text:
Here's another interesting piece of history, an 1867 woodcut illustration of a farmer and a donkey carrying a bundle of barley corn, with a version of the John Barleycorn song engraved below. This one was printed in Dublin. There were countless versions of the English folksong, and its actual origin unknown. The version written by Scottish poet Robert Burns is probably the most well-known, though it was written around 1782, when it had been around for at least several centuries. It's also been recorded by numerous bands, including a popular version by the English band Traffic. And finally, I wrote an overview of John Barleycorn a few years ago that includes the Burns poem.
Beer In Art #163: Joseph De Bray's In Praise of Herring
Today's work of art is by the Dutch artist Joseph de Bray, who's more famous as the son of Salomon de Bray, also a painter, and for essentially just one work of art, his In Praise of Herring, which is also known as Eulogy to a Herring and Still-Life in Praise of the Pickled Herring. It was completed in 1656.
The painting also includes a poem, also titled In Praise of Herring by Jacob Westerbaen, who was de Bray's brother-in-law. Unfortunately, I was also unable to find the full text of the poem, either. Say what you will about pickled herring — and I'm certainly not a fan — but if you're going to pair it with a beverage, you can bet it's going to be beer.
The Web Gallery of Art has this to say about the artist and his painting:
Fish still-lifes developed as a category during the seventeenth century — not an astonishing phenomenon when we recall that fishing, particularly for herring and cod, was a mainstay of the Dutch economy. A notable exponent of the type is Abraham van Beyeren. As the Dutch love for flowers, their love for seafood is proverbial. The Haarlemer Joseph de Bray, son of Salomon and brother of Jan, celebrated this taste in his picture, dated 1656, dedicated to the apotheosis of the pickled herring.
Resting behind the large, succulent herring and other objects in the painting's foreground, there is an elaborate tablet, draped with a festoon of herrings and requisite onions, inscribed with a poem by the Remonstrant preacher and poet Jacob Westerbaen: 'In praise of the Pickled Herring' published in 1633. After telling of the herring's delight to the eye, palette, and its other qualities, Westerbaen adds that consumption of it 'Will make you apt to piss/And you will not fail/(With pardon) to shit/And ceaselessly fart…' – proof, if it is needed, that plain profane messages are as likely embodied in Dutch paintings as spiritual ones. The painting was evidently a success. In the following year he painted another, somewhat larger still-life, now in Aachen, dedicated to the same subject. It includes the text of Westerbaen's verse dedicated to the pickled herring, and a brief passage from his poem 'Cupido' on the page of an open folio accompanied by an ample display of herrings and onions.
And another source said the following:
Joseph de Bray came from a family of Haarlem painters which included the highly respected Salomon de Bray (his father) and Jan de Bray (his brother). Joseph is known for this curious still life in which the different elements — the jug, the glass of beer, the fish, the bread, the butter and the onions — are organized in a U-shape. In the centre of the composition is a manuscript where one can read a poem by Doctor Jakob Westerbaen, singing the praises of a salted and smoked herring!
To learn more about Joseph de Bray, sadly, there's not much. There isn't even a Wikipedia page in English for him, it instead forwards to his father's page where Joseph is mentioned. There is, however, a short German page for him, and that translates as follows:
Son of the painter Salomon de Bray and brother of Dirck, Jacob and Jan de Bray. He was certainly younger than his brother, Jan, and older than his brother Dirck. Probably trained by his father, he specialized mainly on still life. In 1664, he died of the plague.
The earliest known evidence of his artistry is a small drawing of an Arcadian landscape dated 14th February 1650, classified because of the uncertain lines as an early work. There are only a handful of works that can be ascribed with certainty. The most famous depiction is "Still Life with a poem on the pickled herring" that has survived in several handwritten copies. Recently appeared on the international art market is another picture which is tentatively attributed to him. Besides the few oil paintings, there are some drawings, which are also brought in touch with him.
There's not much else, beyond this article, Painting Family: The De Brays, about his family.
Talking (And Drinking) Like A Pirate
As today is International Talk Like A Pirate Day, I thought I'd share this version of the Pirate Alphabet, which seems to be more about beer than piracy.
A — The favorite word of Canadian pirates, ey?
B — B stands for Beer!
C — Da ting we sails da boat on
D — Das beer! German pirates
E — 'e needs a beer
F — 'f only I had a beer
G — Gee, I wish I had a beer
H — H'aightch and everone one of us should have a beer
I — I wish I had a beer
J — The guy who sells us beer
K — Jay's wife, she's a looker!
L — Da place where bad pirates goes when dey dies!
M — 'em folks needs beers
N — 'nother beer
O — Oh I wish I had a beer
P — (*long pause*) Self-explanatree!
Q — A French word meaning 'line for beer'
R — A pirate's favorite word, Arrrh!
S — What you fall on when you drink too much beer
T — Why we beat the British
U — You should have a beer
V — Vikings! Swedish pirates
W — You and you should have a beer
X — Jay's former wife, she no longer sells us beer
Y — Why not have a beer
Z — Ze beer! French pirates
Indianapolis Man Wins "Brew Your Cask Off" Contest
A couple of weeks ago, All About Beer magazine conducted a contest, to win a trip to the "Brew Your Cask Off" beer festival hosted by Georgia's SweetWater Brewing in Atlanta, Georgia on March 5, 2011.
The winner had to write an essay explaining what type of cask they'd brew, in 300 words or less. The winner, Matt Robinson, from Indianapolis, Indiana, wrote a poem which won him and a friend a trip to SweetWater Brewery's cask festival.
From the press release:
Matt will also be a honorary judge for the cask ale competition and be a server for a cask made from his hilarious and precise poem.
Without a doubt one of the most unusual, and clever beer events, SweetWater Brewery's Brew Your Cask Off features 80 different cask ales made by a full range of celebrities and not so celebrities, including dignitaries from the beer media, non-profits and retailers from the metro Atlanta beer community. All About Beer Magazine publisher Daniel Bradford participated in making a cask named Adam's All About Beer Ale, after the SweetWater brewer who guided the actual cask ale production. The cask ale festival features a judging of all the casks with the winner getting serious bragging rights, including being brewed by SweetWater Brewery, and the loser getting the much coveted, and highly decorated golden toilet seat.
Matt Robinson will join a collection of very talented palates as a honorary judge helping chose the best cask of the festival. During the festival itself, Matt will have the pleasure of presenting a cask made from the numerous clues he provided in his winning poem.
Runners up included second place finisher Steve Forbes who wrote a passionate sensory entry. Third place went to Michael Iris who described how his hound found an unusual cache of berries that would have made a wonderful cask. Both of these entries and the other finishers can be found at All About Beer.
The winning entry is below. Enjoy.
What Cask Should An American Brew? by Matt Robinson
What cask should an American Brew?
But nothing less than around 55 I-Be-Yous!
I would add subtle flavor with East Kents
Perhaps more for hop compliment
Throw in some fuggles and American C's
Many will say it's the knees of bees!
Powerful flavor will be most divine
Even with a gravity around one-thousand nine
The grain bill is full of Golden Promise Malt
This great American session cask has no fault
The hydrometer reading will need to state
Around 3.55% alcohol by weight
This may sound like an English creation
With bold American style is my summation
Lovibond sounds nice somewhere near ten
Many hours with our cask we will all spend!
Wyeast numbered Nineteen Forty-Five
Will make our cask come alive!
Gravity-fed like our English brethren
Cask beer please take hold for American beer drinking heaven
Deep in the south in town called Atlanta
Our cask brings so much joy we call it Santa!
All the people will come and stand
To sing play us a song you're the piano man!
Food Hates You, Too
Every Sunday I take the kids to the library. I'm a voracious reader, and I'm grateful to an aunt, and to some extent my mother, for instilling in me that passion for books and literature. So it's very important to me that I try to do the same for my own kids, and so far they both love books. Last Sunday, my daughter Alice picked out a book called Food Hates You, Too and Other Poems by Robert Weinstock.
The cover alone was reason enough, but some of the poems are pretty funny. My kids are also following in my food phobic footsteps and are very picky eaters. I'm better now — not exactly cured — but my Mom would be spinning in her grave if she knew all the foods I've eaten since I moved out of her house.
So the titular poem Food Hates You, Too is a pretty funny concept about how some of the food we don't like might hate us, too.
The opening stanza:
If everyone hates different foods,
Then couldn't it be true
That creamed chipped beef dislikes Gertrude,
And liver gags on Lou.
And here's the final two quatrains:
If cotton candy, apple pie,
And french fries looked at you
And said, "Gross! Blecchh! Nope, I won't try.
I'll never like it. Ew!
I'm sure you'd say, "Hey! That's no fair!
Give me a chance! You should
Just try me. Pretty please? I swear!!
With sugar on top …? I'm good!"
There are maybe two dozen fun poems for kids in the book, most of them about food. The Cheese Sonnet is great and so is a short one about two pieces of Toast named Ned and Fred. But I'll leave you with a final poem entitled Doughnuts.
I go nuts for doughnuts,
All tingles from Pringles
And swoony from bacon,
If I'm not mistaken.
Indeed I do.
Top Ten Tuesday: Top 10 Beer Poems
Today is St. Columba's Day. He's a patron saint of poets, so I thought I'll pull out some of my favorite poems with beer in them. I'm excluding limericks (since we've done them already) and haikus since Beer Haiku Daily pretty has them covered. So for my 18th Top 10 list I present the Top 10 beer poems, although, like before, the rankings are pretty much meaningless. These are just my ten favorite poems that are about beer or drinking. I sort of prefer number 1 to number 5 or 7, but not to the degree of some of the previous lists. They're all winners. But, of course, I'd love to hear your choices. Anyway, here's List #18:
Top 10 Beer Poems
|Beer, by Charles Bukowski,
from Love is A Mad Dog From Hell (1920-1994)
I don't know how many bottles of beer
the female is durable
while we are going mad
well, there's beer
|The Tavern, by Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Rumi (1207-1273)
All day I think about it, then at night I say it.
This drunkenness began in some other tavern.
Who looks out with my eyes? What is the soul?
This poetry. I never know what I'm going to say.
We have a huge barrel of beer, but no cups.
They say there's no future for us. They're right.
|A Glass of Beer, by David O'Bruadair (1625-1698)
The lanky hank of a she in the inn over there
That parboiled ape, with the toughest jaw you will see
If I asked her master he'd give me a cask a day;
|Beer, by George Arnold (1834-1865)
O, finer far
Go, whining youth,
|The Empty Bottle, by William Aytoun (1813-1865)
Ah, liberty! how like thou art
A touch of steel — a hand — a gush —
And what remains? — An empty shell!
|Get Drunk!, by Charles Baudelaire (1821-1867)
Always be drunk.
|From The Hour Before Dawn, by William Butler Yeats (1865-1939)
A great lad with a beery face
|Lines on Ale (1848), by Edgar Allen Poe (1809-1849)
Fill with mingled cream and amber,
|Excerpted from Terence, This Is Stupid Stuff, poem LXII in
A Shropshire Lad (1896), by A.E. Housman (1859-1936)
Why, if 'tis dancing you would be,
|John Barleycorn, by Robert Burns (1834-1865)*
[This version is from 1782]
There was three kings into the east,
They took a plough and plough'd him down,
But the cheerful Spring came kindly on,
The sultry suns of Summer came,
The sober Autumn enter'd mild,
His colour sicken'd more and more,
They've taen a weapon, long and sharp,
They laid him down upon his back,
They filled up a darksome pit
They laid him out upon the floor,
They wasted, o'er a scorching flame,
And they hae taen his very heart's blood,
John Barleycorn was a hero bold,
'Twill make a man forget his woe;
Then let us toast John Barleycorn,
* John Barleycorn exists in many forms, and a number of them I prefer over Burns' version, but his is the only one I know of done by a true poet. The poem has also been turned into a song recorded by many, many artists, including Traffic, Steeleye Span and Jethro Tull, among others. I also have a children's book of the story with wonderful woodcuts by artist Mary Azarian. You can read more about the history of this poem and story at my John Barleycorn page.
As usual, it was pretty hard to keep the list to ten, and a great many wonderful poems didn't make the cut. Here's a few more that almost made it:
From The Old Stone Cross, by William Butler Yeats (1865-1939)
A statesman is an easy man, he tells his lies by rote.
A journalist invents his lies, and rams them down your throat.
So stay at home and drink your beer and let the neighbors vote.
Old Irish Tale, author unknown
Some Guinness was spilt on the barroom floor
When the pub was shut for the night.
When out of his hole crept a wee brown mouse
And stood in the pale moonlight.
He lapped up the frothy foam from the floor
Then back on his haunches he sat.
And all night long, you could hear the mouse roar,
"Bring on the goddamn cat!"
Doh, Re, Me, by Homer Simpson
Dough, the stuff that buys me beer.
Ray, the guy who brings me beer.
Me, the guy who drinks the beer.
Far, a long way to get beer.
So, I'll have another beer.
La, I'll have another beer.
Tea, no thanks I'm having beer.
That will bring us back to…
(reaching the crescendo of his toast,
Homer looks into his beer mug,
which is empty) …DOH!!!
Beers, a spoof of Joyce Kilmer's Trees (1886-1918)
I THINK that I shall never hear
A poem lovely as a beer.
A brew that's best straight from a tap
With golden hue and snowy cap;
The liquid bread I drink all day,
Until my memory melts away;
A beer that's made with summer malt
Too little hops its only fault;
Upon whose brow the yeast has lain;
In water clear as falling rain.
Poems are made by fools I fear,
But only wort can make a beer.
Here's the original poem:
I THINK that I shall never see
A poem lovely as a tree.
A tree whose hungry mouth is prest
Against the sweet earth's flowing breast;
A tree that looks at God all day,
And lifts her leafy arms to pray;
A tree that may in summer wear
A nest of robins in her hair;
Upon whose bosom snow has lain;
Who intimately lives with rain.
Poems are made by fools like me,
But only God can make a tree.
Epic Poems
And way too long, but quite wonderful is the Finnish epic poem, The Kalevala and it's hard not to mention the Hymn To Ninkasi, which really deserves to be included.
Send me your favorite beer poems by posting it or a link to it in a comment.
Also, if you have any ideas for future Top 10 lists you'd like to see, drop me a line.
Top Ten Tuesday: Top 10 Beer Limericks
Today is National Limerick Day, which commemorates the birthday of Edward Lear. Lear wrote the Book of Nonsense, one of the earliest collections of limerick poetry and with it and later works he's the person who probably did more to popularize the form than anyone else. Here's one by Lear where he mentions beer.
There was an Old Man with an owl,
Who continued to bother and howl;
He sate on a rail,
And imbibed bitter ale,
Which refreshed that Old Man and his owl.
— Edward Lear, Book of Nonsense #98
So for my 16th Top 10 list I present the Top 10 beer limericks, although the rankings are pretty much meaningless. These are just my ten favorite limericks that are about beer or drinking. I sort of prefer number 1 to number 5 or 7, but not to the degree of some of the previous lists. They're all winners. But, of course, I'd love to hear your choices. Anyway, here's List #16:
Top 10 Beer Limericks
|A Girl Named Anheuser
There once was a girl named Anheuser,
who said that no man could surprise her.
But Pabst took a chance,
found the Schlitz in her pants,
and now she is sadder Budweiser.
|A Salty Tear
One day my mouth felt so dry
And I thought I was about to die.
Then I saw the word "Beer",
And one salty tear
Of happiness escaped from my eye.
|Ye Olde English Ale
All hail to Ye Olde English Ale;
Ye porter, ye bitter, ye pale.
With flavours that linger,
Like old Bishop's Finger,
They ain't for the weak or the frail.
|Deliciously Wonderful Beer by RGiskard
What is hoppy and brings us good cheer?
Not a froggy, I promise, my dear!
It's brown, black and tan,
And can come in a can.
It's deliciously wonderful beer!
|Pity the Innkeeper's Plight
Oh pity the innkeeper's plight
When his customers, night after night,
Order only pale brew
And brown ale eschew —
For his dark is much worse than his lite.
|You Get What You Pay For
It's true what the say about ale,
When it has grown quite stale.
It smells like a skunk,
But still gets you drunk;
I guess that's why this was on sale.
|The Monks of Manuller
Some merry old monks of Manuller,
Found life was becoming much duller.
They brewed a fine ale
In a massive big pail,
And they found their lives were much fuller.
|Slow Drowning
A brewery worker named Lee
Drowned in a vat of brewski.
I regretfully say
He'd not drowned right away;
He climbed out five time just to pee.
|Hard Head Fred
A brewery worker named Fred
Had a barrel fall onto his head.
"Weren't you hurt?" I did ask,
"Being hit by that cask?"
"I was lucky — 'twas light ale," he said.
|What Is It?
What is to our hearts so dear?
What makes the whole world cheer?
What is it we praise
In millions of ways —
Could it be a thing other than Beer?!
As usual, it was pretty hard to keep the list to ten, and a great many wonderful poems didn't make the cut. Here's a few more that almost made it:
I Drink Therefore
One day a real man of good cheer
Asked Descartes if he'd like a beer.
What the man got
Was 'I think not';
As he watched Descartes disappear.
What made the Egyptians revere
Osiris and claim he was peer
To the gods of the land
Was that, unlike that other band,
He'd instructed them how to make beer.
The Beer Cow
There was an old farmer named Lear,
Who possessed a fine cow that gave beer.
Budweiser or Schlitz,
Could be tapped from her teats,
And pretzels came out of the rear.
Abbey Ale by Nitelaf
Abbey ale's what we brew here, we Trappists.
(We're in Belgium, for all of you mappists.)
Strong and rich, full in body;
As sweet as a toddy.
I'm glad that we're brewers, not frappists.
No Socks
A frustrated brewer named Jacques,
Drowned himself in a barrel of Bock.
Grieved his friends, "Sad, it's true,
Though this flavor is new,
But the next batch, let's take off his socks."
Jack Spratt's Wife
There was a young girl, Marie Spratt,
At work one day, fell in a vat.
Before she was dragged out
She had drunk so much stout,
That her parts that were thin, became fat.
June 2nd by Tim Alborn
As from Monday, the second of June,
When the clock in my bedroom says noon,
I will stop drinking beer
For the rest of the year
(Or until I go near a saloon).
The Foam Ranger
A young lad named Armisted Auger,
Favored copious foam on his lager.
To the barmaid he said,
"Give me plenty of head,"
So she karated his schwagger.
Send me your favorite beer limericks by posting it in a comment.
Also, if you have any ideas for future Top 10 lists you'd like to see, drop me a line.
Toasting the New Year 2009
Here at the Brookston Beer Bulletin we're pausing today to wish you and yours a very Happy New Year. 2008 was yet another interesting year and was rarely dull with plenty of drama. Nobody knows with any real certainty what 2009 will be like for the beer industry, but I'll be here for my fifth straight year of ranting about it, er .. analyzing it, online. I hope you'll join me on another year's worth of adventure in the beer world.
Taken a few minutes ago in front of the Christmas tree; Alice, Porter and a tasty beer. What better way to start the new year. Sometime tonight raise a glass of a tasty libation as we toast you a Happy New Year with one of my favorites:
Observe, when Mother Earth is dry,
She drinks the droppings of the sky,
And then the dewey cordial gives
To every thirsty plant that lives.
The vapors which at evening sweep
Are beverage to the swelling deep,
And when the rosy sun appears,
He drinks the misty ocean's tears.
The moon, too, quaffs her paly stream
Of lustre from the solar beam;
Then hence with all your sober thinking!
Since Nature's holy law is drinking,
Mine's the law of Nature here,
And pledge the Universe in beer.
— Tom Moore, The Universal Toast
This is one my favorite out-takes. I have plenty more of the kids mugging for the camera and making some pretty funny faces. And here's one final toast.
Too much work, and no vacation,
Deserves at least a small libation.
So hail! my friends, and raise your glasses;
Work's the curse of the drinking classes.
— Oscar Wilde
Welcome to 2009.
Here are more of my favorite toasts. Let me know if I'm missing one of your favorites.


text:
Response Biomedical Corp. (Response Biomedical) is a Canada-based company engaged in developing, manufacturing and selling diagnostic tests for use with its RAMP System, a fluorescent immunoassay-based onsite diagnostic testing platform. The RAMP technology utilizes a method to account for sources of error inherent in conventional lateral flow immunoassay – more... technologies, thereby providing the ability to detect and quantify an analyte present in a liquid sample. The Company has 11 tests available for clinical and environmental testing applications and the Company has plans to commercialize additional tests.
(Source: ARS) – less–ZoomInfo

subset: commoncrawl


text:
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Bloomberg Sells Soda Ban on National Doughnut Day
The mayor got a little bit of a hard time from Matt Lauer.By Joe Coscarelli and Caroline Shin
The mayor got a little bit of a hard time from Matt Lauer.By Joe Coscarelli and Caroline Shin
... And this is craaazy!By Sarah Frank
Now it's really not a fluke!By Joe Coscarelli
According to preliminary numbers, at least.By Joe Coscarelli
"I'm not going to stand for people calling me a liar."By Margaret Lyons
He's mad at the Today show.By Margaret Lyons
ABC beat NBC at least one morning this week.By Joe Coscarelli
NBC just topped ABC as usual.By Joe Adalian
NBC's Today held on to its longtime dominance.By Joe Adalian
You were dying to know.By Hilary Moss
It was a guest-host extravaganza on NBC and ABC today.By Joe Coscarelli
"Today" and "Good Morning America" both have special hosts...By Joe Coscarelli and Jessica Grose
The former Today star is switching sides temporarily.By Joe Coscarelli
Give this guy a TV show! (Oh, wait...)By Eliot Glazer
No offense to Will Ferrell, but we would like Nick Offerman to wear that robe all the time, please.By Eliot Glazer
Like you've never dropped a condom, Lauer!By Eliot Glazer
Can Mariska Hargitay dance, or can Mariska Hargitay dance?By Eliot Glazer
Forcing Ann Curry to Google "French new wave cinema."By Sarah Frank
And Fonda does it in the same leotard she wore in 1981. Not bad!By Kyle Buchanan
Christmas came early this year, as did Matt Damon!By Eliot Glazer


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105ft Horizon superyacht heads for Hainan Rendezvous
by Horizon on 27 Mar 2011
The largest yacht that will be on show in Hainan. .. ©
Horizon has announced it will attend the Hainan Rendezvous, the ultimate luxury lifestyle show in Chinese Riviera-Hainan, to be held 1-4 April 2011.
It is the first time for Horizon to attend this high-end event and showcase its EP105, a 105 foot long-range luxury superyacht. According to the organizer's information, the Horizon EP105 will be the largest megayacht among those attending yachts and must successfully draw the guest's attention on her beauty and luxury styling, and get the overwhelming and enthusiastic response.
As the leading luxury mega yacht brand in Asia, and the only SYBAss (Superyacht Builders Association) member from the Far East, Horizon intends to demonstrate its superior quality and advanced technology via the EP105 superyacht to show the Chinese people at the Hainan Rendezvous.
During the 4-day exhibition, Horizon will host specific activities on the Horizon EP105, and all the parties on board are strictly accessed by invitation only. Horizon expects to have great performance through these activities and establish the close relationship with the potential clients in China.
John Lu, the CEO of Horizon Group, indicated that Horizon will continue to promote its brand all over the world, and further to root in Chinese market to raise Horizon brand awareness by well-planned marketing campaign. In the future, Horizon expects to represent the yacht brands in Asia to deliver the Asian yacht brand's spirit and philosophy to the world, and endeavors to expand the market share and influence in the global superyacht market.
About Horizon
Founded in 1987, today's Horizon is one of the world's largest top 10 luxury motoryacht builders. The popular model ranging from 52 foot to 163 foot, includes motoryachts, catamarans, expedition yachts, sportfisher, and solar-powered boats.
More at www.horizonyacht.com
If you want to link to this article then please use this URL: www.sail-world.com/81761
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"Like the novels of W.G. Sebald . . . [The Druggist of Auschwitz] will fill you with despair and rage and terrible shame at the infinite ingenuity of human cruelty. By steeling himself not to flinch before the hideous reality of the Holocaust, Schlesak has created a beautiful book." —David Laskin, The Seattle Time
"That Dieter Schlesak could write this novel in what Adam calls the executioner's language serves as some small triumph. That he could look at all of this with a clear eye and help the reader to do the same is a major triumph." —Alan Cheuse, NPR
"A great book that hits you like a fist . . . An unforgettable tapestry of evil . . . [The Druggist of Auschwitz] shows that, as Melville said, the truth is more unthinkable than fiction." —Claudio Magris, Corriere della Sera (Italy)
"Retracing the story of Dr. Capesius, in which appear other infamous figures—such as Josef Mengele, the 'Angel of Death'; Fritz Klein, the 'Assassin for Good'; and the camp commandant, Rudolf Höß—Schlesak reconstructs the terrifying history of Auschwitz: the trauma of arrival, the torture of the prisoners, the horror of the gassings and cremations. Schlesak writes with a dry style, almost with the distance of a reporter, giving us a powerful testimony on the banality of evil. The Druggist of Auschwitz is a book which confirms that sometimes the truth is more unimaginable than the most horrible fantasy." —Gaetano Vallini, L'Osservatore Romano (Vatican City)
"Dieter Schlesak not only has created a shattering work of great literary power and authenticity . . . but also sheds light on the relationship between perpetrators and their victims." —Claus Stephani, David: Jüdische Kulturzeitschrift (Austria)


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The 2014 Michael Gordon Fishing Derby took place on Mill Pond off Sylvan Street, with a host of enthusiastic fishing fanatics participating in the daylong event sponsored by Danvers Recreation and Mead Web Design last Sunday, June 29. The Derby, named in honor of its late founder, was once again a part of Danvers Family Festival.
A total of 30 families was a part of this year�s event, with 18 fish being accounted for as caught.
Will Sanborn was the winner of the Derby after reeling in the largest fish, a 2.4-pound bass. Nicholas Moore came in second, and third place belonged to Addison and Ryan Moore.
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DALLAS — Jason Terry put his faith in these Dallas Mavericks in ink. On the inside of his right biceps.
With one more win, he'll get to keep his tattoo of the NBA's championship trophy — plus have the real thing.
Terry had his title hopes injected into his arm in October, during a get-together at teammate DeShawn Stevenson's house. At the start of the playoffs, Terry vowed to have it removed if the Mavericks didn't win it all.
Thanks largely to him regaining his shooting touch in that inked-up arm, Terry and the Mavs flew to Miami on Friday closer to a title than ever before in franchise history. It could belong to them as soon as Sunday night.
"We put ourselves in the situation we wanted, to go back there with this opportunity," center Tyson Chandler said. "But we can't get too ahead of ourselves. We can't get caught up in all the hoopla."
In their previous 30 seasons, the closest the Mavericks came to being champs was in 2006, when they held a 2-0 series lead over the Heat and a big, late lead in Game 3.
Dallas ended up blowing it in six games. The Mavs had to watch the Heat celebrate on their own home floor. So the chance to close it out in Game 6, in Miami, is a delicious bit of payback to Terry and Dirk Nowitzki, the only holdovers.
"Game 6," Terry said, savoring the notion. "We must go out, play aggressively and take advantage of our opportunity."
The Mavs have done that all postseason.
Every time they've gotten three wins a series, the fourth has followed right away. They are 3-0 in knockout chances. Only one was on the road, but it was in one of the NBA's most hostile arenas, in Portland. Dallas already has tamed the Miami crowd, handing the Heat their first home loss of the postseason in Game 2.
"It's going to be hard to go in there in Miami and win, but we know we are capable of doing it," forward Shawn Marion said. "It's going to be crazy. We know what's at stake here. It's going to be exciting."
The Mavs are keeping their excitement level under wraps.
They've been in anti-celebration mode since Game 2 of the second round, when Nowitzki was upset about how giddy guys got over a second straight victory in Los Angeles. He's remained stoic regardless of the circumstances, even walking out of the Western Conference title celebration before it was over.
On Thursday night, following the most significant win in franchise history, with fans going bonkers, all Nowitzki did was wearily raise his arms.
"I really can't enjoy it much," he said, still sniffling a bit because of a sinus infection that gripped him in Game 4, but now is as much of a nuisance as the splint on his left middle finger, which isn't much.
"In the playoffs, for some reason, you're always on the edge," he said. "You don't sleep much. You think basketball 24-7. I can enjoy it hopefully next week when we're on vacation."
The Mavs have needed fourth-quarter rallies in each of their three wins. But they keep getting smaller, from 12 to nine to four. In the last game, Dallas also had the luxury of playing from ahead most of the night, a first in this series.
The best sign for the Mavericks was how many guys were scoring.
Terry, Jason Kidd and J.J. Barea all had their most productive games of the series, pacing an offense that blistered the Heat's vaunted defense. Dallas was especially good on 3s, making 13 of 19.
"We're happy with our performance," Kidd said, "but there's always room to get better."
Like on defense.
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Subject: [OMPI devel] Open MPI BTL meeting in Knoxville
From: Jeff Squyres (jsquyres) (jsquyres_at_[hidden])
Date: 2013-03-05 10:33:08
Sorry it took so long to forward these notes to everyone. Here's some notes from the BTL meeting we had in Knoxville a few weeks ago.
> Date:
> Feb. 12, 2013
> People:
> Thomas Herault
> George Bosilca
> Jeff Squyres
> Brian Barrett
> Aurelien Bouteiller
> Ralf Castain
> Nathan Hjelmn
> Goal:
> Lay out the general design of moving the BTL framework into OPAL.
> -== Identifying dependencies ==-
> +------> Modex
> +------> Mpool + rcache + conv
> +------> bml / allocators
> +------> Help/*
> +------> Naming + Endpoints?
> +------> Threads
> 0. Remove Solaris Threads (--with-thread option is attached)
> 1. Opal DB/modex
> 1.b OpenIB UDCM independent from OOB
> 2. Move BTL down to OPAL
> 3. Move to locks to lowercase versions (that are always locking), look at perf.
> 4. Look at conditions, atomics, etc
> 4.5: add big locks on things that are maybe not thread safe and not performance critical
> 5. Fix perf/redesign locking (in SM, in particular)
> 6. Use BTL tcp in place of OOB in ORTE
> -== IB BTL boostrapping ==-
> IB BTL is the only one that depends on OOB/RML
> Options:
> 1. Use the TCP BTL to boostrap IB BTL. Brian doesn't like this, because
> making it available is an enabler for bad practice that will creep in
> the codebase
> 2. Remove OOB, Fix UDCM so it stops doing things it should not have
> done anyway.
> We settle for option 2.
> -== SM initialization ==-
> Some technical discussion on the way the shared segment is created and
> the sync mechanism for the shared file. There are a number of issues,
> that seem to benefit from the fact that the modex synchronize before
> we attempt the file access. There may be trouble if the modex is
> removed (or is not synchronizing).
> -== Process name scalability ==-
> Process names use a lot of space.
> Do we need the process information from everybody at all time ?
> Modex vs opal_db. (need to clarify, I was doing something else)
> Too many things are going into the modex/db. In many arch, we don't need
> the hostname, or other info, because they can be derived. Some other
> machines, the hostname has no meaning.
> Brian: BTL should not have the hostname - at all - ? BTL should not
> report errors themselves, errors should go up and the BTL stay silent
> (also avoids some massive multinode error logs).
> * error is reported upstack (no printf)
> * Callback to get the error string later, when the pretty print happens
> ***
> We need a temporary name during bootstrapping (before we get the OMPI
> names setup). Could be created from a 128bit hash, it should have low
> probability of collision, we can crash the job if we detect collision (?).
> ompi_name is some sort of proxy for orte_name. Everytime we use a
> ompi_name, it gets converted to orte_name immediately after.
> We also need an identifier to prevent random stuff to connect to us.
> There is an issue in dynamic process, for names can still be unknown
> yet. DPM is expensive and saved by a modex, we'll have a problem later
> on if we make it fast.
> ***
> When does the BTL need a name first ?
> opal_init, opal_init_util (from ompi_info)
> add? opal_init_btl(name) + opal_fini_btl()
> During opal_init_btl:
> * Btls register with the name
> * Add their local info to the DB (opal_db)
> use a hashtable for storing name{ key=value ... }
> Align by 64bits the values, so that all keys are allocated (and sent)
> in a single bulk.
> * Should some modex key appear as global shared, local shared, local,
> (lazy propagated?)
> *
> We should not care about it and not move it around. We are fine using
> BTL only, the BML offers little functionality. We'll try, but if it
> is hard we'll forget it.
> * Addprocs: Assumption that we have to call addprocs for each
> endpoint. Maybe we can change this so that addprocs is called only once.
> * If orte uses BTL, it will have to be called twice, that is sorry
> (or not ?). It can be postponed for when ORTE moves to BTL.
> -== Active Message TAG numbers ==-
> They have to move down too. The split in 32bits groups makes the tags
> sparse. We have a layer separation break here, but we may not want to
> have all PML_OB1 tags appear down in the OPAL. We'll put down the header
> file, we don't change it for now (we are not overcrowded so its ok for
> it to be sparse). George will rearrange so that there are more possible
> families (at the expense of the number of possible tags per families).
> -== Thread safety ==-
> Because BTL are now being used by top layers that we don't know what
> they are doing, we have to assume that threads are on (by default),
> leading to a bad performance hit, due to using opal_list_t that are
> locked deep inside.
> What needs to be protected ?
> * per btl locking: huge cost on everything
> * per endpoint locking?
> That's related to enabling async progress, but that is a big chunk of
> work. We just want to keep in mind that goal so that we don't make it
> worse than it already is.
> Do we want the ability to turn off/on thread safety at runtime ?
> * lock, unlock, trylock:
> * accessors that are always safe
> * accessors that can be turned unsafe at runtime (only for OMPI level)
> * swap, cmpswap, substract, add (32, 64bit atomics): no change (we already have both), but the CAPS move to OMPI
> * signal and condition variables
> * When, how do we call progress when needed if we remove the
> UPPER_CASE that calls it ?
> * appears in wait, test, free_list
> * We'll try to remove as many as we can (upper case locks) and see
> where we are in 4-5 months from now.
> ===== OTHER issues found while talking =====
> * DPM is slow, it needs a speedup.
> -== Error reporting / printf ==-
> Replace all orte_show_help with opal_show_help. Make sure that the
> symbol is not exposed anymore outside ORTE to force update.
> * Orte_show_help, deduplicating happens in orte, ompi_show_help backcalls
> orte_show_help. Lets get rid of it completely.
Jeff Squyres
For corporate legal information go to: http://www.cisco.com/web/about/doing_business/legal/cri/


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Apr 15, 1986
|Filing date
|Dec 27, 1984
|Priority date
|Dec 27, 1984
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Mack A. Breazeale
|Original Assignee
|University Of Tennessee Research Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (7), Referenced by (13), Classifications (13), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates to the grading of fibers and particularly relates to a method and apparatus for grading fibers in which sound waves are directed through a fiber sample and the effect of the fibers on the frequency content of the sound waves is observed.
Fibers, such as cotton, are graded according to a combination of physical characteristics, and the early grading technique was simply a touch and feel method. Fibers were categorized or graded according to how they felt to the human touch. This rather subjective testing technique resulted in a grading system in which standardized grades depended upon a number of fiber characteristics, such as length, fineness, immaturity, tenacity, elongation and toughness, but the standardized grades did not correspond well with any of these physical characteristics. One could not measure one or more of the physical characteristics mentioned above and then use those physical characteristics to easily ascertain the grade of the fiber. It was and is difficult to grade fibers based on these physical characteristics and, thus, it is difficult to remove the subjective element from the grading process.
In response to the need to establish some uniformity in the fiber grading system and to inject some objectivity into this system, Dr. Kenneth L. Hertel of the University of Tennessee extensively analyzed the physical characteristics of the various grades of cotton fibers and discovered that the X-ray forward scattering characteristics of cotton fibers accurately corresponded to the fiber grade. Thus, techniques for grading fibers using X-ray forward scattering techniques were developed. However, these X-ray techniques were relatively expensive from an equipment standpoint, were cumbersome and were somewhat difficult to perform accurately. Also, there are operator health concerns involved with the use of X-rays to grade fibers.
At present, light techniques are also used to grade fibers and typically light is transmitted through a sample and the diffraction effect on the light is observed to determine the grade of the fiber. These light diffraction techniques are not very reliable and the X-ray forward scattering technique of grading fibers remains the most dependable.
The present invention utilizes sound waves to grade fibers. Sound and particularly ultrasonic sound have been used in numerous devices to determine various physical characteristics of materials, but these known devices do not disclose or use a method for determining a grade of fibers. For example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,966,057 and 2,538,444 disclose systems that measure attenuation of ultrasonic energy when it passes through a medium. Using this technique, imperfections in yarn may be detected, for example. U.S. Pat. No. 3,750,461 discloses a system using sound waves to determine the cross-section of yarn. In this patent, it is disclosed that disturbances of standing soundwaves may be observed to determine the cross-section of yarn. Also, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,984,895, and 3,925,850 each disclose an apparatus for determining the density of textile products and, again, these devices measure attenuation of continuous ultrasonic signals to measure density. The devices disclosed in the above discussed patents measure certain physical characteristics of materials, but there is no suggestion in these patents that the measurements could be used in grading fibers and, in fact, the measurements taken by these devices would not be very useful for such purpose.
In accordance with the present invention, an apparatus and method are provided in which fibers are graded by observing the frequency content of sound, preferably ultrasonic sound, after it passes through a sample of fibers. It has been discovered that the effect of fibers in altering the frequency content of sound waves corresponds well to the fiber grades and, thus, is a reliable indication of the grade of a fiber sample. In order to grade fibers in accordance with the method of the present invention, a sample of fibers is disposed in a sound path and sound waves are transmitted along the sound path through the fibers. The transmitted sound waves have more than one frequency component and the effect of the sample on the sound waves varies with frequency. The sound waves are detected after they have passed through the sample and the frequency content of the detected sound waves is determined. This frequency content is indicative of the grade of the sample of fibers.
In the preferred embodiment of the present invention, at least one sound tone burst having a known spatial frequency distribution about a single selected frequency is produced. This spatial frequency distribution is a natural phenomenon that will occur when the tone burst is created. After the tone burst has travelled through the sample, the spatial frequency distribution of the tone burst is determined and such distribution will indicate the grade of the particular sample. By comparing the spatial frequency distribution of the detected sound waves with known spatial frequency distributions corresponding to known grades of fiber, it is possible to determine which known spatial frequency distribution most closely corresponds to the spatial frequency distribution of the detected sound wave. In this manner, by comparing frequency distributions, it is possible to grade the sample.
In the preferred embodiment, the tone bursts are produced having a predetermined time duration and are transmitted at predetermined time intervals. The duration of the tone burst is chosen to be sufficiently short so that the entire tone burst is detected before any echo from the tone burst can be detected. Also, the time interval between two tone bursts is sufficiently long to allow echos from one tone burst to dissipate before another tone burst is transmitted.
In order to facilitate the determination of the spatial frequency distribution of a received sound wave, a gating technique is utilized so that substantially only meaningful signals are analyzed. In order to accomplish the gating, an electrical pulse at a selected frequency and a synchronizing spike are simultaneously generated. The electrical pulse at the selected frequency is used to produce a tone burst of sound and that tone burst will have a spatial frequency distribution about the selected frequency. The tone burst is transmitted through the sample of fibers and is received after it passes through the sample. The received tone burst is then converted into an electrical received signal. Since sound travels at a relatively slow speed compared to electrical signals, in order to maintain synchronization, a delayed synchronizing pulse is produced. This delay corresponds to the time period between the transmission of the tone burst and the receiving of the tone burst. The electrical received signal is gated in response to the delayed synchronizing pulse to produce a gated received signal which corresponds to the electrical received signal for a selected time period after the production of the delayed synchronizing pulse. The selected time period of the gate is chosen so that a time window opens only when meaningful signals are present. That is, a gate opens and passes the received signal corresponding to a tone burst, but between tone bursts, the gate is closed to block out noise. The gated received signal is then analyzed to determine the spatial frequency distribution thereof which, in turn, will correspond to the grade of the sample fibers.
The present invention may best be understood by reference to the following detailed description of a preferred embodiment when considered in conjunction with the drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a circuit diagram of an apparatus embodying one form of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a detailed view of the cotton fiber sample and a holder plate;
FIGS. 3a-3f are graphs of spatial frequency distributions produced by sound passing through six different cotton fiber samples, each sample having a weight of about 0.738 grams; and
FIGS. 4a-4f are graphs of spatial frequency distributions produced by sound passing through six different grades of cotton fiber samples, each sample having a weight of about 0.365 grams.
Referring now to the drawings in which like reference characters designate like or corresponding parts throughout the several views, there is shown in FIG. 1 a schematic diagram 10 representing one form of the present invention. The diagram 10 includes a pulse modulator 12 that generates an A.C. electrical pulse at a frequency of one megahertz on line 14 and also generates a synchronization spike on ine 16. In this particular embodiment, a Matec Model No. 6600 pulse modulator 12 is used. As used herein, the term "pulse" refers to an alternating current over a finite period of time. The time length of the pulse produced by the pulse modulator 12 is approximately one tenth (0.1) of a millisecond and the repetition rate of the pulses is approximately one hundred (100) pulses per second so that the interval between pulses is approximately one hundredth (0.01) of a second.
Line 14 is connected to a source transducer 18 for producing ultrasonic sound. In this particular embodiment a barium-titanate ceramic transducer is used, but it will be understood that other sound transducers may be used. The transducer 18 produces an ultrasonic tone burst in response to the electrical signal received on line 14. The tone burst has a duration of approximately of one-tenth (0.1) of a millisecond and has a repetition of approximately one hundred (100) bursts per second. The one megahertz frequency, the 0.1 millisecond duration and the 100 pulses per second repetition rate work well with the particular equipment used in this embodiment, but they are not considered to be optimum. Also, although ultrasonic "sound" having a frequency of one megahertz is used in the described embodiment, the term "sound", as used herein, will be understood in its broadest sense to include frequencies above, below and within audible ranges.
The source transducer 18 is contained within a housing 20 whose function is to isolate the transducer 18 and other equipment therein from air current and spurious echos and sounds. Also disposed within the housing 20 is a cotton fiber sample 22 that is mounted on a sample board 24 which is mounted by a clamp 26 to a holder plate 28, all of which are also shown in FIG. 2. The sample board 24 includes an aperture 30 over which the sample 22 is disposed, and the holder plate 28 also includes an aperture 32 positioned adjacent to the aperture 30 in the sample board. A receiving transducer 34 is positioned on the other side of the housing 20 from the source transducer 18, and the sample 22 is positioned so that the sound beam produced by the transducer 18 will travel through the cotton fiber sample 22 and will be received by the receiving transducer 34. In this embodiment, the receiving transducer 34 is identical to the source transducer 18, and the two transducers are positioned apart at a distance of approximately one meter. The sample 22 is disposed half way between the two transducers 18 and 34 and the sound beam produced by the transducer 18 is approximately 25 millimeters in diameter. As best shown in FIG. 2, the aperture 32 in the holder plate 28 is approximately 50 millimeters in diameter and the aperture 30 in the sample board 24 is a square with sides of greater than 50 millimeters. Thus, it will be appreciated that the aperture 32 does not intercept the sound beam produced by the source transducer 18, but it merely serves as a holder for the sample 22. Of course, the distances between the transducers and the sizes of the sound beam and apertures may be varied.
The sound signal received by the transducer 34 is converted to an electrical signal and is applied through line 36 to an amplifier 38. The output of the amplifier 38 is applied through line 40 to a stepless gate 42, whose function is to gate the received signal so that it is transmitted to an output line 44 only during selected time intervals. These time intervals are chosen so that the signal on line 44 corresponds only to signals received from the transducer 34 that correspond to the reception of the one megahertz tone burst. Thus, the gate 42 is open for slightly greater than one-tenth of a millisecond and has a repetition rate of one hundred cycles per second. The stepless gate 42 is synchronized with the local pulse modulator 12, but the function of the gate 42 must be delayed slightly to compensate for the time required for the sound to travel from the source transducer 18 to the receiving transducer 34. Thus, gate 42 includes a delay 48 and a gate 46. The delay 48 receives a synchronization spike on line 16 from the local pulse modulator 12 and delays for a predetermined time period after which the delay 48 causes the gate 46 to open for a time period slightly greater than a tenth of a millisecond. In this particular embodiment, the delay period of delay 48 is equal to the time required for sound to travel the one meter from the source transducer 18 to the receiving transducer 34. Since the transducers 18 and 34 are about one meter apart, the delay time of the delay 48 is approximately three milliseconds. Of course, this delay must be adjusted depending upon the distance between the transducers 18 and 34 and the atmospheric conditions prevailing at the particular time of operation. This adjustment may be accomplished by simply looking at the signal on the output line 44 with an oscilloscope and adjusting the delay 48 until the proper signal is seen on the output line 44.
In this particular embodiment, the stepless gate 42 is manufactured by Panametrics (Model 5052G).
The output of the stepless gate 42 is applied through line 44 to a spectrum analyzer 47 that will analyze the signal to determine its spatial frequency distribution. In this particular embodiment, a Hewlett-Packard Spectrum Analyzer Model No. 141S is used as the spectrum analyzer 47. The analyzer 47 will display a graph corresponding to the spatial frequency distribution of the signal received on line 44 with the x-axis corresponding to the frequency and the y-axis corresponding to signal amplitude. The center frequency in this particular embodiment has been chosen to be one megahertz and the spectrum width that is displayed on the screen of the spectrum analyzer 47 is two hundred kilohertz, one hundred kilohertz on either side of the center frequency. The signal on line 44 may also be applied to a recorder 88 which may be a conventional magnetic tape type recorder, or other conventional recorder, which will record the output appearing on line 44 for subsequent analysis.
The spatial frequency distribution shown on the screen of the analyzer 47 is an indication of the grade of the fiber sample 42. The transducer 18 produces a sound wave having a center frequency of one megahertz and whose frequency distribution about one megahertz is defined by the formula of sine X divided by X. As the sound wave passes through the fiber 22, its frequency distribution will be changed because the scattering caused by the fiber sample 22 is a highly frequency dependent phenomenon. That is, the cotton fiber sample 22 will scatter out a part of the sound wave depending upon its particular frequency. Which part or which frequency is scattered out depends upon the physical characteristics of the fiber, and it has been discovered that the scattering effect on the spatial frequency distribution of the sound wave corresponds to the grade of a particular fiber sample. Thus, the frequency content of the tone burst after it passes through the fiber sample 22 may be used to identify the grade of the sample 22. In other words, a particular grade of fiber will have a unique scattering effect on the sound transmitted through it. This unique scattering effect will create a unique spatial frequency distribution in the signal produced by the transducer 34 and displayed by the analyzer 47.
The uniqueness of the spatial frequency distribution of particular samples of cotton fibers may be observed by reference to FIGS. 3 and 4. FIG. 3 shows the spatial frequency distribution for six different grades of cotton fiber where the sample weight is about 0.738 grams. FIG. 4 also shows the spatial frequency distribution for six different grades of fibers where the weight of the sample is 0.365 grams. In both FIGS. 3 and 4 the center frequency is one megahertz and the frequency range across the graph is 200 kilohertz.
In both FIGS. 3 and 4, the grade of the fiber used to create the spatial frequency distribution graph is indicated thereon by the number which begins with "SR", and the precise weight in grams of each sample is indicated on the graphs by the four decimal place number followed by the letter "g". The table below shows the common variety name of the "SR" samples and various other physical characteristics of the samples. This table shows ten different grades of fibers, but graphs for only six representative grades are shown in FIGS. 3 and 4.
__________________________________________________________________________COTTON FIBER PROPERTIES Length Tenanci- Tough- 2.5% Fineness Immaturity ty 1/8" Elon- ness Xray angle Span A D Gauge gation T1 E1 /2 40% 50%Code Variety in. mm-1 mm-1 g/tex % g/tex degree__________________________________________________________________________SR-1 1.13 463 44 18.7 8.1 .76 34.9 31.8SR-2 Deltapine 1.15 458 35 19.1 9.0 .86 38.2 34.7Smooth LeafSR-3 Stone- 1.06 512 50 16.7 7.7 .64 35.9 32.5ville 3202SR-4 Stone- 1.15 488 46 17.6 7.3 .64 34.9 31.9ville 7ASR-5 Rex 1.02 543 58 16.9 8.1 .68 37.4 33.8SR-6 Lan- .99 552 64 16.4 8.7 .71 40.6 36.7kart 57SR-7 Cal 7-8 1.07 446 28 22.1 6.2 .69 29.9 26.6SR-8 Acala 1.11 516 48 21.8 7.8 .85 33.5 30.24-42SR-12 Acala 1.19 474 31 22.2 7.3 .81 31.1 27.91517VSR-13 Pima S-2 1.36 495 34 30.3 9.0 1.37 29.8 26.9__________________________________________________________________________
By comparing the six graphs shown in FIG. 3, one to the other, it will be appreciated that each grade of fiber at a particular weight of sample creates a spatial frequency distribution that is distinct from the spatial frequency distributions of the other grades of fibers. Likewise, reference to FIG. 4 shows that at a different sample weight, the various grades of fibers continue to create unique spatial frequency distributions.
One method of grading fibers utilizing the method of the present invention would be to first determine and record the spatial frequency distributions of numerous known grades of fibers at a particular sample weight. For example, the graphs shown in FIG. 3 represent spatial frequency distributions for six known grades of fiber at a known sample weight. Next, a sample would be prepared from an unknown grade of cotton fibers. This sample would be weighed so that it had the same weight as the known grades. For example, if the spatial frequency distributions of FIG. 3 were being used, the sample of the unknown fibers would be prepared to have a weight of about 0.738 grams. This sample would be placed on a sample board 24 and mounted on the holder plate 28 using the apparatus shown in FIG. 1, and the spatial frequency distribution of the unknown sample could be determined by simply viewing the screen of the analyzer 47. Then by visually comparing the spatial frequency distributions shown on the screen of the analyzer 47 with the graphs of the spatial frequency distributions for known grades of fiber, one could determine the grade of the unknown fiber by matching its spatial frequency distribution to the spatial frequency distribution of one known grade of fiber. Once an operator became skilled, he could grade the fiber by simply reading the spatial frequency distribution much like a physician reads an electrocardiogram, an X-ray or the like.
Of course, this visual comparison technique is a somewhat subjective pattern recognition technique and the accuracy of the grading would depend to some extent on the skill of the operator and his ability to match the spatial frequency distribution of the unknown samples to the spatial frequency distribution of a particular grade of fibers. This subjective element could be eliminated by using computer pattern recognition techniques. In this contemplated process, the known spatial frequency distribution of known fiber grades would be placed in the memory of a computer and the spatial frequency distribution of an unknown sample would be input into the computer. The computer would use pattern recognition techniques to determine the best match between the unknown sample and the spatial frequency distributions of the known grades of fibers stored in memory.
It is also contemplated that analog techniques could be used to directly perform the comparison described above. For example, the output signal appearing on line 44 shown in FIG. 1 could be recorded for each of the known grades of fiber at a particular sample weight. Then, an unknown grade of fiber could be used as the sample 22 and the electrical signal produced on line 44 by the unknown sample could be directly compared with the recorded signals to find the best match using analog comparison techniques.
While most of the operating characteristics of the present invention are not critical, the selection of the operating parameters should be within certain ranges to achieve optimum performance. In the embodiment described above, the pulse produced by the local pulse modulator 12 and the tone burst produced by transducer 18 has a duration of 0.1 milliseconds. Thus, the tone burst produced by the transducer 18 will have a length of approximately 33 millimeters. This tone burst will pass through the cotton fiber sample 22 and will be received by the transducer 34. The leading edge of the tone burst will be reflected, partially, by the transducer 34 in numerous directions and particularly back toward the plate 28. In order to avoid echo problems, the length of the tone burst should be less than twice the length from the receiving transducer 34 to the nearest object. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, the nearest object is the plate 28 which is positioned at a distance of approximately five hundred millimeters from the receiving transducer 34. Of course, there could be other sources of echos. For example, sound waves could be reflected back from the sample 22, the sample board 24, and the plate 28 toward the transducer 18 and then reflected from the transducer 18 back toward the transducer 34. In order to avoid all of these echo problems, the length of the tone burst, thirty-three millimeters was chosen to be significantly smaller than the distance between the transducer 34 and the plate 28 so that the potential for echo problems would be minimized. When the echos are being received by the transducer 34, the stepless gate 42 will be turned "off" so that the signal produced by the transducer 34 will not be transmitted to the analyzer 47.
Likewise, the repetition rate of the tone bursts from the transducer 18 is important. By allowing approximately 0.01 seconds between tone bursts, there is sufficient time for the energy of one tone burst to dissipate to an acceptablely low noise level before the next succeeding tone burst is produced. In this manner, echos from one tone burst will not interfere with the reception of another tone burst by the receiving transducer 34.
While a particular embodiment of the invention has been described above, it will be appreciated that the invention is capable of numerous rearrangements, modifications and substitutions without departing from the spirit of the invention. In particular, it should be noted that the analysis of the spatial frequency distribution of the tone bursts received by transducer 34 may be accomplished in a number of fashions. Perhaps the easiest is a visual comparison of the spatial frequency distribution of an unknown sample of fibers with graphs of the spatial frequency distributions of known grades of fibers. The key to the analysis is the recognition of the fact that the fibers will generate a signal at the receiving transducer 34 having frequency information that is indicative of the grade of the sample fibers.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Feb 3, 1949
|Jan 16, 1951
|Raymond M Wilmotte Inc
|Sonic system for measuring filaments
|Apr 30, 1956
|Dec 27, 1960
|Curtiss Wright Corp
|Apparatus for measuring attenuation of ultrasonic energy
|May 6, 1966
|Dec 30, 1969
|American Enka Corp
|Method and apparatus for measuring the mass per unit length of elongated products
|Jun 16, 1971
|Aug 7, 1973
|Zellweger Uster Ag
|Method of and an apparatus for determining the cross-section of products of the textile industry, especially that of yarns, rovings and slivers
|Nov 1, 1973
|Dec 16, 1975
|Fibers Controls Corp
|Density sensing and controlling equipment
|Dec 20, 1974
|Oct 12, 1976
|Fiber Controls Corporation
|Density sensing and controlling equipment
|Dec 14, 1982
|Nov 13, 1984
|Zellweger Uster Ltd.
|Method of and an apparatus for measuring characteristic features of fibrous material
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Aug 30, 1985
|May 5, 1987
|Unisul, Inc.
|Method and apparatus for measuring material
|May 30, 1986
|Jun 16, 1987
|The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of Commerce
|Acoustic evaluation of thermal insulation
|Sep 17, 1985
|Jan 5, 1988
|Zellweger Uster., Ltd.
|Method and device for determining the cross-section of elongated objects using a sound field
|Nov 16, 1987
|Aug 8, 1989
|Massachusetts Institute Of Technology
|Ultrasonic tissue characterization
|Mar 31, 1989
|Jan 22, 1991
|Cargill Ul Limited
|Automatic material assay
|Oct 11, 1989
|Jun 30, 1992
|Maschinenfabrik Rieter Ag
|Recognizing unwanted material in textile fibers
|May 12, 1994
|Jan 7, 1997
|Southern Research Institute
|Apparatus and method for ultrasonic spectroscopy testing of materials
|Nov 27, 1996
|May 19, 1998
|Toda; Kohji
|System for measuring ultrasound transmission in materials
|Nov 19, 2010
|Jun 15, 2011
|Piezoelectric wafer eigenfrequency measurement method
|Nov 19, 2010
|May 9, 2012
|Piezoelectric wafer eigenfrequency measurement method
|Mar 21, 1989
|Nov 2, 1989
|Cargill Uk Limited
|Automatic Material Assay
|Sep 19, 1991
|Apr 2, 1992
|United States Department Of Energy
|Resonant ultrasound spectroscopy
|Oct 25, 2006
|May 3, 2007
|Fourth Wave Pty Ltd
|Methods and apparatus for measuring properties of fibre samples
|U.S. Classification
|73/599, 73/602, 73/160
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Dec 27, 1984
Owner name: UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE RESEARCH CORPORATION, KNOX
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:BREAZEALE, MACK A.;REEL/FRAME:004390/0609
Effective date: 19841212
|Sep 11, 1989
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Nov 23, 1993
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Apr 17, 1994
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Jun 28, 1994
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 19940628


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astral: Tax deferred status would probably be unimportant if pj's former IRA took up domicile in Rio or some other tax haven. We need to ask pj if his IRA has been making any mention of the Maldives, the Azores, Vanuatu or the Canary Island.My IRA is run with an iron hand. It does not trade wildly, nor has it been making noises about running off with a limited partnership to some rum-soaked island in the Carribean.And it is a good thing. Without it, I might have to ask pj if I could share the other side of his bridge. I would promise to keep my stereo low and I wouldn't interrupt him when he is doing his day trading.