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Women's Cross Country
Aug. 13, 2009
SAN DIEGO, Calif. - The University of San Diego Men's and Women's Cross Country team is proud to announce their schedule for 2009. The Torero's will kick off their season at a familiar setting in Balboa Park on September 19, 2009. They will be racing in the local Aztec Invitational.
They will then travel to a new site in Stillwater, Oklahoma to compete in the oldest collegiate XC invitational in the country at the 73rd Cowboy Jamboree. The Toreros will face competition including Oklahoma State, Kansas, Indiana, Northern Arizona, and Kansas State.
The Torero's return home to compete at another local course at the UCSD Invite on October 10, 2009. The Torero's will follow with a road trip as they return to Sunnyvale, a competition they participated in six years ago, for the Bronco Invite in Sunnyvale, CA on October 17, 2009.
The squad will compete at the Fullerton Titan Invite a week prior to their West Coast Conference race. Both Men's and Women's teams will then race at the WCC Cross Country Championships in Belmont, CA on October, 31, 2009. Rounding out the regular season, the team will also race at the NCAA Western Regional meet at Eugene, Oregon on November14, 2009.
"We have changed our scheduled and have added some excellent competitive sites," said Coach Will Guarino. "We are looking forward to an excellent racing season for both of our squads."
Sept. 19 at the Aztec Invitational in San Diego, CA at 9:00 a.m. Oct. 3 at the Cowboy Jamboree in Stillwater, OK at 9:00 a.m. Oct. 10 at the UCSD Invite in La Jolla, CA at 9:00 a.m. Oct. 16 at the Bronco Invite in Sunnyvale, CA at 9:00 a.m. Oct. 23 at the Titan Invite in Fullerton, CA at 5:00 p.m. Oct. 31 at the WCC Championship in Belmont, CA at 9:00 a.m. Nov. 14 at the NCAA Western Regional in Eugene, OR at 11:00 a.m. Nov. 23 at the NCAA Championships in Terre Haute, IN, TBA
Meet the Toreros: Jose Martinez
6'10" freshman forward from Cayey, Puerto Rico.
Meet the Toreros: Frank Ryder
6'10" freshman forward from Boulder, Colo.
2015-16 Highlight Video
All the top plays from 2015-16
Jordan Angus - Male Torero of the Year
Angus reflects on his time at USD
Malina Hood - Female Torero of the Year
Malina Hood looks back at her USD career
NCAA Tournament Preview
San Diego faces Vanderbilt in first round
2016 Celebration of Excellence
Behind the Scenes at the COE
Toreros Participate in Linda Vista Parade
Toreros Participate in Linda Vista Parade
Men's Tennis senior Day
The Toreros host LMU and Pepperdine Saturday and Sunday
Softball WCC Preview
The Toreros host Saint Mary's Saturday and Sunday
2016 San Diego Crew Classic
The Toreros show speed against the nation's top crews
The Torero Baseball Experience
Kris Bryant & Brian Matusz reflect on their time at USD
MBB Senior Night
Jito Kok and Duda Sanadze prepare for the final home game
USD Baseball Season Preview
Season starts at No. 3 Vanderbilt February 19
USD Softball Season Preview
Season starts February 12
UCLA Preview
USD travels to No. 9 UCLA Friday
Toreros Host Kentucky Saturday
USD looks to defend home court against No. 22 Kentucky
Toreros Host Pepperdine & LMU
USD returns home after four-game road trip
Toreros Team Up with PYBL
Men's Basketball hosts annual clinic for Challenged Division
Men's Tennis 2016
USD opens at home vs UC Irvine and UCSD Saturday
BYU Preview
Preview of USD women's basketball WCC opener vs. BYU.
City Championship Highlights
Relive the Toreros' Upset over SDSU at Petco Park
Toreros to Host Hope International
The 9-1 Toreros will host Hope International in their final game before WCC play
Toreros Stun Aztecs at Petco
Postgame reaction and press conferences
Toreros Return Home
USD will host Bethesda before Sunday's City Championship at Petco Park
Men's Basketball Season Tickets
Starting as Low as $99
Butler Preview
Pono Keni and Coach Lindsey talk about Saturday's Senior Day game against Butler
CSUN Preview
Coach Fisher and forward Maya Hood talk about Tuesday's home-opener against CSUN
USC Preview
Coach Smith and Brett Bailey preview the season opener at USC
Davidson Preview
Jonah Hodges and Dale Lindsey talk about Jonah's return and preview Davidson game
San Diego Fall Classic Preview
Coach Dagman previews the San Diego Fall Classic
Nevada Preview
USD's Women's Basketball team will start their season at Nevada this weekend
USD Men's Basketball - The Origins (1955-1973)
A Glance at the Beginnings of Torero Hoops
Campbell Preview
Coach Lindsey and Jeff Starr preview Campbell
Stetson Preview
Coach Lindsey and Jereke Armstrong talk about the season so far
WCC Media Day
Behind the scenes with Men's and Women's Basketball at WCC media day
Warner Recap
Dale Lindsey and Anthony Lawrence on USD's 45-14 win
Warner Preview
Anthony Lawrence and Coach Lindsey preview game vs. Warner
Torero Community Service
USD Athletics helps out at Father Joe's Village in downtown San Diego
Men's Basketball Camp Update
Kok and Carter talk about the upcoming season
Drake Preview
Toreros host Bulldogs for Homecoming game
Dayton Preview
Toreros look for 4th straight win
LMU Preview
Pack the Stadium Night
ITA All-American's Preview
Petronijevic, Angus, & Vittek Prepare
Marist Preview
USD Looks to Extend Home Win Streak
Valparaiso Preview
Toreros First True Road Game of 2015
CSUN and UCSB Preview
Toreros Look to Extend Win Streak
Aztec Invite Recap
Both Squads Finish Second
SDSU Preview
Toreros Take on Cross-town Rival
WNMU Recap
Highlights from 45-21 win
2015 Home Opener
Previewing Western New Mexico
Volleyball Tournament Preview
A preview of the USD Tournament
Men's Soccer Season Opener
Previewing No. 16 Cal
Training Camp Update
Coach Lindsey Recaps the First Two Weeks
2015 WSOC Preview
A brief preview of the 2015 Toreros.

subset: commoncrawl


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I would like to have menu items as images, and when you hover over a single menu image, another image appears, and also becomes the active image when you click on it.
Perhaps it's something that I'm overlooking, but I'm having trouble setting the hover/active image. If I try setting a hover or active image, only that image is displayed, and it cancels out the original image because it seems to be the only one set as the "featured image".
From what I can tell, it seems that the functionality is not there?
here's the site i'm working on
The about, media, shop, contact are all images (handwritten that i scanned in)
that should be white when nothing is happening and change to another image (orange colored) when the user hovers.
Is this possible? I followed the instructions but no luck. Thanks for your help!


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Clam shrimps have been recognized as a key group for the study of reproductive system evolution, owing to the diversity of sexual systems in extant members. However, there are comparatively little data on fossil taxa. In this study, we reveal the sexual system of the Early Cretaceous clam shrimp Eosestheria middendorfii (Yixian Formation, China). This is the first study that restricts the analysis to a single cohort, minimizing the otherwise considerable impact of ecophenotypic variation within this species. In addition, the presence of egg clutches, which identifies some individuals as either female or hermaphroditic, serves as an independent indicator for sex prior to the statistical treatment of the data. Obligate sexuality ('dioecy') is the inferred reproductive system for E. middendorfii and sexual dimorphism accounts for about 10% of the adult shape variation. Carapace shape variation resulting from malformation and deformation is more pronounced than the underlying sexual dimorphism. Subtle sexual dimorphism, smaller and slightly more elongate females, lateral egg clutches, and egg diameters of about 140 μm indicate that E. middendorfii is closely allied with the extant family Cyzicidae.
Modifications on the cheek teeth and dentary bone (loss of dental tissues on the extra-alveolar portion of the cheek teeth, and corrosion on the surface of the dentary bone) of fossil specimens of medium to giant South American rodents (mainly neoepiblemids) from the Neogene (Brazil and Argentina) are documented here. These features are similar to those observed in teeth and bones of small hypsodont rodents (recent and Quaternary fossils) that were subjected to digestive process by predators/scavengers. Based on comparisons, we tentatively hypothesize that acid-etching resulting from digestive processes could have caused the modifications in the specimens, providing evidence of a palaeoecological interaction between neoepiblemids (and other rodents), and predators or scavengers.]]>
The deposits of the Carnian Kasımlar Formation within the Taurus Platform Units of south-western Turkey represent an important archive of a Late Triassic ecosystem. New palaeontological information was obtained by analysing the Kasimlarceltites mass occurrence, located within the Kasımlar Formation and named after the Lower Carnian (Julian) ammonoid genus Kasimlarceltites. This is the dominant taxon (> 94%) within the mass occurrence: nearly 775 million ammonoids and 50 million gastropods were extrapolated for the whole extension (at least 5 km2) of the Kasimlarceltites beds. This calculation is one of the main findings within this study, as it is the first time that such a fossil mass occurrence was quantified. Additionally, orientation measurements of the planispiral ammonoids and the helical gastropods enabled reconstructing the history of the mass occurrence and interpreting the underlying transport mechanisms. Further taphonomic aspects (e.g. biofabric, preservation, bioerosion or genetic classification) as well as comparisons with samples of the same acme zone from different localities near Aşağiyaylabel (AS IV, KA I-II) point to a two-phased genetic history. Accordingly, local mass mortality within the Kasimlarceltites fauna due to oxygen fluctuations or methane degassing may have initially led to a primary accumulation. These deposits were then reworked and redeposited basinward by gravity flows to create the present-day secondary allochthonous concentrations.]]>
The olenid trilobite Triarthrus commonly occurs in nearly monospecific assemblages within otherwise relatively barren black shales. As such, it has been proposed that these trilobites preferred dysoxic or even anoxic habitats and suggested feeding habits range from predation and particle feeding to chemoautotrophism. A unique bedding-plane assemblage of aligned traces that grade from Rusophycus to Cruziana, with associated Triarthrus beckii carcasses, are described from three localities in the Indian Castle Formation (upper Utica Shale) just below a K-bentonite bed. Although few body fossils are preserved, it is clear that the 15-cm-thick, laterally extensive Thruway K-bentonite created a unique taphonomic window that preserved the activities of numerous olenid trilobites. Rusophycus and Cruziana, consistently observed in densities above 100 trackways/m2, were excavated by the trilobites into the upper surface of a micro-graded bed, likely a distal turbidite deposit. Sedimentological and trace metal data (Mo, Mn, V and U) support dysoxic but not persistently anoxic conditions through this interval. Measurements from over 500 individual trackways have mean orientations of 259.1° (WSW) at the Myers Rd. locality and 224.59° (SW) at the Dolgeville Dam locality. These orientations are closely similar to independent sedimentological indicators of current transport direction at these sites, which indicates that the trilobites preferentially faced into the prevailing current. The trackways provide compelling evidence that Triarthrus beckii individuals were engaged in feeding, probably assisted by current transport of particles. These results do not support previous suggestions that Triarthrus may have relied upon a chemoautotrophic life habit, but are consistent with suggestions of predation or scavenging from the sediment.]]>
Early Ordovician (early Floian) reefs of South China include lithistid sponge–Calathium reefs with a three-dimensional skeletal framework. These structures are among the first post-Cambrian skeletal-dominated reef structures and provides an opportunity to test how the novel metazoan builders changed the environments and increased topographic complexity within benthic communities. We document the oldest labechiid stromatoporoid (Cystostroma) in a lithistid sponge–Calathium reef of the Hunghuayuan Formation in southeastern Guizhou, South China. These earliest stromatoporoids may have originated in reefs, and we argue that the complex topography created by the hypercalcified sponge Calathium facilitated the emergence of stromatoporoids. Beyond Cystostroma, keratose sponges, Pulchrilamina (hypercalcified sponge) and bryozoans have also inhabited in the micro-habitats (cavities and hard substrates) provided by Calathium. These findings suggest that ecosystem engineering by Calathium played an important role in the further diversification of reefs during the Ordovician.
The Givetian platform of the Ardennes Massif records several alternations between a siliciclastic-carbonate ramp and a carbonate shelf. Usually these depositional contexts are considered as a major disruption implying a perturbation of many ecological parameters. We established the impact of these variations on the biodiversity structure through the study of the trophic organisation. Thanks to a previous microfacies analysis, 550 levels of the Mont d'Haurs section in Givet and ten associated environments were precisely defined. Seven palaeotrophic levels are recognized from micropalaeontological data, including benthic, planktonic, heterotroph and autotroph organisms. The spatial and temporal distributions of these levels have been analysed through means of multivariate analyses. The statistic results show that the distribution of the palaeotrophic levels during periods characterized by a mixed ramp is not significantly different than during carbonate shelf influences. These environmental modifications do not affect the community-type. These results support recent studies performed on different benthic communities occurring in the Givetian of the Ardennes Massif. Indeed, trilobite and ostracod faunas of this period appear more affected by global environmental changes as the Kačák (uppermost Eifelian) and Taghanic (late middle Givetian) events. Moreover, along the proximal-distal transect on the platform, the reef constitutes the most singular environment. However, contrary with the Frasnian reefs of the Ardennes Massif, which consist of carbonate mud mounds laying on a deep mixed ramp, there is no trilobite community that appears restricted to Givetian reefs. Thus global bioevents during the Middle Devonian have a more important control on the biodiversity than the platform morphology. These results support the view that at wide scales (spatial and temporal), the biodiversity responds more positively to ecological disturbances.]]>
Macroscopic impression fossils from the Xingmincun Formation of the Jinxian Group, Liaoning Province of northeastern China, are identified as members of the Aspidella plexus of Ediacaran age. This is the first recognition of the taxon in the Liaoning Province, although such fossils have been previously recorded in the succession, but were referred to as new species and relegated to an earlier Neoproterozoic age. A revision of the taxonomic interpretation and relative age estimation of the previous record is provided, as well as an evaluation of abiotic vs. biotic processes that could produce similar structures to studied impressions. The mode of preservation of the fossils is considered from a biochemical point of view and along with the properties of organic matter in the integument of soft-bodied metazoans. The selective preservation of the Ediacaran organisms, including metazoans, as impressions (moulds and casts) against the organically preserved contemporaneous cyanobacterial and algal microfossils, and an exceptionally small number of terminal Ediacaran metazoan fossils (Sabellidites, Conotubus and Shaanxilithes), demonstrates the non-resistant characteristics and the very different biochemical constitution of the Ediacaran metazoans compared with those that evolved in the Cambrian and after. The refractory biomacromolecules in cell walls of photosynthesizing microbiota (bacterans, cutans, algaenan and sporopollenin groups) and in the chitinous body walls of Sabellidites contrast sharply with the labile biopolymers in Ediacaran metazoans known only from impressions. The newly emerging biosynthesis of resistant biopolymers in metazoans (chitin and collagen groups) initiated by the annelids at the end of Ediacaran and fully evolved in Cambrian metazoans, considered with the ability to biomineralize, made their body preservation possible. The Chengjiang and Burgess Shale metazoans show evidence of this new biochemistry in body walls and cuticles, and not only because of the specific taphonomic window that enhanced their preservation.]]>
The early Cambrian Indian Springs biota of western Nevada, USA, exhibits Burgess Shale-type (BST) preservation of a diverse array of animal phyla, including the earliest definitive echinoderms. It therefore provides an important window on animal life during the Cambrian radiation. The objective of this study was to analyse the trace metal palaeoredox geochemistry and bioturbation levels of this BST deposit in order to characterize the palaeoenvironmental conditions in which these animals lived and their remains preserved. A total of 28 rock samples were collected from outcrops at three previously reported intervals of exceptional preservation at the Indian Springs locality, as well as from one interval not exhibiting such preservation. An additional 20 random samples were collected from talus for comparison. In the laboratory, the samples were analysed for trace metal palaeoredox indices (V/Cr and V/(V + Ni) ratios). Bioturbation levels were assessed through X-radiography and petrographic thin sections using the ichnofabric index (ii) method. Additional samples from coeval strata of the Poleta Formation in the White-Inyo Mountains, CA, that lack BST preservation were also analysed with the same methodology. Results indicate that oxic bottom water conditions dominated during deposition of these strata, despite consistently low bioturbation levels. This pattern holds for intervals with BST preservation and those without. Although ephemeral incursions of low-oxygen waters may have taken place, there is no evidence for persistent oxygen restriction in these palaeoenvironments. The low levels of bioturbation indicate limited mixed layer development and a redox boundary near the sediment–water interface, likely allowing post-burial BST preservation to occur even in this setting dominated by oxic bottom waters. Palaeoecological reconstructions and taphonomic hypotheses relating to the Indian Springs Lagerstätte must consider the palaeoredox conditions revealed in this study. With the dispensing of anoxic bottom waters as a requirement for BST preservation, other models proposing a role for clay minerals, the presence of hypersaline brines and the actions of Fe-reducing bacteria as mechanisms for exceptional preservation warrant renewed consideration.]]>
About 200 Zoophycos specimens, including 90 specimens studied in detail, have been analysed in the continuous Upper Cretaceous–Lower Miocene pelagic sedimentary type sections of the Gubbio area (the Contessa Highway, Contessa Quarry and Bottaccione sections, Northern Apennines). The sediments are reddish to grey limestones and marls of the Scaglia Group and marls with volcaniclastic deposits of the Bisciaro Formation. The aim was to examine the evolutionary trend of what is probably the most debated trace fossil of all time, from the Upper Cretaceous to Lower Miocene. Despite having been found in beds ranging from the Cambrian to the present, no consensus has been reached regarding mode of construction, tracemaker or ethological explanation for Zoophycos. Four Zoophycos morphotypes are recognized at Gubbio showing variations of major and minor lamellae, apex, lobes and whorls: the Cretaceous–Eocene cone-shaped type 1, the Upper Eocene–Middle Oligocene helicoidal type 2, the Oligocene lobate type 3 and the Upper Oligocene–Lower Miocene flat type 4. The very high ichnodensity in some beds (hundreds of specimens in discrete levels of the Bisciaro Formation, now destroyed by quarrying) seems to find explanation in abnormal concentrations of phytodetritus and organic matter on the seafloor in some periods. This very high abundance in discrete levels reflects a change in sedimentation and seafloor conditions at pre-flysch deposition. Due to such high ichnodensity, many adjacent specimens display deformed outer margins. Taphonomic analysis shows a variation of whorls, laminae and U-shaped lobes, reflecting ontogenetic development of the tracemaker(s) (?sipunculid worms).
Constraining the age of strata is a fundamental source of uncertainty in the study of sedimentary rocks, particularly in restricted basins that generally lack index fossils. An illustrative example of this is the evaporite-bearing Salina Group in the Michigan Basin. Our integrated study of facies, paleontology, and stable isotope geochemistry from the base of the Salina Group in Wisconsin addresses long-standing chronostratigraphic uncertainty surrounding these units. Conodont samples from the basal boundary interval (Racine-Waubakee formation contact) produced non-diagnostic 'disaster' and 'recovery' faunas typical of both the Mulde (Homerian) and Lau (Ludfordian) events. Strontium isotope analysis (87Sr/86Sr) of these conodonts from five horizons just below the boundary yield values between 0.70844 and 0.70850 confirming a Homerian age. Multiple carbon isotope profiles through this interval confirm the presence of a 2.5–3‰ positive excursion. Cumulatively these data constrain the base of the Salina Group in Wisconsin to the Mulde Excursion interval (late Homerian). This integrated study provides a sound initial step towards a deeper understanding of the processes of Silurian evaporite formation in the Michigan Basin.]]>
The Sirius Passet Lagerstätte (SP), Peary Land, North Greenland, occurs in black slates deposited at or just below storm wave base. It represents the earliest Cambrian microbial mat community with exceptional preservation, predating the Burgess Shale by 10 million years. Trilobites from the SP are preserved as complete, three-dimensional, concave hyporelief external moulds and convex epirelief casts. External moulds are shown to consist of a thin veneer of authigenic silica. The casts are formed from silicified cyanobacterial mat material. Silicification in both cases occurred shortly after death within benthic cyanobacterial mats. Pore waters were alkali, silica-saturated, high in ferric iron but low in oxygen and sulphate. Excess silica was likely derived from remobilized biogenic silica. The remarkable siliceous death mask preservation opens a new window on the environment and location of the Cambrian Explosion. This window closed with the appearance of abundant mat grazers later as the Cambrian Explosion intensified.]]>
To assess the role played in the carbonate budget by calcifying phytoplanktonic organisms, it is necessary to provide reliable quantitative estimates of the calcite secreted by calcareous nannoplankton, which certainly have had a vital role in the global carbon cycle since the Jurassic by supplying organic carbon and calcium carbonate to the deep ocean. Reconstructed volume/mass estimates of early Palaeogene calcareous nannofossils based on previous methodologies/techniques applied to extant nannoplankton and/or fossil assemblages suggest that carbonate produced by specific taxa significantly varies both in time and in space. Changes in the calcite within a single taxon and all the more so in the calcium carbonate produced by the entire assemblage are influenced by modifications of palaeoenvironmental conditions and are used as palaeoecological and/or palaeo-oceanographic proxy.]]>
Shell fragmentation patterns that result from attacks by durophagous predators on hard-shelled marine invertebrates are a rich source of indirect evidence that have proved useful in interpreting predation pressure in the fossil record and recent ecology. The behaviour and effectiveness of predators are known to be variable with respect to prey size. It is less well understood if variable predator–prey interactions are reflected in shell fragmentation patterns. Therefore, we conducted experimental trials to test the behavioural response of a living crab, Carcinus maenas, during successful predatory attacks on the blue mussel Mytilus edulis on two prey size categories. Further, we examined resultant shell fragments to determine whether specific attack behaviours by C. maenas could be successfully deduced from remaining mussel shells. In contrast to previous studies, we observed no significant differences in attack behaviour by the predators attributable to prey size. In most experimental predation events, crabs employed an ad hoc combination of five mechanisms of predation previously described for this species. We identified seven categories of shell breakage in predated mussels, but none of these were unambiguously correlated with specific attack behaviour. Combined attack behaviours may produce shell breakage patterns that have previously been assumed to be attributable to a single behaviour. While specific patterns of shell breakage are clearly attributable to durophagy, the results of this study provide important insights into the limitations of indirect evidence to interpret ecological interactions.]]>
Sub-millimetre-sized phosphatic spherules are often found in acetic acid-insoluble residues produced for microfossil extraction. As they are typically associated with conodont elements and have a similar chemical composition, they are informally known as 'conodont pearls'. Still, the origin of these micro-spherules has been controversial, and authors have disagreed regarding their mode of formation, or if they are biogenic or not. In this study, an assortment of micro-spherules from several localities and stratigraphical levels were analysed using multiple methods, in an effort to shed light on the origin of these enigmatic objects: ocular investigation with a stereomicroscope, chemical analyses employing energy-dispersive mass spectrometry, imaging through scanning electron microscope, and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy. Collectively, the techniques employed allow for near-complete characterization and description of the study specimens. At least five different groups, or morphotypes, of spherules can be discerned, which differ both in morphological and chemical details. Most specimens are notably spherical and display concentric layers of growth. Several of the specimens have a central nucleus, sometimes with one or more objects located closely together. Internal details and chemistry suggest that the phosphatic spherules probably are of different origin. Thus, the term 'conodont pearl' encompasses confusingly similar objects deriving from different organisms and/or processes, and only careful analysis can reveal their individual origin. The only organisms unequivocally associated with (in situ) phosphatic micro-spherules are ceramoporid bryozoans, and the conodonts Cordylodus and Westergaardodina, but the possible function and significance of these objects remain enigmatic.]]>
Integrated biostratigraphical, microfacial and geochemical studies of the Lower Kellwasser Event in the Płucki succession (southern Poland) provide details about redox conditions during the deposition of this horizon in the deep-shelf Łysogóry basin of the Holy Cross Mountains. The environment is characterized by calm sedimentation and soft, muddy carbonate substrate. However, microfacies changing from wackestones to grainstones, the presence of crushed or current-oriented nautiloid shells and the occurrence of redeposited material from shallow-water Dyminy Reef environments (such as calcispheroids, algae and girvanellid cyanobacteria) suggest episodes of a higher-energy regime. Uranium/thorium ratios indicate that bottom-water redox conditions changed periodically from being mainly anoxic in the middle part of the Lower Kellwasser Horizon to dysoxic in the lower and upper parts. During a short-term episode of bottom-water ventilation, the seafloor was rapidly colonized by a dense assemblage of opportunistic buchiolid bivalves, which suffered mass mortality upon the return to anoxic conditions. A very rich concentration of cephalopods and homoctenids may be regarded as reflecting a bloom of high-density populations during high-productivity events. Similarly, they suffered mass mortality when episodically increasing anoxia/euxinia reached the upper part of the water column. The Late Frasnian inorganic carbon isotope records in the Płucki section show a positive shift with a maximum amplitude of 3‰. This enrichment in δ13C can be correlated with the deposition of the Lower Kellwasser Horizon and reflects the expansion of anoxic and probably high-productivity regimes.]]>
In the Lago San Martín region (Santa Cruz Province, Argentina), the Springhill Formation (50–100 m thick) overlies the syn-rift El Quemado Complex, showing outcrops with wedge geometry. Four sedimentological sections were measured in the field, and three depositional palaeoenvironments were interpreted. The Springhill Formation starts with fluvial deposits, characterized by channel-fills and floodplains with palaeosol development, passing transitionally to a coastal plain and, finally, to marine sedimentation. The initial sandy transgressive deposits (Facies Association 9) are the main focus of this study, in which 10 ichnogenera (Arenicolites, Bergaueria, Cylindrichnus, Diplocraterion, Macaronichnus, Palaeophycus, Planolites, Ophiomorpha, Rosselia and Skolithos) are described. Two ichnoassociations (foreshore and shoreface) were defined, and their distribution was controlled by the local palaeoenvironmental conditions, mainly energy, bathymetry and grain size of sediments. A highly bioturbated surface (BI = 4) was recognized in Section 1 showing a limited occurrence and disappearing over short distances perpendicular to the palaeoshoreline. This surface shows a sharp sub-horizontal gently undulating top contact with a bioturbation thickness between 15 and 25 cm. This type of surface has limited usefulness as a key correlative surface, because it is spatially restricted in rift basins due to the tectonic activity, which creates high accommodation space rates. A more accurate characterization of the initial transgressive deposits of the Springhill Formation – which is the most important reservoir in southern Patagonia – could provide new ideas to solve problems in sub-surface studies.]]>
A global Late Devonian ostracod database is constructed, incorporating new materials from South China and Northwest China. Four palaeobiogeographical units (Cathaysia, North America, Europe and peri-Gondwana) are recognized during the Frasnian and five palaeobiogeographical units (Cathaysia, North America, Europe, Siberia and Australia) in the Famennian. Three controlling factors (climatic zonation, geographical isolation and global sea-level changes) are identified to have played roles in shaping the palaeogeographical regionalization of ostracod faunas in the Late Devonian. The ostracod palaeobiogeography in the Frasnian was mainly influenced by climatic zonation, while rapid changes in tectonic configuration in the Famennian drastically altered the global palaeobiogeography of ostracods. The palaeobiogeographical regionalization of ostracod faunas suggests that Laurussia and Gondwana continued to draw near during the Late Devonian, with the first collision occurring in Southern Central Europe in the Famennian. The South China plate drifted northward to the Kazakhstan plate away from the Australian plate, which gradually became isolated during the Famennian Stage.]]>
Mode of preservation and method of recovery strongly influences our understanding of the life habits of extinct organisms. Bradoriid arthropods were abundant, and diverse members of early Cambrian ecosystems and most life reconstructions display these animals with the two shields of the carapace open in a 'butterfly' configuration. This favoured reconstruction is largely based on the abundance of 'crack-out' specimens preserved in this position (e.g. Kunmingella from the early Cambrian of China). In contrast, large collections of acid processed bradoriids from the Arrowie Basin of South Australia (Cambrian Stage 3) are preserved with a narrow gape at the ventral margin or completely closed with the carapace folded along the dorsal midline. The relative abundance of conjoined, closed (or partially closed) specimens from the lower Cambrian Hawker Group succession suggests that at least some bradoriid taxa were capable of withdrawing appendages and tightly closing the shields, challenging the common view that the majority of bradoriids usually held their carapaces open in a 'butterfly' configuration during life. New data show that layers of the bradoriid carapace are continuous through the dorsal fold with no evidence for complex articulating structures as in ostracod hinges. The relatively pliable, sclerotized or lightly mineralized calcium phosphate composition of the carapace and the simple, flexible dorsal fold facilitated opening and closing of the shields. Despite not being closely related, ostracods share close biomechanical and ecological similarities with bradoriids. The evolution of more complex articulating hinge structures – together with well-developed musculature – in ostracods during the Early Ordovician, may have provided more efficient means for shield articulation and movement, thus promoting the ecological success of ostracods throughout the Phanerozoic.]]>
Two 'stromatolites' from Carboniferous and Triassic carbonates previously regarded as microbial bioconstructions are analysed and reinterpreted as sponge-microbial build-ups. The automicritic aggregations in these build-ups are similar to the previously reported fossils of keratose demosponges in showing moulded anastomosing filamentous structures. All the studied columnar or domal constructions were formed in turbulent water with high sedimentation rate. The Carboniferous build-ups were constructed in the shallow subtidal zone of an open shelf or a ramp. The laminations within the stromatolite-like columns are composed of alternating dark micritic laminae of sponge fossils and pale laminae of neomorphic microspars. The accretion of these columns is probably related to the repeated cycles of sponge growth, rapid lithification after burial, re-exposure and erosion, and settlement of new generations. The Triassic rocks are presumed to have been precipitated in a slightly evaporitic environment based on lithological features. They show a transition from planar laminae, which were formed under the influence of microbial mats, to stromatolitic columnar or domal build-ups, which are dominated by stacked micritic clumps of probable sponge fossils. The sponge–microbe alternation may have been controlled by variation of salinity. Comparable with a recent study, this work shows that sponge-related bioconstructions can be morphologically similar to microbialites in the level of mega- and mesostructures.]]>
Exceptionally preserved specimens of Ernietta in a shallow-marine gutter cast from southern Namibia reveal that all previously figured specimens of this iconic Ediacaran megafossil are incomplete, representing only the base of a larger and more complex organism. The complete organism is interpreted as comprising a buried, sand-filled anchor exhibiting the classical Ernietta morphology that passes distally into a trunk that is crowned by two facing fans that extended into the overlying water column. All parts of Ernietta, from the base of its buried anchor to the tip of its fans, appear to have been composed of a palisade of tubular elements that have been variably preserved. Similarity of tubule morphology despite the inherent difference in function between these constructions supports the view that these tubes were integral to all anatomical parts and functions of Ernietta. This style of architecture, construction and function is unique to the Erniettomorpha, supporting the view that it represents an extinct Ediacaran clade in the early evolution of multi-cellular life.]]>
Along the Canning Basin's Lennard Shelf in Western Australia, the 80-km-long Oscar Range is composed of folded Palaeoproterozoic quartzite and phyllite and surrounded by limestones of the Great Devonian Barrier Reef including reef complex, related back-reef and lagoonal deposits of the Frasnian Pillara Limestone. The range represents an exhumed cluster of palaeoislands. Near the east end of the Oscar Range, a palaeoislet is encircled by the Pillara Limestone showing outward dips that dramatically shallow to expose nearly horizontal bedding planes offshore. From shore and outward, the facies zones observed in the Pillara Limestone include unfossiliferous laminated sediments followed by biozones with abundant Amphipora and Stachyodes, and domal stromatoporoids. An additional outermost lagoonal facies with a diverse molluscan fauna preserved in fine limestone/dolostone is described in this study. High-spired Murchisonia in a time-averaged assemblage with other gastropods, bivalves, brachiopods and scaphopods dominate this zone. Uneven distribution of biozones is due to intermittent shoals controlled by the complex relief of basement rocks or recent erosion into underlying layers. The orientations of dendroid stromatoporoids and high-spired gastropods were analysed to appraise the dynamics of prevailing shoal-water settings on the inner, more sheltered side of the Oscar Range facing the Devonian mainland to the north. Oscillatory wave action is interpreted as the main agent of transport. Palaeocurrent data for the lighter dendroid stromatoporoids suggest that fair-weather prevailing winds originated from the SE. Pebble clasts, oncoids, bivalves and gastropods indicate episodes of wave agitation and stronger wind from a SE and southerly direction.]]>
Coprolites (fossil faeces) provide direct evidence on the diet of its producer and unique insights on ancient food webs and ecosystems. We describe the contents of seven coprolites, collected from the Late Permian Vyazniki site of the European part of Russia. Two coprolite morphotypes (A, B) contain remains of putative bacteria, cyanobacteria, fungi, protists, invertebrate eggs, arthropod elements, undigested bone and tooth fragments, fish scales and elongated hair-like structures with hollow interiors. Content, size and shape of the coprolites together with the associated body fossil record suggest that the most probable scat-producers were carnivorous tetrapods; the bone-rich morphotype A reveals short food retention time and a fast metabolism and is therefore assigned to therapsid carnivores whereas morphotype B with rarer and degraded bones are assigned to archosauromorphs or other non-therapsid carnivores. The general coprolite matrix contains abundant micron-sized spheres and thin-walled vesicles which are interpreted as oxide and phosphatic pseudomorphs after microbial cells. From analyses of the undigested bones, we infer that they represent remains of actinopterygian fish, a therapsid and unrecognizable parts of amphibians and/or reptiles. Additionally, hair-like structures found in one coprolite specimen occur as diagenetically altered (oxide-replaced) structures and moulds (or partly as pseudomorphs) in a microcrystalline carbonate-fluoride-bearing calcium phosphate. This suggests that the latest Permian therapsids probably were equipped with hair-like integument or hairsuit. If true, this is by far the oldest evidence of this mammalian character in the stem group of mammals.]]>
A morphological comparison of shell-muscle contacts in coleoid cephalopods mainly from the Early Jurassic (Toarcian) Posidonia Shales of Holzmaden (Germany), the Middle Jurassic (Callovian) Oxford Clay of Christian Malford (UK), Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian-Tithonian) plattenkalks of Solnhofen (Germany), and the Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) of Hâdjoula and Hâkel (Lebanon) provides new and meaningful insights into their locomotion systems. The study shows that both pro-ostracum- and gladius-bearing coleoids are typified by a marginal mantle attachment and by distinctly separated fins, which usually insert (indirectly via the shell sac and basal fin cartilages) to posterior shell parts. While absent in gladius-bearing forms, mantle-locking cartilages might have existed already in pro-ostracum-bearing belemnoids. Similar to ectocochleate ancestors, funnel- and cephalic retractors are generally attached to the internal (ventral) shell surface. A comparison of Mesozoic and Recent gladius-bearing coleoids shows that the locomotion system (most significantly the dorsal mantle configuration, and the presence of nuchal- and funnel-locking cartilages) is fundamentally different. This does not support the concept of 'fossil teuthids', but suggests, owing to similarities with Recent Vampyroteuthis, placement of Mesozoic gladius-bearing coleoids within the Octobrachia (Octopoda + Vampyromorpha). Classification of Mesozoic gladius-bearing coleoids as octobrachians implies that: (1) unambiguous teuthids are still unknown in the fossil record and (2) the similarity between Recent and some fossil gladiuses represents a matter of homoplasy.]]>
One of the most important physiological changes during the conquest of land by vertebrates was the increasing reliance on lung breathing, with the concomitant decrease in importance of gill breathing. The main problem involved here was to cope with the excessive accumulation of CO2 in the body and to avoid respiratory acidosis. In the past, several often mutually contradicting hypotheses of CO2-elimination via skin, lungs and gills in early tetrapods have been proposed, based on theoretical physiological considerations and comparison with extant air-breathing fishes and amphibians. This study proposes a revised scenario of CO2-elimination in early tetrapods based on fossil evidence, that is recently identified osteological correlates of gills, skin structure and mode of lung ventilation. In stem tetrapods of the Devonian and Carboniferous, O2-uptake via the lungs by buccal pumping was decoupled from CO2-release via internal gills, and the rather gas-impermeable skin played a minor role in gaseous exchange. The two main lineages of crown-group tetrapods, the amphibian and amniote lineage, used different strategies of CO2-elimination. As in stem tetrapods, O2-uptake and CO2-release remained always largely decoupled in temnospondyls, which ventilated their lungs via buccal pumping and relied mainly on their internal gills for CO2-release. Temnospondyls were not able to reduce their internal gills before their skin became more gas permeable and their body size was reduced, to shift from internal gills to the skin as the major site of CO2-elimination, a pattern that is retained in most lissamphibians. In contrast, internal gills were lost very early in stem amniote evolution. This was associated with the evolution of the more effective aspiration pump that allowed the elimination of the bulk of CO2 via the lungs, leading to a coupled O2-uptake and CO2-loss in stem amniotes and later in amniotes.]]>
Stingrays (Order: Myliobatiformes) are well-known predators that feed on a variety of marine species including crustaceans, teleosts, molluscs and annelids. Here, a predatory attack by a stingray on the large spatangoid echinoid Meoma ventricosa (Lamarck) is reported from the shallow-water carbonate platform of San Salvador, Bahamas. A single stingray was observed feeding on a large adult specimen of M. ventricosa near Sand Dollar Beach, San Salvador Island. The partially crushed and partially eviscerated test of the attacked echinoid was collected from the feeding site. In addition, a crushed test of a freshly killed, smaller irregular clypeasteroid echinoid Leodia sexiesperforata (Leske) was also recovered at the same site. In both cases, the test was broken across the test plates and not along plate boundaries. Meoma ventricosa showed major plate loss on the oral side; however, bite traces and spine loss were not observed in the damaged areas. Similarly, L. sexiesperforata showed no evidence of spine removal; however, bite marks were identifiable. The observed test damage in both taxa is morphologically distinct and could be potentially identifiable in the fossil record.]]>
The base of the Rhaetian stage (Norian/Rhaetian boundary, NRB) is still awaiting formal designation by the International Commission on Stratigraphy. At present, only the 4.30-m-thick Steinbergkogel section (Austria) has been proposed as GSSP (Global Stratotype Section and Point) candidate for the base of the Rhaetian. Here we present data from the 63-m-thick Pignola-Abriola section (Southern Apennines, Italy) that we consider an alternative candidate for the Rhaetian GSSP. The Pignola-Abriola basinal section, represented by hemipelagic–pelagic carbonate successions belonging to the Lagonegro Basin, matches all the requirements for a GSSP: 1, it is well exposed with minimal structural deformation; 2, it is rich in age diagnostic fossils (e.g. conodonts and radiolarians); 3, it yields a geochemical record suitable for correlation (e.g. δ13Corg/carb); and 4, it has a robust magnetostratigraphy and is correlated with the Newark APTS for age approximation of the NRB and additional Rhaetian bioevents. In the Pignola-Abriola section, we opt to place the NRB at the 44.4 metre level, coincident with a prominent negative shift of ca. 6‰ of the δ13Corg. This level is located 50 cm below the FAD of conodont Misikella posthernsteini s.s within the radiolarian Proparvicingula moniliformis Zone. Both the negative δ13Corg shift and the FAD of Misikella posthernsteini occur within Pignola-Abriola magnetozone MPA-5r, at ~205.7 Ma, according to magnetostratigraphical correlation to the Newark APTS. We also illustrate the coeval Mt. Volturino stratigraphical section deposited below the calcite compensation depth (CCD) within the same Lagonegro Basin and characterized by a detailed radiolarian biostratigraphy and strong δ13Corg negative shift around the NRB.]]>
Several tiny crinoids with crowns as small as 1 mm, or less, in width are newly recognized from the Hunsrück Slate of southwestern Germany. The presence of erect arms above an amorphous calyx in some specimens can be inferred. Based on comparison with the size and gross morphology of developmental stages in living crinoids, these tiny Hunsrück crinoids are judged to be at an early postlarval stage that is analogous to the pentacrinoid stage just after development from the stalked, but armless, smaller cystidean larval stage found in both living comatulids and isocrinids. Some of these tiny crinoids have a stalk up to 4 mm long attached to a now pyritized former substrate. Their clustered occurrence suggests gregarious settlement of larvae. Taxonomic identification of these presumed pentacrinoids is not possible, even to the sub-class level, although they are preserved with larger juveniles of the cladids Propoteriocrinus and Lasiocrinus. These larger juveniles exhibit 3-D pyritized calcite plates, whereas the probable pentacrinoids appear to be preserved as flattened, micro-crystalline pyritized dermal tissues that enclosed lightly calcified, porous ossicles. The pentacrinoids were likely buried within weeks or months of hatching, based on developmental stages in similar-sized living crinoids. These tiny crinoids, presumably pentacrinoids, are a further example of the extraordinarily detailed preservation of delicate tissues in pyrite from the Hunsrück Slate. They are most likely the pentacrinoid stage from one or more of the crinoid taxa (30 genera) present in the Hunsrück Slate. Assuming these are not microcrinoids, they are the first report of pentacrinoids from the fossil record and document that a Palaeozoic sister group to modern crinoids had similar developmental stages.]]>
Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM) was used to virtually dissect and peel the shields off of the microscopic, bivalved phosphatocopine crustaceans in the Cambrian 'Orsten' type of preservation of Sweden. Doing so opened up for an array of concealed internal structures to be observed in a fully enclosed specimen of Hesslandona ventrospinata and a semi-enclosed specimen of Hesslandona angustata. For comparison, also a head-larva stage specimen of H. angustata, with shields in 'butterfly position', was analysed. The X-ray tomographic data sets revealed excellently preserved structures, such as labrum, sternum, antennae, mandibular and post-mandibular limbs with their minute setae, all of which were more or less disguised by the enclosing shields. This, moreover, allowed assignment to growth stages of the specimens, which is impossible based solely on external morphology and size. Micro-spherules observed inside the shields of the semi-enclosed H. angustata specimen may represent remains of food particles, and the feeding biology of phosphatocopines is discussed in detail. Our analyses suggest that phosphatocopines were particle feeders. The SRXTM technique offers the ability to three-dimensionally reconstruct the morphology in high resolution, construct virtual serial sections and study concealed structures. The resulting data allow for new structures to be revealed for previously known taxa and for new taxa to be identified, with the added benefit of not destroying the specimens in the process. Hence, we do not longer have to rely on serendipitous finds of broken and/or open phosphatocopine specimens to elucidate their diagnostic ventral morphology.]]>
The Middle–Late Ordovician Ghelli Formation in the Kopet Dagh region northeastern Alborz range of Iran is composed of siliciclastic rocks deposited in a variety of turbidite to marginal marine environments (deep marine clastic fan and related environments and prodelta, distal delta front, proximal delta front and distributary channels). The ichnology of the middle member of the Ghelli Formation is here reported. Combined sedimentological and ichnological analysis allows recognition of a tide-influenced deltaic succession in the middle member of the Ghelli Formation consisting of three main facies associations: lower distributary channels, delta front and prodelta facies. Twenty-two ichnogenera have been identified in this marginal marine succession: Arenicolites, Arthrophycus, Bergaueria, Chondrites, Conichnus, Cruziana, Cylindrichnus, Didymaulichnus, Diplichnites, Diplocraterion, Helminthopsis, Gyrochorte, Lockeia, Macaronichnus, Monomorphichnus, Palaeophycus, Planolites, Rosselia, Rusophcus, Skolithos, Teichichnus and ?Scolicia. Their distribution is clearly linked with lithofacies and depositional palaeoenvironments. The ichnological analysis reveals that the trace fossil suites developed in these environments indicate low diversity and low to moderate abundance of burrows, poor development of tiering and sporadic distribution. Low ichnodiversity and low bioturbation intensities with higher bioturbation clusters consist of facies-crossing ichnogenera, and the impoverishment of suspension-feeding trophic types indicates 'stressed', non-archetypal expression of the Cruziana ichnofacies. The periodic higher intensities of bioturbation due to variations in hydrodynamic regimes of tidal currents reflect the archetypal of the Cruziana ichnofacies (and rare Skolithos ichnofacies).]]>
The interior of 36 specimens of Pholadomya Sowerby (Bivalvia) from the Middle Jurassic of Poland reveals the presence of unusual septa that separate sediment-filled chambers from the shell interior. The septa occupy one or several recurrent loci in shells of various individuals, that is within umbones, in pallial sinuses and along the shell margins. Based on the location and shape of the septa, eight forms grouped into types and varieties are identified. A possible cause for the formation of septa is sediment toxicity, but intrusion of sediment to the shell interior must have been linked to shell breakage or rupture of the free periostracum. One form of septa occurs in perforated umbones, common in Pholadomya; other forms occur in intact shells, which suggest damage to free periostracum. The most likely cause for the latter is the presence of parasites, especially digenean trematodes, for which clams were intermediate hosts. The morphological aberrations presented here were hitherto unknown in both fossil and extant bivalves. This study is also the first report of pathologies in Anomalodesmata.]]>
Stylophorans are a Palaeozoic group of non-pentamerous echinoderms, morphologically well-adapted to a benthic mode of life on soft sediment seafloors. By developing a thin and wide theca, they successively increased the surface area in contact with the substrate resulting in an even distribution of the body mass resting on the ground, and efficiently preventing the body from sinking into non-indurated sediments (snowshoe strategy). In stylophorans, the body surface is dramatically increased in result of the expansion of two integumentary areas on the lower thecal surface. While infracentral areas are reduced in primitive forms to the detriment of massive marginals; in boot-shape cornutes, infracentral areas are larger, polyplated and framed by very delicate marginals. In heart-shaped cornutes, the reduction of both infracentral areas is compensated by the development of spiny elements on the theca outline. In forms where the degree of bilateral symmetry is high, the left infracentral area is larger than the right area, resulting in an elongated thecal shape. In structural geology, changes of shape of a rock submitted to a strain can be categorized by translating the obtained deformation into a strain ellipsoid plotted on a Flinn diagram, while in biology changes of shapes of organisms are traditionally measured through morphometric analysis. By applying Flinn's principle of strain ellipsoid to biological objects, the present study aims to characterize different life adaptations across stylophorans, observing changes of shape of both infracentral areas interpreted as two ellipsoids. Once plotted on a Flinn diagram, three significantly separated clusters are observed when focusing on the left area. This concerns forms with reduced infracentral areas, highly and weakly asymmetrical forms. According to these results, three new morphological adaptations are described (water strider, flat fish and stream-lined body). These newly described adaptations enabled snowshoe strategist stylophorans to remain stable on top of the seafloor.]]>
Components of biodiversity are strongly scale dependent, but the relative importance of the patterns that operate at different scales and the links between them have been overlooked. To disentangle the ecological structure of Cambro-Ordovician trilobite assemblages from the Argentine Cordillera Oriental at different scales, we explore patterns of abundance, dominance and occupancy across the onshore–offshore profile, and through three time intervals: Furongian, earliest Late Tremadocian (Tr2), latest Middle Floian–earliest Late Floian (Fl2–Fl3). At the regional scale, single taxa are overwhelming dominant in the Furongian (Parabolina) and in the earliest Late Tremadocian (Leptoplastides). Several dominants occur in the Floian, but just one (Famatinolithus) attains high occupancy and, rarely, high dominance. In contrast, only the Furongian records highly dominated local assemblages, whereas dominance distinctly decreases among Tr2 and Fl2–Fl3 ones. Thus, when both scales of analysis are combined, an unexpected scenario becomes evident: Tr2 assemblages resemble those of the Furongian at the regional scale, but mirror those of the Floian at the local scale. These results highlight a decoupling in local versus regional structures triggered by an earlier switch in dominance in local communities and a delayed change at the regional scale. Interestingly, this decrease in local dominance matches previous analyses accounting for a coeval step-up in local evenness, suggesting that the Tr2 appears as a pivotal interval in the reorganization of communities in the Cordillera Oriental. This scenario emphasizes that biogeographical regions witnessed different regional-scale processes, and suggests that scaling local and regional patterns provides new insights to unravel the history of biodiversity among benthic communities.]]>
The problematic mollusc Wiwaxia is perhaps the most widely distributed non-mineralized Cambrian metazoan, but has only been reported from palaeotropical latitudes. Here, we describe mid-Cambrian (Drumian, c. 504 Ma) sclerites and possible tooth arrays from the northern Llanos Basin, Colombia, recovered from drilled ditch cuttings by palynological processing – demonstrating that pristine material and low-manipulation processing are not essential to the recovery of Small Carbonaceous Fossils. This, the first report of Wiwaxia from South America, substantially expands Wiwaxia's geographic range into the high palaeolatitudes.]]>
Macroborings provide detailed information on the bioerosion, accretion and palaeoenvironment of both modern and fossil reefs. Dolomitized reefal carbonates in the Um Mahara Formation exhibit an outstanding example of spatially distributed, well-preserved bioerosion structures in tropical to subtropical syn-rift Miocene reefs. Ten ichnospecies belonging to five ichnogenera are identified; three belonging to the bivalve-boring ichnogenus Gastrochaenolites, three attributed to the sponge-boring ichnogenus Entobia, and four ichnospecies assigned to three worm-boring ichnogenera Trypanites, Maeandropolydora and Caulostrepsis. The distribution of the reported borings is strongly linked to the palaeo-reef zones. Two distinctive ichnological boring assemblages are recognized. The Gastrochaenolites-dominated assemblage reflects shallower-marine conditions, under water depths of a few metres, mostly in back-reef to patch-reef zones of a back-reef lagoon. The Entobia-dominated assemblage signifies relatively deeper marine conditions, mostly in reef core of the fringing Miocene reefs. These ichnological assemblages are attributed herein to the Entobia sub-ichnofacies of the Trypanites ichnofacies. This ichnofacies indicates boring in hard carbonate substrates (such as corals, rhodoliths, carbonate cements and hardgrounds) during periods of non-sedimentation or reduced sediment input.]]>
Thirteen symbiotic associations occur in the Silurian of Baltica. Symbiosis was especially prominent among colonial animals, most commonly with stromatoporoids. These sponges hosted the most diverse fauna of endobiotic symbionts (including rugosans, Syringopora, 'polychaetes', cornulitids and lingulids). This pattern can be explained by the abundance of stromatoporoids in the Silurian of Baltica and their large skeletal volume, making them attractive hosts for smaller invertebrates. There is an evolutionary trend of an increasing number of different pairs of symbiotic taxa from the Llandovery to the Ludlow, with a remarkable increase in the Ludlow. This is likely related to an increase in the number of mutualistic taxa that could have had evolutionary advantages over organisms less amenable to symbiosis. The number of different pairs of symbiotic taxa also increased in the Wenlock, which may be linked to delayed recovery from the end-Ordovician mass extinction.]]>
The Early Devonian of Podolia, Ukraine, has yielded phosphatized colonies of the boring ctenostome bryozoan Podoliapora doroshivi with 3-D preservation of soft tissues. However, the feeding zooids are not anatomically complete, their preserved soft tissues comprising decay-resistant structures such as the protective cuticular polypide sacs with presumed parietal muscles inside the wall of the sacs, the setigerous collars, the membranous orificial walls and remains of the muscle tissues. Early diagenetic apatite mineralization occured in numerous feeding zooids of Podoliapora at different stages of decay and may be important for the interpretation of decay processes in these colonial soft-bodied fossil organisms. A setigerous collar, which is a characteristic of extant ctenostomes, occurs in P. doroshivi in several stages of decay showing progressive collapse and eventual complete loss. This study indicates that the morphological changes of collars induced by decay often resulted in connection with the membranous orificial wall, producing false anatomical structures, unrelated to structures observed in the earlier stages of decay or to the anatomical structures of extant ctenostomes. The most decay-resistant cuticular polypide sacs mineralized as cryptocrystalline apatite in early stage of decay became degraded in later stages of decay. These data provide evidence that the anatomical interpretation of soft-bodied fossils preserved only in the later stages of decay may have led to imprecise morphological interpretations.]]>


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I may be the first person to ever use the words "tentacle porn" on CNN. Check out my article about diving into the deep end of manga.
Editor's note: Christian Sager is the creator of "Think of the Children" and "Border Crossings." He has also written essays about the comics industry, punk subculture and national identity.
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The American Legislative Exchange Council will push bills to protect failing charter schools, silence political speech and obstruct environmental protections.
William Rivers Pitt of Truthout: As far as actual policy substance goes, conventions carry as much weight as the party platform. They are television shows, period. Anyone can talk pretty; it's what you do that counts.
Peter Dreier is the E.P. Clapp Distinguished Professor of Politics and chair of the Urban & Environmental Policy Department at Occidental College. His most recent book is The 100 Greatest Americans of the 20th Century: A Social Justice Hall of Fame (Nation Books, 2012).


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By Catholic Online (NEWS CONSORTIUM)
6/17/2014 (2 years ago)
Catholic Online (www.catholic.org)
Pope Francis met with the Anglican Archbishop of Canterbury at the Vatican on Monday. The meeting was very cordial and both men explained they remain committed to a reunion between their two faiths.
Pope Francis and Archbishop Welby.
By Catholic Online (NEWS CONSORTIUM)
Catholic Online (www.catholic.org)
6/17/2014 (2 years ago)
Published in Living Faith
Keywords: Pope Francis, Archbishop Welby, Anglican, Catholic, unity
VATICAN CITY (Catholic Online) - Pope Francis told Archbishop of Canterbury, Justin Welby that unification remains one of the goals of the Catholic Church as they seek to find ways to resolve basic differences sown centuries ago. A reunification of the Anglican Church and the Catholic Church would represent a historic undoing of the damage done in the 16th century.
The Church of England was established by English King Henry IV initially sparked by a dispute over his desire to divorce his lawfully wedded wife, Catherine of Aragon. After a series of acts taking several years, the Anglican Church was formed with Henry at its head and the Archbishop of Canterbury representing the religious head of the church.
Pray for the unity of all people.
In the past century, discussion has occurred between the Anglican Church and the Catholic Church regarding reunification. Since both churches agree on most points of doctrine and their split was initially political as opposed to theological, it makes sense the two faiths would grow closer together with time.
Pope Francis described the division between the two faiths "a scandal" and that "The goal of full unity may seem distant indeed, it remains the aim which should direct our every step along the way. I find a source of encouragement in the plea of the Second Vatican Council's Decree on Ecumenism that we should advance in our relationship and cooperation by placing no obstacle to the ways of divine providence and by not prejudicing future promptings of the Holy Spirit. Our progress towards full communion will not be the fruit of human actions alone, but a free gift of God. The Holy Spirit gives us the strength not to grow disheartened and he invites us to trust fully in the power of his works."
Most recently, Pope Francis and Archbishop Welby have met to discuss issues common to both churches including a common initiative to eradicate human trafficking. On Monday, Pope Francis reinforced the urgency behind the initiative saying, "In attempting to respond to this urgent need, notable collaborative efforts have been initiated on the ecumenical level and in cooperation with civil authorities and international organizations. Many charitable initiatives have been undertaken by our communities, and they are operating with generosity and courage in various parts of the world. I think in particular of the action network against the trafficking in women set up by a number of women's religious institutes. Let us persevere in our commitment to combat new forms of enslavement, in the hope that we can help provide relief to victims and oppose this deplorable trade. I thank God that, as disciples sent to heal a wounded world, we stand together, with perseverance and determination, in opposing this grave evil."
Archbishop Welby said he was grateful for the progress made in the past year and that the matter remains urgent.
Pope Francis put the solution plain when he said, "Prayer, peace and poverty.we must walk together."
By Marshall Connolly (CALIFORNIA NETWORK)
Pope Francis is encouraging the use of social media for nuns, on the condition they use it properly and in moderation. LOS ANGELES, CA (California Network) - Pope Francis has issued a new document praising the work nuns do. Within the document, he also suggests that ... continue reading
By CNA/EWTN News
Cardinal Stanislaw Dziwisz's welcome to World Youth Day pilgrims on Tuesday had a stirring reminder: it is up to them to ensure that the Gospel of Jesus Christ reaches the world. Krakow, Poland (CNA/EWTN News) - "Carry the flame of your faith and ignite with it other ... continue reading
By Ann Schneible (CNA/EWTN News)
Pope Francis has asked for prayers as he, and all the pilgrims attending this year's World Youth Day, prepare to make their way to Krakow, Poland for the international event. Vatican City, Italy (CNA/EWTN News) - The Pope, who leaves Wednesday, said Sunday that he is ... continue reading
By Ann Schneible (CNA/EWTN News)
On Sunday, Pope Francis responded to recent acts of violence in Germany and Afghanistan, expressing his closeness to the families of the victims, and stressing the importance of prayer in the face of threats against "safety and peace." Vatican City (CNA/EWTN News) - ... continue reading
By Elise Harris (CNA/EWTN News)
Amid modern challenges emerging from a culture which provides increasingly easier access to outside distractions, Pope Francis has issued new norms for women's cloistered communities, which place a special emphasis on prayer and the centralization of communities. LOS ... continue reading
By Elise Harris (CNA/EWTN News)
Faithful to the wish of Pope Francis, a new decree has bumped the liturgical celebration honoring St. Mary Magdalene from a memorial to a feast, putting her on par with the apostles. Vatican City, Italy (CNA/EWTN News) - The reason, according to Archbishop Arthur ... continue reading
By (CNA/EWTN News)
It's a major miracle that you've probably never heard of. Lima, Peru (CNA/EWTN News) - On Sunday, Oct. 3, 1847, more than 2,000 people in Ocotlán, Mexico saw a perfect image of Jesus Christ crucified that appeared in the sky for more than 30 minutes.Approved by the ... continue reading
By Marshall Connolly (CALIFORNIA NETWORK)
Catholics in Ghana are returning to church in droves, at least in one town. The Virgin Mary may have appeared to people in Zongo. Those who have seen the apparition believe it is a warning. LOS ANGELES, CA (Catholic Online) - The town of Zongo , Ghana has a large ... continue reading
By Kenya Sinclair (CALIFORNIA NETWORK)
Pope Francis will be visiting Auschwitz - but he refuses to deliver a speech. LOS ANGELES, CA (Catholic Online) - According to Catholic News Agency, Pope Francis will be stopping by the Auschwitz-Birkenau Nazi death camp along his Polish journey for World Youth ... continue reading
By Marshall Connolly (CALIFORNIA NETWORK)
A memo from an outraged priest has been published, along with a trove of other documents in a sex abuse cover up. The aim of the memo and the document release is to convince the Vatican to take action against two high ranking individuals. LOS ANGELES, CA (California ... continue reading


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Thanks Kim!
Macy's has a Web Buster on Kids' Jackets- just $15.99! Add a Clinique item and use code CLINIQUE to get free shipping!
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STARmeterSEE RANK
Up 658,786 this week
Yanyan Chen (I) (1916–1999)
Yanyan Chen was born on January 12, 1916 in Ningbo, Zhejiang, China as Jianyan Chen. She was an actress, known for The Highway (1935), The Warmth of an Old House (1984) and Lian ge (1953). She was married to Hao Wang and Shaofen Huang. She died on May 3, 1999 in China. See full bio »
Born:in Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
Died:(age 83) in China
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Caldera and Corsair
Many conflicting rumors about Novell's "Corsair" project have been floating about the Internet. Recently, there have been sensationalized stories that Ray Noorda, formerly the President and Chief Executive of Novell, is backing a company called Caldera to use the "Corsair" technology to take Microsoft on head-to-head. While that makes for an interesting story, at Linux Journal we prefer facts to hype. Here is Caldera's story.
Who is Caldera, and what is Corsair, really? Corsair was—and still is—a project at Novell to create a "desktop metaphor" for the network. A year or so ago at Novell, an advanced technology group was doing research on how to better and more easily integrate and manage network access for users, and they decided to focus on the desktop. While they liked Unix, they wanted something smaller and faster to put their "Internet desktop" on, (not to mention something requiring a smaller royalty stream than Unix—yes, Novell pays royalties to other companies that developed parts of Unix).
Several members of the group became convinced that Linux was the best answer to their search. They started to work with Linux, contributing code back to the Linux development team and to other projects related to Linux, including the Linux DOS emulator. Their work included work on the IPX networking layer of Linux, support for the Wine project, and several other smaller parts.
When Robert Frankenberg took over the CEO position at Novell in 1994, he cut out many of the exploratory projects that were then underway in an attempt to focus Novell on "core competencies". While many in the industry lauded this, it did end all of the work on Linux-related features of Corsair, and Corsair now is an "Internet desktop" for MS Windows.
Several of the members of the group were not satisfied with this, and quit to form their own company, with financial and strategic backing from Ray Noorda, to continue working on this desktop—under Linux. This new company is Caldera.
Caldera's product is not an MS Windows clone, as some have reported. It will include an MS-Windows-like API, licensed from Willows Software, which is another Noorda-backed company. This will allow companies with MS Windows applications to port those applications easily to Linux. Caldera does not intend to have an "ABI" (application binary interface) that is guaranteed to run existing Windows applications. Because they have worked for a high level of compatibility at the "API" (application programming interface) level, there is a high probability that some MS Windows binaries will run, but they say that is not what they are attempting to accomplish.
Caldera says their product is not intended to be an MS Windows killer: they are not trying to put Bill Gates out of business. They instead wish to provide an alternative: a commercially supported distribution of Linux bundled with commercial components.
The commercial components, which will require separate licensing, will include the Windows-like API, the Corsair-like desktop, a netware client, and OpenDoc support. Truetype font support is also planned. So-called personal productivity applications will be bundled or sold separately. Caldera-developed documentation will be included as a part of the product.
While Caldera will be providing many commercial components, they have publicly promised to fully honor the GNU Public License, including providing full source code for all the GPL-licensed software they ship. The GPL is what has made Linux useful to them, and they say that it lowers and removes barriers for many small companies who want to compete in the software marketplace. They suggest that Linux will increase innovation in the software marketplace, and they want to push this along. They quote Ray Noorda as saying, "That's exactly what we are out to do—to grow [the whole Linux] industry." Promoting Linux is good for everyone.
Caldera has instructed their public relations firm to promote Linux, as well as Caldera, believing that by giving Linux added exposure, the entire market will grow, benefiting everyone in it, including themselves. In addition, they will continue to contribute work on free software, doing their part to help keep Linux innovative and open. When they chose a business partner to build their distribution, they chose another company that licenses its software under the GPL, Red Hat Software.
Caldera is not the only company to provide supported, shrink-wrapped distributions of Linux, nor is it the only company to sell commercial applications for Linux. Caldera suggests that they have two distinguishing characteristics: first, they have Ray Noorda behind the company, which gives them credibility and financial flexibility when they are negotiating with large software companies; and second, Caldera will focus on helping and encouraging existing independent software vendors and manufacturers to port their programs to the Caldera desktop in an attempt to provide types of software that have been unavailable for Linux in the past.
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One of the best things about the UNIX environment (aside from being stable and efficient) is the vast array of software tools available to help you do your job. Traditionally, a UNIX tool does only one thing, but does that one thing very well. For example, grep is very easy to use and can search vast amounts of data quickly. The find tool can find a particular file or files based on all kinds of criteria. It's pretty easy to string these tools together to build even more powerful tools, such as a tool that finds all of the .log files in the /home directory and searches each one for a particular entry. This erector-set mentality allows UNIX system administrators to seem to always have the right tool for the job.
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Orioles shortstop Manny Machado's decision to charge the mound after Royals pitcher Yordano Ventura hit him with a 99-mph fastball Tuesday was one that galvanized the baseball community around the on-field justice system.
National baseball writers offered their takes on Manny's forthcoming suspension and the ever-growing distaste for pitchers plunking hitters.
Here's what they're saying about the issue that played out Tuesday at Camden Yards:
>> Sports Illustrated's Cliff Corcoran believes that the negative attention being heaped on Ventura shouldn't obscure the fact that


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Traditional trust management schemes developed for wired and wireless ad hoc networks are not well suited for sensor networks due to their higher consumption of resources such as memory and power. In this work, we propose a new lightweight group-based trust management scheme (GTMS) for wireless sensor networks, which employs clustering. Our approach reduces the cost of trust evaluation. Also, theoretical as well as simulation results show that our scheme demands less memory, energy, and communication overheads as compared to the current state-of-the-art trust management schemes and it is more suitable for large-scale sensor networks. Furthermore, GTMS also enables us to detect and prevent malicious, selfish, and faulty nodes.
A not-for-profit organization, IEEE is the world's largest technical professional organization dedicated to advancing technology for the benefit of humanity.© Copyright 2016 IEEE - All rights reserved. Use of this web site signifies your agreement to the terms and conditions.


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The Demeter-Persephone Myth in Wharton, Cather, and GlasgowA continuation of Josephine Donovan's exploration of American women's literary traditions, begun with New England Local Color Literature: A Women's Tradition, which treats the nineteenth-century realists, this work analyzes the writing of major women writers of the early twentieth century—Edith Wharton, Willa Cather, and Ellen Glasgow.The author sees the Demeter-Persephone myth as central to these
$11.99These three works of fiction - two by Mary Wollstonecraft, the radical author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, and one by her daughter Mary Shelley, creator of Frankenstein - are powerfully emotive stories that combine passion with forceful feminist argument. In Mary Wollstonecraft's Mary, the heroine flees her young husband in order to nurse her dearest friend, Ann, and finds genuine love
Disguise and Female Identity in Eighteenth-Century Fictions by WomenTerry Castle's recent study of masquerade follows Bakhtin's analysis of the carnivalesque to conclude that, for women, masquerade offered exciting possibilities for social and sexual freedom. Castle's interpretation conforms to the fears expressed by male writers during the period—Addison, Steele, and Fielding all insisted that masquerade allowed women to usurp the privileges of men. Female
$23.79Elizabeth Bishop represents a full-scale examination of Bishop's work—poetry, prose, and selected unpublished material—to reveal how personal loss becomes implicated in her vision of self as fluid and unfixed and, at the same time, how gender and sexual identity inform the experience of loss in the act of writing. Susan McCabe argues that Bishop counters modernist claims for an autonomous art
Rationality and Gender in Habermas's Theory of ModernityIn this comprehensive analysis of Jürgen Habermas's philosophy and social theory, Marie Fleming takes strong issue with Habermas over his understanding of rationality and the lifeworld, emancipation, history, and gender. Throughout the book she focuses attention on the various ways in which an idea of emancipation motivates and shapes his universalist theory and how it persists over several major
The Dialectics of Subject-Citizenship in Nineteenth Century French Literature and CultureMoscovici proposes a new understanding of how gender relations were reformulated by both male and female writers in nineteenth-century France. She analyzes the different versions of gendered citizenship elaborated by Friedrich Hegel, George Sand, Honore de Balzac, Auguste Comte and Herculine Barbin revealing a shift from a single dialectical (or male-centered) definition of citizenship to a double
$11.99The Little Locksmith, Katharine Butler Hathaway's luminous memoir of disability, faith, and transformation, is a critically acclaimed but largely forgotten literary classic brought back into print for the first time in thirty years. The Little Locksmith begins in 1895 when a specialist straps five-year-old Katharine, then suffering from spinal tuberculosis, to a board with halters and pulleys in a
$11.99Called "fascinating" by the New York Times upon its first publication in 1984, Native Tongue won wide critical praise and cult status, and has often been compared to the futurist fiction of Margaret Atwood. Set in the twenty-second century, the novel tells of a world where women are once again property, denied civil rights and banned from public life. Earth's wealth depends on interplanetary
Feminist Narratology and British Women WritersCarefully melding theory with close readings of texts, the contributors to Ambiguous Discourse explore the role of gender in the struggle for narrative control of specific works by British writers Jane Austen, Virginia Woolf, Anita Brookner, Angela Carter, Jeanette Winterson, and Mina Loy. This collection of twelve essays is the first book devoted to feminist narratology--the combination of
$7.19In Prime, Miranda Pearsons first collection of poetry, the narratives of female identity, the white wedding, and the enshrined position of the mother are interrogated, using the lyric as a form of cultural critique in an examination and mockery of romantic love and heterosexual relationships. At the same time, the poems constitute an irreverent, lush romp, a celebration of friendship and absurdity


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Reload the page and try again.
Their gym is well maintained and it seems pretty up to date.
No one cares about sports at all, which is a shame; I went to one basketball game and it was very high-budget and I had a lot of fun, but there were only a handful of students in attendance and it would have been a lot more fun if more people had shown up. There is zero school spirit. The gym is really state-of-the-art, but the general dynamic of the students who usually go there makes it so that I hate going there (macho lifting guys and girls in little lululemon suits who always need to run faster and look cuter than the people next to them)
The support spirit is great, alot of students are involved when it comes to supports and school events. We as student take pride in our school and teams regardless of the outcome of the games.
Athletics are somewhat popular, but also act as a good outlet for people
Because I plan to attend and play on the volleyball team, the athletics are great. hopefully I get to be on the team and become a great part of a great season. The athletic department is very kind and eye opening and totally different from high school performance. With a greater fan support and school spirit, it's ten times more exciting then anything I've ever seen or experienced.
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Seattle University is not known for athletics, but that does not mean its students are a bunch of lazy homebodies. Intramural sports, while not widespread on campus, are a very popular form of both entertainment and physical exercise. There are leagues for both men and women, as well as coed options, and players can get quite competitive, but overall they tend to take things relatively easily. And the variety of sports that are offered is itself large, with students getting the chance to try everything from softball to outdoor volleyball to three-on-three basketball, though what is being offered can change from quarter to quarter. Plus, the Connolly Center has many options for those interested in sport and exercise, and it is always busy. It can be a pain to actually find an open machine in the evenings, but you shouldn't let that keep you from heading down there for an hour or two.
Varsity sports are another matter. It was only very recently that Seattle University returned to Division I status, and the school is still trying to put together teams for some sports (baseball will not be active until the 2009-2010 year). And while the men's basketball team did catch attention on campus and in the local media, there still isn't a very strong following on campus. School spirit in general is lacking, and despite attempts to increase it through student organizations and promotion of athletic events, attention is still only growing. The athletes themselves are helping to raise awareness, too, and take their sports very seriously. This will probably change as Division I becomes more entrenched in the school and the teams start to develop their own reputation on campus and in the local community, but until then be ready for a relative lack of knowledge about school sports among many fellow students.
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I need to have my A/C condensor replaced and i ALREADY have the new condensor. My question is,"How much will it cost me to have a mechanic install it and charge it with freon?"
condensor replacement on 2003 Chrysler 300M
The nation's largest network of independent repair shops certified for expert training, quality work and fair pricing
2 answers
$300.00 plus the cost of freon is what you can expect t o pay
Use your estimator guide to get a ball park figure on your question. ;https://repairpal.com/estimator?car_type_id=3633


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Red cap engineered with Dri-Fit technology, has velcro closure at the back for a customised fit, eyelets, Arsenal branding on the crown and 'Arsenal' text at the velcro closure
Warranty for manufacturing defects: 6 months (not valid on products with more than 20% discount)
Wash care
Hand wash in warm water at 40 degrees
Do not wring, bleach, iron or dry clean
Line dry
All Gooners will love this nike cap with the Arsenal football club's logo on its crown. The fabric ensures zero distractions and helps keep out the sun. Wear this to flaunt your support for your favourite team!


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A hedgehog's got to do what a hedgehog's got to do
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"I think the Wii U is going to be a really indie-friendly platform"
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I am interested to take over the development.
How to?
I am interested to take over the development.
How to?
You could fork it - ie create a new version with a different plugin name, or email the original developer.
I try to edit the my first post, on first 60 minutes, but this was impossible.
After my post was released, the 60 minutes for editing was ended.
On this 60 minutes my post result closed!
When i write any post, it was closed by default adn disabled editing of it!
How is possible this?
This topic has been closed to new replies.


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Love the atmosphere Like
Hello, Shain Paiment, thank you for your visit, and FAV & LIKE sincerely, "Omar"
Hubs - a very interesting capture! L&F, Heather.
Thank you very much dear TEDDY for kind comment and YsL 17/30
Hallo Bernd , thanks for the interest F and L, it was a fascinating place , best wishes to you
I am very pleased that you like this photo, Eric.
Cordially thanks.
►③Hnos GP Brothers③◄, hvala
PANORAMIO FOREVER!!! Like & Favorite.
Saludos, Carmeta.
Fantastic light. LF. Many thanks for visiting my gallery. Greetings from Barcelona