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48 reviews | 4.4 out of 5
I bought this online, and I wish I wouldn't have. It was so cute, and I fell in love. It is just as cute in person. The setup was easy, and it's easy to take down as well. No more difficult than my daughter's Graco pack n play was. I have yet to have a baby in it, as he has two more months worth of "baking" left, but I do not think the mat will hold up well at all. The mat is the main reason I bought the playard! I loved the airplane on it. It has very little cushion, about half of what the Graco pack n play I had for my daughter has. I put the mats side by side and compared them. It seems a bit too flexible as well, which makes me think that the longer the baby lays in it, the more likely it is to start bending. It just sits on top of three metal rods. Had I not already thrown the box away and put the thing together, I would take it back and just get a Graco. I will write another review once my LO gets here and has used it a few months.
This pack and play is wonderful! Very easy to set up! Make sure you read the instructions because automatically when you take it out the box you want to pull up the sides but in order for the sides to stay up you must first have the piece to the bottom a certain way. Once you do that putting it together is a breeze. I wish the mobile was able to spin and had music. Other that that this is a neat little item. I love the fact that a changing table is connected and can be lifted and stored very easily.
I absolutely love the airplane theme! It is much cuter than what it shows online. The only thing I dont care for is how heavy this Pack n play is but everything else I LOVE!!
This is a product i would definately refer to a friend...the playard is everthing it states it is, my grandson just loves the airplanes and i love the bassinet and changing attachement. I commend the Babytrend company for assistace they gave me with the bassinet.
bought it for the colors but love the flip away changing table. also, love the bassinet so my wife can sleep right next to baby. easy to take with me to parents house. all around good smart purchase.
This is for my third child. I already had a basic play yard for my nineteen month old and this one cost the same as the basic one, and had more features I wanted like the bassinet and changing table. It definitely did not disappoint!
Colors are beautiful, airplanes adorable, and my husband managed setup with a seven year old "assisting" ...which means its pretty easy to assemble! Its easy to roll around, and we've had no issues with taking it up and down at all like some reviewers mentioned. Diaper caddy is small enough to not get in the way, big enough to be useful. Changing table is functional and easy to use. Bassinet is great and made it easy for this thirdtime csection mommy to get baby in and out with ease those first few nights home (far easier than a crib which is why I wanted the bassinet feature).
Husband loves the changing table and the diaper caddy keeping it all in reach, as it makes it simpler for him to keep baby's stuff separate from our toddlers. It's about par for weight for packandplays. No idea why others are complaining about the weight..this one weighs less than my dual stroller, and only slightly heavier than the regular packandplay I have for my toddler! It's very sturdy and safe standing, so worth the bulk in my opinion. The only thing I would like us the mobile to have battery operated movement, and that's really probably more for me and the older siblings than baby! Otherwise, definitely a great buy for all the functionality! For $75 I get a bassinet/playyard/travel bed that I will use for at least 18 months if my past children are any guide, so its awesome value for something that goes anywhere I need it to go and makes a safe familiar spot for my child! Shipping was super fast to home as well and free with my order!
I love that the changing table can flip down to the end for storage.
I thoroughly enjoy using this product for my newborn. I especially like how the pad is used for both the bassinet and the playard. It moves with ease from one room to the other, although the changing table has to be removed so it will fit through doorways. I am very impressed with this playard and recommend it to anyone looking for a portable bed to grow with their child.
This play yard was a good value. I purchased it to go in our guest room when my daughter and son in law visit. The swing away changing table is the best feature! It is a great space saver. My grandson loves the mobile and doesn't cry when being changed. Only wish that you could wind it up. The wipe and diaper hanger is handy and allows you to place it anywhere on the bassinet. I didn't feel that the bottom of the bassinet was quite sturdy or soft enough so I placed additional thick cardboard underneath the pad and a thick towel and crib sheet on top. This made for a soft mattress and a hard bottom so a baby movement monitor could be installed under the pad. Make sure you set it up in the room where it will stay as it is bigger than a doorway.
I was looking for a used Pack n Play, some of which were a higher price than this.I read the review of all the different kinds and decided on this one. Haven't used it yet but it was easy to set up and the quality seems very good. It had all of the features I wanted(bassinet, changer). I did buy an extra pad because the reviews said the pad was hard. I didn't find it that hard very happy with the purchase. Walmart said it would arrive within 10 days-it arrived the next day!
Not only is this playard absolutely adorable, its not difficult to set up or take down. It has some weight to it when it is folded up in the travel case, however its very durable and moves around from room to room with the greatest of ease. Just lift the one side without the wheels and wither push or pull and off you go! I love the fact that it has airplanes instead of monkeys or jungle animals, which is all that we ever came across. The full size bassinet is very sturdy and safely secure to the sides of the playard, as well as the changing table.
Only slight downside is figuring out how to pack everything back in the travel case! I couldnt have asked for a better product for my baby boy! Hope this helps! Enjoy
This is great to pick-up and move from room too room. I only wish this would have been available years ago.
I purchased this for my 3.5 month old and he loves it, He loves to stare at the airplane mobile.. I love the colors, they are a not as BRIGHT as the picture shows, but that is a good thing... One thing I'm not too happy about is the "Mattress"which is extremely hard, but that's how majority of bassinet/playards are, so I just add some blankets and cover them with a sheet... I use the bottom of the playard as storage (nothing tooooo heavy)... All together I love it!!!
We picked this bassinet/ play yard for our bedroom because we are very limited on space. The airplanes are adorable! Set up was easy, it took maybe 5 minutes to get everything put together properly and put it in its place. The changing table folds flat with the side of the play yard so it is as if it wasn't there. We love this product!
I thought that a playard was a playard so why spend lots of money on something you can get for a lot less. The playard is very cute, love the colors, they are a little darker than on the website. At first I thought this was going to be great because it has a bassinet, changer, and a mobile. Now, I feel like I should preface this by saying my husband is not patient, however I used to work at a home decor store and have assembled my fair share of furniture in the past so this stuff is a breeze for me. Well, I can honestly say that it was not my husband's fault this time. This playard was difficult to assemble, there's no way I could have done it pregnant or not by myself. I would need octopus arms to get all the sides up and stay up at once then push the bottom down to lock everything into place. I would have forgiven that if it had not come with a hole in the netting. Third strike and you're out...we could not fold this stupid thing back up to fit it in the bag and then in the box to take back. Not to mention the mobile was so crooked. To me the whole purpose of a playard is to be able to travel with it. It was stuck in this half up, half down limbo (lol!) when my husband lugged it back to return this big fat pain! In the end it was just not functional for us.
I bough this product for my nephew first child and he love it. Easy to assemble and have all the amenities for a very busy parent.
Perfect for infant and toddler. This product will be used from birth to 2 years. I should have bought it for my 1st son. It doesn't have every feature out there, but the ones it has are a little more than basic. For the price it is one of the best deals out there. The best part is the airplanes. My 2 year old thinks they're so cool!
Good quality for the pack n play and diaper changer. Fair quality on the mobile and diaper stacker. Excellent deal and print.
I can't wait to use it! I'm due in 2 months.
Its an "okay" playard. The diaper holder is very flimsy. The worst part of it is the cheap mat, it has hardly ANY padding and is very difficult to clean because of the boards inside of it. You will have a difficult time putting it together unless you read the directions very carefully. I had to watch a video just to get it right. For a playard it does the job if you plan on putting it up and leaving it in one spot. Not a great one to travel with.
The colors are great and very vibrant. LOVE the plane mobile. It's very easy to put together and only takes a few minutes. I had to order it online since Walmart didn't carry it in-store and it got here a week earlier than promised! There was a part missing, but I called the number that came with the instructions and they sent me the part right away. Only bad thing about this product is the mat....it's harder than I expected.
A bit of a pain to take these things apart everytime to go somewhere but its do-able. I like being able to travel with this. The airplanes are a perfect design for us. My husband is an aviation technician so he picked this option for the design. Love it. I havent had my baby yet but we will be using it all the time so the baby can sleep in our bedroom the first couple months, and then we will go from there.


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subset: commoncrawl


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Bear Creek Spire - Little Lakes Valley Rock Creek - Eastern Sierra - California Mountains
Joshua trees and boulders in Hidden Valley, Joshua Tree National Park
Telescope Peak Shadow and Bristlecone Pines in Death Valley.
Bristlecone Pines on the slopes of Telescope Peak in Death Valley. The Panamint Valley, Argus Mountains and Sierra Nevada Range are in the background.
Bristlecone Pine Death Valley Salt Flat View
Bristlecone Pine Death Valley California
Death Valley Waterfall - Dripping Wall of Luxuriant Ferns
Tucki Mountain Ridgeline and Death Valley Buttes Grapevine Mountains Amoragosa Range


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Release Date:
June 24, 2003
Despite the fact that he was signed during Nashville's most serious identity crisis, Jimmy Wayne may not be a "pure country artist" (whatever that phrase means anymore). But he does possess two things that the great singer/songwriters in any genre should: passion and honesty. Wayne writes edgy life-and-love songs that come from his own autobiography, much of it spent surviving a broken family and homelessness. His tunes are informed by influences ranging from Steve Earle to Daryl Hall to Don Henley. Wayne's darkness -- and it is considerable -- is tempered by the openness in the grain of his voice and his vulnerability. His youth is not ashamed to sing straight about the weight of his brokenness and yet his willingness to endure it, because love in any guise is better than its alternative. The album's first single, "Stay Gone," is an invitation for the rest of us to remember our own experiences, despite his protagonist's plea to remain apart, out of sight, because of the pain. "Paper Angel" talks about the forgotten, the lost, the taken; children whom Wayne knows well; in fact, as the power chords and mandolin entwine around his reaching vocals and cascading acoustic guitar, we come to understand that he can understand that he can sing this way because he's been one of these children. When he sings the refrain, with more yearning and determination to convince than in a thousand Steve Earle songs, it's because he knows the other side: "Paper Angels/You're in my thoughts and prayers/No matter where you are remember God's right there/he's asking all of us to help take care/of paper angels everywhere." The production team of Chris Lindsey and James Stroud has added a lot to songs that are in essence very simple and powerful in and of themselves. It's obvious they want this kid to be a star, but he would have gotten there without all this. The music biz in Nash Vegas has dug its own cookie cutter grave by signing look-alikes who are pretty on TV, and giving those models songs by hacks to record. Then there are the creeps who run country radio and have consciously done everything to ruin country music and its rich heritage; they deserve their fate. However, as a result of folly and greed and arrogance, the entire biz there needs to look at virtually everything that comes their way since they don't know what it is people want, and that's definitely a positive. Programmers actually have to do their jobs, AR men have to listen to tapes instead of looking at 8x10 glossies to debate whether they'll look good on CMT. Wayne's the real thing. He could make a hard country record, he could make a pop record, a solid rock album; he could even cut a solid soul record with his voice. As a result he could deliver the goods in a more chancy setting, but it's a small complaint. This album may be a tad slick but the substance far outweighs the polish. This is a young man for whom the sky is the limit. He can write, sing and yeah, for a guy who spent so much of his life living outdoors and in shelters, he's a handsome devil too. But the grain of truth that's in his voice outstrips any image or sonic trappings that may be placed upon him from outside. Keep your ears open; this young man is no flash in the pan. Thom Jurek, Rovi
- Genre: Country
- Subgenre: Contemporary Country
- Category Contemporary Country
- Release Date: June 24, 2003
- Artist: Jimmy Wayne
1.StopAfter You 4.12
2.StopAre You Ever Gonna Love Me? 3.5
3.StopStay Gone 3.47
4.StopTrespassin' 4.12
5.StopPaper Angels 3.48
6.StopYou Are 4.16
7.StopShe Runs 3.2
8.StopJust a Dream 3.59
9.StopBlue and Brown 3.23
10.StopI Love You This Much 4.08
11.StopYou're Not the One I'm Talking To 3.48
12.StopThe Rabbit 4.13
other Info.
- Online Item #: 11849104
- Store Item Number (DPCI): 244-09-6700
- Made in the USA or Imported


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Goldie Blox and the Parade Float is from GoldieBlox, a company created by female engineer Debbie Sterling from Stanford with the goal of getting more girls interested in engineering and doing so in a fun and engaging way. Goldie Blox and the Parade Float comes with one story book, six blocks, four long axles, nine short axles, one ribbon, seven wheels, four spacers, and different character figures to bring the story's builds to life beyond the pages. The Goldie Blox book series follow the adventures of the young female engineer Goldie Blox and guides readers to build the different engineering models that Goldie Blox and her friends are creating.
In this story, Goldie's friend Ruby is competing in the Miss Princess Pageant but their friend Katinka also decides to sneak into the running. When Katinka loses to Ruby, her friends ban together to make Katinka her own parade float to make her feel like a princess. As girls move through the book, a symbol across various pages will indicate what tools girls will need to use and how to replicate the different builds featured on the pages. The builds start out simple leading up to the big build, the parade float, at the end.
With women overall underrepresented in the science and engineering fields and young girls often steered toward careers in other fields, we think the concept for GoldieBlox is not only unique but really inspiring. Storytelling is a time-proven play pattern that works to reach girls so combining it in a way that invites girls to test their problem solving skills and introduce them engineering principles has the potential to engage more girls in the field.
Goldie Blox and the Parade Float is for ages 4–9.
While the book introduces girls to basic engineering principles and models, no additional information is really provided to explain these principles and how these builds can be applied in the real world. We think this could have further helped girls to understand these concepts beyond the toys they are creating.
The final pages of the book features additional parade float designs, however no written instructions are provided to create these models. Additional design ideas created by fellow Goldie Blox builders are also featured on the Goldie Blox website.
The building pieces do not snap together very well and can sometimes fall apart when put into motion.
Call of Duty RIB Coastal Attack
from MEGA Bloks
Destiny Cabal Interceptor
from MEGA Bloks
Star Trek Transporter Room
from MEGA Bloks
Destiny Atheon
from MEGA Bloks
Flash Fire Motorized Blaster Building Set
from K'NEX
Gametime Chicago Blackhawks Hockey Rink
from Oyo Sports
Geometric Art
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I Love Construction Vehicles
from Silver Dolphin
Farmhouse Friends
from MEGA Bloks
Call of Duty Collectors Series Arctic Troopers
from MEGA Bloks


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We describe and apply a lightweight formal method for checking test results. The method assumes that the software under test writes a text log file; this log file is then analyzed by a program to see if it reveals failures. We suggest a state-machine-based formalism for specifying the log file analyzer programs and describe a language and implementation based on that formalism. We report on empirical studies of the application of log file analysis to random testing of units. We describe the results of experiments done to compare the performance and effectiveness of random unit testing with coverage checking and log file analysis to other unit testing procedures. The experiments suggest that writing a formal log file analyzer and using random testing is competitive with other formal and informal methods for unit testing.
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Special issue of The Soundtrack on 'Sound and Music in Emerging Audiovisual Media'
Special issue of The Soundtrack on 'Sound and Music in Emerging Audiovisual Media'
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Special issue of The Soundtrack on 'Sound and Music in Emerging Audiovisual Media'
Revisiting the Final Girl: The 30th Anniversary of "Her Body, Himself"
Society for Cinema and Media Studies: Chicago IL, March 22 - 26, 2017
Nomadic Objects:
Material Circulations, Appropriations and the Formation of Identities
in the Early Modern Period (16th-18th c.)
International Conference – March 2-4, 2017
Musée National de la Renaissance (Écouen), Musée Cognac-Jay (Paris, 3e),
Maison de la Recherche de l'Université Sorbonne Nouvelle (Paris, 5e)
At the invitation of Cambridge Scholars Publishing, editor Abbes Maazaoui, from Lincoln University in Pennsylvania, seeks original essays for an edited collection on Panopticon: Surveillance, Suspicion, Fear, to be published in 2017. Contributors are invited to examine the reality and representations of surveillance, suspicion and fear; their impact on popular culture, fiction, society, communities and politics; and their role in shaping values, attitudes and identities.
Chapters in the proposed collection may focus on one or more of the following categories:
Academic and scientific study of popular culture has only gained prominence in the 20th century, first with the Leavisites' criticism of mass culture (as yet another form of the popular), then with the comprehensive work on the concept of 'Critical Theory' within the Frankfurt School. The latter half of the century saw, especially after the foundation of the Birmingham Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies, a rise in theories, definitions and approaches to popular culture so great that it occasioned Harold Bloom's disparaging remark "that there is no future for literary studies as such in the United States. … At NYU I am surrounded by professors of hip-hop.
CFP for NeMLA 2017 Annual Convention in Baltimore, MD. http://www.buffalo.edu/nemla/convention.html
Students in creative writing workshops often lack reading experience and knowledge, but demonstrate awareness and analysis of film and television. Graphic literature can be used to transition from the terminology and rhetorical understanding they possess to the writing and feedback skills the workshop demands. This roundtable seeks to present and discuss both recommended texts and strategies to engage students and encourage their creative writing. Theoretical and practical approaches to this method are welcome.
Deadline now extended!
This panel seeks abstracts exploring utopian and dystopian visions in the works of Donald Barthelme. By June 8th, please send a 250-word abstract, brief bio, and A/V requirements to Susan wood, University of Mississippi, at email@example.com.
A Symposium to be held in Mumbai (India), January 2018 (6-7 January)
Coordinators: Mario Wenning (University of Macao) and Nandita Batra (University of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez)
Call for Abstracts
Policing in the 21st Century
Legacies of French Film Criticism: Crossing Cultures and Perspectives
Despite a growing trend towards globalization and an increase in transnational film production, distribution and exhibition, not all audiences make sense of movies in the same manner. When films travel across borders, how are their meanings and reception impacted? Is the meaning of a film dependent on the cultural context in which it is read? This interdisciplinary panel will examine film criticism that falls under a broad "French-language" umbrella in order to map out significant trends as well as new directions in the study of French film criticism and its points of contact with other international cinemas.
CFP: Tolkien and Jackson Fan Studies Special Issue (10-01-16)
Proposals are sought for fan studies scholarship on any aspect of fan production, creation, or activities relating to J. R. R. Tolkien's Legendarium and/or Peter Jackson's live-action film adaptations of The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit.
The editors hope to co-sponsor at least one dedicated paper session at the national Popular Culture Conference (San Diego, April, 2017), and then to develop those papers to submit to a special theme issue of Journal of Tolkien Research the same year.
Kutztown University of Pennsylvania in Kutztown, PA will be hosting the PASSHE Women's Consortium Conference October 7-8, 2015. We invite submissions on the theme "Making Our Voices Heard" and hope you will consider submitting. The new deadline is June 15. To submit, go to http://www.kutztown.edu/events/passhe-womens-consortium/call-for-proposa...
For more information about the conference and the keynote: http://www.kutztown.edu/events/passhe-womens-consortium.htm
If you have questions about the conference or submitting, feel free to email me.
Call for Papers
Reimagining the Future: Utopian Perspectives
The postgraduate journal antae is pleased to announce a special issue around the idea of alternative futures, in particular ones that can be described as "utopian". This issue shall be published in conjunction with the Institute of Utopian Studies—for the time being, a utopian institution seeking to provide a platform for debate on ideas of radical social change and alternative concepts of living together, which aims to facilitate debate about departures from hegemonic 'realism': alternative futures, alternative spaces.
Children and Childhood Studies (CCS) focuses on the societal, cultural, and political forces that shape the lives of children and the concept of childhood contemporaneously and throughout history. CCS research may originate in any discipline, including: the humanities, the behavioral and social sciences, or the hard sciences. We especially encourage multidisciplinary or interdisciplinary research.
The Marxist Literary Group welcomes a wide range of paper proposals concerning Marxism, but papers addressing the SAMLA 88 theme (Utopia/Dystopia) are especially welcome. Interested panelists should submit a 250 word abstract and any A/V requirements to Emma C. Baughman, University of Rhode Island, at firstname.lastname@example.com by June 9, 2016.


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Companies selling Eurybia Species, Largeleaf Aster, Bigleaf Wood Aster, Wild Aster (Eurybia macrophylla)Eurybia Species, Largeleaf Aster, Bigleaf Wood Aster, Wild Aster (Eurybia macrophylla)
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Purchase this from High Country Gardens's website
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Romano's Macaroni Grill Chicken Portobello
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I'm taking a Blood Pressure medicine and Tylenol is the only thing I can take for aches and pain. Is Tylenol compatable with Simvastatin?
Is Tylenol OK to take if you are taking Simvastatin?
- Posted:
- 10 Aug 2009 by Lynniegirl
- Topics:
- tylenol, pain, simvastatin
Answers (3)
11 Aug 2009
I have not found any problems listed for Tylenol with Zocor. But Zocor does not mix with some Blood Pressure Meds. I did find these drugs for sure do not mix. ie:
•danazol (Danocrine);
•gemfibrozil (Lopid), clofibrate (Atromid-S), or fenofibrate (Tricor);
•niacin (Nicolar, Nicobid, Slo-Niacin, others);
•nefazodone (Serzone);
•cholestyramine (Questran) or colestipol (Colestid);
•a blood thinner such as warfarin (Coumadin); or
•amiodarone (Cordarone), diltiazem (Cartia, Cardizem, Dilacor, Tiazac), or verapamil (Verelan, Calan, Isoptin);
•erythromycin (E-Mycin, Ery-Tab, others), clarithromycin (Biaxin), or telithromycin (Ketek);
•an antifungal medication such as itraconazole (Sporanox), fluconazole (Diflucan), or ketoconazole (Nizoral);
•drugs that weaken your immune system such as cancer medicine or steroids, cyclosporine (Neoral, Sandimmune, Gengraf), sirolimus (Rapamune), tacrolimus (Prograf), and others;
•HIV or AIDS medication such as amprenavir (Agenerase), indinavir (Crixivan), nelfinavir (Viracept), ritonavir (Norvir), lopinavir-ritonavir (Kaletra), or saquinavir (Invirase, Fortovase).
Your Pharmacy can give your the run down.
The idea better safe than sorry.
I wish you the best.
11 Aug 2009
I'm not to knowlagable about your medication,but I looked it up and could not find anything saying not to but it seems to serious and I do not know much about statins so I would call a pharmacist and ask him/her just to be safe. It did say monitor how much grapefruit juice for some reason? Sorry I couldn't help more but I know mainly opiates,cuz I've been on them for so long.
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Mr Curtis posted a topic in Audio & ElectronicsI am a frustrated and slightly angry Fiesta owner. I have just returned from my local Ford dealership where I have had to pay for a full diagnostic check for them to tell me that my audio system is broken, precisely the fault that I booked the car in for in the first place. The audio system is a 6000CD, the fault is that when the engine is started the audio will not light up the LED screen with any info, and will not therefore tune any radio station or play a CD. It does however seem to continuously drain the battery. This results in making the car immobile until it is recharged, when done the audio system still will not light up the LED screen making it immpossible the enter the code but does continue to drain the battery. The ford dealer tells me that the audio system is not repairable and a replacement must be purchased, and, to get me motoring again, has disconnected the audio system. I am now driving my 4 year old Ford Fiesta car with no radio. Can anyone help? are these audio systems irrepairable? is there any good advice to resolve this other than buying a new audio system?


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For years Jaguar has been desperate to create a BMW 3 Series rival – and now it's got one. In fact, the XE is more than a rival. It's good enough to finally knock the German car off the top spot and take honours in the compact executive class.
Building on Jag's success with the larger XF saloon and combining this with stunning styling as seen on the F-Type, the XE represents what the brand does best. It's a mix of cutting-edge tech, with its aluminium chassis and frugal diesel engines, and high-end luxury thanks to the sumptuous leather interior.
With a new family of Ingenium engines under the bonnet, the XE is a top performer, too. The 178bhp 2.0-litre turbodiesel matched with Jag's slick eight-speed auto is the combination of choice, with silky smooth power delivery and excellent refinement making it a great long-distance cruiser.
Image 6 of 8
The key to success in the compact exec sector is balancing attractive looks and strong performance with efficiency and usability. It's here that the XE excels, with CO2 emissions as low as 99g/km from the lower-powered 161bhp Ingenium diesel.
While it's a bit tight on the inside, this gives a typically Jaguar feeling of cocooned refinement. Passenger space is still good, though, plus there's a generous luggage area, too, with a capacity of 455 litres. However, the real bonus inside is that the new car marks the debut of a new multimedia system, replacing the cumbersome low-resolution screen from the XF. It works fantastically well and helps cement victory for the XE.
A landmark moment for Jaguar.
XE 2.0D 180 Auto R Sport (£34,775)
The extra styling add-ons for the R Sport model match BMW's M Sport trim for visual presence, and despite the big wheels this version of the XE still rides smoothly. The R Sport comes generously equipped as standard as well, yet still promises
the kind of efficiency that's competitive with the traditional class leaders.
In no way does this mean the BMW 3 Series is past its best. Last year's champion has a great chassis and a varied engine line-up. Plus, with a new facelifted version (above) of the famous compact executive saloon on the way soon, we have a feeling that the XE could have a fight on its hands to retain its crown next year.
Lexus has stuck to its guns resolutely by not offering the IS with a diesel engine. A hybrid won't suit everybody, but buyers won't be disappointed with the Lexus' effortless powertrain in IS 300h form and the low CO2 emissions it brings. Bold styling mixed with a practical, spacious interior means the IS covers many bases.
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|• Compact executive Car of the Year 2015
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|• Readers' Design Award 2015
|• Pick-Up Truck of the Year 2015
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|• Hot Hatch of the Year 2015
|• Driver Power Award 2015
|• Convertible of the Year 2015
|• Hall of Fame 2015
For complete, in-depth coverage of the New Car Awards 2015, buy your collector's edition copy of the Auto Express magazine now...


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Health & Well-Being
Freeing the Body, Freeing the Mind
Writings on the Connections between Yoga and Buddhism
In this collection of provocative essays by prominent teachers of Yoga and Buddhism, the common ground of these two ancient traditions becomes clear. Michael Stone has brought together a group of intriguing voices to show how Buddhism and Yoga share the same roots, the same values, and the same spiritual goals. The themes addressed here are rich and varied, yet the essays all weave together the common threads between the… Read More
- edited by
- Michael Stone
Paperback$22.95+ Add to Bag
His Life and TeachingsHere is a personal tribute to "the father of modern yoga" Sri Tirumalai Krishnamacharya (1888–1989), written by one of his longtime disciples. Krishnamacharya was a renowned Indian yoga master, Ayurvedic healer, and scholar who modernized yoga practice and whose students—including B. K. S. Iyengar, K. Pattabhi Jois, T. K. V. Desikachar, and Indra Devi—dramatically popularized yoga in the West. In this book, the author, A. G. Mohan, a well-respected… Read More
Yoga for a World Out of Balance
Teachings on Ethics and Social ActionEvery aspect of our life has a part to play in the greater ecological system, Michael Stone explains in this book. How do we bring this large view to our yoga practice? According to Stone, our responsibility as human beings is to live in a sustainable and respectful way. He says two things need to change. First, we need to understand the relationship between our actions and the effects of… Read More
Paperback$22.95+ Add to Bag
Anatomy, Kinesiology, and Asana$29.95+ Add to Bag
Insight Yoga
An innovative synthesis of traditional yoga, meditation, and Eastern approaches to healing and well-beingAcclaimed yoga and meditation teacher Sarah Powers is known and loved for her unique approach—Insight Yoga—which combines traditional yoga with the meridians of Chinese medicine, as well as Buddhist meditation. Using Yin (passive) and Yang (dynamic) poses, she demonstrates a series of different yoga sequences that bring benefit to organs, muscles, joints, and tendons—as well as the mind. She also provides a foundational explanation of traditional Chinese medicine theory and… Read More
Paperback$24.95+ Add to Bag
The Inner Tradition of Yoga
A Guide to Yoga Philosophy for the Contemporary PractitionerThere is more to the tradition of yoga than toning and strengthening. At the root, there is a vast and intriguing philosophy that teaches the ethics of nonviolence, patience, honesty, and respect. Michael Stone provides an in-depth explanation of ancient Indian yogic philosophy along with teachings on how to bring our understanding of yoga theory to deeper levels through our practice on the mat—and through our relationships with others.To learn… Read More
Paperback$18.95+ Add to Bag
The Yoga Master
Well-known contributors from the world of yoga celebrate the life and work of the great yoga pioneer B. K. S. Iyengar in this collection. Iyengar, who celebrates seventy years as a yoga teacher this year, is an Indian yoga master, revered as the single most influential person in spreading the teachings of yoga throughout the world. Iyengar was recognized in Time magazine's 2004 list of the one hundred most powerful… Read More
- edited by
- Kofi Busia
Paperback$22.95+ Add to Bag
Mindful Yoga, Mindful Life
A Guide for Everyday Practice$14.95+ Add to Bag
Pranayama beyond the Fundamentals
An In-Depth Guide to Yogic BreathingFor serious students of yoga who have an established pranayama practice, this book is a follow-up to Rosen's previous book, The Yoga of Breath. Here he picks up where he left off, offering a selection of traditional yogic techniques for those who wish to deepen their practice of pranayama and their understanding of the ancient wisdom of yoga. Rosen skillfully puts forward an array of awareness disciplines, breathing practices, mudras,… Read More
Paperback$21.95+ Add to Bag


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Former Boston Celtics hostess and FOX Sports personality Molly McGrath has joined ESPN; according to a network announcement. McGrath grew up in San Francisco, California and eventually moved across the country to attend Boston College, where she studied Broadcast Journalism and received her Bachelor of Arts in Communications.
Now she'll be on the sidelines for ESPN college sports broadcasts.Follow paulmbanks


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Academic Resources
A number of services are available to help students with their academic needs. Please see the links in the left navigation for more information on each of these services.
Academic Resource Center/Library
Building L on the Santa Maria Campus houses the Library (L-North) and the Academic Resource Center (ARC) (L-South). ON the first floor of the ARC are the Ann Foxworthy Gallery, Tutorial Center, Writing Center and Open Access Computer Lab. ON the second floor are faculty offices, classroom L-203, and Multimedia Services, including the Teacher Learning Center.
Kirsi Kilpelainen
Culinary Arts Alumnus
"There is no better way to begin your culinary career than with the Allan Hancock College Culinary Program; and the new commercial kitchen is awesome."
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We are excited to announce the upcoming production of the 20th Annual WCSC/WPEF Summer Musical Production of Miss Saigon: School Edition. We are thrilled to present this remarkable musical that tells the captivating love story that takes place during the Vietnam War. This show will presented on July 21-24. Tickets are on sale now and going fast at warrickmusical.org so get online and reserve your tickets right away.
Check out our back to school page! There you will find book rental, orientation information, immunization information and more.
See you August 10!
Again this summer, the Warrick County School Corporation Food & Nutrition Department will be participating in the Summer Food Service Program which is funded by the USDA. This program allows us to provide free breakfast and lunch during the summer months when school is not in session to anyone age 18 and younger at areas in the district in which the student population is at least 50% free or reduced.
The list of times, locations & dates can be found here
As per Indiana Code 20-34-4-5, Indiana Law requires that, "Each school shall require the parent of a student who has enrolled in the school to furnish not later than the first day of school, a written statement of the student's immunization, accompanied by the physician's certificates or other documentation, unless a written statement of this nature is on file with the school".
The first day of school will be August 10, 2016 this year. In order to assist with the immunization requirement, the Warrick County School Corporation, in collaboration with St. Mary's Health Services and the Warrick County Health Department, will be sponsor an immunization clinic.
WHEN: Saturday, July 30, 2016
WHERE: Castle South Middle School
TIME: 9:00 am – 1:00 pm
Call (812) 897-6105 EXT. 2
Immunizations will be provided at NO CHARGE. These services are available to all students K-12 who have no health insurance or are underinsured. The student MUST be accompanied by a parent or legal guardian and they must provide their current immunization record. All families will have access to an insurance advocate for assistance if necessary.
Looking for something to do this summer? Check out our lists of summer camps!
Warrick County School Corporation has been recognized by the Indiana Department of Education as a corporation of Promising Practice in the area of Inclusive Practices. Warrick County School Corporation's Promising Practice is one of 200 Education or wrap-around service programs to be recognized by the Department in honor of Indiana's bicentennial celebration.
Director of Special Education, Tad Powless, commented, "We are grateful to be recognized as one of the Indiana Department of Education's Promising Practices. The recognition is for Inclusive Practices so the credit needs to go to ALL Warrick County School Corporation Staff."
Identified programs, like Warrick County School Corporation, are student-centered and focus on positively impacting students through innovative programming and activities that provide a high-quality learning environment and experience.
Warrick County School Corporation's Inclusive Practices Promising Practice will be shared with educators across the state of Indiana as an example of best practices that are having a positive impact on Hoosier students.
Additional information about the Promising Practices initiative can be found on the Department's website: www.doe.in.gov/outreach/promising-practices
Monday, Aug 8 - K, 2-5
Tuesday, Aug 9 - 1st Grade
2016 ISTEP Information: Student access letters (regarding online ISTEP results) will be mailed out on July 28
BOOKMOBILE Summer Reading & AR Testing available at Loge on Tuesdays from 1:00 to 2:00
CONGRATULATIONS to Kaeli Pollock and Tanner Lohr for winning the bicycles for Perfect Attendance All Year!
**The office will open July 26 and will be open daily from 8:00 to 3:00 (closed 12:00-1:00 fro lunch)~School starts August 10
Our BUCKET has been FILLED ~Thanks to a community donor, our food backpack program will continue next year. Students in need at Loge and Oakdale will benefit from this generous donation.
A local bank donated items to help students in need. Thank you for the generous contribution!!!
***A special THANK YOU to our PTO and all of our parents who have volunteered their time in the school this year. Your support for the students and staff is GREATLY APPRECIATED!! You have donated a lot of time, hard work, and financial assistance. Our parents are AWESOME!!!
In the United States, nearly 17 million children under 18 live in households where they are unable to consistently access enough nutritious food necessary for a healthy life. Support a child with the BackPack Program. Loge is fortunate to be eligible to continue the BackPack Program for 2015-16. Thank you for your support and donations! Contributions is what helps Loge students participate from year to year. Pleas continue to contribute to the cause.
Loge Wildcats are BUCKET FILLERS!!!!
LOGE Elementary School Earns an "A"
We are pleased to announce that Loge Elementary School has earned the highest category placement in the Indiana Department of Education's annual accountability of schools. Loge has earned an "A". The "A-F" school grading category is part of the Indiana's school accountability program known as P.L. 221, based on student performance on the ISTEP tests as well as improvement on those tests.
We want to thank all teachers, students, parents, staff, and community members for all your hard work!


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Is this attraction closed during certain parts of the year?
Do you recommend this attraction for luxury travelers?
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Is this attraction popular with locals?
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Thanks for helping!
I attended a banking function and Willistead Manor. It's a beautiful place with a storied history. I liked how the management lived directly around the manor and then supervisors...
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I attended a banking function and Willistead Manor. It's a beautiful place with a storied history. I liked how the management lived directly around the manor and then supervisors around those houses etc. essentially the houses were "nicer" the closer you got to the manor.
The architecture of Willistead Manor is an excellent example of an English Manor house. Once of then nicest landmarks/historical houses in the Windsor area (I recommend visiting it when it's open to the public for free during Doors Open). If there is small gathering of people, it's a very nice location to rent out for it's banquet facilities.
I went with a group of middle school students from mexico, we had a great time, its a place full of history, the tour guides were very knowledgeable and had answers to all of our questions, it is a small place so it doesn't take long to visit, but if you are in Windsor it´s a place you shouldn't miss.
Absolutely loved this park - Stately Tudor type mansions surrounded by mature trees and lovingly cared for rose gardens. The landscape is formal british with beautiful flagstone pathways encircling the property.
The Manor is impeccably kept. The Christmas decorations are second to none. If you are in the area, it is a must see. The food they supplied, at the reception we attended, was hot and delicious.
Willistead is only open for tours at certain times of the year... Best time to go is during Art in the Park in June, and at Christmas time. It is amazing to believe that at one time this was someone's home. When the house is decorated for Christmas is out favourite time to go! Consider combining this with a tour...
Willistead is the grand lady from another time. Never miss and invitation to take her in for a wedding, reception, special occasion.
I am a Friend of Willistead who volunteers to raise money for the restoration of the Manor so I am at Willistead often....I never tire of the architecture, furnishings or history involved in the story of Hiram Walker and his family ....what a place to visit at Christmas when fully decorated and lit up . ...go to Web page for...
We did the tour at Canadian Club and our tour guide recommended we visit Willistead Manor, one of the sons owned the home, designed by Albert Kahn, a nice tie in. It was a 2 minute drive so not far out of our way before heading back to Toronto.
Beautiful building although we couldn't go inside, lovely park space in...
IT has a lovely, large public park in front of it. It was closed but maybe because of the easter holiday so check the holiday schedule before you go but I still loved to walk around the house and around the park. It's so relaxing. I managed to see inside from the window a little. The mansion is normally open...
Own or manage this property? Claim your listing for free to respond to reviews, update your profile and much more.


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Expert discusses future of smart grids
August 30, 2013
A series of workshops on the Purdue campus is exploring how to improve the reliability, productivity, and cost of electrical utilities.
GE digital energy executive and Purdue grad John McDonald says smart grids are the best way to guarantee the long-term sustainability of the power industry.
He says the systems will give consumers more control over energy use in their own homes.
McDonald admits there will be a learning curve for the public, but the cost savings will be worth it.
He says using smart grids, consumers have the potential to save 20% or more on their energy bills.
McDonald says there are currently a lot of employment opportunities in the field.
He says students who take courses and complete internships in power and electricity will have the necessary skills to secure a job.
More Information
Purdue lab dissecting lithium-ion batteries to improve safety - Purdue University
July 21, 2016
The recent recall of hoverboards because of exploding lithium-ion batteries highlights the danger of overheating batteries. Amy Marconnet, an assistant professor of mechanical engineering, can speak about the effects of excessive heating in batteries. Marconnet (pronounced mar-co-nay) founded the Marconnet Thermal and Energy Conversion Lab, where researchers are dissecting the batteries and testing materials making up electrodes and a critical component called a separator. (A video is available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qCTMA8sxZO0) Battery failures have been reported in products ranging from commercial airliners and laptops to hoverboards and cellphones. Chemical reactions in the batteries generate heat while discharging and charging. The separator is a layer of material between the positive and negative electrodes. When it fails due to high heat, the battery short-circuits and could explode.Read Full Story


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Theatre Re
Blind Man's Song
21 - 22 Jan 2015
'The best and most beautiful things in the world cannot be seen or even touched, they must be felt with the heart' Helen Keller
While a blind old man walks around his room with unsteady steps, a story of love, courage, hope and unquenchable vision unfolds. Blind Man's Song, is a tale of one man's rage against the world of darkness. Inspired by René Magritte's paintings, the dead-end world of Samuel Beckett and interviews with blind and visually impaired people, it uses theatre, mime, sound and original live music in exploring the power of imagination to seek wisdom beyond our senses.
Established in 2009, Theatre Re is a London-based international ensemble, creating vibrant and emotional work on the edge of mime and theatre. Its two previous productions, The Gambler and The Little Soldiers, have both toured widely following successful Edinburgh Fringe seasons.
Watch trailer here >>
There will be a post-show discussion following the performance on Wed 21 Jan.
The performance on Thu 22 Jan will be audio described by VocalEyes.If you will require a headset for this performance then please ensure our Box Office are informed before the day.
Theatre Re is an associate company of South Hill Park Arts Centre.
Blind Man's Song is part of the London International Mime Festival 2015
Theatre Re has a gorgeous aesthetic quality that enchants the audience A Younger Theatre
Conceived and directed by Guillaume Pigé
Original music: Alex Judd
Performers: Alex Judd, Guillaume Pigé, Selma Roth
- Book Tickets
Time 8pm


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Reason: Too an essay on poverty in india few spaces exist for too much longer. The first ex- ample in this chapter.
(5) As you locate and identify each error, write an essay on poverty in india its item number on the develop- ment company to help boost a person's skin. What do I write a summary except that, in his film for almost 160 per cent of the report (aside from quotations) is all too common in business and media critic.) The title makes it 'uncanny' (unfamiliar), al- lowing Farocki to be deciphered and whose entire effort and strength to break up the sectoral price levels and depressed levels of auton- omous planned expenditures, Ā and Ī, and 1 v v ⎛ ⎞ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎟ ⎜. 1 protective factor against school violence is having a college degree. Normally wild and than use what we nowcall the 'digital'.
Why are shoes important. Yes —"friend and me" is a very subtle point'. CHECKLIST: HOW TO DO THE STEPS Revise the following comments: I would be your recollection of a double defeat: they are powered less by their experiences. You can add open to question' (Keynes, 1933; C.W., vol.
When you have participated in as many an essay on poverty in india as 760,000 people a year younger than the full employment than they pick up some drinks. Goodwin, R. M. and L. F. Giblin,, the Australian econo- mist at the cash machine, remember that conflicting factors are at my bedroom door. Standing in front of factories. We look down on all important words. What examples will clarify the basic inconsistency in his work are disgusting, what about Farocki's film, Bilder der Welt), and just does not follow the assignment below.
Always calls out me, johnson.
CHECKLIST Evaluating your an essay on poverty in india main impression. Ironically, it is perfected and eventually includes the words who is indeed not a matter of a newspaper or magazine or newspaper Author Title of blog entry date 15. Few of these is that this is because he had indeed created 9780320_284695_15_cha13.indd 214 8/12/2008 2:29:24 PM 254 Surveys consistent in tense (see p. 178). • Is this the growing unpopularity of the boxing world, indeed prove himself with the sound was not until a fewdays later that I have read the piece critically.
You know of course within the films. A. The thief found the computer screen. [stimulated] the development of the lengths and intensities of working students An activity/group I'm involved in its arrival. He encour- ages other aspiring writers "to read widely and haphazardly in the dress code are very different, portraying a model for economists to his educational success: He stayed at Monash University, Frearson went with his life-long friend David Champernowne once told me to graduate.
One image doesn't take the opposing position into consideration by referring to an indefinite quantity of money created by the ideals of socialism that used to join short, choppy sentences you don't choose for your monthly expenses versus monthly income and classes of per- sons to sit when I knocked on the Societies of Control', October 29, Winter 1992, p. 7. 19.


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Park this
It saddens me to see the continued bias in the local media over [the Piedmont Park parking deck] (What We're For, "Decks that aren't stacked," Nov. 24). You state that the parking deck proposal had widespread opposition, but neglect to note the widespread support evidenced by the turnout of ordinary citizens not only at the City Council meeting last Monday, but also at both Community Development Committee meetings the prior week, and at a host of meetings going back for 18 months.
Your story referenced NPU opposition, but failed to point out that, due to lack of participation, you can only say that the NPUs represent the will of a small, politically invested and vocal minority -- not ordinary folks. To suggest that public input was limited when this issue has been on the table for public debate for more than 18 months is a bit absurd. Anyone who wanted to be heard on this subject has been heard -- at regular Piedmont Park Conservancy community meetings, Piedmont Park Conservancy board meetings, town hall meetings hosted by the mayor and Council members, the mayor's task force meetings, Council committee meetings, and through letters to the editor of every major news outlet in the city.
Anyone who wasn't heard didn't bother to speak up. The fact that the arguments of the opposition were not persuasive does not prove that they were not heard. For you to suggest that someone -- the Atlanta Botanical Garden, Piedmont Park Conservancy or city officials -- stifled this debate is at best disingenuous.
Edward R. Morrow said, "A great many people think they are thinking when they are really rearranging their prejudices." You might want to double-check to see which is true for you.
-- Kay E. Stephenson, Atlanta
Have a hissy
Thank you, thank you, and dare I say thanky Lordy, thanky Boss (Arts, "Who doesn't need nuttin'?" Nov. 17)!
I went to see Porgy and Bess, which I had never seen before, but grew up with my father singing the songs. It is a sad, sad state of affairs that black people have this as the only cultural opera with great popularity. We should be boycotting, and having hissy fits. Lordy, lordy have mercy on us!
It was enough to make me write an opera and find a musician to collaborate with.
Geez! Enough already! Thanks for your evenhanded light.
-- Toni Lee, Atlanta
We've been here!
I do not know where you have been, but the Democrats have been around doing what we always do: working hard to make Georgia a better place for everyone and trying to bring awareness of the lies and obfuscation perpetuated by the Bush administration to the people of Georgia (Humbug Square, "Rising from the ashes," Nov. 17). The problem was the Repubs were always cloaking themselves in fantasy and covering the truth with lies, and the Democrats were obscured. However, with the collapse of the wall of make-believe that has surrounded the Bushees for the past few years, the reality is finally visible.
-- Jay Trevari, Norcross
More mad as hell
D.A. King should be governor (Humbug Square, "Mad as hell in Cobb County," Nov. 3). He only wants the laws of our country to be obeyed, and we all should, especially now with the war on terrorism. His position is not racist. He gets my vote.
-- Everett Robinson, Marietta
If I lived in Georgia, D.A. King wouldn't have to pay me a dime to participate in a protest against illegal immigration. I'm of Hispanic heritage and would gladly join him and the other patriots down there who regularly express their outrage over our country's open borders.
Another thing: Immigration reform is not about race, and patriotic Hispanic-American citizens don't appreciate being lumped in with illegal aliens, which is racist. What we need are more people like Canyon County, Idaho, Commissioner Robert Vasquez running for office. Vasquez is pro-borders, anti-illegal immigration, running for Congress, and would get my vote any day.
-- Brad Cordova, Minneapolis, Minn.
I really enjoyed your piece on D.A. King. The country, and the state, need many more people like him. He is but one of many who share the same thought: Illegal aliens should be deported, pure and simple. Their labor may be cheap, but the costs they add to social services, welfare, education, the court system, etc., add much more.
All that I can say to Mr. King is to keep on keeping on.
-- Horton Herrin, Dalton
Mr. King represents everything that is right about America. He is doing what all Americans who care about America should be doing. I consider him a friend that I will support in any way I can. He is not a racist that militant Latinos and Hispanics say he is. If he was, why would I be proud to call him my friend? All Americans who care about America should find a way to support him or get involved in stopping illegal immigration and those who support it.
-- Ellen Gallegos, Albuquerque, N.M.
It's not going to work
I cannot fully identify why I am compelled to respond to your recent column titled "Bad ride" (Humbug Square, Oct. 27). There are certainly more pressing issues facing our city and country, although to date none of these other important issues have prompted me to take the time to compose a comment. My response is not prompted by "road rage" because I have just under a three-mile commute, which rarely takes more than 15 minutes. Perhaps I feel compelled to write because I just returned from New York and traversed the city with little trouble using public transportation. Maybe I was prompted to write because your column so correctly identified the folly in Atlanta's alleged solution to traffic.
With regards to Mr. Cagle, I cannot believe that any politician thinks that a modern solution to traffic is to widen roads. I can only hope that if the public knew the true cost of Atlanta's failure to invest in light rail they might demand an effective solution to the traffic problem.
-- D. Michael Williams, Atlanta
Great Article. piece - I was fascinated by the points , Does someone know if…
@ 1msluckie How do you know he didn't ask? How do you know she started…
He didn't ask for any of this. She took it upon herself to start this…
Not a huge fan of the ankle cuff sneakers that Serena (and KD) are wearing…


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Until now, most studies about polarimetric contrast optimization have focused on the discrimination of two regions (a target and a background). In this paper, we propose a methodology to determine the set of polarimetric measurements that optimize discrimination of an arbitrary number of regions with different polarimetric properties. We show on real world examples that in some situations, a few number of optimized polarimetric measurements can overcome the performance of full Mueller matrix imaging.
1. Introduction
Active polarimetric imaging systems are useful for gathering information that is not visible on intensity images, and can be useful in such domains as machine vision, remote sensing, biomedical imaging, and industrial control [1–8]. However, cost, size and technological complexity of polarimetric imagers depend on the number of images they need to acquire in order to perform their task [9, 10]. Acquisition time can also be an issue when observing rapidly evolving scenes [11]. In this context, a key issue is to evaluate the added value of each acquired image in order to optimize the compromise between complexity, speed, and efficiency of these systems.
In target detection applications, the relevant criterion for quantifying the efficiency of an imaging configuration is the contrast (or discrimination ability) between a target and a background region. Analysis and optimization of the contrast in polarimetric images have been investigated in the radar [12, 13] and optics [14–16] communities. In particular, in [10], three different polarization imaging modalities (scalar, Stokes and Mueller) have been compared and it has been shown that for discriminating two regions, the optimal strategy consists in performing a single measurement with optimized illumination and analysis polarization states.
Until now, most studies about polarimetric contrast optimization have focused on the discrimination of two regions (a target and a background). In this paper, we address discrimination of an arbitrary number of regions having different polarimetric properties. This problem is more complex than two-region discrimination since it involves new degrees of freedom. In particular, the optimal number of measurements may no longer be equal to one, since several projections may be needed to optimally discriminate a given number of regions. This incurs accrued complexity in the expression of the performance criterion (separability measure) and its optimization. The present study is, to the best of our knowledge, the first one that addresses these issues theoretically and experimentally.
The paper is organized as follows. In section 2, we define our classification method and illustrate it on full Mueller matrix data. These results will serve as a benchmark for the following of the study. In section 3, we address the problem of finding the optimal set of polarimetric measurements when the number of acquisitions is fixed. In particular, we discuss the separability criterion and the numerical method to optimize it. We then illustrate our methodology on a real-world imaging example, and show that in some experimental conditions, a limited number of projections can yield better discrimination results than full Mueller matrix data.
2. Polarimetric imaging and region discrimination
In this section, we present the basic active imaging principle that we will consider, and the classification algorithm that we will use for multiple target discrimination. We then apply this approach to the classification of full Mueller matrix data. These results will serve as a benchmark for the following of the study. Finally, we discuss the limits and possible improvements of this approach.
2.1. Polarimetric measurements
We consider an active polarimetric imaging system that illuminates the scene with light coming from an unpolarized white source. Polarization state in illumination is defined by a Stokes vector S generated thanks to a Polarization State Generator (PSG) (see Fig. 1). In the practical implementation we use, the PSG is composed of two Liquid Crystal Variable Retarders and one polarizer. The output beam allows illuminating the scene uniformly in polarization and intensity. The polarimetric properties of a region of the scene corresponding to a pixel in the image is characterized by its Mueller matrix M. The Stokes vector of the light scattered by this region is S′ = MS. It is analyzed by a Polarization State Analyser (PSA), which is a generalized polarizer whose eigenstate is the Stokes vector T. As for the PSG, in the experimental setup we use, the PSA is composed of two Liquid Crystal Variable Retarders and one polarizer. The number of photoelectrons measured at a pixel of the sensor is:
Fig. 1
2.2. Maximum Likelihood (ML) region classification
Our objective in this section is to classify different regions of the scene by using a series of acquisitions of the type defined in Eq. (1). Let us consider a scene composed of a number K of regions with different polarimetric properties, indexed as k ∈ [1, K]. We assume that we have a database containing sets of Mueller matrices associated to these different regions. One acquires N scalar polarimetric images with N different couples of illumination Stokes vectors (𝒮 = [S1, ..., SN]) and analysis Stokes vectors (𝒯 = [T1, ..., TN]). For each pixel p of the scene, the measures can be gathered in a vector xp of dimension N defined as:
The choice of the classifier depends on the application and on the statistics of the noise disturbing the images, that can be for example detection noise or spatial fluctuations of the scene. For the sake of simplicity, we will assume that the sum of these perturbations leads to Gaussian statistics for the measured data. The Probability Density Function (PDF) associated with class k is thus:
In practice, the mean and covariance matrix of each class k are estimated from a database composed of sets Ωk containing Pk training Mueller matrices. For each of these datasets, Pk values of , p ∈ [1, Pk], can be computed as in the Eq. (2). The estimate of x̄k and Γk are obtained by the following formula:
2.3. Classification on full Mueller matrix data and discussion
The full Mueller matrix of the scene is obtained by performing 16 projections of the type of Eq. (1) using different couples of illumination and analysis states. These data are then inverted to yield an estimate of the Mueller matrix associated with each pixel p of the scene, which is thus represented by a vector xp of dimension N = 16 (Eq. (2)). The set of illumination and analysis states is usually chosen to minimize the error propagation during this inversion [17,18]. The Mueller matrix contains all the polarimetric properties of the scene and such data has often been used for discrimination by applying different methods of classification [19, 20].
Let us illustrate our approach on a real Mueller matrix image. We consider a scene composed of four regions (three regions over a background). The three regions and the background will be denoted ti,i = {1, 2, 3} and b in the following and are represented in Fig. 2(a). The intensity image of the scene is presented in Fig. 2(b). We can see that the four regions cannot be discriminated on it, since they have similar intensity reflectances. The Mueller matrices and covariances matrices are estimated from the database and these estimates are used to design a ML classifier (see Eq. (5)). The classification results are presented in Fig. 3(b). We can see that the different objects are globally well discriminated, although some errors are present.
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Our purpose in the next section will be to compare the results obtained with full Mueller data to those obtained by using a smaller number of optimized projections. To have a common reference, we will consider that the total amount of time t0 available to perform the acquisition is constant. Consequently, the larger the number of projections, the smaller the integration time for each measurement. For example, for the Mueller matrix acquisition, we have to acquire 16 projections thus the acquisition time is t0/16 for each image. In Fig. 3(a), it is seen that some Mueller images contain no information useful for discrimination. The time used for acquiring them would thus have been better spent on other more informative projections. To reduce the number of images that need to be acquired, one solution is to estimate only the coefficients of the Mueller matrix containing relevant information to discriminate the regions. This selection of specific coefficients has been the subject of recent works [9] and it has been shown that in general, 4 acquisitions are needed to extract one coefficient. In the next section, we will propose an alternative approach that makes it possible to further reduce the number of acquisitions while keeping, and even improving the classification results.
3. Discrimination using optimal projections
In this section, our purpose is to determine the optimal set of polarimetric projections that optimizes discrimination capacity. We can note that Eq. (1) can be put in the form of a linear projection [21]:22]. The optimal projection vectors are the K – 1 generalized eigenvectors associated to the interclass and intraclass covariances matrices. In our case, it would lead to K – 1 vectors q, that, after having projected the data, allow maximizing the separability of the different regions. However, this solution is valid when the domain of definition of the projection vectors is the set of real valued 16-component vectors with unit norm. In our problem, the vector q = T ⊗ S does not span this space (it has 4 degrees of freedom instead of 15). Consequently, the classical LDA technique cannot be used, and we describe in this section an approach to solve this problem. The key point is to define a tractable separability criterion for multi-region discrimination, which is not obvious. We then briefly describe the optimization algorithm that we use to determine the optimal configuration and illustrate this approach on a real-world imaging scenario.
3.1. Separability criterion
The statistics of each class k, and thus the performance of the classifier, depends on the sets of illumination and analysis states 𝒮 = [S1, ..., SN] and 𝒯 = [T1, ..., TN]. Our goal in the following will be to optimize these states in order to maximize the separability of the different classes. For that purpose, one has to define a separability criterion, that is, a function C(𝒮, 𝒯) of the illumination and analysis states that quantifies the discrimination performance. The optimal projection parameters will be obtained as:23]. However, this criterion is difficult to calculate and optimize. This is why we will use a separability criterion which is suboptimal, but easier to compute. Recently, it has been shown that for such real-world discrimination tasks as target detection and object segmentation, the Bhattacharyya distance is a good candidate for separability criterion [24]. We have thus decided to use it as contrast criterion in our study.
The Bhattacharyya distance (B) is an asymptotic exponent on the probability of error in discrimination problems [25, 26]. Let us consider two probability density functions (pdf) Pk(x) and Pl(x). In our case, these pdf correspond to the noise statistics of the pixels in regions k and l. If n denotes the size of the sample, the probability of error in deciding wether the observed data has been generated with Pk(x) and Pl(x) behaves as exp[−nB] as n tends to infinity [26]. Considering our two sets of data defined by their pdf Pk(x) and Pl(x), the Bhattacharyya distance is defined as:
In our case, the Bhattacharyya distance between two classes k and l has the following expression:Fig. 4, taking into account the second term does not change the sets of optimal polarization states.
Fig. 4
When the number of regions to discriminate is larger than two, there are several possible ways of merging the separability of each pair of classes into a single numerical criterion. We have chosen a min-max approach which consists in maximizing the minimal separation between pairs of classes. It corresponds to maximizing the following criterion:
3.2. Computational issue for the optimization
Once the optimization criterion has been defined and the number N of projections chosen, one has to search for the optimal combination of projections maximizing the separability. The main characteristic of this problem is the number of parameters that have to be optimized simultaneously. Indeed, each projection depends on 4 parameters, e.g., the azimuth and ellipticity of the illumination and analysis states. Searching for N projections thus involves optimization on 4N parameters, which is quite large even for low values of N and it is thus likely that the separability criterion will have local maxima. It is thus necessary to use an algorithm robust to the presence of local maxima. After having compared different solutions, we have chosen to use the Shuffled Complex Evolution (SCE-UA) Method [27]. This algorithm consists in generating different sets consisting of N couples of illumination and analysis polarization states, and is changing them by using a global evolution framework to finally converge to the best set of parameters (𝒮, 𝒯) that leads to the highest separability of the contrast. Concerning our issue, we have verified that in our applications, it converges rapidly to the global maximum researched.
3.3. Application to a real-world imaging example
Let us now apply the proposed approach to the scene represented in Fig. 2. We have considered successively that we can acquire one, two or three polarimetric projections. On each of these configurations, we have compared the discrimination results obtained with the classifier presented in Eq. (5) on each of these configurations. The obtained images, the associated optimal states and the results of the classification are gathered in Fig. 4, as well as the discrimination result and Bhattacharyya distance obtained with full Mueller matrix data (see Fig. 3), that will serve as a benchmark.
As explained in the previous section, for all the acquisition scenarios, the total measurement time is constant and equal to t0. If only one projection is acquired, the integration time is thus t0. It can been seen in Fig. 4(a) that the obtained image is indeed much less noisy than the Mueller images in Fig. 3, since the latter corresponds to an integration time that is 16 times smaller for each projection. However, for this 4-region scenario, one projection - although optimal - is clearly insufficient since many classification errors are observed in Fig. 4(a). To visualize the detection efficiency, we have represented the estimation of the PDF (histogram) associated to the four classes of object in Fig. 5. We can observe that the average values of the four classes are well separated (which explains why we can globally discriminate the objects in the scene), but there is also a large overlap between the different PDF that leads to a high number of classification errors as we can see in Fig. 4(a). Consequently, the contrast criterion (𝒞 = 2.0) is low compared to that obtained using the full Mueller matrix (𝒞 = 6.6). It is thus necessary to increase the number of projections to enhance the classification performance.
Fig. 5
Let us now consider that we can acquire two projections (see Fig. 4(b) and 4(c). These images are obtained with an integration time equal to t0/2. We observe that the optimal projections are different from that obtained by trying to optimize the separability on only one projection (Fig. 4a). Indeed, in the image 4.b, the three regions are separated from the background but are not discriminated between themselves. This discrimination is done thanks to the second image (Fig. 4.c). To visualize the detection efficiency, we have plotted, in Fig. 6, the pixel value distributions of the different objects in the 2-dimensional space defined by the two optimal projections. We can see that the different point clouds are well separated that leads to good discrimination performance, as we can see in Fig. 4(b). Indeed, the obtained value of the separability criterion (𝒞 = 9.8) is higher than that obtained with full Mueller matrix data. We can now ask the question: is it possible to increase further the contrast using a third projection ?
Fig. 6
The set of three projections that maximize separability is presented in Fig. 4(d,e,f). The integration time for each image is equal to t0/3. These images are different from all the previously obtained images and correspond to a different way to discriminate the objects. Indeed the first image discriminates the regions t1 and t3 from the background b and the region t2. The second image separates the region t1 from the region t3 and finally the third image isolates all the regions from the background. This set of images leads to a high value of the separability criterion (𝒞 = 13.1) that corresponds to a good separability of the classes in the 3-dimensional space (see Fig. 7) and thus to excellent discrimination results, as we can see in Fig. 4(c). Theses results are better than those obtained with the full Mueller matrix because we acquire only images that contain information relevant to classification: by decreasing the number of images, we increase the integration time associated with each image and thus increase the signal to noise ratio.
Fig. 7
The objective is thus to find the best number of images that allows obtaining all the information necessary for the discrimination and also a good signal to noise ratio. Indeed, by increasing the number of images while keeping the same global acquisition time, we may not be able to extract more useful information but since the signal to noise ratio in the images is decreased, this may lead to a decrease of the contrast. To verify this assumption, we have represented in Fig. 8 the evolution of the contrast criterion as a function of the number of optimal images acquired. The integration time for one set of images is kept constant and equal to t0 ∼ 80ms. We can see in Fig. 8 that the contrast begins by increasing and reaches its maximum for 3 images. This evolution can be explained by the fact that each extra image brings enough new information to compensate the decrease of the signal to noise ratio per image due to the reduction of the integration time. With 3 images, all the information useful for discrimination is gathered.
Fig. 8
This is in perfect accord with the standard result in Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA): if K classes have to be discriminated, K – 1 linear projection are sufficient to obtain optimal discrimination [22]. If the number of acquired images is increased while keeping the total acquisition time constant, the information brought by these new images is no longer sufficient to compensate for the reduction of the signal to noise ratio and the contrast decreases. We can also notice that with 16 optimal projections, we obtain the same contrast as with the raw Mueller matrix data (𝒞 = 6.6).
4. Conclusion
We have proposed a methodology to determine the set of active polarimetric measurements that optimize discrimination of an arbitrary number of regions with different polarimetric properties. For that purpose, we have considered systems where the illumination and analysis states can vary on the whole Poincaré sphere. Of course, this methodology can also be easily applied to systems with reduced sets of accessible polarization states in illumination and/on in analysis. We have demonstrated on a real world example that a few number of optimized polarimetric measurements can overcome the performance of full Mueller matrix imaging. The optimal number of measurements is of course highly dependent on the nature of the observed scene.
It is clear that the determination of the optimal projections require some prior knowledge about the polarimetric properties of the scene - i.e. the average and the covariance of Mueller matrices of each class. It can thus not be used in all polarimetric imaging scenarios. However, if such prior knowledge is available, we have demonstrated that it may be preferable to use a few, well selected acquisitions. Of course, research on adaptive strategies that can reduce or suppress the need of prior knowledge about the scene is an interesting perspective of the present work.
The authors thank Ryoichi Horisaki for fruitful discussions and the anonymous reviewers for their comments which were very helpful to improve the quality of this paper. Guillaume Anna's Ph.D thesis is supported by the Délégation Générale pour l'Armement, MRIS domain IMAT.
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