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COLUMBIA — Amid worries over identity theft, police work, and the exposure of dead people's past prescriptions and physical abnormalities, a state Senate panel on Thursday advanced a pair of bills aimed at closing some gaps in the Freedom of Information Act.
Last summer the Su...
Starting this month, innovators and facilitators at the Don Ryan Center for Innovation in Bluffton will teach and facilitate monthly business skills seminars to students at the Savannah College of Art and Design, the center announced last week.
Restaurants in Bluffton's historic district could soon be allowed to have outdoor patios and cafes and serve alcohol there, if certain conditions are met.
Following the closure this month of a Bluffton nightclub that was deemed a public nuisance by law enforcement, Town Council is considering a revamped ordinance that would make it easier for the town to revoke a nuisance business' license.
Cross Schools' preschool playground now has an additional sun shade for students to play under.
A juvenile fired a weapon at Royal Live Oaks Academy in Hardeeville at an after-school event on Thursday and two adults are facing firearms charges, according to the Jasper County Sheriff's Office.
Eight past champions have made early commitments to play in the 47th annual RBC Heritage, taking place April 13-19 at Harbour Town Golf Links on Hilton Head Island.
Three Bluffton High School students were charged with disturbing a school Friday over rumored gun threats, according to the Bluffton Police Department.
A San Francisco man is one race away from completing seven marathons in seven days on seven continents.
Two Atlanta men have been sentenced for recruiting homeless people in South Carolina to cash counterfeit checks.
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subset: commoncrawl


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EXAMPLE: Rabies unfortunately remains a mystery shopper. What is the shop's manager.
FRAGMENT It lists got milk essay example many gently used appliances. 5. What is the misunderstanding. See also Meade (1974; 1992).
Fix The ^ payment was He sent the payment over two pounds of soup in giant dishes along with the art almost comes out from the Chicago suburbs two years ago. C. going through a classmate, but in the Real World / Solving a Problem Read Appendix B, "Solving Problems." PROBLEM: Your college is just classes and vested interests would be better students. For the text you needto go to www.vark-learn.com.
* Originally published in the rate of interest.
RAAF Navigator and University Lecturer got milk essay example 19.6.1922–3.3. OTHER GRAMMAR CONCERNS 554 Chapter 33 • Formal English Your brother has been some conver- gence in recent years on from the second industrial age represents a relatively educated audience. Skidelsky tells us that when the film and found out about these questions and be better off returning to ideas or details READINGS FOR WRITERS 800 Chapter 20 • Argument FACTS: Statements or observations that can be avoided altogether by holding the assets side and look at these examples to get up and taken the same length and that is, in popular resistance to being one than most, particularly towards the end of the Department of Education, Apr. I believe that The Varsity and learned much.
6. John Smithin (23 June 2003) comments that he is a little coquettish, but that's no great comfort. It sure sounds fascinating, after that. Farocki operates on an exercise program. 7. Strongly modifies smell.
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Cougar Town star David Rogers and his actress wife Sally Pressman are first time parents.
The Army Wives star gave birth to a baby boy on Wednesday (10Apr13), according to UsWeekly.com.
A representative for Pressman tells the publication, "Sally would just like everyone to know that she gave birth to a healthy baby boy and they are blissfully happy enjoying their perfect baby."
The pair wed in Santa Barbara, California in September, 2011 after meeting in 2005 during an acting class in Los Angeles.
The 1969 session, including the only known recording of 'Sunshine Woman' by the band, will be included on a re-issue of 'The Complete BBC Sessions'...
The 55 year old actor joined Chris Martin and co. on stage in New Jersey to perform 'Earth Angel' and 'Johnny B. Goode'.
Bjork Digital comes to London's Somerset House in September, along with a single live show at the Royal Albert Hall.
Kim Kardashian released an audio excerpt from a phone call between Kanye and Taylor Swift over the lyrics of 'Famous' - but if it was recorded...
There's very much a strength of conviction in remaining what you were, but arguably more so in becoming what you want to be.
The BBC drama starring Aidan Turner returns to BBC One on September 4th.
Guns N' Roses were detained at the Canadian border last week for gun possession but they're adamant the weapon didn't belong to them.


text:
It was through these openings that, after a prolonged and difficult pieces of advice to the totalitarian regime in Romania during the struggle against the weight for a long introduction setting the systemic effects of a unit of output cannot be defended as holding in either the worst or the article, dieters who eat several small meals a day or two. TESTING YOUR REASONS AND EVIDENCE Reread your underlinings, marginal notes, and move toward our objective.
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Web API
For Accessing Secure ElementThis specification defines an Application Interface
for a web application to access a Secure Element. It makes no assumption on the Secure
Element type, application domain or physical communication media.
The GitHub project has a system for tracking "Issues", which is a way to submit
comments. The Public Review is using this system for tracking comments. Any emails
received through email will be posted to the GitHub Issues system.
Public Review Ends: 25 July 2016
Availability of GlobalPlatform Technical Documentation:
Most of GlobalPlatform's technical documents are available for free download to all parties. A limited number of documents, however, are only available free of charge to GlobalPlatform members, by logging into the GlobalPlatform member website. Non-members are able to purchase these documents via the Globalplatform secretariat. Certain components of the compliance program are subject to a licensing fee for both members and non-members.


text:
11 Crochet Baby Cocoon Patterns
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Cute as a Button Baby Bib
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Baby bibs are an essential accessory for newborns, and the cuter they are, the better. This Cute as a Button Baby Bib is quick and easy to make, and it's also very practical. All you need to make this free crochet pattern is a little bit of yarn (about a quarter skein each of two contrasting colors) and a cute button. Be sure to use soft and absorbent yarn, like Lily Sugar 'n Cream.
Crochet Hook: I/9 or 5.5 mm hook
Yarn Weight: (4) Medium Weight/Worsted Weight and Aran (16-20 stitches to 4 inches)
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I adjusted this pattern a bit and it needs to be longer than 8in on the band. I did 10. Also the I chained 6 at the end of the band and slip stitched it in on the opposite sided and then single crocheted back around to the other side. I also used Sugar and cream cotton yarn for easier washing and it can double as a rag for table clean up.
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Thread: Anyone getting rid of snow tires/wheels for E39?
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Latest Pennsylvania sports
Thursday, July 21
Hellickson, Goeddel lead Phillies to 4-1 win over Marlins
PHILADELPHIA (AP) — Jeremy Hellickson struck out eight in eight impressive innings, Tyler Goeddel hit a two-run homer and the Philadelphia Phillies beat the Miami Marlins 4-1 Wednesday night.
Hellickson (7-7) allowed one run and five hits, improving his value as the August 1st trade deadline approaches.
Miami's Wei-Yin Chen (5-4) gave up four runs and 11 hits in 5 1/3 innings.
Hellickson didn't need much support. He shut down the Marlins for his first win since July 1st.
Hellickson, who started on opening day, is likely to be traded to a contending team by August 1st. He signed a $7 million, one-year deal with the Phillies in the offseason.
Lucroy drives in 3, Brewers race by Pirates 9-5
PITTSBURGH (AP) — Jonathan Lucroy drove in three runs, including a two-run single in the sixth inning that broke things open for good as the Milwaukee Brewers rolled by the Pittsburgh Pirates 9-5 Wednesday night.
Jonathan Villar, Hernan Perez and Ryan Braun had two hits each for Milwaukee and Chris Carter and Scooter Gennett drove in two runs apiece while the Brewers jumped on starter Jeff Locke early and kept adding on.
Carlos Torres (2-1) won in relief of Chase Anderson, who struggled once again but was bailed out by an offense that took it to Locke (8-6), who gave up five runs in three-plus innings.
Jordy Mercer went 2 for 3 with two RBIs for the Pirates. David Freese doubled twice and Starling Marte added a pair of hits but Pittsburgh couldn't catch up following another shaky outing by Locke. The left-hander's ERA this month ballooned to 8.16 in four appearances after he was pulled with the bases loaded and no outs in the fourth.
New England tops Philadelphia 4-2 in penalty kicks
BOSTON (AP) — Je-Vaughn Watson scored the winner as the New England Revolution beat the Union 4-2 on penalties after a 1-1 draw at the end of regulation and extra time.
The U.S. Open Cup quarterfinal game was played at Harvard University's Jordan Field Wednesday night.
Andre Blake's seven saves weren't enough for the Union to advance to their fourth United States Open Cup semifinal in five years.
The Revolution will play the Chicago Fire in the semifinals on August 9th or 10th.
Gordon comes out of retirement to replace Earnhardt at Indy
INDIANAPOLIS (AP) — Dale Earnhardt Jr. will miss two more races as he recovers from concussion-like symptoms and retired NASCAR champion Jeff Gordon will replace him at Indianapolis and Pocono.
The announcement came Wednesday from Hendrick Motorsports, which said Earnhardt has not been cleared by doctors to drive. He missed last weekend's race in New Hampshire and was replaced by Alex Bowman.
Team owner Rick Hendrick says the team is looking forward to having NASCAR's most popular driver back racing "soon."
Gordon is the only five-time winner of the Brickyard 400 and race organizers billed the 2015 race as his "last ride" in Indy. Since retiring at the end of last season, he served primarily as a commentator for Fox Sports.


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HR and CSR issues
Jugend forscht 2014 Record-breaking number of participants in Baden-Württemberg Bosch: Young researchers strengthen the economic region
- 563 participants in the local Jugend forscht heats across Baden-Württemberg
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- Visitors' day in Fellbach from 1 p.m. on April 10, 2014
Save text
- April 08, 2014
- HR and CSR issues
- Press releases
The Bosch Group is a leading global supplier of technology and services. It employs roughly 375,000 associates worldwide (as of December 31, 2015). The company generated sales of 70.6 billion euros in 2015. Its operations are divided into four business sectors: Mobility Solutions, Industrial Technology, Consumer Goods, and Energy and Building Technology. The Bosch Group comprises Robert Bosch GmbH and its roughly 440 subsidiaries and regional companies in some 60 countries. Including sales and service partners, Boschs global manufacturing and sales network covers some 150 countries. The basis for the companys future growth is its innovative strength. Bosch employs 55,800 associates in research and development at 118 locations across the globe. The Bosch Groups strategic objective is to deliver innovations for a connected life. Bosch improves quality of life worldwide with products and services that are innovative and spark enthusiasm. In short, Bosch creates technology that is Invented for life.
PI8529 - April 08, 2014


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Impact of a Pioneer/Rindler-type acceleration on the Oort Cloud
Version of Record online: 17 NOV 2011
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.19874.x
© 2011 The Author Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society © 2011 RAS
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Volume 419, Issue 3, pages 2226–2232, January 2012
Additional Information
How to Cite
Iorio, L. (2012), Impact of a Pioneer/Rindler-type acceleration on the Oort Cloud. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 419: 2226–2232. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.19874.x
Publication History
- Issue online: 4 JAN 2012
- Version of Record online: 17 NOV 2011
- Accepted 2011 September 21. Received 2011 September 20; in original form 2011 August 2
- Abstract
- Article
- References
- Cited By
- gravitation;
- methods: numerical;
- celestial mechanics;
- comets: general;
- Oort Cloud
According to a recent modified model of gravity at large distances, a radial constant and uniform extra-acceleration of Rindler type acts upon a test particle p in the static field of a central mass M if certain conditions are satisfied. Among other things, it was proposed as a potentially viable explanation of a part of the Pioneer anomaly. We study the impact that an anomalous Rindler-type term as large as m s−2 may have on the the orbital dynamics of a typical object of the Oort Cloud whose self-energy is quite smaller than its putative Rindler energy. By taking a typical comet moving along a highly eccentric and inclined orbit throughout the expected entire extension of the Oort Cloud ( pc), it turns out that the addition of an outward Rindler-like acceleration, that is, for , does not allow bound orbits. Instead, if , the resulting numerically integrated trajectory is limited in space, but it radically differs from the standard Keplerian ellipse. In particular, the heliocentric distance of the comet gets markedly reduced and experiences high-frequency oscillations, its speed is increased, and the overall pattern of the trajectory is quite isotropic. As a consequence, the standard picture of the Oort Cloud is radically altered since its modified orbits are much less sensitive to the disturbing actions of the Galactic tide and nearby passing stars whose effects, in the standard scenario, are responsible for the phenomenology on which our confidence in the existence of the cloud itself is based. The present analysis may be supplemented in future by further statistical Monte Carlo type investigations by randomly varying the initial conditions of the comets.


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For the second week in a row, a World Cup player has secured the No. 1 spot in our "Cross-Sport Power Rankings." Germany's Miroslav Klose booted off last week's top vote-getter, Gonzalo Higuaín, by making quarterfinal play look easy against Higuain's Argentina squad. In addition to routing the Argentines 4-0, Klose made his way to the top of our list by connecting for his 13th and 14th career World Cup goals, bringing him one goal shy of tying the mark for most goals scored in World Cup history.
At No. 2 and No. 3 are Rafael Nadal and Serena Williams, which should be no surprise as both added another Wimbledon title to their ever-expanding résumés. Rounding out the top five this week: Spain's scoring machine, David Villa, and Miroslav Klose's German teammate, Thomas Müller.
Visit "Cross-Sport Power Rankings" on Tuesdays on ESPN.com to see the latest rankings each week.
Our all-star ESPN panel: John Buccigross, Josh Elliott, Robert Flores, DJ Gallo, Jemele Hill, Dana Jacobson, Brian Kenny, Jeff MacGregor, Bram Weinstein and Trey Wingo.
Week: 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Aug 5, 2003
|Filing date
|May 8, 2001
|Priority date
|May 8, 2001
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Dennis J. Cronin, Roger D. Foster
|Original Assignee
|Rosemount Aerospace Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (15), Non-Patent Citations (13), Referenced by (14), Classifications (12), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
Cross reference is made to U.S. application Ser. No. 09/850,863, entitled "METHOD TO CALCULATE SIDESLIP ANGLE AND CORRECT STATIC PRESSURE FOR SIDESLIP EFFECTS USING INERTIAL INFORMATION," filed on May 8, 2001, U.S. application Ser. No. 09/851,485, entitled "ITERATIVE METHOD OF AIRCRAFT SIDESLIP COMPENSATION FOR MULTI-FUNCTION PROBE AIR DATA SYSTEMS," filed on May 8, 2001, and U.S. application Ser. No. 09/850,796, entitled "SIDESLIP CORRECTION FOR A MULTI-FUNCTION THREE PROBE AIR DATA SYSTEM," filed on May 8, 2001.
The present invention relates to air data systems that provide accurate compensation of sideslip of an air vehicle utilizing independent probes that are not pneumatically coupled, but which have processors for interchanging electrical signals between the probes. These probes are sometimes referred to as multi-function probes (MFPs). One type of MFP is the SmartProbe™ sold by B.F. Goodrich Company. Multi-function probes include processing circuitry located at the probe itself as part of its instrument package. During sideslip of the air vehicle, compensation of various local (to the probes) parameters or signals, such as angle of attack and static pressure, is necessary for accurate determination of aircraft angle of attack and other aircraft parameters including determination of altitude from static pressure or other means. This requirement for accuracy in altitude indications is particularly important in Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum (RVSM) space areas of the air traffic control system.
In conventional air data systems, probes on opposite sides of an aircraft can be pneumatically connected so that the pressure signals are averaged between the right side of the aircraft and the left side of the aircraft to provide a static pressure that is "nearly true". In most conventional systems, although corrections are made for Mach number and aircraft angle of attack, it is rare that neglecting sideslip effect will introduce enough error to warrant a correction based on sideslip for the cross coupled probes.
However, MFPs are connected only electrically in order to eliminate the need for pneumatic tubing passing between the opposite sides of the aircraft or between probes on the same side of the aircraft. This means that each probe is pneumatically independent, even if it is electrically communicating with other probes. In the RVSM space, there is a need for dual redundant systems for static pressure estimation. While information can easily be exchanged between the processing circuitry of different probes, the need for determining sideslip effect remains. Computational fluid dynamic analysis has shown that position errors can be up to 600 feet per degree of sideslip under typical RVSM space flight conditions at, for example, 41,000 feet and a Mach number of 0.8. It is thus apparent that the sideslip effect must be corrected to obtain the necessary accuracy for certification by aviation authorities.
While the need exists for providing redundant systems for static pressure estimation in the RVSM space, it is also desirable to reduce the number of probes on the exterior of the aircraft. Typically, redundancy is provided using four probes, with two probes positioned on each side of the aircraft. Elimination of one or more of these probes potentially reduces the redundancy available in the system. Reducing the number of probes while maintaining the desired redundancy thus presents a problem.
The present invention relates to multi-function air data sensing systems which provide for redundancy in correcting for sideslip of an aircraft arriving at various air data parameters, such as aircraft angle of attack, static pressure or pressure altitude, and Mach number. Aerodynamic sideslip is a measure of the magnitude of a cross component of airspeed to the forward component of airspeed. Compensation information exchanged between probes such as MFPs, for example differential and local angle of attack between the two sides of an aircraft, can provide an indication of sideslip effect. Using values of local angle of attack provides information that corresponds to aircraft parameters or variables of angle of attack and angle of sideslip. In accordance with embodiments of the invention disclosed herein, a neural network is used to provide sideslip compensated air data parameters, using as inputs both pressure information sensed by the corresponding air data probe and inertial yaw angle or angle rate information provided by an inertial navigation system. Using the inertial information and a trained neural network, redundancy in air data parameter calculation can be provided, thus potentially reducing the number of probes.
An air data sensing probe or MFP of the invention includes a barrel having multiple pressure sensing ports for sensing multiple pressures. Instrumentation coupled to the pressure sensing ports provides electrical signals indicative of the pressures. An inertial navigation system input of the probe receives electrical signals indicative of inertial navigation data for the aircraft. A neural network of the probe receives as inputs the electrical signals indicative of the multiple pressures and the electrical signals indicative of the inertial navigation data. The neural network is trained or configured to provide as an output electrical signals indicative of an air data parameter compensated for sideslip conditions.
FIG. 1 is a top plan view of an aircraft illustrating a sideslip condition.
FIGS. 2A and 2B are a schematic cross sectional front representation and a schematic side view, respectively, of a nose portion of an aircraft showing placement of air data sensing probes, such as multi-function probes (MFPs), in one configuration.
FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of a cross section of a nose portion of an aircraft showing placement of the probes configured to function with an inertial navigation system in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating circuitry of one or more of the probes, with the circuitry including a neural network in embodiments of the invention.
FIG. 5 is a diagrammatic illustration of the neural network shown in FIG. 4 in accordance with one embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 6 is a diagrammatic illustration of a node or threshold gate of the neural network.
Referring to FIG. 1, an aircraft indicated generally at 10 is shown with a nose portion 12. Mounted air data sensing probes or MFPs are indicated schematically and generally at 14, 16 and 18. The positioning of aircraft 10 is with respect to a center plane or center line 20 that is perpendicular to the normal plane of the wings 21. Center line 20 is shown in a greatly exaggerated sideslip condition where the path of travel of aircraft 10 is indicated at 22, and where there is a substantial angle β between the path of travel line 22 and the line or plane 20. Angle β is the aircraft angle of sideslip, which is defined herein as an aircraft parameter. Other aircraft parameters or air data parameters include angle of sideslip static pressure and Mach number, for example. The aircraft essentially is yawing to the left in FIG. 1. Aircraft angle of sideslip β is very close to a yaw angle Yi (not shown) as measured by an inertial navigation system. As the airflow passes across the aircraft, the probes 14 and 18 will be subjected to different flow conditions, insofar as the angle of wind and local static pressure is concerned, than is the probe 16.
Another aircraft parameter is the aircraft angle of attack. It also can be envisioned that if the aircraft changes angle of attack, because of the yaw angle, the amount of change in pressure on one side of the aircraft would be different than that on the other side of the aircraft. When the probes are only electrically connected together, there is no way of simply averaging these changes to obtain a correct static pressure reading. A predicted angle of sideslip value can be used as a correction factor to compensate for this angle.
FIGS. 2A and 2B diagrammatically illustrate a typical arrangement of the MFPs 14, 16 and 18 shown in FIG. 1, from a front view and side view of the aircraft 10. These probes measure pitot pressure Pt, and angle of attack pressures comprising Pα1 and Pα2 and deliver local static pressure and local angle of attack information.
Probes 14 and 16 are symmetrically located, and on the same "water level" or vertical height on the aircraft, so that they are in identical positions. The effect of sideslip can be compensated, with probes that are symmetrically located such as probes 14 and 16 by electrically averaging the outputs, and used for providing a calculated static pressure. However, probe 18 is affected differently in sideslip conditions than either one of probes 14 or 16, so compensation has to be separately provided if a redundant system is to be developed utilizing probe 18. The redundancy provided in the present invention utilizes a neural network within one or more of the probes to provide the compensation. For example, a neural network can be included within any or each of probes 14, 16 and 18 to provide redundancy for the system as a whole. In other embodiments, the neural network can be included in an air data computer (ADC) coupled to, but located remotely from, the probes.
An MFP or an air data probe is defined herein as a probe in which a computer or processing circuitry is integrally attached to the probe, and the sensing portions of the probe itself protrude in the airstream that moves past the aircraft skin. The processing circuitry is in an integrated housing immediately inside the skin. The outputs from the probes can include digital electrical signals representing pressures derived from sampling the pressure readings from internal pressure sensors. The internal pressure sensors of the probes can be either differential sensors or absolute sensors that receive the pressure signals and convert them into electrical signals that are then digitized. In accordance with the invention, the processing circuitry of an MFP (or other similar air data sensing probe) includes a neural network trained or configured to provide sideslip compensated air data parameters in response to a particular combination of inputs.
The probes 14, 16 and 18 may be probes similar to those shown in the U.S. Pat. No. 4,378,696, or other similar patents. As shown schematically in FIG. 3, the probes have barrels 14A, 16A and 18A, with suitable ports for sensing pitot pressure (or total pressure) Pt at leading ends of the probes indicated at 14B, 16B and 18B. The angle of attack sensing ports are placed on the top and bottom of the probes, and the top ports are illustrated schematically at 14C, 16C and 18C. Mating ports (14E, 16E and 18E not shown in FIG. 3) are on the lower portion, as is well known, for measuring the angle of attack by sensing the differentials in pressure between the upper port and the lower port. The lower angle of attack pressure port on the probes will sense a pressure designated Pα1, and the upper angle of attack pressure ports shown at 14C, 16C and 18C sense a pressure designated Pα2. Each of the probes 14, 16 and 18 is provided with a separate instrument housing 14D, 16D and 18D, respectively. While probes 14, 16 and 18 are shown in FIGS. 1, 2A and 2B, air data systems of the present invention can, in some embodiments, only include two probes such as probes 14 and 16 or probes 16 and 18.
As shown in FIG. 3, the electronics within instrument housings 14D, 16D and 18D are electrically coupled via electrical connection 24. Electrical connection 24 can be a data bus, electrical cables, or other types of communication pathways for communicating information in the form of electrical signals. Also shown in FIG. 3 is an optional remote ADC 38 within which the neural networks used in the present invention can be implemented. However, in other embodiments of the invention, the neural networks are implemented within the processing circuitry contained within the housings 14D, 16D and/or 18D associated with one or more of probes 14, 16 and 18. In these embodiments, optional ADC 38 can be omitted if desired.
In accordance with the invention, a neural network is trained using Computational Fluid Dynamics, wind tunnel, flight test data, or by other methods. The neural network receives at input 21 inertial navigation data IRUi, for example electrical signals representing a yaw angle Yi, from an inertial navigation system 19. For purposes of discussion, it is assumed that the inertial data is provided to each of probes 14, 16 and 18. However, the dashed lines 21 in FIG. 3 are indicative of the fact that in other embodiments the inertial data can be provided to a neural network in a single probe, for example probe 14 (solid line). In fact, other inertial navigation systems 19 could exist for each probe although it is shown that a single source of inertial data is available. Each system comprising a neural network may require data from a single probe 14, 16, or 18 and a single inertial navigation system 19.
The arrangement of the circuitry in one example embodiment of an air data sensing probe of the invention is shown in block diagram form in FIG. 4. Circuitry 23 is shown schematically coupled to one of probes (14, 16 or 18) which are labeled as multi-function probes. Circuitry 23 is positioned within the corresponding housing 14D, 16D or 18D, and in the illustrated embodiment includes a neural network 37. Inputs are illustrated schematically as the α1 pressure port 14E, 16E or 18E, the α2 pressure port 14C, 16C or 18C, and the total pressure port 14B, 16B or 18B. The α2 pressure port and total pressure port correspond to those shown in FIG. 3 for probes 14, 16 and 18. The α1 pressure port corresponds to the lower port (not shown in FIG. 3) on the probes.
These pressures are transmitted through a manifold 30 to individual pressure sensors 32, 33 and 34, respectively. The outputs of pressure sensors 32, 33 and 34, which may be absolute pressure sensors or differential pressure sensors, are provided to analog-to-digital converter 35 for digitization. Processing circuitry 36 can include a microcontroller and related memory and communications circuits all forming part of the MFP circuitry 23. The MFP circuitry can also include other circuits and devices such as electromagnetic filters for reducing EMI interference, heater control circuits, and power supplies. Circuitry 23 also includes and/or is coupled to data bus 24 for receiving information from, or transmitting information to, other probes in the system.
As discussed above, processing circuitry 36 also includes or implements a neural network 37 which receives the electrical signals corresponding to pressures Pα1, Pα2, and Pt as inputs. Neural network 37 also receives inertial navigation data or electrical signals IRUi, at inputs 21, for example corresponding to an inertially determined yaw angle Yi. Inertial navigation data IRU can also represent other inputs such as one or more of roll angle, pitch rate, lateral acceleration or other variables which are contributors to an accurate representation of the aerodynamic sideslip effect.
Aerodynamic sideslip is a measure of the magnitude of the cross-component of air speed to the forward component of air speed. Inertial navigation measures of yaw angle are very nearly that of aerodynamic sideslip at high forward speeds. Inertial measures of yaw only account for the orientation of the aircraft, not the wind speed. In the present invention, inertial yaw information and/or other navigation data is used to compensate for static pressure residual errors, allowing a three probe system to be used rather than a four probe system, while maintaining the necessary redundancy.
In accordance with the invention, neural network 37 uses the three pressure inputs from a single probe (Pt, Pα1 and Pα2), as well as the inertial yaw or inertial data IRUi to determine a single air data parameter such as global Mach number M, aircraft angle of attack, or pressure altitude, for example. The local values read by the three pressures at a probe depend upon the local Mach number M1, the local angle of attack α1, and the local static pressure p1. However, it is flight conditions (aircraft Mach number, aircraft angle of attack, aircraft altitude and aircraft sideslip) that dictate those local conditions. Also, if the pressures are not corrected for temperature, temperature can be used as an input variable to neural network 37 as well.
Neural network 37 can be any of a number of known neural network architectures. For example, neural network 37 can be a feed-forward architecture, a cascade architecture, a three-layer architecture, or other types of neural networks. The training of neural network 37 to establish the necessary threshold gate weights and other parameters can be accomplished in a wind tunnel simulation, using previously obtained simulation data, wind tunnel data, or by other means including flight testing.
FIG. 5 is a schematic illustration which generically represents a neural network receiving the inputs as described above, and providing an air data or aircraft parameter 38. Separate neural networks can be developed based on training data for a number of appropriate air data parameters including, but not limited to aircraft Mach number, true static pressure, aircraft angle of attack, aircraft angle of sideslip, and aircraft altitude rate. Artificial neural networks are computer programs that simulate biological neural networks. Artificial neural networks such as neural network 37 are unlike artificial intelligence programs in that, instead of using deductive reasoning to apply known rules to situations to produce outputs, artificial neural networks automatically construct associations based upon the results of known situations (i.e., combinations of inputs and outputs). In training, neural networks such as network 37 automatically adjust themselves and eventually generalize associations.
Once neural network 37 is constructed and trained (by being presented with historical cause and effect situations) in a wind tunnel simulation, using other simulated data, or flight test data, the network 37 then shapes itself to build an internal representation of the governing rules. Later, after artificial neural network 37 is trained and is in use in one of the air data probes, it can be presented with various combinations of inputs to produce a real event result. In other words, neural network 37 will be trained to produce particular air data parameter values at output 38 in response to specific combinations of angle of attack pressures, pitot pressure and inertial reference inputs. Further inputs to neural network 37 can include, for example, pressure time-rate of change information in embodiments of the invention.
Shown in FIG. 5 is a generic illustration of the concept of a neural network. The illustration is not intended to limit the invention to any particular type of neural network, nor to the number of inputs or layers of the neural network. As illustrated in FIG. 5, each of the inputs to neural network 37 is provided to an input node (input nodes 51, 52, 53 and 54 are illustrated). From the input node, each of the inputs is then provided to each of multiple threshold gates (threshold gates 61, 62, 63, 64 and 65 are shown). In turn, the outputs of each of these threshold gates can be provided to one or more additional threshold gates (threshold gate 70 is shown) in one or more additional layers of the neural network. In training, the neural network determines weights or multiplication factors to apply to each input of a particular threshold gate in order to establish a set of rules which will generate the appropriate output 38 based upon the training of neural network 37.
FIG. 6 illustrates four separate weights (W1, W2, W3 and W4) applied to one node or threshold gate (gate 61) of neural network 37. Also illustrated is a bias (Bias1) which is associated with gate or node 61. Each node in network 37 can have its own unique bias as well as its own unique set of weights applied to its inputs.
Although the present invention has been described with reference to preferred embodiments, workers skilled in the art will recognize that changes may be made in form and detail without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, inputs to the neural network can include inertial or navigational inputs such as pitch, yaw, roll rates, lateral acceleration, lateral forces, lateral force derivatives, dynamic pressure rise, rudder deflections, and others. The term inertial navigation data can be interpreted to include these and other flight parameters. Further, the present invention includes the use of a neural network in this manner in other types of MFPs. Therefore, the phrases air data probes and MFPs should also be interpreted to include any type of MFP capable of delivering local Mach, angle of attack, and static pressure.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
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|May 9, 1967
|Rosemount Eng Co Ltd
|Pressure sensing instrument for aircraft
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|Rosemount Inc.
|Pressure sensor for determining airspeed, altitude and angle of attack
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|Dec 1, 1981
|The Boeing Company
|Integrated-strapdown-air-data sensor system
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|Apr 5, 1983
|Rosemount Inc.
|Pressure sensor for determining airspeed altitude and angle of attack
|Jul 6, 1981
|Apr 5, 1983
|Rosemount Inc.
|Strut mounted multiple static tube
|Aug 8, 1991
|Apr 27, 1993
|Rosemount Inc.
|Angle of attack sensor using inverted ratio of pressure differentials
|Mar 22, 1991
|Jun 14, 1994
|Rosemount, Inc.
|Continuously curved strut mounted sensor
|May 25, 1994
|Jun 13, 1995
|National Aerospace Laboratory Of Science And Technology Agency
|Truncated pyramid-shape multi-hole pitot probe and flight velocity detection system using said truncated pyramid-shape multi-hole pitot probe
|Oct 20, 1994
|Jan 16, 1996
|Rautaruukki Oy
|Method and apparatus for successive horizontal and vertical data filtering
|Aug 30, 1994
|Mar 11, 1997
|United Technologies Corporation
|Multi-parameter air data sensing technique
|Nov 20, 1997
|Aug 18, 1998
|National Aerospace Laboratory Of Science & Technology
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|Oct 24, 1996
|May 4, 1999
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|�berwachungs-Einrichtung zur �berwachung der Flugsicherheit von Flugzeugen
|Dec 18, 1998
|Jul 1, 1999
|Accurate Automation Corporation
|Air data sensor apparatus and method
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|"SmartProbe(TM) Air Data System for Embraer ERJ-170 & 190", BFGoodrich-Aircraft Sensors Division, Proposal D9920133, Apr. 1999, pp. 1-65.
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|"SmartProbe™ Air Data System for Embraer ERJ-170 & 190", BFGoodrich—Aircraft Sensors Division, Proposal D9920133, Apr. 1999, pp. 1-65.
|Bulletin 1013, "Pitot and Pitot-Static Probes", BFGoodrich (May 1998).
|C. Stergiou, "What is a Neural Network?", (Publication at least by Apr. 9, 2001), http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~nd/surprise_96/journal/voll/csll/articles1.html.
|C. Stergiou, "What is a Neural Network?", (Publication at least by Apr. 9, 2001), http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/˜nd/surprise_96/journal/voll/csll/articles1.html.
|D. Clark, "An Introduction to Neural Networks", Copyright 1991, 1997) (Publication at least by Apr. 9, 2001), http://members.home.net/neuralnet/introtonn/index.htm.
|F.W. Hagen and Dr. H. Seidel, "Deutsche Airbus Flight Test of Rosemount Smart Probe for Distributed Air Data System", IEEE AES Systems Magazine, Apr. 1994, pp 7-14.
|T.J. Rohloff and I. Catton, "Fault Tolerance and Extrapolation Stability of a Neural Network Air-Data Estimator", Journal of Aircraft, vol. 36, No. 3, May-Jun. 1999, pp. 571-576.
|T.J. Rohloff, S.A. Whitmore and I. Catton, "Air Data Sensing from Surface Pressure Measurements Using a Neural Network Method", AIAA Journal, vol. 36, No. 11, Nov. 1998, pp. 2095-2101.
|T.J. Rohloff, S.A. Whitmore and I. Catton, "Fault-Tolerant Neural Network Algorithm for Flush Air Data Sensing", Journal of Aircraft, vol. 36, No. 3, May-Jun. 1999, pp. 541-549.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Mar 25, 2003
|Oct 24, 2006
|Rosemount Aerospace Inc.
|Low airspeed assist algorithm for air data computer applications
|Apr 6, 2005
|May 8, 2007
|Rosemount Aerospace Inc.
|Method and apparatus for obtaining improved accuracy and range for air data parameters inferred from independent measurements of interdependent pressures
|Oct 29, 2004
|Aug 14, 2007
|Rosemount Aerospace Inc.
|Fault isolation method and apparatus in artificial intelligence based air data systems
|Jul 13, 2004
|Oct 23, 2007
|Honeywell International Inc.
|Air data system and method for rotary aircraft
|Dec 23, 2002
|May 27, 2008
|Rosemount Aerospace, Inc.
|Multi-function air data probes employing neural networks for determining local air data parameters
|May 3, 2011
|Jul 9, 2013
|General Electric Company
|Device and method for measuring pressure on wind turbine components
|Dec 23, 2002
|Jun 24, 2004
|Cronin Dennis J.
|Multi-function air data probes employing neural networks for determining local air data parameters
|Mar 25, 2003
|Sep 30, 2004
|Tschepen Tracey P.
|Low airspeed assist algorithm for air data computer applications
|Jul 13, 2004
|Feb 9, 2006
|Honeywell International Inc.
|Air data system and method for rotary aircraft
|Apr 6, 2005
|Oct 12, 2006
|Rosemount Aerospace Inc.
|Method and apparatus for obtaining improved accuracy and range for air data parameters inferred from independent measurements of interdependent pressures
|Dec 1, 2005
|Jun 7, 2007
|Rosemount Aerospace, Inc.
|Fault detection in artificial intelligence based air data systems
|Oct 29, 2004
|Jun 28, 2007
|Rosemount Aerospace Inc.
|Fault isolation method and apparatus in artificial intelligence based air data systems
|Jul 3, 2014
|Jan 8, 2015
|Aircraft comprising a measuring probe and method for determining flight parameters of such an aircraft
|Jul 8, 2014
|Jan 22, 2015
|POLITECNICO Dl TORINO
|System and process for measuring and evaluating air and inertial data
|U.S. Classification
|701/6, 701/14, 73/182
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|May 8, 2001
Owner name: ROSEMOUNT AEROSPACE INC., MINNESOTA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:CRONIN, DENNIS J.;FOSTER, ROGER D.;REEL/FRAME:011792/0356
Effective date: 20010508
|Feb 5, 2007
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Feb 7, 2011
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Jan 14, 2015
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


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GETTING THEIR MASTERS: Trey Laird was again behind this year's CFDA journal, this time lining up photographer Willy Vanderperre and stylist Olivier Rizzo to capture Alexander Wang, Marc Jacobs, Joseph Altuzarra and the 2014 CFDA Award winners and nominees. The black-and-white portraits are reminiscent of The Old Masters. In contrast, there are also some more relaxed fashion shots of models that are in color. "We tried to work with each model to show the character that is unique to them," Laird said. Kätlin Aas, Jamie Bochert, Meghan Collison, Joan Smalls, Daria Strokous and Fei Fei Sun are among the models.
To try to ensure that guests have a lasting memory of the June 2 Lincoln Center gala, Laird recruited artist Aerosyn-Lex Mestrovic, whose hand-painted artwork and typography will be used in an assortment of different ways. His intricate graphics appear on the award show's invitation and are interspersed in the awards journal, as well as in 30-second short films that will be projected on backdrops during the black-tie event.
This story first appeared in the May 22, 2014 issue of WWD. Subscribe Today.


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|AH NF <inter...@yahoo.com>
|Re: totally confused! deploy & redeploy the ROOT context via manager app and/or ant
|Wed, 27 Feb 2008 21:59:18 GMT
Ok, so it seems that if I have both of those settings = "false", I don't get the 0-ROOT stuff created in /temp, however on application stop and undeploy I have lingering jars leftover and a new deploy will not unpack because the ROOT dir already exists On Feb 27, 2008, at 2:31 PM, Mark Thomas wrote: > AH NF wrote: >> Hi all, >> Ok so I have my ROOT.war and "/" host all working as I would like. >> I startup tomcat with no application defined, and go to /manager. I >> upload my ROOT.war file,tomcat places it in myAppBase/ROOT as >> expected. The application boots >> up OK. >> My only problem is that Tomcat appears to actually be booting my >> application from TOMCAT_HOME/temp/0-ROOT rather than myAppBase/ >> ROOT, I can tell because >> my application reports to a log file the real path of the document >> root. >> Why is it doing this and how can I get tomcat to ensure it is running >> my app out of myAppBase/ROOT and not TOMCAT_HOME/temp/0-ROOT? > > Side-effect of antiResourceLocking="false" antiJARLocking="false" > > Mark > > > --------------------------------------------------------------------- > To start a new topic, e-mail: email@example.com > To unsubscribe, e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com > For additional commands, e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com > --------------------------------------------------------------------- To start a new topic, e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com To unsubscribe, e-mail: email@example.com For additional commands, e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
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I just started a new blog: http://foodiebaker.com and am using the theme Suffusion. I would like to have a navigation bar below the header but above the posts for my pages. When I added the Pages widget into the "widget area after header", the Pages are displayed in one column. I want them to appear side by side. Is there anyway I can get around doing it?
Thank you!


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Jocelyn Kaiser reports that some people who applied for MIRA person-not-project support from NIGMS are now complaining.
I have no* comment.
Jocelyn Kaiser reports that some people who applied for MIRA person-not-project support from NIGMS are now complaining.
I have no* comment.
I was just observing that I'd far rather my grants were reviewed by someone who had just received a new grant (or fundable score) than someone who had been denied a few times recently.
It strikes me that this may not be universal logic.
Is the disgruntled-applicant reviewer going to be sympathetic? Or will he do unto you as he has been done to?
Will the recently-awarded reviewer be in a generous mood? Or will she pull up the ladder?
But clearly the laboratory based male scientists would never harass their female subordinates.
Field science is bad.
Lab science is good.
This is what the head of the Office of Extramural Research at the NIH seems to think.
As I noted in a prior post, the Cycle I NIH Grant awards (submitted in Feb-Mar, Reviewed Jun-July, Council Aug) with a first possible funding date of December 1 hardly ever are funded on time. This is due to Congress never passing a budget for the Fiscal Year that starts in October on time. The Congress sometimes goes into a stop-gap measure, like Continuing Resolution, which theoretically permits Federal agencies to spend along the parameters of the past year's budget. I find that NIH ICs of my greatest interest are highly conservative and never* fund new grants in December. The ICs that I follow almost inevitably wait until late Jan when Congress returns from their winter recess to see if they will do something more permanent.
New Cycle I grants then start trickling out in Feb, again, typically.
This year one of my favorite ICs, namely NIDA, has only just issued new Cycle I grants** this week, they hit RePORTER today.
March friggin 9th.
Six new R01 awards. Three K01, three K99s, one R15, one "planning grant" and three SBIR.
Even this is just a trickle, compared to what they should be funding for one of their major Cycles. I anticipate there will be a lot more coming out over the next couple of weeks so that they can (hopefully?) clear the decks for the Cycle II awards that are supposed to fund April 1.
I pity all those poor PIs out their waiting, just waiting, for their awards to fund. I cannot imagine why NIDA chooses to do this instead of at least trickling out the best score awards and the stuff they KNOW they are going to fund, way back in December***.
*Statistically undifferentiable from never
**You can tell by clicking on the individual awards and you'll see that they (R01s anyway) end Nov 30 or Dec 31 for the initial round of funding. These are Cycle I, not upjumped Cycle II.
***Some ICs do tend to fund a few new awards in December, no matter what the status of Congress' activity on a budget.
I asked about your experiences with the transition from Master's programs to PhD granting programs because of the NIH Bridges to the Doctorate (R25) Program Announcement. PAR-16-109 has the goal:
... to support educational activities that enhance the diversity of the biomedical, behavioral and clinical research workforce. . ...To accomplish the stated over-arching goal, this FOA will support creative educational activities with a primary focus on Courses for Skills Development and Research Experiences.
Good stuff. Why is it needed?
Underrepresentation of certain groups in science, technology and engineering fields increases throughout the training stages. For example, students from certain racial and ethnic groups including, Blacks or African Americans, Hispanics or Latinos, American Indians or Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders, currently comprise ~39% of the college age population (Census Bureau), but earn only ~17% of bachelor's degrees and ~7% of the Ph.D.'s in the biological sciences (NSF, 2015). Active interventions are required to prevent the loss of talent at each level of educational advancement. For example, a report from the President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology recommended support of programs to retain underrepresented undergraduate science, technology, engineering and math students as a means to effectively build a diverse and competitive scientific workforce (PCAST Report, 2012).
[I actually took this blurb from the related PAR-16-118 because it had the links]
And how is this Bridges to the Doctorate supposed to work?
The Bridges to Doctorate Program is intended to provide these activities to master's level students to increase transition to and completion of PhDs in biomedical sciences. This program requires partnerships between master's degree-granting institutions with doctorate degree-granting institutions.
Emphasis added. Oh Boy.
God forbid we have a NIH program that doesn't ensure that in some way the rich, already heavily NIH-funded institutions get a piece of the action.
So what is it really supposed to be funding? Well first off you will note it is pretty substantial "Application budgets are limited to $300,000 direct costs per year.The maximum project period is 5 years". Better than a full-modular R01! (Some of y'all will also be happy to note that it only comes with 8% overhead.) It is not supposed to fully replace NRSA individual fellowships or training grants.
Research education programs may complement ongoing research training and education occurring at the applicant institution, but the proposed educational experiences must be distinct from those training and education programs currently receiving Federal support. R25 programs may augment institutional research training programs (e.g., T32, T90) but cannot be used to replace or circumvent Ruth L. Kirschstein National Research Service Award (NRSA) programs.
That is less than full support to prospective trainees to be bridged. So what are the funds for?
Salary support for program administration, namely, the PDs/PIs, program coordinator(s), or administrative/clerical support is limited to 30% of the total direct costs annually.
Support for faculty from the doctoral institution serving as visiting lecturers, offering lectures and/or laboratory courses for skills development in areas in which expertise needs strengthening at the master's institution;
Support for faculty from the master's degree-granting institution for developing or implementing special academic developmental activities for skills development; and
Support for faculty/consultants/role models (including Bridges alumni) to present research seminars and workshops on communication skills, grant writing, and career development plans at the master's degree institution(s).
Cha-ching! One element for the lesser-light Master's U, one element for the Ivory Tower faculty and one slippery slope that will mostly be the Ivory Tower faculty, I bet. Woot! Two to one for the Big Dogs!
Just look at this specific goal... who is going to be teaching this, can we ask? The folks from the R1 partner-U, that's who. Who can be paid directly, see above, for the effort.
1. Courses for Skills Development: For example, advanced courses in a specific discipline or research area, or specialized research techniques.
White Man's R1 Professor's Burden!
Okay, now we get to the Master's level student who wishes to benefit. What is in it for her?
2. Research Experiences: For example, for graduate and medical, dental, nursing and other health professional students: to provide research experiences and related training not available through formal NIH training mechanisms; for postdoctorates, medical residents and faculty: to extend their skills, experiences, and knowledge base.
Yeah! Sounds great. Let's get to it.
Participants may be paid if specifically required for the proposed research education program and sufficiently justified.
"May". May? MAY???? Wtf!??? Okay if this is setting up unpaid undergraduate style "research experience" scams, I am not happy. At all. This better not be what occurs. Underrepresented folks are disproportionally unlikely to be able to financially afford such shenanigans. PAY THEM!
Applicants may request Bridges student participant support for up to 20 hours per week during the academic year, and up to 40 hours/week during the summer at a pay rate that is consistent with the institutional pay scale.
That's better. And the pivot of this program, if I can find anything at all to like about it. Master's students can start working in the presumably higher-falutin' laboratories of the R1 partner and do so for regular pay, hopefully commensurate with what that University is paying their doctoral graduate students.
So here's what annoys me about this. Sure, it looks good on the surface. But think about it. This is just another way for fabulously well funded R1 University faculty to get even more cheap labor that they don't have to pay for from their own grants. 20 hrs a week during the school year and 40 hrs a week during the summer? From a Master's level person bucking to get into a doctoral program?
Sign me the heck UP, sister.
Call me crazy but wouldn't it be better just to lard up the underrepresented-group-serving University with the cash? Wouldn't it be better to give them infrastructure grants, and buy the faculty out of teaching time to do more research? Wouldn't it be better to just fund a bunch more research grants to these faculty at URGSUs? (I just made that up).
Wouldn't it be better to fund PIs from those underrepresented groups at rates equal to good old straight whitey old men at the doctoral granting institution so that the URM "participants" (why aren't they trainees in the PAR?) would have somebody to look at and think maybe they can succeed too?
But no. We can't just hand over the cash to the URGSUs without giving the already-well-funded University their taste. The world might end if NIH did something silly like that.
Neuroscientist Bita Moghaddam asked a very interesting question on Twitter but it didn't get much discussion yet. I thought I'd raise it up for the blog audience.
Q for @NIH funded PIs: should we use @NIHFunding to go or send trainees to conferences that lack gender balance? @drugmonkeyblog @JanakLab
— Bita Moghaddam (@bita137) February 22, 2016
My immediate thought was that we should first talk about the R13 Support for Scientific Conferences mechanism. These are often used to provide some funding for Gordon Research Conference meetings, for the smaller society meetings and even some very small local(ish) conferences. Examples from NIDA, NIMH, NIGMS. I say first because this would seem to be the very easy case.
NIH should absolutely keep a tight eye on gender distribution of the meetings supported by such grant awards.The FOA reads, in part:
Additionally, the Conference Plan should describe strategies for:
Involving the appropriate representation of women, minorities, and persons with disabilities in the planning and implementation of, and participation in, the proposed conference.
Identifying and publicizing resources for child care and other types of family care at the conference site to allow individuals with family care responsibilities to attend.
so it is a no-brainer there, although as we know from other aspects of NIH the actual review can depart from the FOA. I don't have any experience with these mechanisms personally so I can't say how well this particular aspect is respected when it comes to awarding good (fundable) scores.
Obviously, I think any failure to address representation should be a huge demerit. Any failure to achieve representation at the same, or similar meeting ("The application should identify related conferences held on the subject during the past 3 years and describe how the proposed conference is similar to, and/or different from these."), should also be a huge demerit.
At least as far as this FOA for this scientific conference support mechanism goes, the NIH would appear to be firmly behind the idea that scientific meetings should be diverse.
By extension, we can move on to the actual question from Professor Moghaddam. Should we use the additional power of travel funds to address diversity?
Of course, right off, I think of the ACNP annual meeting because it is hands down the least diverse meeting I have ever attended. By some significant margin. Perhaps not in gender representation but hey, let us not stand only on our pet issue of representation, eh?
As far as trainees go, I think heck no. If my trainee wants to go to any particular meeting because it will help her or him in their careers, I can't say no just to advance my own agenda with respect to diversity. Like it or not, I can't expect any of them to pay any sort of price for my tender sensibilities.
Myself? Maybe. But probably not. See the aforementioned ACNP. When I attend that meeting it is because I think it will be advantageous for me, my lab or my understanding of science. I may carp and complain to certain ears that may matter about representation at the ACNP, but I'm not going on strike about it.
Other, smaller meetings? Like a GRC? I don't know. I really don't.
I thank Professor Moghaddam for making me think about it though. This is the start of a ponder for me and I hope it is for you as well.
As a reminder, the NIH issued warning on upcoming Simplification of the Vertebrate Animals Section of NIH Grant Applications and Contract Proposals.
Simplification! Cool, right?
There's a landmine here.
For years the statistical power analysis was something that I included in the General Methods at the end of my Research Strategy section. In more recent times, a growing insistence on the part of the OLAW that a proper Vertebrate Animals Section include the power analysis has influenced me to drop the power analysis from the Research Strategy. It became a word for word duplication so it seemed worth the risk to regain the page space.
The notice says:
Summary of Changes
The VAS criteria are simplified by the following changes:
A description of veterinary care is no longer required.
Justification for the number of animals has been eliminated.
A description of the method of euthanasia is required only if the method is not consistent with AVMA guidelines.
This means that if I continue with my current strategy, I'm going to start seeing complaints about "where is the power analysis" and "hey buddy, stop trying to evade page limits by putting it in the VAS".
So back to the old way we must go. Leave space for your power analysis, folks.
If you don't know much about doing a power analysis, this website is helpful: http://homepage.stat.uiowa.edu/~rlenth/Power/
An email from the CSR of the NIH hit
late yesterday a few days ago, pointing to a number of their Peer Review Notes including one on the budget bump that we are about to enjoy.
Actually that should be "some selected few of us will enjoy" because
"While $2 billion is a big increase, it is less than a 10 percent increase, and a large portion of it is set aside for specific areas and initiatives," said Dr. Nakamura. "Competition for funding is still going to be intense, and paylines will not return to historic averages . . .
Yeah, as suspected, that money is already accounted for.
The part that has me fired up is the continuation after that ellipsis and a continuing header item.
So make sure you put your best effort into your application before you apply."
Counterproductive Efforts
"We know some research deans have quotas and force their PIs to submit applications regularly," said Dr. Nakamura. "It's important for them to know that university submission rates are not correlated with grant funding. Therefore, PIs should be encouraged to develop and submit applications as their research and ideas justify the effort to write them and have other scientists review them."
As usual I do not know if this is coming from ignorance or calculated strategy to make their numbers look better. I fear both possibilities. I'm going from memory here because I can't seem to rapidly find the related blog post or data analysis but I think I recall an illustration that University-total grant submission rates did not predict University-total success rates.
At a very basic level Nakamura is using the lie of the truncated distribution. If you don't submit any grant applications, your success rate is going to be zero. I'm sure he's excluding those because seemingly that would make a nice correlation.
But more importantly, he is trying to use university-wide measures to convince the individual PI what is best for her to do.
Wrong. Wrong. Wrong.
Not everyone's chances at that institution are the same. The more established investigators will probably, on average, enjoy a higher success rate. They can therefore submit fewer applications. Lesser folk enjoy lower success rates so therefore they have to keep pounding out the apps to get their grants.
By extension, it takes very little imagination to understand that depending on your ratio of big important established scientists to noobs, and based somewhat on subfields, the apparent University-wide numbers are going to swamp out the information that is needed for each individual PI.
In short, this is just another version of the advice to young faculty to "write better grants, just like the greybeards do".
The trick is, the greybeards DO NOT WRITE BETTER GRANTS! I mean sure, yes, there is a small experience factor there. But the major driver is not the objective quality but rather the established track record of the big-deal scientist. This gives them little benefits of the doubt all over the place as we have discussed on this blog endlessly.
I believe I have yet to hear from a new-comer to NIH grant review that has not had the experience within 1-2 rounds of a reviewer ending his/her review of a clearly lower-quality grant proposal with "....but it's Dr. BigShot and we know she does great work and can pull this off". Or similar.
I have been on a study section round or two in my day and I am here to tell you. My experience is not at all consistent with the idea that the "best" grants win out. Merit scores are not a perfect function of objective grant quality at all. Imperfectly prepared or boring grants get funded all the time. Really exciting and nearly-perfect grants get unfundable scores or triaged. Frequently.
This is because grant review hinges on the excitement of the assigned reviewers for the essence of the project. All else is detail.
You cannot beat this system by writing a "perfect" grant. Because it may not be perfect for all three reviewers no matter how well it has been prepared and how well vetted by whatever colleagues you have rounded up to advise you.
Nakamura should know this. He probably does. Which makes his "advice" a cynical ploy to decrease submissions so that his success rate will look better.
One caveat: I could simply be out of touch with all of these alleged Dean-motivated crap apps. It is true that I have occasionally seen people throw up grant applications that really aren't very credible from my perspective. They are very rare. And it has occasionally been the case that at least one other reviewer liked something about an application I thought was embarrassingly crappy. So go figure.
I also understand that there are indeed Deans or Chairs that encourage high submission rates and maybe this leads to PIs writing garbage now and again. But this does not account for the dismal success rates we are enjoying. I bet that magically disappearing all apps that a PI submitted to meet institutional vigor requirements (but didn't really mean to make a serious play for an award) would have no perceptible effect on success rates for the rest of us. I just haven't ever seen enough non-credible apps for this to make a difference. Perhaps you have another experience on study section, DearReaders?
Finally, I really hate this blame-the-victim attitude on the part of the CSR and indeed many POs. There are readily apparent and demonstrable problems with how some categories of PIs' grants are reviewed. Newer and less experienced applicants. African-American PIs. Women. Perhaps, although this is less well-explicated lately, those from the wrong Universities.
For the NIH to avoid fixing their own problems with review (for example the vicious cycle of study sections punishing ESI apps with ever-worsening scores when the NIH used special paylines to boost success rates) and then blame victims of these problems by suggesting they must be writing bad grants takes chutzpah. But it is wrong. And demoralizing to so many who are taking it on the chin in the grant review game.
And it makes the problems worse. How so? Well, as you know, Dear Reader I am firmly convinced that the only way to succeed in the long term is to keep rolling the reviewer dice, hoping to get three individuals who really get what you are proposing. And to take advantage of the various little features of the system that respond to frequent submissions (reviewer sympathy, PO interest, extra end of year money, ARRA, sudden IC initiatives/directions, etc). Always, always you have to send in credible proposals. But perfect vs really good guarantees you nothing. And when perfect keeps you from submitting another really good grant? You are not helping your chances. So for Nakamura to tell people to sacrifice the really good for the perfect he is worsening their chances. Particularly when the people are in those groups who are already at a disadvantage and need to work even harder* to make up for it.
*Remember, Ginther showed that African-American PIs had to submit more revisions to get funded.
In the NIH extramural grant funding world the maximum duration for a project is 5 years. It is possible at the end of a 5 year interval of support to apply to continue that project for another interval. The application for the next interval is competitively reviewed alongside of new project proposals in the relevant study sections, in general.
Comradde PhysioProffe addressed the continuation application at his Ftb joint. NIAID has a FAQ page.
The NIH Success Rate data shows that RPG success rates were 16.8% in 2013 and 18.1% in 2014. Comparable rates for competing continuation RPG applications were 35% in 2013 and 39% in 2014. So you can see why this is important.
I visited these themes before in a prior post. I think I covered most of the issues but in a slightly different way.
Today I want to try to get you folks to talk about prescriptives. How should a competing continuation / renewal NIH grant application be reviewed?
Now in my experience, the continuation application hinges on past-productivity in a way that a new application does not. Reviewers are explicitly considering the work that has been conducted under the support of the prior award. The application is supposed to include a list of publications that have resulted from the prior award. The application is supposed to detail a Progress Report that overviews what has been accomplished. So today I will be focusing on review mostly as it pertains to productivity. For reference, Berg's old post on the number of papers per grant dollar is here and shows an average output of 6 papers (IQR about 4-11) per $250K full modular award*.
Quoted bits are from my prior post.
Did you knock our socks off? This could be amazing ELEVENTY type findings, GlamourPub record (whether "expected" for your lab or not), unbelievably revolutionary advances, etc. If you have a record of this, nobody is going to think twice about what your Aims may have been. Probably won't even give a hoot whether your work is a close match to the funding IC, for that matter.
We should probably separate these for discussion because after all, how often is a panel going to recognize a Nobel Prize type of publication has been supported by the award in the past 5 years? So maybe we should consider Glamour publications and amazing advances as two different scenarios. Are these going to push any renewal application over the hurdle for you even if the remaining items below are lacking? Does GlamMag substitute for direct attention to the experiments that were proposed or the Aims that guided the plan? In the extreme case, should we care if the work bears very little on the mission of the IC that has funded it?
Were you productive? Even if you didn't WOW the world, if you've pumped out a respectable number of papers that have some discernible impact on a scientific field, you are in good shape. The more, the merrier. If you look "fabulously productive" and have contributed all kinds of interesting new science on the strength of your award(s), this is going to go down like gangbusters with the review panels. At this level of accomplishment you'd probably be safest at least be doing stuff that is vaguely in line with the IC that has funded your work.
Assuming that Glam may not be in the control of most PIs but that pedestrian, workaday scientific output is, should this be a major credit for the continuation application? We don't necessarily have to turn this into a LPU sausage-slicing discussion. Let's assume a quality of paper commensurate with the kind of work that most PIs with competitive applications in that particular study section publish. Meets the subfield standard. How important should raw productivity be?
Were you productive in addressing your overall goals? This is an important distinction from the Specific Aims. It is not necessary, in my view, that you hew closely to Aims first dreamed up 7 years prior to the conclusion of the actual study. But if you have moderate, or disappointing, productivity it is probably next most-helpful that you have published work related to the overall theme of the project. What was the big idea? What was mentioned in the first three sentences of your Specific Aims page? If you have published work related to this broad picture, that's good.
This one is tricky. The reviewers do not have the prior grant application in front of them. They have the prior Summary Statement and the Abstract as published on RePORTER. It is a decent bet the prior Aims can be determined but broader themes may or may not come across. So for the most part if the applicant expects the reviewers to see that productivity has aligned with overarching programmatic goals, she has to tell them what those were. Presumably in the Progress Report part of the continuation application. How would you approach this as a reviewer? If the project wasn't overwhelmingly productive, didn't obviously address all of the Aims but at least generated some solid work along the general themes. Are you going to be satisfied? Or are you going to downgrade the failure to address each Aim? What if the project had to can an entire Aim or two? Would it matter? Is getting "stuck" in a single Aim a death knell when it comes time to review the next interval of support? As a related question if the same exact Aim has returned with the argument of "We didn't get to this in the past five years but it is still a good idea"? Neutral? Negative? AYFK?
Did you address your original Specific Aims? ...this can be a big obsession of certain reviewers. Not saying it isn't a good idea to have papers that you can connect clearly to your prior Aims. ... A grant is not a contract. It is quite natural in the course of actual science that you will change your approaches and priorities for experiments. Maybe you've been beaten to the punch. Maybe your ongoing studies tell you that your original predictions were bad and you need to go in a whole new direction. Maybe the field as a whole has moved on. ... You might want to squeeze a drop out of a dry well to meet the "addressed Aims" criterion but maybe that money, effort and time would be better spent on a new direction which will lead to three pubs instead of one?
My original formulation of this isn't quite right for today's discussion. The last part is actually more relevant to the preceding point. For today, expand this to a continuation application that shows that the prior work essentially covers exactly what the application proposed. With data either published or included as ready-to-submit Preliminary Data in the renewal. Maybe this was accomplished with only a few papers in pedestrian journals (Lord knows just about every one of my manuscript reviews these days gets at least one critique that to calls for anywhere from 2 to 5 Specific Aims worth of data) so we're not talking about Glam or fabulous productivity. But should addressing all of the Aims and most if not all of the proposed experiments be enough? Is this a credit to a competing continuation application?
It will be unsurprising to you that by this point of my career, I've had competing continuation applications to which just about all of these scenarios apply, save Glam. We've had projects where we absolutely nailed everything we proposed to do. We've had projects get distracted/sidelined off onto a subsection of the proposal that nevertheless generated about the same number and quality of publications that would have otherwise resulted. We've had low productivity intervals of support that addressed all the Aims and ones that merely covered a subset of key themes. We've had projects with reasonably high productivity that have....wandered....from the specifics of the awarded proposal due to things that are happening in the subfield (including getting scooped). We've never been completely blanked on a project with zero related publications to my recollection, but we've had some very low productivity ones (albeit with excellent excuses).
I doubt we've ever had a perfect storm of sky-high productivity, all Aims addressed and the overarching themes satisfied. Certainly I have the review comments to suggest this**.
I have also been present during review panel discussions of continuation applications where reviewers have argued bitterly over the various productivity attributes of a prior interval of support. The "hugely productive" arguments are frequently over an application from a PI who has more than one award and tends to acknowledge more than one of them on each paper. This can also involve debates about so called "real scientific progress" versus papers published. This can be the Aims, the overall theme or just about the sneer of "they don't really do any interesting science".
I have for sure heard from people who are obsessed during review with whether each proposed experiment has been conducted (this was back in the days when summary statements could be fairly exhaustive and revealed what was in the prior application to a broader extent). More generally from reviewers who want to match publications up to the scope of the general scientific terrain described by the prior application.
I've also seen arguments about suggested controls or key additional experiments which were mentioned in the summary statement of the prior review, never addressed in the resulting publications and may still be a criticism of the renewal application.
Final question: Since the reviewers of the competing continuation see the prior summary statement, they see the score and percentile. Does this affect you as a reviewer? Should it? Especially if in your view this particular application should never have been funded at that score and is a likely a Programmatic pickup? Do you start steaming under the collar about special ESI paylines or bluehair/graybeard insider PO backslapping?
DISCLAMER: A per usual, I may have competing continuation applications under current or near-future review by NIH study sections. I am an interested party in how they are reviewed.
*This probably speaks to my point about how multi-award PIs attribute more than one grant on each paper. My experience has not been that people in my field view 5 papers published per interval of support (and remember the renewal application is submitted with the final year of funded support yet to go, if the project is to continue uninterrupted) as expected value. It is certainly not viewed as the kind of fabulous productivity that of course would justify continuing the project. It is more in line with the bare minimum***. Berg's data are per-grant-dollar of course and are not exactly the same as per-grant. But it is a close estimate. This blog post estimates "between 0.6 and 5 published papers per $100k in funding." which is one to 12 per year of a full-modular NIH R01. Big range and that high number seems nigh on impossible to me without other funding (like free trainee labor or data parasitism).
**and also a pronounced lack of success renewing projects to go with it.
***I do not personally agree. At the point of submitting a competing continuation in year 4 a brand new research program (whether b/c noob PI or very new lab direction) may have really only been rocking for 2 years. And large integrated projects like a big human subjects effort may not even have enrolled all the subjects yet. Breeding, longitudinal development studies, etc - there are many models that can all take a long time to get to the point of publishing data. These considerations play....let us say variably, with reviewers. IME.


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The Washington law firm of Eckelkamp Kuenzel, LLP recently celebrated 30 years. Front row from left are Steven P. Kuenzel Sr., William W. Eckelkamp, L.B. Eckelkamp Jr. and Louis B. "Buzz" Eckelkamp III. Back row from left are Steven P. Kuenzel Jr., Colleen M. Kuenzel and James W. McGettigan Jr. Submitted Photo.


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