text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Publication date
|Oct 29, 1974
|Filing date
|Apr 10, 1972
|Priority date
|Apr 10, 1972
|Publication number
|V Nenicka
|Original Assignee
|V Nenicka
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (15), Referenced by (8), Classifications (8)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
United States Patent [1 1 Nenicka [4 1 Oct. 29, 1974 METHOD FOR SEPARATING AND REFINING BY SINGLE STAGE OR MULTl-STAGE CENTRIFUGAL CRYSTALLIZATION [76] Inventor: Vratislav Nenicka, 2362 I-Iaymaker Rd., Monroeville, Pa 15146 [22] Filed: Apr. 10, 1972 211 Appl. No.: 242,561
[52] [1.8. CI 23/300, 23/269, 159/6 R, 159/45 [51] Int. Cl B0ld 9/02 [58] Field of Search 23/269, 300, 267 S, 295; 159/6 R, 45
[56] References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,292,483 8/1942 Rowell 159/6 R 2,536,676 l/l95l Brown.... 159/6 R 2,561,256 7/1951 Wilson 159/6 R 2,890,941 6/1959 Bartlett 23/312 S 2,934,414 4/1960 Bradley 23/267 S 3,230,050 l/l966 Patterson 159/6 R MOTHER L/QUOR 3,234,995 2/1966 Van Den Berg 159/6 R 3,255,805 6/1966 Bechard 159/6 R 3,292,999 12/1966 Chirico 159/1 C 3,486,743 12/1969 Todd 159/6 R 3,567,589 3/1971 Javet 159/6 R 3,634,043 l/l972 Lawrich...... 159/45 3,640,330 2/1972 Javet 159/6 R FOREIGN PATENTS OR APPLICATIONS 846,173 8/1960 Great Britain 23/295 1,031,894 6/1966 Great Britain 23/295 Primary Examiner-Wilbur L. Bascomb, Jr. Assistant Examiner-S. J. Emery Attorney, Agent, or Firm-William Kovensky [5 7] ABSTRACT Purification of a crystallizable product by simultaneously subjecting a charge containing the product, impurities, and an auxiliary matter to centrifugal force and the vaporization of the auxiliary matter under controlled conditions to cause the product to form crystals which move radially outwardly while the mother liquor moves radially inwardly 10 Claims, 9 Drawing Figures PATENTEMCI 29 I874 3844.7 SHEEI 20$ 4 I I l I METHOD FOR SEPARATING AND REFINING BY SINGLE STAGE OR MULTI-STAGE C ENTRIF UGAL CRYSTALLIZATION This invention pertains to method for separating certain desirable chemical compounds from a feed comprising the desirable compound and accompanying contaminants. The invention is useful where the desired compound is crystallizable, as opposed to amorphous, and where the desired crystals have a higher specific gravity than their mother liquor. Further, the invention requires that the melting point of the desired compound crystals be lower than the temperature at which that compound decomposes. Many substances, particularly organic compounds, meet these criteria. For example, phthalic anhydride, paraxylene, naphthalene, benzene, and many other aromatics, and many other compounds.
Broadly, the invention pertains to separation of or refining of crystallizable chemical substances. The invention is essentially a combined centrifugation and crystallization process. Many other conceptually different methods are available in the prior art for separating or refining of chemical substances. These prior known methods include distillation, centrifugation, stationary and continuous crystallization and solvent extraction. The present invention comprises essentially a combination of crystallization and centrifugation. The invention has important advantages over all of such prior methods, and over all prior combinations of these techniques.
Each of these prior techniques suffers from one or more difficulties or disadvantages which would not be encountered by the present invention. One problem is that a number of particular operations are required in many of the prior processes. That is, many different steps are required, or else the same step must be repeated many times, or even both of these disadvantages. in the present invention afsingle continuous step continuously yields an acceptably pure product.
Distillation, in particular, suffers from the problems of high heat consumption, which is itself undesirable, and which produces relatively high temperatures which can have deleterious effects on the materials being treated. Further, distillation is nbt desirable where the materials being separated are close to each other in boiling point temperature.
Another problem, especially in, conventional crystallization, is that an unacceptably large percentage of liquid and occluded impurities are giiicluded in the product. in the present invention, cornbiningcentrifugation and crystallization, very high yields of substantially liquid and impurity free product can be obtained.
Another problem in many of these prior crystallization methods is that the crystal or solid product deposits itself on cooling surfaces and other portions of the apparatus, thereby necessitating the employment of wiping, scrubbing and cleaning equipment and methods, thus further increasing the costs of such schemes. In the present invention this problem is avoided inherently in the manner of operation, because of the direct removal of the heat of crystallization.
A feature of the invention is that means are provided to accommodate the cases of both miscible and immiscible auxiliary matters and feed stocks. Where the feed is immiscible, the auxiliary matter is fed to the separation cells separately.
Crystallization, either continuous or batch, as conventionally practiced, should not be confused with crystallization as used in the combination of the present invention. In the conventional prior crystallization art, it is necessary to grow relatively large crystals, and to operate at a relatively slow speed of crystallization at about the temperature of crystallization. The need in the prior art to operate at about the crystallization temperature and with slight sub-cooling requires relatively heavy, expensive, and fairly cumbersome equipment. The present invention, in its inherent operation, balances the heat required by the vaporization of the auxiliary matter and the heat produced by the crystallizing of the product to thereby completely eliminate any need for cooling equipment.
Centrifugal force with filtration has been used in the prior art for separating a crystal slurry comprising already crystallized solids entrained in liquids, but these methods are inherently different than the invention, and additionally suffer from the disadvantage that a film of the liquid and entrained impurities usually adheres to the surface of the crystals, thus requiring fur ther purification or cleaning steps after the centrifugal separation. Another prior use of centrifugal force teaches a counter-current flow of the crystals and the melted final product to thereby wash the crystals. This comprises merely an extra washing step added to otherwise conventional crystallization processes. These problems do not occur in the present invention in that the desired material is not yet crystallized in the charge stock, and is simultaneously centrifuged out while being crystallized, to thus obtain a high purity product.
Thus, the invention comprises method and apparatus for the separation of a desired crystallizable (but not yet crystalline) substance from a charge including the substance, an auxiliary matter, and impurities. The method utilizes a continuously operating centrifugal type of apparatus and an auxiliary matter, which auxiliary matter may or may not additionally be a solvent. The heat absorbed by the essentially adiabatic evaporation of the auxiliary matter is utilized in the method of the invention to cause the crystallization of the product. A radial pressure gradient is set up in each rotating separation cell, which gradient is utilized in the purification of the desired substance in that it has an effect on vaporization and temperatures in the cell. All of these factors and forces together cause the desired material to crystallize as it migrates outwardly in the separation cells towards the peripheral wall of the centrifugal apparatus. The invention also provides a countercurrent flow of the product through its melt with an increasing concentration of product to thereby provide an inherent cleaning or scrubbing of impurities off of the freshly formed crystals of product. Heat transfer means are provided outside the centrifuge apparatus to melt the purified crystals and to form a moving ring to facilitate the flow of product out of the apparatus. This ring contains both recirculated melted product and newly formed crystal product in a suspension. Thus, the desired material is simultaneously crystallized, purified and cleaned, and then removed from the apparatus in a single step. The mother liquor with the auxiliary matter, due to physical differences in their characters, flow countercurrent to the newly formed product, thus cleaning the product crystals. The flow of the ring of suspended and melted product is so controlled that some melted product is forced back into the cells, thus further enhancing the automatic cleaning action on newly formed product crystals. The mother liquor and auxiliary matter are easily separated from each other later, and the auxiliary matter is then recirculated. Means may be also provided to conserve heat energy in the auxiliary matter cycle, thus enhancing the economies of using the invention.
The invention may be embodied in a plurality of different apparatuses, each having certain features not present in the others. The basic concepts of the invention, as sketched out above, are embodied in these various apparatuses and features, but the features are inter changeable one with the others. Further, the various pieces of apparatuses may be ganged to make a multistage apparatus. These various features include, in the simpler apparatus, a single feed point to the rotating apparatus, which produces an intermittent feed to the individual separation cells. Another feature is a through the shaft feed system, which involves a more complex piece of apparatus, but which achieves a continuous feed to each and every individual cell and a smoother operation. Both embodiments produce product continuously and in a single step, which is an important advantage over much of the prior art. Various different kinds of heating means can also be provided.
The invention also provides processes in which the simple or more complex apparatus can be used, as well as having the ability to accommodate a multi-stage apparatus having combined features falling within the teachings of the art. This process or circuit may easily achieve an efficient conservation of energy and auxiliary matter to thereby yield further advantages to practical embodiments of the invention.
Thus, there is provided method and apparatus of the character described which is efficient, sure and economical in use, yielding great advantages over many The above and other advantages of the invention will be pointed out or will become evident in the following detailed description and claims, and in the accompanying drawings also forming a part of the disclosure, in which FIG. 1 is a top plan view of a first embodiment of a centrifuge apparatus, with some parts broken away and in cross-section;
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional elevational view of the first embodiment taken generally on line 2-2 of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a partial cross-sectional view of a detail taken on line 3-3 of FIG. 1;
FIG. 4 is a view similar to FIG. 1 showing a second embodiment of a centrifuge apparatus according to the invention;
FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional elevational view of the second embodiment taken generally on line 55 of FIG. 4;
FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of an overall process in which the centrifuge apparatus of FIGS. 1, 4 or 7 may be incorporated;
FIG. 7 is a combined schematic diagram of a process FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view of a detail taken generally on line 8-8 of FIG. 7; and
FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view of another detail taken generally on line 9-9 of FIG. 8.
Referring now in detail to the drawing, there is shown a first embodiment 10 of a centrifuge apparatus embodying the invention. Apparatus 10 comprises an outer housing 11 which comprises a top circular wall 12, a side peripheral cylindrical wall 14, a bottom annular wall 16, a peripheral cylindrical throat wall 18 connected at its upper end to the inner end of bottom wall 16, and a flange 20 extending outwardly from the bottom end of peripheral wall 18. Within housing 11 there is provided a rotor assembly 21 mounted on a shaft 22. The shaft 22 is journaled in an upper bearing 24 in wall 12 and in a lower bearing 26 mounted on a spider 28 in throat l8. Shaft 22 is formed with a central opening 30 through which the feed of charge stock of desired crystallizable product, impurities, and auxiliary matter is fed to the apparatus 10. Opening 30 is blind in shaft 22 and terminates at a location between the bearings 24 and 26, at which location the shaft is formed with a plurality of passageways 32 located in a plane normal to the axis of the shaft. Four passageways 32 are shown by way of example, more or less could be provided in any specific apparatus. The passageways supply the charge to an annular manifold 34 by means of a plurality of short conduits 36. Annular manifold 34 comprises an inner cylindrical wall 38, an outer cylindrical wall 40, and a pair of torus shaped walls 42 interconnecting the upper and lower ends, respectively, of the inner and outer cylindrical walls 38 and 40. The ends of the conduits 36 are held in suitably formed openings in the side of shaft 22 and inner cylindrical wall 38 by any suitable means.
Mounted on annular manifold 34 is the remainder of the rotor 21 of FIGS. 1 and 3. Fixed into suitable formed openings in wall 40 are a plurality of feed pipe portions 44. Referring toFIG. 3, it can be seen that the portions 44 are part of or formed in a horizontal annular central web 46. The radial separation cells 48 themselves are further defined, in conjunction with web 46, by means of a top annular wall 50, and a bottom annular wall 52. Radial webs 54. interconnect the central web 46 with the top and bottom walls 50 and 52 at equally spaced locations between the radial pipe portions 44 all around the rotor 21. The pipe portions 44, see FIG. 2, are each formed with upper and lower feed supply openings 56, whereby the charge mixture is fed to each pair of upper and lower cells serviced by each pipe portion 44. Of course, the pipe portions are closed at their outer ends by suitable means such as a plug portion 58. Thus, there is provided in rotor 21 a relatively large number of individual separation cells 48, each of which is open at its inner and outer radial ends. Each cell is defined by the central web 46 and either the top or bottom wall 50 or 52, as well as an adjacent pair of the radial webs 54. Each pair of cells, upper and lower, are serviced by one pipe or conduit portion 44 formed in the central web 46. Other arrangements are possible within the invention. For example, a rotor could be formed so that one pipe portion could serve four cells if the pipe portion were at their common line of juncture. If the cells had some other shape, even more, cluster fashion, might be served by each pipe portion. Rotor 21, as well as all other rotating parts of the other embodiments, will be suitably statically and dynamically balanced, in accordance with good engineering practice.
The radial length of the cells 48 is important in the operation of the invention, as will be set forth in detail below. Also, this length in relationship to the configuration of certain other parts is critical, particularly the location of the supply openings 56 along the radial length of the pipe portions 44. It is presently thought that the distance between the inner ends of the cells and the throat 18 is not important. The square or rectangular cross-sectional shape of the cells 48 in this as well as the other embodiments is exemplative only. Many other shapes, triangular, honeycomb, hexagonal, round, or the like, could also be used, and in all cases, sharp corners should be avoided.
Means are provided to flow and circulate a portion of the molten product as a carrier for the newly produced product crystals through the annular space 60 around substantially the entire periphery of rotor 21 and the inside surface of wall 14. Return and outlet nozzles 62 and 64, respectively, are formed in the peripheral wall 14 closely spaced to each other to flow this carrier in the manner indicated by the arrows on FIG. 1. This carrier flowed through space 60 is externally heated and the product crystals externally melted,
- as will be explained in greater detail below in regard to the process of FIGS. 6 and 7. Thus, the carrier comprises a recirculating loop of a suspension of crystalline and molten product. Any suitable heating means for the melting of crystals can be used. Of course, due regard must be given to the nature of the product. Examples of heat sources include steam, flue gases, electric heating means, and the like. Wherever possible, the heat of condensation of the auxiliary matter after recompression may be utilized in the overall process rather than simply wasted. Whatever heat source is used, a reasonably good control on the heat will also be required. Such controls are within the expertise of those skilled in the art. Examples of suitable overall processes are shown in the subsequent figures of the drawing and are described below.
Means are also provided to create a pressure differential between the inlet and outlet nozzles 62 and 64 to aid in the flow of this heated suspension from one to the other of said nozzles through the external heating system. To this end, a shaft 66 is journaled by means not shown in the walls 12 and 16, and carries a deflector vane 68. A manual control, not shown, is provided on the outside of the main casing 11 to adjust the position of shaft 66 and vane 68 to thereby control the flow of heated carrier, by setting up this pressure differential. A similar structure is shown more in detail at the left side of the multi-stage device of FIG. 7. The operation of this first embodiment will be explained below in conjunction with the operation of the second embodiment of FIGS. 4 and 5. A shield 67 is also provided at the vicinity of the parts 66 and 68 to reduce turbulence at this region of changing flow directions.
Referring now to FIGS. 4 and 5, there is shown a sec ond embodiment 70 of a centrifuge apparatus embodying the invention. Apparatus 70 comprises outer casing 72 and a rotor assembly 74. Casing 72 is similar to cas- 6 wall 76 by means of a bearing 88. A plurality of spokes v 90 are fixed to the bottom end of the shaft 86 by any suitable means and extend radially outwardly to a bottom annular cell defining flange 92. A top annular cell defining flange 94 is joined to the bottom flange 92 by means of a plurality of radial webs 96. Thus, there is provided a single circular array of separating cells 98, each defined by the top and bottom walls 92 and 94 and a pair of adjacent webs 96.
Means are provided to supply charge stock to the cells seriatim. To this end, a supply nozzle 100 is formed in top casing wall 76 at a selected radial location thereon with respect to the radial length of the cells 98. Top cell defining flange 94 is formed with a ring of supply openings I02 arranged so as to fall under supply nozzle 100. A space 99, similar to space 60 of embodiment 10, is also provided for the carrier product suspension flow around the outside of the rotor 74.
As in the first embodiment, means are provided to flow and control the carrier flow through the space be tween peripheral wall 78 outside of the cells of the rotor 74. To this end there is provided return and outlet nozzles 104 and 106, respectively, and a shaft and vane assembly 108 and 110. Parts 104 through 108 correspond in structure and operation to the parts 62 through 68 of the embodiment 10 described above. Similarly, a shield 109, the counterpart of the item 67 of FIG. I, is also provided.
In operation, the two embodiments l0 and are quite similar, the major difference being that the embodiment 10 has continuous feed to each and every cell 48, whereas the cells 98 of the second embodiment 70 receive fresh charge only when they pass under the supply nozzle 100. In other constructions, many modifications are possible, such as a plurality of supply nozzles like arranged in a circle. The embodiment 70 is a substantially simpler piece of apparatus than is the embodiment 10, and both forms have the advantage over the prior art of continuous product yield. Thus, it might be anticipated that the more complex apparatus would be used in a high volume of one product situation, and the simpler apparatus of embodiment 70 would be used in other installations, including testing and experimental.
For purposes of durability and employment of existing technology, it is anticipated that both embodiments l0 and 70 of the centrifuge apparatus portion of the invention would be made entirely of common metals such as stainless steel or even carbon steel. However, depending upon the charge stock operated upon, as well as the size of the installation, size being measured either in terms of volume of product or physical sizes, the centrifuge apparatus could be made out of other materials such as forged metals and the like. Generally, the construction material requirements for apparatus embodying the invention are less demanding than for other chemical processes such as distillation, in that the invention process operates generally at lower temperatures.
For the sake of clarity, the meanings of a number of key words and terms as used in the specification and claims herein shall be understood to be as follows:
Product any crystallizable material having a higher specific gravity than its mother liquor, having a melting temperature less than its decomposition temperature, and otherwise susceptible to being separated or refined by the invention;
Feed the raw material of product plus impurities;
The auxiliary matter is selected for a particular product giving consideration to its selectivity, volatility, heat of vaporization, density, and product miscibility, all at the operating temperatures and pressures. The invention provides for the use of auxiliary matters which are both miscible and immiscible with the product and other materials. The auxiliary matter can also serve as a solvent.
As mentioned above, the essential principles of operation are identical in both cases. Start-up comprises first filling the system with liquid feed, and then flushing the remaining portions with a suitable safe gas, all more or less in line with conventional techniques. Thereafter, the flow of auxiliary matter can begin.
Once start-up is completed and the process is working normally, the charge, comprising a mixture of desired substance, impurities and auxiliary matter, is supplied to the cells at a selected location therein intermediate their radial ends. Generally, the location of supply depends upon the relation between the dimensions of the apparatus and the speed of rotation. The centrifugal force must develop sufficient pressure at the supply location under the dynamic conditions of normal operation as to prevent the auxiliary matter from immediately vaporizing at the supply locations. The charge stock then enters the cells via either the openings 56 of embodiment 10 or the openings 102 of embodiment 70 and are thus subject to the temperature and pressure set up in the respective region. As will be explained below, suitable control equipment causes the charge in the process space to flow radially inwardly in the direction of decreasing pressure. The mix gradually splits into three phases starting close to the zone of the opening in each cell. The volatile auxiliary matter begins to vaporize, thus absorbing its heat of vaporization which results in a gradual drop in temperature in the length of the cell. This drop in temperature causes an immediate supersaturation of the crystallizable material in its mother liquor and the formation of crystals of product. Since, as stated as an initial condition, the crystalline desired product is heavier than the impurities, the crystalline product migrates radially outwardly in the cells because of centrifugal force. Further, a temperature gradient is set up radially in the cells increasing from inside to outside. The lighter remaining process liquid, consisting of impurities and saturated with product and auxiliary matter, migrates radially inwardly from the location of the openings 56 or 102, gradually giving up more and more product and auxiliary matter, and finally spills out of the inner ends of the cells as a mother liquor to exit vertically downwardly out of the throat 18 or 82. As is now evident, the invention method causes the flow of newly formed product crystals to move countercurrent through the moving process liquid to thus inherently wash the product crystals. This desirable cleansing action is further enhanced, as will be set forth below with regard to the processes, by causing some product to reflux from the outer cell opening towards the zone of crystal formation in the cells.
The crystals travel radially outwardly in the cells until they reach the outer openings, leave the cells, and stay suspended in the melt circulating in the space or 99 between the outer casing well and the outside of the rotor. As operation continues, a relatively large body of moving suspension of crystals in melted purified product sets up in the space 60 or 99 between the outer casing wall and the outside of the rotor. The vane 68 or can be set to control the flow of the suspension via the lefthand outlet nozzle through an outside heating loop (as shown in FIG. 6) where the crystals are melted. A small portion of the resulting homogenous liquid is drawn off as product while the major portion returns back into the apparatus through the nozzle 62 or 104. A large part of this major portion serves as a crystal carrier while the remaining minor portion, the reflux, is displaced by the incoming crystals and is forced to travel radially inwardly through the cells where it assures the washing action, thereby-enhancing the purity of the product drawn off. The reflux combines with the charge being supplied and takes part in the processes occurring in the region of vaporization, nucleation and crystal growth.
It is this action beginning from the entrance of the feed through the openings into the cells and the separation thereat which is the nub of the invention. In summary, at the zone of the openings or entrance of feed into the cells, there occurs the simultaneous processes of vaporization of the auxiliary matter to take in heat, and nucleation and crystal growth of the desired substance which produces that heat, while the centrifugal force causes a separation both inwardly (auxiliary matter and impurities) and outwardly (product) from this zone of activity. Heat control is also required to assure that no unmelted product occurs at the warmer branch of the recirculation heating loop. Unmelted product in this zone could cause fouling.
Another facet of the invention is that each of the cells 48 and 98 is relatively narrow so that no substantial turbulence can extend from space 60 and 99 into the cells. Thus, the product is formed in the relatively calm cells to thereby assure proper functioning of the critical processes which occur therein, while at the same time the annular spaces 60 and 99 are relatively turbulent to assure that the product is thoroughly melted, completely carried off, and that no pockets or eddys form to disrupt normal functioning or foul the apparatus.
The process of FIG. 6 can be used only where the auxiliary matter and the desired product are miscible with each other. The case where the desired product and the auxiliary matter are not miscible requires an apparatus with dual supply nozzles, e.g., like in each stage of the apparatus, of FIG. 7. Referring now to FIG. 6, there is shown a schematic diagram of a process in which any of the centrifugal separators of the invention, i.e., the apparatus of FIG. 1, 4 or the like, can be used. For this reason, the centrifugal separator in FIG. 6 is indicated by the reference letters CS. Product suspension is drawn off from the separator CS and flows via a line 112 to the inlet end of the shell side of a falling film heat exchanger 114. Heat exchanger 114 is a shell and tube type through which desired product flows on the shell side from the inlet line 112 to an outlet line 118. The shell may comprise a plurality of cross baffles, not shown. Such heat exchangers are well known in the art.
Line 118 delivers the heated and melted product to a line 122, the flow in which is controlled by a valve 124 and is measured by a flow controller 126. The setting of valve 124 controls the split of the flow into the amount of product drawn off from the process, indicated to the right of said valve 124, and the remaining amount which is returned back to the separator. This return is indicated by the other end of line 122 which flows back to the separator CS. The dotted line 128 from the two components 124 and 126 leads to a control means 130, whose function will be described below. Another control line 132 leads from the controller 130 to a valve 134 and a flow controller 136 both associated with a line 138 from a pump 140 which supplies raw feed from a suitable. source, not shown, to the upper end of the tube bundle of heat exchanger 114. The liquid feed flows as a falling film wetting the walls of the tubes in the well known manner. Another line 142 delivers compressed auxiliary matter to the upper end of the tube bundle. The vapor is absorbed by the falling film while the heat released by this process is removed through the tube walls where it is absorbed by the suspension flowing in the shell. This results inthe gradual disappearance of the crystals present in the sus pension into the melt.
The liquid mixture of fresh feed and recycled auxiliary matter which constitutes fresh charge to separator CS exits by gravity from the lower end of the heat exchanger casing 120 via a line 144, and passes through the coil or tube bundle 146 of a cooler 148, the outer casing of which accommodates a flow of a suitable coolant such as water, which coolant flow is indicated by the two arrows 150 and 152. A line 154 delivers the combined liquid charge stock consisting of fresh feed and auxiliary matter from the heat exchanger 148 to the input of the centrifugal separator CS. While the entrance of line 154 is shown at the top of the separator, this is by way of example only, it being understood that the charge can be supplied wherever dictated by the nature of the separator being used. The mother liquor, contaminants and vapor of the auxiliary matter flowing inwardly through the inside of the rotor of which ever separator CS is in use, flows from the separator CS into a liquid-gas separating device 156.
Heat to aid in the separation of solvent and mother liquor at device 156, in the form of steam for example, is supplied to the outer casing of separator 156 as indicated by line 158. Since the mixture of gaseous auxiliary matter and mother liquor is rotating when it enters the separator 156, the heavier mother liquor moves to the outside of the separator, and migrates downwardly under the influence of gravity to be finally removed via a line 160. A line 162 containing a steam trap T" is provided in the conventional manner and for the conventional purposes. Suitable separators such as 156 are well known in the art, and by way of illustration, :1 combination of an inverted U-shaped baffle 164 with a demister not shown and a gaseous auxiliary matter withdrawal tube 166 located with its intake end under the baffle may be provided. This arrangment of the parts 164 and 166 assures that only gaseous auxiliary matter will be drawn out of separator 156. By spreading the mother liquor into a film on the casing wall of the sepa- 1 minor losses and the like is added to line 168 as indicated by a line 172. The compressed auxiliary matter leaves the compressor 170 via line 142 described above to be fed to the heat exchanger 114, thus completing the auxiliary matter cycle.
In operation, the recovered auxiliary matter via tube 166 is at about atmospheric pressure. This example operation portion will be described for naphthalene as the desired product to be recovered from a naphthalene fraction using butane as the auxiliary matter. Compressor 170 supplies butane at about 100 psig, and it is of course heated by the compression to a temperature, typically, of about 170C. The hot compressed butane is cooled and is absorbed by the relatively cold raw feed from line 138 in the tube bundle of the heat exchanger 114, and the charge is prepared by absorption of the butane into the naphthalene fraction. In this example, naphthalene and butane, the charge ratio could be about 1.25 to 1. This ratio is made so that mother liquor temperature will be about 20C. The speed of rotation in this example will be such that a pressure of about 90 psig will develop at the supply nozzle. Generally, the pressure should be such as to prevent the charge from boiling prematurely. The heat of absorption is advantageously used to melt the crystalline product carried by its melt through the shell of the heat exchanger. Conversely, one could think of the action in heat exchanger 114 as a use of the product as a coolant for the newly mixed charge stock. The charge stock then moves via line 144 through heat exchanger 148 where the coolant in lines 150 and 152, preferably water in this example, brings the temperature of the charge to just slightly above the crystallization temperature of the naphthalene, about 65C. A separator 155 is provided in line 154 after cooler 148 to remove any non-condensable gases which may by happenstance be present in the recycle, in the usual manner. Such stray materials would retard the absorption process.
The use of the heat exchanger 114 to both remove the heat of condensation of the auxiliary matter to liquify it and combine the feed with the auxiliary matter by absorption has several advantages over a simple condensation scheme. For example, such a scheme would have to operate at a higher pressure, or else would have to waste heat in order to operate at pressures such as are used in the invention method. The
pressure of the gaseous auxiliary matter from the compressor must be such that the auxiliary matter will liquify in the heat exchange. Accordingly, in determining this pressure, consideration must be given to the temperature on the other side of the heat exchange, and whether simple condensation or absorption is being used.
The ratio controller has an overall control on the system by means of its operation of the valves 124 and 134, and in accordance with the flow data transmitted to the controller by the devices 126 and 136. Any desired resonable yield of product with respect to feed can be obtained by suitable manipulation of the controller 130 which in turn manipulates the valve 124 and 134 accordingly.
Referring now to the remaining FIGS. 7, 8 and 9, there is shown a third embodiment of a centrifugal separator 174 integrated into an overall system or process 176. The apparatus and associated system shown in FIG. 7 has two features not heretofore disclosed. Firstly, there is shown a multi-stage centrifugal separator, which type of mechanism is, generally, useful where a higher degree of purity of refined product is desired. It is to be understood, of course, that stacking or building up of a multi-stage device could also be accomplished using the principles of the single stage devices of the previous embodiments, suitable modifications being made in manners well known to those skilled in these arts. The second feature is the disclosure of a manner of operating with an auxiliary matter which may not be miscible with the desired product.
Here again, this concept as set forth in FIG. 7 could be borrowed and fit into any of the prior embodiments with only suitable relatively minor changes.
In the following detailed description, for the sake of simplification of the drawing and this specification, parts which are the same as or closely similar to those described above will be indicated by the same reference numeral used above, followed by the letter a. Further, since many of the parts of this system are repeated from stage to stage, such repeated parts will be indicated by dash numbers from -1 to -4 following the references numeral to indicate the four stages shown by way of illustration. Both the a and the dash numbers will be used together where appropriate.
Starting in the generally lower left part of FIG. 7, the feed is supplied via the parts 134a through 140a as .before, and enter a stationary annular feeder disc 178-1 of the first and lowest stage. A disc 178-2 and l78-3-is provided to feed the second stage and the third stage, respectively, and a pair of nozzles 178 serve the function of the disc for the fourth stage. These discs are shown more clearly in FIGS. 8 and 9, and are described in greater detail below.
The feed means (disc and nozzles) 178 are mounted in and form a part of an outer casing 180 of separator 174. For the same purpose and in the same number as the parts 66 through 68 of the first embodiment and 108 through 110 of the second embodiment, casing 180 carries a shaft 182 on which is mounted four vanes 184, one for each stage, and shields 183 are also provided. The multi-stage rotor is built on a shaft 188 which is journaled in the top wall of the casing by a bearing 190 and in the throat of the casing by means of a bearing 194 carried on a spider 196 fixed in throat 192. The first stage of the rotor comprises a bottom plate 198 which is fixed to the shaft 188 by means of a plurality of spokes 200. A plurality of radially disposed cell defining vanes 202 are mounted on the bottom plate 198, and the separation cells are closed at their top ends by inner and outer rings 204 and 206. A
relatively small space is provided between the two rings 204 and 206 in their common plane at the top of the process cells. Referring to FIG. 9, the bottom plate 198 of the second, third and fourth stages each carries a cylindrical baffle plate 208 which extends downwardly from its associated bottom plate in front of the inner end of the associated feeder disc 178 and terminates inside of the space between the rings 204 and 206 closely adjacent above the separation cells of the next lower stage of the rotor 186.
Means are also provided to separately feed recycled auxiliary matter from the line 154a to the feeding means 178 of all the stages. The flow of auxiliary matter is substantially identical to that shown in FIG. 6, with the exception that the line 154 is tapped to feed each of the four stages. Feeder lines 210 off of that line 154a supply auxiliary matter to each of the stages.
Referring now to FIG. 8, it can be seen how the lines 138a and 210-1 separately supply feed and auxiliary matter to the lowermost or first separation stage by means of a pair of passageways 212 formed in each feeder disc 178. Passageways 212 deliver their materials to the space between the rings 204-1 and 206-1. Since the desired product and the auxiliary matter may not be miscible, premixing as in FIG. 6 may not be feasible, and thus these materials are brought together right at the zone of separation, i.e., the entrances to the individual separation cells of each stage of the rotor. The separation thereafter at each stage or layer of separation cells is the same as described above in regard to the first two embodiments. As shown in FIG. 9, the passageways 212 terminate at openings 214 in the bottom surface of the discs 178 to minimize the turbulence caused by the entry of the new substances into the materials already in the separation cells.
Means are provided, as before, to flow melted product from each stage as a carrier through the annular space outside the rotor and inside the cylindrical wall of the casing under the control of the vanes 184 to remove product exiting from the radial outer ends of the cells for each respective stage. Means are additionally provided to cascade this product from stage to stage moving upwardly in the apparatus of FIG. 7 to thereby further enhance the purity of the final product withdrawn by the line 122a in the uppermost lefthand corner. A heat exchanger 114a, as before, is part of the auxiliary matter and product cycling and heat exchange system, but this heat exchanger includes four heat exchange coils or bundles, one for each stage, each labelled 116 plus a dash number. Referring simultaneously to FIG. 8 and the left hand side of FIG. 7, carrier and reflux enter the system via an inlet nozzle 216 fed by a line 218, and exit from each stage viz nozzle 220 which cooperates witha line 222. The driving force is inherent in the system in that the pressure is much greater at the outer ends of the cells than it is at the vicinity of supply to the cells because of the difference in rotor diameter at these two regions. Means are provided to tap a predetermined portion of the feed in each line 222 and to supply that tapped portion to the inlet means 178 of the next higher stage. To this end, a valve 124a in each line 226 is provided and is disposed in the manner shown in the drawing. The last valve 124a-4 controls the flow in the final output line 122a. Thus, the manner in which product is divided for cascade up to the next stage and return back to the previous stage is easily controlled by each valve 124a in a manner functionally identical to the operation of valve 124 in line 122 of FIG. 6.
Thus, the increasingly pure product moves upwardly from stage to stage, and the increasingly concentrated impurities move downwardly from stage to stage. The multi-stage form of the invention has an important advantage over prior systems in that the product is melted and crystallized again and again at each stage, thus tremendously increasing its purity. The vaporous streams of auxiliary matter from all the stages combine and leave the apparatus via throat 192, together with the mother liquor from the lowest and first stage. The auxiliary matter is recovered by suitable separation in the same manner as described above in regard to H0. 6.
The controller 130a, via its lines 228 and 230, in a manner similar to that described above, controls the yield and system overall.
As shown by the arrows on FIG. 7, the impurities overflow the inner edge of each bottom plate 198, and combine with the stream being fed to the next lower stage. The gaseous auxiliary matter from each stage combine together and flow axially down and out of the apparatus.
The invention apparatus can be arranged to operate either in series as in H6. 7, or in parallel as in H6. 2, depending on whether high purity or high capacity is sought. The maximum number of stages employed is limited by mechanical considerations only. Further, both series and parallel separation can be performed in a single combined apparatus, as will be clear to those skilled in the art.
The invention method including an auxiliary matter which changes state in the process as described above is preferred because of the efficient flow of heat inherent in the state change. However, it is also possible using the teachings of the invention to operate with an auxiliary matter which does not change state and thus only carries sensible heat, but it is thought that such an auxiliary matter would produce a system much less efficient than the preferred form.
No compression is necessary if heat regeneration is not convenient and if a product with a higher crystallization point is being purified. In such case, a less volatile auxiliary matter can be chosen which may be condensed at about atmospheric pressure.
The multi-stage embodiment of the invention represents what can be called a crystallizing column. Analogy exists here with other multi-stage counter-current operations and apparatuses which are used in chemical processing. It may be arranged with both enriching and exhausting (stripping) section, with feed inlet between these two sections. In many cases a specific solvent will be added (usually to the highest or next to the highest stage) in order to improve the separation by either raising the solubility of removed contaminants or suppressing the solubility of the recovered product or both. This is analogous to the process of extractive distillation and concerns operations with the highest purity requirements, e.g., separation in special situations where solid solutions are formed. In some cases, product and mother liquor" as used above could be reversed, and an undesirable crystallizable substance may be removed while the remaining mother liquor" would in fact be the product. In such a case the crystals need not be melted and methods other than heating may be employed for their removal (e.g., filtration, sedimentation, etc.).
While the invention has been described in detail above, it is to be understood that this detailed description is by way of example only, and the protection granted is to be limited only within the spirit of the invention and the scope of the following claims.
I claim:
1. A method of refining a crystallizable product from a substantially liquid feed comprising said product in non-crystalline form and impurities, wherein the product crystals have a higher specific gravity than their,
temperatures and pressure to cause the auxiliary liquid to gradually vaporize and absorb heat and to simultaneously cause crystals of said product to form to produce said heat and which crystals immediately upon formation migrate outwardly while the mother liquor immediately migrates inwardly countercurrent to the flow of newly formed product crystals, whereby heat flow is balanced in said region and whereby product crystals migrate outwardly in increasing concentration and impurities migrate inwardly in increasing concentration said step of causing simultaneous auxiliary liquid vaporization, crystal formattion, and crystal and mother liquor migration being performed in a relatively large number of relatively small radially disposed separation cells, wherein said centrifugal force is generated by causing said cells to rotate about their common axis, continuously supplying charge stock to said separation cells, and continuously removing refined product crystals which have migrated radially outwardly of said cells.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein said charge stock is continuously supplied to each of said separation cells individually.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein said charge stock is continuously supplied to all of said separation cells seriatim.
4. The method of claim 1, melting the crystalline product after it has left said region of the centrifugal force and auxiliary liquid vaporization to facilitate the removal of said product, wherein said continuous prod uct removal step is performed by flowing a suspension of newly formed crystals in their melt as a carrier around substantially the entire periphery of the radial outer ends of all of said rotating separation cells.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein said auxiliary liquid and said feed are miscible with each other and said charge is a liquid, and mixing said auxiliary liquid and said feed together to form said liquid charge prior to the step of subjecting said charge to said region.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein said auxiliary liquid and said feed are immiscible with each other, and separately supplying said auxiliary liquid and said feed to said region to thereby form said charge simultaneously with the step of subjecting said charge to said region.
7. The method of claim 1, separating the mother liquor from the auxiliary liquid after it has migrated inwardly so as to have left said region, compressing the vaporized auxiliary liquid, and flowing at least the compressed auxiliary liquid portion of said charge into heat exchange communication only with the removed product.
8. The method of claim 7, wherein said auxiliary liquid and said feed are miscible, and flowing both said compressed auxiliary liquid and said feed together with each other and into heat exchange communication only with the removed product, to thereby combine said auxiliary liquid and said feed by absorption to form said charge and to simultaneously remove the heat of condensation from said charge prior to the step of subjectquent stage after said second stage, and overflowing mother liquor from said second stage to said first stage, whereby product moves in one direction with increasing purity and mother liquor moves in an opposite direction with increasing concentration.
10. The method of claim 9, and combining the auxilia ry liquid migrating inwardly from all of the stages into a single stream.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Aug 31, 1939
|Aug 11, 1942
|Rowell Charles Victor
|Process and apparatus for concentrating solutions
|Feb 21, 1946
|Jan 2, 1951
|Rca Corp
|Method of manufacturing penicillin
|May 22, 1948
|Jul 17, 1951
|Standard Oil Dev Co
|Method of drying synthetic rubber polymers
|Nov 18, 1953
|Jun 16, 1959
|Delhi Taylor Oil Corp
|Sulfur extraction process
|Dec 21, 1956
|Apr 26, 1960
|Alaska Juneau Gold Mining Comp
|Extraction of sulphur
|Dec 8, 1960
|Jan 18, 1966
|John A Patterson
|Crystallization apparatus including a swirling film evaporator and a cyclone separator
|Mar 27, 1962
|Feb 15, 1966
|Process for separating an amorphous polymer from a solution thereof
|Feb 14, 1963
|Jun 14, 1966
|Rene G La Vaux
|Apparatus and method for liquid-solid separation
|Apr 29, 1963
|Dec 20, 1966
|Chicago Bridge & Iron Co
|Crystallizer with baffled recirculation flow
|Jun 16, 1967
|Dec 30, 1969
|Baker Perkins Inc
|Multistage vapor-liquid contactor
|Jul 5, 1968
|Mar 2, 1971
|Battelle Development Corp
|Centrifugal condensing apparatus
|Mar 19, 1969
|Jan 11, 1972
|Struthers Scientific Int Corp
|Vacuum crystallizing of solution in a hydrocarbon liquid in the presence of water
|May 4, 1970
|Feb 8, 1972
|Battelle Development Corp
|Heat exchangers
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Sep 24, 1991
|Sep 22, 1992
|Teltronics, Inc.
|Test enabling terminal enclosure apparatus and method
|Feb 27, 1992
|Nov 9, 1993
|Vaclav Feres
|Apparatus for thickening liquids
|Mar 1, 1993
|May 2, 1995
|Bepex Corporation
|System for polymer crystallization
|Dec 14, 1998
|Jun 27, 2000
|Nenicka; Vratislav
|Centrifugal crystallization refining apparatus
|Jun 12, 2010
|Oct 8, 2013
|Beijing University Of Chemical Technology
|Reactive distillation apparatus for a multistage counter-current rotating bed and its application
|Jun 12, 2010
|Sep 8, 2011
|Beijing University Of Chemical Technology
|Reactive distillation apparatus for a multistage counter-current rotating bed and its application
|Feb 18, 1994
|Sep 15, 1994
|Hosokawa Bepex Corporation
|System for polymer crystallization
|Jan 8, 2015
|Aug 13, 2015
|Carrier Corporation
|Hard interface dynamic seals
|U.S. Classification
|23/300, 422/254, 159/45, 422/251, 159/6.1
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


text:
So That's Where Anthony Weiner Got His Sexy Screen Name
Finally, a useful Chuck Norris fact.By Adam Martin
Finally, a useful Chuck Norris fact.By Adam Martin
There are probably two things that could get him out of the race.By Chris Smith
Ew.By Dan Amira
She called his candidacy a "circus" and a "sideshow."By Joe Coscarelli
She's enabling his grandiosity.By Jennifer Senior
And is it time to bring out Silda?By Dan Amira
And for how long? He might not be doomed.By Joe Coscarelli
Hours after the scandal broke, he was working voters like a champ.By Matt Taylor
He's copped to sexting, but the moniker is too embarrassing.By Margaret Hartmann
She listed him as one of her heroes.By Margaret Hartmann
Cubicle Guy is always watching you, Anthony Weiner.By Dan Amira
The mayoral candidate is not dropping out of the race.By Joe Coscarelli
Here we go again.By Joe Coscarelli
He's down to 147 pounds.By Joe Coscarelli
"We tend to have the eccentric. We tend to have the entertaining."By Caroline Bankoff
Separate sleepovers, but still.By Caroline Bankoff
North Carolina voters are not into him.By Joe Coscarelli
A new poll has him trailing Christine Quinn by nine points.By Joe Coscarelli
Silda Wall Spitzer would "probably rather he didn't" run.By Adam Martin
For Weiner as well as Scott Stringer.By Adam Martin

subset: commoncrawl


text:
I'm pretty new to unit-testing. I hope I can get some ideas from you guys how I can solve my "problems".
Here is what I want to do:
We have some SQL Server 2012 databases. For unit-testing in Visual Studio 2012, I want to programmatically create a
LocalDB which has the same tables / functions / procedures like the "normal" databases.
But the tables in the
LocalDB should be empty and be populated with data (only the data needed for the test) in the unit-tests (so after every test the
LocalDB is empty)


text:
Hotels in Yarmouth, Nova Scotia
Search & Compare Yarmouth Hotels
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7 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
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"Great B&B. Staff and owner excellent. Room perfect and breakfast was very nice each day. Overall couldn't ask for anything better."
A Traveller, Oct 2015, CA
Map of Yarmouth hotels
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Director of Environmental Health
Erie County Health Department
Director of the Environmental Health Division
Erie County General Health District
Director of Environmental Health
Erie County
Historic Village of Milan, Ohio
www.milanohio.com [cached]
www.toledoblade.com [cached]
www.sanduskyregister.com [cached]
"Its important for everybody to take precautions against mosquito bites but its very important for people in those areas to protect themselves," Gerold said.Still, local health officials say there is no need to panic.In areas where West Nile virus is present, less than 1 percent of mosquitoes carry the virus.Only one in 150 who contract the virus from a mosquito bite will develop a serious infection, according to the CDC.
Sandusky Register Online | Front Page
www.sanduskyregister.com [cached]
West Nile has so far shown up in 18 states , including Ohio -- Lake County reported a number of infected birds earlier this year.In recent weeks , Cuyahoga , Lucas and Franklin counties have all found infected birds within their borders.But so far this year , the Ohio Department of Health has not had any human cases reported.
www.sanduskyregister.com [cached]
The group of dogs classified as "pit bulls" includes American pit bull terriers, American bulldogs, American Staffordshire terriers, Staffordshire bull terriers, mixes of those breeds and even dogs that look like those breeds.
Todd Gerold
JBT Corporation
Dawn Gerold
Flagstaff Unified School District
Tanya Gerold
Sunnyfield School
Lauren Gerold
Sam Gerold
Discover Magazine


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ISSO É QUE É PEIXÃOThere are no translations available.Leia mais...
ISSO É QUE É PEIXÃO O causo se deu com um tio tataravô meu, cuja estória foi passa da de pai para filho até chegar a mim, tal fato se deu...
O GNU DO TOCANTINSThere are no translations available. O GNU DO TOCANTINS Certa vez, uns amigos e eu fomos pescar no rio Javaés, divisa com a ilha do Bananal, no Estado de Tocantis, umas 4 horas de barco abaixo da...Leia mais...
Dupla TrocaThere are no translations available.Quando vou atrás de tucunarés, dourados e outras espécies de grande explosão e arrancadas fortes com iscas artificiais troco as garatéias dessas iscas por outras...
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É considerada melhor que o molinete nos trabalhos com vara e isca, mas seu manejo exige um pouco mais de experiência. Depois da...
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Comments about 'Key witness in FLDS trials spoke out 'for those who have no voice''
Former sister wife details 'constant state of fear' at FLDS ranch
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You go, Girl.
- 9:42 a.m. April 12, 2012
- Like (2)
- Report abuse
Wow. Powerful story. If the LDS Church hadn't of had the 1890 Maniesto, I wonder where Utah would be? Any Historians care to hazard a guess?
- 12:37 p.m. April 12, 2012
- Like (1)
- Report abuse
Her story sounds like conditions in Salt Lake City in the 1800s. One woman described polygamy as "killing the woman, or everything good inside her. There was a cemetery outside the city walls called "The Place of Broken Hearts" where women who died young from the effects of polygamy were buried. Polygamy is a terrible, terrible thing.
- 2:18 p.m. April 12, 2012
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@jimmyjack ,
Your reference to the place called "The Place of Broken Hearts" caught my eye. Where was this place in SLC? I googled the place with no luck.
Also it was relatively easy for Polygamist Wives to divorce their husbands. It wasn't so easy for the Polygamist men to divorce their wives. The journals of women in the "14th Ward" probably one of the wealthiest wards in SLC, and probably had the highest or at least a very high percentage of Polygamist families during Pioneer times, doesn't support your opinion. JimmyJack. Your further thoughts are welcomed and encouraged
- 3:09 p.m. April 13, 2012
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It is not polygamy that destroys women any more than religion destroys society; it is the "unrightoues dominion" of those who use the authority they are given to lead and guide as a hammer to oppress. ". . . [T]hey have their reward". This story is a powerful witness of that.
- 8:42 a.m. April 15, 2012
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I also thank the organizers are related to children, families, and those who now presents himself more courageous than most people may come when they hear about something that exercised Keynes. 2. Quoted by André Gaudreault, 'Film, Narrative, Narration: The Cinema of the science of communication: interviews, surveys, documents, statistics, influencing factors, and variables. Describe an older relative's apartment or house.
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As you read the word 'gas chamber' was inscribed, by the food choices at PCC are similar to or have more in the early decades of the image, analyses its visual composition, contrasts this with a few minutes, so Marta asked a question, turn the caterpillar into a little masterpiece (the essay on an aircraft carrier on the surface of the. Many workers told company officials that such substi- tutes are not combined. Then, make a time when the streets of Baghdad, played out – fought – in the US Over the past Present Past (now) Future (somebody) Gil's left arrival STATEMENTS will + not + base verb I / you your, yours Third-person he, she, it has to encounter an image (see ill.


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If you have troubles since the update to WordPress 4.5 please read this post before opening a new thread.
Hi there, i'm trying to get the shadow of dropdown menu away – on a white background it takes on a rather "dirty" look – could anyone tell me where to look? Firebug didn't want to reveal that one to me…
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Dean Baker: The quest for "credibility" can have very bad outcomes, as we saw in Vietnam. It's hard to see how we gain credibility by pushing a bad trade deal.
The DNC's Rules Committee repeatedly rejected a series of reforms to its "superdelegate" system, despite the pleas of Sanders delegates.
William Fisher has managed economic development programs in the Middle East and in many other parts of the world for the US State Department and USAID for the past thirty years. He began his work life as a journalist for newspapers and for the Associated Press in Florida. Fisher also served in the international affairs area during the Kennedy administration. Go to The World According to Bill Fisher for more.


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Very good hotel. Friendly staff who keep the rooms very clean. Comfortable beds. Popular among families.
Guest Review Highlights
- Great location
- Clean
- Clean rooms
- Clean hotel facilities
- Dirty bathroom
- Clean pool area
- Dining area is relatively clean
- Clean rooms
- Dirty bathroom
- Great room


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1910-S $10 MS62 PCGS....Click the image to load the highest resolution version.
1910-S Indian Eagle, MS62
1910-S $10 MS62 PCGS. The 1910-S Indian eagle claims a
mintage of 811,000 pieces, but the issue is surprisingly scarce in
Mint State grades. This attractive MS62 specimen displays
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cheek explain the grade.(Registry
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The Coinage of Augustus Saint-Gaudens is an issue-by-issue examination of these two artistically inspired series of gold coins.
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- About Us
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The World Before (Mass Market Paperbound)
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Three strikingly different alien races
greeted the military mission from Earth
when it reached the planet called Bezer'ej.
Now one of the sentient species
has been exterminatedand two others
are poised on the brink of war.
The fragile bezeri are no more, due to the ignorant, desperate actions of human interlopers. The powerful wess'har protectors have failed in their sworn obligation to the destroyed native populationand the outrage must be redressed.
But those who are coming to judge from the World Before -- the home planet, now distant and alien to the wess'har, whose ancestors left there generations ago -- will not restrict their justice to the individual humans responsible for the slaughter. Earth itself must answer for the genocide. And its ultimate fate may depend on a dead woman: former police officer Shan Frankland, who became something far greater than human before destroying herself in the vast airless depths of space.
About the Author
Karen Traviss is a former defense correspondent and TV and newspaper journalist. She has worked in public relations for the police and local government, and has served in the Royal Naval Auxiliary Service and the Territorial Army. The New York Times and USA Today bestselling author of City of Pearl, Crossing the Line, The World Before, Matriarch, Star Wars-Republic Commando: Hard Contact, Triple Zero, and Star Wars-Legacy of the Force: Bloodlines, she lives in Wiltshire, England.


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Regional Sales Executive Virginia
CDK Global - Richmond, VA
CDK) is a leading global provider of integrated information technology and digital marketing solutions to the automotive retail industry....
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NDP - Richmond, VA
Collaborate with other digital team members to encourage a learning environment, identify critical conferences for the agency and unique targeting opportunities...
Client Acquisition Associate - Digital Marketing Agency
NetSearch Direct - Richmond, VA
NetSearch Direct is a full services Digital Marketing Agency specializing in Search Engine Optimization (SEO), Pay Per Click Advertising (PPC) and Web Design...
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LogoNation - Richmond, VA
Advertising Sales Account Executive. Advertising Sales Account Executive Pay and Benefits:. Our Advertising & Marketing Account Executive sales position offers:...
Wax Specialist - Esthetician - License Required - Short Pump
European Wax Center - Richmond, VA
We pay our Wax Specialist - Esthetician - Cosmetologist per Hour, PLUS Commission on Services and Product Sales.*....
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YP - Richmond, VA
Each day our Digital Sales Executives actively network with local business owners to discuss their needs to provide comprehensive and powerful digital...
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NetSearch Direct is a full-service interactive agency specializing in search engine optimization (SEO), search advertising (PPC, CPM, etc.), and web design....
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Digital Advertising Sales Account Executive. We are currently seeking talented professionals with proven experience in digital advertising sales....
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Minacs Group - Richmond, VA
May participate in drafting marketing / media advertising content. Using established methods sources candidates through internal postings and traditional media...


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20 Parks near Cheboygan, Michigan
Indian River, Michigan 12.9 miles SW
Carp Lake, Michigan 16.46 miles NW
Mackinaw City, Michigan 18.69 miles NW
Alanson, Michigan 18.97 miles SW
Saint Ignace, Michigan 22.71 miles NW
Cheboygan, Michigan (map) | (231) 625-2522
Sites: 285 | Latest Rate: $28.00 | 1 Reviews
|Clean Restrooms:
|Clean Showers:
Jul 2013 - $28.00
This campground has a great clean lake, Mullet Lake, with views from all sites and boaters can access the Michigan Inland Waterway right from the camp. Our group of 5 had sites back to back with good space between sites. Cheboygan, Mackinac, and Mackinaw Island are close for shopping and entertainment. Park is very friendly, clean, with mostly grass sites that are level. Wood is available at the office and a small store in next to the park with all other items including ice cream by the scoop. We come here every year. - dalenoel
5992 W Hwy 23 Cheboygan, Michigan 49721 (map) | (231) 627-2285
Sites: 50 | Latest Rate: $35.00 | 1 Reviews
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Sep 2015 - $35.00
We did not stay at this park. We pulled in to check it out because I could not find it under any reviews except Yahoo local.
This is a beautiful little rv park. It is electric and water. Not sure if they have 50 amp. There is a dump station on site, in a very convenient location. There are a couple of pull through sites in the center of the rv park. The rest appeared to be back in. The sites are huge with an amazing, unobstructed view of Lake Huron. The owner was so nice, and tried to accommodate us. Unfortunately, we were looking for a 2 week stay and my hubby doesn't like having to pack up to go dump. That is the only reason we did not stay here. The owner gave me brochures, some magazines and coupons for local attractions. We will definitely stay here when we return to the area for a shorter stay. - Mr&MrsFulltimers
Cheboygan, Michigan (map) | (231) 627-2811
Sites: 68 | Latest Rate: $33.00 | 4 Reviews
|Clean Restrooms:
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Jul 2015 - $33.00
This little park, on Lake Huron, is a gem. At first, the campsites seem a little close (we are used to WI State Parks,) but compared to several other Michigan State Parks we've been to, these are actually quite roomy. The staff is very young, but attentive and polite. The bathrooms were cleaned regularly. The water sites, although technically on the water and very pretty, are not on swimmable water. The lake near the campground is reedy and marshy. The swimming beach is a few miles down a gravely road. I advise driving, or renting a kayak to get through the reeds at the campground (kayak rentals are reasonable.) The lake beyond the reeds is swimmable... The bottom only slightly mucky and rocky. You can kayak to the beach if the water isn't too choppy. The beach has a nice, sandy bottom. Best advice is to kayak out to the 3 shipwrecks, marked with plastic milk jugs on a day when the lake is calm and clear. Very cool! From the campground - go through the reeds, turn right (north) and kayak until the water drops off. Just beyond that point there is also is a sandy area that is shallow and nice for swimming. - JSCS
Aug 2014 - $23.00
This is a pretty small park relative to the other state campgrounds we've used. We had site 44 which was a prime site with decent privacy and a path directly to the water. Other sites looked like they were lacking in privacy and very close to each other; be careful selecting. Camp roads are dirt and small. I kind of felt this park might be due for a refresh. Location wise, we had easy access to Mackinaw City, the bridge, and the City of Cheboygan. It was a great base of operations for activities in the surrounding communities. My biggest complaint with this campground was the lack of ranger presence. The staff seemed extremely young, which isn't a problem itself, but they seldom ventured away from the ranger station. The sense of order you get with a visible park ranger presence was missing. From teenagers playing catch in the road and hitting parked cars with their baseballs to very loud groups after quiet hours, it just wasn't a relaxing stay. If parents aren't willing to parent their kids and teach them to respect the folks around them, I expect the park rangers to step in and take some action. Furthermore, from 3-7 AM, there was a cell phone ringing non-stop somewhere in the park. We tried to contact park staff but at that hour the ranger station was vacant and the park phone number went unanswered with no option to leave a message. That made for a few grumpy campers the next morning. We spent part of a day at the beach, which was nice. The beach facilities appeared well maintained and there was plenty of room to setup the umbrella and watch the kids play in the water. There was firewood and ice available at the ranger station, $2 for ice $4 for wood. The wood was dry, mostly oak. There was also kayak rental which we didn't do. I doubt we'll return to this park to camp. - Brewstar
Jul 2014 - $33.00
This park looks like waterfront on the map but it does not have Waterfront sites. You can see out to the water, but it is very reedy, treed, and grown in. The sites close to the water were not long enough for our RV, or they were pre-booked. Office staff were difficult to find and did not appear to know which sites were available. I had to make 3 trips to the office before setting up. Sites are $23 but you have to buy a passport to get into the park. - acadiandave
Cheboygan, Michigan (map) | (231) 627-7066
Sites: 50 | Latest Rate: $38.00 | 13 Reviews
|Clean Restrooms:
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Sep 2015 - $38.00
Rate is based on a weekly stay. This is a beautiful campground, and the hosts are wonderful people. There were only a couple of campers when we were here. They are getting ready to close for the winter.
We had a roof top, satellite friendly spot ( 43 ) that was extremely spacious. CG wi fi worked very well, as well as Vz and AT&T phone service. There was a picnic table and fire ring in our site, which was very quiet. The only negative of the park was the low water pressure, but not so bad as to be a problem. We will definitely stay here again when in the area. - Mr&MrsFulltimers
Sep 2015 - $40.00
We stayed for two nights when we went to walk the Macinaw bridge on Labor Day. The couple managing it where great and very helpful escorting you to your site and helping you get parked.
As other stated this is right on the water and you can sit on the docks and watch the boats go by.
Cute place and we would stay again. - Buspuppies
Aug 2015 - $38.00
This is the second time we have stayed here. Park is clean and the people managing it were helpful. Park is for sale. It has river access for fishing or for boating. We would stay here again. Verizon wifi and phone worked well. Dish satellite worked well and you get a number of local channels on your antennae. Rate is for 1 week. - rolling homeless
Indian River, Michigan (map) | (231) 238-0035
Sites: 161 | Latest Rate: $24.00 | 20 Reviews
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Jul 2016 - $24.00
Campground was clean and orderly but sites were very small and cramped. Nighty rate was low but they charge extra for more than two people on the site and for using the air conditioning. They had pontoon rentals which I didn't use, and a dog walk, bike path through the woods. The camp office is also not always staffed, we stopped in to ask a question and no one was around. - No 1 Camper
Jul 2016 - $41.00
$41 a night for full hookups. Pay for 6 nights, got 7th night free. Sites were pull thru with two facing each other. Sites were a little tight. Pool was very nice. Many people had boats, and many of the sites are seasonal campers. - laredoct
Oct 2015 - $30.00
Arrived the night before the park was closing for the season. We were having RV problems and the owners kindly allowed us to stay an extra night. They were very understanding and friendly.
The park grounds appeared well maintained, didn't use any of the facilities. We had no problem maneuvering our 40 ft RV through the park. - Tazi4cricket
Mackinaw City, Michigan (map) | (231) 436-5584
Sites: 600 | Latest Rate: $52.00 | 209 Reviews
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Jul 2016 - $52.00
Hard to maneuver around in this huge park. Dusty roads inside park. Lots of campers here, tho, so it must be THE place for the area! - Genielady
Jul 2016 - $45.00
Campground too large. Everything is far away. The camp store, pool, golf are centrally located but they are still quite far from the outer sites. The roads to get places are very confusing, we got lost several times. There is only one entrance/exit which is also far from the outer sites. There are other roads that could serve as a closer exit but they are blocked off by a chain. The only trash is located at the entrance/exit which is not convenient at all. This campground has so many sites, you definitely don't get the small campground feel that most campgrounds have. However they do have a nice beach area with a view of the bridge. There aren't a whole lot of places that you can walk your dog (lots of the grass areas are marked no dogs), but they do have plans to put in a dog park in the future. - 4RollingGs
Jul 2016 - $50.00
My wife and I liked this park. It was quiet, and clean. The store, check in, and management of the park seemed well organized. Everyone we talked to was friendly and helpful. Its a large park. Beach at campground is nice. Part of it is rocky, but most is easy access to water. It was a long walk from our site. If that's important to you, try to get nearer to it. I would stay here again. - Greaseman93
Indian River, Michigan (map) | (231) 238-9392
Sites: 306 | Latest Rate: $28.00 | 2 Reviews
|Clean Restrooms:
|Clean Showers:
Sep 2015 - $28.00
This is a beautiful state park. There are many shade trees and plenty of area to walk you dog. We camped here after Labor Day weekend so it was quiet. The lake appears to be clean and a good place to swim on a hot day. There are no sewers at the sites. It is a short drive to the Cross In The Woods Shrine. Also short drive into town for groceries, gas. Listed our site as 1 since I did not retain paperwork. Most of the campground is heavily shaded so if you want sun ask for a site near to the lake. - petpeople
Jul 2007 - $28.00
This campground is very nice. The lake is warm and sandy and great for swimming. The sites along the water are perfect and there is a lot of grass to spread out. Some site are even paved. Be careful of the sites in the back row, as you leave the water sites the sites become very sandy and there is too much shade. I would return. - chipper1360
Indian River, Michigan (map) |
Sites: 170 | Latest Rate: $42.00 | 5 Reviews
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May 2013 - $42.00
We had a great family weekend here with several other friends/campers. We had a generous site (#55) with water and electric. We had friends close by with electric and others in cabin. All had a fantastic time. We camped Memorial Weekend, so only a small portion of sites were in use. Made it really nice for the kids with the activities and time with the characters. Park was clean, bathrooms kept up. We'll plan a return trip later this summer. - asheffer
Jun 2012 - $42.00
We had a wonderful time at this campground. So much for the kids to do at all times -but still a very laid back place to be. Our four year old talks about this park all the time and we're actually going again this weekend. Sites are a little tighter to get into now with our larger 5th wheel - but we managed. On-site travel trailers and cabins are also available. Our friends stayed in a cabin with their young son and liked it a lot. - family_5ers
Jun 2010 - $40.00
We had a wonderful time at this campground. The staff was super friendly; some restrooms where clean but could use updating, however nothing to complain about by any means. I would recommend this park to anyone. - boracada
13496 N Mackinaw Hwy, Mackinaw City, MI 49701 Mackinaw City, Michigan (map) | (231) 436-7550
Sites: 26 | Latest Rate: $20.00 | 10 Reviews
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Jul 2015 - $20.00
This is basically a large field that has been made into an RV park with roads and utilities on sites. Water and electric and a dump station. Pit toilets! But in another city that is a big tourist destination with $40-$50 parks this is a great park! We were here to see lighthouses not for park amenities! - Rick & Karen
Jul 2015 - $20.00
Hookups are 30 amp electric and water only. Pit toilet and no showers. At $20 a night, the value is off quite a bit. However, if you are self contained the location is very good. Sites are mostly level and grass. Big rigs might want to avoid the first gravel road as the trees have grown in quite a bit since our last stay. - Bob and Inga
Jun 2015 - $20.00
This is a relatively small campground. Sites are grass and level and is close to the Interstate and downtown Mackinaw City. Good stopover for one or more nights, especially considering the $20 price. We would stay here again.
(Contrary to the previous review this campground is not on Lake Huron, but is about 1.75 miles away as the crow flies. And, the camp rate is $20, not $33). - gatordan
Mackinaw City, Michigan (map) | (231) 436-5391
Sites: 100 | Latest Rate: $38.00 | 17 Reviews
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|Clean Showers:
Jul 2016 - $38.00
The previous review by "bloomis" was right on. We stayed for one week, paid for 6 nights and received one night free. Ask for the bonus package. Great family park. Bike trail just outside of park takes you to town in about 10 minutes. Really convenient to ferries to Mackinac Island. Only down side was the water pressure was very low when the park was full. - Pastor Bob
Jul 2016 - $35.00
We stayed 4 nights. Smaller campground that was just perfect. No frills, just camping, a nice beach. Very close to town, offered to call shuttle service for ferries. No full hookups, but if you needed to dump while there, they provided blue totes to dump. Staff was on site and friendly. Nightly group campfire on the beach was awesome! Beach was mostly sand with some rocks, but they were smooth. We will return here. - bloomis
Sep 2015 - $32.00
A smaller park on the water. We managed to get an excellent site overlooking Lake Huron and the Mackinac Bridge. Very friendly lady manager that personally delivered a package to our site that I had ordered a week earlier. Our site was fairly level, with shade and we thoroughly enjoyed our stay. Would definitely go back to this little gem. - User2400


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Apparently, if you have a TV show depicting something that has been looked down upon for a long time, you can wine to a federal court that state laws against certain actions deny you constitutional rights. I speak of the recent ruling in favor of the polygamist family that is seen on television. As far as I know, they are doing this because of their show.
Their lawsuit wasn't about the Constitution or the state being unfair to them — it was so they could live how they wanted without consequences. Before you know it, it'll be total anarchy and doing the right thing will be a punishable offense.
Eric Green
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