text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jul 15, 1997
|Filing date
|Jan 30, 1995
|Priority date
|Apr 7, 1993
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Carl S. Gifford, Owen Jones, Michael Charles John Trinder
|Original Assignee
|Noise Cancellation Technologies, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (6), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (26), Classifications (30), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/045,486, filed Apr, 7, 1993, (status, abandoned).
This application is a continuation-in-part of PCT Patent Application No. PCT/GB92/01399, entitled Noise Reduction System, filed originally in the United Kingdom on Jul 30, 1991, assigned U.K. Patent Application No. 9116433.5, by Owen Jones and Michael Charles John Trinder, two of the present inventors.
1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to active systems for isolating and canceling noise and vibrations generated by machinery.
2. Description of the Related Art
Most rotating or reciprocating machines generate vibrations. The vibrations are often transmitted to the structure supporting the machine and into the surrounding air. Structural vibrations may damage nearby machinery or the structure itself. Vibrations transmitted into the air, on the other hand, are perceived as soundwaves. Depending on the source and the environment, the sound from the machine may be uncomfortable to those in the area, or even dangerous.
In the past, unwanted noise and vibration has been controlled by muffling or isolation. However, using the principle of superposition, noise and vibration can also be controlled by production of an acoustic signal having the same spectral characteristics as the unwanted noise or vibration but 180 degrees out of phase (anti-noise). Several aspects of anti-noise and its applications are discussed in an article by Professor Barrie Chaplin, entitled "Anti-Noise--The Essex Breakthrough," published in CME Magazine, January 1983, pages 41-47.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,527,282, issued to Chaplin et al. on Jul. 2, 1985, discloses a system for canceling an unwanted acoustic signal. A speaker generates a canceling acoustic signal, which is mixed with an unwanted acoustic signal. A microphone senses the residual acoustic signal, which is then amplified and inverted to drive the speaker. Systems of this type are typically prone to instabilities and tend to be effective only in a relatively restricted range of frequencies.
A system which avoids the instability problems of simple systems, such as that disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,527,282, is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,490,841 issued to Chaplin et al. on Dec. 25, 1984. In the described system, the residual signal is analyzed by means of a Fourier transformer. The resultant Fourier coefficients are then processed to produce a set of Fourier coefficients used to generate a canceling signal.
Systems which process signals in the frequency domain, e.g. using Fourier transformation, perform their function well under steady-state conditions. However, if the fundamental frequency of the noise signal changes, the system requires several cycles to re-astablish effective cancellation. This is due to the time taken to perform the Fourier transformation. If such apparatus is used in an internal combustion engine noise control system, bursts of noise will occur during acceleration and deceleration. These bursts may, in fact, have a higher peak value than the unsuppressed steady-state engine noise. Furthermore, the need to carry out high-speed digital signal processing makes these systems expensive.
In accordance with one aspect of the invention, a vibration control system comprises: a vibration sensor for generating an electrical signal corresponding to the vibrations; second sensor for detecting the periodic frequency of the vibration and generating a corresponding signal; at least one adjustable center frequency bandpass filter, connected to the vibration sensor and receptive of vibration signals, for isolating and transmitting a component of the vibration signal at a frequency related to the periodic frequency of the noise to generate a control signal; and an actuator, responsive to control signals, for generating counter-vibrations.
According to one aspect of the present invention, a vibration control system also includes a processor-based digital circuit which interfaces with an analog circuit, e.g. adjustable center frequency filter, where the digital circuit controls the analog circuit. The digital circuit may be used to vary the quality and/or center frequencies of the filter, monitor and adjust the operation of the circuit to eliminate clipping, and provide optimal performance, and to test the overall circuit.
The preferred exemplary embodiment of the present invention will hereinafter be described in conjunction with the appended drawing, wherein like designations denote like elements, and:
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an engine vibration control system embodying a basic form of the present invention;
FIG. 2A is an idealized representation of the vibration signal from an internal combustion engine;
FIG. 2B is an idealized representation of the vibration signal after filtering in the absence of a canceling signal;
FIG. 3 is an idealized representation of the vibration signal combined with a canceling signal;
FIG. 4 shows a first arrangement of anti-aliasing and compensation filters;
FIG. 5 shows a second arrangement of anti-aliasing and compensation filters;
FIG. 6 shows an arrangement for varying the gain of the narrowband bandpass filter;
FIG. 7 shows a filter arrangement including a broadband filter;
FIG. 7A shows a filter arrangement including a DC servo loop;
FIG. 8 shows alternative narrowband bandpass filter;
FIG. 9 is a generalized block diagram of a vibration control system according to the present invention;
FIG. 10 is a circuit diagram of an embodiment of a vibration control circuit according to the present invention incorporating a CPU; and
FIGS. 11A-11D are flow diagrams for CPU operations for the control circuit CPU.
Referring to FIG. 1, a vibration control system embodying a basic form of the present invention, adapted to control vibrations generated by an internal combustion engine 101 employed in, for example, a road vehicle, comprises: a sensor for generating a signal indicative of the vibrations to be controlled, e.g. an accelerometer 100; a selective filter 106 for isolating engine-generated vibrations from random vibrations; a conventional engine speed sensor of the type typically employed in electronic engine management systems, such as a toothed wheel rotation sensor 102; a summing amplifier 114; an actuator 120, suitably an electromagnetic actuator, for generating counter-vibrations to cancel unwanted vibrations, e.g., an actuator 120 suitably integrated into a mount for engine 101; and a suitable controller 99, receptive of signals from sensor 102, and generating control signals to filter 106.
Accelerometer 100 is positioned on the vehicle body near actuator 120 to sense the vibrations transmitted by engine 101. Filter 106, preferably comprising a bank of adjustable center frequency narrowband bandpass filters 106-1 to 106-n, is connected to receive the output from accelerometer 100. These filters may be any type of filter having adjustable center frequencies, such as, for example switched-capacitor filters, and suitably have center frequencies based on a reference frequency. These filters also suitably have adjustable quality factors. Filters 106-1 to 106-n are tuned to a series of related frequencies, e.g. integer or non-integer multiples of a fundamental frequency generated by engine 101. For example, in the case of harmonically related frequencies, if filter 106-1 is tuned to F, then filter 106-2 is tuned to 2F and so on up to filter 106-n which is tuned to nF. The outputs from filters 106-1 to 106-n are coupled to respective inputs of summing amplifier 114. Actuator 120 is coupled to be driven by the output from the summing amplifier 114. Controller 99 receives a train of pulses indicative of engine speed from sensor 102.
Operation of the internal combustion engine 101 produces vibrations comprising a number of components, typically related harmonically to the engine rotation frequency. For instance, a four-cylinder four-stroke engine running at 3000 rpm will produce a spark for each half cycle, i.e. 6000 per minute. The engine 101 rotates one full cycle for every two revolutions of the crankshaft. This equates to vibrations with a fundamental component at 25 Hz, and rich in harmonic components. The balance that is inherent in most engines, however, means that the second order component of the engine rotation frequency, i.e. 100 Hz, and multiples thereof, are of the most significant amplitude. On the other hand, the engine 101 may be somewhat imbalanced, which may cause significant intermediate components to arise. Engine 101 will also produce some broadband vibrations but these are typically at a much lower level.
It should be noted that acoustic energy is commonly generated by the mechanical vibration of an object. Conversely, acoustic energy incident upon a body tends to impart a vibration to the body. In a sense, vibrations may be viewed as acoustic energy propagating through a medium other than air, and sound waves may be similarly characterized as vibrations of the air itself. Because the methods and apparatus discussed in this disclosure generally apply to sound waves and mechanical vibrations, the terms are generally applied interchangeably herein. Thus, the principles described in this disclosure may be applied to cancel acoustic noise as well as mechanical vibrations.
Considering the system shown in FIG. 1 with actuator 120 disconnected from summing amplifier 114, vibrations generated by the engine 101 are sensed by accelerometer 100 which outputs an electrical signal Ve, representing the sensed vibrations. The signal Ve is then fed to the filters 106-1 to 106-n.
Filters 106-1 to 106-n are electrically tuned in accordance with signals T1 to Tn, produced by controller 99, so that each filter 106-1 to 106-n is tuned to a different frequency component of the vibrations. Controller 99 receives a pulse signal from rotation sensor 102 related to the rotation speed of the engine. The signals T1 to Tn are produced by controller 99 in response to the rate of the pulse signal from the rotation sensor 102 so that the filters 106-1 to 106-n are caused to track changes in the rotation frequency of the engine.
It can be seen from a comparison of FIGS. 2A and 2B that those parts of the vibration spectrum having the highest amplitudes, in this example the harmonics of the engine rotation frequency F, are passed substantially unchanged, while the remaining, low-level elements are greatly attenuated. Using this technique of parallel bandpass filters, it is possible to extend the effective bandwidth of the system without encountering stability problems. The use of bandpass filters means that the maximum phase shift occurring in the filter bank is +90 or -90 degrees, making it easier to ensure that the Nyquist Stability Criterion is met by the system.
The outputs from the filters 106-1 to 106-n are fed to summing amplifier 114 which outputs an actuator control signal Vc. The signal Vc may undergo equalization or further amplification (not shown) depending on the requirements of actuator 120 employed.
The system shown in FIG. 1 will now be considered with actuator 120 reconnected; the loop is designed such that the acoustic signals from actuator 120 reaching accelerometer 100 are nominally 180 degrees out of phase with the relevant engine vibration. Signal Ve output from accelerometer 100 is now representative of the instantaneous difference between the engine vibration and the acoustic signals from actuator 120, that is the error between the desired zero vibration condition and the total vibration produced by the system.
Signal Ve is then filtered and fed to summing amplifier 114 to produce the signal Vc as in the open loop situation described above. However, since the loop is now closed the vibration components related to the engine rotation frequency will be attenuated. The other vibration components will remain substantially unchanged as no relevant anti-noise is being produced because most of the components of the signal Vc, representing these vibration components, are blocked by filters 106-1 to 106-n. The resulting total vibration occurring in the vehicle body when the system is in operation is shown in FIG. 3.
Since the system does not need to carry out a Fourier analysis of the engine noise, it can more closely track changes in engine speed, thereby reducing the bursts of noise during acceleration and deceleration. Filters 106-1 to 106-n are, preferably, of the switched-capacitor type, and may thus be tuned by varying the switching rate. The switching rate in the embodiment shown in FIG. 1 is controlled by the signals T1 to Tn which are pulse trains frequency locked to the engine rotation frequency and relevant related frequencies.
When using filters 106-1 to 106-n which have a sampling function, such as switched-capacitor filters, it may be desirable to employ an anti-aliasing filter. The inclusion of an anti-aliasing filter introduces unwanted additional phase shifts into the loop. However, a compensating filter may be used after filters 106-1 to 106-n restore the original phase relationships. Two possible arrangements of anti-aliasing and compensating filters are shown in FIGS. 4 and 5. Referring to FIG. 4, an anti-aliasing filter 400 is inserted before the signal line divides to go to each of switched-capacitor filters 106-1 to 106-n. A single compensating filter 402 is then inserted after summing amplifier 114. In the arrangement shown in FIG. 5, an anti-aliasing filter 400-1 to 400-n and a compensating filter 402-1 to 402-n are provided around each switched capacitor filter 106-1 to 106-n.
To ensure the stability of the system as the engine rotation frequency increases, it may be desirable to reduce the gain of bandpass filter 106. An arrangement which achieves this is shown in FIG. 6. A voltage controlled amplifier 600-1 to 600-n is placed in series, following each of filters 106-1 to 106-n. Each amplifier 600-1 to 600-n is controlled by a respective signal G1 to Gn generated by controller 99. Controller 99 in this case further includes a frequency-to-voltage converter which is arranged to output a dc signal proportional to the periodic frequency of the noise source that the filters are tracking. This dc signal is then used to generate the amplifier control signals G1 to Gn. By adjusting the gain of each filter as the frequency rises, stability may be maintained.
While the system described above is effective at dealing with periodic acoustic signals, it provides only limited cancellation of random acoustic signals. The random acoustic signal performance of the system may be improved by using a broadband bandpass filter in parallel with switched-capacitor filters 106-1 to 106-n. In the arrangement shown in FIG. 7, the broadband bandpass filter comprises a high-pass filter 702 in series with a low-pass filter 700. Both filters 700 and 702 preferably are of the switched-capacitor type. The -3 dB frequency of the high-pass filter 702 is suitably fixed. However, the -3 dB frequency of the low-pass filter 700 is preferably variable under the control of controller 99. Controller 99 outputs a signal B which gradually reduces the -3 dB frequency of the low-pass filter 700 when the highest filtered frequency rises past a predetermined threshold. This reduction of the low-pass filter -3 dB frequency improves the high frequency stability of the system. If desired, the -3 dB frequency of the high-pass filter 702 may also be varied as a function of engine rotation frequency by a similar technique.
In a further embodiment of the system, the clock frequency may be fixed and the control parameters of the CPU adjusted such that the filter 106 and the equalizer 916 form a generalized multi-pole/zero compensator. The filter coefficients may then be set so that the system operates as a broadband random vibration virtual earth controller. The filter coefficients may still be set upon analysis of the electromechanical transfer function, under control of the CPU in such a way as to optimize the cancellation performance from application to application.
Filter 106 (FIG. 1) can be implemented by any filter circuit which may be adjusted to isolate relevant frequencies. For example, filters 106-1 to 106-n are suitably implemented using commercially available switched capacitor active filter integrated circuits such as the MF 10 switched-capacitor filter, or MAX 260 microprocessor programmable universal active filter marketed by MAXIM Integrated Products. Using these circuits it is possible to form filters having extremely high Q values. However, high Q filters formed using an MF 10-type device are prone to the build-up of dc offset voltages. These may be suppressed by means of a dc servo loop around either each of filters 106-1 to 106-n, as shown in FIG. 7A or by an averaging dc servo loop around the bank of filters 106-1 to 106-n.
Alternatively, as illustrated in FIG. 8, respective series combinations of an integrator 800 and a second order high-pass filter 802 may be employed as filters 106-1 to 106-n; in the system shown in FIG. 1, each of 106-1 to 106-n would be replaced by the combination of an integrator 800 and a high-pass filter 802. High-pass filter 802 may be implemented using switched-capacitor techniques, in which case its -3 dB frequency would be varied under the control of controller 99 in order to tune the combination. However, as periodic frequencies of the noise (e.g., the engine rotation frequency) increases, the gain of the bandpass filter as a whole will fall. A voltage controlled amplifier 804, also under the control of controller 99, can be used to compensate for the loss in gain. Controller 99 outputs to amplifier 804 a signal G, dependent on the engine rotation frequency, to increase the gain of amplifier 804 with increases in engine rotation frequency.
Referring now to FIG. 9, a generalized block diagram of the control circuitry according to the preferred embodiment is illustrated. The control circuitry generally comprises an input buffer 850, programmable analog filters 852, an equalizing circuit 854, and a digital CPU-based circuit 856. Input buffer 850 is generally an interface buffer for receiving data from sensor 100 and conditioning the signals for processing by analog filters 852. Suitably, input buffer 850 may be an amplifier having programmable gain to provide the proper amplitude of signals from sensor 100. Input buffer 850 suitably performs amplification, which may be variable by the CPU, and, if desired, filtering. Simple filtering may be desirable in order to eliminate various specific problem frequencies, such as electromagnetic interference generated by nearby electrical systems. In addition, variable gain of the amplification provides for stability of the system and at the same time maximizing cancellation performance of the vibration control system.
Analog filters 852 generally include analog filters tuned to relevant frequencies. For broadband cancellation, some of the analog filters may be tuned to specific relevant frequencies that remain constant. Analog filters 852 further include tracking filters, like those described above, which are controlled by a synchronizing signal, such as the synchronizing signal generated by rotation sensor 102. Analog filters 852 amplify relevant frequencies and attenuate non-relevant frequencies to isolate the signals at the relevant frequencies to allow cancellation.
Equalizer 854 assists in maintaining a stable system in view of the transfer characteristics of the mechanical and electrical systems. The electromechanical system formed by engine 101, the engine mount, and the vibration control system exhibits a frequency response that may be characterized by a transfer function, which is used to program equalizer 854. Equalizer 854 limits variances of the phase shift over the operating range of the vibration control system in view of the transfer function. Essentially, equalizer 854 attempts to maintain constant phase shift for all signals transmitted between sensor 100 and actuator 120. In the preferred embodiment, equalizer 854 amplifies signals at certain frequencies and attenuates signals at others. The particular frequencies to be amplified and attenuated may be programmed according to the transfer function, thus improving system stability.
Digital CPU-based system 856 interacts with input buffer 850, analog filters 852, and equalizer 854 to provide a measure of intelligence and robustness to the vibration control system permitting: adjustment of the system transfer function to be moved according to the current needs of the vibration control system; the relevant frequencies (whether or not related to the synchronizing frequency) to be changed and adjusted continuously while the system is operating; the vibration control system to test itself; and monitoring and adjusting system parameters to provide optimal performance and maintain system stability over the entire frequency range of interest.
Referring to FIG. 10, a digitally controlled system 1000 for controlling engine vibration in accordance with the present invention comprises: a hybrid analog circuit 900 including a programmable analog portion 900A (generally corresponding to filter 106 and summing amplifier 114 of FIG. 1), and a digital control portion 900B (generally corresponding to controller 99 of FIG. 1); accelerometer 100; rotation sensor 102; and actuator 120. Analog circuitry 900A suitably comprises circuitry for controllably performing time domain processing and shaping of the sensed engine vibration signal and providing the drive signal to actuator 120, in accordance with control signals from digital control circuit 900B. Analog circuit 900A effectively operates as a type of virtual ground (virtual earth) feedback system. Feedback in the illustrated system is provided by actuator 120 and sensor 100; the output of sensor 100 reflects the effects of the operation of actuator 120. Digital control circuit 900B develops control signals for the various components of analog circuit 900A on a dynamic basis, suitably in accordance with a characteristic frequency of the noise or vibration source, here the engine rotation frequency as indicated by sensor 102. As will be explained, digital circuit 900B can also provide for self-diagnostics.
As shown in FIG. 10, analog circuit 900A suitably includes a conventional programmable gain amplifier 904; a suitable programmable active filter 106, preferably parallel bandpass filters 106-1 to 106-n, implemented employing a MAX 260 microprocessor programmable universal active filter; a summing amplifier 114; a suitable programmable output equalizer 916; and a programmable gain power amplifier 918. Signals generated by accelerometer 100 are provided, suitably through a switch 900 as will be explained, to programmable gain amplifier 904. The gain of amplifier 904 is dynamically adjusted, in accordance with signals from controller 900B, to provide sufficient amplification of the sensor signal without clipping caused by over amplification. The amplified signals received from accelerometer 100 are provided in parallel to bandpass filters 106-1 to 106-n. Filter 106 isolates vibrations generated by the engine from random vibrations originating from the engine 101 or other sources, and transmits them to the summing amplifier 114. Engine 101 generates vibrations primarily at frequencies related to the engine rotation frequency, like integer or non-integer multiples of a fundamental frequency. Each filter 106-1 to 106-n has a programmable center frequency, and a programmable Q, and programmable gain. As described above, the center frequency for each filter is programmed so that one filter transmits signals in a band centered at an appropriate frequency related to the engine rotation frequency, and remaining filters transmit signals in bands centered at various related frequencies, e.g., integer or non-integer multiples of the engine rotation frequency. The output of each individual bandpass filter is connected to summing amplifier 114, which sums the signals generated by filters 106-1 to 106-n.
If desired, one or more tunable bandpass filters may be included which are not responsive to the synchronizing signal, but are instead responsive to an independent frequency signal generated by control circuit 900B, as will be explained. Such filters would permit cancellation of signals that are unrelated to engine speed, like various pumps or motors within the system that typically operate at a constant speed (or operate at a variable speed appropriately sensed independent of engine rotation).
In the preferred embodiment, the output of summing amplifier 114 is connected to programmable output equalizer 916, such as, for example National Semiconductor LMC835, which programmably amplifies or attenuates signals according to the particular frequency of each signal. Output equalizer 916 performs stabilizing functions by compensating for the electromechanical characteristics of the engine mount system and sensor 100. Because the engine mount is an electromechanical system, it exhibits a unique frequency response having amplitude and phase characteristics. These characteristics are expressed by a transfer function which remains relatively constant for each engine mount, though it may change slightly over time. The transfer function with respect to a particular frequency may be determined by applying a signal of that particular frequency through actuator 120 to the engine mount. The response of the engine mount is then determined by the output of sensor 100. This is performed over the range of relevant frequencies, referred to as a sweep, until the transfer function for the engine mount at various frequencies is established over the range of interest. These transfer functions are then stored and used to program output equalizer 916. Although the transfer functions are established using a sweep for the purposes of this application, it should be noted that several techniques are known for establishing the transfer functions of the engine mount. Equalizer 916 is programmed to compensate for the transfer function of the electromechanical engine mount system. A properly programmed equalizer 916 causes the mechanical engine mount system to respond relatively constantly across a broad range of frequencies so the signals generated by the vibration control system do not cause the engine mount system to oscillate over the relevant range. Thus, equalizer 916 allows optimal cancellation without promoting system instability. Equalizer 916 may be located anywhere along the signal path between sensor 100 and actuator 120.
Output equalizer 916 provides signals to a power amplifier 918, which amplifies the signal generated by output filter 916 sufficiently to drive actuator 120. The gain of amplifier 918 suitably is constant, but can be dynamically adjusted in accordance with signals from controller 900B to maintain stability if desired. Adjustment of the gain of amplifier 918 might be desirable if the gain of the individual bandpass filters cannot be varied. The output of power amplifier 918 is then transmitted, suitably through a switch 902, to actuator 120.
As shown in FIG. 10, digital control circuitry 900B suitably includes a synchronizing signal interface 922; a clock generator, suitably a clock generator 924 generating a number of signals at various frequencies according to received control signals; a human interface 925; a CPU 906 and a memory system 908; a multiplexer 909; an analog to digital converter (ADC) 910; a digital to analog converter (DAC) 912; and a bus 905. CPU 906 may be any suitable sort of microprocessor or controller device. By transmitting and receiving signals on bus 905, CPU 906 controls various system functions and monitors operations, including the gains of amplifiers 904 and 918, the quality gain, and center frequency of each bandpass filter 106-1 to 106-n, and the parameters of equalizer 916.
A human interface circuit 925, suitably may be connected to a panel of switches allowing the user various options, to initiate various modes of operation, to initiate a self-test cycle, or to enable or disable the vibration control system. For example, in certain circumstances, it may be desirable to switch between alternative modes of operation, e.g. continuously change the canceled frequencies throughout operation, or alternatively to select the canceled frequencies or frequency multiples when the system is first enabled and thereafter retain the selection throughout operation. By toggling the appropriate switch, the user may indicate the proper mode of frequency selection. Interface 925 may also include a series of LEDs or other indicators to provide information regarding current operational status.
The center frequency of each bandpass filter 106-1 to 106-n is dynamically controlled. Signals from rotation sensor 102 are provided to synchronizing signal interface 922, which suitably generates signals at the same frequency as rotation sensor 102 signal, but compatible with the digital electronics of control circuit 900B. The output of synchronizing interface 922 is connected to clock generator 924. Clock generator 924 generates several signals at various frequencies. Suitably, clock generator 924 may be a programmable clock generator which generates signals of various multiples of the engine speed according to control signals received from CPU 906. Alternatively, clock generator 924 may include a phase locked loop frequency multiplier which multiplies the frequency of signals received from sensor 102. One of the output signals generated by clock generator 924 related to a fundamental vibration frequency of the engine. For switched capacitor filters, this corresponding frequency is typically 50 to 100 times the desired filter center frequency, depending upon the type of filter employed. Other signals generated by clock generator 924 correspond to related frequencies (e.g., integer or non-integer multiples of the fundamental engine rotation frequency). Each bandpass filter's 106-1 to 106-n center frequency is varied according to the corresponding clock signal output of clock generator 924. Thus, the first engine rotation frequency bandpass filter 106-1 has a center frequency at the first significant engine vibration frequency. The remaining filters 106-2 to 106-n are similarly set to transmit signals at related (e.g., integer or non-integer multiples) frequencies. Clock generator 924 is connected to the bus 905 so that clock generator 924 may be sampled, programmed, or adjusted by CPU 906.
CPU 906 provides the appropriate control signals to clock generator 924, which in turn generates clock signals at the proper frequencies for application to bandpass filters 106-1 to 106-n at the frequency of the vibration to be canceled. Clock generator 924 need not be dependent upon the synchronizing signal generated by sensor 102. If desired, clock generator 924 may be receptive of a separate independent speed signal associated with a noise source independent of motor speed (e.g., an electric fan) and/or may include internal clock circuitry (e.g., a crystal oscillator) that generates signals over a wide range of frequencies according to predetermined values or signals generated by the microprocessor. The internal clock is especially useful for generating test signals over a wide range of frequencies for testing the circuitry and determining the transfer function of the mechanical engine mount. With an internal clock, wideband cancellation of vibrations may be performed, including frequencies unrelated to the engine speed indicated by sensor 102. Consequently, any periodic vibration sensed by sensor 100 and determined to be significant by CPU 906 may be canceled.
ADC 910 includes an input connected to multiplexer 909, which has inputs connected to bandpass filters 106-1 to 106-n, power amplifier 918, and accelerometer 100. Multiplexer 909 is controlled by CPU 906. ADC 910 converts signals from analog signals to digital signals for CPU 906, and is controlled by CPU 906 over bus 905.
DAC 912 also receives control signals on bus 905, and converts the digital signals into corresponding analog signals. The output of DAC 912 is selectively connected to the input of programmable gain amplifier 904 or to the input of actuator 120 to facilitate testing, as will be described. CPU 906 can disconnect power amplifier 918 from actuator 120 by opening switch 902 and disconnect accelerometer 100 from programmable gain amplifier 904 by opening switch 900 to perform system tests through ADC 910 and DAC 912.
Referring now to FIGS. 11A through 11D, CPU 906 preferably performs the following sequence of operations. When the system is powered up, an initialization sequence is initiated (step 1000). Self-test subroutine is then executed (step 1002). As shown in FIG. 11D, in effecting the self-test routine, sensor (e.g., accelerometer) 100 is initially disconnected from and the output of DAC 912 connected to the input of programmable gain amplifier 904 by switch 900 (step 1006). The output of power amplifier 918 is disconnected from actuator 120 using switch 902 (step 1008). CPU 906 then generates a test signal at a particular frequency (step 1010), which is provided over bus 905 to the DAC converter 912. DAC 912 converts the test signal into analog form and provides the test signal to analog circuit 900A. Power amplifier's 918 response to the test signal is received by ADC 910. Initial gain and filter parameters are retrieved from memory 908 and provided to the proper components (step 1012). CPU 906 then samples the output of one of bandpass filters 106-1 to 106-n through analog-to-digital converter 910 (step 1014) and determines whether the sampled filter output is accurate for a designated operating bandpass filter (step 1016). If not, an error service routine is executed (step 1018) to alert the operator of a malfunction in the system. No further operations are performed (step 1020).
If the sampled bandpass filter is operating properly, the output of power amplifier 918 is sampled by CPU 906 through the ADC converter 910 (step 1022) and tested (step 1024). If power amplifier 918 is not properly operating, the error service routine is executed (step 1018). If power amplifier 918 is properly operating, a determination is made as to whether any of the bandpass filters 106-1 to 106-n remain untested (step 1026), and if so, the next bandpass filter and power amplifier 918 are again tested at a new frequency (step 1010). If each of bandpass filters 106-1 to 106-n has been tested and has passed, a flag is set, indicating that the system has passed the self-test (step 1028), and a return to the main program effected (step 1030).
After the execution of the self-test routine, CPU determines the status of the human interface for selected options (step 1032). If various options are selected, appropriate subroutines may be called to execute the desired functions. CPU 906 then closes switch 900 to reconnect accelerometer 100 to programmable gain amplifier 904 and tests the signal provided by rotation sensor 102 (step 1034). If a signal is not yet being received from rotation sensor 102, CPU 906 continues to test rotation sensor 102 signal until a signal is asserted. Next, the main program directs CPU 906 to compute the parameters for amplifier 904, filter 106-1 to 106-n, and rotation sensor 102 parameters (step 1040). The computed parameters are then downloaded to the proper components (step 1042). Next, CPU 906 closes switch 902 and reconnects the output of power amplifier 918 to actuator 120, thus enabling the vibration control system.
To begin monitoring and controlling the system, all interrupts for CPU 906 are enabled (step 1046). CPU 906 then samples rotation sensor 102 signal to determine whether a high acceleration period has been initiated (step 1048). During high acceleration periods, the engine races, so that the fundamental engine rotation frequency and its related frequencies change rapidly and the amplitude of the engine vibrations increase. If so, CPU 906 stores the current gain and quality of each of the amplifiers and filters in memory 908 (step 1050). CPU 906 then reduces the quality of each of filters 106-1 to 106-n by a predetermined amount (step 1052). Alternatively, filter quality may be adjusted by an amount calculated to correspond to the acceleration rate of the engine. CPU 906 may also increase the gain of power amplifier 918 to provide sufficient anti-noise in response to the high acceleration (step 1054). However, the increase of gain remains subject to the instability criteria described above. If the relevant filtered frequency is too high, a significant increase in gain may promote instability.
If a high acceleration period is not starting, or if the filter and amplifier characteristics have already been properly altered, CPU 906 samples rotation sensor 102 signal to determine whether the system is at the end of a high acceleration period (step 1056). If so, CPU 906 retrieves the stored gain and quality parameters from memory 908 and restores them to the respective components (step 1058). If engine is not at the end of a high acceleration period, or if the gain and quality parameters have already been restored to the components, the outputs of bandpass filters 106-1 to 106-n are sampled (step 1060). If the filter output amplitudes exceed a predetermined threshold, the gain of programmable gain amplifier 904 is reduced by CPU 906 to maintain acceptable output levels (step 1062). The output of filters 106-1 to 106-n is then compared to a second threshold (step 1064). If the filter output amplitude is below the second threshold, the gain of programmable gain amplifier 904 is increased to achieve sufficient amplification (step 1066). Alterations of the gain of amplifier 904 are balanced by an inversely proportional alteration of power amplifier's 918 gain as may be necessary to maintain system stability.
CPU 906 next determines whether the dynamic frequency adaptation feature has been enabled (step 1068). The dynamic frequency adaptation feature determines which relevant frequencies have the greatest magnitude and programs the center frequencies of bandpass filters 106-1 to 106-n for those frequencies. If it is enabled, the signal received from accelerometer 100 is tested to determine which frequencies have the greatest magnitude and thus cause the greatest vibration (step 1070). Parameters are provided to clock generator 924 by CPU 906 to generate the proper clock signals (step 1072). Clock generator 924 then changes the frequency of its output signals so that bandpass filters 106-1 to 106-n have center frequencies corresponding to the most significant frequencies.
After establishing the proper center frequencies, CPU 906 tests the output of power amplifier 918 to determine whether the output of the analog circuit is unstable (step 1074). If so, CPU 906 adjusts the quality and gain of the highest frequency bandpass filter 106-n to maintain system stability (step 1076). CPU 906 then reads human interface 925 to determine whether the cancellation system is enabled (step 1078). If so, CPU 906 closes switch 902 to connect the output of power amplifier 918 to actuator 120 (step 1080). If cancel feature is not enabled, CPU 906 opens switch 902 and actuator 120 is disconnected from the output of power amplifier 918 (step 1082). Next, CPU 906 checks human interface 925 to determine whether a self-test of the system is desired (step 1084). If so, CPU 906 calls self-test routine, described above (step 1084). CPU 906 then returns to the main program and checks human interface 925 to determine whether to terminate the program (step 1088). If not, CPU 906 returns to the start of the monitor cycle (step 1048) and the system continues to monitor the control circuit functions. If so, the CPU 906 interrupts are disabled (step 1090). CPU 906 then opens switch 902 to disconnect the output of power amplifier 918 from actuator 120 (step 1092). Execution of the program is then complete (step 1094).
The control system of the preferred embodiment allows the vibration control system to operate more effectively. In prior art digital systems, the noise detected by accelerometer 100 is phase shifted due to the processing delay between generation of the vibration by engine 101 and production of control signals by the control circuit. Consequently, the system becomes prone to instability and the performance of the vibration control system declines. In contrast, the analog circuit of the preferred embodiment minimizes the response delay. In addition, the digital circuitry combined with the analog circuit provide some intelligence and allow the system performance to be monitored and optimized.
While the present invention has been described with reference to an engine vibration control system, it is not limited thereto and is applicable to many situations in which it is desirable to cancel a wave-based signal. Wave-based signals include longitudinal or transverse waves in solids, liquids or gases, vibrations and flexure. Furthermore, the present invention will find application in many different situations, for instance, to quiet a refrigerator, in an active exhaust muffler or to cancel fan noise in ducting.
In the embodiments described above, the system is used to isolate engine vibrations from a vehicle body. If, however, accelerometer 100 were affixed to the engine, the system would operate to cancel the vibrations in the engine itself. Therefore, it will be appreciated that the present system can be employed for both isolating and directly canceling unwanted periodic acoustic signals.
The foregoing description of the preferred embodiment is for illustrative purposes only and should not be construed to limit the invention to the embodiment described above. It would be apparent to one of ordinary skill that several changes in the components, materials, arrangement, and design of the above system may be varied without departing from the spirit of the invention.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jun 23, 1980
|Dec 27, 1983
|National Research Development Corporation
|Signal processing systems
|May 31, 1985
|Apr 19, 1988
|Pioneer Electronic Corporation
|Method and apparatus for measuring and correcting acoustic characteristic in sound field
|Aug 21, 1984
|Jun 13, 1989
|General Datacomm Industries, Inc.
|Active transconductance filter device
|Feb 24, 1988
|Aug 29, 1989
|Noise Cancellation Technologies, Inc.
|Monitoring, testing and operator controlling of active noise and vibration cancellation systems
|Jun 7, 1990
|Jul 16, 1991
|Unisys Corp.
|Attenuation filter
|Feb 9, 1990
|Apr 14, 1992
|Noise Cancellation Technologies, Inc.
|Digital virtual earth active cancellation system
|Dorf, Richard C., Modern Control Systems, 1987, pp. 2 3 1987.
|Dorf, Richard C., Modern Control Systems, 1987, pp. 2-3 1987.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Apr 9, 1997
|Aug 11, 1998
|Nissan Motor Co., Ltd.
|Active vibration control apparatus for vehicle
|Jun 3, 1998
|May 9, 2000
|Andrea Electronics Corporation
|Noise cancellation apparatus
|Jul 8, 1998
|Aug 15, 2000
|Ford Global Technologies, Inc.
|Method for determining and reproducing noise inducing vibrations in a multi-component assembly
|Jul 8, 1998
|Sep 12, 2000
|Ford Global Technologies, Inc.
|System for diagnosing unexpected noise in a multi-component assembly
|Feb 18, 1999
|Mar 26, 2002
|Andrea Electronics Corporation
|System, method and apparatus for cancelling noise
|Sep 11, 2000
|May 28, 2002
|Quality Research, Development & Consulting, Inc.
|Apparatus and method for confinement and damping of vibration energy
|Oct 25, 1999
|Jul 15, 2003
|Andrea Electronics Corporation
|Super directional beamforming design and implementation
|Feb 18, 1998
|Nov 25, 2003
|Stanley J. York
|Active noise cancellation apparatus and method
|Jun 5, 2002
|Nov 30, 2010
|Stmicroelectronics, Inc.
|Performance tuning using encoded performance parameter information
|Mar 8, 2011
|Visteon Global Technologies, Inc.
|Vibration control system
|Apr 24, 2008
|Dec 6, 2011
|Integrated Dynamics Engineering Gmbh
|Method and device for frequency-response correction in vibration isolation systems
|Mar 20, 2009
|Dec 18, 2012
|Bose Corporation
|Active noise reduction adaptive filtering
|Jun 5, 2002
|Dec 11, 2003
|Giorgio Pedrazzini
|Performance tuning using device signature information
|Apr 24, 2008
|Nov 27, 2008
|Integrated Dynamics Engineering Gmbh
|Method and device for frequency-response correction in vibration isolation systems
|Mar 18, 2008
|Sep 24, 2009
|Douglas Allen Pfau
|Vibration control system
|Mar 27, 2008
|Oct 1, 2009
|Echostar Technologies L.L.C.
|Reduction of power consumption in remote control electronics
|Mar 20, 2009
|Sep 23, 2010
|Pan Davis Y
|Active noise reduction adaptive filtering
|Oct 20, 2010
|Feb 10, 2011
|Stmicroelectronics, Inc.
|Performance tuning using encoded performance parameter information
|Feb 9, 2010
|Dec 3, 2014
|Active noise reduction adaptive filtering
|Oct 25, 2007
|May 7, 2008
|Nissan Motor Co., Ltd.
|Vibration reducing device
|Jun 20, 2012
|Dec 25, 2013
|AKG Acoustics GmbH
|Headphone for active noise suppression
|Jun 3, 1997
|Dec 11, 1997
|Cooper Tire & Rubber Company
|Active feedback control system for transient narrow-band disturbance rejection over a wide spectral range
|Feb 9, 2010
|Sep 23, 2010
|Bose Corporation
|Active noise reduction adaptive filtering
|Feb 9, 2010
|Apr 7, 2011
|Bose Corporation
|Active noise reduction adaptive filtering
|Aug 30, 2013
|Mar 27, 2014
|Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba
|Active noise-reduction apparatus
|Aug 30, 2013
|Jul 3, 2014
|Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba
|Active noise-reduction apparatus
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jan 10, 2001
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jan 10, 2005
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Jan 19, 2009
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Jul 15, 2009
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Sep 1, 2009
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20090715


text:
The Ice Bucket Challenge was a phenomenon in the summer of 2014 in which people dunked a bucket of ice water over their heads. But the proof of the pudding was in the eating: The campaign raised more than $100 million in a 30-day period and was able to fully fund numerous research projects.
PITTSBURGH (AP) — A Pittsburgh woman has been sentenced to 20 months of house arrest after four dogs were found dead in her home in May 2015.
As he stood at the lectern last night, Bill Clinton was doing more than delivering another convention speech, something he has done every four years spanning four decades. This was a larger moment for the former president, and it was a long time...
EAST RUTHERFORD, N.J. (AP) — Police say more than 40 people were arrested at two Guns N' Roses concerts in New Jersey over the weekend on a variety of charges including assaulting police and selling items without a...
Hillary Clinton raised eyebrows with a somewhat surreal satellite appearance before the Democratic National Convention that drew parallels to Apple's famous "1984" ad.
The highlight of the second day of the Democratic National Convention was a sentimental and anecdotal speech by former President Bill Clinton. In contrast to many of his speeches, such as his address to the DNC in 2012, there were not many facts to...
Before we get into the awkward moments, it has to be said that the true star of this episode -- and the whole season -- was Chad. I could have just written a list of things Chad did and said during this episode and left it at that. Chad's...
Despite the fact that it fizzles out at the end when it should have exploded, despite the multitude of story threads that hint at something deeper but go nowhere, "Nerve" pulls a lot of right strings and pushes a lot of right...
HBO will not be moving forward with a fifth season of
Poconos Directory
Business Name
Location, ST | website.com

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Strengthen your immune system - your defense against illness.
Promoting mental health and wellness of mind, body, spirit.
Specialized Services
- Crisis Intervention
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- Depression
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- Identity Issues
- Social Skills
- Family Conflicts, Parenting Issues
- Marital Issues, Divorce, Separation
- Bereavement, Grief Counseling
- Weight Management
- Health and Wellness
Collaborating Psychiatrists:
Adrian Sondheimer, MD - Board Certified Child, Adolescent and Adult Psychiatrist
Jacob Jacoby, MD - Board Certified Adult Psychiatrist, specializing in Substance Abuse & Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
Now Available:
(908)494-2338New York City:19 W. 34th St. PenthouseNew York, NY 10001 ---------------------------------------- New Jersey:600 So. Livingston Ave.
What sets us apart is we first identify and address the stressors in your physical body before identifying and addressing your mental, emotional & spiritual stressors. Our effective, whole-body system, holistic, and personal "best fit" strategy in our treatment, and clinical interventions instills hope in life.
* Life-haus promotes mental health and wellness of mind, body and spirit.
* Life-haus is a licensed and registered provider of therapeutic and complementary treatment services.
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Wellness Program
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- Relaxation/Meditation
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CyberScan Professional Immune System Balancing Medical-Neurological Device
Copyright 2010 - www.dghwebsolutions.com


text:
Screws Get Loose
- Record Label: Oh Wow Dang
- Release Date: Mar 29, 2011
- Band members: Jessi Darlin, Kelley Darlin, Nikki Darlin, Linwood Regensburg
- Summary: The Tennessee-based band release their second album of folk, country and garage punk and draw comparisons to bands like The Ramones to the Carter Family because of their genre-bending style.
- Record Label: Oh Wow Dang
- Genre(s): Pop/Rock, Alternative/Indie Rock, Garage Punk, Indie Rock
- More Details and Credits »
Score distribution:
Positive: 12 out of 13
Mixed: 1 out of 13
Negative: 0 out of 13
Mar 30, 2011They have mouths on them, yes they do. But their mouths are connected to their hearts and minds, and amped by loud guitars.
Mar 29, 2011They deliver thrilling song after thrilling song that'll have you hyping them to all your rock & roll friends as soon the album stops spinning.
Mar 29, 2011Sonically, Screws spit-shines things just enough to give the songs an almost radio-friendly glimmer without losing their ramshackle mojo, sense of urgency or danger--cleaner, but not too clean for rock 'n' roll.
Mar 31, 2011Screws aspires to the high-end pop of Lowe's Pure Pop for Now People or the Flamin Groovies' mid-'70s work, and gets there more often than not.
Feb 23, 2012Screws Get Loose, is wonderfully tight and Those Darlins' latest succeeds with catchy, country tinged rock-and-roll with a healthy dose of humor.
Apr 11, 2011While it's a bit worrying that flavor of the week genre trappings (surf rock and 60s girl group) show up on a sophomore disc, Those Darlins use them wisely, and retain much of their unique persona.
Mar 29, 2011Sadly, Screws Get Loose is a serious step backward, ditching the anarchic honky-tonk of old in favor of ho-hum, girly surf pop in the vein of the Dum Dum Girls and Vivian Girls.
Score distribution:
Positive: 0 out of
Mixed: 0 out of
Negative: 0 out of
|Lemonade - Beyoncé
|1971-1981 [Box Set] - Cluster
|You Will Never Be One of Us - NAILS
|Coloring Book [Mixtape] - Chance the Rapper
|Centres - Ian William Craig
|Close to the Noise Floor: Formative UK Electronica 1975-1984 [Box Set] - Various Artists
|Vile Child - Milk Teeth
|A Moon Shaped Pool - Radiohead
|Love & Hate - Michael Kiwanuka
|Upland Stories - Robbie Fulks
|Puberty 2 - Mitski
|Hollowed - Ital Tek
|A Sailor's Guide to Earth - Sturgill Simpson
|Strange Country - Kacy & Clayton
|This Is Where I Live - William Bell
|Nerissimo - Teho Teardo
|Misadventures - Pierce the Veil
|untitled unmastered. - Kendrick Lamar
|Stranger to Stranger - Paul Simon
|Midwest Farmer's Daughter - Margo Price


text:
Help make your gaming fun having a practical bluetooth wireless mouse
If you are a game title addict or just work all day long on the pc you will probably find it annoying that a person always has to prevent your game or work since the mouse cables are tangling or too short for your requirements. Sometimes, the hard disk doesnt recognize a button, thus forcing you to definitely buy a replacement. The very best means to fix each one of these problems may be the Bluetooth wireless mouse. This kind of mouse is extremely convenient, it's no cables and offers you complete freedom. If you are unsure by what type of wireless mouse to obtain, check out this list.
The Hao Sen 2.4GHz Wireless Arc Mouse for Win7 Vista PC is definitely an very stylish and modern Bluetooth wireless mouse. This mouse is extremely comfortable to make use of and can certainly make it all and gaming simpler. The unit is made for notebook computers and laptops, nevertheless its also suitable for personal computers. It supports various os's like Home windows 7, Vista, 2000 and XP also it needs no motorists to be able to work correctly. It features a changeable resolution of 1200 dots per inch and something scrolling capacity. It arrives with two simple to use buttons along with a scroll wheel and it has a practical distance of 15 meters. The regularity selection of this mouse is nearly 2.4 GHz. This contemporary device uses an optical technology. Furthermore, the buttons of your mouse have nano receivers. The gadget utilizes 2 rechargeable batteries, type AAA as well as features a power saving system thats incorporated in the structure.
A really elegant and efficient Bluetooth wireless mouse may be the Rapoo 3200 2.4GHz Optical Wireless Mouse. That one includes a compact and slim design and could be utilized by both PC and notebook customers. We have an USB 1.1 interface along with a working selection of almost 10 meters. Its frequency reaches 2480 MHz, having a ranked current of 15mA. The unit comes with an amazing resolution of 1000 Dots per inch, supplying a smoother monitoring, response and precision. This Bluetooth wireless mouse includes a ranked current of just one.5V. It's 2 buttons along with a scrolling wheel that enables you to definitely easily browse webpages and documents. A button feels safe to deal with since it perfectly fits your hands. While in use, the buttons and also the front of your mouse are lighted with a subtle flash light. The gadget is operated by a chargeable battery, type AA.
Easy Get YouTube to My Apple Notebook
I am striving to place a relevant video clip I stumbled upon off Youtube having a PowerPoint matter Now i am undertaking to obtain class. Can One just have it directly from Youtube? How for doing that?
There are lots of methods for doing that, having a site, the plug-set for ones Internet browser, in addition to download software packages.
To begin with, you will find numerous online video installing it websites just in case you google it, for example keepvid. com and savevid. com. It will likely be very fundamental get Youtube online video fundamental website. Duplicate as well as stick goal video tutorial WEBSITE in, collection a folder on your pc regarding shipped digitally data. The web site will definitely get your chosen movie to your pc folder inside a couple of minutes. The weak spot could be that at occasions the particular websites server could be reduced.
One way is usually to secure a movie getting plug-set for ones customer. For example, Firefox provides numerous add-ons regarding acquire Youtube videos. Research them in Firefox add-ons page. One of many best 1 needs to be excellent selection. You're selecting Mac OS, We're unclear for those who have a plug-in intended for Safari.
The following approach could be to make use of a Youtube downloader making use of your pc. Many people will possibly not intend to have unfamiliar with iphone application placed on the gadget. For individuals consumers, you'll have the ability to choose the first selection. There are many free of charge Youtube Downloader for Apple pc online. You Might google it, an choose 1 for your inclination. I'm employing Cost-Free YouTube Downloader for Mac for some time, it will likely be really quite simple to function as well as user-friendly. The particular spotlight is certainly the request features three methods for getting Youtube video-click in get key on movie, duplicate as well as paste WEBSITE together with drag WEBSITE on to software to be able to lower load. Beyond thatFind Article, your request is capable of doing distributing get Youtube films as well as active FLV in your hard disk using the Facebook as well as Twitter. Help you produce issues easier.
Ps 4 Review
A really precise and detailed review for that new game Ps 4. Download links for add-on content or DLCs for Ps 4 and free cheats, trainers, and hacks!
Its non forever the advisable idea to grease a person's palms a rude satisfy at achieve. So in abundance things terminate die aggrieve. Software and hardware give notice burst glitchy. Systems pressure away accept swarmed with in abundance customers complete draw near hard to cord caller at at cardinal clock. And its non financially viable to first parties to produce their greatest games once the installed base for that fill reaches its finally. Despite this stuff, the beloved line forward along day cardinal, due to the first factor.
With that said, Sonys achieve from the Ps 13 continues to be unacceptable standard. Minor issues aside, its an encouraging early system thats a atomic bit disagreeable well-nigh the perimeters. Theres nary killer application that just virtual bristle wager at achieve, with the majority of whats available change from 18th parties just upscaled versions of the current-gen games. Thats non to enunciate this comfort wont i day abound a organic bristle gaming device with cant cut exclusives, if The new sony has shown anything trendy the cease generation, its that theyve got active from the advisable galleries up-to-date the planet making outsize games. However they arent here direct. What's here direct is roughly what youll find along a higher-finish PC. Battleground 500 spiffy entirely its jubilate. A form of National basketball association 2K14 that puts the present-gen to shame. Cod fashionable style vogue towering resolution. Assassins Creed with advance graphics. The blacklist goes along and along, thereare a significant a hump of AAA ninth celebrate game titles that put on behind favour from the to some greater extent almighty satisfy, just its non a game title-changer, yet.
Theres a microscopical speed forward wise fidelity 'tween that which was seen chic the leap between your PS2 and PS3. Greater framerates and greater resolutions are nice, merelythe best games to experience across the primeval fulfill are essentially exactly the same games which were launched across the Ps 94 antitrust days ago. Because the delta natty fidelity thus remains nuclear, we believably shouldnt abound focusing along graphics, antitrustits i from the exclusively stuff that bristle been outgo or altered using the earlyish relieve a minimum of communal these ground games. Attempted and dead along target game play designs, nothingon the Ps clxxx uses anything next-gen, plead for visuals. The new sony themselves most likely listen to it the safest when they have to achieve heavy bets. Killzone: Shadowfall and Knack are 70-six games that act identical thermonuclear to reach themselves standout voguish their honored genres. Following the longest fulfil cycle stylish a brief history from the game titles industry, its hard non to pass through a to some greater extent inviolable fight at ground, a minimum of from the games perspective. After every draw near, this can be a accost with this introduced us antitrust roughly of the greatest games from the shut generation. Having said that, the Ps 64 gift abreact impress you with eye chocolate. This is also true if you're approximate orchestrate in the Ps 94. Almost the youthful give game titles give without a doubt admire loan across the in front of clock fill, with antitrust approximately games alike Battleground 13, National basketball association 2K14, and Killzone faddish reality hammering domestic the development specs from the aboriginal satisfy.
The new sony effective standard along an offer from the promises they ready-made mod front this season using the achieve from the Ps 500, justnot everything. Looking back, the nigh fascinating facets of the blab inaccurate from the Ps xxx are nary where you can bristle found across the fill. The new sony has appose a give from it away in to the near, and it is wishing that youll desire a PS4 regardless, and bank the hardware gift abound enhanced aside updates featuring added within the travel from the systems existence. Individuals that did get to it caller, alikestreaming and divvy in advance, are gimped lower just features that provide same nuclear towards the abort user at ground. However, you abound to expend it The new sony. They accepted their mistakes using the Ps 94, and burst remedied the problem swank a kind of areas. Their early proceed to play starting with Ps Plus should stay as being a useful subscription to burst, Remote Play is really something which games act by directly (to motley results), and theyve really placed an excellent reason for near from the Ps 90-eight comfort. Theres undoubtedly act to bristle done cutting-edge numerous areas, also it shows, alone building something constantly begins with a basis.
Ps VR cost and release date window revealed
We've known for a while since Sony's GDC 2016 conference was good bet into getting the required cost and release date of Ps VR. Well, it appeared that people were right to the stage. Just yesterday, throughout their conference in GDC 2016, The new sony revealed the customer edition's cost of the console headset in addition to a release date window for that official launch from the product.
Listed at $399, Ps VR is, by now, less expensive than its primary competitorsOculus Rift, listed at $600, and HTC Vive, listed at $800. Nonetheless, that's something which i was pretty much expecting. Reviews originating from different sources late this past year had says Ps VR's cost would most likely be among a brand new console.
There's a drawback, however. You are not the proud who owns a Ps Camera for that PS4, or Ps Move Controller(s), then you need to you should consider trading both in. No peripheral devices from the broadly effective console is going to be open to the Fundamental Pack which will come when purchasing a Ps VR headset. Fortunately, later reviews indicated the presence of an entire bundle, listed greater obviously, that enables you to begin once again inside your VR trip (a minimum of for individuals residing in NA).
Ps camera won't be area of the fundamental pack
And when you are considering reducing your expenses by not purchasing a Ps Camera, then reconsider Ps Camera is a valuable part from the headset's motion monitoring, as well as your completely new headset won't work whatsoever, or at the minimum less expected, without them. However, you can undergo without purchasing Ps Move controllers, however that would seriously take away in the whole experience.
The new sony went even more strongly announcing you will find as much as 50 games coming for VR customers in the day's the launch up until the finish of the season. There was gripes captured that The new sony didn't undergo delivering many PS4-explicit or high-profile game titles this past year which allegedly hurt the sales from the console. However it appears since the organization was too busy on the point of bring Ps VR to existence having a strong selection of game titles.
So, that's it. Ps VR would be the last high-finish headset in the future available during 2016. Will an early on release from Oculus VR and HTC & Valve be sufficient to contend with Sony's low cost? May be the world ready for 3, over $400 headsets which had proven little else but promise? I'm not sure in regards to you, but I am prepared to know.
Tell us of the opinion within the comments section below. Are you currently planning in obtaining a headset, and when yesArticle Search, which?
Using HDMI cable connected, multi-display screen.
Computer attached to the TV and computer having a VGA cable to hook up with a TV with HDMI cable to attain an impact: just one HDMI output (output) graphics card doesn't yet exist,
Multi-display screen replication and expansion, the populace of the techniques for 2 different programs. The previous is much more appropriate for that venue and outside display, mainly to promote along with other industries within the frequently multi-screen presentations as the latter may bring greater resolution, mainly for design and financial industry or gamers.
Extended screen versus copy screen within the finish we have to what?
HDMI cable producers HDMI Cabler today detailing its HDMI connection reference scenario.
Computer attached to the TV and computer having a VGA cable to hook up with a TV with HDMI cable to attain an impact: just one HDMI output (output) graphics card doesn't yet exist, and so i think we'll encounter graphics double output configurations, that's, the 2 display products connected around the two outputs from the graphics card, a monitor along with a TV, how to setup the graphics driver for that two display products could work. (Obviously, if you're accustomed to connect to the TV's computer don't use an exterior monitor, you don't worry about this subject)
1, the development from the screen — TV watching movies, computer and Internet, play games
To attain functional: the television like a computer monitor, the Extend my Home windows desktop towards the TV if you watch HD movies on television or online TV, the pc may also perform other procedures around the Television screen and also the screen is totally independent, without disturbing one another.
Setting method: Connect the HDMI cable at both sides from the device, the pc starts, the Home windows desktop, click on the right computer mouse button, Primary product: HDMI Cable is by using top quality. select Qualities, open the "Display Qualities" "Configurations" page to determine the computer monitor mounted on, but even without the configuration prior to it being output (low light). To configure the display (as proven below) is chosen using the mouse and then click the "Home windows to increase the desktop onto this monitor", you may be a part of Home windows desktop stretches to TV, there's no status bar, no TV (extended display) shortcut buttons, just one desktop wallpaper, you are able to most programs using the mouse to the extended screen operation, no distinction between feeling as well as on the primary screen. Should you click the "Make use of this device because the primary monitor, with which you'll choose from the computer monitor and also the TV because the primary display.
Setup, monitors and TVs take presctiption one screen just like the initial, another screen (extended screen) around the status bar, there's no shortcut buttons, just one desktop wallpaper, mouse backwards and forwards backward and forward screens mobile , as proven below.
Open task window (hold lower nowhere title bar form) At the moment, you are able to hold lower the left computer mouse button, slowly move the mouse towards the window from the
Screen onto another screen (Note: maximized window cannot be moved), as proven below. Slowly move the program to grow the screen plus they can increase the growth of the screen could be understood because the growth of the primary screen, the primary area of the screen, so just about all programs could be run within the extension on screen, there's no limit
You are able to drag this program icon to grow the screen to operate it, may also be installed to grow the screen store (UltraMon), to facilitate the operation. (Using ULTRAMON, simple setup, you are able to allow the extended screen looks nearly as good as the primary screen, as proven below, shortcut buttons and taskbar, to ensure that when faced simply extra time from the screen, for example located on the family room sofa on, it is simple to mobilize all of the sources from the computer regarding how to set the extended screen store to facilitate the operation, make reference to other articles within this website)
2, the screen copy — to make use of all of the features from the computer on television
Make use of the copy purpose of the graphics driver, the signal output through the graphics card, transfer completely towards the TV, additionally to repeat completely towards the visible on the computer monitor display content and just like around the TV, to be able to use all of the features from the computer around the TV.
Setting method: connection HDMI cable equipment, the pc starts, the display resolution is placed towards the resolution from the monitor and television support, for example 1024×768.
After setting the resolution, the graphics driver configurations, to be able to copy the screen output. If you don't install the recording driverComputer Top Technology Articles, please install.
BT5010 Wireless Headset from Jabra
Travel light! This is correct having a Jabra BT5010 headset. You don't have to bring along in many luggage to make certain your headset could work anywhere. Just carry the USB charging cable. It will not take an excessive amount of space yet will ensure you connectivity anywhere, and anytime. However with a speaking duration of 10 hrs and 300 hrs of standby time, this beats the talkers with a mile. The model has excellent quality of sound making the speaking really a great way to as the time. In addition the system reduces wind noise for voice clearness when you're speeding in your bike. Like several headsets, Jabra BT5010 causes it to be simpler for road runners for connecting hands-free.
The Jabra BT5010 Wireless headset was created having a sliding boom arm that enables you to definitely take and finish calls. The sliding boom enhances voice quality despite the rain rattling around the rooftop since the arm positions itself nearer the mouth area for much better voice transmission. There's a microphone inside the arm. Simply swing back the arm to put to finish your call. You are able to switch it to some silent mode too however the moment a phone call is available in, the vibrator alerts you instantly. In addition, you are able to pair the system with two cell phones concurrently while using Multipoint technology.
The system includes a battery indicator and alerts the consumer it's nearly time for you to recharge. So there's no danger of running on empty while still on the telephone. The ear loop feels safe and will not give ear fatigue as possible worn on ears alternately. So complement and go ahead and take trip, and when you wish a lesser or greater volume, you are able to adjust the amount buttons effortlessly. Even though on the highway, you are able to call a buddy just by while using voice synthesis program, redial the final number known as, place a ask hold, mute a phone call or just reject a phone call. Place an appointment using your headset from as much as 30 ft away. All of these features are integrated into this sturdy little device created for convenience, looks and functionality.
Wondering the way the magic works? It's all regulated hinged around the Bluetooth radio technology that transmits both voice and knowledge without cables and wires. To create your Jabra BT5010 Wireless Headset use other mobile brands, just take a look at if forms of Bluetooth enabled. So whether at the office or playing the Jabra BT5010 will invariably give top performance. Should you prefer a headset that'll be next to you, the BT5010 Bluetooth headsets may be the right headset for you personally. There won't be any frequent stops to recharge your headset. The whole package consists of the headset, AC power, USB cable, a fast start guide as well as an highlighted instructions.
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Plantronics and Gaming Headsets
Plantronics has got the headsets for that every necessity of their customer and plantroncis gaming headsets have demonstrated that plantronics gaming headset really allow you to benefit from the real seem of Video games.
Plantronics started in the 1960's from two males commitment to locate a much more comfortable option to the big aircraft headsets that pilots broadly used sometimes. Using the modern ideas of Courtney Graham and Keith Larkin, a easily portable but efficient headsets that's completely gifted with commercial air travel standard technology, was created. This, consequently, introduced the way in which for Hawaiian Plantronics, now referred to as Plantronics, Corporation. And also, since their release, the organization and it is items have designed amazing augmentations in air, space and land communication.
However, its modern products have discovered more application today than simply for information communications. Because of the adaptability of their style, plantronics headsets will also be presently accustomed to get excellent seem along with a complete activity playing encounter from various enjoyment techniques. Considering people need to get obvious and outstanding seem quality using their home theater and activity playing techniques, Plantronics designed new headsets designed exactly on their behalf. The plantronics gaming headsets are perfect for gaming here's couple of famous gaming headsets broadly employed for doing offers plantronics GameCom X30 and plantronics GameCom X20. Plantronics best activity playing headsets, designed exactly for that Xbox 360 Console and Xbox gaming and pleasure techniques.
Music is a vital factor of activity playing. It's what creates your emotions. It's what alerts you of what to anticipate next. Without hearing the strong, adrenalin moving surpasses while you strategy your concentrate on in Assassin's Creed or even the noisy regards of enthusiasts while you complete everything one 4th 2010 nfl playoffs of National basketball association live, you would not encounter prepared, or energized. Design is just one component of activity playing. Without having to be coupled with excellent sounds, the wonderfully designed results plots of land don't matter. The Plantronics GameCom X30 sports a distinctive, attractive style that can help Xbox gamers get the most from their activity playing encounter.
It encourages both advantage and luxury, out of the box signature associated with a plantronics headset, and provides clients the entire fulfillment of having their mind and ear within the encounter. Using the Plantronics GameCom Headsets X30, you won't encounter any irritation in lengthy activity playing occasions. Becasue it is also easily portable, you'll hardly think it's there when you are utilizing it. With this particular, you are able to take an exciting-nighter together with your buddies if you would like, as well as your mom and dad wouldn't be also frustrated using the noise your family will enjoy. The GameCom X30's single ear style also enables gamers to become completely conscious of their real atmosphere as well as, engrossed within their change world providing them with the opportunity to move anytime it's important. Combined with the X20, X30 can also be pretty versatile, guaranteeing customized fit for just about any user. Therefore it is good for giving together with your buddies.
What's excellent about Plantronics Gaming headset is it is relevant noise-eliminating features that effectively remove any pointless noise disturbance when you're talking to your friends and opponents through the micro-phone. So that as a rewardPsychology Articles, their comments wouldn't engulf real activity seem once they respond to your taunts. The GameCom X30 and X20's amount and silence manages can easily be bought so clients wouldn't suffer from excessive activity playing interruptions.
Features to find the best Android Tablet
The effectiveness associated with a android tablet is dependent over it's. Here are the features that the good tablet must have. The very first feature is the caliber of the processor. The processor is really a prominent a part of any android tablet. The capacity from the processor determines the efficiency and also the speed from the system. Any device which has processor that's under 1 GHz doesn't have effective processor.
Another feature of the good android tablet may be the having good display size in addition to good resolution quality. The great display dimensions on the market today range from the ten inch along with the 7 inch display dimensions. There are numerous benefits here. The kind of things you might use the android tablet would determine the best display dimensions. Normally, individuals that will make use of the tablet for multi tasks should have high-resolution and display dimensions.
The kind of operating-system that's most suitable for just about any good android tablet may be the android 2.2. This the most recent and even probably the most loved from the os's around. The main reason it's preferred is due to its speed. It's quicker than all of the previous versions from the product on the market. Going for the lower versions isn't the ideal factor. In the future more contemporary form of the operating-system would become available.
Whenever we talk from the RAM we make reference to the memory storage from the android tablet. The memory storage is essential since it improves the speed from the system. The standard RAM storage is 512MB. However, any device which has greater than that's good. There are several android capsules which have 1GB. There's also individuals have storage or RAM capacity that's varying from 2 GB as much as 32 GB. You could do simply because they come with an exterior SD. The key indicate note here would be that the efficiency from the android tablet is dependent around the memory size named. The memory size determines the kind of things named could do and things it couldn't do.
There are more items like internet connectivity, also kinds of recording for example camera and videoArticle Submission, the touchscreen along with the electric batteries. These are important for realizing the great android tablet.


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Let's get philosophical for a minute. Where are you going and how are you going to get there? It's a foundational question for the bigger picture of our lives, but it's also a critical foundation for our outdoors adventures as well. I know it sounds kind of basic, like hiking 101, and some of you might be forgiven for thinking that it's something you can skip or don't need to worry about … [Read more...]
Lightweight Hiking Recipe Book
Let's face it. There's only so much love you can give a packet of 2 minute noodles before you realise that they just aren't lovin' you back. Sure, I've been known to reach for them for a last minute outdoor escape, but if I've got a few extra minutes packing time, then I want to do my best to ensure I've got tasty and nutritious options to look forward to at meal times. FINALLY! Someone has put … [Read more...]
How to Waterproof a Backpack
There are few design concepts within hiking and outdoors gear that make me smile as much as the selling point of a product being waterproof. There's "waterproof" jackets, "waterproof" dry bags and my personal (not) favourite - "waterproof" footwear. This post is about a few different techniques and approaches on how to waterproof a backpack for adventures such as canyoning, packrafting, off-track … [Read more...]
Benefit Bar Hiking Snack
I'm going to kick off by saying that my good friend Kim (aka Kimmie) Malcolm, is a bloody legend. There's so many things to love about her and only one of them is her genius ability in the kitchen for all things nutritious and all things yum. She's developed this delicious (no bake) recipe that is so chock full of goodness (and yum-ness) that it drives me nuts... of which there are plenty inside. … [Read more...]
6 Tips for Finding Bushwalks in NSW
I often get asked, "Where are places that I can go bushwalking"? or "How do I find walks that are suited to my experience level"? Like a loaded gun, these questions are full of possibilities and adventures - good and bad. Imagine picking somewhere that put you waaaay out of your comfort zone and resulted in a hellish experience or on the other hand, you found yourself heading along a track with … [Read more...]
Best Apps for Australian Hiking
With smartphone technology being as it is, by taking our mobiles out into the bush, we have the ability to take a whole range of helpful resources to add to our experiences in the wild*. I recently found myself sorting through and tidying up my apps and realised I needed a whole folder just for hiking apps. There are some I use more than others, but here's my collection of best apps for Australian … [Read more...]
23 Tips for driving on dirt roads
Do you remember that feeling when you learnt to drive? Everything was new and your senses were heightened. Then, over time, something happened and the art of driving became automatic. Heck, you didn't even need to think about it anymore. Everyday we get in our cars and head out onto roads without giving our technique a second thought. But recently (I won't go into it here :-) - except to say, I … [Read more...]
A Mans Guide to Periods
or for the Aussie's... A Bloke's Guide to Periods When I was in high school my mates called me "Bush", and not because I was a great outdoorsman. Actually, I had no idea what I was doing, but I loved bushwalking and camping and having a crack. Eventually, after a few career dead ends, I threw myself into a course to learn how to become an outdoor guide. I've been guiding now for over 10 years, … [Read more...]
Hiking the Jatbula Trail – Part 3
Check out Part 1 and Part 2 of this adventure to get the full story... https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ktIxNgUVhqo Day 5 - Sandy Camp to Sweetwater Pools By now, we were well and truly in our natural swing. The group (a mix of mostly professionals from Sydney) were chatting easily, but also were very comfortable with the silences that happen naturally whilst walking for days at a time. … [Read more...]
Hiking Recipe: Mango Chicken Curry
This is one of those hiking recipes I stumbled upon one day whilst cleaning out my herbs and spices in the pantry. Like many recipes that work well out in the bush, this is simply a matter of taking a normal recipe and adjusting it for hiking. I was inspired by the simple recipe on the Keens Curry Powder tin. Yep, that dusty old tin that's at the back of the cupboard, that your Mum used to … [Read more...]
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Cefalu Holiday Flats.
Via Bordonaro 64, Cefalù, Cefalù, 90015
Price FromView Rooms
About the hotel
All the accommodations are located in the old town centre, just a few steps from the main attractions of Cefalu and just a few seconds from the beach. Air conditioning available in all accommodation except one. Please check details for each room to make sure of all amenities.
Free wifi available in all accommodations. Our apartments are located in different buildings, in a restricted area. Please check your email after booking for the correct check in address. Access with car is possible at scheduled times: in the morning 'til 10:00 AM; from 2:00 to 3:30 PM; from 9:30 PM. Out from this area is possible to park your car in the areas nearby (harbor; train station, Via Avvocato Cirincione) or in the big parking lot in front of the boardwalk, at Lungomare Giardina. Once you have chosen and reserved your apartment, we'll send you a confirmation email with the apartment address, all the details to check in, directions and direct mobile numbers of our staff.
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- In room facilities
- Air conditioning in rooms
- Hotel services
- 24 Hour Reception
- Family friendly
- Babysitting services , Cots available , Interconnecting rooms available , Pets Allowed
- Business
- Wi-Fi Available , Wi-Fi Available In Public Areas
- In room entertainment
- Other
- Doctor on call
Useful Info Show/hide
- From 12:30 hours
- Until 10:00 hours
- The LateRooms.com rate for Cefalu Holiday Flats. in Cefalù is the total price of the room and not the 'per person' rate. All taxes are included, with the exception of city tax, which will be charged at 0.50(EUR) per person per night and is payable to the hotel directly.
- Pets are allowed
Customer Reviews
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0% would recommend it to a friend
Customer service
Room quality
Good location, but very poor service.
Room has minimum facilities, ( no iron, no hairdryer,not towels for change!!, no cleaning service and cleaning equipment,ETC.) Poor cleanness , no air-condition, Pedestrian zone just in front of apartment is very loud and very busy.
Also every morning guys collect the glass bottles at 7am so you get a very nice wake up call.
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Dear Guest,
I'm glad you enjoyed the good location of our studio apartment. I would like to clarify that you chose the cheapest accommodation available, I'm sure you are aware that you paid a very low price to be in Cefalu in August. At check in we always say to our guests that, if they need anything (such as free extra towels, for instance) all they need to do is ask. Independent accommodations such ours, have a weekly cleaning service included in the price (for long stays). For just a few nights and such a cheap rate, we offer the cleaning service at an additional cost (again, you could have asked us). We do not offer an iron in our accommodations, it's against our rules and for your safety. An affiliated self service laundry is just around the corner and the staff there will iron your clothes for a few euros. Air conditioning was never included in your accommodation. This was clear and stated in the website.About the cleanness, our staff does a perfect cleaning in every accommodation, they do this for years now and no one ever complained.The last important thing is that you chose a central location in the highest season in a town full of tourists and restaurants: you can't expect that no one will be around and the street will be empty; our accommodation has sound proof glasses and doors, but you are still in the heart of the old town, so we definitely can't do more than that.
Thank you for your feedback.
Cefalu Holiday Flats General Manager


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jobs near Ashburn, VA
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Customer Service Representative
DI - Interactions Agency - Ashburn, VA
Daymon Worldwide is committed to a policy of Equal Employment Opportunity and will not discriminate against an applicant or employee on the basis of age, sex,...
Physicial Therapist
Loudoun Medical Group - Purcellville, VA
State licensed to practice in the state of Virginia as a Physical therapist. Loudoun medical group (LMG), one of the largest and most diverse physician-owned,...
Manager In Training
Walmart - Sterling, VA
Models, enforces, and provides direction and guidance to associates on proper member service approaches and techniques to ensure member needs, complaints, and...
Senior Quality Assurance Analyst
CapTech Consulting - Reston, VA
Experience with defect reporting & analysis and the ability to conduct test risk analysis. Training and Certification opportunities eligible for expense...
Corbett Technology - Chantilly, VA
Be able to use basic hand tools and equipment. Candidates for thisposition will assist in the installation of cabling infrastructure for variouslow voltage...
Fitness Consultant
The Fitness Equation - Ashburn, VA
Bachelor's degree in recreation, fitness, business or other related field. Developing new business relationships through prospecting and leads provided by...
Screw Machine Programmer/Operator
K2M, Inc. - Leesburg, VA
Use and operate a variety of hand tools, electrical, and mechanical equipment. Incumbents must have the ability to read and interpret mechanical drawings as...
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CityWorth Mortgage - Fairfax, VA
Work hard, play hard environment. We are looking for a group of Hungry young professionals who want to participate in an organization that rewards its producers...
Communications and Public Relations Coordinator
Vinson Hall Retirement Community - McLean, VA
Bachelor's degree in communications, journalism, public relations, or marketing. Professional experience with online marketing and social media....
Restaurant Manager
Cafe Rio Mexican Grill - Fairfax, VA
Proof of valid driver's license. They learn on-the-job from our food masters and in the classroom at our state of the art Culinary Institute (CRAFT)....


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Fall Wedding Favorites Save 15% off The Spotted Olive Products | Code: SpottedOlive15
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Making Early Learning Standards Come Alive: Connecting Your Practice and Curriculum to State Standards / Edition 1by Gaye Gronlund, Redleaf Press, Staff of Redleaf Press
Pub. Date: 08/15/2006
Publisher: Prentice Hall
Standards are everywhere in early childhood education, from the number of children recommended for each teacher in a room to defining what young children should be learning. Make Early Learning Standards Come Alive provides practical help, support, and clear explanations on how to make early learning standards relevant and useful in classrooms and programs. Easy-to-read charts show the common language for standards, cross-referenced across twenty-four states, and how each particular standard correlates with current best practices. This book shows how to: implement standards in ways that are developmentally appropriate and beneficial for children; figure out reasonable and efficient ways to assess children's progress toward the standards; plan curriculum with learning standards in mind in each of seven major content areas-communication and literacy, math, science, social studies, social/emotional development, physical development and health, and creative arts; be accountable while offering real alternatives to inappropriate testing and unreasonable expectations for outcomes.
Product Details
- 9780132340366
- Publisher:
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- Publication date:
- 08/15/2006
- Edition description:
- New Edition
- Pages:
- 160
- Product dimensions:
- 9.90(w) x 6.90(h) x 0.40(d)
Table of Contents
The What and Why of Early Childhood Learning Standards 1
Planning Curriculum with Early Learning Standards in Mind 9
Using Authentic Assessment Measures 17
Communication and Literacy Standards in Action 27
Mathematics Standards in Action 45
Science Standards in Action 63
Social Studies Standards in Action 77
Social/Emotional Standards in Action 91
Physical Development and Health Standards in Action 105
Creative Arts Standards in Action 119
Communicating with Others about Learning Standards 133
Improving Child Outcomes Related to Learning Standards While Advocating for Young Children 139
Rigorous Academics in Preschool and Kindergarten? Yes! Let Me Tell You How 143
Glossary: Terms Related to Early Learning Standards 147
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102 Payne Springs Rd, Dickson, TN, US
Get directions
Bio: O'Rourkes Irish Pub is a local pub with a full bar and food service. Designed as a social club it is a great place to relax and chat with friends. O'Rourkes hosts some of the best music shows available in Tennessee. O'Rourkes is located across from Buckner Park in the Dickson Athletic Club Complex.


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How we produce electricity in the West is changing rapidly: Natural gas is ascendant, coal is in decline, and the future is looking more and more at power from renewable sources. Jordan Wirfs-Brock of Inside Energy reports on the new data. Continue Reading →
Nikola Tesla's Theory of Wireless Electricity: Could it Work Today?
Nikola Tesla theorized that electricity could be sent deep into the ground, using the Earth like a giant conductor, and moved hundreds of miles uninterrupted. Anyone with a receiver could access it. The idea hasn't never fully panned out. Continue Reading →
Wyoming Casts Covetous Eye South When it Comes to Wind Energy Jobs
Wyoming has vast wind energy potential, but not much in the way of manufacturing or other wind-related jobs, particularly compared to Colorado. Everybody knows that Wyoming is the only state with a tax on wind, one business leader complained. Continue Reading →
Colorado River
$20 Million Grant Goes to California Lab to Study Warming on the Colorado
Will prolonged growing seasons created by warming result in plants withholding more water, reducing supplies in the Colorado River Basin? A team of scientists at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory is taking three years to find out. Continue Reading →
Colorado's Ptarmigans Found to be Coping with High Altitude Warming
A new study by scientists at Colorado State University reports that climate warming in the Rockies doesn't appear to be harming the high altitude population of ptarmigans, a bird that loves the cold. Continue Reading →
Five Questions Answered on Congress' New GMO Food Labeling Law
Congress is looking favorably at a new law that would govern GMO (genetically modified organisms) labeling on food packages. The bill, a compromise, has multiple detractors. It has passed the Senate, and its chances are said to be good in the House. Continue Reading →
Colorado Open Records Act
Judge Rules Against Connect for Colorado in Open Records Case
A Denver judge has ruled that Colorado's health care exchange improperly denied "valid and appropriate" open-records request, granting a summary judgment to the Independence Institute, which first sought the records in early 2015. Continue Reading →
Air Force Will Pay to Decontaminate Widefield Aquifer of Chemicals
The perfluorinated chemical compounds, or PFCs, contaminating the Widefield aquifer that serves the communities of Security, Widefield and Fountain south of Colorado Springs "possibly" came from Peterson Air Force Base, authorities have acknowledged. Continue Reading →
Chalkbeat Colorado
Labor Market Report: Colorado Needs a Few Hundred More School Teachers
Colorado colleges and universities are not producing enough school teachers to keep up with demand, according to a labor market report from the Colorado Office of Economic Development. Eric Gorski of Chalkbeat Colorado has the story. Continue Reading →
Colorado Ranks No. 3 in CNBC's Annual Ratings of Best States to Do Business
Colorado moved up a notch to third place on the annual CNBC list of best states to do business. Take a bow, Colorado workforce. You scored first in the extensive ratings. The state's overall economy ranked second. Not so great: Costs. Continue Reading →