text:
- Academic Supports for College Students with an Autism Spectrum Disorder
- Advice from Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder to Teachers Regarding Literacy Instruction
- Advice for Peer Tutors
- Applying the Ziggurat and CAPS Model in Your School District
- Aspects of Support for Learning
- A Young Adult's Guide to Deep Breathing as a Relaxation Technique: A Personalized Fact Sheet
- Can Schedule Usage Training Include Elements of Literacy Instruction?
- Clean Up Your Act! Creating an Organized Classroom Environment for Students on the Spectrum.
- Change is Good! Supporting Students on the Autism Spectrum when Introducing Novelty
- Classroom Choreography: The Art of Scheduling Staff and Students
- Creating a Circle of Support
- Complexities of Instructional Support
- Critical Features of Early Intervention: Merging Best Practices
- Developing Long Term Relationships Between School and Parents
- Early Intervention for Young Children on the Autism spectrum: Parent's Perspective
- Educating Students with Autism: Are There Differences in Placement?
- Establishing Long Term Goals: What Are We Hoping to Achieve
- For General Education Teachers: Helpful Questions to Ask About Students with ASD
- Get Engaged: Designing Instructional Activities to Help Students Stay On-Task
- "Ham It Up and Get It Cookin!!" Thoughts From Dr. Greenspan
- Home-School Communication
- I Can Do It Myself Using Work Systems to Build Independence
- "I Wake Up for MY Dream!" Personal Futures Planning Circles of Support, MAPS and PATH
- Life After High School...So Now What
- Lovaas Revisited: Should We Have Ever Left?
- Making the Most of Morning Meeting
- Motivating Students Who Have Autism Spectrum Disorders
- Moving from Preschool to Kindergarten: Planning for a Successful Transition and New Relationships
- Peer Support Programs
- Promoting the Educational Success of Students with Autism: The Role of the Parent-Staff Relationship
- Planning for Successful Transitions Across Grade Levels
- Practical Steps to Writing Individualized Education Program (IEP) Goals: And Writing Them Well
- Practical Recommendations for Utilizing a Range of Instructional Approaches in General Education Settings
- Recognizing Different Types of Readers with ASD
- Reframing Our Thinking and Getting to Know the Child
- Restricted Repertoires in Autism and What We Can Do About It
- School Cultures that Support Students Across the Autism Spectrum
- Service Learning: Something to Think About
- Supporting Staff Using Coaching Model
- Supporting Students with Asperger's Syndrome
- Teaching Students Who Are Low-Functioning: Who Are They and What Should We Teach?
- There is No Place Called Inclusion
- The Road to Post-Secondary Education: Questions to Consider
- Tips for Teaching High-Functioning People with Autism
- Tips to Consider When Including a Student with ASD in Art, Music, or Physical Education
- Tools for Successful Transition: Self-Determination, Resilience, and Grit in Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorders
- Transition: Preparing for a Lifetime
- Transition to Middle School
- Transition Time: Helping Individuals on the Autism Spectrum Move Successfully from One Activity to Another
- Understanding the Design and Power of a Personal Schedule
- Using Visual Schedules: A Guide for Parents
- Who Are We Working for Anyway? Avoiding Personal Agendas at Meetings to Better Support Individuals Across the Autism Spectrum
- Linking Theories to Practice: Exploring Theory of Mind, Weak Central Cohesion, and Executive Functioning in ASD
- Structured Teaching Strategies: A Series
- Growing Up Together
- How to Open A Combination Lock/Locker
- Supporting Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorders Through Postsecondary Transition
- Curriculum Materials and Programs for Individuals on the Autism Spectrum
- Implementation and Effectiveness of Using Video Self-Modeling with Students with ASD
- Video Self-Modeling How To and Examples
- A Model for Sustainable Change in ASD School Programming through Professional Development: The Indiana Resource Center for Autism
Can Schedule Usage Training Include Elements of Literacy Instruction?
Contributed By Beverly Vicker
At the beginning of the new school year, Mrs. Owen noted that she had several students with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) assigned to her resource room. She was aware that it is an established practice to use schedules with students with autism spectrum disorder. So, she compiled a list of potential needs regarding schedules based on each student's past record. She found that:
- Thomas was a non-reader and used a tangible symbol schedule to guide his understanding of his day.
- Sean was a reader and used a text based (hand written or typed) schedule; with guidance, he was able to type his own daily schedule.
- Stephen used a picture based schedule which also contained printed words above the picture; he was able to use the schedule with minimum support from staff.
- Jeremy was learning to use a picture/text schedule last year; checking his schedule was still an adult assisted routine and did not appear to be driven by his need to know what was next.
- Adam had not yet been taught to use a schedule; he appeared to find meaning in pictures and maybe was an early emerging reader.
As Mrs. Owen reviewed their needs, she became excited at the opportunity to implement some new strategies into her program; she wanted to incorporate new ideas from a workshop on literacy development. Although there would be many opportunities within the day for each student to get some experiences with literacy, she decided to use the daily schedule as ONE opportunity for Adam since he was an ideal candidate for this type of situational instruction.
Her rational for the selection of Adam and not the others for this procedure included the following:
- Thomas needed a concrete schedule. He also needed to focus on only one thing at a time. His emergent literacy training would occur in other settings. At another time juncture however, he too might be a candidate for literacy instruction relating to the schedule.
- Sean was already a reader so there was no need for this novice level training.
- Stephen had moved into a level of independent use with his schedule. It would be a step backwards to again include an adult in his daily schedule use. He also could work on literacy in other situations.
- Jeremy could be a possible candidate if he returned to school still dependent on adult support and still uninterested in the schedule information. His parents, however, were going to use a schedule at home over the summer so his skill level and attitude might have changed over the summer recess.
- Adam had not previously learned a routine relative to a schedule. Therefore, there would be no violation of a previous learned behavioral routine if she incorporated some literacy training along with schedule use. Interference with independent use was not an issue. His interest in pictures was an asset.
Mrs. Owen carefully considered what she had learned in her workshops as she formulated her ideas for offering literacy training to Adam within his training for schedule use. She rationalized that through learning his schedule…
- Adam would be introduced to key words that conveyed information that might be important to him. If the information reduced anxiety or helped him "steel" himself for a challenging situation, the words/information on a schedule might have a huge impact on his daily life. The impact may exceed the importance of many other words encountered in other literacy orientation activities. Adam may have special motivation to learn the vocabulary.
- The schedule by its nature would represent a limited set of vocabulary that Adam would be learning to recognize and read. Picture cues would always accompany the text and their presence would provide support for him in his role as an emergent literacy learner. A limited set of highly motivating words would seem to be an asset for learning.
- A schedule would also present numerous opportunities for learning the specific vocabulary. Adam would consult the schedule many times EACH day. Mrs. Owen recalled that repetition was considered as a pre-requisite for developing automaticity for reading. In other words, by frequent exposure, Adam could potentially learn to quickly identify the various printed words without on-going adult help or long term reliance on the picture cues.
- The addition of a literacy component to the task of teaching Adam to use his schedule might not add more than a minute or so to each training episode, but it might represent a good investment in terms of payoff.
- The literacy learning opportunity, however, might be ideal for Adam for only a limited period of time, (i.e., the training situation could not endure indefinitely). Once the vocabulary has been mastered, some of the motivational aspects of literacy learning would be lost since the set of words would be limited. More importantly, the literacy training opportunity would need to be sacrificed after a period of time because self-management and independent use of the schedule were still the primary goals.
Next, Mrs. Owen considered her teaching and schedule preparation procedures. Several things would need to be altered if she was going to promote literacy awareness and/or sight word recognition while teaching Adam about his schedule. She decided that:
- Schedule words would be selected not only for appropriate meaning but also to visually look distinctive from one another in terms of physical appearance at the beginning and end of the words. For example, Adam might need the word "room" added to the entry "resource" to initially assist distinction vs. the word "recess."
- The text word or phrase would appear over the picture and should consist of a reasonable font size and boldness. Mrs. Owen thought she would consider a font size of 16, 18, or 20.
- The picture would be viewed as a cue to help Adam remember the key text word. Thus the picture cue would need to be personalized. She might need to talk to his teacher from last year before selecting pictures. For example, if Adam preferred playing with the balls in the P.E. room, but loved swinging during recess, these associative cues would be used along with the text words on his schedule. If, however, Adam really liked to use the scooter board during free time in the gym while the slide was his favorite play item at recess time, then his personalized picture cues would be different.
- Introduction to the schedule would focus on the text word and the conversation would explain the relationship to the text. For example, "Time for P.E." (Mrs. Owen would point to the text, P.E.). "Mr. Smith has lots of balls" (as she pointed to the picture of the ball). "P.E." and she would repeat and point to the text.
- Over time, she could offer different brief comments about P.E. as she drew attention to the word. While still pointing to 'P.E.', she could mention an event that happened in that situation; she could end the mini-lesson as she slipped her index finger over the picture. The objective would be to have a more comprehensive meaning of 'P.E.' carried by the verbal word vs. the limited meaning that might be suggested by the picture of a ball.
- She imagined things she might say once she knew more about Adam. For example, as the broader meaning of each word was established, she could call attention to the word shape or to the first letter/sound of the word. She could say, "'Math begins with 'm.' So does Mark (a favored classmate). So does Mickey (a favorite TV show character). So does your favorite food, macaroni. Listen to the 'm' sound in math, Mark, Mickey, macaroni."
- She could make a mental note to be sure to mention to Adam that he and she were READING the words on the schedule, even if he was not reading them independently. She would encourage Adam to hear the text word inside his head and to think about the broader meaning.
- She knew that she would gradually reduce the presence of the picture when it was clear that Adam was focusing on and recognizing the text word. This could be done by progressively reducing the size of the picture via certain computer software or by the progressive mutation of the picture. The latter could involve using increasing layers of wax paper over the picture until an opaque cover developed (Downing, 2005). Other techniques were also available (i.e., such as using various software techniques to decrease embedding of a picture relative to text). But, she concluded, the layering of wax paper seemed an inexpensive and easy technique that still allowed the picture to be available, if the covering needed to be removed.
- She reminded herself of some cautions. If picture cues were excessively emphasized first for each entry instead of the text, she realized that it might be more difficult to get Adam to shift his visual focus to the text. It also might be more difficult to shift his thinking to a broader meaning beyond what was represented by the picture. This was something she might have to monitor and adapt as she began the training.
- She acknowledged that she must choose the extensiveness of the informational content used to help broaden the meaning of each schedule entry. Too much chatter and Adam might get the impression that this was conversation time. She knew she would have a better idea of what was appropriate after she had worked with Adam for a week. The end goal, of course, was still to achieve independence in schedule use.
- She knew she must decide if the target words on the schedule were to be practiced in other activities outside of the schedule. For example, Adam could match schedule words to target pairs. If asked, "Show me 'recess,'" he might pick out the word card from an array of schedule-based or non-schedule based words.
- Generalized recognition of the schedule words might need to be part of her instructional plan.
- She recognized that she would have to choose the timing of transition from step to step. For example, she must decide when to introduce the phonemic awareness information and when to begin the removal or blurring of the picture cues.
- Lastly, she also knew she must monitor Adam's progress. If he was not responding to the literacy training at an appropriate pace, she would need to accomplish all of his literacy instruction in other activities. The goal of obtaining information, self-management, and independence were still the most important functions of learning to use the schedule and this could not be inordinately delayed. If that meant eventually restoring the pictures as cues or even emphasizing them, so be it. She knew she would learn a lot from the experience and be better able to foster some literacy awareness with other children as she introduced them to schedule use skills.
In summary, this article calls attention to the possibility of incorporating literacy instruction concurrent with an introduction to schedule use. Many teaching/learning opportunities are needed for literacy training. Schedule use time represents a naturally occurring daily activity that could support the piggybacking of informal literacy instruction. Schedules contain a small set of vocabulary for sight word recognition and offer natural opportunities for repetitive exposure to this core set of words. Embedding literacy training opportunities with schedule training represents a strategy that may have surprising and positive outcomes for some students.
Copeland, S. & Calhoon, J. A. (2007). Word recognition instruction. In S. R. Copeland and E. B. Keefe (Eds.). Effective literacy instruction for students with moderate or severe disabilities. (pp. 41-62). Baltimore, MD: Paul Brookes Publishing Company.
Downing, J. E. (2005). Teaching literacy to students with significant disabilities: Strategies for the K-12 inclusive classroom. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.
Vicker, B. (2008). Understanding the purposes of a schedule. The Reporter, 13(3) 5-6,17.
Vicker, B. (2008). Can schedule usage training include elements of literacy instruction? The Reporter, 13(3), 14-16.


text:
On April 8, 2014, ROBYN FAYE, cherished daughter of Susan Pondfield (William Mentlik) and the late Dr. Mark Weinstein; adored sister of Dr. Stacey Weinstein, Carly Mentlik and Jacob Mentlik. Funeral services will be held at Judean Memorial Gardens, 16225 Batchellors Forest Road, Olney, MD 20832 on Friday, April 11 at 1:30 p.m. Interment at… Read More
On April 7, 2014, PAUL, devoted brother of Gary (Harriet) Berman; loving uncle of Marc (Stacy) Berman; dear great-uncle of Adam Berman. Funeral services and interment will be held at Kovna Cemetery, Rosedale, on Friday, April 11 at 10 a.m. Please omit flowers. In mourning at 2605 Smith Ave., Baltimore, MD 21209, Friday only.
On April 8, 2014, HENRY LOUIS; beloved husband of Ileen Dickman (nee Wolfe); devoted father of Elinda (Dr. Benjamin) Hendin, Debbie Friedman and Tom (Melanie) Dickman; dear brother of Gerry Smith and the late Lee Dickman, Mollie Steinberg, Elyce Wasserman and Morris Dickman; dear brother-in-law of Evelyn Dickman; loving grandfather of Piper (Jacob) Fults, Clark… Read More
On March 29, 2014, SYLVIA PEARL, beloved wife of the late Dennis Harp; sister of Audrey Komrad; sister-in-law of Dr. Eugene Komrad; aunt of Dr. Mark (Kim) Komrad; great-aunt of Ilan. Services will be held at Emeritus of Pikesville at 11 a.m. on April 13, 2014, as well as in San Jose, Calif. at a… Read More
On April 8, 2014, HELAINE "LANI" (nee Levin), beloved wife of Sheldon Bolotin; loving mother of Jennifer (Michael) Wilson and Brian Bolotin; devoted sister of Ellen Jacobs and Mark (Karen) Levin; loving grandmother of Joshua, Evan and Jacob Wilson. Services at SOL LEVINSON & BROS., INC., 8900 Reisterstown Road, at Mount Wilson Lane, on Thursday,… Read More
On December 31, 2013, MIRIAM, wife of the late A. Joseph Rubinstein; beloved mother of Laurie and Rabbi Marshal Press, David Rubinstein and Margo Schein, and Sheila & Barry Durlester; also survived by seven grandchildren and eight great-grandchildren. She was buried in California.
On April 5, 2014, YEFIM, beloved husband of Ella Kuperman; loving father of Michael (Regina) Kuperman and Alexander (Elena) Kuperman; devoted brother of Lyubov Vaynsthuk; also survived by four cherished grandchildren. Services at SOL LEVINSON & BROS., INC., 8900 Reisterstown Road, at Mount Wilson Lane, on Sunday, April 6 at 3 p.m. Interment at Baltimore… Read More
On April 6, 2014, JOSEPH, beloved husband of Beatrice Frank (nee Shenker); loving father of Wendy (Craig) Friedman and Toby Frank; devoted brother of the late Edith Frank and Irving (Marion) Frank; cherished grandfather of Sarah and Julie Friedman; loving uncle of Ken (Anne Margaret) Frank, Stuart (Leslie) Frank, Barbara (Norman) Schrum and Donna (David)… Read More
On April 5, 2014, Dr. JOSEPH, beloved husband of Marian Cowen (nee Weiner) and the late Beatrice Cowen (nee Mosner); devoted step-father of Judye Yellon (Benton Mirman), Robert (Sharon) Yellon and Barbara (Gary) Scher; cherished grandfather of Paula (Jeffrey) Rosenblatt, Amanda (Richard) Pasciuto and Scott Scher; loving great-grandfather of Abby Rosenblatt, Reid Rosenblatt and Samantha… Read More
On April 5, 2014, HARRIET (nee Shostack), beloved wife of the late Morton Pollack; devoted mother of Wendy (Stuart) Diener, Ross (Ilene) Pollack and Susan (Gary) Flax; loving sister of Debby (late Sheldon) Friedman; cherished grandmother of Ryan Diener (Samantha Neier), Shari (Matthew) Shaw, Ilana Flax, Jonas Flax, Tracy Pollack and Lauren Pollack; adored great-grandmother… Read More
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subset: commoncrawl


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Report NEP-KNM-2009-08-30This is the archive for NEP-KNM, a report on new working papers in the area of Knowledge Management & Knowledge Economy. Laura Stefanescu issued this report. It is usually issued weekly.
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- Verkerk, M. & van der Pijl, G.J. & van Asperen, E., 2009. "ICT as an Enabler for Innovation Adoption," Econometric Institute Research Papers EI 2009-15, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Erasmus School of Economics (ESE), Econometric Institute.
- Karlsson, Charlie & Johansson, Börje & Stough, Roger R., 2009. "Human Capital, Talent, Agglomeration and Regional Growth," Working Paper Series in Economics and Institutions of Innovation 191, Royal Institute of Technology, CESIS - Centre of Excellence for Science and Innovation Studies.
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"Boating, swimming, kayaking...the works!" Top 5 Page for this destination New Hampshire Sports & Outdoors Tip by Pawtuxet
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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|PCT number
|Publication date
|Jan 9, 2001
|Filing date
|Dec 19, 1996
|Priority date
|Dec 20, 1995
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Ernst Fritz, Norbert Ramaseder
|Original Assignee
|Voest-Alpine Industrieanlagenbau Gmbh.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (16), Non-Patent Citations (3), Referenced by (24), Classifications (15), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is the national phase under 35 U.S.C. �371 of prior PCT International Application No., PCT/AT96/00255, which has an International filing date of Dec. 19, 1996, which designated the United States of America, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a method for determining electromagnetic waves originating from the interior of a melt, in particular a metal melt, especially in the visible light range and the adjacent UV range and infrared range, wherein a gas-filled hollow space is formed within the melt by blowing in gas and electromagnetic waves emitting from the melt are observed through the blown-in gas and evaluated by feeding the electromagnetic waves via an optical system to a detector for determining the temperature and/or chemical composition, as well as an arrangement for carrying out the method.
2. Related Background Art
In the production of steel in a converter or any other metallurgical reactor by refining pig iron or treating other melts in such a metallurgical vessel, it has always been endeavoured to have available as continuously and quickly as possible the temperature values of the melt and/or an analysis of the melt during the active treatment process in order to be able to keep the treatment process as short as possible and to get as near as possible to the target analysis sought. Rapidity is required, in particular, because the chemical reactions proceed at high speeds, involving the danger of being no longer able to interfere with the refining process or treatment process in due time. The extremely rough operating conditions prevailing in such plants do not meet with these objects. In the production of steel in a metallurgical reactor (converter, electric furnace, etc.), in the secondary metallurgical treatment of steel melts or in respect of any other non-ferrous metal melts (e.g., Cu, Ni, Al) it is, furthermore, advantageous to know the temperature and/or analysis of the melt after each treatment stage.
To solve these problems, attempts have, for instance, been made to get hints as to the correct point of time for terminating a refining process from the spectral analysis of the converter flame or from its absorptive effect relative to monochromatic light of a defined wave length. However, the strongly varying blowing conditions and the foaming slag on the melt bath as well as the high content of dust contained in the offgas do not allow for sufficiently precise conclusions on the temperature of the bath and the analysis of the melt.
Furthermore, it had been proposed for temperature measuring (DE-B-14 08 873) to insert into the refractory lining of the converter encapsulated thermocouples, which project into the converter interior and in the operating position of the converter come to lie below the meniscus of the melt to be refined. However, the durability of such thermocouples was insufficient; in addition, measuring results have been adversely affected by the necessarily strong cooling of the measuring device.
Furthermore, it is known to determine the temperature of a melt at a predetermined point of time by means of lances submerged in the melt. That method is disadvantageous if applied to the production of steel in a converter, because to that end the converter must be tilted and set right again, which involves a temperature loss of the steel bath of up to 40� C. In addition, that method is time-consuming, because at first the blowing lance must be extended prior to tilting the converter and the converter must be set right again after having carried out a measurement, and it is only afterwards that the blowing lance—if necessary—can be retracted and blowing can be continued. Further drawbacks include that the measuring point within the melt may be chosen only arbitrarily, thus being hardly reproducible. Also the depth of immersion of the probe cannot be exactly determined, thus being hardly reproducible, either.
The determination of a chemical analysis of the melt is even substantially more complicated. To this end, it is known to take samples by means of lances submerged in the melt. When producing steel in a converter this involves disadvantages since the taking of such samples likewise requires much time—the converter likewise having to be tilted (except with perpendicular sublance measurements)—and the samples must be sent to the laboratory.
When producing steel in a converter it is known to carry out a quick carbon analysis by measuring the arrest point of the temperature and the C content. Thereby, it is however only feasible to acquire the C equivalent such that some of the accompanying elements present in the melt have to be taken into account when calculating the actual carbon content.
Furthermore, it is known to carry out carbon and oxygen activity analyses and to take samples and temperature measurements in a converter by means of sub lances. This is, however, disadvantageous inasmuch as the sublance means themselves (and also the samples) are very expensive, prone to extremely high wear and applicable only with liquid slags towards the end of a blowing process.
From EP-B-0 162 949 a method for observing the formation of slag in a steel blowing converter, using the light radiation emitted from the slag surface within the converter space is known. There, the light is photoelectrically converted into signals and processed, variations of the signals being taken as criteria of foamed slag formation. The receptors inserted in the side wall of the converter are located above the slag/melt bath and are not suitable for measuring the melt bath temperature and the melt composition.
From U.S. Pat. No. 4,830,601 a method and an arrangement for the spectral-analytical evaluation of the light emitted from the central portion of a burner flame is known. There, the supply of fuel and combustion air is surveyed by way of the light spectrum. Emitted light is transmitted to an electronic evaluation device via fiber-optic conductors, the supply of combustion air and fuel being controlled as a function of the gas analysis made.
A similar arrangement for temperature measurement in a process for producing reducing gas in a high-temperature reactor at an elevated operating pressure is to be taken from DE-A-40 25 909.
From EP-A-0 214 483 it is known to verify the chemical composition of iron by blowing oxygen or an oxygen-containing gas from top onto the surface of molten iron, wherein beams originating from the melt surface are detected in a spectrometer with a view to determining the chemical composition of the iron.
From U.S. Pat. No. 4,619,533 and EP-A-0 362 577 methods of the initially defined kind are known, wherein in the first case radiation originating from the metal melt is conducted to a detector via a fiber-optic waveguide. According to EP-A-0 362 577 laser light is focussed on the metal surface thus generating plasma. The plasma light emitted from the metal surface via a lens system and a fiber-optic waveguide is fed to a spectrometer for elementary analysis. The lens system comprises adjustable lenses. The lenses are adjusted in a manner that the ratio of the intensities of two iron lines, namely the intensity of an atomic line arid the intensity of a ionic line, is minimal.
In a method of the initially defined kind, i.e., when detecting electromagnetic waves originating from the interior of a melt, the blowing in of gas for the formation of a gas-filled hollow space advantageously is effected through a wall opening of a metallurgical vessel receiving the metal melt, said opening having to be located below the standard meniscus. In the region of transition of said opening of the metallurgical vessel towards the melt, i.e., in the marginal region of said opening, reflections of the electromagnetic waves emitting from the melt are caused even with a very small opening, leading to falsifications of the measured values. If a mushroom-shaped incrustation is formed of solidified melt as a result of the blown-in gas, the incrustation having the shape of a bead surrounding the marginal region of the opening about the total periphery and oriented in the direction towards the melt constitutes a disturbing factor despite its protective function for the opening, constantly varying in size and position, whereby radiation originating from the surface of the incrustation or from the region of transition of the incrustation to the melt will falsify the measuring result. It has been shown that a precise measurement can be carried out only if radiation originating exclusively from the melt surface is received and transmitted to the detector. Reflections from the marginal region of the opening or from the incrustation are strongly disturbing, i.e., bring about falsifications of the measured values, without this being recognizable by any other indications.
The invention aims at avoiding the above drawbacks and difficulties and has as its object to provide a method of the initially defined kind, as well as an arrangement for carrying out the method, by which the determination of desired measured values of a melt (such as, e.g., steel, stainless steel, ferroalloys and melts of nonferrous metals) is feasible in a simple manner practically without time delay and, in particular, continuously as well as even with viscous to dry slags. Falsifications of the measured values caused by the measuring process itself and by the rough conditions of steelworks operation are to be reliably prevented, falsifications of the measured values having to be excluded even with the hollow space provided within the melt being kept very small.
In accordance with the invention this object is achieved in that electromagnetic waves directed obliquely to the optical axis of the optical system and originating from the marginal region of the hollow space are excluded from detection by clearing through optical manipulation the emitting electromagnetic waves from electromagnetic waves directed obliquely to the optical axis of the optical system and present beyond a limit radius drawn from the optical axis of the optical system, by refracting said electromagnetic waves away from the optical axis of the optical system in a wave dispersion means of the optical system, such as a dispersing and focussing lens system, and only electromagnetic waves directed approximately parallel to the optical axis of the optical system arrive at a detector arranged to follow the optical system, and/or in that the optical system is moved relative to the hollow space while adjusting its optical axis, until the intensity of the emitting electromagnetic waves yields a maximum during, evaluation of the same.
According to a preferred embodiment, the wave dispersion means is followed by a wave bundling means, such as a focussing lens or a focussing lens system, and the electromagnetic waves directed approximately parallel to the optical axis of the optical system are focussed by the wave bundling means and fed to the detector directly or via a fiber-optic waveguide, yet the oblique waves and those present beyond a limit radius are not covered by such focussing.
A further preferred embodiment is characterized in that both the wave dispersion means and the consecutively arranged wave bundling means are moved relative to the hollow space while adjusting their optical axis, until the intensity of the emitting electromagnetic waves yields a maximum in the evaluation of the same. Thereby it is feasible to still obtain optimum measuring results even with a particularly intensive crust formation and/or strongly unilateral crust formation, i.e., with melts being particularly prone to crust formation or with hollow spaces within the melt having small diameters.
To carry out a melt analysis, energy is suitably supplied to the melt through the gas-filled hollow space and a portion of the melt is evaporated by the energy supplied, the blown-in gas advantageously entering into a chemical reaction with the melt thus causing a portion of the melt to evaporate.
To protect the measuring procedure, the gas blown in to form the gas-filled hollow space, on the site of entering the melt, suitably is surrounded by a gas jacket or several gas jackets containing a hydrocarbon-containing protective medium, preferably mixed with inert gas. This will cause the formation of an incrustation of solidified melt ensuring the supply of gas and also allowing for substantially gentle treatement of the arrangement required for carrying out a measurement as well as a long service life of the same.
Simplification and acceleration of the method is provided if the determination of the temperature or chemical analysis of the melt is combined with precalculited or measured parameters, such as a carbon computation of the offgas analysis or a rough calculation of the analysis of the melt at the time of measuring, and, furthermore, if only the contents of individual elements of the melt, such as, e.g., the Mn, Cr, C contents with iron melts, etc. are determined, the contents of the other elements or compounds contained in the melt and also in the slag melt being calculated therefrom.
The accuracy of the method according to the invention may be enhanced in that during measurement a temperature as close as possible to the actual temperature of the melt is adjusted within the hollow space and/or immediately in front of it by introducing a gas mixture.
Preferably the chemical analysis of the melt is concertedly changed, and the melt or melt and slag are mixed thoroughly, by aid of a gas or several different gases introduced into the melt.
According to a preferred embodiment, the gas-filled hollow space is formed on the upper surface of the melt, for instance, by a gas feed duct including an optic device, a fiber-optic waveguide, a detector, etc. immersing into the melt.
An arrangement for carrying out the method, comprising
a vessel receiving a melt,
a gas supply duct leading to an opening of the vessel and including a gas outlet opening oriented towards said opening and hence towards the melt,
an optical system for observing the gas outlet opening,
a detector for registering electromagnetic waves emitting from the melt, and
optionally a waveguide conducting the electromagnetic waves to the detector, is characterized by
an optical wave dispersion means, such as a dispersing-focussing lens system and/or by
the optical system being arranged so as to be movable, preferably pivotable, relative to the metallurgical vessel.
A preferred embodiment is characterized by
a wave bundling means arranged to follow the wave dispersion means, such as a focussing lens or a consecutively arranged focussing lens system, and
a detector located in the focussing zone of the wave bundling means or a fiber-optic waveguide arranged there and leading to a detector.
Advantageously, a protective tube is provided for the optical system, comprising a gas flushing means, in particular a gas flushing means cleaning the lens system on the front face. This is required, in particular, if solids, such as, e.g., slag formers, dusts, in particular coal dust, etc. are blown into the melt through the gas supply duct between the measuring periods.
Another preferred embodiment is characterized in that the wave dispersion means is pivotable relative to the gas outlet opening oriented towards the melt, the point of intersection of the optical axis of the wave dispersion means with the cross sectional area of the gas outlet opening being adjustable within the cross sectional area thereof.
Suitably, both the wave dispersion means and the wave bundling means are mounted so as to be pivotable, the pivotable mounting advantageously being realized by a cardanic mounting.
In the focussing region of the wave bundling means there is provided either an inlet of a fiberoptic waveguide or the detector.
A suitable embodiment is characterized in that the end of the gas supply duct is configured as a double- or multi-tube nozzle whose jacket annular space(s) is (are) Connectable to a duct feeding a hydrocarbon gas. As a result, a crust of solidified melt is formed, which surrounds the gas inlet opening in a manner that the multi-tube nozzle will be arranged in a well protected manner at the vessel, i.e., in the brickwork of the vessel.
Preferably, the end of the gas supply duct is formed by a multi-channel nozzle whose nozzle openings are connectable to one or several supply ducts for hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, inert gas, vapour, oil or water and/or mixtures thereof. As a result, the durability of the jacket nozzle and the accuracy of the measurement may be optimized while carrying out the measuring procedure and in general by adjusting the amount and/or composition of the gases or liquids introduced through the annular gaps.
According to a preferred embodiment device oriented towards the gas outlet opening of the gas supply duct is provide, as known per se from EP-A-0 362 577, a focussing means suitably being associated with the laser beam device.
Preferably, a gas supply duct comprising a wave dispersion means and immersing into the melt is provided.
A method of operating an arrangement according to the invention is characterized in that, for protecting that part of the arrangement which reaches into the vessel, the supply of the protective medium is controlled by continuously or step-wisely increasing the supply of hydrocarbon-containing protective medium with the attack of the melt increasing, i.e., with the temperature increasing of the melt being overheated.
In the following the invention will be explained in more detail by way of several exemplary embodiments schematically illustrated in the drawing, wherein
FIG. 1 is a (partially sectioned) schematic overall view of the arrangement according to the invention and
FIGS. 2 and 3 each show a detail of FIG. 1 on an enlarged scale in different configurations
FIG. 4 depicts a special embodiment in an illustration analogous to FIG. 3.
FIGS. 5 and 6 each present sections transverse to the plane of FIG. 2 according to further embodiments.
FIGS. 7 and 8 schematically illustrate the beam paths according to the invention.
FIG. 9 depicts a preferred embodiment in an illustration analogous to FIG. 3.
FIG. 10 represents a cross section through a gas supply tube in an illustration analogous to FIG. 4.
FIG. 11 relates to a further embodiment.
A metallurgical vessel 1, for instance, a refractorily lined converter (a vacuum vessel or an electric furnace or any other reactor, etc. might be provided as well) adapted to receive a steel melt 3 covered by a slag layer 2, at a height located below the meniscus 4 of the steel melt 3 with the converter 1 being normally filled, has an opening 5 in a side wall 6, in which opening a gas supply duct 7 is inserted, which opens into the interior 10 of the converter 1 on the inner side 9 of the side wall 6 of the same by a gas outlet opening 8. Different gases, e.g., oxygen, nitrogen, air, natural gas or mixtures thereof, as well as optionally also solids, e.g., dusty carbon and/or slag formers and/or dusts, may be introduced through the gas supply duct 7, the gases mentioned optionally acting as carrier gases for the solids. The gases are stored in tanks 11 and are withdrawn via ducts 12 upon demand. The solids are stored in one or sevel conveying vessels 13 or are withdrawn from existing systems and supplied to the converter 1 by aid of a conveying gas, such as air according to FIG. 1. The composition of the gases and the choice and quantitative adjustment of the gases may be effected by aid of a schematically illustrated valve stand 14.
According to the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 2, the end of the gas supply duct 7 is designed as a jacket nozzle 15, wherein a hydrocarbon gas, optionally mixed with nitrogen, is introduced into the converter 1 through an annular gap 17 surrounding a central tube 16 of the jacket nozzle, thereby inducing the formation of an annular incrustation 18 protecting the mouth of the jacket nozzle 15 as a result of crack reactions. The end of the gas supply duct 7 also may be designed as a simple tube (without protective gas jacket) if durability is no point.
A branch tube 16′ arranged in the direction of the axis of the jacket nozzle 15 and in alignment therewith, which is equipped with a screen 19 that may be provided with several adjacently arranged passage openings for the electromagnetic waves, opens into the central tube 16. Behind the screen 19, there are provided an optical system 20 acting as a focussing lens and behind the optical system 20 the end of a fiber-optic waveguide 21, for instance, a glass fiber conductor. The fiber-optic waveguide 21 leads to a detector 22 responding to electromagnetic waves and coupled with an amplifier and an electronic evaluation device 23.
The fiber-optic waveguide 21 and the optical system 20 advantageously are installed in a protective tube 24. Suitably, inert gas may be injected into the branch duct 16′ via a duct 25, thus ensuring the optical system 20 to be kept free of dust.
The arrangement functions in the following manner:
To carry out a temperature measurement, just gas—no solids—, preferably inert gas, is blown into the converter 1 through the gas supply duct 7. In doing so, the gas pressure causes the formation of a hollow space 26 filled by that gas, which follows immediately upon the annularly formed incrustation 18, thus being delimited by the same and by the melt surface 27. The free passage opening for the gas safeguarded by the incrustation 18 is expected to have a minimum dimension of approximately 0.2 to 1.0 cm2.
From the melt surface 27 of the melt 3 delimiting the gas-filled hollow space 26 electromagnetic waves are emitted, in particular, in the visible light range and in the UV range. These electromagnetic waves, via the opened screen or flap 19 and the optical system 20, get to the fiber-optic waveguide 21 and, via the latter, reach the detector 22. An electronic evaluation device 23 enables the determination of the temperature that is equivalent to the electromagnetic waves emitted in a natural way.
According to the embodiment represented in FIG. 3, the protective tube 24 together with the fiber-optic waveguide 21 directly projects into the gas supply duct 7 n the region of its end designed as a jacket nozzle 15. The protective tube 24 may be flushed with nitrogen, which, however, is not illustrated in detail.
According to FIG. 4, which depicts a section transverse to the longitudinal extension of a gas supply duct, the gas supply duct 7 in its end region is configured as a multi-channel nozzle. In the center of the multi-channel nozzle, the protective tube 24 and the optical system 20 including the fiber-optic waveguide 21 are provided. The protective tube 24 is peripherally surrounded by two annular gap volumes 25, 26 provided at a radial distance from each other, through which, for instance, hydrocarbon gases may be injected into the converter 1.
The further annular gap volume 28 provided between the two annular gap volumes 28″ and 28″′ is subdivided into several channels 28′ by means of radial webs, said channels each extending over a partial peripheral region, viewed in cross section. Through these channels 28′ other gases, such as, for instance, oxygen, inert gas or mixtures thereof, may be introduced into the converter.
FIG. 5 depicts a measuring arrangement according to the invention, comprising a laser beam device 29, which may be used for carrying out a melt analysis. In this case, the protective tube 24 including the fiber-optic waveguide 21 is installed slightly eccentrical of the gas supply duct 7. The laser beam 30 generated by the laser beam device 29 is oriented obliquely in the direction towards the gas outlet opening 8 so as to pass through approximately the center of the gas outlet opening 8, thus evaporating melt in the converter interior at the transition: gas bubble—liquid. The electromagnetic waves 31 emitting from the evaporated melt, which in FIG. 5 are indicated by wavy arrows, are detected by the fiber-optic waveguide 21 and evaluated by means of the electronic evaluation device 23. Preferably, the laser beam 30 is focussed through a focussing lens, a focal spot being formed at the opening 5 between the gaseous and liquid surfaces of the melt 3. Suitably, the arrangement is devised so as to be movable in the beam direction, thereby ensuring the optimum positioning of the focal spot. The gas supply duct 7 in its end region is configured as a jacket nozzle, hydrocarbon gases, inert gases or mixtures thereof being injected into the converter 1 through the annular space or annular gap 17.
FIG. 6 represents a cross section through the end region of a gas supply duct 7 according to a slightly modified form. The gas supply duct 7 externally is comprised of a double jacket 32, hydrocarbon gases, nitrogen, etc. being injected through the annular space 33 formed by the double jacket. The internal volume of the gas supply duct 7 is subdivided several times by means of walls 35 extending radially and in the longitudinal direction, i.e., into four spaced 34 of approximately equal size according to the exemplary embodiment illustrated. Through one of the spaces 34 the laser beam 30 is directed into the interior of the converter 1 and through a second space 34 the protective tube 24 comprising the lens system including the fiber-optic waveguide 21 passes. Each of the spaces 34 may be fed with different gases, for instance, with oxyen or inert gas or mixtures thereof.
From FIGS. 7 and 8, the beam paths preferred according to the invention and illustrated schematically are apparent. Electromagnetic waves 36 originating from the marginal region 35 of the hollow space 26 and of the opening 5, respectively, and, in particular, electromagnetic waves 37 reflected from the incrustation 18 as well as electromagnetic waves 39 propagating obliquely to the optical axis 38 of the optical system 20 and electromagnetic waves 40 present beyond a limit radius 41 drawn from the optical axis 38 of the optical system 20 are excluded from detection by said electromagnetic waves being refracted away from the optical axis 38 of the optical system 20 by means of a wave dispersion means 42 configured, for instance, as a dispersing and focussing lens system.
The wave dispersion means 42 is followed by a wave bundling means 43 by which the electromagnetic waves oriented approximately parallel to the optical axis 38 of the optical system 20 are focussed. The electromagnetic waves 39, 40 oriented obliquely to the optical axis 38 of the optical system 20 and present beyond a limit radius 41 drawn from the optical axis 38 of the optical system 20 are, however, not covered by such focussing.
The difference between the variant illustrated in FIG. 7 and the variant illustrated in FIG. 8 is to be seen in that once the detector 22 is located directely in the focussing zone 44 of the wave bundling means 43 (FIG. 7) and once, according to FIG. 8, an inlet 45 of a fiber-optic waveguide is located in the focussing zone, leading to a detector comprising an electronic evaluation device.
According to the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 9, the optical system 20—which preferably comprises a wave dispersion means 42 and a wave bundling means 43—is pivotably mounted in the central tube 16, preferably in a manner that every point within the cross section of the opening 5 can be reached by the optical axis of the optical system 20. Such a movable mounting may be realized by means of several pressure-medium cylinders 46 engaging at the optical system and indicated by arrows in FIG. 9 or by means of a cardanic mounting. Thereby, it is feasible to adjust the optical axis 38 of the optical system 20 in a manner that it may be directed towards the melt 3 even with a unilateral growth of incrustation as illustrated in FIG. 9, falsifications of the measured values caused by the incrustation 18 thus being avoidable. In this case, the optical system 20 is pivoted until the intensity of the emitting electromagnetic waves yields a maximum during evaluation of the same. This constitutes a criterion that the optical axis of the optical system 20 is actually directed towards the melt 3 and not, for instance, towards the marginal region of the incrustation 3 or the marginal region of the opening 5. Displacement of the optical system 20 may be effected by aid of an electromechanic drive automatically adjusting the optical system 20 in a manner that a maximum intensity will be developed. Furthermore, axial displaceability of the optical system 20 may also be provided as indicated by the double arrow 47, to which end electric motors or pressure-medium cylinders may likewise be provided.
FIG. 10, in an illustration analogous to that of FIG. 4, shows a cross section through a gas supply tube comprised of four concentrically arranged cylindrical tubes 24, 48, 49, 50, intermediate spaces 51, 52, 53 each being provided between the cylindrical tubes. The innermost tube 24 serves as a gas supply tube for carrying out the measurement. There the optical system 20 and the fiber-optic waveguide 21 as well as optionally the detector 22 are provided. The intermediate space 51 radially following thereupon between the cylindrical tubes 24 and 48 is filled with refractory material 54, wherein grooves 55 are yet provided on the external periphery of the refractory material, which are lined with sheet metal coverings 56, if desired. Protective gas, e.g., CH4, CH4+N2, etc., is directed to the end of the gas supply duct 7 through these grooves. The annular space 52 radially following thereupon, in the circumferential direction is filled with refractory material 54 by approximately one fourth, the remaining three fourths of the annular space 52 being free and serving to feed oxygen or oxygen mixed with other gases. The radially outermost annular space 53, in turn, serves to supply a protective gas.
According to the embodiment represented in FIG. 11, a gas supply duct 7 in which the optical system 20 and the signal sensors (fiber-optic waveguide 21 and/or detector 22) are installed, by means of a displacement mechanism not illustrated in detail and al lowing for movements in the directions of the arrows 57, 58 indicated in FIG. 11, is moved from above into the melt 3 through the upper surface 59 of the same, thus causing a gas-filled hollow space 26 to form within the melt 3. Also in this case the end of the gas supply tube 7 may be configured as a jacket nozzle so as to form a protective gas jacket.
Measurements may be carried out according to two different basic principles, namely once by aid of a pyrometer and once by aid of a spectrometer. Evaluation subsequently is effected via special electronic evaluation devices that differ with respect to the two systems.
The radiation emitting in the case of a pure temperature measurement differs from that intended for a melt analysis. During a melt analysis the spectrum generated by a laser and emitted by a plasma is observed (UV range).
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|International Classification
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|Jun 19, 1998
Owner name: VOEST-ALPINE INDUSTRIEANLAGENBAU GMBH, AUSTRIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:FRITZ, ERNST;RAMASEDER, NORBERT;REEL/FRAME:009373/0746
Effective date: 19980518
|Jul 2, 2004
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jul 21, 2008
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Jan 9, 2009
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Mar 3, 2009
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20090109


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In case that the traffic resource is limited, cross-border traffic has great impact on urban transportation, and it is necessary for us to study characteristics of Lanzhou cross-border traffic network. In this paper, the characteristics of cross-border traffic network are studied from different aspects based on the theory of complex network. Results show that Lanzhou cross-border traffic network has small word and scale-free characteristics. These results may bring useful advices for the planning of Lanzhou traffic network.


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For the most part, we get the principle of grafting fruit trees, grapes, and roses. A variety of fruit or flowers that we love, but might be a little iffy for various reasons, is grafted onto a sturdier rootstock than the plant would produce on its own.
The advantages are many. Known rootstocks (like Dr. Huey when it comes to roses) are vigorous, crop heavy, cold hardy, and disease resistant. And any top plant (scion) grafted onto them will gain these advantages by association.


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The Felbridge Hotel and Spa, West Sussex (county)
- Free WiFi and free parking
Main amenities
- 120 guestrooms
- Restaurant and bar/lounge
- Full-service spa
- Indoor pool
- Breakfast available
- Fitness center
- 10 meeting rooms
- Limo/town car service
- 24-hour front desk
- Air conditioning
- Daily housekeeping
- Front desk safe
What's around
- Gatwick Airport
- St Swithun's Church (1.7 mi / 2.8 km)
- Sackville College (1.8 mi / 2.9 km)
- Queen Victoria Hospital (2.1 mi / 3.4 km)
- British Wildlife Centre (2.7 mi / 4.3 km)
- Standen (2.8 mi / 4.5 km)
The Felbridge Hotel and Spa, West Sussex (county)
Hotel Info: 866-539-8117from $81
- Superior Room, 1 Queen Bed
- Standard Double Room
Also popular with travelers from the USA
At a glance
Key facts
Hotel size
- This hotel has 120 rooms
- This hotel is arranged over 1 floor
- Check-in time 3 PM-3 PM
- Check-out time is 11 AM
- Express check-in
Required at check in
- Credit card or cash deposit required
- Government-issued photo ID required
Travelling with others
- Pets not allowed
- Free WiFi in public areas
- Free WiFi and wired Internet access in rooms
- Free self parking
- Extended parking *
Nearby Four Star West Sussex (county) hotels
In the hotel
- Breakfast (surcharge)
- Restaurant
- Bar/lounge
- 24-hour room service
- Indoor pool
- Fitness facilities
- Full-service spa
- Spa treatment room(s)
- Golfing nearby
- Hiking/biking trails nearby
- Spa tub
- Steam room
- Sauna
- Number of meeting rooms - 10
- Conference space
- 24-hour front desk
- Limo or Town Car service available
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Laundry facilities
- Hair salon
- Free newspapers in lobby
- Wedding services
- Porter/bellhop
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Accessible bathroom
- In-room accessibility
In the room
- Air conditioning
- Coffee/tea maker
- Iron/ironing board
- Blackout drapes/curtains
- Premium bedding
- Pillowtop mattress
- Private bathroom
- Shower only
- Designer toiletries
- Hair dryer
- Flat-screen TV
- Satellite TV channels
- Free WiFi
- Daily housekeeping
- Connecting/adjoining rooms available
Top West Sussex (county) hotels
Recently reviewed hotels in West Sussex (county)
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"Older hotel but comfortable, no lifts in some sections. Friendly staff, excellent breakfast."Jun 17, 2016
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"clean, bright, very close to kennington tube. nice breakfast spread, friendly owner..."Jun 17, 2016
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"Love London, but the Chelsea area was more remote than I expected. "Jun 16, 2016
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Special features
The Chakra Spa has 5 treatment rooms. Services include facials, body wraps, body scrubs, and body treatments. A variety of treatment therapies are provided, including aromatherapy and hydrotherapy.
DiningThe Bay Tree Restaurant - This restaurant specializes in Modern European cuisine and serves breakfast, lunch, dinner, and light fare.
Anise - This restaurant specializes in Modern European cuisine and serves dinner only.
Qube Bar - This bar serves lunch, dinner, and light fare.
The Felbridge Hotel and Spa, West Sussex (county)'s small print
Also known as
- Felbridge Hotel And Spa East Grinstead, West Sussex, UK
- Felbridge East Grinstead
- Felbridge Hotel
- Felbridge Hotel East Grinstead
- Hotel Felbridge
The property has connecting/adjoining rooms, which are subject to availability and can be requested by contacting the property using the number on the booking confirmation.
Optional extras
Extended parking is available for an extra charge
Rollaway beds are available for an additional charge
Breakfast is offered for an extra charge of GBP 14.95 per person (approximately)
We have included all charges provided to us by this hotel. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.
Is the description of this hotel not correct? Tell us


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What an amazing photo - great clouds & contrasts
Thanks! Picasa is a rather crude image editor, but it has some nice functions too. This was done entirely in Picasa.
Thank you Morgan! I have to partially credit Picasa's filter functions here, they work very well with blue sky and clouds. Looking forward to your pics - it must have been a wonderful voyage along the coast, and you have captured the Norwegian coastline very well, I think.
You really are a true artist. I love looking at your pictures. They inspire me. I would love to become a photographer one day. :)
You are excellent artist your wounderful desire ..i can see here like nature call.
High Altitude !
Nice attempt to bring image in BW. Strong contrast
I wish I could live in such places, where open air takes your stress away immediately at the first glance in the landscape.
What is the temperature upthere please ?.
It seems camera batteries did survive under such cold temperatures !
see you
On this particular day, in late march, the temperature was a quite comfortable -7 C, or close. No problem for batteries or people.:-)
I see from the rest of your images, you like to give dimensions by introducing shadows to your subjects.
I have uploaded some new photos in my gallery. Please have an invitation :-)
I've seen many pictures on Panoramio, but this one is particularly beautiful ! Thank you !
I LOVE your photos. This one is unreal.
eres increible. decididamente de mayor quiero ser como tu
Thank you, zhoider. I have enjoyed your pics.
Me gustó mucho el contraste que has logrado. Excelente foto.
Ciao Snemann, I'm Mauro from Venice-Italy. I open all your wonderful photos and this is my favourite, maybe because I'm a freeride-snowboarder.. Thank you for the emotion, have a lot of good travels, photos and snow-ride. Ciao
Thanks Mauro, enjoy the spring snow where you are!
This is a great shot, the clouds and the contrast are brilliant not to mention the scenery. Deserves a yellow star :)
Thanks Leila!
Photo taken in Nesset, Norway


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Friday – July 29, 2016
Native Landscape Plants
Mequon Campus
With the current emphasis on sustainability, the ability to offer professional-level knowledge about native landscapes is a career builder for those interested in horticulture and landscaping. You will learn how to restore, preserve or create a green space of plants, shrubs and trees native to this region. Classes start at MATC's Mequon Campus and continue as on-site field study in a variety of native plant communities and restorations in southeastern Wisconsin.
Start Dates: August/January
All credits in this certificate must be earned at MATC with a 2.0 GPA or higher.
Student must initiate the request for the certificate upon completion of its requirements.
Detailed Program Information:
Fall 2016 – Spring 2017 Course Requirements
Available Certifications and Licensures for School of Technology and Applied Sciences Programs (pdf)
Credit for Prior Learning and Experience
Learn more about Credit for Prior Learning and Experience
For more information, email email@example.com
<< Admissions Mainpage >>
Call the Admissions Information Office at 414-297-MATC if you have questions about MATC programs.


text: I get WordPress through a host called site5, and installed it directly from their WebAdmin. Now I want to activate akismet anti-spam, but I can't find no API key, not on my accont page or anywhere. Can anyone help me? Is it possible to register my blog at WordPress after I have installed it?


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It's official! We have moved to our new District website, now located at acpsd.net. Please take a moment to visit and explore our new online home for updated information on all items related to Aiken County Public Schools.
As a reminder, our individual school web pages will continue to link back to School Fusion (hosted at this site) until the start of the new school year when all school-related pages will make the transition to our new web platform.
Thank you for your continued interest in and support of Aiken County Public Schools, and welcome to acpsd.net!
Office Hours: 7:30-5:30 (Monday-Thursday) Summer Hours
Phone Number: (803) 641-2470
Fax Number: (803) 641-2405
David Hanna, Assistant Principal
Office Staff
Bonnie Gibbons, Secretary
Sheila Withers, Guidance Secretary
Denise Nicodemus, Attendance Clerk
Tanya Cato, Bookkeeper
For information regarding fees for the 2016-2017 school year, please click here.
Click here for a complete list of school supplies for the 2016-2017 school year.
Football and volleyball tryouts will start on the second day of school, August 16, 2016, from 3:15-5:00. Only seventh and eighth grade students are allowed to try out.
Athletes wishing to tryout must have an updated physical on file with the school dated after April 1, 2016.They also must have been promoted to the 7th or 8th grade.
More information will be provided at registration August 9, 2016.
See this important information about enrollment for NEW students to Kennedy Middle. "NEW" students are those who are new to our area and NOT for students who are currently zoned for Kennedy and transitioning from 5th grade.
Please see the important checklist regarding REQUIRED documentation for enrolling students. All students including rising 6th graders and new enrollees will register on August 9th to pay fees and receive their schedule.
Friday, August 12th is an optional meet and greet for rising 6th graders and their parents to help with the transition from elementary school. This will give students and parents an opportunity to meet the teachers since that may not be possible on registration day.
Click here to see this information regarding enrollment out of your zone, hardship transfers, and magnet school transfers.
Applications Available for the Joint Science and Technology Institute for Students and Teachers
Our Mission, Direction, and PurposeThe goal of Kennedy Middle School is to provide
young students an opportunity to develop intellectually,
socially, emotionally and physically in a safe, positive,
student-centered environment in order to become
productive members of society.
Students will apply the acquired knowledge
and skills to become life-long learners
who are productive citizens.
Kennedy Middle School educates
all students to achieve at their highest levels.
As a parent of a student at Kennedy Middle School, you have the right to know the professional qualifications of the classroom teachers and instructional assistants who instruct your child. Federal law allows you to ask for the following information about your childs classroom teachers and requires us to give you this information in a timely manner:
If paraprofessionals have been assigned to assist in your childs classroom, you may also request information regarding their qualifications.
If you would like to receive this information, please call the Aiken County Public Schools Human Resources Department at 803-641-2467.


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Joe Cronin Baseball Facts and Stats by the Baseball Page
One of the finest shortstops in American League history, Joe Cronin actually had four careers in major league baseball. After excelling at shortstop for the Washington Senators from 1928 to 1934, Cronin assumed the responsibilities of player-manager for the Boston Red Sox for the next 11 seasons. Retiring as an active player in 1945, Cronin remained Red Sox manager until he succeeded Eddie Collins as the team's general manager at the conclusion of the 1947 campaign. Cronin continued in that post through mid-January 1959, when he was elected president of the American League, a position he held for the next 15 years. In all, Cronin spent more than 50 years in major league baseball in one capacity or another, making him one of the most distinguished members of the Baseball Hall of Fame.
Born in the Excelsior district of San Francisco on October 12, 1906, Joseph Edward Cronin attended nearby Sacred Heart Cathedral High School, from which he graduated in 1924. After working briefly as a bank clerk, the 18-year-old Cronin signed a free agent contract with the Pittsburgh Pirates the following year. He came up to the Pirates as a slow and clumsy shortstop in 1926 but saw little playing time since hard-hitting Glenn Wright was firmly entrenched at the position for Pittsburgh. Cronin spent much of the next two seasons bouncing back and forth between the Pirates bench and the team's minor league affiliate in Kansas City, before being discovered by Washington Senators scout Joe Engel. Engel, who also managed the Chattanooga Lookouts at Engel Stadium, later said that when he first spotted Cronin playing in Kansas City, "I knew I was watching a great player. I bought Cronin at a time he was hitting .221. When I told Clark Griffith (owner of the Washington Senators) what I had done, he screamed, 'You paid $7,500 for that bum? Well, you didn't buy him for me. You bought him for yourself. He's not my ballplayer – he's yours. You keep him and don't either you or Cronin show up at the ballpark.'"
Griffith eventually had a change of heart, with Cronin finally being called up by the Senators midway through the 1928 campaign. Assuming the team's starting shortstop job during the season's second half, Cronin batted a mere .242 and committed 16 errors in the 63 games in which he appeared. The 22-year-old shortstop's defensive struggles continued the following season when he committed a league-leading 62 miscues. Yet Cronin showed promise at the plate, improving his batting average to .281.
The righthanded hitting Cronin had his breakout season in 1930, batting .346 and finishing among the league leaders with 126 runs batted in, 127 runs scored, 203 hits, and 17 stolen bases. His defense also improved considerably. In addition to reducing his error-total to 35, Cronin led all American League shortstops in assists, while also topping all players at his position in putouts for the first of three consecutive times. Although a formal Most Valuable Player Award was not presented in either league that year, Cronin's outstanding performance earned him recognition as the "unofficial" A.L MVP, as selected by The Sporting News.
Cronin had another outstanding season for Washington in 1931, batting .306, scoring 103 runs, and placing near the top of the league rankings with 126 runs batted in, 13 triples, and 44 doubles, en route to earning a seventh-place finish in the official A.L.
MVP voting. Cronin finished in the top ten in the balloting again the following year when he batted .318, knocked in 116 runs, scored 95 others, and led the league with 18 triples.
Only Jimmie Foxx's triple crown performance prevented Cronin from capturing league MVP honors in 1933. After assuming managerial duties for his team prior to the start of the season, Cronin led the Senators to the American League pennant by batting .309, driving in 118 runs, scoring 89 others, and topping the circuit with 45 doubles. In addition to finishing second in the MVP voting to Foxx, Cronin made his first of seven All-Star Game appearances at shortstop for the American League.
Early in 1934, Washington owner Clark Griffith (the same man who once called Cronin a "bum") introduced his young manager to his niece, Mildred Robertson, then a club secretary. Cronin and Robertson were married later that year, which turned out to be the shortstop's final one in Washington. In an ironic twist, Griffith sold his new nephew to the Boston Red Sox for the then-enormous sum of $225,000 at the end of the 1934 season. Although he parted ways with his newest family member, Griffith made certain that his niece and Cronin were well provided for, arranging for the new Boston player-manager to receive a five-year contract good for $50,000 per year.
Cronin enjoyed playing in his new surroundings. He frequently drove balls off and over Fenway Park's short leftfield wall, improving his power numbers dramatically during his time in Boston. After never having hit more than 13 home runs at Washington's spacious Griffith Stadium, Cronin surpassed 15 homers five times in his six full seasons at Fenway, including a career high 24 long balls in 1940. He also batted over .300 four times, topped 100 runs batted in three times, surpassed 100 runs scored twice, and led the American League with 51 doubles in 1938, when he also placed among the league leaders with a .325 batting average.
After batting .311, hitting 16 homers, and knocking in 95 runs in 1941, the 35-year-old Cronin took himself out of the starting lineup the following year to make room at shortstop for young Johnny Pesky. Cronin remained an extremely effective bench player for Boston until early in 1945, when he broke his leg, ending his playing career for good.
Cronin retired from the game with 170 home runs, 1,424 runs batted in, 1,233 runs scored, 2,285 hits, and a .301 lifetime batting average. He batted over .300 a total of 11 times, knocked in more than 100 runs eight times, scored more than 100 runs and finished in double-digits in triples four times each, and topped 40 doubles six times. In addition to being selected to seven All-Star teams, Cronin finished in the top ten in the league MVP voting on five separate occasions.
Serving his team for the first time solely as a manager, Cronin piloted the Red Sox to the World Series in 1946, one they lost to the St. Louis Cardinals in seven games. He moved into the Boston front office two years later, spending the next 11 years running the team's operation as its general manager and being elected to the Hall of Fame primarily on the merits of his playing career in 1956. Cronin drew a considerable amount of criticism during his tenure as Red Sox GM for his apparent lack of interest in integrating the team's roster (he once passed on signing a young Willie Mays, and he never traded for an African-American player). The failure of the Red Sox to keep up with the times led to a slow decline in the team's performance during the 1950s, one that continued well after Cronin left Boston at the end of the 1958 campaign to assume the duties of American League President. (Pumpsie Green coincidentally became the first African-American to wear a Red Sox uniform six months after Cronin relinquished his position as club GM).
Cronin remained A.L. President for 15 years, presiding over the league's expansion from eight to ten teams in 1960, then to 12 teams in 1969, during his two terms in office.
In his final year as president, he blocked George Steinbrenner's attempt to lure Dick Williams away from Oakland to be his manager, while simultaneously allowing the Tigers to sign Ralph Houk away from Steinbrenner's Yankees.
After being succeeded as American League President by Lee MacPhail in 1973, Cronin retired to Osterville, Massachusetts, where he spent the next 11 years before passing away at the age of 77 on September 7, 1984.
The many hats Joe Cronin wore during his half-century in baseball have obscured to some extent the degree to which he excelled as a ballplayer. Consider, though, that Cronin's .468 career slugging percentage places him second only to Ernie Banks among shortstops with at least 5,000 at bats. His 170 career home runs were the most by any player at the position during the first half of the 20th century, and his 1,424 runs batted in and 515 doubles were second only to Honus Wagner.
Connie Mack, for one, certainly appreciated Cronin's playing ability. The legendary manager of the Philadelphia Athletics once responded to a question about the shortstop by saying, "Oh my yes, Joe is the best there is in the clutch. With a man on third and one out, I'd rather have Cronin hitting for me than anybody I've ever seen."
- Tagged:
- Baseball History, Boston Red Sox, Hall of Fame, Joe Cronin
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Cruising is a wonderful lifestyle but unfortunately it isn't all beautiful sunsets, tropical paradises & long lazy days, though the procrastinator in me sometimes wishes it was. There is sometimes hard work involved & a huge chunk of this happens when your floating home is in need of that yearly antifoul & spruce up.
If you're anything like me I hate to see my home lifted out of her natural habitat & carted around the boat yard, so I usually head for the nearest cafe or do the laundry while she's being hosed off and settled in the yard. Unfortunately hauling out is a necessary evil. During the last cruising season marine growth was very quick to attach itself to Windflowers rather substantial bottom, meaning before every ocean passage, it was on with the dive gear & down with a scouring pad to ensure we didn't have unwanted stowaways to slow us down.
Haul outs also give you the ability to check props & shafts, skin fittings, zincs as well as ensuing everything below the waterline is in tiptop shape, as well as tackle those little jobs that invariably end up taking a life of their own & we, like every other boat owner , usually have a few. It also offered the opportunity for our Cat 1 inspector to cast an eye over her once again.
We had been having a slight knocking sound from the shaft so that was a top priority but like anything to do with a boat (or maybe it's just Windy) it is not as easy as you think. First we have to get lifted again to drop the rudder, which always takes time and much effort to detach her, and then pulling the shaft after undoing bolts that are never easy to get to let alone undo. Then there is the floor boards that get left up, tools that are essential located and moved from job to job. All this usually means mess, mess & more mess, and I can't blame the captain for all of it because I usually get the mad idea that this is the perfect time to empty cupboards and storage areas of unused, forgotten or out-of date supplies. My rule is if I haven't used it in the past 12 months it probably isn't as essential as I thought it would be. It also helps me with my provisioning list for the coming season as to what we preferred to eat or what we need less of in the future. Add to this all the varnish fumes from those little touch ups inside it can make living aboard rather interesting and challenging. Thankfully we had the opportunity to stay with friends during our haul out so it wasn't really much of a chore.
This year we were also trying something a bit different on the exterior. Instead of painting we decided to vinyl wrap. Cost wise a lot cheaper, less preparation time & less hard stand time. It turned out to be a fascinating process with the team wrapping both sides in about 5 hours, then returning the next day to finish the graphics. Hey Presto: Boat finished just like that! One of the attractions was also the ability to let our imaginations run wild even if we did opt for understated in the end, it was a fun process. It also helped that the weather finally played ball & behaved itself for the days that the wrap went on.
Boatyards are very social places with other boat owners checking out what is going around them. It was not unusual for the local boating fraternity to mosey on by and check out the progress being made and many were quite surprised at the ease and speed of the whole process. Plus it gave us all another opportunity to moan about our abysmal summer.
But for me the best part of being on the hard is when the bottom is freshly painted, the boat is back together and everything is working, you are pulling away from the travel lift satisfied with a job well done even if the body is still complaining and I've still got bits of antifoul in my hair. It makes that cold one with friends out in a beautiful bay somewhere all the more pleasurable.
Happy sailing.
- Boating NZ
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