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WASHINGTON, DC—Many property owners, tenants and buyers fly blind while selecting someone to represent them. So says SIOR's Patrick O'Healy in a recent blog on the subject. According to Healy, property owners, tenants and buyers desire to work with someone they like, but often relationship elements drive the selection.
"Working with someone who listens, communicates well, and is user-friendly is an easy path to take," he says. "While these are great traits when selecting a friend, likeability may not be the best approach when choosing a steward to handle what may be your largest asset."
The following set of questions may be helpful to you when selecting a broker or agent to represent you, says O'Healy.
- How long have you been selling and leasing commercial real estate?
- On what do you specialize?
- How many transactions have you completed in your career? Can you provide a list for the past three years with a map showing their locations?
- What is the character of your brokerage company?
Marketing this Property
- What are the characteristics of the likely buyers/lessees for this property?
- How long do the brokers think it will take to sell or lease?
- How many properties in this approximate size range have sold in the past 12 and 24 months in this sub-market?
- What is the price range and price per SF for those properties?
- Who were the buyers of those properties, and for what use were they purchased?
- How closely do the prices match properties competitive with yours?
- Has the Broker created a matrix comparing your properties to the others adding and subtracting for differences in quality, size and attributes?
The Agent and Their Marketing
- If your initial plan does not work, what is your back up plan?
- Can you give me ten references from property owners for whom you have sold/leased properties in the past few years?
- Can you share the names of five buyers/lessees you have represented, and the addresses, size and characteristics of those properties?
- Can you share the challenges you have overcome completing these transactions and how you accomplished them in each case?
- What Escrow Company and agent do you normally use? Do you mind if I call them for a reference? (Professional service providers know who is good and who is not. Listen to their feedback.)
The ability and willingness to answer these questions should separate the players from the pretenders, explains O'Healy. To read the full posting, and for other SIOR blogs, click here.

subset: commoncrawl


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Property Description
City of Gretna Celebrating it's Centennial year, turning 100 on August 20, 1913-2013. Please visit City of Gretna Website or Facebook for upcoming events. Stroll our National Historic District and explore Gretna's German roots though its museums, architecture, landmarks, restaurants and events. The Gretna Heritage Festival is known worldwide for its food and music. Enjoy the weekly Farmers Market, monthly Art Walk, BMX Track, Valentine Weddings, Spring Tour of Homes and much, much more.
From Interstate 10 - exit 234A from West and proceed on U.S. 90 over Mississippi River, exit Lafayette Street onto Service Road. Go two blocks, turn right on Huey P. Long Avenue to Visitor Center. From Interstate 10 - exit 234C from East while traveling on U. S. Business 90 and exit at Lafayette Street. Go under the overpass and make a left on the Service Road. Go two blocks, turn right on Huey P. Long Avenue to the Gretna Visitor Center.
- Handicapped Accessible
- Dates closed: Saturday, Sunday and Holidays
- Area Information
- Maps Available
- Printed guides available


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Old divergences in a boreal bird supports long-term survival through the Ice Ages
Saitoh, Takema
Alström, Per
Nishiumi, Isao
Shigeta, Yoshimitsu
Williams, Dawn
Olsson, Urban
Ueda, Keisuke
BMC Evolutionary Biology
Unlike northern Europe and most of northern North America, the Eastern Palearctic and the northwesternmost tip of North America are believed to have been almost unglaciated during the Quarternary glacial periods. This could have facilitated long-term survival of many organisms in that area. To evaluate this, we studied the phylogeography in east Asia and Alaska of a boreal migratory passerine bird, the Arctic Warbler Phylloscopus borealis, and compared our results with published data on especially North American species.
In a sample of 113 individuals from 18 populations we identified 42 haplotypes of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene, which separated into three clades: A - Alaska and mainland Eurasia (except Kamchatka); B - Kamchatka, Sakhalin and Hokkaido; and C - Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu (i.e. Japan except Hokkaido). The oldest split among these clades, between A/B and C, is estimated to have taken place sometime between the mid Pliocene and early Pleistocene, and the second divergence, between clades A and B, in the early to mid Pleistocene. Within all of the three main clades, there are signs of population expansion.
The Arctic Warbler separated into three main clades in close succession around the Pliocene/Pleistocene border, with the two northern clades diverging last. All three clades probably experienced population bottlenecks during the Pleistocene as a result of range shifts and contractions, but nevertheless survived and maintained their integrities. Several other clades of Northeastern Palearctic birds are noted to have diversified during the Pliocene. In contrast, avian species or phylogroups presently occupying formerly glaciated North American ground are generally younger. The differences between these regions could be due to slower speciation rates in the Eastern Palearctic due to less fragmentation of forest habitats during glacial periods, or to longer survival of Eastern Palearctic clades as a result of less severe conditions in that region compared to northern North America. Several other Palearctic organisms show concordant biogeographical patterns to that of the Arctic Warbler, indicating common causes of their diversifications.
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Invasive Crayfish Threaten the Development of Submerged Macrophytes in Lake Restoration
van der Wal, Jessica E. M.
Dorenbosch, Martijn
Immers, Anne K.
Vidal Forteza, Constanza
Geurts, Jeroen J. M.
Peeters, Edwin T. H. M.
Koese, Bram
Bakker, Elisabeth S.
PLoS ONE
Submerged macrophytes enhance water transparency and aquatic biodiversity in shallow water ecosystems. Therefore, the return of submerged macrophytes is the target of many lake restoration projects. However, at present, north-western European aquatic ecosystems are increasingly invaded by omnivorous exotic crayfish. We hypothesize that invasive crayfish pose a novel constraint on the regeneration of submerged macrophytes in restored lakes and may jeopardize restoration efforts. We experimentally investigated whether the invasive crayfish (Procambarus clarkii Girard) affects submerged macrophyte development in a Dutch peat lake where these crayfish are expanding rapidly. Seemingly favourable abiotic conditions for macrophyte growth existed in two 0.5 ha lake enclosures, which provided shelter and reduced turbidity, and in one lake enclosure iron was added to reduce internal nutrient loading, but macrophytes did not emerge. We transplanted three submerged macrophyte species in a full factorial exclosure experiment, where we separated the effect of crayfish from large vertebrates using different mesh sizes combined with a caging treatment stocked with crayfish only. The three transplanted macrophytes grew rapidly when protected from grazing in both lake enclosures, demonstrating that abiotic conditions for growth were suitable. Crayfish strongly reduced biomass and survival of all three macrophyte species while waterfowl and fish had no additive effects. Gut contents showed that crayfish were mostly carnivorous, but also consumed macrophytes. We show that P. clarkii strongly inhibit macrophyte development once favourable abiotic conditions for macrophyte growth are restored. Therefore, expansion of invasive crayfish poses a novel threat to the restoration of shallow water bodies in north-western Europe. Prevention of introduction and spread of crayfish is urgent, as management of invasive crayfish populations is very difficult.
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New zoonotic cases of Onchocerca dewittei japonica (Nematoda: Onchocercidae) in Honshu, Japan
Uni, Shigehiko
Fukuda, Masako
Otsuka, Yasushi
Hiramatsu, Nobuo
Yokobayashi, Kenichi
Takahashi, Hiroshi
Murata, Susumu
Kusatake, Kenji
Morita, Eishin
Maruyama, Haruhiko
Hasegawa, Hideo
Shiwaku, Kuninori
Ramli, Rosli
Azirun, Mohd Sofian
Takaoka, Hiroyuki
Parasites & Vectors
Zoonotic infections with Onchocerca species are uncommon, and to date only 25 clinical cases have been reported worldwide. In Japan, five previous zoonotic infections were concentrated in Oita, Kyushu (the southern island), with one previous case in Hiroshima in the western part of Honshu (the main island). The causative agent in Japan was identified as Onchocerca dewittei japonica Uni, Bain & Takaoka, 2001 from Japanese wild boars (Sus scrofa leucomystax Temminck, 1842). Here we report two infections caused by a female and male O. dewittei japonica, respectively, among residents of Hiroshima and Shimane Prefectures in the western part of Honshu.
In both cases, nodules were surgically removed. The parasites in nodules were identified on the basis of their histopathological characteristics. Identification was confirmed by sequencing the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene from worms in the tissues used in the histological preparations.
Case 1 was a 61-year-old woman from Hiroshima Prefecture who complained of a painful subcutaneous nodule on the back of her right hand. The causative agent was identified as a female O. dewittei japonica owing to transverse ridges on the cuticle and molecular analysis. Case 2 was a 78-year-old woman from Shimane Prefecture who had a painful nodule in the left temporal region. Histopathological characteristics and cox1 sequencing of the worm indicated that the causative agent was a male O. dewittei japonica.
For Cases 1 and 2, we diagnosed the causative agents as a female and male O. dewittei japonica, respectively. These findings indicate the spread of a zoonosis caused by O. dewittei japonica in the western part of Honshu, where wild boars have recently extended their habitats because of decreased annual snowfall, unused rice fields and a decline in the number of hunters in Japan. The O. dewittei japonica infection rate among wild boars was reported as 78% in Shimane Prefecture, in the western part of Honshu. Therefore, in the near future, zoonotic onchocercosis is likely to occur in Honshu as well as Kyushu, where wild boars, blackfly vectors and humans share the same habitat.
Filarioid; Global warming; Japanese wild boar; Onchocerca dewittei japonica; Vector-borne disease; Zoonosis
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Geographical Distribution of the Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 BgKL Variant in Japan Suggests Gradual Dispersion of the Virus from Shikoku Island to the Other Islands
Ozawa, Shigeru
Eda, Hiroyuki
Hayashi, Kozaburo
Yoshino, Kamesaburo
Yanagi, Kazuo
Journal of Clinical Microbiology
Restriction endonuclease fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) is useful for the epidemiological study of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). We report here the identification of a major BglII RFLP variant of HSV-1, designated BgKL, found in 27.0% of 636 HSV-1 clinical isolates. We have also established its geographic distribution in Japan. BgKL has an unusually large BglII K fragment. SalI cleavage analyses showed that 97% of BgKL variant isolates lack both the SalI C-J and the F-J cleavage sites and have an unusually large SalI D or E fragment, and 91% of the BgKL variants lack both SalI G and H fragments. Furthermore, 96% of BgKL isolates have an unusually small KpnI M fragment. Therefore, BgKL is a marker for these five mutations in most HSV-1 isolates and is a useful HSV-1 RFLP marker. The BgKL variant was found in 59% of HSV-1 isolates from Shikoku Island, 44% of HSV-1 isolates from the Chugoku region of Honshu Island, 31% of HSV-1 isolates from Kyushu Island, 0% of HSV-1 isolates from Okinawa Island, 49% of HSV-1 isolates from Osaka, 27% of HSV-1 isolates from Shiga, 13% of HSV-1 isolates from the Chubu Region, and 9% of HSV-1 isolates from the Tohoku Region of Honshu Island. Differences in the frequency of BgKL between the Shikoku-Chugoku-Osaka area (49%) and Kyushu, between Kyushu and Okinawa, between the Shikoku-Chugoku-Osaka area and Shiga, and between Shiga and Tohoku are all statistically significant. The BgKL frequency decreases in a geographical gradient suggest that this HSV-1 variant was dispersed from Shikoku to the surrounding regions and then to more distant regions. The BgKL frequency in Tokyo was similar to the nationwide average. These are the first data to suggest a geographic and demographic dispersion pattern of HSV-1. Implications for the epidemiology and diversification of HSV-1 are discussed.
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Host resistance does not explain variation in incidence of male-killing bacteria in Drosophila bifasciata
Veneti, Zoe
Toda, Masanori J
Hurst, Gregory DD
BMC Evolutionary Biology
Selfish genetic elements that distort the sex ratio are found widely. Notwithstanding the number of records of sex ratio distorters, their incidence is poorly understood. Two factors can prevent a sex ratio distorter from invading: inability of the sex ratio distorter to function (failure of mechanism or transmission), and lack of drive if they do function (inappropriate ecology for invasion). There has been no test to date on factors causing variation in the incidence of sex ratio distorting cytoplasmic bacteria. We therefore examined whether absence of the male-killing Wolbachia infection in D. bifasciata in Hokkaido island of Japan, in contrast to the presence of infection on the proximal island of Honshu, was associated with failure of the infection to function properly on the Hokkaido genetic background.
The male-killer both transmitted and functioned well following introgression to each of 24 independent isofemale inbred lines carrying Hokkaido genetic backgrounds. This was maintained even under stringent conditions of temperature. We therefore reject the hypothesis that absence of infection is due to its inability to kill males and transmit on the Hokkaido genetic background. Further trap data indicates that D. bifasciata may occur at different densities in Hokkaido and Honshu populations, giving some credence to the idea that ecological differentiation could be important.
The absence of the infection from the Hokkaido population is not caused by failure of the male-killer to function on the Hokkaido genetic background.
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Population-Level Metrics of Trophic Structure Based on Stable Isotopes and Their Application to Invasion Ecology
Jackson, Michelle C.
Donohue, Ian
Jackson, Andrew L.
Britton, J. Robert
Harper, David M.
Grey, Jonathan
PLoS ONE
Biological invasions are a significant driver of human-induced global change and many ecosystems sustain sympatric invaders. Interactions occurring among these invaders have important implications for ecosystem structure and functioning, yet they are poorly understood. Here we apply newly developed metrics derived from stable isotope data to provide quantitative measures of trophic diversity within populations or species. We then use these to test the hypothesis that sympatric invaders belonging to the same functional feeding group occupy a smaller isotopic niche than their allopatric counterparts. Two introduced, globally important, benthic omnivores, Louisiana swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) and carp (Cyprinus carpio), are sympatric in Lake Naivasha, Kenya. We applied our metrics to an 8-year data set encompassing the establishment of carp in the lake. We found a strong asymmetric interaction between the two invasive populations, as indicated by inverse correlations between carp abundance and measures of crayfish trophic diversity. Lack of isotopic niche overlap between carp and crayfish in the majority of years indicated a predominantly indirect interaction. We suggest that carp-induced habitat alteration reduced the diversity of crayfish prey, resulting in a reduction in the dietary niche of crayfish. Stable isotopes provide an integrated signal of diet over space and time, offering an appropriate scale for the study of population niches, but few isotope studies have retained the often insightful information revealed by variability among individuals in isotope values. Our population metrics incorporate such variation, are robust to the vagaries of sample size and are a useful additional tool to reveal subtle dietary interactions among species. Although we have demonstrated their applicability specifically using a detailed temporal dataset of species invasion in a lake, they have a wide array of potential ecological applications.
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Lanthanum from a Modified Clay Used in Eutrophication Control Is Bioavailable to the Marbled Crayfish (Procambarus fallax f. virginalis)
van Oosterhout, Frank
Goitom, Eyerusalem
Roessink, Ivo
Lürling, Miquel
PLoS ONE
To mitigate eutrophication in fresh standing waters the focus is on phosphorus (P) control, i.e. on P inflows to a lake as well as a lake's sediment as internal P source. The in-lake application of the lanthanum (La) modified clays – i.e. La modified bentonite (Phoslock) or La modified kaolinite, aim at dephosphatising the water column and at reducing the release of P from a lake's sediment. Application of these clays raises the question whether La from these clays can become bioavailable to biota. We investigated the bioavailability of La from Phoslock in a controlled parallel groups experiment in which we measured the La in carapace, gills, ovaries, hepatopancreas and abdominal muscle after 0, 14 and 28 days of exposure to Phoslock. Expressing the treatment effect as the difference of the median concentration between the two treatment groups (Phoslock minus control group) yield the following effects, the plus sign (+) indicating an increase, concentrations in µg g−1 dry weight: Day 14: carapace +10.5 µg g−1, gills +112 µg g−1, ovaries +2.6 µg g−1, hepatopancreas +32.9 µg g−1 and abodminal muscle +3.2 µg g−1. Day 28: carapace +17.9 µg g−1; gills +182 µg g−1; ovaries +2.2 µg g−1; hepatopancreas +41.9 µg g−1 and abodminal muscle +7.6 µg g−1, all effects were statistically significant. As La from Phoslock is bio-available to and taken up by the marbled crayfishes (Procambarus fallax f. virginalis), we advocate that the application of in-lake chemical water treatments to mitigate eutrophication should be accompanied by a thorough study on potential side effects.
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Does Autocthonous Primary Production Influence Oviposition by Aedes japonicus japonicus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Container Habitats?
Journal of medical entomology
Aedes (Finlaya) japonicus japonicus (Theobald) (Diptera: Culicidae) is recently invasive in North America and has expanded its range rapidly since 1998. Throughout its native and expanded range, Ae. j. japonicus larvae are commonly observed in many types of natural and artificial water-filled containers that vary in organic matter content and exposure to sunlight. Larvae are most often found in containers with decaying leaf material or algae, and we postulated that the added autocthonous primary production from algae could be both an important food source for larvae and an influential oviposition attractant to adult Ae. j. japonicus. We tested this hypothesis by placing plastic containers with varied levels of shading to manipulate algal density in the field, and then monitored oviposition by natural populations of Ae. j. japonicus. Over 99% of larvae hatching from eggs laid on the walls of our containers were Ae. j. japonicus, indicating that this species is a dominant colonizer of artificial containers in the study areas. Although full shading treatments effectively reduced algal biomass (significant reduction in chlorophyll a levels), at only one of three sites did this appear to affect Ae. j. japonicus oviposition. We conclude that algae in larval habitats are not a major factor in oviposition choices of adult Ae. j. japonicus females except when in situ primary production is high enough to substantially alter overall organic matter content cues.
Aedes japonicus japonicus; algae; oviposition; container habitat
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Prevalence of the Crayfish Plague Pathogen Aphanomyces astaci in Populations of the Signal Crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus in France: Evaluating the Threat to Native Crayfish
Filipová, Lenka
Petrusek, Adam
Matasová, Klára
Delaunay, Carine
Grandjean, Frédéric
PLoS ONE
Aphanomyces astaci, the crayfish plague pathogen, first appeared in Europe in the mid-19th century and is still responsible for mass mortalities of native European crayfish. The spread of this parasite across the continent is especially facilitated by invasive North American crayfish species that serve as its reservoir. In France, multiple cases of native crayfish mortalities have been suggested to be connected with the presence of the signal crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus, which is highly abundant in the country. It shares similar habitats as the native white-clawed crayfish Austropotamobius pallipes and, when infected, the signal crayfish might therefore easily transmit the pathogen to the native species. We investigated the prevalence of A. astaci in French signal crayfish populations to evaluate the danger they represent to local populations of native crayfish. Over 500 individuals of Pacifastacus leniusculus from 45 French populations were analysed, plus several additional individuals of other non-indigenous crayfish species Orconectes limosus, O. immunis and Procambarus clarkii. Altogether, 20% of analysed signal crayfish tested positive for Aphanomyces astaci, and the pathogen was detected in more than half of the studied populations. Local prevalence varied significantly, ranging from 0% up to 80%, but wide confidence intervals suggest that the number of populations infected by A. astaci may be even higher than our results show. Analysis of several individuals of other introduced species revealed infections among two of these, O. immunis and P. clarkii. Our results confirm that the widespread signal crayfish serves as a key reservoir of Aphanomyces astaci in France and therefore represents a serious danger to native crayfish species, especially the white-clawed crayfish. The prevalence in other non-indigenous crayfish should also be investigated as they likely contribute to pathogen transmission in the country.
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Macrogenomic Evidence for the Origin of the Black Fly Simulium suzukii (Diptera: Simuliidae) on Okinawa Island, Japan
Adler, Peter H.
Huang, Yao-Te
Reeves, Will K.
Kim, Sam Kyu
Otsuka, Yasushi
Takaoka, Hiroyuki
PLoS ONE
To determine the geographic origin of the black fly Simulium suzukii on Okinawa Island, Japan, macrogenomic profiles derived from its polytene chromosomes were compared with those of mainland and other insular populations of S. suzukii and of the isomorphic Simulium tani species complex. The Okinawan population is a chromosomally unique cytoform, designated 'D,' which is essentially monomorphic and differs by about 27 fixed rearrangements from the chromosomal standard sequence for the subgenus Simulium and by two fixed differences from its nearest known relative, representing the type of S. suzukii, on the main islands of Japan. Chromosomal band sequences revealed two additional, sympatric cytoforms of S. suzukii, designated 'A' and 'B,' each with species status, in Korea, and a third cytoform, designated 'C,' on Hokkaido, Japan. A new cytoform, 'K,' of S. tani from Malaysia, representing the type of S. tani, is more closely related to cytoforms in Thailand, as are populations from Taiwan previously treated as S. suzukii but more closely aligned with S. tani and newly recognized as cytoform 'L' of the latter nominal species. Rooting of chromosomal band sequences by outgroup comparisons allowed directionality of chromosomal rearrangements to be established, enabling phylogenetic inference of cytoforms. Of 41 macrogenomic rearrangements discovered in the five new cytoforms, four provide evidence for a stepwise origin of the Okinawan population from populations characteristic of the main islands of Japan. The macrogenomic approach applied to black flies on Okinawa Island illustrates its potential utility in defining source areas for other species of flies including those that might pose medical and veterinary risks.
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Adult Mortality Attributable to Preventable Risk Factors for Non-Communicable Diseases and Injuries in Japan: A Comparative Risk Assessment
Ikeda, Nayu
Inoue, Manami
Iso, Hiroyasu
Ikeda, Shunya
Satoh, Toshihiko
Noda, Mitsuhiko
Mizoue, Tetsuya
Imano, Hironori
Saito, Eiko
Katanoda, Kota
Sobue, Tomotaka
Tsugane, Shoichiro
Naghavi, Mohsen
Ezzati, Majid
Shibuya, Kenji
PLoS Medicine
Using a combination of published data and modeling, Nayu Ikeda and colleagues identify tobacco smoking and high blood pressure as major risk factors for death from noncommunicable diseases among adults in Japan.
The population of Japan has achieved the longest life expectancy in the world. To further improve population health, consistent and comparative evidence on mortality attributable to preventable risk factors is necessary for setting priorities for health policies and programs. Although several past studies have quantified the impact of individual risk factors in Japan, to our knowledge no study has assessed and compared the effects of multiple modifiable risk factors for non-communicable diseases and injuries using a standard framework. We estimated the effects of 16 risk factors on cause-specific deaths and life expectancy in Japan.
Methods and Findings
We obtained data on risk factor exposures from the National Health and Nutrition Survey and epidemiological studies, data on the number of cause-specific deaths from vital records adjusted for ill-defined codes, and data on relative risks from epidemiological studies and meta-analyses. We applied a comparative risk assessment framework to estimate effects of excess risks on deaths and life expectancy at age 40 y. In 2007, tobacco smoking and high blood pressure accounted for 129,000 deaths (95% CI: 115,000–154,000) and 104,000 deaths (95% CI: 86,000–119,000), respectively, followed by physical inactivity (52,000 deaths, 95% CI: 47,000–58,000), high blood glucose (34,000 deaths, 95% CI: 26,000–43,000), high dietary salt intake (34,000 deaths, 95% CI: 27,000–39,000), and alcohol use (31,000 deaths, 95% CI: 28,000–35,000). In recent decades, cancer mortality attributable to tobacco smoking has increased in the elderly, while stroke mortality attributable to high blood pressure has declined. Life expectancy at age 40 y in 2007 would have been extended by 1.4 y for both sexes (men, 95% CI: 1.3–1.6; women, 95% CI: 1.2–1.7) if exposures to multiple cardiovascular risk factors had been reduced to their optimal levels as determined by a theoretical-minimum-risk exposure distribution.
Tobacco smoking and high blood pressure are the two major risk factors for adult mortality from non-communicable diseases and injuries in Japan. There is a large potential population health gain if multiple risk factors are jointly controlled.
Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary
Editors' Summary
Worldwide, a small number of modifiable risk factors are responsible for many premature or preventable deaths. For example, having high blood pressure (hypertension) increases a person's risk of developing life-threatening heart problems and stroke (cardiovascular disease). Similarly, having a high blood sugar level increases the risk of developing diabetes, a chronic (long-term) disease that can lead to cardiovascular problems and kidney failure, and half of all long-term tobacco smokers in Western populations will die prematurely from diseases related to smoking, such as lung cancer. Importantly, the five major risk factors for death globally—high blood pressure, tobacco use, high blood sugar, physical inactivity, and overweight and obesity—are all modifiable. That is, lifestyle changes and dietary changes such as exercising more, reducing salt intake, and increasing fruit and vegetable intake can reduce an individual's exposure to these risk factors and one's chances of premature death. Moreover, public health programs designed to reduce a population's exposure to modifiable risk factors should reduce preventable deaths in that population.
Why Was This Study Done?
In 2000, the Japanese government initiated Health Japan 21, a ten-year national health promotion campaign designed to prevent premature death from non-communicable (noninfectious) diseases and injuries. This campaign set 59 goals to monitor and improve risk factor management in the Japanese population, which has one of the longest life expectancies at birth in the world (the life expectancy of a person born in Japan in 2009 was 83.1 years). Because the campaign's final evaluation revealed deterioration or no improvement on some of these goals, the Japanese government recently released new guidelines that stress the importance of simultaneously controlling multiple risk factors for chronic diseases. However, although several studies have quantified the impacts on life expectancy and cause-specific death of individual modifiable risk factors in Japan, the effects of multiple risk factors have not been assessed. In this study, the researchers use a "comparative risk assessment" framework to estimate the effects of 16 risk factors on cause-specific deaths and life expectancy in Japan. Comparative risk assessment estimates the number of deaths that would be prevented if current distributions of risk factor exposures were changed to hypothetical optimal distributions.
What Did the Researchers Do and Find?
The researchers obtained data on exposure to the selected risk factors from the 2007 Japanese National Health and Nutrition Survey and from epidemiological studies, and information on the number of deaths in 2007 from different diseases from official records. They used published studies to estimate how much each factor increases the risk of death from each disease and then used a mathematical formula to estimate the effects of the risk factors on the number of deaths in Japan and on life expectancy at age 40. In 2007, tobacco smoking and high blood pressure accounted for 129,000 and 104,000 deaths, respectively, in Japan. Physical inactivity accounted for 52,000 deaths, high blood glucose and high dietary salt intake accounted for 34,000 deaths each, and alcohol use for 31,000 deaths. Life expectancy at age 40 in 2007 would have been extended by 1.4 years for both sexes, the researchers estimate, if exposure to multiple cardiovascular risk factors had been reduced to calculated optimal distributions, or by 0.7 years if these risk factors had been reduced to the distributions defined by national guidelines and goals.
What Do These Findings Mean?
These findings identify tobacco smoking and high blood pressure as the major risk factors for death from non-communicable diseases among adults in Japan, a result consistent with previous findings from the US. They also indicate that simultaneous control of multiple risk factors has great potential for producing health gains among the Japanese population. Although the researchers focused on estimating the effect of these risk factors on mortality and did not include illness and disability in this study, these findings nevertheless identify two areas of public health policy that need to be strengthened to improve health, reduce death rates, and increase life expectancy among the Japanese population. First, they highlight the need to reduce tobacco smoking, particularly among men. Second and most importantly, these findings emphasize the need to improve ongoing programs designed to help people manage multiple cardiovascular risk factors, including high blood pressure.
Additional Information
Please access these websites via the online version of this summary at http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001160.
The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention provides information on all aspects of healthy living
The World Health Report 2002—Reducing Risks, Promoting Healthy Life provides a global analysis of how healthy life expectancy could be increased
The American Heart Association and the American Cancer Society provide information on many important risk factors for noncommunicable diseases and include some personal stories about keeping healthy
Details about Health Japan 21 are provided by the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. Further details about this campaign are available from the World Health Organization
MedlinePlus provides links to further resources on healthy living and on healthy aging (in English and Spanish)
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Li, Jun
Fu, Cuizhang
Lei, Guangchun
PLoS ONE
Few studies have explored the role of Cenozoic tectonic evolution in shaping patterns and processes of extant animal distributions within East Asian margins. We select Hynobius salamanders (Amphibia: Hynobiidae) as a model to examine biogeographical consequences of Cenozoic tectonic events within East Asian margins. First, we use GenBank molecular data to reconstruct phylogenetic interrelationships of Hynobius by Bayesian and maximum likelihood analyses. Second, we estimate the divergence time using the Bayesian relaxed clock approach and infer dispersal/vicariance histories under the 'dispersal–extinction–cladogenesis' model. Finally, we test whether evolutionary history and biogeographical processes of Hynobius should coincide with the predictions of two major hypotheses (the 'vicariance'/'out of southwestern Japan' hypothesis). The resulting phylogeny confirmed Hynobius as a monophyletic group, which could be divided into nine major clades associated with six geographical areas. Our results show that: (1) the most recent common ancestor of Hynobius was distributed in southwestern Japan and Hokkaido Island, (2) a sister taxon relationship between Hynobius retardatus and all remaining species was the results of a vicariance event between Hokkaido Island and southwestern Japan in the Middle Eocene, (3) ancestral Hynobius in southwestern Japan dispersed into the Taiwan Island, central China, 'Korean Peninsula and northeastern China' as well as northeastern Honshu during the Late Eocene–Late Miocene. Our findings suggest that Cenozoic tectonic evolution plays an important role in shaping disjunctive distributions of extant Hynobius within East Asian margins.
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Sakaguchi, S
Takeuchi, Y
Yamasaki, M
Sakurai, S
Isagi, Y
We aimed to reveal the effects of range expansion and subsequent lineage admixture from separated glacial refugia on genetic diversity of Kalopanax septemlobus in Japan, by combining nuclear microsatellite data and ecological niche modelling. Allelic richness and gene diversity were compared at the population and regional level. We also statistically examined these indices as a function of population accessibility to the last glacial maximum (LGM) palaeodistribution reconstructed by ecological niche modelling to test a simple range expansion scenario from glacial refugia. Genetic diversity was highest in the populations of southern Japan and gradually decreased towards the north. However, an additional centre of genetic diversity, when measured as gene diversity, was found in northern Honshu Island, where distinct lineages were shown to be in contact. Positive effects of population accessibility to the LGM range were detected in both diversity indices at different spatial scales. The combined data support independent postglacial range expansions towards the north from the edge populations on the exposed coastal shelf of Pacific and Sea of Japan in northern Honshu during the LGM, which subsequently resulted in markedly low genetic diversity in the northernmost extant range, Hokkaido. The regional increase in gene diversity in northern Honshu is likely to be the result of postglacial lineage admixture. Relative difference in the spatial scales best relating population genetic diversity with the LGM distribution can be explained by a higher rate of allelic richness diversity loss during range expansions and stronger effects of lineage admixture on gene diversity.
accessibility to palaeodistribution; ecological niche model; exposed coastal landscape; lineage admixture; nuclear microsatellite; postglacial colonisation
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Satou, Kunio
Nishiura, Hiroshi
BMC Veterinary Research
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Here we reanalyze a large-scale seroprevalence survey dataset from Japanese pig farms to estimate the force of infection. The forces of infection of swine HEV were estimated to be 3.45 (95% confidence interval: 3.17, 3.75), 2.68 (2.28, 3.14) and 3.11 (2.76, 3.50) [×10-2 per day] in Hokkaido, Honshu and Kyushu, respectively. The estimates with our model assumptions indicated that the average ages at infection ranged from 59.0–67.3 days and that the basic reproduction number, R0, was in the order of 4.02–5.17. Sensitivity analyses of age-specific incidence at different forces of infection revealed that a decline in the force of infection would elevate the age at infection and could increase the number of virus-excreting pigs at the age of 180 days.
Although our estimates imply that more than 95% of pigs are infected before the age of 150 days, the model shows that a decline in the force of infection could increase the risk of pig-to-human transmission. If the force of infection started to decline, it might be necessary to implement radical countermeasures (e.g. separation of uninfected pigs from infected herds beginning from the end of the suckling stage) to minimize the number of virus-positive pigs at the finishing stage.
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Ikeda, Takako
Yoshimura, Masashi
Onoyama, Keiichi
Oku, Yuzaburo
Nonaka, Nariaki
Katakura, Ken
Parasites & Vectors
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Our denning models indicating suitable sites for delivering baits will improve the cost-benefit performance of the campaign. Our modeling protocol is suitable for the urban landscapes, and for extracting the heeding range when they select the den sites.
Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1756-3305-7-357) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Echinococcus multilocularis; Baiting strategy; Cost-benefit performance; Vulpes vulpes; Urban red fox; Den site selection; Key environmental factors; Key spatial scale; Requisite spatial scale; Heeding range
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Wang, Weimin
PLoS ONE
The red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) was introduced to China in the early 20th century. It has been spread to almost all forms of fresh water bodies including lakes, rivers and even paddyfields in most provinces of China. To clarify issues such as the initial entry point(s), dispersal pattern, genetic diversity and genetic structure of Procambarus clarkii in China, the genetic structure and diversity of P. clarkii populations at 37 sampling sites (35 from China, one from the USA and one from Japan) were analyzed using both mitochondrial gene sequences (COI and 16S rRNA) and 12 nuclear microsatellites. Multiple tests including phylogenetic analyses, Bayesian assignment and analysis of isolation by distance showed that (i) the population from Japan and those collected from China, particularly from NanJing (BGt and XG) and its some neighboring sites (CJr, NT and NB), have similar genetic composition, (ii) relatively high genetic diversity was detected in Chinese populations, (iii) the P. clarkii populations in China did not experience significant population expansions. Taken together, Nanjing, Jiangsu province is the presumed initial entry point, and human-mediated dispersal and adaptive variation are likely responsible for the observed genetic pattern of P. clarkii in China.
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Kitahara, Tomoaki
Takagi, Ryuichi
Kato, Ryoji
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Kaufman, Michael G.
Fonseca, Dina M.
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Zielke, Dorothee E
Ibáñez-Justicia, Adolfo
Kalan, Katja
Merdić, Enrih
Kampen, Helge
Werner, Doreen
Parasites & Vectors
Originally native to East Asia, Aedes japonicus japonicus, a potential vector of several arboviruses, has become one of the most invasive mosquito species in the world. After having established in the USA, it is now spreading in Europe, with new populations emerging. In contrast to the USA, the introduction pathways and modes of dispersal in Europe are largely obscure.
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As the European populations of Ae. j. japonicus are geographically separated but genetically mixed, their establishment must be attributed to passive transportation. In addition to intercontinental shipment, it can be assumed that human activities are also responsible for medium- and short-distance overland spread. A better understanding of the processes underlying the introduction and spread of this invasive species will help to increase public awareness of the human-mediated displacement of mosquitoes and to find strategies to avoid it.
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Zhou, Yi
Yang, Hongsheng
Ru, Shaoguo
PLoS ONE
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Arias, J. R.
Nishimura, N.
Lounibos, L. P.
Journal of medical entomology
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Kampen, Helge
Zielke, Dorothee
Werner, Doreen
Parasites & Vectors
The Asian bush mosquito, Aedes japonicus japonicus, a potential vector of several viruses, was first detected in Germany in 2008 on the Swiss-German border. In the following years, this invasive species apparently succeeded in establishing populations in southern Germany and in spreading northwards. In 2011, its distribution area already covered large areas of the federal state of Baden-Wurttemberg, and its northernmost German collection point was reported to be close to Stuttgart. Several independent submissions to our laboratories of Ae. j. japonicus specimens in July 2012, originating from the same area in the federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia, western Germany, prompted us to carry out an immediate surveillance in this region in the expectation of finding a further distribution focus of Ae. j. japonicus in Germany.
After inspecting the places of residence of the collectors of the submitted mosquito specimens, all kinds of water containers in 123 cemeteries in surrounding towns and villages were checked for mosquito developmental stages. These were collected and kept to produce adults for morphological species identification. One specimen per collection site was identified genetically by COI sequence analysis.
Aedes j. japonicus adults and immature stages were found in 36 towns/villages that were checked (29%) over an area of approximately 2,000 km2 in southern North Rhine-Westphalia and northern Rhineland Palatinate. The species could not be demonstrated further south when monitoring towards the northernmost previous collection sites in southern Germany. It therefore remains to be elucidated whether the species has entered western Germany from the south, from Belgium in the west where it has been demonstrated to occur locally since 2002, or through a new introduction.
Aedes j. japonicus is obviously much more widely distributed in Germany than previously thought. It appears to be well adapted, to have a strong expansion tendency and to replace indigenous mosquito species. Thus, a further spread is anticipated and elimination seems hardly possible anymore. The vector potency of the species should be reason enough to thoroughly monitor its future development in Germany.
Aedes japonicus japonicus; Cemeteries; Distribution focus; Spread; Western Germany
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Hutchinson, D A
Savitzky, A H
Burghardt, G M
Nguyen, C
Meinwald, J
Schroeder, F C
Mori, A
Journal of Zoology (London, England : 1987)
Species that sequester toxins from prey for their own defense against predators may exhibit population-level variation in their chemical arsenal that reflects the availability of chemically defended prey in their habitat. Rhabdophis tigrinus is an Asian snake that possesses defensive glands in the skin of its neck ('nuchal glands'), which typically contain toxic bufadienolide steroids that the snakes sequester from consumed toads. In this study, we compared the chemistry of the nuchal gland fluid of R. tigrinus from toad-rich and toad-free islands in Japan and determined the effect of diet on the nuchal gland constituents. Our findings demonstrate that captive-hatched juveniles from toad-rich Ishima Island that had not been fed toads possess defensive bufadienolides in their nuchal glands, presumably due to maternal provisioning of these sequestered compounds. Wild-caught juveniles from Ishima possess large quantities of bufadienolides, which could result from a combination of maternal provisioning and sequestration of these defensive compounds from consumed toads. Interestingly, juvenile females from Ishima possess larger quantities of bufadienolides than do juvenile males, whereas a small sample of field-collected snakes suggests that adult males contain larger quantities of bufadienolides than do adult females. Captive-born hatchlings from Kinkasan Island lack bufadienolides in their nuchal glands, reflecting the absence of toads on that island, but they can sequester bufadienolides by feeding on toads (Bufo japonicus) in captivity. The presence of large quantities of bufadienolides in the nuchal glands of R. tigrinus from Ishima may reduce the risk of predation by providing an effective chemical defense, whereas snakes on Kinkasan may experience increased predation due to the lack of defensive compounds in their nuchal glands.
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Ito, Katsura
Nishikawa, Hiroshi
Shimada, Takuji
Ogawa, Kohei
Minamiya, Yukio
Tomoda, Masafumi
Nakahira, Kengo
Kodama, Rika
Fukuda, Tatsuya
Arakawa, Ryo
Journal of Insect Science
Pilophorus typicus (Distant) (Heteroptera: Miridae) is a predatory bug occurring in East, Southeast, and South Asia. Because the active stages of P. typicus prey on various agricultural pest insects and mites, this species is a candidate insect as an indigenous natural enemy for use in biological control programs. However, the mass releasing of introduced natural enemies into agricultural fields may incur the risk of affecting the genetic integrity of species through hybridization with a local population. To clarify the genetic characteristics of the Japanese populations of P. typicus two portions of the mitochondrial DNA, the cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) (534 bp) and the cytochrome B (cytB) (217 bp) genes, were sequenced for 64 individuals collected from 55 localities in a wide range of Japan. Totals of 18 and 10 haplotypes were identified for the COI and cytB sequences, respectively (25 haplotypes over regions). Phylogenetic analysis using the maximum likelihood method revealed the existence of two genetically distinct groups in P. typicus in Japan. These groups were distributed in different geographic ranges: one occurred mainly from the Pacific coastal areas of the Kii Peninsula, the Shikoku Island, and the Ryukyu Islands; whereas the other occurred from the northern Kyushu district to the Kanto and Hokuriku districts of mainland Japan. However, both haplotypes were found in a single locality of the southern coast of the Shikoku Island. COI phylogeny incorporating other Pilophorus species revealed that these groups were only recently differentiated. Therefore, use of a certain population of P. typicus across its distribution range should be done with caution because genetic hybridization may occur.
biological control; cytochrome B (cytB); cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI); indigenous natural enemy; phylogenetic analysis
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Kato, Makoto
Murakami, Noriaki
BMC Evolutionary Biology
Climatic changes during glacial periods have had a major influence on the recent evolutionary history of living organisms, even in temperate forests on islands, where the land was not covered with ice sheets. We investigated the phylogeographical patterns of the weevil Curculio sikkimensis (Curculionidae), a generalist seed predator of Fagaceae plants living in both deciduous oak and evergreen forests of Japan. Its genetic structure was compared to that of another host-specific seed predator, C. hilgendorfi, inhabiting only evergreen forests.
We examined 921 bp of mitochondrial DNA for 115 individuals collected from 33 populations of C. sikkimensis from 11 plant species of three genera, Quercus, Lithocarpus, and Castanopsis. An analysis of molecular variance revealed that a large proportion (almost 50%, P < 0.001) of the total genetic variance could be explained by differences between two geographical regions, the southwestern and northeastern parts of the main islands of Japan. In contrast, no significant genetic differentiation of the weevil was observed among vegetation types of their utilized host plant species. The phylogeographical patterns of the generalist and the host-specific seed predator exhibited a congruent genetic boundary in the Chugoku-Shikoku region.
Our results suggest that geology and historical environment have contributed to shaping the present genetic structure of C. sikkimensis. The geographical patterns of genetic differentiation in the Chugoku-Shikoku region observed in the two types of Fagaceae-associated Curculio in this study have also been observed in several plant species growing in warm and cool temperate zones of Japan. The occurrence of this common pattern suggests that deciduous oak and evergreen forests of Japan survived together, or adjacent to each other, in small refugia during glacial ages, in the southwestern and northeastern parts of the main islands, although these two types of forests are presently distributed in cool and warm temperate zones of Japan, respectively.
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Definición de scourge en inglés:
1 historical A whip used as an instrument of punishment.
Oraciones de ejemplo
- Begone, or shall I be required to chastise you with the whip and the scourge once more?
- They were in hot pursuit of their escaping slaves, with whips and scourges cracking, and blades drawn.
whip, horsewhip, lash, strap, birch, switch, bullwhip, rawhide
historical cat-o'-nine-tails
2A person or thing that causes great trouble or suffering: the scourge of mass unemployment
Más ejemplos en oraciones
- Like every city, Sheffield suffers from the scourge of nuisance neighbours, but has taken a leading role in trying to address the problem.
- The fiction business, Bellaigue tells us, is troubled by twin scourges: speculative advances and competitive discounts.
- 'Bill suffered the scourge of asthma all his life,' he said.
affliction, bane, curse, plague, menace, evil, misfortune, burden, cross to bear;
blight, cancer, canker
verbo[with object]
1 historical Whip (someone) as a punishment.
Oraciones de ejemplo
- As he is beaten, he falls on his back and can see only the foot of the soldier who is scourging him.
- Beattie stripped him of all his assumed dignity, and having laid his back bare, scourged him till he smarted keenly, and cursed again.
- He continued to scourge me even after I had collapsed onto the pier.
flog, whip, beat, horsewhip, lash, flagellate, strap, birch, cane, thrash, belt, leather
informal tan someone's hide, take a strap to
2Cause great suffering to: political methods used to scourge and oppress workers
Más ejemplos en oraciones
- The Italian playwright was awarded the Nobel Prize for 'emulating the jesters of the Middle Ages in scourging authority and upholding the dignity of the downtrodden'.
- He also scourges the bureaucracy and the corruption, and the collusion between the Mafia and politicians.
- Straddling two of the Indian subcontinent's mightiest rivers, the country is regularly drowned by flood crests surging downstream or scourged by whirlwinds from the sea.
afflict, plague, torment, torture, curse, oppress, burden, bedevil, beset
- ( historical)Oraciones de ejemplo
- Behind the employer stood the magistrate and the scourger, and then the chain gangs and the penal colonies, such as Norfolk Island, Moreton Bay, and Port Arthur.
Middle English: shortening of Old French escorge (noun), escorgier (verb), from Latin ex- 'thoroughly' + corrigia 'thong, whip'.
Scourge is a shortening of Old French escorgier, from Latin ex- 'thoroughly' and corrigia 'thong, whip'. It is a word used most often figuratively as in the Scourge of God for an instrument of divine chastisement, the title given by historians to Attila the Hun in the 5th century.
Palabras que riman con scourgeconverge, dirge, diverge, emerge, merge, purge, serge, splurge, spurge, submerge, surge, urge, verge
For editors and proofreaders
División en sílabas: scourge
Definición de scourge en:
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211 reviews | 4.5 out of 5
This is the best vacuum I have ever owned. I have always wanted to purchase a Dyson, but the sticker price scared me away. The price Walmart was offering the vacuum for was too good to pass up. Free shipping also factored into my purchase. I literally received the vacuum 48 hours after I had placed my order. I used the video below as part of my research before I made this purchase. The vacuum does everything in the video. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4oC3wJ9IsLU&noredirect=1
This is my second Dyson. I still have the first one that I bought which is an upright. I have a business and was using it several times a day for 4 years. I needed a second vacuum that was a little more compact and easy to load so I chose the DC23. It fits in a 24" duffle bag that I can easily load into the car with the rest of my equipment. I have found that when first using most Dysons, there are quirky little things that tend to be hard to get used to but once I get used to them, I love my Dysons. They are a true workhorse. I have sucked up many things that I should not have and been able to take apart the machine easily and quickly and unclog it. I have never had to send my Dyson in for repairs but I have heard that their customer service is excellent. Many people have told me that Dyson doesn't even make it in the top ten for best vacuums but I am here to say it is the #1 vacuum for me. They are really worth every penny I have spent on them. I just wish they would come out with a floor cleaning machine.
Haven't had the vacuum long but so far I like it. The suction is great. The cord is a nice length and the auto winder works well. It is easy to extend the wand and easy to remove the motorized head. The only problems so far are minor. It is easy to remove and open the canister to empty but shaking it is not enough to remove the contents. Hair and dust bunnies get caught and have to be removed with a long, narrow tool. The other inconvenience is the feature to turn off the motor in the head. You have to lay down the wand and reach down with both hands to pull out the button so switching from wood floor to rug or carpet is not as easy as it could be. It seems like the connectors are better built than most canister vacuums I have tried so I think they will last longer.
This has been on clearance for some time, and I was hesitant to purchase it- due to the fact that it was on clearnace to begin with. I just took the plunge, and purchased my new dyson. I owned my last dyson for 5 years, never had one problem. I just wanted a new one. I have been happy with my new dyson so far. Suction is just as good, if not better, than my upright dyson was. And best of all, I can easily vacumm under our beds and dressers. I love this dyson! What an amazing deal. Thank you walmart! No complaints! 100% 5 stars!
Owned a trusty Hoover bagged canister for 15 years. Did a ton on online research to get up to speed and replace it. Finally decided to order and test drive: Dyson DC23 and Hoover Platinum Bagless. I returned the DC23. Hoover has a better powerhead; you can feel the suction/tension between the power head and the carpet. It lifts and fluffs the carpet pile back into shape. You can visually see where you've been. This is how vacuuming should be. DC23, no...while it sucked alot of debris, it seemed to be skimming along the carpet surface. Hoover won out, though I DID prefer the way the DC23 collection bin released/emptied, onboard tools, etc. (Hoover should pay attention here!) I felt the DC23 was overpriced (bad enough at $270 sale, but original $400??). Also looking at a Shark vacuum... Good Luck in your vacuum shopping endeavors.
I've been reluctant to spend the money for a Dyson but with the special purchase model available at Walmart, I decided to buy. The quality is top notch. The turbine head canister vacuum is extremely well constructed. The design is efficient and user friendly - parts snap together smoothly and easily. Emptying the canister is simple and clean. I'm really impressed (especially when comparing to a "similar" competitive vacuum I own) with every aspect. It also cleans very effectively - I purchased a separate head for hardwood/tile floors. While it probably wasn't necessary, the attachment is very versatile in getting to the hard to reach places. I opted for a canister model because a shoulder injury makes it difficult to maneuver an upright. This model is light weight and easy to operate without giving up cleaning power. Thanks to Walmart for providing a great item at a reasonable price!
The vaccuum cleaner has very good suction power, the rotary "beater" works well getting dog hair off of rugs. Also the canister is easy to remove and clean. However, the vacuum would serve my purposes better if it had included a different attachment with a brush designed specifically for hardwood or tile floors. I have a lot of hardwood and tile and feel as if the current attachment leaves fine dust and some of the dog hair on my hard floor surfaces. I clean these surfaces with a micro fiber dust mop to really get them clean. Overall the vaccum is easy to use and carry around house and would be perfect for a house with a lot of rugs.
The day my last vacuum cleaner handle snapped off was the last straw! I went on Walmart.com and found the Dyson DC23 on clearance. It arrived within a week and snapped together quite easily. I have mostly hard wood floors with area rugs. This vac cleans both very well. I was shocked by the amount of dust and hair it picked up as I had vacuumed only a few days prior. I've always had an upright vac but now will never own anything but a canister. I can get under furniture and beds with ease due to the low profile turbine head. Also, very easy to dump the container. I would definitely buy this vac again. I plan to get one for a Christmas gift for my daughter.
This was a good value even at $279 because it came with the optional upholstry cleaner which works very well and retails for $70. Overall a powerful vacuum and does not require bags which will probably save $150 over the life of the vacuum.
This is the best vacuum that I've ever owned! It makes my rugs look brand new. I can't believe how much stuff it gets up from my floors!
I love this vacuum so much! I have 2 English Bull Terriers. Even though they are short hair, they still shed a lot. I would have never known so much pet hair was embedded in my carpets until I ran the vacuum over them just once. I was astonished. I know this is not the animal Dyson, but it still works miracles. When I bought my Dyson, I wanted something that would convert easily from carpet to floors and be easy on stairs. I feel like I made the best choice. I literally can't wait to vacuum again. And I love the fact that the vacuuming wand adjusts so much. I am a 5'11 woman, so vacuums are always torture for me with bending over. This vacuum makes life so much easier for me. And I also love how the turbinehead brush bar is smaller then a regular vacuum. It makes it easier to reach under the tables and through the chairs. I no longer have to move everything around to vacuum. This has been the best investment I've ever made when it comes to a cleaning tool.
I know this machine is getting old, but with proper care and maintenance, it has performed very well for the last 6 years. I will only buy a Dyson product from now on.
I've had two Dyson uprights, and I will say there are very effective vacuums; I had problems with the foot release lever jamming on them and one of these levers broke once - wasn't impressed. SO! I decide to try a canister vacuum this time around. The suction is great, as I expected it would be. The powerhead was a disappointment. On the uprights the powerbar is powered by an electric motor; on this canister (and all new model canisters) the powerhead is driven by the SUCTION from the vacuum, which reduces the amount of suction available to pick up the dirt - which is the whole point of vacuuming, isn't it? Also, the powerhead that shipped with it worked just OKAY on bare floors, but when I sent to vacuum a VERY short pile oriental carpet the powerbar stopped, altogether. Completely. It didn't have enough power to even turn itself on even the lowest pile of carpet. Then the powerhead started speeding up and slowing down on its own, at times winding up to near-jet-engine screaming noise so much so you couldn't hear anyone talking next to you, then it would slow right down again - all just sitting there on a bare floor, not even moving. I called Dyson and they sent a replacement powerhead. Same thing, it barely has enough force to turn the powerhead, leaves hair and lint behind on carpet. It took me 15 minutes of going over the carpet again and again and again before I eventually got all the lint up - and then the powerhead clogged. Come on, for $400?? My $75 dirt devil upright does a better job!! I am unhappy. It works great on upholstery - whoopie - a $400 sofa vacuum.
I purchased this Dyson Canister Vac because I needed something more lightweight. I have an older Dyson upright and I really love it but it is just too heavy for me to lug up and down the stairs. I was attracted to this particular model because it is small and packs a lot of power. I especially like the Mini Turbinehead Tool, great for the stairs and furniture. I also like the retractable cord - no more winding the cord!! However, I have one very small complaint, the cord is a few feet shorter than my other Dyson. With my upright Dyson, I can vacuum through three rooms before I have to move to another electrical outlet, with this one the cord can reach through 2 rooms. Other than that one minor issue I love it and would recommend it to anyone looking for a powerful canister vac.
The vacuum takes a little while to assemble, but it is not difficult. The canister is much easier for me to use vs. an upright vacuum. Does well with pet hair, too
I have never bought a Dyson before, but decided to go for it since my cheap, $100 Bissell was dying. It had been dying for just over a year now, and the frustration it caused made this $250 price tag look more than reasonable. As I pulled my brand new Dyson out of its box, I still wasn't sure that I would keep it. Any other time of the year and I wouldn't feel so guilty about this significant splurge. After struggling to connect the hose to the machine, the white ring stays on btw (I had to look it up!), I turned it on and immediately fell in love! It works beautifully; even on carpet! I have replaced both of my vacuum cleaners!! This wonderful little machine sucks up animal hair from every side. It works great against walls and in corners. Disconnecting the attachments is quick and simple. The power cord is 21ft long, and I expect it to retract as intended for the life of the vacuum.
I love my Dyson. I had an upright Dyson but wanted the canister. We recently got rid of all our carpet . I shopped around for a good price and when I saw it on sale, I decided to get it. I also read the reviews about this model and how much others loved it on their harwood floor and decided to give it a try. I love it too !! I have two big dog and 2 kids . It follows me when I vacuum and as a Dyson vaccum doesn't loose suction. I would recommend this or any dyson vac to anyone looking for a good vacuum that has kids or animals and wants to keep their house clean!!!
This vacuum is SWEET! I have always used a canister vac. And always chose another very popular brand. Until now, I never knew there was a better vacuum on the planet. The Dyson will suck your curtains of the rods if you let it. It is that powerful. It comes with all of the attachments anyone could ever want, and no bags, no mess, no smell. We have a Shar-pei so we vacuum just about everyday. Between his hair and his slobber this vacuum is the heat...It's also very funny to watch the stuff you vacuum up swirl around. A BIGGIE? If you suck up something unintended, you can clearly see it, and recover it without having to dig through a nasty, groce bag....How awesome is that???? It tucks away nicely into a closet and this machine is so well thought out. All attachments have a place on the machine itself, so no lost attachments. I will own a Dyson until the day I breathe my last breath, period. I now love to vacuum, who knew?
If this had a good hard floor attachment, it might have been good, but neither attachments work well with hard floors. My house has no carpet, so this is not the vacuum for me. Returning it.
I have four dogs, and it handily tackles their sheddings on my carpets. I believe that I will never own anything but a Dyson in the future.


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Ratings based on 1,560 Verified Reviews
They paid and stayed. We double-checked.
3.9 Room cleanliness
3.8 Service & staff
3.7 Room comfort
3.5 Hotel condition
Expedia Verified ReviewsThey paid and stayed. We double-checked.
by A verified traveler
Posted Jul 29, 2016
Nice stay would recommend to friend pool was beautiful food could be improved
by A verified traveler
Posted Jul 22, 2016
Room was nice bed was excellent elevators need updating and ice machines more convenient
by A verified traveler from DC
Great view & great pool!Posted Jul 21, 2016
The hotel location, pool, and view were amazing. Staff was friendly, and facilities were nice. Some aspects of the hotel were a little dated, but overall, great value.
by A verified traveler from Plainfield, CT
Low key, relaxing stayPosted Jul 20, 2016
The staff at the hotel were very helpful. I know this because when we tried to enter our room the door wouldn't open and they had to have maintnence come force it open, then the tv wouldn't work so again they sent up Maintenence to wiggle the wires and make it work. The pool was nice and refreshing, however the large rat strolling around by the outdoor grill was unsettling.
by A verified traveler from Boston
Great hotelPosted Jul 16, 2016
Pros: The rooms have been redo very nicely and were immaculate. But the best part was the staff and management.
Cons: A restaurant for dining would have been nice.
Location: Very short ride to all the museums, the Capitol, White House, etc. There is a free shuttle of taxi fare is reasonable.
Can't say enough good things about the hotel staff and management. They did everything possible to make our stay enjoyable and assure that this would definitely be our "return to" hotel. The only negative I would say is that the restaurant was only open for breakfast buffet (which by the way was delicious). There is a bar area near the pool that also has a limited "bbq" type menu but the restaurant for dinner would have been nice.
by A verified traveler
Capitol hotelPosted Jul 6, 2016
Hotel was old but our stay was pleasant. Staff were friendly and caring.
by A verified traveler from Goodyear, AZ
Close to Nationals ParkPosted Jul 4, 2016
Cons: Would have liked for breakfast to be included in price
Clean, comfortable, helpful staff, and within walking distance from Nationals Park. Everything we needed!
by A verified traveler
Just an ok okPosted Jun 25, 2016
Had a pool. The restaurant only opened for breakfast, but not accessible time if your leaving early to catch trains. Other food available must be eaten at a bar no tables unless you eat outside which can be soaked due to rain and swimmers. No ice available on any floor. Must travel 7 floors for ice in basement. 20 dollars a day extra fees for? The attendant simply said a holding fee can't spend it down can't get it refunded. Wow that I should have been aware of for a 3 day stay.
by A verified traveler
Posted Jun 24, 2016
it was a nice stay. most of the staff was nice. it would have been nicer if they had more than one lifeguard so that people did not have to get out of the pool so that the one lifeguard could take a break. the food at the pool side grill was a little pricy foe the amount and price of them
by A verified traveler
Well located, but not cozyPosted May 14, 2016
Pros: The wifi connection and the gentleness of the staff
Cons: Many things, from the interior decoration to the amenities (It is inconceivable a hotel without a restaurant).
Location: The neighborhood is in construction; then the surroundings are ugly. In order to find something really nice for eating, you have to take a taxi,
The first impression was not attractive. The lobby looks like that of a nursing home. For paying about $125 a day (including taxes) is frustrating that it doesn't have room service (I made the mistake of not checking that point before, because for me room service is religion) and no restaurant on the premises. I don't know where they prepare the breakfast, which is not included). But, the bedrooms are comfortable, the Internet connection is excellent and the staff is nice and cooperative and ready to help you pretty fast.


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I am still very new to sql. I am having troubles updating one table. I am sending information from a web application into Microsoft SQL 2008 database. I have a table called EmployeePermissions that has employee ID and Permission ID. The Permission ID links this table to the Permissions table where different permissions are located and given a true or false value. If I am sending SQL the employee ID and the true or false values of the specific permissions, how do I update the Permissions table by sending the information through the EmployeePermissions table? Hopefully the diagram below can help explain a little better. Thanks!
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OK, so I'm not going to comment on the table design as I assume that this is just part of the tables.
To do the update that you are looking for there's a couple of options.
You can get the Permission ID and put it into a variable, then use that against the permission table.
Or you can do it all with a join in your update statement.
In either case you'll want to properly parameterize the query in your application layer to prevent against SQL Injection.