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Ben Parsons / / News
Polling stations across Sussex stood empty yesterday (November 15) as voters shunned the first ever Police and Crime Commissioner elections.
At polling stations in Brighton and Hove people were voting at a rate of only about 11 an hour by 5pm, although many people had voted by post.
The candidates, who are gathering at the Corn Exchange in Brighton to follow the results from across the county today (November 16, said they expected turnout would be low.
By 5pm 110 people had voted at the Cornerstone Community Centre in Western Road, off Palmeira Square. The polling station has 2,521 electors. If that rate continued until 10pm, only about 165 people, or 6.5% of potential voters would have had their say.
Numbers were said to be slightly increasing as people finished work.
Voters outside the Cornerstone were critical of the way the election was run.
Ruth Addison, 85, of Adelaide Crescent, Hove, said: "We did not receive the simplest note of the listing of the candidates, their names and what they stand for."
Beryl Howes, 87, of Hove, said she asked in the polling station for information about the candidates.
She said: "They said I should go online. But I don't have a computer."
Catherine Davis, 42, of Hove, said: "It is like asking who is going to run MI6. You don't know who the best person to do it is. You're not an expert."
Kate Holder, 38, from Hove, said she had set out to find information online and she and her friends had swapped what they learned on Facebook and Twitter.
Both her children's schools, Davigdor Infants and Somerhill Juniors, had closed because they were being used as polling stations.
She said: "I'm self-employed so I have managed to juggle it, but a lot of people are having to help each other out, or one parent is having to take a day off work."
Laura Hamlyn, 26, of Hove, said she was voting "to keep the nutters out".
Under the "supplementary voting system", used for the first time in Sussex, voters marked a first and second preference.
Today's count will begin with the first preferences. If no one has more than 50% of the votes, all but the top two candidates will be eliminated. The eliminated candidates' papers will then be counted and any second preference votes for the remaining candidates will be added to their totals.
The Argus is updating a live story from the count as results come in from across Sussex.
See all coverage of the Sussex Police and Crime Commissioner elections online at www.theargus.co.uk/news/special/policecommissioner
See the latest news headlines from The Argus:
- Southern Railway conductors announce plans for a FIVE day strike
- Most overcrowded train service runs out of Brighton station, new figures reveal
- Police officer charged with theft of force property
- Final suspect in mistaken-identity shooting found not guilty after retrial
- VIDEO: Man, 21, arrested after police pursuit ends up with car smashing into wall


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I love a gimmick. So I could not resist when I saw this recipe go up online. How would this cake work, that purportedly separates into cake and custard? I once made Magic Custard Pies, where by mixing the egg custard batter with a cup of Bisquick, a crust would magically form on the bottom (one could also make a quiche in this fashion). But in this recipe, the cake rises to the top…
Also attractive about the recipe: Adam Liaw was the winner of a Masterchef Australia season that we may have watched nearly all the way through. He's articulate and smart, and I like his recipes.
Also: I'm rather partial to custard.
The recipe, which you can find here on the Good Food website, requires no special ingredients and with our handy mixer, was not particularly difficult to make. We found some marvelous bitter marmalade at Harris Farm (not a farm, but an Australian grocery chain), and needed to replenish our supply of icing sugar.
I admit that I was a bit nervous: I could see many possibilities of failure. Were the egg yolks and sugar pale and fluffy enough? Were the egg whites stiff enough? What was the purpose of whisking in one teaspoon of white vinegar into them? What if my technique for folding half of the egg whites into the batter wasn't much different than the one for mixing in the other half?
But, in the end, success: even my technique of lining a round tin with baking paper was successful. The cake came out of the springform pan beautifully. There is a thick layer of custard at the bottom, a cake-like layer on top (quite light), and there's even a thin crust at the bottom. It's not super sweet, and is not a particularly refined dessert, so I don't know if I'd serve it at a dinner party… but I think part of the problem was overcooking it. I went by the suggested time of 45 minutes rather than the note that the middle should be 'very wobbly' in the centre (in fact, there was no wobble at all by the time I got to it). Not sure if and when I'll make it again, but it's hard to decide with 2/3 of the cake still in the fridge!

subset: commoncrawl


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KANSAS CITY, Mo. -- Brandon Rush scored six points in a 15-4
run as Number 5 Kansas overcame a nine-point deficit and beat
Nebraska 64-54 tonight in the Big 12 tournament quarterfinals.
Kansas (29-3) was a 15-point favorite over a team it had beaten
10 straight times but trailed 27-22 at halftime.
Darnell Jackson scored the first basket of the second half,
Mario Chalmers made a long 3-pointer, and Nebraska (19-12) never
Sherron Collins led Kansas with 13 points and Jackson and
Chalmers had 12 each.
Ade Dagunduro had 13 points for Nebraska, Paul Velander had 12
points and Aleks Maric scored 10.
Kansas Knocks Off Nebraska
KANSAS CITY, Mo. -- Brandon Rush scored six points in a 15-4


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- Styling idea
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Can only omeprazole cure H.pylori ? how long will it takes ? will omeprazole cause drowziness ?
- Posted:
- 28 Oct 2009 by chalk_zone
- Topics:
- omeprazole
Responses (1)
9 Nov 2009
No, only omeprazole won't cure H. Pylori. You need a combination of medicines - omeprazole plus 2 antibiotics.
Further Information
- Omeprazole Information for Consumers
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... omeprazole?
1 answer • 27 Dec 2009
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Dr. Lee Forest specializes in family practice in Stratford, Connecticut.
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Dr. Lee Forest has been identified as specializing in Family Practice.
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|Message view
|« Date » · « Thread »
|« Date » · « Thread »
|Curt Arnold <carn...@apache.org>
|misc/win32/rand.c include order change breaking VC6 build
|Tue, 01 May 2007 14:34:56 GMT
Rev 421805 (2006/07/14) changed the sequence of imports in misc/win32/ rand.c http://svn.apache.org/viewvc/apr/apr/trunk/misc/win32/rand.c? r1=170461&r2=421805 The change was mentioned in http://marc.info/?l=apr- dev&m=115285245603323&w=2. I'm guessing it is MinGW related since it mentioned librpcrt4.a. Xi Wang reported a compile failure related to this change in 2006-09-18: http://marc.info/?l=apr-dev&m=115856814824660&w=2. But the connection to the recent change did not seem to be made and there did not seem to be any follow through. I'm seeing the same compile failure on my pretty vanilla VC6 set up (no later platform SDK, etc) on Windows 2000. I'm also seeing compile failures in apr-util/include/apr_ldap.h and apr-util/misc/apr_thread_pool.c, but I haven't tracked them down.
|View raw message


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Canadian Weather Radar
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Words formed when one letter is changed in sheal
Letter 1 (S) changed: 1 word found:
Letter 2 (H) changed: 1 word found:
Letter 3 (E) changed: 1 word found:
Letter 4 (A) changed: 2 words found:
Letter 5 (L) changed: 3 words found:
A total of 8 words can be formed from sheal by changing one letter.
Some random words: jato roach evulsion fleury iroko iff wulfenite
This is not a dictionary, it's a word game wordfinder.
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Manitou Group, THE Material-Handling Reference, is headquartered in Ancenis (West of France). With 19 subsidiaries in the world among which 8 production sites, Manitou Group designs, assembles and distributes material-handling solutions for agriculture, construction and industrial markets. The group reported in 2013 revenue of €1,176 million, of which two thirds outside France. Business is conducted under the Manitou, Gehl, Mustang, Loc and Edge trademarks, through 1,400 independent dealers in more than 120 countries. As of December 31, 2013, Manitou Group employed 3,300 people of which approximately 40% outside France.
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Comedy, suspense and romance characterize USA TODAY-bestselling author Jacqueline Diamond's 80-plus books for Harlequin. A former Associated Press reporter and TV columnist, Jackie has lived in Texas, Tennessee, Italy and France, and now Southern California. She writes the Safe Harbor Medical miniseries for Harlequin American Romance. Website: www.jacquelinediamond.com. Twitter: @jacquediamond. FB: JacquelineDiamondAuthor. email: firstname.lastname@example.com.
The Baby Schemeby Jacqueline Diamond
View All Available Formats & Editions
Working With This Ex-Cop Was More Than She Bargained For!Fired from her job as an investigative reporter, Alli Gardner has something to prove. Finding out who's behind an illegal baby-adoption ring might just be the way to do ither once-in-a-lifetime scoop. She can't do it alone, so for help she goes to Kevin Vickers, the crack/p>/strong>
Working With This Ex-Cop Was More Than She Bargained For!Fired from her job as an investigative reporter, Alli Gardner has something to prove. Finding out who's behind an illegal baby-adoption ring might just be the way to do ither once-in-a-lifetime scoop. She can't do it alone, so for help she goes to Kevin Vickers, the crack private investigator with an unblemished reputation, who's always made it his business to rub her the wrong way.
The evidence in the baby-scheme case soon points clearly to the perpetrators.
That's the easy part for Alli.
How should she handle the evidence of what's between her and Kevin?
Product Details
- 9781460369418
- Publisher:
- Harlequin
- Publication date:
- 01/15/2014
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- NOOK Book
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- 224
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Five years as a reporter at the Orange Coast Outlook had not prepared Alli Gardner to have someone steal her story from her computer, but Payne Jacobson, nephew of an assistant editor, did just that. He got the byline for exposing the Serene Beach, California Mayor LeMott running gambling tournaments. She complained and was fired.............. Out of work and outraged, her career seems over until she gets a tip from a reliable source centering on an illegal baby adoption ring. She knows the danger of trying to uncover the people behind this money maker so she asks private detective Kevin Vickers to help her. They approach the case in opposite ways; she is filled with adrenaline and rushes into danger while he is much more cautious. As they work the case and try to also trap Payne, these opposites who belittle one another fall in love, but first there is a case to solve.................. THE BABY SCHEME is a fabulous police procedural romantic suspense that really goes into hyperspeed when a reluctant Alli asks Kevin for help; reluctantly because she desires him yet tries to hide that with caustic humor. The plot is deftly handled so that the audience roots for the likable sleuths while wanting Payne to suffer pain and hoping the ¿big shots¿ behind the infant sales are caught. Fans will enjoy this diamond of a tale............. Harriet Klausner


text:
Back in December, Google News was granted its second continuation patent in ten years, giving the layman some insight into the search giant's algorithm, and how it chooses which articles to feature.
...The Claims section of the latest version of Google News' patent shows a shift away from the traditional signals of a news source's importance. Now rather than where a story is being reported, it is how a story is being reported both online and off that makes a difference in terms of ranking.
These signals, per the patent, include:
- How quickly an event happened before publication of an article about it took place,
- The "usage pattern regarding traffic associated with the source" means that the search engine is looking at things such as how many people click upon a link to specific articles from the source, monitoring traffic to articles from a source to see how often people click (or don't click) on links to particular articles from individual sources.
They tell us in the patent: "Well known sites, such as CNN, tend to be preferred to less popular sites, such as Unknown Town News, which users may avoid. The traffic measured may be normalized by the number of opportunities readers had of visiting the link to avoid biasing the measure due to the ranking preferences of the news search engine."...


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Microsoft Garage updates Sprightly for iOS and Android, adds new templates
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Gartner: Microsoft a Leader in Public Cloud Storage Services Magic Quadrant
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Windows Server turns 20 years old
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text:
|Lid while cooking!
|-Please note!
* According to our customers ' convenience, the cancellation after an order / product change / return / exchange
Cannot be accepted so please be careful.
Subject to stock availability of the manufacturer.
|Glass lid so look inside during cooking and is very useful. This batch! convenient use 5 piece set!
|Packaging size: 50 x 37 x 41 cm
|Piece weight: 8210 g
|Stainless steel (NSSC180), a 3-tier Aluminum clad steel
|•Water capacity
18 cm hand pot:2.3L.
It's both a pan:2.8L 20 cm
24 cm hands deep pan:5.8L.
Whistle Kettle: 2.0 l
200V heat source capable / IH 100 V IH gas halogen heater radiant heater sheath heaters
|Set contents
|18 cm saucepan, 20 cm, both a pan 24 cm deep pan and whistle Kettle 2.0 L 24 cm marzipan
|Country of manufacture
|JP Post EMS
|Your order will be shipped to you via Japan Post EMS. Japan Post is a speedy delivery service that delivers to more than 120 countries. With an effective tracking system and insurance program, EMS is able to offer a secure delivery worldwide. You can track your package with the tracking code provided and it will be delivered within a week. See estimated shipping fee
|Credit Card
|We accept credit and debit cards.
The following credit and debit cards can be used:
•American Express
This product cannot be shipped to United States from the store.
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technology jobs near Dover, NH
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Director of Innovative Technology
Crane Currency - New Hampshire
As Director of Innovative Technology with Crane Currency in Nashua, NH, you will play a lead role with an exciting, fast-growing organization known for...
Senior Systems Engineering and IT Manager
MetroCast Communications - Rochester, NH
Knowledge of virtualization technologies such as VMWare. Bachelor's degree in Information Technology area or equivalent combination of training and/or...
Information Systems Technician
U.S. Navy - United States
US Navy Cryptology & Technology. As an Information Technology professional, you will help ensure the viability of essential communications links....
Sr. Software Developer
GMO GlobalSign, Inc.- Portsmouth, NH - Portsmouth, NH
Excited about new technology trends like the IoT. Inquisitive - you're self-motivated and driven, open to new approaches and technologies....
Automotive Service Technician
Poulin Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram - Rochester, NH
Demonstrate willingness to advance in the position through staying up to date with new technology and procedures....
Product Manager
Crane Currency - New Hampshire
Currency is printed, as well as paper, printing and security technology for more than 50 nations around the world....
IT Project Manager
Liberty Mutual - Portsmouth, NH
Keeps informed of advances in technology and Project Management. IT Project Manager....
Business Systems Analyst I, II
Liberty Mutual - Dover, NH
Current on new methods of integrating technology with business strategy. Comprehensive knowledge of diverse technologies and new and current architectures....
Locate Technician
On Target Utility Services - Portsmouth, NH
Utility construction and/or electrical technology background or training is preferred, however, will train a person who has the ability to learn the profession;...
Retail Sales Associate and Service Technician
Sprint Store by Focal Point Communication - Seabrook, NH
We are looking for retail sales associates and service technicians who are passionate about the retail industry, love technology, and have a proven track record...


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Hotels in Tallahassee
- Hotel list
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Hover above the icons to see hotel photo and details.
Click the hotel to go to the main hotel page.
Courtyard Tallahassee Capital Hotel3 star hotel
- 3388 Lonnbladh Road, Tallahassee, FL, United States, 32308 (Map)
Comfort Suites Tallahassee3 star hotel
Homewood Suites Tallahassee, Fl3 star hotel
Home2 Suites By Hilton Tallahassee State Capitol3 star hotel
Hilton Garden Inn Tallahassee3 star hotel
Baymont Inn & Suites Tallahassee Central3 star hotel
Hilton Garden Inn Tallahassee Central3 star hotel
Doubletree Hotel Tallahassee3 star hotel
- 2725 Graves Road, Tallahassee, FL, United States, 32303 (Map)
Best Western Plus Tallahassee North Hotel3 star hotel
Hampton Inn Tallahassee-Central3 star hotel
Country Inn & Suites By Carlson, Tallahassee Nw3 star hotel
- 600 W Gaines St, Tallahassee, FL, United States, 32304-4308 (Map)
Governors Inn Tallahassee3 star hotel
- 1972 Raymond Diehl Road, Tallahassee, FL, United States, 32308 (Map)
Quality Inn & Suites Tallahassee3 star hotel
Four Points By Sheraton Tallahassee Downtown Hotel4 star hotel
Baymont Inn & Suites Tallahassee3 star hotel
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La Quinta Inn Tallahassee North3 star hotel
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Ramada Plaza Tallahassee Capitol Hotel3 star hotel
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Hotels near Tallahassee
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City Guide: Tallahassee
Vacation in Tallahassee features plenty of action.
The city will occupy you with 306 miles of hiking, biking and walking tracks, while the outdoor enthusiasts will enjoy pavement cafes, upscale restaurants and pulsating nightlife. If you would like to escape the city's urban buzz, than go fishing or hunting in Tallahassee surroundings.Read more
City Guide: Tallahassee
Vacation in Tallahassee features plenty of action.
The city will occupy you with 306 miles of hiking, biking and walking tracks, while the outdoor enthusiasts will enjoy pavement cafes, upscale restaurants and pulsating nightlife. If you would like to escape the city's urban buzz, than go fishing or hunting in Tallahassee surroundings.
All kinds of adventures can be taken in Tallahassee and Booked.net can help you with your stay there. From cheap hotels in Tallahassee to luxury hotels all listed with maps, photos and secure forms at our website.
The most action packed part of the city is downtown Tallahassee. It is home to Kleman Plaza that is a traditional venue for all public events, festivals not to mention its architecture and impressive amphitheatre. From numerous local museums and urban structures like the state capitol buildings to breathtaking natural landscapes, like the world's deepest freshwater springs, Tallahassee offers variety of things to occupy with.
Other attractions include;
- Old State Capital museum, the old governmental building was made into a museum since the new state building has been constructed
- Tallahassee Museum of History and Natural Science traces the city's history from old days till today
- Tallahassee Automobile Museum offers a collection of modern and antique cars
- Tallahassee Skate Park, perfect for a day out in green surrounding
- Lake Ella covers an area of 12 acres and is located close to Fred Drake Park that is excellent for picnics
Tallahassee was established as an Indian Settlement thriving on agriculture. Even its name, derived from the Muskogee Indian word for ''old fields'' reflects its concern with fertile soils. In 1821, the American took over the area and established there the governmental seat for the city's central location in the state of Florida. When the Civil War defeated Florida, Tallahassee was the only city to avoid the armed forces.
Today Tallanahassee is the most prominent collage city in Florida with such educational centers as Florida A&M University and Florida State University. This makes the city attract young people to the area and from 150,624-strong population only 6 percent are retirees, while the rest is active residents not to mention tourists who flock the city annually.
You also can visit Tallahassee with Booked.net.
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- Tilt (37)
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- Florida Governor's Mansion (36)
- Bragg Memorial Stadium (21)
- Doak Campbell Stadium (34)
- Tallahassee Leon County Civic Center (29)
- American Folk Art Museum (8)
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- Tallahassee St Marks Geopark (28)
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- Barry University (48)
- Core Institute (34)
- Florida A and M University (22)
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- G C Rudd School-Floral Design (11)
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- Lively Technical Ctr (23)
- University of Miami (9)
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Top hotels in Tallahassee
- Springhill Suites Tallahassee Central
- Mainstay Suites Tallahassee
- Residence Inn Tallahassee North/I-10 Capital Circle
- Country Inn & Suites By Carlson, Tallahassee E, Fl
- Wingate By Wyndham Tallahassee / Fsu Hotel
- Staybridge Suites Tallahassee I 10 East
- Candlewood Suites Tallahassee
- Holiday Inn Select Tallahassee-Dwtn Capitol Hill
- Four Points By Sheraton Tallahassee North Hotel
- Motel 6 Tallahassee West
- Fairfield Inn & Suites Tallahassee Central
- Microtel Inn & Suites By Wyndham Tallahassee
- Suburban Extended Stay Hotel Tallahassee
- Best Western Pride Inn & Suites Tallahassee
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- Extended Stay America - Tallahassee - Killearn
- Fairfield Inn Tallahassee North/I-10
- Days Inn Tallahassee University Center
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- Motel 6 Tallahassee - Downtown
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Infectious Diseases: Online archives of NEJM Journal Watch
Infectious Diseases Archives
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An outbreak at a military base affected 4.7% of the exposed population.
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Really Rapid Review — AIDS 2016, DurbanFree
Dr. Paul Sax offers a comprehensive, but quick, review of this year's International AIDS Conference in HIV and ID Observations.
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Analysis of MERS-CoV Outbreak in South Korea
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Detailed analysis of a patient's contacts shows a risk for transmission even at >6 feet and with brief exposures.
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Female-to-Male Transmission of Zika VirusFree
- Stephen G. Baum, MD
The first description of probable sexual transmission from a female to a male.
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Liver-Related Outcomes Among Statin Users with Chronic HBV Infection
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Statin use was associated with lower risk for cirrhosis or decompensation.
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Isavuconazole for Cryptococcosis and Dimorphic Fungal Infections
- Neil M. Ampel, MD
The overall response rate was 63%; adverse events occurred in 87%, but none discontinued treatment because of an adverse event.
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Remarkable Prevention of Mortality from Sepsis in Mice
- Anthony L. Komaroff, MD
Inhibiting an activator of the immune response worked in several different sepsis models.
- July 21, 2016 |
Antibody Against HIV Delays Virus Rebound After Treatment Interruption
- Rajesh T. Gandhi, MD
HIV-infected patients who received a broadly neutralizing antibody had delayed virus rebound, compared with historical controls, when antiretroviral therapy was stopped.
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Early Findings of Zika Virus Infection Epidemiology and Birth Outcomes in ColombiaFree
- Sonia Nagy Chimienti, MD
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- July 14, 2016 |
Keeping HIV at Bay After DeliveryFree
- Anna Wald, MD, MPH
Postpartum care falls short for women infected with HIV during pregnancy.
- July 13, 2016 |
ART-Free Weekends for HIV-Infected Youth: Promising Strategy or Outdated Plan?
- Charles B. Hicks, MD
Compared with daily antiretroviral therapy, weekends-off therapy was safer and noninferior in terms of maintaining virologic suppression through 48 weeks.
- July 13, 2016 |
False-Positive Serum Hepatitis B Virus Antibodies and Galactomannan with Immunoglobulin Therapy
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In a cross-sectional analysis, all patients had a positive HBV surface antibody and 41% had positive galactomannan results after at least 6 months of infusion.
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Trimethoprim–Sulfamethoxazole for AIDS-Related Cerebral Toxoplasmosis
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Preventing Antiretroviral Therapy–Induced Bone Loss in HIV Patients
- Rajesh T. Gandhi, MD
One dose of a long-acting bisphosphonate prevented the decline in patients initiating antiretroviral therapy.
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Poor 1-Year Viral-Suppression Rates in Hospitalized HIV+ Patients with Substance Abuse
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- Advising Sinusitis Patients to Use Nasal Irrigation May Help Improve Symptoms
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Lansdale News
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Pennsylvania fugitive arrested on Northway
Friday Jul 22 | Albany Times Union | Comment?
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Man's models serve as love letter to his hometown
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Lansdale news is powered by NewsRank™
Updated: Fri Jul 22, 2016 02:12 pm
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Hotels in Portacomaro, Italy
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- Most bookedDiamante Hotel
207 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"I arrived around midnight, the staff at reception were so courteous: they offered tea as I arrived extremely tired from a long drive."
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102 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
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"We had a one night stay at the Londra. It is very convenient for the railway station (an easy walk) and the town centre. The hotel is smartly furnished and all the staff were very helpful. The rooms are a good size."
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27 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
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"This hotel is probably one of the nicest hotels in Aqui Terme. The location is central and perfect to explore the tiny centre. This hotel can do with renovation as it is showing its ware and tear. The best part for me was the SPA facilities and the outdoor cafe and the worst aspect was the very a..."
A Traveller, Sep 2015, IE
26 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
18 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
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"Hotel is excellent, big rooms, very clean, updated, food in terraze restaurant is fantastic. Check out perfect and relax, they offer keep the car in property parking without problems, lady in front desk check out, 10 points. Very decomended for wine tour lovers."
A Traveller, Jun 2015, US
12 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"Great apartment, superb location, all new and clean. Only issue I had was with heating. It was set to 21 and I couldn't change it ( I like to sleep when it's colder )"
A Traveller, Mar 2016, GB
10 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"Great stay, owner and the staff are very friendly and very nice and were very welcoming to us, nice rooms very modern, nice breakfast, great coffees and OMG the view is outstanding looking over the whole valley.."
A Traveller, May 2016, US
7 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"This was a lovely hotel with a wonderful location! The staff was very helpful, and the breakfast was great. I loved that you could walk out the door, and in 2 minutes you were in the heart of Alba! I definitely recommend this hotel. "
A Traveller, Jun 2016, US
6 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"Casa Nicolini was the last stay of 9 Places on our tour in Italy, and I'm happy to tell, that this place was the one, where we received most for your money. Very nice rooms (some with a view over the wine yards), an excellent restaurant with local dishes and again with a super view. The staff and..."
A Traveller, Sep 2015, US
6 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"Excellent location and great service at front desk and breakfast room. Very knowledgeable and generous staff. Free parking and easy access to many villages and sites in the area. Lovely villa with lots of charm. Hiking trails are steps away."
A Traveller, Oct 2015, CA
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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Feb 14, 1984
|Filing date
|Jul 2, 1982
|Priority date
|Jul 2, 1982
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Michael J. Canestaro, Donald G. McBride, John A. Welsh
|Original Assignee
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (31), Referenced by (6), Classifications (34), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
1. Technical Field
The present invention is concerned with a method for decreasing plated metal defects and particularly directed to decreasing defect levels of metal conductive lines. The present invention is particularly useful in the preparation of integrated circuit modules and especially high density circuit boards.
2. Background Art
In the fabrication of various articles, it is often necessary to protect preselected areas of the surface while other areas of that same surface are exposed to particular treatments and/or process procedures. For instance, one widely employed process to prepare patterned metal surfaces for use in integrated circuit boards or carriers is to apply to the metal surface, preferably to a copper surface, a photoresist material. The photoresist can be applied, for instance, by laminating a dry film of the photoresist to the surface. The layer of resist material is then selectively exposed to the desired pattern by a known technique, such as ultraviolet light, electron beam, or X-ray beam technique followed by removal of the exposed portions in the case of positive-resist materials and unexposed portions in the case of negative-resist materials by etching or dissolution in an appropriate liquid. Next, the metal surface is plated with a metal which is deposited on those areas of the metal surface which are not protected by the patterned photoresist material. When an appropriate thickness of metal has been deposited, the photoresist may be removed, leaving behind a patterned metal conductive surface. If a conductive pattern is desired, as when the photoresist is applied to an insulating board thinly clad with copper, the thin copper metal areas protected from access from the plating bath may now be etched away.
In many instances satisfactory materials are available for use of photoresists which form a smooth, pinhole-free impermeable layer on the surface of the metal to be protected.
However, problems with improperly plated lines occur particularly when the plating process is an electroless process requiring relatively long residence time in the plating bath. For instance, defects such as nicks in the lines and plating voids occur sometimes. This, in turn, results in defective printed circuit boards which must be discarded.
Attempts have been suggested for reducing such defects. For instance, methods for improving the adhesion of the photoresist layers to metallic surfaces have been provided. An example of such is suggested in U.S. Pat. No. 3,645,772.
In addition, scrubbing copper surfaces with pumice to promote better adhesion has been carried out. However, scrubbing with pumice is not entirely satisfactory, since the scrubbing operation leaves residual pumice on the copper surface and also leaves a variable surface morphology.
The present invention is concerned with a method for decreasing plated metal defects. The method includes depositing onto a metallic surface, a noble metal, and then applying a photoresist layer onto the resulting coated metallic substrate.
The metallic surface is of a different metal than the noble metal deposited thereon and is not a noble metal.
The surfaces which are treated according to the present invention can be any metallic surface which is subject to chemical attack by exposure to plating baths employed to provide the conductive patterns. The metallic surfaces can be a metal per se, mixtures of metals, or alloys of various metals. Examples of metallic surfaces which can be treated according to the present invention include copper, nickel, iron, and steel. The preferred surface is copper and/or a copper alloy such as bronze or brass.
An example of a copper surface is obtained from a copper foil of the type suggested in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,918,926; 3,998,601, and 4,075,757; disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. For instance, the copper foil contains an electro-deposited copper support layer and a second electro-deposited copper layer of a thickness which is not self-supporting, such as about 2 to about 12 microns. Also, the foil can include a release layer such as chromium, which remains with the support layer. A typical commercial foil includes a support layer which weighs about 2 ounces/ft2 and includes as the second non-supporting copper layer about 5 microns of copper. In addition, a chromium interface is present between the support and nonsupporting copper layers. Furthermore, as available, the outer surface of the thin non-supporting copper layer is treated with zinc chromate. The zinc chromate treated layer is placed facing down on a dielectric substrate and is laminated thereto. The dielectric substrate material includes both thermoplastic and thermosetting polymers. Typical thermosetting polymeric materials to which the copper foil is laminated include epoxy, phenolic based materials, and polyamides. The dielectric materials may be molded articles of the polymers containing fillers and/or reinforcing agents such as glass-filled epoxy or phenolic based materials. Examples of some phenolic type materials include copolymers of phenol, resorcinol, and cresol. Examples of some suitable thermoplastic polymeric materials include polyolefins such as polypropylene, polysulfones, polycarbonates, nitrile rubbers, and ABS polymers.
Bonding of a dielectric material substrate to the copper foil is carried out by pressing together a sheet of the dielectric substrate material and a sheet of the copper foil prepared according to the present invention with the treated surface next to or confronting the dielectric material, in a preheated laminating press at a predetermined pressure and temperature as, for example, about 260 to about 800 psi and preferably about 500 psi and about 340� F. The time of the pressing operation is variable depending upon the particular dielectric substrate material employed and the pressure employed. About 1 hour is adequate for the above conditions. The supporting copper layer is then peeled away from the nonsupporting copper layer, leaving only the thin nonsupporting copper layer on the epoxy board.
The metal compound employed in accordance with the present invention, in order to decrease defects from subsequently plated metal lines, is a noble metal and is different from the metallic substrate. Examples of some suitable noble metals are palladium, platinum, gold, iridium, and rhodium.
Mixtures of such metals, although not preferred, can be used. The preferred metals are palladium, gold, and platinum. The metals employed render the coated surface instantaneously anodic in comparison to a saturated calomel electrode (S.C.E.) when placed in an aqueous solution containing 3 grams/liter of benzotriazole.
The metals can be applied to the metallic surface in several different ways. In particular, the coating techniques for metal layers are well-known and need not be described herein in any great detail. In particular preferred aspects of the invention, the metals are applied by immersion techniques. Immersion plating techniques involve replacing a metallic surface being treated with a more noble metal.
The amount of metal applied is preferably such as to provide as thin a layer as possible and, most preferably, only a monolayer of noble metal. However, thicker layers can be provided, but such do not improve the performance of the noble metal and in certain instances, as will be discussed hereinbelow, detract somewhat from the overall efficiency, but not operativeness of the process.
The coating of the noble metal is preferably carried out at room temperature, but higher or lower temperatures can be used if desired. When employing an immersion coating technique, it is preferred to use residence times in the coating bath of about 1/2 to about 1 minute.
Immersion coating compositions of noble metals are well-known and need not be discussed herein in any great detail. For instance, acidic aqueous solutions containing about 0.1 to 0.2 gm/l of PdCl2 or AuCl2 and about 0.5% HCl are quite suitable for the purpose of the present invention.
The photoresist, which can be employed according to the present invention includes both positive and negative photoresists.
Examples of some photoresists employed according to the present invention include negative or photohardenable polymerizable compositions of the type suggested in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,469,982; 3,526,504; and 3,448,089 disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. Polymers of methylmethacrylate with glycidyl acrylate and/or pentaerythitol triacrylate are commercially available from E. I. DuPont de Nemours and Company under the trade definition "Riston".
An example of another type of photoresist is based on phenol formaldehyde novalak polymers. A particular example of such is Shipley AZ1350 which is an m-cresol formaldehyde novalak polymer composition. Such is a positive resist composition and includes therein diazoketone, such as 2-diazo-1-naphthol-5-sulphonic acid ester. In such a composition, the orthodiazoketone during the photochemical reaction, is converted to a carboxylic acid. This, in turn, converts a neutralorganic soluble molecule (the phenolic polymer) to one that is readily soluble in weakly alkali aqueous developer solvents. The composition usually contains about 15% or so by weight of the diazoketone compound.
The photoresist is generally applied in thicknesses of about 1 to 4 mil. The photoresist can be applied, for instance, by lamination. The layer of resist material is then selectively exposed to the desired pattern and developed by a known technique such as ultraviolet light, electron beam, or X-ray beam technique followed by removal of the exposed portions in the case of positive-resist materials by etching or dissolution in an appropriate liquid.
In the case of the above-discussed methyl methacrylate polymers from DuPont, the unexposed portions can be removed using a trichlorethylene, tetrachloroethylene, and/or 1,1,1-trichloroethane spray.
Next, a metal such as nickel or copper is plated, preferably by electroless plating, onto those preselected areas of the dielectric substrate which do not contain the photoresist material to provide the desired circuitry. The metal is coated to the desired thickness of the circuitry such as about 1 to 2 mils. The preferred metal employed is copper. The preferred copper electroless plating baths and their method of application are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,844,799 and 4,152,467, disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.
The copper electroless plating bath is generally an aqueous composition which includes a source of cupric ion, a reducing agent, a complexing agent for the cupric ion, and a pH adjuster. The plating baths also preferably include a cyanide ion source and a surface-active agent.
The cupric ion source generally used is a cupric sulfate or a cupric salt of the complexing agent to be employed.
When employing cupric sulfate, it is preferred to use amounts from about 3 to about 15 grams/liter and most preferably from about 8 to about 12 grams/liter. The most common reducing agent employed in formaldehyde, which in the preferred aspects of the present invention, is used in amounts from about 0.7 to about 7 grams per liter and most preferably, from about 0.7 to about 2.2 grams per liter. Examples of some other reducing agents include formaldehyde precursors or derivatives such as paraformaldehyde, trioxane, dimethyl hydantoin, glyoxal; borohydrides such as alkali metal borohydrides (sodium and potassium borohydride) and substituted borohydrides such as sodium trimethoxyborohydride; boranes such as amineboran (isopropyl amine borane and morpholine borane).
Examples of some suitable complexing agents include Rochelle salts, ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid, the sodium (mono-, di-, tri-, and tetra-sodium) salts of ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid, nitrilotetracetic acid and its alkali salts, gluconic acid, gluconates, triethanol amine, glucono (gamma)-lactone, modified ethylene diamine acetates such as N-hydroxyethyl ethylene diamine triacetate. In addition, a number of other suitable cupric complexing agents are suggested in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,996,408; 3,075,856; 3,075,855; and 2,938,805. The amount of complexing agent is dependent upon the amount of cupric ions present in the solution and is generally from about 20 to about 50 grams/liter, or in a 3-4 fold molar excess.
The plating bath can also contain a surfactant which assists in wetting the surface to be coated. A satisfactory surfactant is, for instance, an organic phosphate ester available under the trade designation Gafac RE-610. Generally, the surfactant is present in amounts from about 0.02 to about 0.3 grams/liter. In addition, the pH of the bath is also generally controlled, for instance, by the addition of a basic compound such as sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide in the desired amount to achieve the desired pH. The preferred pH of the electroless plating bath is between 11.6 and 11.8.
Also preferably, the plating bath also contains a cyanide ion and most preferably, contains about 10 to about 25 milligrams per liter to provide a cyanide ion concentration in the bath within the range of 0.0002 to 0.0004 molar. Examples of some cyanides which can be employed according to the present invention are the alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, and ammonium cyanide. In addition, the plating baths can include other minor additives as is well known in the prior art.
The preferred plating baths employed have a specific gravity within the range of 1.060 to 1.080. In addition, the temperature of the bath is preferably maintained between 70� and 80� C. and most preferably between 70� and 75� C. For a discussion of the preferred plating temperatures coupled with the preferred cyanide ion concentrations, see U.S. Pat. No. 3,844,799.
Also, it is preferred to maintain the O2 content of the bath between about 2 ppm and 4 ppm and preferably about 2.5 to 3.5 ppm as discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,152,467. The O2 content can be controlled by injecting oxygen and an inert gas into the bath.
The overall flow rate of the gasses into the bath is generally from about 1 to about 20 SCFM per 1000 gallons of bath and preferably from about 3 to about 8 SCFM per 1000 gallons of bath.
Although the plating of the metal such as the copper or nickel can be achieved by electrolytic coating, the advantages of the present invention are much more pronounced when an electroless coating procedure is used since electrolytic coating requires much less exposure to the coating bath than does the electroless coating procedure. The exposure to the plating baths without the treatment with a noble metal according to the present invention results in defects in the plated conductive lines such as nicks, plating voids, and corrosion of the lines.
According to the present invention, the plated lines are well formed and substantially free from the plating defects discussed hereinabove.
The treatment of the metallic surface with the noble metal, in accordance with the present invention, can be followed by treatment with benzotriazole, if desired.
Next, the plated metal lines can be protected from the subsequently to be used etchant for removal of the photoresist. For example, copper plated lines can be coated by immersion coating with tin. The tin acts as an etch resist.
The previously exposed remaining photoresist can next be removed by etching or dissolution in an appropriate liquid. For instance, in the case of the above discussed methyl methacrylate polymers from DuPont, the exposed portions of the photoresist can be removed using methyl chloroform or methylene chloride etchant.
Next, the thin copper layer uncovered which was previously beneath the exposed resist is removed by flash etching for instance, in a persulfate bath resulting in the desired metal circuitry. Since the noble metal remaining on this thin copper layer before etching is as thin as possible, the thin copper along with this noble metal, can be readily flash etched. If the noble metal layer is too thick, it can act as an etch resist thereby making removal of the thin metal between the desired plated metal lines difficult and inefficient.
The following non-limiting example is presented herein to further illustrate the present invention.
A copper foil having a 2 ounce support layer and a thin 5 micron nonsupporting layer is laminated to an epoxy-fiberglass composite. The supporting 2 ounce copper layer of the foil is then peeled away from the non-supporting 5 micron copper layer leaving the 5 micron copper layer remaining on the laminate.
Next, the copper coated epoxy-fiberglass laminate is immersed into a noble metal composition containing about 0.15 gm/l by weight of palladium chloride and about 0.5% HCl with the remainder being water. The laminate is contacted with the palladium chloride aqueous solution for about 30 seconds at room temperature and then dried.
Next, a negative photoresist obtained from a polymer of methylmethacrylate with glycidyl acrylate and pentaerythitol triacrylate commercially available from DuPont under the trade designation "Riston" is applied to the palladium coated surface. The photoresist is applied in the thicknesses of about 2.2 mil. The photoresist is then exposed to ultraviolet light in the desired pattern, and the unexposed portions are removed by spraying with trichlorethylene.
After this, copper is selectively plated onto the substrate to a thickness of about 2 mils by contacting with an electroless plating bath containing about 10 grams per liter of CuSO4 -5H2 O, 35 grams per liter of ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid dihydrate, 0.25 grams per liter of GAFAC RE-610, 14 milligrams per liter of sodium cyanide, and 2 milliliters per liter of 37% aqueous HCHO. The specific gravity of the plating bath is about 1.07, the pH is 11.7 by the addition of NaOH and the temperature of the bath is 75��5� C. The O2 content of the bath is maintained at about 2.5 to 3.5 ppm. The gas flow rate is about 12 SCFM. In addition, the plating racks are continuously agitated during the plating.
Next, the plated metal lines are then coated with tin by an immersion tin coating technique using Cuposit LT 26A� from Shipley Corporation employing a composition containing 9% Sn in water.
The previously exposed remaining photoresist is then removed by dissolution with a methylene chloride solvent.
The thin copper layer, which was previously beneath the exposed resist, is then removed by flash etching in a persulfate bath containing about 2.5 lbs/gal sodium persulfate and by contacting at 43� C. for about 1.5 minutes.
Plated boards are then inspected for voids and the results show no voids in any plating process. The boards also exhibit good line definition.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Aug 26, 1953
|Aug 7, 1956
|Rca Corp
|Printed circuits
|Mar 31, 1958
|May 31, 1960
|Gen Electric
|Process of stabilizing autocatalytic copper plating solutions
|Mar 31, 1958
|Aug 15, 1961
|Gen Electric
|Copper plating process and solution
|Mar 31, 1958
|Jan 29, 1963
|Gen Electric
|Copper plating process and solutions
|Mar 31, 1958
|Jan 29, 1963
|Gen Electric
|Copper plating process and solution
|Mar 21, 1961
|Dec 22, 1964
|Engelhard Ind Inc
|Immersion plating with noble metals and the product thereof
|Mar 14, 1966
|Jun 3, 1969
|Du Pont
|Photopolymerizable polymers containing free acid or acid anhydride groups reacted with glycidyl acrylate or glycidyl methacrylate
|Sep 11, 1968
|Sep 30, 1969
|Celeste Jack Richard
|Process for making photoresists
|May 19, 1967
|Jul 14, 1970
|Bell Telephone Labor Inc
|Photoresist method and products produced thereby
|Jul 7, 1966
|Sep 1, 1970
|Du Pont
|Photocrosslinkable elements and processes
|Jul 2, 1968
|Dec 22, 1970
|Process for improving photoresist adhesion
|Jan 9, 1969
|Jun 1, 1971
|Shipley Co
|Method of etching cu with use of pb and sn layers as a mask
|Oct 3, 1968
|Jun 15, 1971
|Clevite Corp
|Printed circuit board and method of making same
|Jun 30, 1970
|Feb 29, 1972
|Du Pont
|Process for improving bonding of a photoresist to copper
|Feb 20, 1969
|Jun 27, 1972
|Kollmorgen Corp
|Novel precious metal sensitizing solutions
|Nov 28, 1969
|Aug 29, 1972
|Sprague Electric Co
|Silica surface treatment
|Sep 17, 1969
|Sep 26, 1972
|Macdermid Inc
|Electroless copper plating
|Sep 10, 1971
|Jan 2, 1973
|Bell Telephone Labor Inc
|Electroless copper plating
|Sep 1, 1972
|Jun 11, 1974
|Bell Telephone Labor Inc
|Gold etchant
|Dec 11, 1972
|Aug 6, 1974
|Method for improving photoresist adherence
|Dec 17, 1973
|Oct 29, 1974
|Electroless copper plating
|Oct 8, 1971
|Nov 11, 1975
|Yates Industries
|Plural copper-layer treatment of copper foil and article made thereby
|Dec 3, 1973
|Dec 21, 1976
|Yates Industries, Inc.
|Thin foil
|Apr 14, 1975
|May 31, 1977
|Photocircuits Division Of Kollmorgan Corporation
|Process of tin plating by immersion
|Jun 16, 1976
|Sep 20, 1977
|Mitsui-Anaconda Electro Copper Sheet Co. Ltd.
|Surface treatment method of copperfoil
|Jun 17, 1976
|Dec 6, 1977
|Hutkin Irving J
|Plastic-metal composite and method of making the same
|Aug 9, 1976
|Feb 28, 1978
|Perstorp Ab
|Process in the production of a multilayer printed board
|Jun 3, 1977
|Dec 26, 1978
|Nippon Mining Co., Ltd.
|Surface treating process for copper foil for use in printed circuit
|Mar 10, 1978
|May 1, 1979
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Electroless copper plating process with dissolved oxygen maintained in bath
|Dec 5, 1977
|Mar 25, 1980
|Amp Incorporated
|Electroless tin and tin-lead alloy plating baths
|Jun 3, 1980
|Nov 17, 1981
|Eaton Corporation
|Beam lead Schottky barrier diode for operation at millimeter and submillimeter wave frequencies
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jan 8, 1992
|Jan 11, 1994
|U.S. Philips Corporation
|Semiconductor contact with discontinuous noble metal
|Sep 24, 1997
|May 18, 1999
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Dry film resist removal in the presence of electroplated C4's
|Oct 22, 2008
|Nov 18, 2010
|National Institute For Materials Science
|Electroless plating method for alloy coating film and plating liquid
|Feb 8, 2012
|Oct 2, 2013
|Stainless substrate with gold-plated layer, and method for forming partially gold-plated pattern on stainless substrate
|Feb 8, 2012
|Jul 8, 2015
|Stainless substrate with gold-plated layer, and method for forming partially gold-plated pattern on stainless substrate
|Oct 16, 1995
|Apr 25, 1996
|Rd Chemical Company
|Noble metal coating method by immersion
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jul 2, 1982
Owner name: INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION, ARMON
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:CANESTARO, MICHAEL J.;MCBRIDE, DONALD G.;WELSH, JOHN A.;REEL/FRAME:004054/0295
Effective date: 19820628
|May 18, 1987
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|May 6, 1991
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Aug 11, 1995
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12