4), pages 1286-1294, April, 1983, all recognized that compounds of this type may be biotransformed by anaerobic materials such as acetate degrading methanogens, it was unexpected that such processess would be effective in subsurface materials, since transformations of these types are often incomplete and occasionally result in the accumulation of unwanted products. It was therefore unexpected that the process of the present invention would be operable to provide excellent results in biodegradation of halogenated aliphatic compounds in aerobic subsurface environments.
The microorganisms used in the present invention have been identified in the art and the methanotrophs, for example, have been identified by their wide-spread distribution, their taxonomic diversity and their physiological properties. They are described for example by Colby et al, Annu. Rev. Microbiol., Vol. 33, page 481, 1979; by Hansen in Adv. Appl. Microbiol., Vol. 26, 3, 1980; and Higgins et al, Microbiol. Rev., Vol. 45, 556, 1981. The bacteria are all gram negative, obligate aerobes and exist in a variety of shapes, such as rods, vibrios and cocci. These bacteria are numerous in aquatic environments at concentrations optimal for their growth.
In conducting the process, the bacteria contained in water are treated with oxygen or air and a low molecular weight alkane. Exposure of the microorganisms to the mixture of aliphatic alkane and air will cause the bacteria to proceed with degradation of certain halogenated aliphatic compound present in the water. In practical operation, it is preferred in one embodiment to treat the water with a stream of air which contains a mixture of the lower alkane and also contains oxygen. For example, a mixture of natural gas and air is satisfactory and a preferred method is to contact the water to cause the microorganisms to aerobically degrade the halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbon. A period of time will be necessary for acclimation of the microbes to the mixture of alkane and oxygen.
The process is operable to degrade halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons at concentrations of up to 200 micrograms per liter, and has been operated satisfactorily at concentrations of 200 micrograms per liter and 30 micrograms per liter of trichloroethylene. The solubility of oxygen itself may be too low to permit complete degradation of saturated solutions of methane, n-butane, or n-propane. Hydrogen peroxide or other oxygen source can be added in order to achieve complete oxidative metabolism of the alkane.
The invention may be practiced by treating water in situ or by removing the water and treating by the process of the invention and then returning the water to its environment. Obviously, however, since removal of water from its environment for treatment is an expensive procedure, and an advantage of the present invention is that water such as ground water may be treated in situ by addition of a solution of low molecular weight alkane and oxygen or substance which will liberate oxygen to achieve the degradation of the contaminating compounds.
For in situ reclamation, the oxygen and the hydrocarbon to support growth must be dissolved in the water. In actual tests in aquifer microcosms containing approximately 30 mg/L oxygen and 7 mg/L methane, methanotrophs degrade roughly half of the trichloroethylene present, regardless of the initial trichloroethylene concentration, over a range of 10 to 1,000 u/L of trichloroethylene. Extensive removals of trichloroethylene in situ would probably require repeated treatments with solutions of oxygen and the gaseous hydrocarbon. In one test of microcosms constructed from aquifer material, acclimation of organisms required about 4 weeks. In another test of microcosms constructed from aquifer material, acclimation was well along in only 10 days. Accordingly, results may vary depending on the contaminated water source.
There are several ways the process can be carried out in the field. Thus, if a plume originates from a source that cannot be terminated, such as a sensitive military installation or an active factory, injection wells can be installed across the plume for injection of concentrated solutions of gaseous hydrocarbons and other solutions of pure oxygen or hydrogen-peroxide. Dispersion would mix the injected waters with the plume, allowing the microbes to reduce the concentration of the contaminant.
In a different situation, contaminated water can be pumped to the surface, treated with hydrocarbon and oxygen, then re-injected either in the same well or another well. The renovated water can be recovered from the injection well in a fill-and-draw cycle, or it can be drawn to a second recovery well on a continuous basis.
The following examples are presented to illustrate the invention, but it is not to be considered as limited thereto. In the examples, parts are by weight unless otherwise indicated.
In this example, water containing known amounts of trichloroethylene was subjected to the process of the invention. In the method, sandy soil was packed into a glass column to a depth of 150 cm. Then water containing trichloroethylene was applied at the rate of 21 cm per day. The elution volume of the column was 41 cm of water. Water entering and leaving the column passed through 16 ml screw cap test tubes that were sealed with a Teflon faced septum. As appropriate, the tubes were removed for analysis of trichloroethylene according to the United States Environmental Protection Agency test method No. 601, (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1982, Methods for Organic Chemical Analysis of Municipal and Industrial Waste Water, EPA 600/4-82-057, Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268). The tubes were then left in place long enough for 15 to 25 flushings before the samples were taken. With the exception of the sampling method, the construction and operation of the column was the same as described by Wilson et al, J. Environ. Qual., Volume 10, pages 501-506, 1981.
A stream of air containing 0.6 percent natural gas by volume was passed over the head of the column. Three weeks were allowed for acclimation, after which the soil received water which contained trichloroethylene at an average concentration of 150 micrograms per liter. The concentrations of the trichloroethylene in the column effluent were then monitored for two weeks. The removal of trichloroethylene was extensive, with less than 5 percent of the applied trichloroethylene passing through the soil. See the graph accompanying the application. This contrasts sharply with the breakthrough of 28 percent of applied trichloroethylene in our earlier work, where volatilization was the only removal process, (Wilson et al, J. Environ. Qual., Volume 10, pages 501-506, 1981).
To confirm that the increased removal represented biological activity, the column was poisoned with water that contained 224 micrograms per liter of trichloroethylene and 2 grams per liter of sodium azide. As will be noted from the graph accompanying the application, breakthrough of the trichloroethylene increased dramatically.
In an attempt to identify the products of the biotransformation, a second column was acclimated to natural gas, then dosed with a solution of 14C -trichloroethylene. After 1.6 solution volumes of water had been applied, 15.8�0.3 percent (alpha=0.05) of the applied radiolabel appeared in the column effluent. This label could not be purged from the solution by vigorous aeration when the pH was adjusted to 11. At least 97 percent (alpha=0.05) of the label was purged when the pH was adjusted to 2 and at least 93 percent (alpha=0.05) of the label precipitated with barium hydroxide. Apparently, the trichloroethylene degraded to carbon dioxide.
The biological activity lowered the concentration of the trichloroethylene roughly an order of magnitude during the two day residence time of water in the column. A rate of this type is adequate for in situ reclamation.
In this example, there is set forth the rate of attack and results on twelve halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons contained in aerobic sand soil. The experimental conditions were as set forth in Example 1. The top 10 cm of soil in the column contained from ten million to 100 million bacteria per gram. These conditions can be taken as a lower limit on the rate of treatment in a surface-based treatment system (as in the soil column) where the contaminated water is exposed to a mixture of gaseous hydrocarbons in air. The combustion of a volume of methane requires about 2 volumes of pure oxygen. Because air is 20% oxygen, combustion of a mixture of 9-10% methane in air would result in the near complete removal of both gases. There was used 0.6% methane in air in order to be well below the lower explosive limit for methane in air. The results are set forth in the following table:
______________________________________ Rate of Rate of Removal at % Removalb 95% Confi-Compound Removeda hr-1 dence hr-1______________________________________Trichloroethylene (TCE) 95 0.95 0.75Trans - 1,2 >94 >0.86c --DichloroethyleneCis - 1,2 >98 >1.2c --Dichloroethylene1,2 - dibromoethane 94 0.86 0.42(EDB)Dichloromethane 94 0.91 0.41Chloroform 83 0.55 0.291,2 - Dichloroethane 85 0.60 0.561,1 - Dichloroethane 76 0.44 0.411,1,2 - Trichloroethane 55 0.25 0.221,1,1 - Trichloroethane 19 0.067 0.023(TCA)Carbon Tetrachloride 44 0.18 0.13Tetrachloroethylene 31 0.11 0.085(PCE)______________________________________ a Material that passed through a living soil � material that passed through soil killed with 0.1% sodium azide � 100. b Assumes all the biological activity is uniformly distributed in th top 10 cm of soil. c Concentrations were below detection units after passage through living soil.
As will be noted from the table, substantial amounts of most of the materials were removed or degraded by the process. All degradations were considered satisfactory to excellent except for 1,1,1-trichloroethane, carbon tetrachloride, and tetrachloroethylene which were less than 50% degraded.
The invention has been described herein with reference to certain preferred embodiments. However, as obvious variations thereon will become apparent to those skilled in the art, the invention is not to be considered as limited thereto.
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|U.S. Classification
|435/264, 210/606, 435/248, 435/247, 435/250, 210/611, 210/620
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Nov 12, 1985
Owner name: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AS REPRESENTED BY THE ADM
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:WILSON, JOHN T. JR.;REEL/FRAME:004475/0452
Effective date: 19851101
|May 5, 1987
Owner name: UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:WILSON, BARBARA H.;REEL/FRAME:004717/0547
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|Fee payment
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|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Dec 17, 1995
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Feb 20, 1996
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 19951220


text:
Thayer Hotel Gift Store
This handsome and easy to use Gift Card may be used in all of our food & beverage outlets including MacArthur's Restaurant, Patton's Tavern and our incredible 4,000 square foot rooftop bar, ZuluTime! Whether you are enjoying our famous Sunday Champagne Brunch, having a cocktail after work, a romantic dinner at our Riverview Restaurant or simply looking for the perfect gift for a loved one, The Thayer Gift Card is the way to do it!
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***Cannot be used for payment of guest rooms.***
The Thayer Hotel at West Point
674 Thayer Road • West Point, New York (NY) 10996
Toll Free: 800-247-5047 • Phone: 845-446-4731 ext. 0
Fax: 845-446-0338 • email@example.com
"Leaders don't have bad days...you have to keep cheering your people on, play hurt when necessary, and always be optimistic."
More +
Colonel (Ret.) Cole Kingseed

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Annual Convention
2016 VSBA Annual Convention
November 16 – 18, 2016
Williamsburg Lodge
Exhibit Hall
2016 Exhibitor Brochure - Reserve your booth today!
For more information, contact Brianna Hundley, coordinator of board development, at firstname.lastname@example.com.
Call for Presentation Proposals
The VSBA is accepting proposals to present at the VSBA Annual Convention November 16-18, 2016 at the Williamsburg Lodge. To submit a proposal, please click here: https://www.surveymonkey.com/r/KX7SVTN
The deadline to submit a proposal is August 15, 2016.
The VSBA is looking for moderators for the breakout sessions. Members who volunteer to moderate will earn VSBA Acadmey points. Contact Brianna Hundley, email@example.com, to volunteer.
School architecture competition
The VSBA Exhibition of School Architecture is held annually in conjunction with the VSBA Annual Convention. The goal of the exhibition is to raise awareness among board members about the relationship between good design and effective teaching and learning. VSBA invites your firm to submit exemplary projects. Project will be judged, and exceptionalprojects will garner recognition. Click here to download the application. Applications are due to Brianna Hundley, coordinator of board development, by September 19, 2016. Thank you to M.B. Kahn for sponsoring this years competition.
student achievement fair
The VSBA Annual Convention Student Achievement Fair highlights outstanding initiatives from school divisions across the commonwealth. Programs and practices will be selected based on creativity and impact on student achievement. Because of the limited number of spaces available, please limit submission to one per school division (you may, however, submit one project and one performing group from the same division).
Performing groups will also be selected to entertain attendees during the Student Achievement Fair. To be considered, submit an audio or video recording of the performing group. Groups over 6 participants will not be accepted. Only up to 4 programs and three performing groups will be selected.
Please review the application. Applications are due to VSBA by August 4, 2016. Please send completed applications to Brianna Hundley at firstname.lastname@example.com.
2016 golf tournament
The 2016 VSBA Golf Tournament will be hosted by Moseley Architects. The tournament will take place on Tuesday, November 15, 2016 at the Golden Horseshoe Golf Club on the Green Course, with shotgun at 10:30AM. School Board members and school personnel are free to play! For more information on the tournament and to sign up, click here- registrations are due by November 4, 2016.


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6:00 am
having on your morning commute and along the route of a popular dc parade. good morning and welcome. >> we are gathering details at the scene in boston this morning. we know that three people are dead. this sister lost a leg. >> 126 are injured, 17 in critical condition right now. two unexploded bombs were found near the blast site. and so far no group has claimed responsibility for the attack. it is shaping up to be a nice day around the area. tom is here with what you need to know before you head out the door. >> good morning. breaks in the clouds. live for you here. starting off this morning we
6:01 am
have temperatures down into the low and mid 50s. mid 50s near 50 much of southern maryland where the cloud cover is pretty much gone. mid and upper 50s from the co mountains to the valley. hours of a party sunny morning. by 10:00 ought to be by up pour 60. sunrise is at 6:30. temple hills near 70 degrees there. look at the rest of the afternoon for the region and we'll look at this evening as well. let's look at the temperature morning traffic. checking on closures related to the parade happening in
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northwest. if you are traveling along pennsylvania avenue between 14th and 13th street expect closures along 13th street at e street. expect delays over bw parkway. northbound near powder mill road. police on the scene blocking the right lane. as you head northbound all the way to powder mill road. crashes in the left shoulder lane. take liedelays, you are pretgor good here. >> thank you. >> we have new numbers in this morning we checked in with boston area hospitals. 126 people are still in
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hospitals this morning. even the surgeons are having trouble coming to brips with what happened. >> it is depressing that we take care of accidents all the time. doctors say more than two dozen people either lost a limb or had to have a limb amputated. >> reporter: that is new information. police questioning two men in that boston suburb. they questioned two men this morning. all they are telling us is tho
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are kwo they are questioning those men. they want anyone with audio, or video to send them in for investigation. they are viewing
measures for sunday's race. new york city and los angeles are beefing up
. president
says who ever is responsible for the bombing attack will feel the full weight of justice. flags are at half-staff as the tribute of the explosions. you are looking at a live picture right now. you will notice heightened
around the region. metro officers working over time and they are asking you to keep
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your eyes open and report anything suspicious. you may want to give yourself extra time. pa larade begins at 11:00 am. emachines passion day marks the parade day. doctor in that group performed cpr on another runner. we caught up to some of the group's other members and they say boston looked like a war zone. >> i said no, this can't be a
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bomb. i was a former navy officer and seeing something like that. and 15 seconds later, when the second bomb went off we knew this was for real. more than calling for hope. >> i need lanes open here. the communications as they were rushing to hope. >> tensions remain high. and it is saping up to be a an[ male announcer ] what if you could redesign business travel
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you are looking at every one standing guard over a massive crime scene. >> the governor of massachusetts said boston is open and operating as normal today but expect to see a lot of police presence today. >> i can't help but think, this was very, very similar to what you saw the plank looks on people's faces. and this scene. >> we are hearing stories of
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what warms the heart and those going to the finish line. so we are hoping to hear good stories. we want to get a look at weather and traffic on the one's. >> you will need a light jacket. they have a clear sky there. here is your day ahead. i think much of the region should be party sunny back down into the 60s under a party to mostly cloudy sky.
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we'll start in virginia. use caution as you travel in that area. volume as you continue in the city area. thank you. doing what they could to help. >> i want the road cleared. straight ahead. rushing to help after the deadly blast. >> the impact it could have on hey, what are you drinkin'? i'm drinkin' dunkin'. definitely dunkin'. you know, i need to get that jolt in the morning,
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but i want something good to do that. i love the aroma, i love the taste. you can't mistake the flavor. i run on dunkin'! america runs on dunkin' coffee.
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i need lanes open here. we need to get people away from it. clear everybody out of there. use caution. once again all officers monitoring. use caution. >> i need somebody up there to
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get people on social media. we are sweeping the streets. once we get it swept. at this time we have the veck times off the scene. >> that is a radio communication. it gives you a sense of the chaos after the attack. it is putting police on high alert. megan? >> well, that parade scheduled to begin at 11:00 am. you can see the heightened
here. we are at the intersection and police blocked off all of the roads along the parade route. they have been towing cars.
6:17 am
police tow trucks have been cruising the areas for hours. and so you need to he'd those no wa parking signs that are out there for this parade. there is no threat to washington dc to metro or the events. if you are traveling on metro today you can see the station and canines and the possibility of bag checks. >> basketball is taking a back seat in boston today as the city recovers. the game is scheduled to be played at td dpgarden is cancelled. the bruins postponed the game last night against the boston
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senators. you can find the information you need on nbcwashington.com. >> new this morning a marine helicopter cashed near the bord border. it was taking part in a drill 21 people onboard. six people in the hospital in stable condition. the crew is from the 31st marine unit stationed in japan. the cause of the crash remains under investigation. new threats after the country quietly celebrated it's founder's birth. it is vowing retaliation after protests were held in the south yesterday. the country instead celebrated the birth of its founder. south korea's president will meet with president
. the white house announced the
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may 7th visit yesterday. including how to counter north kor korean threat. >> happy birthday to pope benedict. the former pontiff is the oldest and resigned citing a back of strength due to his age. he served for almost 8 years. >> series of earthquakes have rattled parts of central oklahoma this morning. four small quakes have hit and are centered northeast of oklahoma city and range in magnitude of 4.8 and 2.3. so far no reports of injuries or damage. >> 6:20 is our time now.
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investigators are working together to figure out who is responsible for the terror attack in boston. nbc's stephanie himinez is live where the blast happened. good morning. good morning to you. we are about five blocks away from where those bombs wept off yesterday. we see barricades as so ficials try to see what happened xwres ter day. people were setting up for the marathon. but that atmosphere quickly changed yesterday at 3:00 p.m. as ruppers were crossing that finish line and two explosions sent a blizzard into the air forcing some to run for their lives. so far we know that three people died 140 people injured and many
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people are being treated at nearby hospitals. the investigation here is very much underway at 9:30. we expect to have a press conference with the fbi. no suspect has been named in the deadly blast. investigators have spoken to several people. no suspects have been named in the case. for now, live in boston. nbc washington now pack to you. 6:21 now. let's check in with storm team four. good morning sunrise less than ten minutes away and we have quite a bit of low cloudiness here. showing breaks in the clouds and temperatures under this party cloudy sky. you need a light jacket as you head out to school. low and mid 50s as well as
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arlington fairfax and right near the bay and eastern shore. farther west where the cloud cover is thicker temperatures there in much of the west of virginia. there is the sky over the potomac river right now. 56 at reagan national. by noon upper 60 it's and by mid afternoon holding steady. much of the region with a light breeze. the poll ten koupt is going to high today tomorrow and on thursday. storm team four, four day forecast mild pattern. increasing clouds and washing some of that pollen out of the air. cooler weekend to follow as we dry out. danella looks at traffic now. >> still tracking delays. in maryland at powder mill road
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because of an accident there still along the right side of the roadway. we'll look right now. here is what is happening. the right lane is blocked. your delays, significant two miles as you are traveling northbound approaching the beltway heavy on the brakes and expected because of that accident having only one lane get by. normal volume. >> all right thank you. >> the race to beat virginia's next governor is shaping up to be an expensive one.
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switching to progressive could mean hundreds more in your wallet year after year. feed me! saving you money -- now, that's progressive. call or click today. martin o'malley racked up a large big. the money was spent on airfare meals and over time. he has a taxpayor funded sky box
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giving him access to 8 super bowl tickets. he is a former democratic chairman and worked on bill and hillary clinton's presidential bids. what we learned about the investigation while you were sleeping plus what lies ahead while the city wakes up this morning and when congress could take action. and how long the pleasant weather could stick around.
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the grief was staggering. one hundred days after us senate starts to act are coming together background checks the second amendment hands of dangerous criminals. ninety percent of america background checks. urge them to join comprehensive background checks. demand action. now.
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new this morning we are seeing the first picture of the youngest victim. >> overnight police questioned two men at apartment in a boston suburb and they were seen leaving with what appeared to be bags of evidence. >> this is a live picture of downtown boston. you can see the police barricades there. strong police presence this morning. the national guard there as well. >> we will have much more on the events in boston. first want to get a look at the forecast for today. >> tom klerein is here now at 6:31. good morning sunrise that is the live view from the nbc4 city
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camera. look at those salmon tinged clouds. blinging bringing in chilly air. we are in the 50s for the mountains to the beaches. parts of the eastern shore dipped down to 50 degrees. they have a clear sky there under the clouds though. hour by hour through the morning hours we will stay on the cool side by mid morning under a party sunny sky. that should warm us to the upper 60s by then. during the rest of the afternoon we will have it reaching the 70s. noon time there with the party sunny sky should be in the upper 60s. a look at the rest of the afternoon and evening that is coming up in ten minutes. now let's look at traffic. good morning. we are going to start with the
6:33 am
train experiencing delays train 511 has a 17 minute delay. let's head over to northwest. seeing police shut down 13th street. in fact festivities happening today you will see other closures along the avenue as well as closures along 13th street and e street as well. now let's head to the beltway as you make your way towards the wilson bridge. passing 210. clear in both directions and traveling 395 northbound. you can see pretty slow here. back over to you. >> 633 now. we are following a developing story on capitol hill. plans to hear a reform bill are
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on hold. many say that rollout can wait out of respect to the victims in boston. the senators tell us the measure will create a way for millions of undocumented immigrants to become citizens. >> right now the white house is calling on support for gun control measure. supporters need republicans onboard if the bill has any chance of passing. the democrat and republican who crafted it say they will be willing to accept changes to the plan if it helps it pass. >> giffords is here in washington for the unveiling of a commemorative plaque. she was critically injured in that shooting and resigned from congress last year to focus on her recovery.
6:35 am
a rockville teen will be laid to rest this morning. friends and family vath therred for a viewing. miller was found dead inside the home of army staff sergeant adam a ar ardnt last week. >> police across the country are searching for the mother accused of kidnapping her son. police say she took her 5-year-old son away from her father. the father says love has a history of substance abuse. police hope people are using social media to spread the word of the disappearance with the hash tag. >> today virginia will remember one of the greatest tragedies in history. they declared this virginia tech
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remembrance day. this week also marks the 18th week of the oklahoma city bombing and the 14th anniversary of the comlum bine shooting. >> more than two dozen members of american medical athletic association ran on the race. our shamari stone went to boston and caught up to the group's members and said it looked like a war zone. >> initially i said this can't be a bomb. i was a former navly o ly offic seeing something like that and 15 seconds later when the second bomb went off we knew this was for real. more than 1200 people from washington, maryland and virginia ran in the marathon.
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>> also ahead first hand accounts what local runners are saying about the tragedy plus the warning for those hoping to give to the victims of the bombings and what some are hopeing to take advantage of the tragedy. the pleasant forecast on tap for your day next.
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and we have more of those photos online at nbcwashington.com. let's check the forecast. looks like a beautiful morning here in washington.
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>> tom klerein is keeping an eye on things. a gold and gray sunrise. live view from the nbc4 city camera. early now at 6:41 we have a cool start. we will need a light jacket for you. low to mid 50s. we'll have a party sunny day. mostly sunny skies down to the low 60s by midnight. let's look at traffic now with danella. >> tracking an accident a car fire traveling the toll road past the beltway.
6:42 am
>> thank you. >> former vice president dick cheney will attend the funeral of margaret thatcher. her body will be moved ahead of the funeral. it will be carried for the service which will take place before 2,000 guests. >> overnight police searched apartment and were seen leaving with brown trash bags and a duffle bag. they did not provide other details. it is unclear whether this was in connection with the bombing
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detail. right now more than 100 people still in the hospital after the bombing. they are treating 126 patients in all. the death toll hasn't changed overnight. we spoke to some of the surgeons who operated the victims they are describing pour risk injuries. >> they are pretty brave. it is a terrible thing and most patients attitude is do what you have to do and try to make it better. >> one doctor said it looked more look a war zone. a lot of people went to help in the explosions. they ran into the chaos to try to help. >> two pbombs went off. we were picking them up and
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putting pressure on wounds and a lot of people were hurt. two soldiers ran over to massachusetts general to donate blood. cities across the globe are organizing
measured for their race on sunday. they are working with police to secure the route. japan is adding officers where large crowds gather. the same for chicago and miami. president
says who ever is responsible for the attack will quote feel the full weight of justice. right now a symbol of mourning atop the capitol building. the flags are at half-staff. you will notice heightened
around the region.
6:45 am
metro police officers working over time to make their presence felt. they are asking you to report anything suspicious as you ride in. we posted their number on our twitter and facebook pages. tive yourself extra time today there may be extra bag checks. >> after an attack in boston you see extra
at the airport. here is a live picture. our crew reporting business as usual. traffic is moving along the strip fairly smoothly. several local runners who ran the boston marathon are back home this morning. one tells news4 he just crossed the finish line when the bomb explosioned. >> you are turning around and looking at the debris blowing
6:46 am
into the street and you see the second explosion down the street. >> he says he knew what was happening at that moment and said if he had finisheded 30 seconds later he would have been in the area where the bombs exploded. many fans were unable to get back to their hotel rooms. they managed a resource center and shelter. they were able to get information about counseling services and shuttle buses before the race. that is expects to be open this morning. >> group of runners from newtown, connecticut were at the race to honor the victims of the shooting. the race is 26 miles long and runners dedicated each mile to one of the victims and there websiwas a 26 second moment of silence at
6:47 am
the opening of the race. all members of newtown are okay and accounted for. >> we want to play for you some of the conversations that they were having to secure the area where the bombs went off. >> this is 84, the fire is coming in. i need lanes open here. >> we have not hadded to set up a perimeter here. use caution there might be additional devices. use caution. i need somebody up there to get on social media and know we are sweeping the streets and make sure it is safe and we are out of the box once we have it swept. we have all of the victims off the scene. >> you may have heard someone reference an explosion. i spoke with folks who run that
6:48 am
library. and they said that fire had nothing to do with the bombings. >> invest tors will be watching wall street today. we have that story and more. >> good morning wall street is going to be focused on any new information that comes out on who may be behind the attacks in boston. driving an already weak market to its lows of the day. investors on an all right low economy. monday's sell off was the worst day for sell offs in five months. gold too is bouncing back after pushing it's biggest drop in dollar terms. wall street will be focused on data that we are getting this morning.
6:49 am
housing starts and industrial production along with earnings. yesterday the dow fell 265 points and the nasdaq lost 78 to close at 2,316. the futures are pointing to a higher open. back to you. >> if you are looking for ways to help the people of boston keep an eye out for scams. less than an hour after the explosions a susprecioicious tw account. twitter shut down at underscore boston marathon. websites have been set up and if you see anything spuspicious le us know on our facebook page.
6:50 am
>> they are trying to figure out who planned those devices. chris is in boston for us with the latest. the race came to a violent end. two explosions near the finish line about 12 seconds and 100 yards apart sent runners for safety. the runners were going the other way. they were people running crying, the wounded were rushed to several boston hospitals. among the dead an 8-year-old boy. doctors say they are treating wounds from the blasts impact and flying debris.
6:51 am
they went from treating blisters to the ones you see on the battlefield. the most common are combined lower extremity injuries. and the lower extremities. >> the fbi is leading the investigation. evidence collection teams have been brought in from new york. president
vowed it will be a swift and thorough search. >> we will find out who and why they did this. any responsible individuals or groups will feel the full weight of justice. >> police questioned a man who was injured in being treated in a boston hospital. >> chris palone, nbc news boston. >> 6:51. time for weather and traffic on the one's. >> tom klerein is here. not too bad a start today.
6:52 am
>> we had sunrise at 6:30 and now there is a blanket of clouds coming under the region. we have temperatures in the 50s. there is the sunrise. right now 56 at the airport with a light breeze and mid and upper 50s. as we look at the after noon highs, it is going to be in the 60s and 70s. right near the bay, it will be in the mid 60s.
6:53 am
most locations there should make it well into the 70s. the high pollen counts will be in place today and thursday. it will be all the way into the end of the week. we ought to get that pollen watching out. between now and then, highs likelihood of those storms maybe lingering showers cooler weather as we move into the next part of next week. >> good morning. still checking on an earlier car fire past the beltway. shopper four live over the parkway and the beltway.
6:54 am
still seeing delays 2.5 miles. approaching the beltway. delays continuing. i-95 a slow trip to the beltway. >> all right. thank you. >> the emancipation day parade will go on as scheduled today in dc. this was last year's parade you are seeing here. you can expect tight
here. gospel star kirk franklin will perform this afternoon. it marks the anniversary of abraham lincoln signing the emancipation act. >> the district puts it's guard up against the attack. we have more on the extra police presence. >> well, there is no specific threat to washington d.c. or any
6:55 am
of the events including the parade. but we are seeing increased
in light of what happened in boston. this is one of the many detoured in place. this is pennsylvania avenue and you can see that police officers have cruisers blocking the lanes and they are turning team around. looking here we have the emergency no parking signs in place and they are enforcing them. we have seen the tow trucks in action. they are not messing around here. if you see the signs do not park there because they will be towing you away. if you are going to be on the metro system this morning you
6:56 am
will see extra patrols and possible bag checks as well. back to you. >> stay with news4 throughout the day for the latest on the terror in boston. plus continuing coverage. right now your out the door forecast >> dress for a chilly morning. in the 50s now. much of the region should make it into the 70s. shower and thunder shower. t today tomorrow and thursday. and showers and thunderstorms into friday evening. cooler for the week end as we dry out. >> i-66 westbound clear. normal delays here. no accidents. over to i-270 southbound. >> thank you. and that is news4 today.
6:57 am
thank you for starting your day with us. we will be back in 25 minutes and we leave you with a live picture of downtown boston. we leave you with the finish line
6:58 am
6:59 am
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