text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jul 22, 1986
|Filing date
|May 31, 1985
|Priority date
|May 31, 1985
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Gerald Krulik
|Original Assignee
|Morton Thiokol, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (22), Non-Patent Citations (15), Referenced by (24), Classifications (31), Legal Events (8)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to aqueous, alkaline liquid solutions consisting essentially of water, at least about 75 grams/liter of NaMnO4, and NaOH in an amount sufficient so that the removal of substantially all of the manganese residues from the surface of a material contacted with said solution can be accomplished by acid neutralization only. This invention also relates to a process of removing resin smears on interior walls of holes formed in insulating substances and/or etching the interior walls of such holes using the aqueous, alkaline sodium permanganate solutions of this invention.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Hole forming operations in resin containing materials often result in the smearing of resin over the interior wall or barrel of a hole. This resin smear is primarily attributable to the generation or utilization of temperatures exceeding the melting point of a resinous component of the material during the hole forming process.
Where holes are drilled in epoxy impregnated fiber glass laminate materials (such as those employed to make printed circuit boards), friction of the drill bit against the material raises the temperature of the bit. Often, drill bit temperatures are generated which exceed the melting temperature of many resin systems. The drill bit thus picks up melted resin on its course through the material being drilled, and this melted accretion is smeared in the barrel of the hole. In laser drilling to contact interior conductors in organic insulating substrates, a similar resin accretion or smear can develop on the exposed conductor surface.
While the problem of resin smear on the hole walls may be ignored in some applications, it is at times imperative that it be removed. For example, when a multilayer circuit board is made, holes are formed in a resin-containing material which includes a plurality of parallel planar metallic conductors, with the hole perpendicular to, and communicating with, two or more parallel metallic conductors. It is often desired to metallize the hole walls in order to form a conductive path between two or more of the metallic conductors, so the resin smear must be removed from the edges of the hole through the metallic conductors if conductive contact between the metallized hole wall and the metallic conductors is to be achieved. Thus, when circuit board holes are drilled through a copper clad base plastic laminate or through a plastic laminate containing internal conductor planes such as in a multilayer circuit board, resin smear on the metallic surfaces exposed to the walls of the holes must be removed to achieve proper functioning of the plated through-holes.
Plated through-holes as described above are useful as electrical connections between printed circuits having metallic conductors on both sides of the plastic laminate or between two or more of the various planes and surface conductor layers in multilayer boards. The electrical and mechanical integrity required for this function can only be attained by insuring complete removal of resinous materials from the entire inner circumference of the portion of the metallic conductor exposed by the hole.
Numerous methods are known for removing resin smear. One approach is a mechanical one and involves channeling a dry or wet stream of abrasive particles through such holes. A similar method is the use of hydraulic pressure to force a thick slurry of abrasive material through the holes. However, these mechanical methods are generally slow and difficult to control. Furthermore, complete removal or smear in all holes in a given circuit board is difficult to achieve.
Chemical methods have also been used to desmear holes. Generally, the chemicals used attack the smeared resinous coating. The chemicals include, for example, concentrated sulfuric acid (down to about 90 percent concentration). Smeared epoxy resin, which is usually less than about 0.001 inch thick, can be removed with about one minute's treatment with concentrated sulfuric acid. Unfortunately, the high sulfuric acid concentration required is very hazardous and requires extraordinary precautions by operators. Also, undesirably rough holes are produced. In addition, the concentrated sulfuric acid rapidly absorbs water, which limits its useful life span and can cause variations in the immersion times required to desmear the holes.
Another chemical smear removal agent which has been employed is chromic acid. While it is easier to control etch rates with chromic acid because it is a slower etchant that concentrated sulfuric acid, it still requires operator caution and special equipment. Chromic acid also presents toxicity and waste disposal problems.
Permanganate has also been used for smear removal and for etching of various materials. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 1,969,678, issued Aug. 7, 1934 to White et al. discloses etching solutions for metals, e.g. copper, which contain ferric chloride and an oxidizer which converts ferrous ions to ferric ions. This oxidizer may be KMnO4. Of course, these etching solutions would have at best limited utility in preparing circuit boards since the boards often contain a copper layer which would be subject to removal by the ferric chloride.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,293,148, issued Dec. 20, 1966 to Dell et al., discloses a cleaning solution for metals which contains an oxidizer, alkali metal hydroxide, gluconic acid and polyethylene glycol. Among the many oxidizers disclosed are permanganates, although they are not preferred and no example is given employing them.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,425,947, issued Feb. 4, 1969 to Rausch et al., relates to solid concentrates useful in preparing treatment baths for removing organic substances from metal surfaces. The concentrates contain about 50-90% alkali metal hydroxide, 10-50% permanganate and 1 gram equivalent/gram mole of permanganate of a reducing agent. Typical solutions prepared by the solid concentrates contain about 105 g/l of KMnO4 (which is completely soluble only at elevated temperature)and about 250 g/l NaOH.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,457,107, issued July 22, 1969 to Mickelson et al., discloses compositions for chemically polishing stainless steel. These compositions are aqueous solutions containing alkali metal hydroxides, e.g. NaOH, and alkali metal permanganate, e.g. KMnO4. Typical solutions contain about 39 g/l NaOH, 16 g/l KMnO4 and 4.8 g/l Na2 CO3 ; or 78 g/l NaOH, 32 g/l KMnO4 and 9.6 g/l Na2 CO3.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,489,625, issued Jan. 13, 1970 to Dell et al., discloses acid pickling of carbon steel followed by treatment with an alkaline permanganate solution. The alkaline permanganate solution contains about 5-50 g/l KMnO4 and about 10-200 g/l alkali metal hydroxide.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,506,397, issued Apr. 14, 1970 to Vincent et al., relates to the treatment of ABS resin with a composition containing phosphoric acid and potassium permanganate.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,598,630 and 3,647,699, issued respectively on Aug. 10, 1971 and Mar. 7, 1972 to Doty et al., are also related to phosphoric acid/potassium permanganate solutions for treating ABS polymers.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,625,758, issued Dec. 7, 1971 to Stahl et al., deals with the manufacture of printed circuit boards. As one step in the manufacturing process, the board is treated with an oxidization and degradating agent which may be a permanganate solution. However, no details or specific examples regarding the composition of the permanganate solution are provided.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,652,351, issued Mar. 28, 1972 to Guisti, discloses compositions for etching synthetic polymers. These etchant compositions contain 2.5-8.5% potassium and/or sodium manganate, 30-70% sodium and/or potassium hydroxide and 21.5-67.5% water. These compositions are prepared from the corresponding permanganate which is reacted with a large amount of sodium and/or potassium hydroxide at elevated temperature to reduce the permanganate to manganate. For instance, in Example 1 Guisti combines 50 g KOH, 5 g KMnO4 and 20 g water and heats the resulting mixture at 80�-90� C. until the deoxidation reaction is complete. Likewise, in Example 2 the reaction mixture contains 45 g NaOH, 6 g NaMnO4 and 20 g water, and Example 3 employs 25 g NaOH, 25 g KMnO4, 2.5 g NaMnO4 and 20 g water.
Attempts were made to duplicate Guisti's examples and it was found that the permanganate-containing reaction mixtures were not liquid solutions but rather paste-like materials which crystallized even at boiling temperatures. This is perhaps not surprising, however, since the reaction mixtures contain vast quantities of alkali metal hydroxide. More particularly, the reaction mixture for Example 1 contains (on a grams/liter basis) 1000 g/l KOH and 105 g/l KMnO4 ; Example 2 uses 990 g/l NaOH and 132 g/l NaMnO4 ; and Example 3 uses 575 g/l NaOH, 575 g/l KOH, 108 g/l NaMnO4 and 108 g/l KMnO4. Finally, it was found that the manganate compositions produced by duplicating Guisti's examples were not satisfactory etchants.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,833,414, issued Sept. 3, 1974 to Grisik et al., discloses a method for removal of aluminide coatings from metal by treating the metal with a mixed acid solution, followed by treatment with an alkaline permanganate aqueous solution, and finally a second treatment with the mixed acid. The alkaline permanganate aqueous solution contains 8-11% NaOH, 8-11% Na2 CO3 and 4-6% KMnO4.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,042,729; 4,054,693 and 4,073,740, issued respectively on Aug. 16, 1977; Oct. 18, 1977 and Feb. 14, 1978 to Polichette et al., relate to treating resinous surfaces with a solution of manganate (MnO4 2-) and permangante (MnO4 -) where the molar ratio of manganate/permanganate is up to 1.2 and the pH of the solution is 11-13. Polichette et al. teach that higher pH increases the MnO4 2- /Mn4 - ratio, which is undesirable.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,294,651, issued Oct. 13, 1981 to Ohmura, discloses etching of a semiconductor substrate with a composition containing a fluorine compound (7-38%), an oxidizing agent such as KMnO4 (2.5-7%) and alkali such as KOH or NaOH (1-10%).
U.S. Pat. No. 4,425,380, issued Jan. 10, 1984 to Duffy et al., discloses a process for removing resin smear (desmearing) from a interior wall of a hole in a resinous substrate. The process involves contacting the substrate with an alkaline permanganate solution, having a pH between 11 and 13, at elevated temperature. With regard to the permanganate, it is stated that any metal salt of permanganic acid which is stable and soluble to the extent of at least 10 g/l in water can be employed, sodium permanganate and potassium permanganate being preferred. While it is disclosed that amounts from about 10 g/l up to the limit of solubility of permanganate may be employed, it is emphasized that especially good results are obtained with NaMnO4 or KMnO4 in the range of 10-60 g/l. Further, it is taught that the rate of bonding sites formation increases up to about 60 g/l, but no further increases in rate is noted above this level. Thus, Duffy et al. place a practical upper limit of 60 g/l of permanganate on their desmearing solutions.
The desmearing solutions disclosed by Duffy et al. also have a narrow pH range of 11-13. Duffy et al. state repeatedly that a higher pH leads to an assortment of severe problems. For example, they state at col. 3, lines 2-5 that the use of high pH permanganate solution results in localized inactive areas when used to desmear epoxy resin and etch back polymide in circuit boards. These inactive areas lead to the formation of pin holes or plating voids when the board is subsequently electrolessly plated with metal. This problem of pin holes and plating voids after cleaning with high pH permanganate solutions is referred to again at col. 3 lines 37-40.
Duffy et al. point to other problems caused by high pH, i.e. above pH13, permanganate solutions. At col. 4, lines 27-29 they state that large amounts of residual manganese are found when alkaline permanganate treating solutions having a pH above 13 are used. They further state at col. 4, lines 31-38 that when these high pH permanganate solutions deposited on a substrate were not neutralized, subsequent electroless metal deposition was rapid but the electroless metal bath spontaneously decomposed. On the other hand, when the high pH permanganate treating solution was neutralized, residues remained on the substrate resulting in voids in the hole when a metal was subsequently electrolessly deposited thereon. Thus, the clear inference from the teachings of Duffy, et al. is that high pH permanganate solutions would be expected to perform poorly, if at all, in a desmearing process, largely due to their inability to provide a substrate which can be electrolessly plated satisfactorily.
The problem of manganese residues deposited on the substrates when high pH permanganate solutions are employed is specifically addressed by Duffy, et al. in their Examples. There, it is demonstrated that when a high pH KMnO4 solution is used relatively large amounts of manganese residue are left on the substrate. According to Duffy et al. these manganese residues can not be removed simply with an acid neutralization step. An additional step involving immersion in an alkaline solution is required to remove substantially all of the manganese residues.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,430,154, issued Feb. 7, 1984 to Stahl et al., relates to a method for removing an adhesive medium from printed circuit boards without corroding the base material or copper conductor on the board by treatment with an alkaline permanganate or chromic acid solution. The alkaline permanganate solution disclosed contains 50 g/l KMnO4 and 50 g/l NaOH.
British Pat. No. 1,479,558 of Kollmorgen Corporation, published on July 13, 1977, also relates to desmearing and etchback of printed circuit boards and wire conductors by treatment with an alkaline permanganate solution containing potassium permanganate, a strong base (e.g. NaOH) and a fluorinated hydrocarbon wetting agent. The solution contains about 10-75 g/l KMnO4 and enough NaOH to achieve a pH of 13-14. Typically, about 40 g/l of NaOH is employed. The desmearing process is conducted at temperatures from about 35�-50� C., it being disclosed that temperatures above 70� C. result in increased permanganate demand in order to maintain the bath composition without yielding any apparent advantage, i.e. the overall process becomes less efficient in terms of permanganate consumption.
Thus, it can be seen from the foregoing that aqueous permanganate solutions are well known for a variety of uses. However, the art has focused almost exclusively upon solutions containing potassium permanganate. Unfortunately, however, KMnO4 has very limited solubility in water, being soluble in water at 20� C. at a maximum of only about 63.8 g/l. Also, even at its saturation point KMnO4 is a relatively slow etchant.
In an effort to improve the etching efficiency of KMnO4 the art has in recent years turned to highly alkaline KMnO4 solutions. In particular, U.S. Pat. No. 4,425,380 and British Pat. No. 1,479,553 discussed above deal with KMnO4 solutions having a pH of 11-13 and 13-14 respectively. While this high alkalinity did appear to confer some benefits upon the KMnO4 solutions, it leads to other problems such as the deposition of manganese residues which are difficult to remove. For this reason, it was believed that KMnO4 solutions having a pH above about 13 would not produce satisfactory etching results (see the above discussion of U.S. Pat. No. 4,425,380).
Increased etching efficiency has also become desirable because in many situations it is necessary that the etchant composition not only be capable of desmearing small areas of resin, but also be capable of "etching back" the resin. The term "etchback" is used in the art to refer to the removal of resin from, for example, the barrel of a hole in a printed circuit board to expose a portion of the layers of copper or the like. In essence then, the copper layer protrudes slightly into the hole in the board. While for practical purposes etchback is any resin removal which is greater than simple desmearing, in some cases rather specific etchback requirements are necessary. (For instance, the military defines etchback, for their purposes, as the removal of 0.3-3.0 mils of resin.) While there is no definitive line between desmearing and etchback, for the purposes of this application, a solution which causes a weight loss in excess of 25 mg. (or approximately 0.05 mil) after 15 minutes of etching a 3 in�3 in epoxy/glass circuit board are considered to cause etchback. Etchant compositions which are capable of removing this much material in a reasonable time without being uncontrollably agressive has been difficult to find.
It has now been discovered that many of the problems encountered with the prior art KMnO4 solutions can be overcome completely with aqueous alkaline solutions of NaMnO4 and NaOH. The NaMnO4 is vastly more soluble in water than is KMnO4, easily producing aqueous solutions containing 400-500 g/l NaMnO4 at 20� C. Also, while the art teaches away from high pH solutions, it has now been found that highly alkaline solutions of NaMnO4 and NaOH actually solve many of the problems which the prior art teaches with high pH KMnO4 solutions. Desmearing and etch rates found with alkaline NaMnO4 /NaOH solutions are much faster than with KMnO4 solutions, and while manganese deposits still occur with NaMnO4 /NaOH solutions, the deposits are readily removed with a simple acid neutralization, as opposed to the far more complicated treatment required with KMnO4 solutions. Furthermore, these NaMnO4 /NaOH solutions provide excellent, readily controlled etchback.
The present invention provides an aqueous, alkaline liquid solution consisting essentially of water, at least about 75 grams/liter (g/l) of NaMnO4 and NaOH in an amount sufficient so that the removal of substantially all of the manganese residues from the surface of a material contacted with said solution can be accomplished by acid neutralization only. The solution is useful for preparing a resinous substrate for subsequent metallization.
The present invention also provides a process for preparing a resinous substrate for subsequent metallization which comprises contacting said substrate with an aqueous, alkaline liquid solution consisting essentially of water, at least about 75 g/l of NaMnO4 and NaOH in an amount sufficient so that the removal of substantially all of the manganese residues from the surface of a material contacted with said solution can be accomplished by acid neutralization only.
This invention also provides an improved process for desmearing resin from the inside walls of holes formed in resinous substrates wherein the improvement comprises contacting the substrate with an aqueous, alkaline liquid solution consisting essentially of water, at least about 75 g/l of NaMnO4 and NaOH in an amount sufficient so that the removal of substantially all of the manganese residues from the surface of a material contacted with said solution can be accomplished by acid neutralization only.
Also provided by this invention is an improved hole cleaning process for multilayer circuit boards wherein the improvement comprises contacting the multilayer circuit board with an aqueous, alkaline liquid solution consisting essentially of water, at least about 75 g/l of NaMnO4 and NaOH in an amount sufficient so that the removal of substantially all of the manganese residues from the surface of a material contacted with said solution can be accomplished by acid neutralization only.
Further provided by the present invention is a process for etching back the surface of a circuit board, especially the walls of holes therein, which comprises contacting the circuit board with an aqueous, alkaline liquid solution consisting essentially of water, at least about 75 g/l of NaMnO4 and NaOH in an amount sufficient so that the removal of substantially all of the manganese residues from the surface of a material contacted with said solution can be accomplished by acid neutralization only.
The sole FIGURE is a graphical presentation of the weight change data from some of the examples which follow.
The aqueous alkaline solutions of the present invention contain NaMnO4 and NaOH. Both components are used at relatively high levels, e.g. from about 75 g/l to about 400 g/l of NaMnO4 and at least about 40 g/l of NaOH.
When the term "grams/liter" is used with respect to the solutions of this invention, it refers to the amount of the particular component which is in solution at room temperature, i.e. about 25� C.
It should be emphasized that while the prior art treats NaMnO4 and KMnO4 as being equivalent and providing similar or equal desmearing or etching performance, the two are not, in fact, equivalent. KMnO4 has a very limited solubility in water, i.e. a maximum of about 63.8 g/l at 20� C. However, NaMnO has a much greater solubility in water, aqueous solutions of 400-500 g/l of NaMnO4 being readily made. It has now been discovered that these more highly concentrated NaMnO4 solutions provide etch rates which are significantly higher than those which can be achieved with KMnO4.
Likewise, it has been found that etch rate is dependent upon the caustic concentration in the solution. Low caustic levels, e.g. up to about 4 g/l NaOH, yield low etch rates even at high permanganate concentrations. Furthermore, at low caustic concentrations MnO2 builds up on the surface of the material which is being etched, this MnO2 being extremely difficult (if not impossible) to remove completely. As the concentration of caustic is raised, etch rate increases, but the deposit on MnO2 on the etched surface is still difficult to remove. This problem is discussed at length in U.S. Pat. No. 4,425,380 to Duffy et al. which relates to desmearing processes using KMnO4 and caustic concentrations up to about 40 g/l. At their caustic concentrations Duffy et al. require a two step process to adequately remove the manganese residue on the surface of, e.g., a circuit board. The residue must first be neutralized with an acid solution to reduce the manganese residues to a low oxidation state. However, this neutralization step alone is insufficient to remove all of the deposited manganese left by the Duffy et al. KMnO4 solution. This neutralization step must be followed by treatment with an alkaline hydroxide solution at about 40�-95� C. in order to remove essentially all of the manganese residues.
It has now been quite unexpectedly discovered that an aqueous alkaline liquid solution containing at least about 75 g/l of NaMnO4 and at least about 40 g/l of NaOH produces a manganese residue which is quite easily removed by a simple acid neutralizing process such as contacting the surface on which the manganese residue is deposited with dilute sulfuric acid. No subsequent treatment, such as that required by Duffy et al., is necessary. This is especially surprising in view of the fact that, until this invention was made, it was believed by those skilled in the art that higher caustic concentrations would not solve the problem of manganese residue removal.
The amounts of NaMnO4 and NaOH is the solutions of this invention may vary substantially, it being required only that the solution contain certain minimum amounts of each compound. For NaMnO4 this minimum amount is about 75 g/l, i.e. 75 grams of NaMnO4 per liter of the final aqueous alkaline liquid solution. Amounts of NaMnO4 less than about 75 g/l do not provide solutions which have the desired high etch rates of the solutions of the present invention. The maximum amount of NaMnO4 is determined only by its solubility limit in the solution, i.e. solutions containing NaMnO4 up to its saturation point are useful in this invention. However, solutions according to this invention which contain above about 400 g/l of NaMnO4 are very aggressive etchants and may produce rough surfaces on some etched materials. Thus, for practical reasons, the maximum amount of NaMnO4 in the solutions of this invention is about 400 g/l. Preferably, the amount of NaMnO4 will be from about 100-200 g/l. Solutions containing this preferred amount of NaMnO4 provide excellent etch rates and are economically practical. When the material to be etched is an epoxy resin, as is normally found in printed circuit boards, an amount of NaMnO4 of about 160 g/l is especially preferred.
The amount of NaOH in the solutions of this invention may also vary widely In general, it is necessary only that the solution contain sufficient NaOH that the removal of substantially all of the manganese residues from the surface of the material contacted with the solution can be accomplished readily, e.g. by acid neutralization only. Normally, this amount will be at least about 40 g/l of NaOH. As with NaMnO4, the maximum amount of NaOH is determined only by its solubility limit in the solution, which will, of course, depend upon the amount of NaMnO4 dissolved in the solution. While solutions which are saturated with NaOH are useful in this invention, as with NaMnO4 practical considerations dictate a maximum of about 400 g/l of NaOH in the solution. Preferred amounts of NaOH range from about 40-160 g/l. When the material to be etched is an epoxy resin, about 60 g/l of NaOH is especially preferred.
From the foregoing, it can be seen that the preferred solutions of this invention contain about 100-200 g/l of NaMnO4 and 40-160 g/l of NaOH, and, when epoxy resin is etched, about 160 g/l of NaMnO4 and about 60 g/l of NaOH.
The solutions of this invention may be prepared quite easily. Basically, the NaMnO4 and NaOH are simply dissolved in water in amounts sufficient to achieve the desired concentration of each component. The NaMnO4 and NaOH may be either solid or in the form of highly concentrated aqueous solutions, the latter being somewhat preferred to avoid overheating of the solution as it is made.
The solutions of the present invention are especially useful in processes which prepare resinous substrates for metallization, for desmearing resin from the inside walls of holes formed in resinous substrates, for hole cleaning processes for multilayer circuit boards and for etch back processes for circuit boards. The present invention includes such processes which employ the aqueous alkaline solutions of this invention.
The processes of this invention may be practiced in the manner well known in the (such as that disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,425,380 and British Pat. No. 1,479,558 which are hereby incorporated by reference herein) art using the etchant solutions of this invention to desmear, etchback or both. Thus, the processes of this invention may be carried out in the following typical manner which is described with respect to the processing of a printed circuit board (PCB):
1. The PCB is precleaned before etching with the NaMnO4 /NaOH solution. This is to remove excess oils or dirt, to uniformly wet the resin and/or metal surfaces, and to optionally soften the resin slightly with an organic solvent for ease of permanganate attack.
2. The cleaned PCB is rinsed to remove the cleaning solution of step 1.
3. The PCB is then placed in a NaMnO4 /NaOH solution in accordance with this invention for a time and at a temperature sufficient to effect the desired resin removal. The actual conditions employed will vary with the type of etching desired (e.g. desmearing may require only 1-5 minutes; etchback may require 5-60 minutes or more at a typical bath temperature of about 170� F.) and type resin.
4. The PCB is thoroughly rinsed.
5. The PCB is then contacted with an acid neutralization solution (e.g. dilute sulfuric acid and a mild reducing agent) to remove essentially all of the permanganate and manganese (principally manganese dioxide) residues from the PCB.
6. The PCB is rinsed again thoroughly.
In the following examples, various permanganate-containing solutions are tested to determine their usefulness as desmearing or etch back baths. For each test, the following procedure was followed:
1. A circuit board having copper clad on both sides of an epoxy resin/fiber glass substrate is cut to a 3"�3" size.
2. The copper is etched completely from both sides of the board using a standard copper etching bath, e.g. a H2 O2 /H2 SO4 solution.
3. The resulting board is baked at 100� C. until completely dry and then weighed.
4. The board is then placed in the solution indicated in the following examples, at the temperature and for the length of time also indicated in the examples.
5. The board is removed from the solution and placed in an acid neutralization solution, e.g. an aqueous acid solution containing 5% H2 SO4 and 50 g/l reducing agent.
6. The board is removed from the neutralizer, baked at 100� C. until completely dry and weighed again.
7. Total weight loss (or gain) is determined by comparing the weight of the board at step 3 and step 6. The change in weight is indicated in the following examples as "Δwt" and indicates the amount of material etched from the board (or weight added to the board) by the permanganate solution.
Several tests were conducted to determine the ability of KMnO4 solutions to desmear and/or etch back circuit boards. The results are indicated in Table A (Comparison).
TABLE A__________________________________________________________________________(Comparison)Comp.Ex. KMnO4 (g/l) NaOH (g/l) Time (Min.) Temp (�F.) Δ Wt__________________________________________________________________________ A* 48 1.6 5 145-152 +0.0058 B* " " 15 " +0.0070 C* " " 30 " +0.0053D 20 1 5/15 160 -0.02/+0.01**E 50 1 " 185 +0.01/+0.06F 20 101 " 185 -0.01/+0.01G 50 101 " 160 -0.01/-0.02H 20 1 " 185 +0.03/+0.03I 50 1 " 160 0/0J 20 101 " 160 +0.01/+0.03K 50 101 " 185 +0.01/-0.02L 42 83 15 170 -0.0468M 49 115 " " -0.0573N 56 147 " " -0.0489__________________________________________________________________________ *Commercial product sold by M & T Chemicals, Inc. **The first Δ wt is after 5 mins.; the second Δ wt is after 1 mins.
Several more tests were conducted to determine the efficiency of solutions containing relatively low concentrations of NaMn4. The results are tabulated in Table B (Conmparison).
TABLE B__________________________________________________________________________(Comparison)Comp. Ex. NaMnO4 (g/l) NaOH (g/l) Time (Min.) Temp (�F.) Δ Wt.__________________________________________________________________________O 20 1 5/15 160 +0.02/+0.03P 50 1 " 185 +0.05/+0.16Q 20 101 " 185 +0.03/+0.02R 50 101 " 160 +0.02/+0.01S 20 1 " 185 +0.02/+0.03T 50 1 " 160 +0.03/+0.03U 20 101 " 160 0/-0.01V 50 101 " 185 0/-0.01W 45 78 15 170 -0.0415X 55 106 " " -0.0561Y 65 134 " " -0.0477__________________________________________________________________________
The data in Tables A and B demonstrate that KMnO4 solutions have only limited effectiveness as desmearing solutions and are generally not useful as etch back solutions due to the very low amount (if any) of resin removed. Even at very high concentrations of KMnO4 and NaOH, a weight loss of only 0.0573 grams was achieved (Comp. Ex. M). At lower concentrations the weight loss was negligible at best. Also, in many cases, the board actually showed a weight gain. This was due to mangnese residues which were deposited on the surface of the board and could not be removed using the acid neutralization alone.
Aqueous, alkaline liquid solutions according to this invention were tested by the same method used in the Comparative Examples. The results are summarized to Table 1.
TABLE 1______________________________________Ex. Time TempNo. NaMnO4 (g/l) NaOH (g/l) (Min.) (�F.) Δ Wt.______________________________________ 1 148 129 15 170 -0.0875 2 158 133 " " -0.1066 3 168 137 " " -0.0900 4 178 141 " " -0.1291 5 188 145 " " -0.1253 6 198 149 " " -0.0912 7 407 338 " " -0.1306 8 192 127 " " -0.1415 9 163 135 " " -0.154810 86 81 11 170 -0.039511 98 86 12 " -0.064112 110 92 13 " -0.078213 121 98 14 " -0.087014 133 104 15 " -0.123815 113 100 15 170 -0.071716 163 100 " " -0.165517 113 150 " " -0.126518 163 150 " " -0.1583______________________________________
The data in Table 1 clearly demonstrates the unexpected superiority of the aqueous alkaline NaMnO4 solutions of the present invention. First, it is evident that solutions of NaMnO4 can be prepared containing at least about 400 g/l NaMnO4 and about 350 g/l NaOH. It is also clear that the solutions of this invention are vastly more active etchants than are those of the Comparative Examples. Even the least concentrated solution of this invention (Ex. No. 10) removed nearly as much material from the board in only 11 minutes as did the most concentrated comparative solution (Comp. Ex. M) in 15 minutes. Furthermore, all of the solutions tested in Table 1 were well above the desmear/etch back threshold. It is also highly significant that all of the boards etched with the solutions of this invention had essentially all of the magnanese residue on them removed by the acid neutralization only.
Some of the data from Comparative Tables A and B and Table 1 is summarized graphically in the FIGURE. There, the Δwt for those examples wherein the circuit board was subjected to a 15 minute etch is shown. Quite evidently, the solutions of this invention are vastly superior to the Comparative solutions. All of the solutions of this invention provided a weight loss far in excess of any of the comparative solutions. In addition, all of the solutions of this invention exceeded the etchback threshold of 25 mg (represented by the horizontal broken line in the FIGURE) by a substantial margin, whereas only a few of the comparative solutions were able to exceed it. Finally, more than one-half of the comparative solutions caused a weight gain for the circuit board, indicating that the manganese residues deposited on those boards was not removed by the simple acid neutralization. Clearly, none of the solutions of this invention caused a weight gain.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Sep 25, 1931
|Aug 7, 1934
|Dow Chemical Co
|Ferric chloride etching solutions
|Jan 7, 1957
|Oct 13, 1959
|Rca Corp
|Method of etching copper
|Feb 27, 1964
|Dec 20, 1966
|Hooker Chemical Corp
|Method of cleaning steel surfaces
|May 2, 1966
|Feb 4, 1969
|Hooker Chemical Corp
|Method of treating metal surfaces
|Jul 20, 1965
|Jul 22, 1969
|Diversey Corp
|Method and composition for chemically polishing metals
|Jun 14, 1968
|Jan 13, 1970
|Hooker Chemical Corp
|Process for metal surface conditioning
|Dec 22, 1967
|Apr 14, 1970
|Gen Motors Corp
|Phosphoric acid recovery from spent plastic conditioner solution
|Dec 22, 1967
|Aug 10, 1971
|Gen Motors Corp
|Method of conditioning the surface of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene
|Feb 21, 1967
|Dec 7, 1971
|Photocircuits Corp
|Base material and method for the manufacture of printed circuits
|Jul 6, 1970
|Mar 7, 1972
|Gen Motors Corp
|Surface conditioner composition for abs resin
|May 13, 1970
|Mar 28, 1972
|Carus Corp
|Processes for etching synthetic polymer resins with alkaline alkali metal manganate solutions
|Dec 21, 1970
|Sep 5, 1972
|Crown City Plating Co
|Process for electroless plating of abs resins
|Sep 5, 1972
|Sep 3, 1974
|Gen Electric
|Aluminide coating removal method
|Jun 18, 1975
|Aug 16, 1977
|Kollmorgen Technologies Corporation
|Process for the activation of resinous bodies for adherent metallization
|Jul 9, 1975
|Oct 18, 1977
|Kollmorgen Technologies Corporation
|Processes for the preparation of resinous bodies for adherent metallization comprising treatment with manganate/permanganate composition
|Feb 28, 1977
|Feb 14, 1978
|Kollmorgen Technologies Corporation
|Composition for the activation of resinous bodies for adherent metallization
|May 16, 1980
|Oct 13, 1981
|Fujitsu Limited
|Method of surface-treating semiconductor substrate
|Nov 19, 1982
|Jan 10, 1984
|Kollmorgen Technologies Corporation
|Hole cleaning process for printed circuit boards using permanganate and caustic treating solutions
|Mar 15, 1982
|Feb 7, 1984
|Kollmorgen Technologies Corporation
|Method of producing printed circuit boards
|Nov 11, 1983
|May 30, 1984
|Kollmorgen Corporation
|Process for cleaning holes in printed circuit boards with permanganate and basic solutions
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Cotton, F. A. et al., Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, 1962, pp. 694, 699 and 700.
|Deckert et al., Improved Post Desmear Process for Multilayer Boards, Printed Circuit World Convention III, WC 111 37, May 22 25, 1984, technical paper, pp. 1 12.
|Deckert et al., Improved Post-Desmear Process for Multilayer Boards, Printed Circuit World Convention III, WC 111-37, May 22-25, 1984, technical paper, pp. 1-12.
|Dekert, C. A.; Couble, E. C.; Bonetti, W. F., "Improved Method for the Elimination of Layer Smearing in Multilayer Circuits," Galvanotechnik, vol. 75 (1984), No. 5, pp. 662-672.
|Dekert, C. A.; Couble, E. C.; Bonetti, W. F., Improved Method for the Elimination of Layer Smearing in Multilayer Circuits, Galvanotechnik , vol. 75 (1984), No. 5, pp. 662 672.
|Enthone Incorporated Data Sheet for ENPLATE MLB 497, Feb. 1984.
|Enthone Incorporated Data Sheet for ENPLATE MLB-497, Feb. 1984.
|Latimer, W. M., The Oxidation States of the Elements and Their Potentials in Aqueous Solution, Second Edition, pp. 54 62, 78 80 and 238 241.
|Latimer, W. M., The Oxidation States of the Elements and Their Potentials in Aqueous Solution, Second Edition, pp. 54-62, 78-80 and 238-241.
|Nuzzi, F. J., "An Improved Permanganate Smear Removal Process," PC FAB, Mar. 1984.
|Nuzzi, F. J., An Improved Permanganate Smear Removal Process, PC FAB, Mar. 1984.
|Pourbaix, M., Atlas of Electrochemical Equilibria in Solutions, pp. 289 292, 551 553, 595 602 and 609 613.
|Pourbaix, M., Atlas of Electrochemical Equilibria in Solutions, pp. 289-292, 551-553, 595-602 and 609-613.
|Stewart, R., Oxidation By Permanganate , 1965.
|Stewart, R., Oxidation By Permanganate, 1965.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Dec 1, 1986
|Nov 1, 1988
|Harris Corp.
|Method of enhancing silicon etching capability of alkali hydroxide through the addition of positive valence impurity ions
|Aug 14, 1989
|Apr 17, 1990
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Method of rendering polymeric materials hydrophilic for etching
|Sep 12, 1985
|Jun 19, 1990
|Sanders Associates
|Composite material and method of making same
|Jun 1, 1987
|Jul 10, 1990
|Digital Equipment Corporation
|Method of etching in the presence of positive photoresist
|Mar 20, 1990
|Dec 18, 1990
|Macdermid, Incorporated
|Method for improving insulation resistance of printed circuits
|Aug 14, 1989
|Dec 18, 1990
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Process for preparing selectively metallized articles
|Aug 14, 1989
|Jan 15, 1991
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Polymer blend for molded circuit boards and other selectively conductive molded devices
|Jun 18, 1986
|Feb 12, 1991
|Sanders Associates, Inc.
|Composite material and method of making same
|Sep 22, 1987
|May 28, 1991
|Guerra Richard J
|Composite material and method of making same
|Nov 3, 1989
|Jul 16, 1991
|Macdermid, Incorporated
|Process for preparation printed circuit through-holes for metallization
|Feb 11, 1992
|Jun 22, 1993
|Macdermid, Incorporated
|Method for improving the surface insulation resistance of printed circuits
|Nov 12, 1993
|Nov 22, 1994
|Halliburton Company
|Method of cutting high strength materials with water soluble abrasives
|Jun 2, 1994
|Aug 13, 1996
|Haruta; Youichi
|Method for making multilayer printed circuit board having blind holes and resin-coated copper foil used for the method
|Sep 12, 1996
|Dec 23, 1997
|Korea Institute Of Science And Technology
|Fabrication method for diamond-coated cemented carbide cutting tool
|Sep 21, 1998
|Nov 16, 1999
|Electrochemicals Inc.
|Permanganate desmear process for printed wiring boards
|Apr 17, 2000
|Sep 24, 2002
|Electrochemicals Inc.
|Permanganate desmear process for printed wiring boards
|Jul 12, 2000
|Mar 16, 2004
|Enthone Inc.
|Process for plating plastics using a catalytic filler
|Jun 23, 2008
|Mar 4, 2014
|Sumitomo Metal Mining Co., Ltd.
|Method for manufacturing a printed circuit board and a printed circuit board obtained by the manufacturing method
|Jun 3, 2014
|Apr 5, 2016
|Rohm And Haas Electronic Materials Llc
|Texturing of monocrystalline semiconductor substrates to reduce incident light reflectance
|Oct 26, 2007
|May 29, 2008
|Rainer Bischoff
|Enzymes with modified amino acids
|Jun 23, 2008
|May 27, 2010
|Sumitomo Metal Mining Co., Ltd.
|Method for manufacturing a printed circuit board and a printed circuit board obtained by the manufacturing method
|Sep 24, 2010
|Jul 5, 2012
|C. Uyemura & Co., Ltd.
|Neutralizing/reducing agent, and desmear method
|Dec 9, 1988
|Nov 2, 1989
|Macdermid, Incorporated
|Process and composition for preparing printed circuit through-holes for metallization
|Jul 12, 2000
|Jan 25, 2001
|Enthone Inc.
|Process for plating plastics using a catalytic filler
|U.S. Classification
|216/83, 216/52, 134/27, 134/29, 510/435, 216/13, 510/175, 134/22.17, 510/505, 427/307, 252/79.5
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Aug 5, 1985
Owner name: MORTON THIOKOL, INC., 110 N. WACKER DRIVE, CHICAGO
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:KRULIK, GERALD;REEL/FRAME:004438/0258
Effective date: 19850529
|Dec 29, 1987
|Request for reexamination filed
Effective date: 19871120
|Dec 28, 1989
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Aug 15, 1990
Owner name: MORTON INTERNATIONAL, INC., A CORP. OF IN
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:MORTON-THIOKOL, INC., A CORP. OF DE;REEL/FRAME:005403/0861
Effective date: 19900511
|Aug 22, 1990
Owner name: MACDERMID, INC, A CT. CORP., CONNECTICUT
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:MORTON INTERNATIONAL, INC.;REEL/FRAME:005430/0823
Effective date: 19900716
|Dec 30, 1993
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Jan 21, 1998
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12
|Mar 6, 1998
Owner name: MACDERMID ACUMEN, INC., DELAWARE
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:MACDERMID, INCORPORATED;REEL/FRAME:009245/0526
Effective date: 19980203


text:
4 vehicles matched;
Now showing page 1 of 1. 10 results per page.
Listed by Gateway Classic Cars
For sale in Dallas showroom is a unique Hotrod. A 1941 Graham Hollywood, never heard of it! Well a bit
Listed by Dream Cruise Classics
1941 Graham Hollywood Supercharged, 4 Door Sedan, Model 113. With same owner since 1958. Documentation back to 1958. Very original.
Listed by Private Seller
1941 GRAHAM HOLLYWOOD SUPERCHARGED, 1 of 400 with this designation. Custom frame, floor and firewall, rebuilt Ford 9 inch rear
Listed by Classic Lady Motors
This is a unique collector car and one that is very rare. In 1940, the Graham company contracted with Hupmobile

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Fire levels Co-op in Bjorkdale
The Co-op store in the small community of Bjorkdale in east-central Saskatchewan has burned to the ground. The fire broke out last night around 6:45.
CTV Saskatoon
Published Wednesday, December 12, 2012 1:49PM CST
Last Updated Wednesday, December 12, 2012 1:50PM CST
The Co-op store in the small community of Bjorkdale in east-central Saskatchewan has burned to the ground. The fire broke out last night around 6:45.
The Bjorkdale Fire Department was first on the scene, followed by fire crews from Tisdale and Porcupine Plain.
However, they couldn't save the co-op itself, although they did stop the blaze from spreading to the nearby gas bar.
So far there is no clear estimate of damage, or a cause.
"The investigation is early," said Dave Needham, with the provincial Fire Commissioner's Office.
"They were having electrical problems prior to the fire, so of course that's something we'll look very closely at," he told CTV's Ben Miljure.
The Co-op was one of only a few businesses in Bjorkdale, which has a population of just over 200.
The store's loss is expected to have a significant impact on the community, at least in the short term.
More Stories
- Oil spill in North Sask. River nears Prince Albert; residents told to stock up 1
- Booms not containing oil spill in North Saskatchewan River 2
- A look back at oil spills and leaks in Prairie provinces
- Construction worker killed identified as upcoming actor, model 1
- Tornado warning lifted in southwestern Sask.
- Driver charged with failing to yield; 86-year-old dies
- Saskatchewan deficit jumps; government points to potash, oil price drops 1


text:
Critical Error in Star Office ClosedSep 25, 2007
An unknown software researcher discovered a highly critical vulnerability in the Star Office package. Manufacturer Sun has released patches to resolve the issue.more »
IBM Lotus Symphony Aims to Corner a Share of Microsoft's MarketSep 19, 2007
About one week after IBM joined the Open Office project, Big Blue is releasing its own free office package. The office software, dubbed Lotus Symphony is based on Open Office.more »
Open Office Version 2.3Sep 17, 2007
Version 2.3 of the popular Open Office suite was released today. Downloads are already available on many mirror servers.more »
IBM Joins Open Office CommunitySep 10, 2007
Open Office development will benefit from IBM's own development activities.more »
Linux Entertainment in Airbus A380Aug 28, 2007
When the Singapore Airlines Airbus A380 takes off for its maiden flight October 25, it will have a complete Linux client/server system on board.more »
Free Project Management Tool OpenProj Off to a Flying StartAug 24, 2007
Projity, the company behind the free OpenProj software reports more than 25,000 downloads of the project software within the first week after the release.more »
StarOffice Free with Google PackAug 20, 2007
The Google software package now contains a free version of Sun's StarOffice, the commercial variant of the free OpenOffice.org office software.more »
Lotus Notes 8 Available for Linux ServersAug 14, 2007
IBM has now released the new version of the Lotus Notes Groupware and Collaboration Suite for Linux servers. Besides numerous enhancements and a new, Java-based architecture, the Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5 now provides a Linux distribution-based platform for the server.more »
Issue 26: Linux Shell Handbook 7th Ed./Special Editions
Buy this issue as a PDF
Mirantis to Refactor OpenStack Fuel for Kubernetes
The company is collaborating with Google and Intel to use Kubernetes as an engine for Fuel
Canonical Joins Document Foundation Advisory Board
The upcoming release of LibreOffice will be available as a snap package
SUSE Joins the Microsoft Test Drive Program
Customers can take a free test drive of SLES for HPC on the Azure Cloud
SiFive Launches a Line of Open Source Chips
San Francisco-based chip company announces their first fully open source chip platform.
Fedora 24 Released
The whole distro gets rebuilt on glibc 2.3
Canonical Announces Cross-Distro Support for Snaps
Ubuntu Vendor tries to solve app packaging and distribution problem across distributions.
ownCloud Forked
Founder of ownCloud launches the Nextcloud project.
HP Enterprise Unveils a Futuristic Computer
Will The Machine change the way future programmers think about memory?
CoreOS Announces Distributed Storage System
The new Torus distributed storage system is available under an open source license on GitHub
Google Beats Oracle in the Android Lawsuit
Juries decides Google's use of Java APIs Was Fair Use


text:
Mark Ronson and Joséphine de La Baume have been married since 3rd Sep 2011. [view couple]
Mark Daniel Ronson (born 4 September 1975) is an English musician, DJ, singer, and record producer....
Connect any celebrity with Mark Ronson to see how closely they are linked... romantically!
haha good one,can`t believe i fell 4 that,i mean why wud anyone that hot date someone like...mayim...?i am so naive...:DD
he is not dating blossom, he is dating a girl who looks vaguely like blossom named Josephine de La Baume
he`s no way 5`6 , he looks like he is around 6`2 -6`3
He split up with Daisy Lowe on 13th Sept
Hi Gorgeous this is the future mrs ronson


text:
Epilepsy Health Center
Seizures - Check Your Symptoms
Call 911 if:
- A person has a seizure for the first time.
- A person having a seizure stops breathing for longer than 30 seconds.
- A seizure lasts longer than 3 minutes.
- More than one seizure occurs within 24 hours.
- A seizure occurs with any signs of a stroke. These may include sudden weakness, numbness, inability to move, changes in vision, slurred speech, or confusion.
- A seizure occurs with signs of serious illness, such as fever, severe headache, stiff neck, trouble breathing, or an unexplained rash.
- A seizure follows a head injury.
- A person has a seizure after using illegal drugs or drinking a lot of alcohol.
- A pregnant woman has a seizure.
- A person with diabetes has a seizure.
Call a doctor if you have been diagnosed with epilepsy, and you notice a change in your seizures (for instance, they happen more often or are worse than they used to be).
In this article
WebMD Medical Reference from Healthwise
Last Updated: November 14, 2014
This information is not intended to replace the advice of a doctor. Healthwise disclaims any liability for the decisions you make based on this information.
© 1995-2015 Healthwise, Incorporated. Healthwise, Healthwise for every health decision, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Healthwise, Incorporated.
Seizures Topics
Today on WebMD
Causes, symptoms, and treatments.
How is each one different?
CBD, a plant chemical, may cut down seizures.
Which medication is right for you?


text:
Electrical problem
2000 Mercedes Benz 430e V8 Two Wheel Drive Automatic 98000. Miles
I turn the key and the lights come on, but nothing happens. No click, no hum, nothing but silence. I think a bad starter or low battery, or a relay switch. The lights work. Please help.
Monday, May 4th, 2009 AT 4:48 PM


text:
I see the ghosts of veterans who fought for freedom, have made sure a freedom hating stock manipulating company scam of a company like ebay goes red near on of Wall St's amazingly manipulated peaks. There is a correction of vast proportions coming. Those on the other side are tired of criminals on this side. Should be exciting to witness.
You'll be GREEN with envy before the day is over ~ LOL
I KNEW the tiniest member here would chatter this but you beat me to it John Osborne z50com! What's on the food stamp menu today? The envelope they came in? Flyktning's bean sweat? Tasty!


text:
...Many of my successful students are non-native speakers of English or came to me with special challenges, such as severe test anxiety, dyslexia or other learning differences. I individualize my approach according to the needs, schedule and budget of each student. In addition, I offer tutoring in ESL conversation and especially enjoy working with young children.
San Francisco, CAView Tutor
...It is the stepping stone to the world of Math. It is the basis of Algebra 1, Algebra 2, Pre-Claculus and Calculus. I focus on making the basics strong through customized work-sheets.
Union City, CAView Tutor
...If you are currently taking your first course in calculus, then you have already discovered that the concepts studied here are very new and different. They are also very confusing. I can help you with some of the new concepts that are introduced in Calculus.
San Francisco, CAView Tutor
...Seeing a "shy" student find her or his voice is truly a worthwhile. As the daughter of an artist with a large amount of coursework in art history in both my bachelor's and master's degrees, as well as a member of the artistic and museum communities, I have a plethora of perspectives to provide t...
Mill Valley, CAView Tutor
...In my career I've not only studied physics, mathematics and statistics, but applied them as well as time management and study skills. I can help a student succeed in all these areas. My career has included a PhD in Nuclear Physics, postdoctoral work in nuclear astrophysics and over twenty years...
Castro Valley, CAView Tutor


text:
El propietario
(11 opiniones)
Anunciado desde 15 ene. 2011
Idiomas hablados Holandés, Inglés
Holiday penthouse in Los Arqueros
2 bedroom holiday penthouse on the golf courses of Los Arqueros between San Pedro and Benahavis.
Amidst the golf courses of Los Arqueros Golf & Country Club is the apartment La Torre (the tower).
Here is this beautiful penthouse with marble floors and a beautiful roof terrace. It has two tastefully decorated bedrooms and two bathrooms. The first bedroom has doors to the lower terrace, large wardrobe and an ensuite bathroom with bath / shower, double sink and toilet. The second bathroom has a shower, sink and toilet. The entire apartment has air conditioning. Wifi internet available. The living room is tastefully decorated and has doors to the lower terrace overlooking the mountains, golf course and swimming pool. On this terrace there is a dining table with four chairs and a large fold-out awning. The stone staircase leads to the roof terrace.
This 87 m2 large terrace is complete with a luxurious teak Boretti outdoor kitchen with mini refrigerator and sink with cold running water and drain, a wine rack and drawers for crockery and cutlery. There is also a comfortable lounge set, four chairs, a large umbrella and a round teak table with four chairs.
There are two storage boxes for the cushions and covers. The large pots with plants and trees give the roof a cozy atmosphere. The trees are watered using an automatic irrigation system. On the roof terrace is a pergola with sun protection. The rooftop terrace has a panoramic view over the golf course and mountains. Especially at night the view is fantastic.
In the living room there are two comfortable sofas and a dining table with four chairs. There is satellite TV (HD/3D LED T.V. with canal-digital family package channels) a Blu-Ray/DVD player and a CD player. The kitchen is equipped with all necessary equipment, such as a dishwasher, fridge / freezer, ceramic hob with hood, a microwave and an oven. There are also various coffee brewing equipment (eg Senseo) present and a toaster. There is a utility room with a washing machine, dryer, ironing and cleaning supplies.
Below the apartment is an underground parking garage with a dedicated private parking space. The penthouse is on the second floor and can be reached with an elevator. Pets are not allowed and smoking indoors is prohibited.
|Aeropuerto (Málaga):
|66 kilómetros
|6 kilómetros
|1 kilómetro
|1 kilómetro
|Estancia mín.
|01 jul. 2016
|31 ago. 2016
|€ 110£ 92$ 121
|1 Semana
|01 sep. 2016
|31 oct. 2016
|€ 100£ 84$ 110
|1 Semana
|01 nov. 2016
|31 dic. 2016
|€ 85£ 71$ 93
|1 Semana
|01 ene. 2017
|31 mar. 2017
|€ 85£ 71$ 93
|1 Semana
|01 abr. 2017
|30 jun. 2017
|€ 100£ 84$ 110
|1 Semana
|01 jul. 2017
|31 ago. 2017
|€ 110£ 92$ 121
|1 Semana
|01 sep. 2017
|31 oct. 2017
|€ 100£ 84$ 110
|1 Semana
|01 nov. 2017
|31 dic. 2017
|€ 85£ 71$ 93
|1 Semana
|01 ene. 2018
|31 mar. 2018
|€ 85£ 71$ 93
|1 Semana
|Tasa de reserva:
|30 %
|Pagar el resto 6 semanas antes de la llegada
|Depósito de garantía reembolsable:
|€ 200,00£ 167,34$ 219,64
|Limpieza final:
|€ 85,00£ 71,12$ 93,35
|No permitido
|Sábanas y toallas:
|Incluído en el precio
|Incluído en el precio
|Incluído en el precio
|Incluído en el precio
|Incluído en el precio
|Incluído en el precio
|Formas de pago admitidas:
|Paypal, Transferencia bancaria
|For rental periods of 3 weeks or longer get a discount of 10% on the night rate.


text:
STARmeterSEE RANK
Down 1,512,981 this week
Gyula Buss (1927–2008)
Gyula Buss was born on February 14, 1927 in Békásmegyer, Hungary. He was an actor, known for Tériszony (1974), Sparrows Are Birds Too (1968) and La belle et le tzigane (1959). He died on October 20, 2008 in Hungary. See full bio »
Died:(age 81) in Hungary


text:
Enter your mobile number below and we'll send you a link to download the free Kindle App. Then you can start reading Kindle books on your smartphone, tablet, or computer - no Kindle device required.
Getting the download link through email is temporarily not available. Please check back later.
To get the free app, enter your mobile phone number.
Learn more
Nova Paperback – June 11, 2002
|New from
|Used from
Audible, Unabridged
"Please retry"
|Free with your Audible trial
Mass Market Paperback
"Please retry"
MP3 CD, Audiobook
"Please retry"
Intrusion: A Novel
A loving couple, grieving the loss of their son, finds their marriage in free fall when a beautiful, long-lost acquaintance inserts herself into their lives. Learn More
Frequently Bought Together
Customers Who Bought This Item Also Bought
Editorial Reviews
"[Nova] reads like Moby-Dick at a strobe-light show!" —Roger Sale, Time Magazine
"Here are (at least some of) the ways you can read Nova: As fast-action far-flung interstellar adventure; as archetypal mystical/mythical allegory (in which the Tarot and the Grail both figure prominently); as modern myth told in the SF idiom . . . The reader observes, recollect, or participates in a range of personal human experience including violent pain and disfigurement, sensory deprivation and overload, man-machine communion, the drug experience, the creative experience—and interpersonal relationships which include incest and assassination, father-son, leader-follower, human-pet, and lots more." —Judith Merrill, The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction
"Samuel R. Delany is the most interesting author of science fiction writing in English today." —Gerald Jonas, New York Times Book Review
"Samuel R. Delany, right now, as of this book, Nova, not as of some future book or some accumulated body of work, is the best science-fiction writer in the world, at a time when competition for that status is intense. I don't see how a science fiction writer can do more than wring your heart while explaining how it works. No writer can. The special thing that science fiction does is to first credibly place the heart in an unconventional environment. A particular thing that recent science fiction has been doing is to make that unconventional environment a technological one. Another has been to make it a romantic one, sometimes calling it an intensely humanistic one . . . All of these things are accomplished in Nova." —A.J. Budrys, Galaxy Magazine
"One of the most complete and fully realized pictures of an interstellar society that I have ever read." —Norman Spinrad, Science Fiction Times
From the Inside Flap
Don't have a Kindle? Get your Kindle here, or download a FREE Kindle Reading App.
Product Details
Would you like to update product info or give feedback on images?
Customer Reviews
Top Customer Reviews
Nova is to be compared with the great works of literature, both in theme and achievement. The story centers around a reckless quest by starship captain Lorq Von Ray, a figure reminiscent of Melville's Ahab in his oversized dimensions and emotional complexity. Von Ray hires a crew of "cyberstuds", men who interface with machines to navigate the vast distances between the worlds of their interspace confederation. The mission is to enter a sun as it novas, during the first few hours, to gather an element that is used as the basis of space travel. The element is mined on planets, but rarely found. However, in the core of a sun during a nova, the element is found in great abundance. As the quest continues though, Von Ray's darker obsessions become evident and the tale plumbs deeper themes of revenge, political freedom and the search for the Holy Grail.
From the outset of the novel, Delany captures you with the originality of his prose style and the deeper resonance of his characters. Most of the tale is told through the eyes of a gypsy musician, the Mouse and his friend Katin, who is collecting notes for a novel he is destined not to write. These characters are fully drawn, but set up parallels to Melville's Ishmael and Quee Queg. Von Ray is introduced carefully, first by reputation, as an old mad former crewman in a bar describes him. The ties to Coleridge are unmistakable.Read more ›
But beyond the simple, near-cliched plot line lies a deeper level of meaning, when each of the characters, gadgets, and indeed even the portrayed socioeconomic structure is viewed as a symbol or metaphor for larger items. Careful reading and thinking about this book will reward the reader with some unexpected insights into courage, environment versus heredity, the use and abuse of power, the influence of 'little people' on the course of history, and many other items.
His control of language is illustrated by this quote:
He was an old man.Read more ›
Nova is a giddy dash across a shiny future civilisation where economic forces are about to act on a large scale to change people's lives. If the quest of Captain Lorq von Ray succeeds, energy prices will plummet and power will shift from one ruthless faction to another. The stakes are high and both sides will stop at nothing.
Into this situation, add some more ingredients. Nearly everyone, aristocrats to lowlife, is equipped with neural sockets which allow then to jack into any machinery from starships down and inhabit a virual reality where the machinery becomes an extension of themselves. Yes - cyberpunk fans will be amazed at how much of their genre Delany foresaw/invented. Throw in a synasthaesic musical instrument, an overheated love affair and a pysychotic or two and the brew is starting to bubble nicely. Add a sense of history, the Tarot and a hint of decadence and the pot is starting to look as if it will boil over.
It very nearly does. Delany's style, which dazzled when the book was first published in the mid-'60s, now seems more flashy than brilliant and there's rather too much exposition for a book of this kind. In the end, though, bravado carries all and the reader's irritation gives way to exhilaration.
It's a wonderful ride on the Roc with Lorq von Ray and his motley crew. If only it were longer...
Most Recent Customer Reviews
Suprisingly complex and fast-paced novel. A vision of the future that stands up to modern scrutiny. Many sci fi books and movies owe a lot to this writer's imagination.Published 3 months ago by C. Desley
Read this book. This guy has been ripped off through the years.Published 7 months ago by Amazon Customer
I don't want to give much away about this, the book I have as #1 on my list of the BEST SCIENCE FICTION BOOKS EVER! (that's my list, I haven't seen it on anyone else's). Read morePublished 8 months ago by Architect Fred
I loved this... a book about a guy trying to writing a book about a guy on a quest... in space.Published 11 months ago by Betty in Bangor
I was underwhelmed by this book - supposedly a minor classic by a highly acclaimed author. The dialogue was clunky - a lot of partial, interrupted, or unfinished sentences, as... Read morePublished 11 months ago by Robert M.
<<Although he was barely twenty-five when he wrote it [1968], Nova was Samuel Delany's eighth novel in a short space of time.
..... Read more
OK, I know this is SF blasphemy, but I thought this novel was mediocre. Yes, the writing is highly visual. Read morePublished 14 months ago by Mark Luster
This is early Delany, and it doesn't disappoint. The characters are complex; often times you can't decide who represents vice and who represents virtue (of course, the truth is... Read morePublished 15 months ago by M. Miles


text:
(Oct. 26, 2010)--The first week of early voting for the Bexar County Nov. 2 elections is complete and nearly 1,200 votes were cast at the UTSA polling station at the University Center ballroom lobby on the Main Campus. UTSA students, faculty, staff and any Bexar County voter can vote early from 8 a.m. to 8 p.m. through Friday, Oct. 29.
UTSA neighbor Valero Energy Corp. is providing daily shuttles to bring their employees to the early-voting location on the UTSA Main Campus. UTSA has one of 41 Bexar County early-voting sites for the Nov. 2 joint general, special and bond elections.
For several years, UTSA Student Government Association (SGA) leaders consistently have sought a UTSA voting site because of student requests. SGA and UTSA Alumni Association representatives say that an on-campus, early-voting site encourages students to do their civic duty by voting and getting involved in the political process.
Since early-voting sites have been designated at UTSA, more than 9,700 ballots have been cast on campus. This semester, SGA and several registered student organizations helped register more than 1,600 students to be eligible to vote in the Nov. 2 elections.
When UTSA employees cannot vote before or after working hours, supervisors may grant employees a reasonable period of time off for voting during business hours. Employees must be registered voters to qualify for the time off; time off for voting must be requested in advance and approved by the supervisor. No reduction in vacation allowance or salary will be made for the time taken to vote, as long as supervisory approval is obtained.----------------------------
>> For more information, visit the Bexar County Elections website.
>> View a sample ballot for the Nov. 2 Bexar County elections.
The UTSA Interactive Technology Experience Center camps are for curious youth who are interested in STEM and related topics. This week, campers will study environmental science, robotics and computer science.
UTSA Main Campus
In four sessions of this weeklong day camp for 9 to 13-year-olds, campers will participate in indoor and outdoor activities while exploring ancient technologies from around the world and the new technologies archaeologists are using to discover them.
UTSA Center for Archaeological Research, Main Campus
The exhibit "Girl's Eye View" was produced by students who documented life on San Antonio's East Side with photography, poetry and film.
UTSA Institute of Texan Cultures
This fast pace program is designed for students who took the math placement exam and scored just under the acceptable score for entrance into MAT 1093 or 1214.
UTSA Main Campus
Skilled youth players will get an intense camp experience with Roadrunners baseball coaches. Camp will be limited access, more individualized instruction, in-depth teaching in skills areas and lectures and drill work in the areas of team defense and offense.
UTSA Main Campus, Roadrunner Field
Experience a very different summer camp! The UTSA East Asia Institute is teaching kids Japanese through language, culture, art, crafts, music, cooking and more. For kids age 6-12. For more details, email firstname.lastname@example.com.
Main Building (MB 1.126), Main Campus
7 to 12 year-olds will explore Mayan Culture in a three-day sessions, concluding at the Witte museum, where campers will have the chance to see the new "Maya: Hidden Worlds Revealed" exhibit.
UTSA Center for Archaeological Research, Main Campus
Other Calendars
» UTSA Events | » Academic | » Institute of Texan Cultures
The University of Texas at San Antonio is dedicated to the advancement of knowledge through research and discovery, teaching and learning, community engagement and public service. As an institution of access and excellence, UTSA embraces multicultural traditions and serves as a center for intellectual and creative resources as well as a catalyst for socioeconomic development and the commercialization of intellectual property - for Texas, the nation and the world.
To be a premier public research university, providing access to educational excellence and preparing citizen leaders for the global environment.
We encourage an environment of dialogue and discovery, where integrity, excellence, inclusiveness, respect, collaboration and innovation are fostered.


text:
Home > All Cities > Reisterstown, MD Real Estate Listings > Goldsborough Manor Subdivision
Properties for sale in the Goldsborough Manor Subdivision, Reisterstown, MD
Properties 1 to 2 of 2
7 Pennyborough, Reisterstown, MDList Price: $295,000 | Bed:3 | Bath:2.20
Tenant occupied need 24 hr notice well maintained gormet kitchen granite island,hardwood floor lots of nat. light,18x10 trex deck off the kitchen mbr jacuzzi tub walk in closet,ll has 12x12 patio off the family rm.and a half bath done in 2013 also a two vehicle garage with built in bookcases.also a gas fireplace.dont forget it also has an alarm system paint and carpet in 2013 motivated seller bring all offer Floor Plan-Traditional Forced Air Central Air Conditioning
Listing Office: Long & Foster Real Estate, Inc. | MLS ID#: BC9582204
10 Augustus Wally, Reisterstown, MDList Price: $289,900 | Bed:3 | Bath:2.20
TAKE ADVANTAGE OF THIS AMAZING OPPORTUNITY TO PURCHASE AN IMPECCABLY KEPT and amp; RENOVATED TOWNHOUSE IN THE DESIRABLE and amp; GATED GOLDSBOROUGH MANOR COMMUNITY. YOU CAN'T BEAT THIS CONVENIENT and amp; PRIVATE LOCATION. THE HOME FEATURES GLEAMING HARDWOOD FLOORS THROUGHOUT, GRANITE COUNTERTOPS, STAINLESS APPLIANCES, NEWER WINDOWS, GAS FIREPLACE IN COZY FAMILY ROOM and amp; A two CAR GARAGE. RELAX ON THE BACK BRICK PATIO. Floor Plan-Open Dishwasher, Disposal, Dryer, Exhaust Fan, Icemaker, Microwave, Oven / Range - Gas, Refrigerator, Washer Central Central Air Conditioning
Listing Office: RE/MAX Advantage Realty | MLS ID#: BC9661520


text:
- Ashley Judd and her estranged hubby Dario Franchitti are going to give it another try at their marriage- US Weekly
- Cee Lo Green cleared of sexual assault charges- TMZ
- Check out stills from this week's new episode of Supernatural- Just Jared Jr
- What was the big Homeland season three twist?- Entertainment Weekly
- Gwyneth Paltrow and Vanity Fair feud is heating up- Lainey Gossip
- Neil Patrick Harris shares adorable Halloween photo- TooFab
- Thank you to Harry Styles for gracing us with new shirtless pictures- MTV
- Harper Beckham is the cutest little soccer player ever- Popsugar
Ashley Judd News, Pictures, and Videos
Ashley Judd Giving it Another Try with Hubby Dario Franchitti
Ashley Judd is 'Regretfully' Not Running for Senate
Ashley Judd has officially announced that she will not be running for senate in the state of Kentucky.
"Dear Friends, Thank you for these months of remarkable support & encouragement, for your voices, exhortations, & prayers. I have decided," the 44-year-old actress tweeted. "After serious and thorough contemplation, I realize that my responsibilities & energy at this time need to be focused on my family. Regretfully, I am currently unable to consider a campaign for the Senate. I have spoken to so many Kentuckians over these last few months who expressed their desire for a fighter for the people & new leader. While that won't be me at this time, I will continue to work as hard as I can to ensure the needs of Kentucky families are met by returning this Senate seat to whom it rightfully belongs: the people & their needs, dreams, and great potential. Thanks for even considering me as that person & know how much I love our Commonwealth. Thank you!"
Ashley can currently be seen on the big screen in the hit film Olympus Has Fallen.
WHAT ARE YOUR THOUGHTS on Ashley Judd not be running for Senate?
Gerard Butler: 'Olympus Has Fallen' Hollywood Premiere!
Gerard Butler and Ashley Judd are all dressed up while attending the premiere of their new film Olympus Has Fallen held at ArcLight Cinemas Cinerama Dome on Monday (March 18) in Hollywood.
The 43-year-old Scottish actor was joined by his co-stars Angela Bassett, Aaron Eckhart, and Morgan Freeman.
PHOTOS: Check out the latest pics of Gerard Butler
Earlier in the day, Gerry chatted with fans in an AMA on Reddit.
Check out the newly released red band clip below for Olympus Has Fallen, out in theaters on Friday (March 22)!
FYI: Angela is wearing Edmundo Castillo shoes.
Gerard Butler – 'Olympus Has Fallen' Red Band Clip
FYI: Ashley is wearing Martin Katz jewelry.
15+ pictures inside of Gerard Butler attending the premiere of his film Olympus Has Fallen… More Here! »
Ashley Judd & Dario Franchitti Split
Ashley Judd and her husband Dario Franchitti have split after more than ten years of marriage, her rep confirms to JustJared.com!
"We have mutually decided to end our marriage. We'll always be family and continue to cherish our relationship based on the special love, integrity, and respect we have always enjoyed," the 44-year-old actress and the 39-year-old race-car driver shared in a statement to People.
PHOTOS: Check out the latest pics of Ashley Judd
After a two year engagement, Ashley and Dario tied the knot in a private ceremony in 2001.
WHAT DO YOU THINK of Ashley Judd and Dario Franchitti's split?
Beyonce: Women For Obama Video Campaign!
Check out Beyonce supporting her choice for President Obama's reelection campaign in this brand new Women for Obama PSA.
"He also has the story that I can tell my daughter [Blue Ivy] because it shows no matter where you start out, you can work hard and can do whatever you put your mind to," the 31-year-old entertainer says in the video. "It's not just about supporting the President because I want to see him reelected. I'm standing up for the future of my daughter – the future I want her to see."
Also featured in the PSA are Eva Longoria, Julianne Moore, Julianna Margulies, Olivia Wilde, Gloria Steinem, Jennifer Lopez, Ashley Judd, Sheryl Crow, Cecile Richards, Padma Lakshmi, Jane Lynch, and Kerry Washington. Check it out below!
Ashley Judd - Emmys 2012 Red Carpet
Ashley Judd is precious in purple at the 2012 Emmy Awards held at the Nokia Theatre L.A. Live on Sunday (September 23) in Los Angeles.
The 43-year-old actress was joined on the red carpet by her handsome husband Dario Franchitti.
PHOTOS: Check out the latest pics of Ashley Judd
FYI: Ashley is wearing a Carolina Herrera custom raspberry double-face duchess silk halter bow closure fishtail gown with top stitching seam detail, Martin Katz's Gardenia Brooch, Amethyst Ring and Pear shape cabochon rubelite and diamond dangle earrings. She finished her look with Sergio Rossi shoes.
10+ pictures inside of Ashley Judd and her husband Dario Franchitti walking on the red carpet together… More Here! »
Ashley Judd & William Levy: 'Extra' at the Grove!
Ashley Judd films an interview with Mario Lopez for the entertainment news program Extra on Wednesday (April 11) at the Grove in Los Angeles.
The 43-year-old actress, who attended a screening of her ABC series Missing the evening before, is out promoting her show.
That same afternoon, Mario taped an interview with Dancing with the Stars contestant William Levy and his dancing partner Cheryl Burke.
William is currently featured on the cover of this week's issue of People. Check out the cover inside featuring William wearing an open shirt!
FYI: Ashley is wearing an Anthropologie dress, Bally shoes, and Prada glasses. Cheryl is wearing an Abyss by Abby dress.
15+ pictures inside of Ashley Judd and William Levy being interviewed… More Here! »


text:
This item sold on March 21, 2012.
I really love this necklace, made of beautiful, smooth tumbled prehnite nuggets in the most lovely shade of mossy, sage-y green with gray and black inclusions. Each nugget is separated by a small silver round bead, with two large silver plated ceramic rounds drawing your eye to the pendant. The pendant is a silver plated ceramic donut, measuring 1 1/4 inches in diameter. The entire necklace is 19 inches long without the pendant, 20 1/2 with the pendant. It closes with a lobster claw clasp and has a 1 1/2 inch extender.
Thanks so much for stopping by!
Thanks so much for stopping by!
Prehnite Necklace with Silver Ceramic Pendant
- Handmade item
- Materials: prehnite, ceramic, lobster claw clasp
- Ships worldwide from United States
- Feedback: 117 reviews
- Favorited by: 5 people
- Listed on Feb 11, 2012
- 249 views
- 5 favorites
- Add item to treasury


text:
1 Review
My kids and DH love the buffalo wings, but I am not crazy about hot/spicy burn your mouth types of foods, so this was made for me. I just used two drumsticks and marinaded them overnight and planned to fix for lunch. A tornado hit our home that day so we were without electricity and I had to cook them a different way, so I grilled them and basted with the sauce as they grilled. I just loved these even though it was the wrong cooking method. I will definitely make these wings for me and let the rest of the family have the hot ones!! Thanks for sharing SaucyCook. Made for Spring PAC 09.


text:
Parmesan Twists
|Frozen puff pastry sheet
|1 Tablespoon
|Parmesan cheese
|1⁄4 Cup (4 tbs), grated
|Fresh parsley
|1 Tablespoon, chopped
|Oregano leaves
|1⁄2 Teaspoon
Preheat oven to 400 degrees.
Thaw out puff pastry sheet at room temperature, about 30 min.
Mix together all remaining ingredients in a bowl.
Roll out the puff pastry sheet to a 14 x 10 rectangle, on a lightly floured surface; cut in half lengthwise.
Brush the egg mixture onto one half of the pastry sheet.
Place the other sheet on top, making a sandwich of the egg mixture.
Roll slightly to seal edges and to make bigger.
Cut the pastry sandwich into about 1 1/2 inch strips, twist strips and place on a parchment paper on the baking sheet.
Top with additional grated parmesan, if desired.
Bake 10 minutes or until golden brown.
Recipe Summary
Rate It
Nutrition Rank
Nutrition Facts
Serving size: Complete recipe
Calories 1188 Calories from Fat 698
% Daily Value*
Total Fat 77 g118.6%
Saturated Fat 23.6 g117.8%
Trans Fat 0 g
Cholesterol 228.5 mg76.2%
Sodium 1671.8 mg69.7%
Total Carbohydrates 86 g28.5%
Dietary Fiber 6.5 g26%
Sugars 6.7 g
Protein 34 g67.2%
Vitamin A 32.9% Vitamin C 33.6%
Calcium 34.4% Iron 11.5%
*Based on a 2000 Calorie diet


text:
Join us for our March WordPress Meetup on Thursday, March 21st at 7pm.
Meetup Topic: How Anyone Can Hack Your WordPress Site In Less Than 5 Minutes And What You Can Do To Prevent It
Virtual Presenter: Dre Armeda (@dremeda) CEO and Co-Founder, Sucuri Security
Ever wonder if your site, your visitors, or business is safe on the internet? This session by Dre Armeda will show a demo on how quickly your site can be hacked, and your reputation put on the line. Dre will cover various scenarios that can affect your website like Pharma Hack, SEO Poisoning, and malicious redirects. He will then aid you by providing some tips to help reduce risk now and forever. Information Security is everyone's responsibility, and should be a consideration on any web project, beginning to end.
Dre is the CEO and Co-Founder of Sucuri Security. Dre is a 12 year Navy veteran with experience in multiple technical disciplines. After his Navy days, Dre held various leadership positions in the tech start-up world including companies such as Applied Watch Technologies, and Secure-i Inc. Dre is a Certified Information Systems Security Professional (CISSP) and studied Computer Science at Capella University and National University. He also holds various other technical and military training certifications. You'll find Dre at the ball fields with his girls in his off time. During the off season you'll find him cruising his Harley, or chatting WordPress at a WordCamp near you.
The meetup will take place at the: Colket Translational Research Building (Children's Hospital of Philadelphia research campus).
Tickets for this event cost $5. All money collected will be used for food, giveaways, and future Meetups.
Dre, since I wasn't able at the last minute to attend the meet up in person, but I was able to watch the presentation you made (through another source) online at webdesign.com, I wanted to know if you could provide a copy of the Powerpoint Presentation. There appeared to be a lot of good information in the presentation that I wanted to know if you'd be kind enough to share that. Please let me know. My email is [masked]. Thanks.
0 · March 24, 2013
here is the article I was referencing in my question about the integrity of MD5
0 · March 21, 2013
Great meetup. Good info, came away with some new tools.
0 · March 21, 2013
I'm just curious if this will be more of a sales pitch to sign up and use Sucuri (at the end) or if it will provide "solid" and truly implementable security tips and detailed information regarding how to protect Wordpress sites and security issues (without much or any discussion about Sucuri)? Also .. is it possible for any of these meetups to be recorded and put online for those who can't attend? That would be awesome.
0 · March 18, 2013
Refunds are not offered for this Meetup.
Meetup members, Log in
By clicking "Sign up" or "Sign up using Facebook", you confirm that you accept our Terms of Service & Privacy Policy


text:
- Also, there's a line that, once the Fridge Brilliance kicks in, is almost just as heartbreaking. During the wedding song, Cathy and Jamie sing about being together "Till there's no one left / Who has ever known us apart". During the show, because of the way the two timelines work, they are only actually together onstage twice—during their wedding and at the ending of the show when their timelines finally seperate. And that reflects how they were never emotionally together in the first place
- "See I'm Smiling" and the way Cathy tries so hard to be what Jamie wants and not rock the boat. Followed by her epic breakdown when she just unloads everything that's wrong with their relationship.
Cathy: I swear to God, I'll never understand, how you can just stand there straight and tall and see I'm crying and not do anything at all.
- Then, during her penultimate song to Jamie, "I Can Do Better Than That" (which is chronologically taking place at the very beginning of their relationship, but is at the end of the show, after the previous "you and you and nothing but you"), she sings the following:
- Cathy: I want you and you and nothing but you
Miles and piles of you
Finally I'll have something worthwhile
To think about each morning
You and you and nothing but you
No substitution will do
Nothing but fresh, undiluted and pure
Top of the line and totally mine!
- She also mentions how disappointed she was that her last boyfriend left her with nothing but a "heartfelt letter". The fact that Cathy's pure, unadulterated love for Jamie has been so twisted by the end of their relationship and that she sees none of it coming is heartbreaking enough, but what's worse is that Jamie's final song, "I Could Never Rescue You", is him writing a 'heartfelt' (whether this is true is debatable) letter to inform Cathy that he is leaving her after 5 years of being together. Poor, poor Cathy. * sob*
- Every single time Jamie and Cathy express how happy they are in their relationship ("Shiksa Goddess" and "A Part Of That!"), because you know from the first fucking line in the show that it's all gonna crumble.
- I always found "A Part of That" perfectly fine until the last bit of the song. Something about the way Sherie Rene Scott sings, "I'm a part of that, aren't I?" seems to bring up a lot of self-doubt, which is then confirmed when we realise just how emotionally distant Jamie and Cathy are from each other.
- Not a verbal one, but a musical one: Once you've heard "I Could Never Rescue You", you can never revisit the show the same way again. Hearing that wistful, bittersweet waltz melody is bad enough at the beginning of the show once you know what it portends, but then hearing it again at the end of "The Next Ten Minutes" is an absolute gut punch when you know that this is the theme of Jamie giving up on the marriage for good.
- From the movie, this part of "See, I'm Smiling" can hit especially hard, especially if you've ever been cheated on or betrayed by a former significant other.
Jamie: Cathy, you're being crazy!
Cathy: [visibly in tears] No, I'm not, NO, I'M NOT!


text:
28 Inch Top-Freezer Refrigerator with 16.3 cu. ft. Capacity, 2 Sliding Wire Shelves, Gallon Door Storage, Reversible Door, Bright Interior Lighting, ENERGY STAR Qualification and Optional Ice Maker: Bisque
Our Price
After Savings
9.22 cu. ft. 50's Style Refrigerator with Adjustable Glass Shelves, Wine Bottle Shelf, Crisper Drawer, Adjustable Door Bins, Manual Defrost and Freezer Compartment
33 Inch Side-by-Side Refrigerator with 22 cu. ft. Capacity, 3 SpillGuard Glass Shelves, Gallon Storage, Humidity-Controlled Drawer, Accu-Chill Temperature Management, PUR Water Filtration and External Ice and Water Dispenser: Bisque
36 Inch Side-by-Side Refrigerator with 25.4 cu. ft. Capacity, SpillGuard Glass Shelves, Gallon Storage, Humidity Controlled Drawer, Accu-Chill System, Adaptive Defrost, PUR Filtration and External Ice and Water Dispenser: Bisque
28 Inch Top-Freezer Refrigerator with 17.5 cu. ft. Capacity, 2 Adjustable Spillproof Glass Shelves, Gallon Door Storage, Spillproof Freezer Floor, Upfront Temperature Controls, Air Tower, Optional Ice Maker and ENERGY STAR Qualified: Bisque
30 Inch Top-Freezer Refrigerator with 19.2 cu. ft. Capacity, 3 Frameless Glass Shelves, Gallon Door Storage, 1 Flexi-Slide Bin, 2 Humidity Controlled Crispers, 1 Glass Freezer Shelf, ADA Compliant, LED Lighting and Optional Ice Maker: Biscuit
21 Inch ENERGY STAR Compact Retro Refrigerator with 4.4 cu. ft. Capacity, Glass Shelves, Produce Drawer, Door Storage, CanStor Beverage Dispenser, Mechanical Thermostat, Auto Defrost and Reversible Door Hinge: Scarlett Red Metallic
36 Inch Built-in All Refrigerator with 4 Spillproof Glass Shelves, 5 Door Bins, Humidity Controlled Drawers and Plasmacluster Ion Air Purifier
14.6 cu. ft. Top-Freezer Refrigerator with 3 Fresh Food Shelves, Dairy Compartment, Reversible Hinges, Gallon Door Storage and Never Clean Condenser
30 Inch Top-Freezer Refrigerator with 18.0 cu. ft. Capacity, 2 Sliding SpillSafe Glass Shelves, Gallon Door Storage, Store-More Humidity-Controlled Crisper Drawers, Reversible Door, Optional Ice Maker, Energy Star rated and ADA Compliant: Bisque
1.5 cu. ft. Compact Refrigerator with 2 Adjustable Wire Shelves, Balcony Door Shelf, Bottle Door Shelf, Absorption Cooling, LED Internal Light and Ice Cube Tray
30 Inch Built-In All Refrigerator with 18.4 cu. ft. Capacity, Spill-Proof Nano Technology Glass Shelves, Two Humidity Zone Drawers, ProChill Temperature Management System, Plasmacluster Ion Air Purifier
36 Inch Built-in Bottom-Freezer Refrigerator with 20.4 cu. ft. Capacity, Spillproof Glass Shelves, Aluminum Door Bins, 2 Humidity Zones, 2 Deli Drawers and Air Purifier
42 Inch Built-in Side by Side Refrigerator with 25.3 cu. ft. Capacity, Spillproof Adjustable Glass Shelves, Adjustable Aluminum Door Bins, 2 Humidity Zones, 2 Deli Drawers, Odor Eliminator Evaporator, Air Purifier and ENERGY STAR
48 Inch Built-in Side by Side Refrigerator with 29.1 cu. ft. Capacity, 5 Adjustable Spillproof Glass Shelves, 7 Door Bins, Adjustable Humidity Drawers, Plasmacluster Ion Air Purifier, ProChill Temperature Management and Quiet Compressor
34 Inch Side-by-Side Refrigerator with 21.8 cu. ft. Capacity, 2 Adjustable Spillproof Glass Shelves, Gallon Storage, Adjustable Temperature Drawer, Advanced Water Filtration, Ice and Water Dispenser, Ice Maker and ENERGY STAR: Bisque
18 Inch Compact Refrigerator with 2.6 cu. ft. Capacity, 3 Tempered Glass Shelves, 2-Liter Door Bin, CanStor Beverage Dispensing System, Door Lock, LED Lighting, Reversible Door, Automatic Defrost and ENERGY STAR Certified
28 Inch Top-Freezer Refrigerator with 14.6 cu. ft. Capacity, 2 Adjustable Wire Shelves, Gallon Door Storage, Upfront Temperature Controls, ENERGY STAR and Optional Ice Maker: Bisque, Right Door Swing
28 Inch Top-Freezer Refrigerator with 17.5 cu. ft. Capacity, 2 Adjustable Wire Shelves, Gallon Door Storage, Spillproof Freezer Floor, Upfront Temperature Controls and Optional Ice Maker: Bisque
11.7 cu. ft. Bottom Freezer Refrigerator with 3 Adjustable Glass Shelves, 1 Produce Crisper, 3 Adjustable Door Bins, Egg Holder, 2 Freezer Drawers, Pull-Down Flap Compartment and Ice Tray: Red
cooking appliances
cooking ranges,
microwave ovens,
wall ovens,
range hoods,
coffee systems,
compact kitchens,
cooking product accessories
wine coolers,
beverage centers,
beer coolers & kegerators,
ice makers,
refrigeration accessories
dishwashers & disposal
built in dishwashers,
portable dishwashers,
dishwasher accessories,
trash compactors,
food disposal accessories
vacuum cleaner accessories
washer dryer combos,
laundry centers,
laundry accessories
air conditioners & air quality
room air conditioners,
mini split air conditioners,
portable air conditioners,
air quality
outdoor refrigerators & beverage coolers,
outdoor bars,
patio heaters
sinks & faucets
sink & faucet combinations,
vanities & mirrors,
sink & faucet accessories
Please enter a valid email address
Deals & Promotions
Rebate Center
Write a Review
Product Reviews
RSS Feed
You did not enter any text.
© 2016, AJ Madison Inc. or its affiliates


text:
Hotels in Lam Luk Ka, Thailand
Search & Compare Lam Luk Ka Hotels
Trending now in Lam Luk Ka
- Most bookedChatrium Hotel Riverside Bangkok
1,301 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"This was our first time at the Chatrium Riverside. The price offered was too good to pass up. I wanted a pool and my wife a treadmill. The pool was great, the treadmill just acceptable. The staff was outstanding, and the room surprisingly spacious. Also, the location was such as you could ..."
A Traveller, Jul 2016, US
1,069 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"Pros and cons using a 1-10 scale: 1) Location: 10 2) Lobby and facilities 10 3) Speed of check in 9 4) Size of basic room 5 5) Noise levels from neighboring rooms and AC: 5 6) Ability to open windows: 0 7) Speed of elevators: 7 8) Art throughout the hotel: 8.5 9) Quality of the food: 9..."
R, Jul 2016, US
878 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"Courteous and helpful hotel staff with excellent views and beautiful rooms."
A Traveller, Jul 2016, US
588 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"The staff were extremely helpful and friendly. Especially the concierge - giving directions and helping with transportation etc. Hotel was directly connected to the BTS which made travel very easy. "
A Traveller, Jul 2016, SG
392 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"Pool was great as was the restaurant and the staff. Very easy to find shuttle bus in such a busy airport and an excellent way to spend time between flights and bus leaves every ten minutes."
A Traveller, Jul 2016, AU
339 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"Great hotel super strongly staff, good facilities. Maybe clean modern rooms, good broadband, nice bathroom, great selection for Belfast, and nice gym. Fantastic once again."
A Traveller, Jul 2016, GB
322 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"Nice location at soy 11. Close to all bars & street activities. Rooms are a bit small for Bangkok hotels. Rooms could be kept in better conditions this being a newer hotels at soy 11. However, will return due to the location."
A Traveller, Jul 2016, CA
248 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"One of the best value for money hotels in Thailand.. We often stay here when we have early morning Domestic flights out of Don Muang Airport and with the connected walkway between the hotel and the Airport makes this hotel simply so convenient. The rooms are of 5 star quality and the service was ..."
A Traveller, Jul 2016, AU
202 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"Close to malls and airport. Unable to book tours online since not in city centre. Did book one tour but was a bit pricey. Nice pool /spa, and restaurant. Staff helpful for ordering taxi and giving expected prices. "
A Traveller, Jul 2016, CA
162 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"Always a good experience!! Will stay there everytime I vacation in that area !!"
A Traveller, Jul 2016, US
Best hotels in Lam Luk Ka
If you are looking for Lam Luk Ka hotels in a particular area, you can use the search feature at the top of the page to search by neighborhood, landmark, address or zip code, or you can search by using the built-in map feature. You can also browse hotels in Lam Luk Ka by type, amenities, and star-rating so that you can find the best hotel. Currently, top rated hotels in Lam Luk Ka are:
- The Park Drive-Thru Check-In Resort
- Suansin Art Garden
- Asia Airport Hotel
- Hotel RIDE 'n Lazy @ Thai Wake Park
- Asias Boutique Club
The location of your Lam Luk Ka hotel is important. If you are traveling to Lam Luk Ka, &StateorCountry for business, you may want to consider getting a hotel close to the airport or near your meeting venue. By doing so, you can really cut down on transportation costs and time. You may also want to book a hotel that offers free wifi just in case you need to get some work done.
If you are traveling for vacation, figure out which attractions or landmarks you want to see and book a hotel that is within close proximity. Although hotels near attractions might cost a little more, you may find that spending those extra few dollars is worth the convenience. You can even find hotels that align with your interests. For example, if you are looking for a relaxing vacation, a spa hotel may be the perfect choice for you.
You'll also want to determine which type of accommodations will suit your needs before booking a hotel in Lam Luk Ka. If you're traveling with the kiddos, a family friendly hotel will offer larger rooms and more sleeping arrangements. For those traveling for an extended period of time, booking a hotel suite with a kitchenette is a smart move and will feel a little more like home. If you are budget conscience and just need a place to rest your head, a hostel or motel may be all you need.
If you are looking to score the best discounts and deals, use the filter to sort by price from low to high. You can book a hotel in Lam Luk Ka for as low as $17 per night. If you are looking to cut down on expenses, look for hotels that include free breakfast and parking. Some hotels even offer free shuttle service to and from nearby places. You can also sort by star rating, proximity, and guest rating.
Before you book, check out user reviews. Hotels.com has 63 reviews in Lam Luk Ka. We show reviews from Expedia and TripAdvisor so you know that you are reading genuine, reliable reviews. Be sure to download the Hotels.com app so you can book your reservations on the go, view amenities, and save the hotels you want to view and compare later.


text:
Coast to Coast Tickets is the place for great deals on concert, sports and theater tickets!Follow @CTCTickets
Buy discount Little Women tickets. Read 2016 Little Women theater information here or check the Little Women official website. Save on upcoming plays, musicals, and theatre shows.
|Sorry, no Little Women tickets are available at this time.
If you would like to attend a Little Women event live in person, CoastToCoastTickets.com is your source.
CoastToCoastTickets.com provides schedules and information for Little Women.
Whether you just want tickets that will get you into the event or you prefer premium seats,
we make it easy to buy Little Women tickets online or by phone.
While we are proud to offer our customers an industry-leading selection of Little Women tickets at competitive prices, we are equally committed to providing extensive Little Women information. Our site includes Little Women schedules, venue seating charts, directions, and Little Women background and history.
Little Women is a Broadway musical about sisters and the paths that they walk throughout their lives together and apart. It is a heartwarming tale of individuality and strong family bonds. The women experience love, war, separation, loss, death and all the life lessons that threaten to break familial bonds and their hearts. You must get tickets to see this musical production of Louisa May Alcott's Little Women.
The novel Little Women has been adapted for the stage a number of times and for film as well. This production boldly tells the story of how these sisters grow to become original and strong in a society that has different ideas about gender roles than we are accustomed to today. Women of the Civil War era had to fight very hard to become independent and self sufficient. The bonds of family and sisterhood are tested and tried in this story, and you will be amazed by the powerful music and choreography of this play.
Please Note: Little Women tickets may be sold for more than the price listed on the ticket. Unless specifically stated, we are not affiliated with any official Little Women website, any Little Women box office or any Little Women fan clubs, partners, or sponsors.
Coast to Coast Tickets is the place for great deals on concert, sports and theater tickets!Follow @CTCTickets
Songs in the production include 'Better,' 'Our Finest Dreams' and 'Here Alone.' The music is by Jason Howland with lyrics by Lindi Dickstein, the script is by Alan Knee. This production of Little Women promises not only to be the best kind of family entertainment but an award winner as well. This timeless story of self-discovery and triumph over adversity will impress and empower you when you see it. If you are a lover of the novel, or of stories about strong-willed ladies, Little Women is a story you have to experience. Buy your tickets here and enjoy the amazing and powerful musical tale of Little Women.Read the full Little Women Article
Sign up for email updates