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Queens Sports Club, Bulawayo ,7/28/2016, 13:00 (IST)
Sabina Park, Kingston, Jamaica ,7/30/2016, 20:30 (IST)
Lord's, London ,7/14/2016, 15:30 (IST)
Pakistan beat England by 75 runs
Sir Vivian Richards Stadium, Antigua ,7/21/2016, 19:30 (IST)
Tata Motors Limited, formerly known as TELCO (TATA Engineering and Locomotive Company), is a multinational corporation headquartered in Mumbai, India. It is India's largest passenger automobile and commercial vehicle manufacturing company and a midsized player on the world market with 0,81% market share in 2007 according to OICA data. Part of the Tata Group, and one of the world\'s largest manufacturers of commercial vehicles. The OICA ranked it as the world\'s 20th largest automaker, based on figures for 2006.Tata Motors was established in 1945, when the company began manufacturing locomotives. The company manufactured its first commercial vehicle in 1954 in a collaboration with Daimler-Benz AG, which ended in 1969.Tata Motors was listed on the NYSE in 2004, and in 2005 it was ranked among the top 10 corporations in India with an annual revenue
Which is a better Cement stock to invest in?


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$7.99Maggie Dempsey is tired of moving all over the country. Her parents are second-generation hippies who uproot her every year or so to move to a new city. When Maggie was younger, she thought it was fun and adventurous. Now that she's a teenager, she hates it. When she moved after her freshman year, she left behind good friends, a great school, and a real feeling of belonging. When she moved her
$16.99A finalist for the Sheridan Morley Prize that has been called "probably the best Olivier book for general readers" (Kirkus Reviews), Philip Ziegler's Olivier provides an incredibly accessible and comprehensive portrait of this Hollywood superstar, Oscar-winning director, and one who is considered the greatest stage actor of the twentieth century. The era abounded in great actors--Gielgud,
A Journey Down the Amur River at the Borderlands of EmpiresBlack Dragon River is a personal journey down one of Asia's great rivers that reveals the region's essential history and culture. The world's ninth largest river, the Amur serves as a large part of the border between Russia and China. As a crossroads for the great empires of Asia, this area offers journalist Dominic Ziegler a lens with which to examine the societies at Europe's only borderland
Short: An International Anthology of Five Centuries of Short-Short Stories, Prose Poems, Brief Essays, and Other Short Prose FormsShort offers the tradition and glorious present of these popular forms that stretch and defy genre. From 1500 to present, hundreds of pieces. Inventive, entertaining, and addictive. Short offers the tradition and glorious present of these popular forms that stretch and defy genre. From 1500 to present, hundreds of pieces. Inventive, entertaining, and addictive. Short prose forms are elusive to
The Biography of Lady Diana CooperLady Diana Cooper was in her prime widely regarded as the most beautiful woman in England and the idol of her generation. She was witty, outrageous, generous and loyal. Famous as a member of the aristocratic and intellectual group 'The Cotorie', she later edited the magazine Femina before starting a career as an actress on the stage and then in films during the 1920s. Her husband, Duff Cooper, was
The Untold Story of Banana RepublicIn the tradition of Pour Your Heart Into It and How Starbucks Saved My Life, a surprising and inspiring memoir from the founders of Banana Republic.With $1,500 and no business experience, Mel and Patricia Ziegler turned a wild idea into a company that would become the international retail colossus Banana Republic. Re-imagining military surplus as safari and expedition wear, the former journalist
$2.99Springtime in the mountains. Graceful slopes and frowning precipices robed in darkest green of hemlock and spruce. Open fields here and there verdant with young grass and springing grain, or moist and brown beneath the plow for the planting time. Hedgerow and underwood fragrant with honeysuckle and wild blackberry bloom; violets and geraniums purpling the forest floor. Conemaugh creek and Stony
$2.99Disgraced government operative Colonel Chu is exiled to the flooded relic of New York City. Something called the Light has hit the streets like an epidemic, leavings its users strung out and disconnected from the mind-network humanity relies on. Chu has lost everything she cares about to the Light. She'll end the threat or die trying.A former corporate pilot who controlled a thousand ships with
$6.99Seventeen-year old Katie isn't used to being in control. Her mother drives her crazy with her constant criticism and advice, and her boyfriend of two years just destroyed her whole world by dumping her on her birthday. It's just as well that Katie's headed to a summer program at the University of Texas in Austin–at least there, she can get over Chuck at her own pace. But Austin holds its own
$16.99Excited about the new Google phone? T-Mobile's G1 android phone is packed with possibilities, and T-Mobile G1 For Dummies will help you make the most of them. This fun and friendly guide shows you how to navigate the G1's android interface, make phone calls, view maps, manage contacts, browse the Web, and a whole lot more. Your T-Mobile G1 is so much more than a phone—it's also an administrative
The Parrys of Philadelphia and New Hope
A Quaker Family's Lasting Impact on Two Historic TownsThe Parrys left England to practice their Quaker religion without ridicule. They found their home in New Hope, Pennsylvania, where they went on to become one of the region's most illustrious families. Follow two generations of the Parry family, spanning a period of one hundred years from the pre-Revolutionary War to the end of the American Civil War. They rely on their knowledge, skills, and
$8.99Comedy / 2f / Estelle Parsons and Lucie Arnaz starred on Broadway in this charmer set in the Blue Ridge Mountains. Grace, a feisty 90 year old cancer patient, has checked herself out of the hospital and returned to her beloved homestead cottage to die alone. The volunteer hospice worker who appears with the pain medication Grace willfully left behind is a Harvard MBA recently transplanted to this

subset: commoncrawl


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Feb 13, 1996
|Filing date
|Dec 20, 1993
|Priority date
|Dec 20, 1993
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Donald Polensky
|Original Assignee
|Lockheed Missiles & Space Co., Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (13), Referenced by (10), Classifications (17), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention pertains generally to safes, vaults and the like for storing valuable items, and more particularly to a safe, vault or container with a laminate wall comprising a thermally insulating layer made of a porous ceramic refractory material that retards the cutting effects of a high-temperature torch.
A new generation of easily portable high-temperature cutting torches has recently been developed for use in emergency rescue operations. However, such torches have also been implicated in a number of burglaries in which safes and vaults have been cut open. A need has been perceived for an upgraded type of safe or vault that is more resistant than storage containers of the prior art to the cutting effects of high-temperature torches.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a safe, vault or container for valuable items that is more resistant than storage containers of the prior art to the cutting effects of high-temperature torches.
It is a particular object of the present invention to provided a container having a laminate wall that comprises a thermally insulating layer made of a porous ceramic material, which retards the cutting effects of a high-temperature torch. The wall has an outer panel made of metal (as of hardened steel), and an inner panel made of metal (as likewise of hardened steel). The thermally insulating layer is disposed between the outer and inner panels. As intense heat is applied by a cutting torch to an exterior surface portion of the outer panel, the contents of the safe are shielded from the intense heat of the torch by the thermally insulating layer.
The thermally insulating layer preferably comprises ceramic fibers that are fused to form a rigid structure. The thermally insulating layer can be made of HTP fibrous ceramic insulation developed by Lockheed Missiles & Space Company, Inc. of Sunnyvale, Calif., or of FRCI-12 fibrous ceramic insulation developed by NASA, for use in fabricating thermal insulation tiles for NASA's space shuttles. The HTP and FRCI-12 materials are very porous and can absorb many times their own weight of water. It is preferable that the thermally insulating layer be saturated with water to provide additional thermal protection.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, a layer of refractory abrasive material is also provided within the wall of the safe, preferably in contact with the interior surface of the outer panel, in order to dull or otherwise ruin drills used to cut into the wall. The abrasive layer, which can also function as thermal insulation, comprises a composite containing carbide granules, which are preferably of different (i.e., coarse and fine) grain sizes. The carbide granules preferably consist of silicon carbide.
Also in the preferred embodiment, a thermally conductive layer (as of copper) is provided within the wall of the safe, preferably between the layer of refractory abrasive material and the thermally insulating layer. The thermally conductive layer has a sufficient thermal mass to conduct heat rapidly away from any localized area in the vicinity of where intense heat might be applied to the outer panel of the safe by a cutting torch.
FIG. 1 is a perspective view, partially broken away, of a safe having a laminate wall according to the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional perspective view in enlarged detail of the laminate wall of the safe shown in FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is a perspective view, partially broken away, illustrating a particular application of the present invention as a vault for an automatic teller machine (ATM).
FIG. 4 is a perspective view, partially broken away, of a vault having a laminate wall according to the present invention.
In FIG. 1, a safe 10 is illustrated as a walled structure of generally conventional external configuration, which defines a volume within which valuable items can be securely stored. The safe 10 comprises:
a) a cavity-defining member of integral construction, which has a top portion, a bottom portion, two opposite side portions and a back portion; and
b) a door member, which is hingedly attached in a conventional manner to the cavity-defining member.
The top, bottom, side and back portions of the cavity-defining member, together with the door member that is hingedly attached to the cavity-defining member, collectively comprise a wall enclosing the interior volume of the safe 10.
It is a feature of the present invention that every portion of the wall of the safe 10, or at least those portions of the wall that are accessible to a person who might attempt to cut therethrough with a high-temperature torch, are of laminate construction as described hereinafter.
FIG. 2 illustrates the laminate construction of a portion of the wall of the safe 10 in enlarged detail. The wall portion as illustrated could have an exterior metal plating 20, which would be polished (and perhaps also painted) on its outwardly facing surface in accordance with aesthetic criteria. A burglar attempting to cut open the safe 10 with a high-temperature cutting torch would apply a flame produced by the torch to a region of the plating 20 as illustrated in FIG. 2. Structural strength of the wall of the safe 10 is provided by an outer panel 21 and an inner panel 22, which are both made of a strong hard metal (typically, steel). In a less elaborately appointed embodiment, the exterior metal plating 20 would be omitted--in which case a burglar attempting to cut open the safe 10 would apply the flame of the cutting torch directly to a region of the outer panel 21.
An abrasive layer 23, which comprises a refractory matrix containing a mixture of abrasive granules, is disposed adjacent the outer panel 21. The abrasive granules could be, e.g., silicon carbide or silicon boride granules. In particular embodiments, the abrasive layer 23 could be formed of commercially marketed Carborundum material. The function of the abrasive layer 23 is to hinder or defeat the use of a drill that might be used to breach the outer panel 21. Preferably, the mixture of abrasive granules comprising the abrasive layer 23 includes granules in a range of coarse and fine sizes so as to hinder or defeat drills of various sizes. Other strategies known to the art could also be utilized to hinder or defeat the use of a drill. For example, a gap (not illustrated in FIG. 2) could be provided between the outer panel 21 and the abrasive layer 23, which would be filled with steel ball bearings that would continually fill the grooves of any drill passing therethrough--thereby greatly reducing or eliminating the cutting effect of the drill.
As also shown in FIG. 2, a thermally conductive layer 24 (as of copper) is provided adjacent the abrasive layer 23. The refractory abrasive layer 23 serves a thermally insulative function, whereby heat that is conducted through a localized region of the outer panel 21 tends to dissipate throughout the mass of the abrasive layer 23. However, if any "hot spots" develop within the abrasive layer 23, the thermally conductive layer 24 conducts heat rapidly away from such "hot spots" so as to achieve a substantially uniform heat distribution within the wall of the safe 10.
In accordance with the present invention, a thermally insulating layer 25 made of a porous ceramic material is provided between the thermally conductive layer 24 and the inner panel 22. The thermally insulating layer 25 functions to prevent or inhibit heat transfer to the inner panel 22, thereby protecting the contents of the safe 10. In the preferred embodiment, the ceramic material comprising the thermally insulating layer 25 consists of vitreously bonded ceramic fibers--e.g., silica, alumina or zirconia fibers, or a mixture of such fibers. Fluxes that promote vitreous bonding of such ceramic fibers include oxides of boron, silicon, and alkali and alkaline earth elements.
A particular commercially available porous ceramic material contemplated for the thermally insulating layer 25 is HTP ceramic insulation developed by Lockheed Missiles & Space Company, Inc. of Sunnyvale, Calif. for the thermal insulation tiles used on NASA's space shuttle orbiters. HTP ceramic insulation consists of a mixture of silica and alumina fibers obtainable from commercial vendors and "Nextel 312" fibers obtainable from 3M Company. "Nextel 312" material contains a small amount of boron, which welds the silica and alumina fibers into a rigid structure during high-temperature sintering in a furnace. Alternatively, the thermally insulating layer 25 can be made of conventional refractory brick. However, fibrous ceramic material has the advantage of providing optimal thermal protection. The thermally insulating layer 25 can be enclosed in a water-tight receptacle (e.g., a plastic sack) 30; and the fibrous ceramic material comprising the thermally insulating layer 25 contained within the receptacle 30 can be saturated with water to provide additional thermal protection.
FIG. 3 illustrates a particular application for the present invention--viz., as the vault of an automated teller machine (ATM), which is apt to be located in an area accessible to the public but distant from immediate attention by security personnel. FIG. 4 illustrates the laminate construction of the wall of such a vault in detail. The reference numbers shown in FIG. 4 correspond to the reference numbers shown in FIG. 2.
The present invention has been described above in terms of certain exemplary embodiments. However, other embodiments that would become apparent upon perusal of the foregoing description and the accompanying drawing are also within the scope of the present invention. Therefore, the legal definition of the present invention is broadly provided by the following claims and their equivalents.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|May 28, 1909
|Mar 22, 1910
|Sherard Osborn Cowper-Coles
|Jan 16, 1970
|Jan 9, 1973
|Babcock & Wilcox Co
|Fireproof container
|May 22, 1967
|Oct 16, 1973
|Carborundum Co
|Dense carbide composite for armor and abrasives
|May 10, 1967
|Dec 25, 1979
|Goodyear Aerospace Corporation
|Ballistic armor system
|May 27, 1980
|Jan 25, 1983
|Patmark Consultants
|Disappearing underground safe
|Jun 21, 1985
|May 5, 1987
|Transaction Security, Inc.
|Insulating apparatus and burglary resistant composite laminates employed therein
|Jan 22, 1986
|Aug 11, 1987
|The Shaw-Walker Company
|Fire resistive cabinet for storing easily damageable electronic data storage materials
|Nov 28, 1986
|Apr 5, 1988
|The Johnson Company Limited
|Fire resistant enclosures
|Jan 8, 1987
|Apr 18, 1989
|Alliance Wall Corporation
|Bullet resistant panel
|Sep 9, 1988
|May 22, 1990
|Usines Et Acieries De Sambre Et Meuse
|Armor particularly for a safe and a safe thus produced
|Dec 8, 1988
|Jul 9, 1991
|Messerschmitt-Boelkow-Blohm Gmbh
|Multi-layer thermal insulation, especially for spacecraft
|Oct 15, 1990
|Oct 29, 1991
|Salzer Sicherheitstechnik Gmbh
|High security blast resistant door leaf
|Apr 9, 1992
|Mar 22, 1994
|The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration
|Protective coating for ceramic materials
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Sep 18, 1995
|Aug 26, 1997
|Trussbilt, Inc.
|Security of buildings and other structures
|Aug 16, 2002
|Apr 6, 2004
|The Boeing Company
|Rigid insulation and method of producing same
|Jun 5, 2002
|Oct 30, 2007
|Qinetiq Limited
|Drill resistant lock
|Jan 24, 2005
|Nov 12, 2013
|Cesium Ab
|Security container with two locks
|Jun 5, 2002
|Aug 5, 2004
|Brown Peter Mark
|Drill resistant lock
|Jan 24, 2005
|Sep 18, 2008
|Jack Gustavsson
|Method Using a Module Kit to Construct a Safety Container of an Arbitrary Shape, a Module Set Used to Carry out Said Method and a Safety Container Comprising of One or Several of Said Modules
|Nov 20, 2007
|May 21, 2009
|Ncr Corporation
|Secure enclosure
|Sep 2, 2013
|Jan 1, 2014
|Composite plate used for safe case
|Oct 10, 1996
|Nov 28, 1996
|Bode Panzer Ag
|Jun 5, 2002
|Dec 12, 2002
|Qinetiq Limited
|Drill resistant lock
|U.S. Classification
|109/80, 109/82, 109/49.5, 109/84, 109/76, 428/920
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Dec 20, 1993
Owner name: LOCKHEED MISSILES & SPACE CO., INC., CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:POLENSKY, DONALD;REEL/FRAME:006901/0536
Effective date: 19931215
|Sep 9, 1998
Owner name: LOCKHEED CORPORATION, MARYLAND
Free format text: MERGER;ASSIGNOR:LOCKHEED MISSILES & SPACE COMPANY, INC.;REEL/FRAME:009453/0363
Effective date: 19960125
|Aug 9, 1999
Owner name: LOCKHEED MARTIN CORPORATION, MARYLAND
Free format text: MERGER;ASSIGNOR:LOCKHEED CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:010113/0649
Effective date: 19960125
|Sep 7, 1999
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Feb 13, 2000
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Apr 25, 2000
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20000213


text:
Cybersecurity & Privacy
The ins and outs of data breach class actions
A panel, "No Harm, No Foul? Standing and Damages in Plaintiffs' Data Breach Class Actions," at the Mid-Year Cybersecurity and Data Protection Legal Summit, featured Michelle Kisloff, partner at Hogan Lovells and Donald Aplin, senior legal editor, Privacy & Security Law Report, Bloomberg BNA and adjunct professor of law at...
The legal requirements of cross-border data protection
A panel at the Mid-year Cybersecurity and Data Protection Legal Summit focuses on complying with cross-border data protection legal requirements
No size is too small: Why hackers target small businesses and how they can protect themselves
This exposure represents a significant risk for any business, but especially for small businesses such as technology startups who may handle customer data on several mobile platforms and other access points.
Ethical responsibilities and information security
The elephant in the room is: You will be hacked.
What to do when you've been hacked
Experts run through a data breach scenario at the Mid-year Cybersecurity and Data Protection Legal Summit
FTC and data privacy and security: The unexpected enforcer?
What exactly does the FTC require for data privacy and security for regulated companies? Unfortunately, the FTC does not have published regulations detailing the data security measures companies must implement.
Data analytics gets added to Drinker Biddle information governance practice team
Becoming one of the first law firms to offer a data analytics practice, national law firm Drinker Biddle & Reath has recently expanded its Information Governance practice by naming Bennett Borden Chief Data Scientist.
Government officials unsure of what data taken in OPM breach
White House spokesman Josh Earnest said, "I don't think we can tell you with a whole lot of detail precisely what was taken."
The cybersecurity threat is real … so commit
Just because an organization lacks credit card numbers or bank account numbers does not mean that it is not a viable target for cyberattacks.
4 million records taken in federal OPM breach, Chinese hackers suspected
This latest attack could potentially be one of the largest in U.S. government history, and strain relations with a foreign power at the same time.


text:
you are viewing a single comment's thread.
None of these managers will sell until Yahoo is at least $23-$25. There is now a $17 put under the stock for all of its cash on hand and its holdings in Alibaba and Yahoo Japan. Also, it is said that Alibaba is really worth $100 billion. That would put yahoo's stake worth around $24 billion. Again I will state this! Yahoo is worth twice what it is trading at. Why do you think a fund like Tiger Capital invested 5% of its total worth into the company? These guys do more deep research than all of us on this board combined times 100!
Sentiment: Strong Buy


text:
Jul 11
Jun 21
12:00 - 12:30 - Seris 12:45 - 01:15 - Khemmis 01:30 - 02:00 - Muscle Beach 02:15 - 02:45 - MF Ruckus 03:00 - 03:30 - Lotus Gait 03:45 - 04:15 - In the Company of Serpents 04:30 - 05:00 - IAMTHESHOTGUN 05:15 - 05:45 - Weaponizer 06:00 - 06:30 - Gomorrah 06:45 - 07:15 - Native Daughters
Apr 11
Nov 23
Nov 14
Sounds Like: Tool, Sevendust, Evanescence, Mudvayne, Lacuna Coil
Label: * CURRENTLY UNSIGNED *, "MAX-METAL-RADIO", Shred Rock Records
Manager: Scott Beckman: 720-771-3257
Bio: SERIS. With every wave of sound they resonate, there exists an unspoken promise to defy the conventional standards of today's music while creating an emotional cadence sure to linger long after the rhythms have stopped. Enthralled by the notion of discounting the status-quo, Seris vows to create...See Full Bio
"This debut EP from Seris sounds like the band is serious about courting label attention. And it's not just because the sonic character of all three songs is top-notch, but also because there isn't a subpar performance in any of them. Seris sounds a lot like Nightwish with its penchant for dramatic tension and the way that it mixes classically strong vocals with crunchy guitar leads and makes rhythmic shifts that take unexpected turns without seeming forced. And it separates from that sort of thing with interesting tone choices on the edges of its atmospheric passages and in the percussion, especially the drum fills on "...And Fury." "Tamasisk" is reminiscent of Skunk Anansie, but with some of the rough edges worked out. This is progressive metal for people who like some imagination with their songwriting."


text:
Interactive effects of shade and surface orientation on the recruitment of spirorbid polychaetes
Version of Record online: 28 JUN 2008
DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-9993.2001.01090.pp.x
Austral Ecology
Volume 26, Issue 1, pages 109–115, February 2001
Additional Information
How to Cite
Saunders, R. J. and Connell, S. D. (2001), Interactive effects of shade and surface orientation on the recruitment of spirorbid polychaetes. Austral Ecology, 26: 109–115. doi: 10.1111/j.1442-9993.2001.01090.pp.x
Publication History
- Issue online: 28 JUN 2008
- Version of Record online: 28 JUN 2008
- Abstract
- Article
- References
- Cited By
- light;
- mangroves;
- pneumatophore;
- seagrass;
- serpulid
A series of observations and an experiment were carried out to test hypotheses about the effects of shade on the densities of spirorbid polychaetes (Neodexiospira spp.) on intertidal pneumatophores (mangrove roots) of Avicennia marina. Densities of spirorbids were greater on pneumatophores surrounded by seagrass (Zostera mucronata) than patches without seagrass. Within patches of seagrass, the density and survivorship of spirorbids on pneumatophores was greater near the substratum (covered by seagrass) than high above the substratum (not covered by seagrass). The model that these patterns of abundance are explained by greater recruitment of spirorbids to shaded surfaces was assessed. This was done by experimentally testing the hypothesis that recruitment to patches without seagrass would not differ between the upper (unshaded) and lower surfaces (unshaded) of clear plastic sheets, but would be greater on the lower surfaces (shaded) than upper surfaces (unshaded) of black plastic sheets. Recruitment was consistent with these predictions and therefore provided evidence that differences in densities of spirorbids between substrata with and without seagrass may be due largely to differences in shading.


text:
GDP at regional level
- Data extracted in May 2015. Most recent data: Further Eurostat information, Main tables and Database. Planned article update: June 2016.
Maps can be explored interactively using Eurostat's Statistical Atlas (see user manual).
This article is part of a set of statistical articles based on the Eurostat regional yearbook publication. It uses a set of regional economic accounts to analyse economic developments within the European Union (EU): the first section is based on gross domestic product (GDP), the principal aggregate for measuring economic developments / growth; the second provides a regional analysis of gross value added by activity (as defined in terms of NACE); while, the article closes with a brief analysis of labour productivity (defined here as gross value added per person employed).
Regional accounts serve as the basis for the allocation of expenditure under the EU's cohesion policy. Every region of the EU is covered: however, most structural funds are directed to NUTS 2 regions where GDP per capita is less than 75 % of the EU-28 average. The allocation of cohesion funds is currently based on a decision referring to average GDP per capita during the three-year period from 2007 to 2009; more information is provided in an article on regional policies and Europe 2020.
- 1 Main statistical findings
- 2 Data sources and availability
- 3 Context
- 4 See also
- 5 Further Eurostat information
- 6 External links
Main statistical findings
GDP at market prices in the EU-28 was valued at EUR 13.5 trillion in 2013, which equated to an average level of approximately 26.6 thousand PPS per capita.
Regional GDP per capita
Map 1 shows GDP per capita in 2013 for NUTS level 2 regions, with the value for each region expressed as a percentage of the EU-28 average (set to equal 100 %). As such, it portrays relatively 'rich' regions (shown in green) where GDP per capita was above the EU average and relatively 'poor' regions (shown in red). The map reveals a clear east–west divide. However, this pattern is less pronounced than it was almost a decade before — when the EU underwent its largest expansion with the accession of 10 new Member States — as a result of two principal factors:
- a gradual process of economic convergence, resulting from relatively rapid growth among less developed regions;
- the financial and economic crisis, which had a considerable impact on the economic performance of most EU Member States.
Mazowieckie, Poland
The most rapid economic growth during the period 2008–13 across NUTS level 2 regions of the EU was recorded in the Polish region of Mazowieckie, which includes the capital of Warsaw. GDP per capita in Mazowieckie was about four fifths of the EU-28 average in 2008, but rose to be 7.1 % higher than the EU-28 average by 2013.
©: Itsmejust / Shutterstock.com
Indeed, many regions in the east of the EU, especially capital regions, have seen their GDP per capita (adjusted for price level differences) rise in absolute terms and in relation to the EU-28 average. By contrast, the impact of the crisis resulted in GDP per capita falling below the EU-28 average in every region of Greece, Cyprus (a single region at this level of analysis), southern Italy, most of Portugal and Spain, and more than half the regions in France and the United Kingdom.
Economic activity — defining GDP
GDP is the central measure of national accounts, summarising the economic position of a country or region. It can be calculated using different approaches: the output approach; the expenditure approach; and the income approach.
GDP is used to analyse economic performance and cycles (such as recessions, recoveries and booms). Data in diverse currencies can be converted into a common currency to make it more easily comparable — for example, converting into euros or dollars. However, exchange rates do not reflect all the differences in price levels between countries. To compensate for this, GDP can be converted using conversion factors known as purchasing power parities (PPPs). By using PPPs (rather than market exchange rates) these indicators are converted into an artificial common currency called a purchasing power standard (PPS); the use of a PPS makes it possible to compare purchasing power across the regions of EU Member States that use different currencies and where price levels are different.
In broad terms, the use of PPS series rather than a euro-based series tends to have a levelling effect, as those regions with very high GDP per capita in euro terms also tend to have relatively high price levels (for example, the cost of living in central Paris or London is generally higher than the cost of living in rural areas of Hungary or Poland).
The highest level of GDP per capita in the EU was recorded in Inner London
In 2013, approximately 15 % of the 250 NUTS level 2 regions for which data are available (see Map 1 for coverage) reported that their GDP per capita was at least 25 % higher than the EU-28 average; they are shown in the darkest shade of green. Many of them were capital regions or regions that neighboured capital regions, while the vast majority of the others were clustered together in the centre of the map, covering southern Germany, western Austria and northern Italy, as well as Switzerland.
There were three regions where GDP per capita in 2013 was more than double the EU-28 average, namely: Inner London, Luxembourg (a single region at this level of analysis) and the Région de Bruxelles-Capitale / Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest.
Measuring wealth and income by place of residence or place of work?
Average GDP per capita fails to provide an indication as to the distribution of wealth between different population groups in the same region, nor does it measure the income ultimately available to private households in a region, as commuter flows may result in employees contributing to the GDP of one region (where they work), and to household income in another region (where they live).
This drawback is particularly relevant when there are significant net commuter flows into or out of a region. Areas that are characterised by a considerable number of inflowing commuters often display regional GDP per capita that is extremely high (when compared with surrounding regions). This pattern is seen in many metropolitan areas of the EU, but principally in capital cities. Because of this anomaly, high levels of GDP per capita that are recorded for some regions with net commuter inflows do not necessarily translate into correspondingly high levels of income for the people living in the same region.
All three of these regions with the highest levels of GDP per capita in 2013 were characterised by high commuter inflows: indeed, many people travel large distances into central London each day for work; the Région de Bruxelles-Capitale / Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest is relatively small in size (covering just over 160 km²) and attracts commuters; while a high proportion of those who work in Luxembourg travel across national borders coming to work from neighbouring Belgium, Germany and France.
Capital regions often recorded the highest levels of GDP per capita
Looking in more detail at those regions with relatively high average levels of GDP per capita, there were 17 regions where this ratio was at least 50 % higher than the EU-28 average. Aside from the three regions already mentioned, these included the capital regions of Slovakia, Sweden, France, the Czech Republic, Austria, the Netherlands and Denmark. The remaining seven regions were spread across Germany (Bremen and Hamburg; note the data for Germany is presented by NUTS level 1 region), the Netherlands (Groningen and Utrecht), Austria (Salzburg) and the United Kingdom (Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire and North Eastern Scotland).
Figure 1 presents an alternative analysis of the regional distribution of GDP per capita in 2013. It shows that in the majority of the multi-regional EU Member States, capital regions were generally those with the highest average GDP per capita; the only exceptions to this rule were Germany, Italy and the Netherlands. In Germany (note the data are for NUTS level 1 regions), the highest average GDP per capita was recorded in Hamburg, while Berlin was the only capital region that recorded GDP per capita below its national average. The Italian capital region of Lazio had the sixth highest level of GDP per capita among Italian regions, with higher levels recorded in most of the more northerly regions, peaking in the Provincia Autonoma di Bolzano / Bozen. In the Netherlands, Groningen was the only Dutch region to record average GDP per capita that was higher than in the capital region of Noord-Holland.
The capital regions of the Czech Republic, Ireland, Hungary, Poland, Portugal, Romania and Slovakia were the only regions from each of these EU Member States where GDP per capita was higher than the EU-28 average in 2013.
In Inner London, GDP per capita was almost 11 times higher than in Severozapaden
In 2013, average GDP per capita for Inner London (325 % of the EU-28 average) was almost 11 times as high — having taken account of differences in price levels — as in Severozapaden (Bulgaria), where the lowest average GDP per capita was recorded (30 % of the EU-28 average). Note this edition of the Eurostat regional yearbook is based on NUTS 2010 and therefore excludes information on Mayotte (a French overseas territory that became part of the regional classification as of NUTS 2013). The first regional accounts for Mayotte have been received by Eurostat and these suggest that GDP per capita was 27 % of the EU-28 average in 2013 (slightly lower than in Severozapaden).
An analysis for those EU Member States with more than two regions shows that the widest disparities in wealth creation between regions from the same country were recorded within the United Kingdom, as GDP per capita in Inner London was almost five times as high as in West Wales and the Valleys. There were also considerable differences within Romania (a ratio of 3.9 between the capital region of Bucuresti-Ilfov and Nord-Est), Slovakia (a ratio of 3.6 between the capital region of Bratislavský kraj and the eastern region of Východné Slovensko) and France (a ratio of 3.3 between the capital region of Île de France and the overseas South American region of Guyane).
GDP per capita was higher than the EU-28 average in every region of Sweden
By contrast, wealth creation was relatively evenly spread across the Nordic Member States, Austria, Spain, Portugal and Greece. In each of these EU Member States, average GDP per capita in the capital region was never more than double that recorded in the region with the lowest GDP per capita, as was also the case in Norway. Sweden was the only multi-regional EU Member State to report that each of its NUTS level 2 regions had an average level of GDP per capita that was above the EU-28 average in 2013; the same was true for the level 2 regions in Norway.
The 19 regions in the EU where GDP per capita was less than half the EU-28 average were all located in eastern Europe
Those regions which are targeted the most by cohesion funds have an average GDP per capita that is less than 75 % of the EU-28 average; these regions are shown in a dark red shade in Map 1. There were 80 NUTS level 2 regions which fell into this category in 2013. It should be noted that the basis of funding for the 2014–20 programming period has been fixed with respect to average GDP per capita during the three-year period 2007–09.
Almost a quarter (19 regions) of the 80 regions with relatively low GDP per capita has a level of economic output per capita that was less than half the EU-28 average. These regions were all located in eastern Europe and were spread across four of the EU Member States, with five regions from each of Bulgaria, Poland and Romania, and four regions from Hungary. The three Bulgarian regions of Severozapaden, Severen tsentralen and Yuzhen tsentralen reported the lowest average GDP per capita in the EU, with each of these regions having a level of output per capita that was less than one third of the EU-28 average. Note that the data presented in this edition of the Eurostat regional yearbook is based on the NUTS 2010 classification. However, data has already been received for some regions covering the revised classification (NUTS 2013) and this shows that GDP per capita in the French overseas region of Mayotte (in the Indian Ocean) was 27 % of the EU-28 average in 2013; Mayotte became an outermost region of the EU as of 1 January 2014.
In Bulgaria, Greece, Croatia and Slovenia, every region (including the capital region), recorded an average level of GDP per capita that was below the EU-28 average. GDP per capita was also below the EU-28 average in five EU Member States that are single regions at this level of analysis, the Baltic Member States, Cyprus and Malta; this was also the case in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Serbia (where there are currently no regional statistics available).
Analysis of regional economic development over time
During the financial and economic crisis, GDP per capita in the EU-28 peaked in 2008 at 25.9 thousand PPS. There was a rapid reduction in activity in 2009 and it was not until 2011 that the average level of GDP per capita had returned (slightly) above its pre-crisis peak. The pace at which GDP per capita was increasing slowed in 2012 and this pattern continued in 2013 when an average of 26.6 thousand PPS of GDP was generated per capita.
GDP per capita increased at a rapid pace in Poland
Map 2 shows the effects of the financial and economic crisis, detailing regional performance for NUTS level 2 regions between 2008 and 2013 (see the footnotes to the map for more information on coverage). Those regions that expanded at a fast pace — as shown by the darkest shade of green — were principally located in Poland (all but 3 of its 16 regions), while — as a percentage of the EU-28 average — GDP per capita also increased by more than eight percentage points in Lithuania (a single region at this level of analysis), Groningen (the Netherlands), Burgenland and Salzburg (Austria), the capital regions of Bucureşti - Ilfov (Romania) and Bratislavský kraj (Slovakia), and the archipelago of Åland (Finland).
National economic fortunes appear to play a significant role in determining regional economic performance
It is interesting to note that, despite wide variations in average levels of GDP per capita between the regions of some EU Member States, there was a relatively uniform pattern to changes in economic activity over the period from 2008 to 2013. Among the multi-regional EU Member States, GDP per capita grew at a faster pace than the EU-28 average in every region of Denmark, Germany (aside from Berlin and Hamburg), Hungary, Austria (aside from Wien), Poland, Romania and Slovakia; there was also growth in every Norwegian region, as well as in Switzerland, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Serbia. By contrast, every region in Greece, Spain, Croatia, Italy (with the exception of the Provincia Autonoma di Bolzano / Bozen), Slovenia, Finland (with the exception of Åland) and the United Kingdom saw their average GDP per capita grow at a slower pace than the EU-28 average (usually as a result of slow growth, rather than an absolute decline in GDP per capita).
The fastest regional economic growth during the period 2008–13 was recorded in the Polish and Slovakian capital regions
The highest growth between 2008 and 2013 in GDP per capita relative to the EU-28 average was recorded in the capital regions of Poland and Slovakia, as Mazowieckie and Bratislavský kraj posted increases of 24.0 and 18.8 percentage points. There were eight other regions where GDP per capita relative to the EU-28 average grew by at least 10 percentage points: six of these were located in Poland, while the remaining two regions were Lithuania (a single region at this level of analysis) and Groningen (the Netherlands; note that the growth rate for this region is based on the period 2010–13).
All Greek regions were strongly affected by the financial and economic crisis
At the other end of the range, a total of 36 regions recorded a fall of at least 8 percentage points between 2008 and 2013 in their GDP per capita relative to the EU-28 average, (as shown by the darkest red shade in Map 2). The impact of the financial and economic crisis on the Greek economy was widespread, as 12 of the 14 lowest rates of change were posted by Greek regions; Cyprus (a single region at this level of analysis) and Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire (in the United Kingdom) were the only regions to record similar rates of change.
Gross value added by industry
Maps 3–7 provide a regional analysis of gross value added by activity (as defined in terms of NACE). Each map shows the degree of relative specialisation in 2012, in relation to the EU average (set as 100 %). There are considerable differences as regards the contribution that each activity makes to regional economic output.
Severozapaden, Bulgaria
Across most of the EU, the relative weight of agriculture, forestry and fishing in total economic activity has, in recent decades, slowly fallen. Nevertheless, these activities remain a vital part of the local economy in many rural regions. In the north-western Bulgarian region of Severozapaden, the contribution to total gross value from agriculture, forestry and fishing was 7.5 times as high as the EU-28 average.
©: Moni84 / Shutterstock.com
Bulgarian and Hungarian regions were highly specialised in agriculture, forestry and fishing
The relative contribution of agriculture, forestry and fishing (NACE Section A) to the total gross value added of regional economies is unsurprisingly higher in rural areas than in more built-up areas, such as towns and suburbs or cities. Map 3 shows that agriculture, forestry and fishing contributed a relatively high share of total gross value added in the majority of rural regions, in contrast to a low share of activity in capital regions and other densely populated areas (for example, in the Benelux Member States, Germany and the United Kingdom). The contribution of agriculture, forestry and fishing to the gross value added of the regional economies of Inner London, Berlin and the Région de Bruxelles-Capitale / Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest was less than 1 % of the average share for the EU-28 as a whole. By contrast, the share of these activities in total gross value added was 6–7 seven times as high as the EU-28 average in the Hungarian regions of Észak-Alföld, Dél-Dunántúl and Dél-Alföld, as well as in the Bulgarian region of Severen tsentralen, rising to 7.5 times as high in another Bulgarian region, Severozapaden.
Apart from the capital region of Praha, all of the remaining regions in the Czech Republic had a high degree of industrial specialisation
The relatively high contribution of industrial activities (NACE Sections B–E) to regional gross value added was largely concentrated in a cluster of regions — shown by the dark green shade at the centre of Map 4 — that spread over southern Germany, the whole of the Czech Republic (apart from the capital region), up into Poland, and down through several regions of Slovakia, Austria, Hungary and Slovenia; the majority of regions in Bulgaria and Romania also had a very high degree of industrial specialisation. Aside from these two clusters, a relatively high share of regional gross value added — at least 50 % higher than the EU-28 average — was generated within industrial activities in the peripheral industrial economies of Border, Midland and Western (Ireland), Dytiki Makedonia (Greece), the Comunidad Foral de Navarra and La Rioja (Spain), Groningen (the Netherlands), Övre Norrland (Sweden) and North Eastern Scotland (the United Kingdom). There were seven regions where the contribution of industry to regional gross value added was more than double the EU-28 average, three of these were from the Czech Republic (Střední Morava, Střední Čechy and Moravskoslezsko), two were from Hungary (Közép-Dunántúl and Nyugat-Dunántúl), and there was a single region from each of Germany (Braunschweig) and the Netherlands (Groningen). By contrast, the contribution of industrial to total gross value added was relatively low in capital regions (where services are usually the main wealth creator) and a number of regions that may be characterised as tourist destinations, especially prevalent around the Mediterranean coast.
The impact of the financial and economic crisis on construction was still apparent in Ireland and Greece
Map 5 shows those regions which were relatively specialised in construction (NACE Section F). The impact of the financial and economic crisis was still being felt in a number of EU Member States where housing bubbles burst: this was most apparent in Ireland, where the contribution of construction to total gross value added was less than half the EU-28 average in both regions (Border, Midland and Western; Southern and Eastern); this was also the case in three Greek regions (Attiki; Anatoliki Makedonia, Thraki; and Kentriki Makedonia), as well as Hamburg (Germany) and Groningen (the Netherlands). Construction also accounted for a relatively low share of the economic activity taking place in many city regions, which may be attributed to the lack of free space or building consent for new projects in regions that are already highly developed. By contrast, there were three regions where the contribution of construction to total gross value added was more than twice the EU-28 average, Sud-Est (Romania) and the two Slovak regions of Stredné Slovensko and Východné Slovensko.
Map 6 and Map 7 provide a similar analysis for two groups of services. The first group covers NACE Sections G–N: distributive trades, transport, accommodation and food services, information and communication, financial and insurance services, real estate and business services (professional, scientific, technical, administrative and support); these are referred to hereafter as market services. The second group covers NACE Sections O–U, including public administration and public services, arts, entertainment and recreation, the repair of household goods and other services and is referred to hereafter as public administration and other services.
Market services were concentrated in capital regions and regions characterised as tourist destinations
Those regions in the EU characterised by highly developed market services, as seen by the dark green regions in Map 6, were often capitals. This was the case in Praha, Attiki, the Comunidad de Madrid, the Île de France, Luxembourg (a single region at this level of analysis), Noord-Holland and Inner London. The other regions where the contribution of market services to total value added was much higher than the EU-28 average were often characterised as tourist destinations, for example, the Algarve (in Portugal), the Illes Balears (in Spain), and the two Greek regions of Notio Aigaio (which includes among other Kos, Mykonos and Rhodes) and Ionia Nisia (which includes Corfu). There were three other regions where the contribution of market services to total gross value added was at least 25 % higher than the EU-28 average, they were: the Provincie Vlaams-Brabant in Belgium, Hamburg in Germany and Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire in the United Kingdom. Groningen was the only region where market services contribution to total gross value added was less than half the EU-28 average; due to its relatively large (offshore) gas activities.
Public administration and other services often accounted for a high share of economic activity in peripheral regions
Map 7 shows a relatively clear east–west split in terms of the economic contribution made by public administration and other services. The role of the public administration and other services was often smaller in some of those Member States that joined the EU in 2004 or more recently. The share of public administration and other services was also relatively high in many regions that were touched by high levels of unemployment, which may be the result of the public administration remaining one of the few principal employers; this was particularly the case in peripheral regions, where a lack of proximity to clients may be one factor which deters entrepreneurs and private enterprises from establishing a business.
Across the NUTS level 2 regions of the EU there were 13 regions where the contribution of public administration and other services to total gross value added was at least 50 % higher than the EU-28 average. The highest shares were recorded in the two autonomous Spanish cities of Ceuta and Melilla, followed by the four French overseas regions, while the other regions included two from Belgium (Province Luxembourg and Province Namur), two from Greece (Anatoliki Makedonia, Thraki and Voreio Aigaio), two from France (Limousin and Corse) and a single region from Denmark (Sjælland).
Note that an article on regional structural business statistics provides a similar analysis based on the number of persons employed across different activities within regional business economies.
Labour productivity
Within regional accounts, labour productivity is defined as gross value added in euros at basic prices per person employed; Map 8 presents this indicator for NUTS level 2 regions in 2013 with the results shown in relation to the EU-28 average. Regional labour productivity would ideally take account of the total number of hours worked (rather than a simple count of persons employed), however, this measure is currently incomplete for a number of EU Member States.
If there are significant flows of commuters between regions, then it is likely that those regions characterised as having net inflows of commuters will display lower levels of gross value added per person employed than their corresponding ratios for GDP per capita, if the employment data relate to the region of employment rather than residence. In other words, the gap between regions may be narrower when analysing labour productivity than when analysing GDP per capita. That said, the highest level of gross value added per person employed in 2013 was recorded in Inner London (the same region that had the highest level of GDP per capita). Relatively high levels of labour productivity may be linked to the efficient use of labour (without using more inputs), or may result from the mix of activities that make-up a particular economy (as some activities have higher levels of labour productivity than others). For example, the financial services sector plays a particularly important role in the economy of Inner London and this activity is characterised as having particularly high levels of productivity. Southern and Eastern Ireland (which includes Dublin) — which also specialises in financial services — was also present among the top 10 regions for labour productivity. The remainder of the top 10 was constituted by four Belgian regions (Région de Bruxelles-Capitale / Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest; Provincie Antwerpen; Provincie Vlaams-Brabant; Province Brabant Wallon), the Danish, French and Swedish capital regions, and the Dutch region of Groningen.
Labour productivity lower in those Member States that joined the EU in 2004 or more recently
There was not a single region from the Member States that joined the EU in 2004 or more recently that had a level of gross value added per person employed above the EU-28 average. The Slovakian capital region of Bratislavský kraj recorded the highest level of gross value added per person employed among the NUTS 2 regions from these 13 Member States (subject to data availability), at just over 80 % of the EU-28 average in 2013.
There were 43 NUTS level 2 regions where gross value added per person employed was less than half the EU-28 average in 2013 (as shown by the darkest red shade in Map 8). These were spread across eastern regions of the EU, with low labour productivity in every region of Bulgaria, all but two of the regions in the Czech Republic (Střední Čechy and the capital region of Praha), all but two of the regions in Poland (Dolnośląskie and the capital region of Mazowieckie), all but one of the regions in Romania (the capital region of Bucureşti - Ilfov), and two regions in Slovakia (Stredné Slovensko and Východné Slovensko); labour productivity was also less than half the EU-28 average in two of the three Baltic Member States (Latvia and Lithuania).
Data sources and availability
The European system of national and regional accounts (ESA) provides the methodology for national accounts in the EU. The current version, ESA 2010, was adopted in May 2013 and has been implemented since September 2014. As such, this is the first edition of the Eurostat regional yearbook that has used ESA 2010. It is important to note that the move to ESA 2010 was part of a broader worldwide initiative, as ESA 2010 is the counterpart of and fully consistent with the United Nations 2008 system of national accounts (2008 SNA).
ESA 2010 provides a harmonised methodology that should be used for the production of national and regional accounts in the EU. It ensures that economic statistics on the economies of EU Member State are compiled in a consistent, comparable, reliable and up-to-date way. The legal basis for these statistics is a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on the European system of national and regional accounts in the European Union (No 549/2013).
ESA 2010 was revised in order to take account of a number of changes that have impacted economic developments in recent years, in particular: the increasing role of information and communication technologies; the growing importance of intangible assets, intellectual property products and services; and economic globalisation. Among others, the new methodology also takes account of expenditure on weapon systems (counted as investment) and has a more detailed analysis of pension schemes. In many cases, the most significant methodological change in terms of its impact on the headline GDP figure is the capitalisation of research and development (R & D) expenditures.
At a regional level, two types of effects can be distinguished:
- the impact of changes at a national level which do not have a specific regional variation — for example, the inclusion of weapon systems expenditure resulted in changes to regional GDP that affected all regions equally.
- the impact of changes which do have a regional variation — for example, the treatment of R & D expenditure as investment, which is likely to increase regional disparities in GDP per capita as those regions with high levels of R & D expenditure tend to be relatively 'rich'.
Note that changes linked to the implementation of ESA 2010 have not had any implication on the allocation of structural funds under the multi-annual financial framework for 2014–20; these allocations were initially decided in 2012 on the basis of regional GDP data for the reference years 2007–09.
Further information on the transition from ESA 95 to ESA 2010 is presented on Eurostat's website.
Statistics from regional economic accounts are largely shown for NUTS level 2 regions. Data for Germany are only available for NUTS level 1 regions, while those for Switzerland are only available at a national level. The latest statistics available for Norwegian regions refer to 2012.
Note that a full time series is not available for all regions: special care should therefore be taken when analysing maps that show developments over time; footnotes are provided specifying any deviations from the standard coverage.
Indicator definitions
Gross domestic product (GDP)
GDP is a basic measure of a country's overall economic health. It is an aggregate measure of production, equal to the sum of the gross value added of all resident institutional units engaged in production, plus any taxes, and minus any subsidies, on products not included in the value of their outputs. Gross value added is the difference between output and intermediate consumption.
GDP per person employed is intended to give an overall impression of the competitiveness and the productivity of a national / regional economy. It depends, to some degree, on the structure of total employment and may, for instance, be lowered by a shift from full-time to part-time work.
Gross value added
Gross value added at basic prices is a balancing item of the national accounts' production account, defined as output at basic prices minus intermediate consumption at purchaser prices. The basic price is the amount receivable by the producer from the purchaser for a unit of a product minus any tax on the product plus any subsidy on the product.
Gross value added can be broken down by activity: the sum of gross value added at basic prices over all activities plus taxes on products minus subsidies on products gives GDP. At the most aggregated level of analysis 10 NACE Rev. 2 headings are identified, although for the purpose of this article these have been aggregated somewhat into the following headings:
- agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing (NACE Section A);
- industry (NACE Sections B–E);
- construction (NACE Section F);
- distributive trades, transport, accommodation and food services; information and communication services; financial and insurance services; real estate activities; professional, scientific, technical, administrative and support services (NACE Sections G–N), referred to in this article as market services;
- public administration, defence, education, human health and social work; arts, entertainment, recreation, other services and activities of household and extra-territorial organisations and bodies (NACE Sections O–U), referred to in this article as public administration and other services.
Measuring economic development
Economic development is commonly expressed in terms of GDP, which in the regional context may be used to measure macroeconomic activity and growth, as well as providing the basis for comparisons between regions. GDP is also an important indicator from the policy perspective, as it is crucial in determining the extent to which each EU Member State should contribute to the EU's budget and three-year averages of GDP are used to decide which regions should be eligible to receive support from the EU's structural funds.
GDP per capita is often regarded as a proxy indicator for overall living standards. However, as a single source of information it should not be relied upon to inform policy debates, as it does not take account of externalities such as environmental sustainability or social inclusion, which are increasingly considered as important drivers for the quality of life.
A number of international initiatives have focused on this issue and in August 2009, the European Commission adopted a communication titled GDP and beyond: measuring progress in a changing world (COM(2009) 433 final), which outlined a range of actions to improve and complement GDP measures. This noted that there was a clear case for complementing GDP with statistics covering other economic, social and environmental issues, on which individuals' well-being critically depends. Recent developments on these complementary indicators are detailed in a staff working paper called Progress on 'GDP and beyond' actions (SWD(2013) 303 final), in which public interest in broader measures of GDP is confirmed, including at regional and local levels. For more information on the quality of life, see this article.
Economic policies
Regional inequalities can be due to many factors, including: geographic remoteness or sparse population, social and economic change, or the legacy of former economic systems. These inequalities may manifest themselves, among others, in the form of social deprivation, poor-quality healthcare or education, higher levels of unemployment, or inadequate infrastructure.
The EU's regional policy aims to support the broader Europe 2020 agenda. It is designed to foster solidarity and cohesion, such that each region may achieve its full potential, improving competitiveness and employment, and bringing living standards in 'poorer' regions up to the EU average as quickly as possible.
Cohesion policy
More than one third of the EU's budget is devoted to cohesion policy, which aims to remove economic, social and territorial disparities across the EU, for example, by helping restructure declining industrial areas or diversify rural areas. In doing so, EU regional policy seeks to make regions more competitive, foster economic growth and create new jobs. The EU's regional policy is an investment policy supporting job creation, competitiveness, economic growth, improved quality of life and sustainable development.
For the period 2014–20, the EU's cohesion policy has been refocused with the objective of having maximum impact on growth and jobs. During this period, a total of EUR 351 billion will be invested in the EU's regions. Investment will continue across all regions, but policy reforms have been adopted changing the levels of support according to the following classification:
- less developed regions (GDP < 75 % of the EU-27 average);
- transition regions (GDP 75 % – 90 % of the EU-27 average); and,
- more developed regions (GDP > 90 % of EU-27 average).
The EU's regional policy seeks to help every region achieve its full potential, through improving competitiveness and raising the living standards of the poorest regions towards the EU average (convergence). Regional economic policy seeks to stimulate investment in the regions by improving accessibility, providing quality services and preserving the environment, thereby encouraging innovation and entrepreneurship and the creation of jobs, while overcoming inequalities that may be manifest in social deprivation, poor housing, education and healthcare, higher unemployment or inadequate infrastructure provisions.
Boosting jobs, growth and investment
In 2014, the European Commission set its top priority as 'boosting jobs, growth and investment'. This is a major new initiative that will unlock public and private investment by targeting infrastructure developments, such as broadband internet, energy networks and transport. In its Communication titled 'An investment plan for Europe' (COM(2014) 0903 final), the European Commission underlined the role that Member States and regional authorities should play to get the maximum impact from EU structural funds by capitalising on a variety of financial instruments in the form of loans, equity and guarantees.
See also
- Economy and finance statistics introduced
- European sector accounts - background (background article)
- European system of national and regional accounts - ESA 2010 (background article)
- GDP per capita, consumption per capita and price level indices
- National accounts and GDP
Further Eurostat information
Data visualisation
- Eurostat regional yearbook 2014 — Chapter 5
- Eurostat regional yearbook 2013 — Chapter 1
- Eurostat regional yearbook 2012 — Chapter 1
- Eurostat regional yearbook 2011 — Chapter 7
- Regional economic accounts — ESA2010 (reg_eco10)
Dedicated section
Methodology / Metadata
- Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by NUTS 2 regions (ESMS metadata file — nama_r_e2gdp_esms)
Source data for figures and maps (MS Excel)
External links


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I'm currently reading Wayne Cordeiro's Leading on Empty, and in it, Wayne passes along an ancient prayer written by some Franciscan monks…
May God bless you with discomfort at easy answers, hard hearts, half-truths, and superficial relationships, so that you may live from deep within your heart where God's Spirit dwells.
May God bless you with tears to shed for those who suffer from pain, rejection, starvation, and war, so that you may reach out your hand to comfort them and turn their pain into joy.
And may God bless you with enough foolishness to believe that you can make a difference in this world and in your neighborhood, so that you will courageously try what you don't think you can do, but in Jesus Christ you'll have the strength necessary to do.
May God bless you so that you remember we are all called to continue God's redemptive work of love and healing in God's place, in and through God's name, in God's Spirit, continually creating and breathing new life and grace into everything and everyone we touch.
May God bless you with enough foolishness to believe that you can make a difference.
It's a far cry from the modern, western idea of God's "blessing," which is thought to come in the form of a life of smiles and unfair favor, riches, and good health. The prosperity gospel is killing us, and I want more. I think God offers more, but until we learn that less truly can be more, we will keep missing the big picture of God's divine dream for using us to change the world. Instead, we'll settle for a closer parking spot at the mall and label that as God's blessing instead.
I want to live from deep within my heart where God's Spirit dwells.[bcoxlike]
These Make Incredible Give Aways!
By Rick Warren / Zondervan
An amazing introduction to The Purpose-Driven Life! This trustworthy booklet will guide you on a seven day adventure of discovery. By the end of the adventure you will begin to understand God's purpose for your life and how your life can help fulfill God's great purpose for all of creation. Let Pastor Warren help you discover your purpose and prepare for eternity!


text: St Jude Radiothon 2013 Our St. Jude Radiothon on Friday, February 1st, 2013. Thanks to all the sponsors who made this possible. Special thanks to everyone who donated to help treat and prevent childhood cancers! Tweet Breakfast provided by the Trace Grill! Lunch from The Pizza Shack! Phil from Great American Cookie Co. YUM! Photo 1 of 1


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Just Announced! 2015 Best Article Award
"Lead Exposure and Behavior: Effects on Antisocial and Risky Behavior among Children and Adolescents" by Jessica Wolpaw Reyes, Amherst College
- NEW! Specialized Virtual Issues
Early View Content | July 2016 Issue
Just Announced! 2015 Best Article Award
"Early Withdrawals from Retirement Accounts during the Great Recession" by Robert Argento, Federal Reserve Board, Victoria L. Bryant, Internal Revenue Service, and John Sabelhaus, Federal Reserve Board
- NEW! Inequality Symposium
- Early View Content | July 2016 Issue
Opportunities for Economists
- Lecturers, Department of Economics, University of California, Riverside
- Assistant or Associate Specialist, Social Science Research Institute and Water Resources Research Center, The Economic Research Organization of the University of Hawai'i
91st Annual Conference | June 29- July 3, 2016
Hilton Portland & Executive Tower, Oregon
Thank you to all of this year's allied societies, session organizers, presenters, discussants, and chairs for making the conference a professionally rewarding experience for all. Please send any feedback or suggestions for improvement to email@example.com.
Keynote Addresses (that drew record-breaking audiences) were given by Emmanuel Saez, University of California, Berkeley, 2009 John Bates Clark Medal and 2010 MacArthur Fellow, on "Income and Wealth Inequality: Evidence and Policy Implications", and by WEAI President David Card, University of California, Berkeley, 1995 John Bates Clark Medal, on "What Gets In? Editorial Decisions at Top Economics Journals."
Program Addenda (rev 6/27/16)
Preliminary Program (rev 5/24/16) | Participants Directory (rev 5/24/16) | Session Info & Instructions
Housing Information | Portland Tours | Become an Allied Society | Exhibitor Information
13th International Conference | January 3-6, 2017
Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Casa Central campus, Santiago
Online volunteer submission is now open. Abstracts covering all areas of economics are welcome (include a statement of the research or policy question addressed and the contribution made by your paper, as well as method(s), model(s), and relevant data, if applicable). Submissions will be reviewed in the fall and participation confirmations sent by email. Discussants and chairs are always needed as well.
Organize your own session on a topic of your choice! Review the Session Organizer Guidelines for more information or email email@example.com with questions.
If you are part of another society that could use greater visibility as well as enjoy the economies of scale meeting with a larger group affords, consider becoming an Allied Society.
Keynote Addresses include Robert F. Engle, New York University Stern School of Business, recipient of the 2003 Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, Orley Ashenfelter, Princeton University, and WEAI 2016-17 President-Elect, "Real Wage Rates Across Countries and Over Time," and Ignacio Sánchez Diaz, President, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile.
Participation Information | Tentative Schedule | Participating Allied Societies
Register to Attend | Housing Information
2016 Graduate Student Dissertation Workshop Students Selected
WEAI thanks the fifty-two highly-qualified applicants who were reviewed and ranked by this year's selection committee. The top sixteen students listed below will participate in a two-day workshop, held during the 91st Annual Conference, focused on job market paper presentation and interview skills, followed by a mock interview and coaching with a panel of four interviewers designed to closely resemble a typical ASSA interview experience. The 2016 Graduate Student Workshop groups included the following:
Group #1 | Empirical Investigations in Education and International Trade
Advisor: Nancy Jianakoplos, Colorado State University
Barbara Biasi, Stanford University - Department of Economics
Unions, Salaries, and The Market for Teachers: Evidence from Wisconsin
Felix L. Friedt, University of Oregon - Department of Economics
Trade Policy Effectiveness in the Presence of Integrated Bilateral Transport Costs: The Importance of the Backhaul Problem to the Determination of Trade
Sharat Ganapati, Yale University - Department of Economics
Globalized Sourcing, Scale Economies, and Local Market Power: The Modern Wholesaler
Lester R. Lusher, University of California, Davis - Department of Economics
College Better: Parimutuel Betting Markets as a Commitment Device and Monetary Incentive
Group #2 | Education, Labor Markets, Healthcare and Culture
Advisor: Maureen Pirog, Indiana University
Brenda Samaniego de la Parra, University of Chicago - Department of Economics
How Much is Formality Worth? Evidence from Mexico's Labor Market
Atul Gupta, Stanford University - Department of Economics
Quality Incentives, Hospital Responses and Patient Health
Ciprian Domnisoru, Carnegie Mellon University - School of Public Policy and Management
Overeducation, Choice of College Major and Parental Background
James V. Marrone, University of Chicago - Department of Economics
Culture as a Habit: Assimilation and Language Learning Over the Lifecycle
Group #3 | Programs and Policies Affecting Human Capital, Child Development, Hospital Stays and Consumer Behavior
Advisor: Brian Duncan, University of Colorado
Teresa Molina, University of Southern California - Department of Economics
Pollution, Ability and Gender-Specific Investment Responses to Shocks
Victor A. C. Ronda, Johns Hopkins University - Department of Economics
Maternal Mental Health and Child Development
Liam Rose, University of California, Santa Cruz - Department of Economics
The Effects of Skilled Nursing Facility Care: Regression Discontinuity Evidence from Medicare
Rebecca L. Taylor, University of California, Berkeley - Department of Agriculture and Resource Economics
Giving Plastic Bags the Sack: The Non-Monetary Costs of Changing Consumption
Group #4 | Health, Education and Welfare
Advisor: Bruce McGough, University of Oregon
Serena Canaan, University of California, Santa Barbara - Department of Economics
Parental Leave, Intra-Household Specialization and Children's Well-Being
Peter Hull, Massachusetts Institute of Technology - Department of Economics
Hospital Quality and Choice: Evidence from Ambulance Referral Patterns
Lindsey K. Novak, University of Minnesota - Department of Applied Economics
School of Thought: The Role of Formal Education in Shifting Opinions of Female Genital Cutting in Burkina Faso
Evan Riehl, Columbia University - Department of Economics
Mismatch and Complementaries: Admission Exams and the Allocation of College Quality


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Pizza Express is to launch a new-look restaurant in Chislehurst - inspired by famous resident Sir Malcolm Campbell, known for repeatedly breaking speed world records on land and water.
The restaurant in Royal Parade has recently been refurbished and artwork displayed throughout is inspired by Campbell's triumphs.
The racing motorist and motoring journalist, born in Chislehurst, broke the land and water speed world records nine times between 1924 and 1935.
PizzaExpress' latest menu boasts new pizzas including a vegan-friendly recipe and new salads, sides and deserts.
Manager Albert Owusu-Ansah said: "We have a friendly and enthusiastic team who are looking forward to welcoming everyone to our beautifully refurbished restaurant over a delicious pizza."
- Man shot in Downham by 'two men on motorcycle'
- One person rushed to hospital after serious crash in St Mary Cray
- UPDATE: Two arrests after 15-year-old girl gang-raped in Bromley park
- JAILED: Lidl cashier who let customers through without paying for everything
- Traffic through New Cross after gas leak sparks emergency repairs


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Definition of Lodge, David in English:
Lodge, David
(1935-), English novelist and academic; full name David John Lodge. Notable works: Changing Places (1975), Small World (1984), and Therapy (1995).
For editors and proofreaders
Syllabification: Lodge, David
Definition of Lodge, David in:
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= trending


text:
Type: Posts; User: Phil Mc Cracken
dont you burn your fingers pinchin off that fuel line?
how can you spend that much money on a truck not do any research and not follow the instructions it amazes me research research a smart man once said dont ask a question that you already know the...
maybe you should have reserched that stuff before getting into this hobby have more than 1 truck running like the others stated ebay is a great source for parts and stay away from integy parts i beat...
now time to get it dirty<_<
thats one of the best reasons for having a bad tmaxx ! i did the same thing to my buddys sons brand new 119.00 duratrax elec. truggy
yes some people add fuel line and loop it so truck continues to run when upside down mostly for racing but u can add some to get it away from the head check some of the pics in the gallery or other...
you can find those settings and tune tips right on the trazzas site
wicked looking i run pro line trenchers i like the monster truck look there wicked looking and huge 17mm and close to 7" in diameter i think
boy i feel cheap got a used pede with extra batterys and charger for 40. getting it back to stock and fixing problems have only put another 85. into it so so far so good
from the video way rich and prob loose slipper clutch can find adjustment procedure in downloads from model in manual it also looks like the truck in the video's pressure tube is melted to exh pipe...
new to elec got a used pede needs some work any how when letting off throttle truck skids to a stop why ? also seems ok with 7.2 battery pack attempted to test with humback 8.4 ? motor seemed to...
how about a new name THE MAN instead of snook man!
what the heck is that about?
wow my head hurts now :p~
is the trim setting on your transmitter set correctly?
as far as winter break in i did mine in winter with no problems its covered in the manual
just wonderin what happened did you get rid of your truck havent seen any threads in a while used to enjoy your comments and help
yeah thats cool but sometimes when some beat up lookin beast blasts your socks off is a thing of beauty
could also be bad connection from battery to receiver loose plug termonal ect.
ditto to theant
never could understand the show thing more fun to me running tuning and repairing than staring :O.o:
oh wait get rid of the rear dual exhast pipe lots of problems with those.:O.o:
:O.o:yeah my eyes are 50 too but i can see your missing a wheel Maybe?:O.o:


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100 ml
Pleasures from Estee Lauder is a rich bouquet of fresh flowers after the rain, which is designed to suit every woman in every season and at every moment. It impresses and flatters the senses with it's unique fragrance that lasts long and keeps you smelling fresh. Pleasures reflects a modern woman's desire to experience life's little pleasures every day. Each and every one of Estee Lauder's perfumes are unique and will not disappoint!
It is a delightful sheer floral created from delicate lilies and peonies, elegant jasmine and exotic Karo-Karounde blossoms, all tingling with the rare essence of exotic Baie Rose.


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Zizzi - Cutty Sark Gardens
Unit W2, Greenwich Promenade (pier), Cutty Sark Gardens, London, SE10 9HT +44 2081668464
- Average
- Main course: £14
- Food spend: £24
Really nice meal, delicious! Good service, reasonably priced.
Alex Teuten
28 November 2015
from Portsmouth
With stunning riverside views, Zizzi Cutty Sark Gardens serves authentic Italian cuisine to enjoy at a window table, on a private mezzanine level, or on the promenade. Presenting a nautical themed decor, this Zizzi utilises its maritime location.
The Zizzi menu offers a reinvention of traditional Italian cuisine, as well as a range of trusty classic dishes. Enjoy thin and crispy rustica pizzas loaded with fresh toppings, a skinny pizza range with all offerings under 550 calories, and sumptuous cichetti tasting plates. Complementing the rich natural flavours, the Zizzi wine list is compiled by Italian wine expert, Guillaume Aubert.
Specially designed for younger diners, a bambini menu at Zizzi restaurant in Greenwich is filled with tempting yet nutritious Italian dishes. For dessert, organic gelato comes courtesy of renowned ice cream maker, Kitty Travers.
Combining tradition with its unique marine theme, Zizzi in London features a characteristic open kitchen to add vibrancy to this relaxed setting. Zizzi Cutty Sark Gardens is just an 11-minute walk from Greenwich Train Station.
Zizzi - Cutty Sark Gardens
Unit W2, Greenwich Promenade (pier), Cutty Sark Gardens, London, SE10 9HT
See all Zizzi Restaurants
See all restaurants in London
See all restaurants in Greenwich
Customer reviews for Zizzi - Cutty Sark Gardens
- Food
- Value
- Ambience
- Location
- Service
- Drinks
((((* 1 June 2016 by Kathryne Gill from Saffron Walden
For a family of 5 it was fab although we had to ask for a children's menu but that was the only downside. The waiter was busy but he was great with our 9 year old. The food was great. Our older girls can be fussy but were able to find something on the menu.
(((** 17 February 2016 by Julia Fordred from London
Really busy night as Valentines but service was brilliant. Food good and nice location. Downside, we sat by the door and I was frozen by end of meal!
((((( 16 February 2016 by Caroline Putman from Fleet
((((( 15 February 2016 by Richard Tubridy from Saint Neots
We were warmly welcomed and taken to the 2nd floor, where we had a table with a great view of the River Thames. The Valentines Day menu was excellent, with a generous glass of Prosecco. Our waiter looked after us well and, all in all, this was a most enjoyable lunch, despite the grim weather! Thoroughly recommended.
((((* 2 January 2016 by Naomi Adebiyi from London
I really enjoyed the service and dining. The overall environment and atmosphere was very peaceful and enjoyable.
((((( 28 November 2015 by Alex Teuten from Portsmouth
Really nice meal, delicious! Good service, reasonably priced.
((((* 24 November 2015 by Donna Carroll from Bradford
Good location.
((((( 8 November 2015 by Cristina Dobre from london
((((( 6 November 2015 by Annie Murphy from Lockerbie
This is my 4th year meeting friends in London and we'd never eat anywhere else but Zizzi at Cutty Sark. Service and food a delight. See you next year
(((** 29 October 2015 by Andrew Mcmahon from Orpington
Was OK rather than good. Children's starters and mains delivered together and very quickly, 5 mins before adult starters. Children had finished before our mains had arrived. Both mine and my wife's pizzas were overdone with a hard base. Have experienced better in other Zizzi restaurants
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Articles in NASCAR – Camping World Trucks
Kyle Busch announced on Friday that he will enter two Toyota Tundras full-time in the NASCAR Camping World Truck Series beginning in 2010.
Kyle Busch Motorsports (KBM), which has fielded Late Models for Busch and others the last three years, will step up to the Camping World Truck Series with youth behind the wheel and experience […]
Kevin Harvick Inc. announced Friday that Dave Fuge and Doug George have joined the organization's Camping World Truck Series program.
Fuge will lead the No. 33 Longhorn Chevrolet Silverado driven by four-time Truck Series champion Ron Hornaday Jr. and George will serve as crew chief of the No. 2 Truck which will feature several NASCAR Sprint […]
Kevin Harvick passed Timothy Peters for the lead just after a green-white-checkered restart and went on to win the season-ending Ford 200 Camping World Truck Series race at Homestead-Miami Speedway Friday night.
Not that it mattered in the final series standings as Ron Hornaday Jr. had locked up the championship a week ago at Phoenix International […]
Ron Hornaday Jr. clinched the 2009 Camping World Truck Series championship Friday night when he finished fourth in the Lucas Oil 150 at Phoenix International Raceway.
The championship is Hornaday's fourth in the series.
"Maybe I will have to build another trophy case," Hornaday said after nailing No. 4 to the wall.
He got it by keeping Matt […]
Johnny Sauter won the pole for Friday night's Lucas Oil 150 Camping World Truck Series race when he laid down a lap at 131.019 mph on Friday afternoon.
Second fastest in qualifying at Phoenix International Raceway was Kevin Harvick.
Ron Hornaday Jr., who can clinch the series championship this weekend at PIR as he has a 197-point […]
By Jim Pedley | Managing Editor
Kyle Busch made it five series victories in a row Friday night when he won the WinStar World Casino 350 Camping World Truck Series race at Texas Motor Speedway. He also made the series point-leader rather angry.
Busch got the victory by holding off Matt Crafton on the final green-flag run. […]
Matt Crafton on Thursday captured the pole for Friday night's WinStar World Casino Camping World Truck race at Texas Motor Speedway.
Crafton, who is second in points to Ron Hornaday Jr., turned a lap at 179.354 mph during the session.
"Our truck is very very good," Crafton said. "It is obviously the best thing I have ever […]
With a push from behind from teammate Aric Almirola, Kyle Busch passed leader Todd Bodine just a couple of hundred yards from the finish line to get the victory in the NASCAR Camping World Truck Series race at Talladega Superspeedway Saturday.
The victory in the Mountain Dew 250 was the sixth of the season for Busch, […]
Colin Braun continued Roush Fenway Racing's recent qualifying domination at restrictor-plate tracks by capturing the pole position for Saturday's running of the Mountain Dew 250 fueled by Fred's NASCAR Camping World Truck Series race at Talladega Superspeedway.
Braun turned a fast lap of 179.608 mph during Friday's qualifying session at Talladega, edging out Terry Cook, who […]
Larry Woody | Senior Writer
Nashville – Dover Motorsports' surprise announcement on Friday that it is closing Memphis Motorsports Park was bittersweet news for Cliff Hawks.
Hawks is VP/GM of Nashville Superspeedway – another Dover facility – which will inherit the 2010 NASCAR truck race that had been scheduled at Memphis. While the Nashville track can use […]


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The Long Snapper
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Written by Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist Jeffrey Marx, The Long Snapper chronicles one of the most improbable and inspirational sports stories of our time. Marx, the New York Times bestselling author of Season of Life, tells of Brian Kinchen's remarkable journey from Bible teacher to New England Patriot to Super Bowl champion in this transcendent tale of football and faith.


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The Asia-Pacific region has seen the most rapid development in privacy laws in recent times. Companies that operate in the region and that collect
The Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) generally requires companies planning to manufacture or import a chemical substance into the United States to
Businesses that lose a motion to compel arbitration may be surprised to find that, in some federal courts, they will be required to proceed with litigation in court even while appealing their right to arbitrate the matter
Ending literally years of anticipation and speculation, on Tuesday, October 23, 2007, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) issued its final Affiliate Marketing Rule, 16 C.F.R. Parts 680 and 698 ("the Rule"
The U.S. Department of the Treasury's Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN), in March 2008, offered insurance companies guidance concerning their anti-money-laundering (AML) obligations
Reconditioning batteries for secondary use is not new to the battery industry. It has been a fairly common practice for large-format nickel metal
In an effort to simplify and streamline the process for issuing subpoenas, Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 45 has been amended. A conforming
A recent report by the Government Accountability Office (GAO) has determined that property and casualty insurance coverage for terrorist attacks involving nuclear, biological, chemical or radiological weapons (NBCR) is generally unavailable in the marketplace
Applying Illinois law, the Appellate Court of Illinois has held, based on the policy's definition of "wrongful act" and its intentional acts exclusion, that a professional liability insurer has no duty to defend an action alleging fraud and conspiracy
Late last year, the United States Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration Services released a revised Form I-129 that imposes a significant new attestation requirement on employers petitioning for a visa on behalf of a prospective employee