text:
Use the tools below to refine your search by only displaying reviews with a certain number of star ratings or to only show reviews from a certain time period. Eg click on '1 star' to just display the reviews we have which received a 1 star rating click or 'Within the last month' to display just reviews posted over the last month.
Written on: 24/07/2016 by Benbeth (1 review written)
You may think that you are getting a cheaper holiday through booking with OTB but if you need to contact them you can never get through on the phone cueing system. If you leave a message online it takes about 5 days for them to reply. I was due a car parking refund after they made a change to the airport I was traveling from. The airline was happy to refund me, but it had to go through OTB. Unfortunately OTB would not help with this. When we arrived at the hotel we arranged to meet the OTB… Read Full ReviewVisit onthebeach.co.uk
Written on: 12/07/2016 by greenlantern77 (1 review written)
ON THE BEACH. Booked in March 2016, Solana Hotel Malta. Agreed Price £1271.58. Subject to increases to £1291.39, change of price some identified others ? NOT THE CHEAPEST Try another if you require a Sunshine Holiday. Stipulated, and apparently by on the beach agreed no BASEMENT rooms, this further to Trip Advisors feedbacks. What did we get a single basement room!, though booked a Studio deluxe apartment, NOT BASEMENT. BUT worst of all NO notification or indication of what was to… Read Full ReviewVisit onthebeach.co.uk
Written on: 08/07/2016 by 0710x (1 review written)
PLEASE do not use this site. The customer service is the worst I have ever experienced. £30 administration fee every time you add extras (you cannot ad more than one extra at a time to save this fee) no updated flight information. NO way of getting through to anyone. I am 1 month away from my holiday and regretting using this site so much. Looking for a way to formally complain as it has caused so much stress! I will defiantly be going back to booking my holidays by myself, so much… Read Full ReviewVisit onthebeach.co.uk
Written on: 06/07/2016 by Jmylk (1 review written)
The worst customer service ever! Booked premium seats on a flight for £90 (front 6 rows on the website) were given row 23. When we complained and asked for a refund we were then told we would only be refunded £30? After complaint after complaint and ridiculously long waiting times on phone calls to customer service, arranging management call backs that never happened and finally the threat of legal action and recording the phone calls they agreed to a full refund. Only £30 was refunded. A… Read Full ReviewVisit onthebeach.co.uk
Written on: 30/06/2016 by CruzSchmidt109 (1 review written)
Booked four flights, 2 days later i receive a email from on the beach saying they have been trying to contact me, (which is a lie)as i was in all day and they had my mobile number as well!, telling me to ring them at my expense. When i spoke to some one she said the flights have gone up by £70 per person! do i want the flights still. Of course i said no. The flights were still on offer for the original price i paid on the website for two days, and never went up to the price she said! FALSE… Read Full ReviewVisit onthebeach.co.uk
Written on: 16/06/2016 by Ellioty338 (1 review written)
They are trying to charge me, apparently on behalf of Ryanair, £170.00 for a surname change but after to speaking to Ryanair now know that it is free within 24hrs of booking and I tried to change it well within that time. Do not seem to be getting anywhere so will not use again!!!!.
Also I was put on hold for 45 minutes before I sent the message as I had to go to work and I knew that it would be very expensive to hold any longer. If someone had spoken to me then I would probably still have… Read Full Review
Written on: 10/04/2016
Just booked with otb after hearing really good things but then stumbled across this website Now I'm getting concerned we have booked a week at Christmas on the costa brava However I did my booking over the phone which took a long time almost 45 mins but u got the email with all the confirmation etc within mins. I spoke to the lady on the line about my concerns of booking online hens calling and she said they so have a bad rep for online booking but it's because no one reads the small print… Read Full ReviewVisit onthebeach.co.uk
Written on: 12/06/2016
Hi i phoned up as i dont trust online wanted to know it had all been done properley and everything was brilliant i printed all my documents off i got reminders of last min checks they were really good cant fault on the beach had a great hol. The 1 thing i will tell you is if you want free seats on the plane this cant be done till 7 days before your going flight and then 7 days before your coming back flight and on the beach state if you dont print your boarding passes you will get a fine thats the only negative thing i have to say because if you went for 2 week you may not have the facilities over there to print them but u can now download your boarding passes onto your phone and they scan so maybe on the beach should put that into terms if you go for a week its fine coz u can have them all printed before you go. Dont worry on the beach were fine for me the only prob i had on my hol is the food was awful in the hotel but the actual hotel was lovely so ended up a fortune to eat out but thats not on the beachs fault...Hope u have a fab hol
Written on: 09/04/2016 by 1969Hood (1 review written)
Holiday to Sharm cancelled over a month ago as flights cancelled. Easyjet have refunded me but still owed over £1500 by on the beach!! No reason to keep my money for over a month and causing issues in booking new holiday as money owed needed to pay for it. Spoke to company several times and told 3 weeks ago money would be back within 7 days. Still nothing, no justifiable reason, and not responded to my messages!! DO NOT USE THIS COMPANY!! Will never book with them again!… Read Full ReviewVisit onthebeach.co.uk
Written on: 06/07/2016
We have also had this problem.... 8 months later were still waiting for our refund which they are holding. Again we had no reply to messages we sent them so we had no option but to get legal advice. Discusting service I'll never use them again!!!
Written on: 02/04/2016 by StevenNeil (1 review written)
Firstly prior to our holiday we wanted to pre book seats, since their website never works we had to phone up. We did manage to pre book 2 seats but they charge an extortionate administration fee of £30 for doing so (lesson 1 hidden charges). Next 2 weeks before we were due to fly they deducted £40 from my account, since I had paid my holiday in full I phoned to see why, I was first told it was for unpaid hotel charges, after 2 more phone calls they said I had been accidentally charged again… Read Full ReviewVisit onthebeach.co.uk
Written on: 06/02/2016 by Larryf150 (1 review written)
Avoid At all costs. We booked flights for 6 to Greece for 2016. All fine when booking online. Then get a call about 4 hours later advising Thomson have increased their fares. I wasn't in a position to check at the time so went ahead. When I got online about an hour later the flights were still the same cost. Called otb to query and was told the system they book their flights from showed them having increased. Whilst on the phone to otb I web chatted to Thomson and they confirmed no increase… Read Full ReviewVisit onthebeach.co.uk
Written on: 22/01/2016 by Craftycarper2004 (1 review written)
Still awaiting a refund for my holiday 2 months after On The Beach cancelled it. There excuse is that the airline has not refunded them so they will not refund me and will not do so until the airline refund them! If they cannot afford to refund me £450 what does this tell you about them, are they really financially a safe company to give your hard earned money to? I used them as they were cheaper than the mainstream companies but the old saying "you get what you pay for" is so true, a… Read Full ReviewVisit onthebeach.co.uk
Written on: 26/03/2016
I'm in the same situation as you. Cancelled my holiday to Turkey within 24 hours due to the Terrorism going on at the moment - £1500 they were so unsympathetic unhelpful and didn't even offer a destination change all I was given was a reduced cancellation fee which meant i still lose my full deposit of £1500.
I went straight to Thomas Cook explained everything. Completely lost all hope as I was going in circles but was not going to give up, kept emailing and tweeting TC then out of the blue i received a call from TC saying they would grant me a full refund 3 weeks later I 'm still waiting for my money but i'm not giving up!
Written on: 18/01/2016 by Deborahyates (1 review written)
booked a holiday on 14/1/16 and put a £500 deposit down, to be called 48 hours later to say there has been a problem with their suppliers and flight had gone up by £261 after refusing to pay the additional charge, I asked for a supervisor to call me to discuss to which I was advised they would ring back within 24 hours. (I was happy to wait). then to get home from work to an email saying that the agent I spoke to (Omar) had cancelled our holiday and was going to refund money, I then rang up… Read Full ReviewVisit onthebeach.co.uk
Written on: 30/01/2016
sounds typical ,try your credit card or you may have legal cover on your home insurance breach of contract
Written on: 02/03/2016
thank you very much for your review! I have made a booking but managed to transfer money out the account so it will not be charged. Cheers!
Written on: 14/02/2016
We had an absolute nightmare with this company it took ten months to sort but when we got the legal company DAS on too it they got our money BACK!!! Thanks DAS.Even when we got ABTA involved they sat on the fence and weren't much use. Just don't give in and tell the world how bad on the beach are.
Written on: 16/01/2016 by 187Corcoran (1 review written)
Do not use. Our holiday was cancelled 7 weeks ago and still no sign of a refund. Plus there are always hidden charges… Read Full ReviewVisit onthebeach.co.uk
Written on: 30/01/2016
credit card cover section 73 , legal cover home insurance, been there, seen it ,done it .
Written on: 01/01/2016 by Waynio (1 review written)
Booked our holiday as a surprise for our grandsons eleventh birthday the reason we booked this particular hotel was because of the newly built water park the hotel it self was fantastic aimed at couples and family's with the added bonus of been only 2 miles from Benidorm on our arrival we were told that on the beach should have contacted us to let us know that the hotel was overbooked and we would now be staying in Benidorm not Albir the hotel we were offered was no way up to the standard that… Read Full ReviewVisit onthebeach.co.uk
Written on: 30/01/2016
put a claim in for loss of enjoyment ,credit card ,legal cover insurance
Written on: 29/11/2015 by Conradyz489 (1 review written)
The service in place is absolutely disgraceful, the online message service is broken, the phone system doesn't work due an advertised fault, the message at 09:48 this morning was we are open 0900-2100 but no answer. There is no other method of communication available. No refund has been made , no message in my account despite easyjet cancelling last week. There seems little other options but to initiate legal proceeding for recovering my money and yet you still bombard me with mails for new… Read Full ReviewVisit onthebeach.co.uk
Written on: 19/01/2016
Have you got a refund yet? My holiday was cancelled in December and still no refund
Written on: 30/01/2016
phoning waste of time, get serious with legal cover or credit card cover
Written on: 26/11/2015 by 422Ashworth (1 review written)
Booked with on the Beach this year & traveled to Lloret de Mar. Package holiday Cheap & Cheerful - you get what you pay for... but this was not the problem. Our return Transfer back to Airport did not turn up at our Hotel reception as advised on documentation but collected from a different hotel!!!!!. By the time we had found out, the bus had already left leaving us no alternative but to very quickly hire a taxi at a cost of 143 Euros. We lodged a complaint as soon as we arrived back home in… Read Full ReviewVisit onthebeach.co.uk
Written on: 03/01/2016
I had same experience with otb this year they have never refunded anything, they only respond at all if I write on their Facebook page, they are a dreadful company with zero customer care
Written on: 01/02/2016
If you purchased two elements from the same provider at the same time this now by law counts as a package holiday, e.g. flight & hotel, hotel & transfer. Incidentally, if you google package holiday travel agents, On the beach come up, but they state that they do not provide package holidays, this is not the case and they should not be saying that. ABTA or your legal cover, home insurance or your credit card legal department should be able to confirm this. Your credit card provider is also liable by law for non supply of goods, section 73. give it a go you have nothing to loose.
Written on: 30/01/2016
package holiday rules should apply credit card, legal cover
Written on: 26/10/2015 by Giovanna168 (1 review written)
I booked the cheapest flights online which is why we chose to surf the web - knowing prices go up but thinking when we BUY that price at the time of booking it is guaranteed. But no On the beach call me today to say my flights I bought yesterday are now 35 per person dearer so I can either cancel or pay up 35 per person more. Please take note you are not guaranteed their price when booking flights so might as well book else where so you know the outcome immediately not pending for 48 hours… Read Full ReviewVisit onthebeach.co.uk
Written on: 19/01/2016
Did you get a refund ?
Written on: 20/01/2016
Not even an apology
Written on: 30/01/2016
they hook you in they know how how much the flights are ,just like we do when booking direct
Written on: 04/10/2015 by KaseyKing (1 review written)
Hotel facilities listed were incorrect. Contacted on the beach 3 times before my holiday, when I tried to call I was on hold for 15 minutes. Managed to contact them by messaging through their website response time was 2-7 days. Staff will just tell you to contact the flight operator they don't take any responsibility. I asked them a question about the hotel but found it quicker to contact the hotel directly myself. I will book my hotel, flights & transfers directly myself next time as did not… Read Full ReviewVisit onthebeach.co.uk
Written on: 30/01/2016
its a package holiday ! thats the law
Written on: 01/02/2016
They are not a comparison site, if you type in on google, what are onthebeach registered as, the first line of text reads, online travel agency, it does not read online price comparison site.
Written on: 01/10/2015 by Goode354 (1 review written)
We had a nightmare with this company arrived in spain at 1am to be told there was no reservation in our name ..... I had to book the 4 of us into a different hotels over night costing 220 euro .....finally got our room at 4pm the next day after dragging our cases around all day but it was a 1 bed apartment not the 2 bed apartment we had payed for ......so myself and my partner ended up sleeping on a sofa bed all week ........... we have complained to there customer complaints department they… Read Full ReviewVisit onthebeach.co.uk
Written on: 30/01/2016
try your legal cover on home insurance
Written on: 29/09/2015 by michellexox (1 review written)
I have just booked with on the beach without reading the reviews now that i have done so, i so worried that everything is going to go wrong and i dont want to go out on holiday or even get to the airport and they dont have a clue! should i phone the hotel and the airline i am travelling with to confirm that on the beach have booked my holiday? and it is all inclusive so make sure that is booked aswell? i am having second thoughts to this and i dont want to loose over £1,000. Please anyone… Read Full ReviewVisit onthebeach.co.uk
Written on: 01/10/2015
On the beach are not a very good company to deal with. I have only just had my complaint settled after 13 months, I had to take them to arbitration. But you never know all may be ok for you. Try not to worry, you should get all confirmations, airline voucher & hotel voucher emailed to you. Just check them all.
Enjoy your holiday
Written on: 02/10/2015
Thank you, there was a problem with flights so they let me cancel it without a charge and didn't take any money from my account which is good I've now booked with Thomson
Written on: 03/01/2016
If you have a problem, get receipts take photos, get names, film whatever, hopefully it will all go smoothly but sadly if it doesn't you will have to go to small claims court as OTB customer service is non existent. Beware that they also afterwards say 'we're just an agent' and the hotels etc they use are not ABTA affiliated so no protection.
Written on: 02/10/2015
I have booked holidays twice with them. They cheat with the prices . Their prices are exorbitant for hotel accommodation and transfers but if you feel you have got a good deal then it should be fine.
Usually things are in place as they should be. You can phone hotel directly to check that your booking is in order. You should have received confirmation from airline as well, if not you can call them directly if you want.
There is usually no problem with the arrangements they have done. It's just that they cheat with the prices. Transfer can be half the price if you hire a cab from airport on landing and also on way back.
I was sold hotel deal with the offer of 'child going free' whereas in fact they charged adult rate for my child. It is just their money making gimmick but there is no problem with the services they have arranged for you.
Written on: 02/10/2015
Thank you there was a problem with flights and they allowed me to cancel my booking without charge so that's good now booked with thomson
As rated by our community of reviewers
" Absolutely Brilliant! " Read More
" Quick Response and friendly " Read More
" SMOOTH BOOKING " Read More
" Fantastic Job!! He was clear and explained me all the details. " Read More
" Website not user friendly " Read More


text:
This is a very nice store with a great selection of clothing for men women and kids of all ages with great pricing.
Charlotte Sears
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1. Sears
5599 Central AveCharlotte, NC 28212
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4. Sears
4201 Taggart Creek RdCharlotte, NC 28208
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9571 South Blvd Ste BCharlotte, NC 28273
6. Sears
PO Box 691209Charlotte, NC 28227
7. Sears
9821 Northlake Centre PkwyCharlotte, NC 28216
8. Sears Home Improvement
8301 Arrowridge BlvdCharlotte, NC 28273
From Business: Trust Sears for reliable roof system products, installation and peace of mind on one of your biggest investments – your home. With a Sears Roofing System, you'll ge…
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Liar's and thieves. Stay away.
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9821 Northlake Centre Pkwy Ste LCharlotte, NC 28216
From Business: Sears Home Appliance Showrooms offer a full-service showroom concept and serve customers seeking convenience, ease and accessibility to the major brands and product…
11. Sears Home Improvement
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From Business: When it comes to home improvement services, Sears is a name you can trust. Our Project Consultants in Elk Grove Village will you help you make an informed decision …
12. Sears Miracle Ear
4400 Sharon RdCharlotte, NC 28211
13. Sears Home Services
8301 Arrowridge Blvd Ste ACharlotte, NC 28273
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11407 Granite St Ste ACharlotte, NC 28273
15. Sears Authorized Electrical Services
NC 16 HwyCharlotte, NC 28202
16. Sears Hometown Stores
9821 Northlake Centre Pkwy # LCharlotte, NC 28216
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From Business: Miracle-Ear® is the brand Americans have grown to trust when it comes to hearing aids. With premium service in the Charlotte, NC area, the latest technology, and th…
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4201 Taggart Creek RdCharlotte, NC 28208
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Charlotte, NC 28208
From Business: Get the brands you trust from the name you recognize - Sears. We bring the showroom to you, so choosing the flooring that will go with your home's décor is easy and…
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From Business: Sears, Roebuck and Company, a wholly owned subsidiary of Sears Holdings Corporation, is a retailer that offers a range of home merchandise, apparel and automotive p…
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24. Sears
Buyer beware please don't buy any products from this store. I bought a washer and dryer from this store less than 2 years ago. The dryer has stopp…
25. Sears Home Appliance Showroom
Buyer beware please don't buy any products from this store. I bought a washer and dryer from this store less than 2 years ago. The dryer has stopp…
26. Sears
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27. Sears Home Appliance Showroom
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28. Sears
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From Business: Sears Outlet in Concord, NC, near Charlotte, offers top brand home and major appliances at deep discounts and a great selection of lawn and garden products. Shop ou…
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staff is always very nice and helpful. the manager went an extra step to help me during the busy holiday season.
This is a very nice store and would have been rated better if there were more salespeople to help you.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|PCT number
|Publication date
|Jul 29, 1997
|Filing date
|Feb 23, 1994
|Priority date
|Mar 3, 1993
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Wolfram Rennau
|Original Assignee
|Rennau; Wolfram
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (11), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (10), Classifications (11), Legal Events (3)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The invention pertains to a system of components for the automatic control of an electrode holder, referred to in abbreviated form below as an automatic control system, which is especially suitable for use on a welding robot, and which includes a servo valve-controlled drive for the welding electrodes and an electronic control system for the servo valves.
Electrode holders of this type are used especially in automated resistance welding operations, where they serve primarily to join pieces of sheet metal. When spot welding is to be carried out, the surfaces resting on each other are usually welded with pin-shaped electrodes; when continuous seams are to be produced, electrode wheels are used.
The electrode holders according to the state of the art have welding electrodes which can be driven pneumatically between their extreme positions. The electrode pressure can be adjusted by means of a pressure-actuated servo valve acting on the air cylinder. The pressure-actuated servo valve reduces the external supply pressure present in the main compressed-air supply line to the desired variable final pressure. So that the air cylinder can drive the electrodes into their extreme positions, one of the two sides of the cylinder is completely evacuated, while the opposite side is completely filled. After the air cylinder has been driven into the extreme closed position, the welding process is initiated after a preliminary contact time, the duration of which can be programmed in advance. The preliminary contact time allows the pres- sure to be built up. It is assumed that, by the end of this time, a minimum required percentage of the final welding pressure has been reached. This time is always made as short as possible, because it prolongs the overall time required to produce a spot weld. If, however, the welding occurs before the minimum required final pressure is reached, that is, if the spot is welded too soon, melted material is ejected at high speed from the workpiece being welded (so-called spatter formation), which negatively affects the quality of the spot weld and possibly the surface of the workpiece.
The known automatic control system for electrode holders, furthermore, suffers from the disadvantage that it generates a significant amount of noise when the electrodes make contact. The high speed at which the electrodes make contact also leads to a considerable amount of wear on the electrodes and to significant stress on the mechanical parts of the holder. The known control systems for electrode holders, furthermore, consume a large amount of compressed air, which is extremely disadvantageous when the compressed air supply system is underpowered and also results in the consumption of a great deal of energy.
To eliminate these problems, the attempt has been made to use water-cooled electric motors as drives for the welding electrodes, but this approach has not been successful because of the heat problems from which the electric drives suffer in conjunction with the high pressures used and because of the cost of the electronic control systems.
In addition, programmable, open-loop control systems have also been developed, but primarily with the goal of simplifying the control activities.
German Offenlegungsschrift No. 3500806 describes a programmable, open- loop control system for an industrial welding robot, especially a resistance welding machine with an integrated open-loop control system. The welding parameters themselves are stored in the program memory of the actual robot control system. These parameters can be called up at the proper time and can be converted by a stored-program control system into firing commands for the welding current regulator. This control system is intended primarily to simplify the control of the resistance welding current.
The standard process variables of resistance welding, specifically the force, acceleration, and path of the electrodes, the welding current, and the electrode voltage as well as the measurement sensors suitable for tracking them are described in Lehmkuhl, B., H. Preβ, M. Romer, and G. Weber: "Fortschritte in der Prozoβdatenerfassung und Prozeβdatenverarbeitung beim Widerstandspreβschweiβen" [Advances in Process Data Measurement and Process Data Processing in Resistance Welding], Schweiβen und Schneiden, Vol. 42, No. 1, pp. 26-29, 1990.
In addition, German Offenlegungsschrift No. 2915442 describes a process for bringing the electrode of a resistance welding machine into contact with the workpiece, according to which contact is achieved essentially without pressure and the electrode force is built up reliably without any kinematic falsification. To achieve these goals, movements of the electrodes are brought about by the successive actuation of two different pistons connected in series.
Finally, German Patent No. 3612502 describes a pneumatically actuated welding cylinder suitable for driving robot spot welding machines. This cylinder is especially designed to make possible an approach stroke and a working stroke.
The invention proceeds from the state of the art described above and is based on the task of creating an automatic control system for an electrode holder which significantly reduces the noise produced when the welding electrodes make contact, which guarantees the welding electrodes a longer service life, and which reduces the stress on the mechanical parts of the holder and decreases the overall welding time.
The automatic control system according to the invention makes it possible to reduce the consumption of compressed air and also to eliminate the formation of spatters.
The solution is based on the idea of dividing the welding cycle into various work phases, to which specific set data are assigned.
In detail, the task is accomplished in that an automatic control system for an electrode holder of the general type indicated above has:
at least one measurement sensor for actual data e.g. position and pressure) of the welding process and an interface for sending the measurement values to a computer;
at least two servo valves for the drive;
a holder program running on the computer, by means of which the set data of the welding process can be freely selected in advance; and
an interface to transmit signals from the computer to the servo valves.
By means of the holder program running on the computer, it is possible to freely select the set data assigned to the individual work phases. The comparison between the set values of the holder program and the actual data from the measurement sensors makes it possible, in conjunction with the interface for the servo valves, to complete the preselected work phases with precision. As a result, the electrodes no longer make contact at high speed. This avoids the generation of high forces, and therefore the amount of noise produced is considerably reduced, and the wear on the electrodes is decreased.
In an advantageous embodiment of the invention, the movement of the drive which actuates the welding electrodes is divided into the following, freely selectable and/or optimizable phases:
the approach stroke-opening/closing, which refers to the motion of the welding electrodes toward the workpiece to be welded from the fully open position "APPROACH-- TO", this stroke ending a short distance in front of the workpiece (in the position "APPROACH-- AT");
the working stroke-opening/closing, which refers to the motion WORK-- TO of the welding electrodes from the position APPROACH-- AT to the workpiece, but without actually touching it (WORK-- AT). The programming of a working stroke such as this has the effect of preventing the welding electrodes from hitting the workpiece to be welded. The movement of the working stroke is divided into the closing stroke before the welding process and the opening stroke after the welding process;
pressure build-up and welding, where an electrode force proportional to the drive pressure is reached. This working phase is designed in such a way that the electrodes, which have already been positioned right at the workpiece, no longer need to pass through an acceleration phase while the pressure is being built up, which means that electrode wear is minimized.
It is not necessary to preselect all of the set data required for the working phases described above for each welding process; on the contrary, it is usually sufficient to enter the respective approach stroke and working stroke positions. The other set data or control parameters can be optimized for each individual phase.
According to the state of the art, the average pressure during positioning controls is usually about 50% of the supply pressure available from the compressed air system. It can be varied within certain limits by adjustment of the zero point of the servo valves of the drive.
The consumption of compressed air and the total welding time for a welding cycle can be considerably reduced by allowing the holder program actively to adjust the positioning pressure at all times. During the working stroke, the program can keep the pressure close to the required welding pressure; and during prolonged movements of the holders, it can reduce the pressure to a lower level.
The only remaining way in which the overall welding time, that is, the sum of the individual times for the approach stroke, the working stroke, and the pressure build-up phase, can be further decreased is by reducing the time allowed for the pressure to be built up, because, once a certain minimum distance is exceeded, the times for the approach and working strokes are directly proportional to the distances to be traveled. The pressure build-up time, however, depends on the pressure difference between the positioning pressure and the welding pressure required for the welding operation.
Because the holder program integrated into the automatic control system is able to bring the positioning pressure into the range of the required welding pressure, the pressure build-up time can be decreased to almost any desired value. This is possible, because, at the time of the transition from the working stroke to the pressure build-up and welding phase, the actual pressure in the forward chamber of the cylinder (in terms of its direction of movement) is negligible because of its very small volume.
The automatic control system according to the invention allows another reduction in the welding time to be made by making it possible to minimize the length of time required for a specific welding process through the appropriate selection of suitable positions for, for example, the WORK-- TO and WORK-- AT strokes.
In an advantageous embodiment of the invention, the actual data of the welding process required for the operation of the automatic control system are obtained from measurement sensors which detect the position of the drive and the pressure of the holder. The position of the drive is preferably determined in the form of absolute analog values by a resistance sensor and sent to the computer of the automatic control system by way of an analog-digital (AD) converter. Through the use of a so-called "electronic magnifier", the resolution with which the position of the drive is detected can be considerably increased for certain selected phases of its movement. Thus, resolutions in the range of approximately one-hundredth of a millimeter can be achieved, which makes it possible to position the drive with extreme precision and also to measure the welding pressure by way of the deformation of the electrode holder bracket. It is also possible, for example, to measure with great precision the thickness of the metal sheet before and during welding and to measure the amount of electrode wear.
With the help of the holder program, the measurement of the pressure makes it possible to calculate the precise moment at which welding should begin. This means that the spattering which occurs when welding is begun too soon, as often happens in the process according to the state of the art, is almost completely eliminated.
Another reduction in the cycle time for welding operations can be achieved by means of an adaptive software control system with rate feedback in effect during the approach and/or working stroke.
In an advantageous embodiment of the invention, the pressure can be changed during the welding process. As a result, it thus becomes possible, for example, to weld aluminum sheets under continuously decreasing pressure to counter the tendency of aluminum to soften as it is heated.
In a further elaboration of the invention, the automatic control system has a cut-in damper acting on the drive of the welding electrodes, this damper being preferably in the form of a double-acting pneumatic cylinder. A cut-in damper of this type improves the behavior of the automatic control system when it is first turned on. The problem which occurs when systems of this type are turned on, especially systems with a pneumatic, double-acting cylinder, consists in that the pressure in the cylinders is only ambient pressure at first. If the piston is located near one of its extreme positions, the smaller volume of the double-acting cylinder fills with air more quickly than the other side. As a result, the piston and the connecting rod execute powerful, uncontrolled movements until the necessary positioning pressure has been reached on both sides. A flow limiter on the servo valves damps the piston during the cut-in process. The servo valves can be damped either mechanically or electronically, in that the electric drive signal is limited, either by means of the program running on the computer or by some other means, to a value smaller than the maximum value for the electric drive signal of the servo valves. Damping is continued only until the automatic control system has stabilized. Then the full flow through the servo valves is restored.
The forces of acceleration and deceleration occurring during the rapid positioning of the cylinder lead, especially in the case of scissor-type holders, to mechanical vibrations of the entire holder in its suspension from the robot. To avoid these undesirable vibrations, it is proposed in a further elaboration of the invention that an extreme-position damper be provided on the drive of the welding electrodes, preferably a pneumatic, double-acting cylinder. With this extreme-position damping system, the flow through the servo valves is reduced, preferably always decreasing from the maximum flow rate, before the connecting rod has reached its extreme position. Both the point before the extreme position at which the flow is reduced and the extreme position itself can be freely selected by way of the holder program. The connecting rod can then be brought into its extreme position at a reduced flow rate through the servo valves. It is a straightforward matter to use the holder program to preselect various end positions and, independently thereof, to specify the associated curves which describe the decrease in the flow rate as a function of time.
Electrode holders are used in conjunction with resistance welding machine control systems. In most cases, these resistance welding control systems automatically count the number of welds. After an empirically determined number of welds, the welding current is automatically switched to a higher value to compensate for the increase in resistance which occurs during the welding process as a result of the wearing-down of the electrodes. In a further elaboration of the invention, a signal corresponding to the change in the welding current is sent to the computer as an actual datum; as a function of this electronic signal, the computer increases the electrode force, which is proportional to the drive pressure, as the wear of the electrodes progresses.
A separate welding timer becomes superfluous if the automatic electrode holder control system according to the invention also drives the final control elements for the welding current by way of the holder program. All of the information required for the welding process itself is stored in the holder program and transferred by way of digital or analog control lines to the separate final control element for the welding current.
If the computers of the control systems are linked in a network, multiple electrode holders with automatic control systems according to the invention can be programmed from a central point.
The programming work can be reduced by combining the unchanging set data of the welding process, especially the data pertaining to the motion of the welding electrodes during each of the individual phases, into a "base" program, which can be generated in the computer by calling it up when needed. Thus only the variable set data required in a specific case, such as the holder pressure and the extreme positions of the electrodes, need to be entered as set data.
Before welding, the necessary pressure must be built up at the welding electrodes; and as part of this process, an electrode force is reached which is proportional to the drive pressure. To achieve optimum welding results, it is of interest to know the electrode force. The conventional method for determining the electrode force is to make measurements by means of strain gauges or other force sensors. This force value is then used by the automatic control system as an actual datum of the welding process. Measuring the force this way, however, is cumbersome. During the development of the automatic control system according to the invention, it was discovered that the brackets of the electrode holders have a certain elasticity and therefore undergo a measurable amount of flexure as a result of the accumulation of force between the welding electrodes. This bending of the brackets results in a defined change in the position of the electrodes during the pressure and force build-up period. In accordance with the invention, the automatic electrode holder control system takes advantage of this effect to calculate the electrode force. First, the position of the drive is determined as a function of time, from which the flexure of the brackets of the electrode holder can be derived. Then it is possible for the computer to calculate the electrode force, since this is proportional to the amount of flexure. Although the deflection of the electrode brackets is not linear with respect to the actual electrode force applied, it is nevertheless proportional, calibratable, and therefore reproducible for each holder. It is therefore possible to determine the position of the welding electrode drive, which is recorded in any case as an actual datum, as a function of time from an appropriately recorded calibration curve and thus to arrive at the electrode force.
In a further elaboration of the invention, the automatic electrode holder control system is combined into a module, which is installed on or near the electrode holder.
Conventional electrode holders can easily be retrofitted with the automatic control system according to the invention.
The invention is explained in greater detail below on the basis of actual examples.
FIG. 1 shows a schematic block diagram of a automatic control system for an electrode holder according to the invention;
FIG. 2 shows a view, in perspective, of an electrode holder with an automatic control system according to the invention;
FIG. 3A shows a sequence of signals for controlling the servo valve-controlled drive during all phases of movement;
FIG. 3B shows pressure diagrams of the servo-controlled drive as a function of time;
FIG. 3C shows the position of the servo-controlled drive as a function of time;
FIG. 4A shows a sequence of signals for controlling the servo controlled rive during transition from the working stroke (phase 2) to the pressure build-up and welding (phase 3);
FIG. 4B shows pressure diagrams of the servo-controlled drive as a function of time (phase 2 to phase 3);
FIG. 4C shows the position of the servo-controlled rive as a function of time (phase 2 to phase); and
FIG. 5 shows a diagram with elevated positioning pressure.
FIG. 1 shows an automatic control system, designated in its entirety as 1, for an electrode holder, especially for use on a welding robot, not shown in the drawing. The system includes a cylinder 2, serving as the drive unit; two servo valves 3, 4, which control cylinder 2; a computer 5; and measurement sensors 6, 7.
A piston 8 with a connecting rod 9 is guided in cylinder 2 and has at one end an electrode 11, which can be moved toward a counterelectrode 12.
As can also be seen from FIG. 2, counterelectrode 12 is attached with a small degree of flexibility to a welding bracket 10, which, because of its essentially U-shaped form, can grip around the workpiece to be welded.
As can also be seen from FIG. 2, measurement sensor 6 for detecting the position of connecting rod 9 is attached to the housing of the electrode holder and is connected by way of a linkage of rods 13 to connecting rod 9 of cylinder 2.
FIG. 2 also shows a welding transformer 14, which provides the required welding current, and the arrangement of servo valves 3, 4 on the housing of the electrode holder.
The way in which the automatic control system according to the invention functions can best be explained on the basis of FIG. 1. Measurement sensor 6 detects the current position of connecting rod 9 of cylinder 2 and transmits a corresponding analog signal in the range of 0-10 volts to computer 5.
The current pressure in rear chamber 15 of cylinder 2 is detected at servo valve 3, and this value is also transmitted to computer 5. There the set values are compared with the actual ones on the basis of the set data for the welding process previously entered on a manual programming device 19. Signals 16, 17, which are sent from computer 5 to servo valves 3, 4, control the movement of cylinder 2 in a manner corresponding to the holder pro- gram running on computer 5.
With this arrangement, it is possible for the holder program to drive electrode 11 attached to the tip of connecting rod 9 in accordance with the freely programmable welding data.
By the use of the automatic control system, the holder closing distance can be reduced, the actual reduction depending on the application in question, and the pneumatic actuation of the cylinder can be optimally controlled, with the result that the holder closing time can be reduced to as little as 40 milliseconds.
The holder program divides the movement of piston 8 and of connecting rod 9 into the following phases, which can be freely preselected and/or optimized via the programming of the holder program (see the "position" diagram in FIG. 3C):
Phase 1: approach stroke-closing, which refers to the movement of welding electrode 11 toward counterelectrode 12;
Phase 2: working stroke-closing, which refers to the movement of welding electrode 11 up to, but not actually touching, the workpiece;
Phase 3a: pressure build-up, as can be derived from the "pressure" diagram (FIG. 3B).
By way of the holder program and the corresponding actuation of the servo valves 3, 4, the rate at which the pressure is built up and the amount of this pressure can be precisely adjusted.
After the pressure build-up phase and the following welding operation, the "working stroke-open" and "approach stroke-open" phases are carried out in reverse order.
As can be seen from the "pressure" diagram in FIG. 5, the holder program keeps the positioning pressure in the range of the required final welding pressure throughout the entire positioning movement. For comparison, reference can be made to FIG. 4b, phase 3a, where the positioning pressure has not yet been increased.
In the following, the transition from phase 2 (working stroke) to phase 3 (pressure build-up) is explained on the basis of FIGS 4A-4C which show, in order, the sequence of signals sent from computer 5 to the drive of the robot as a function of time (FIG. 4A), the measured pressure in rear chamber 15 of cylinder 2 and the average pressure (FIG. 4B), and the position of connecting rod 9 of cylinder 2 measured by distance pickup 6 (FIG. 4C).
At time t=0, the phase "working stroke-closing" starts after the signals I-- APPROACH AT=1 and I-- WORK-- AT=1 have been received at the input to computer 5. Servo valve 3 vents its air for 45 milliseconds, and then connecting rod 9 moves up as far as the workpiece but does not actually touch it. Servo valve 4 is driven in the same way as servo valve 3.
The phase "working stroke-closing" ends at the point characterized in all the diagrams by the vertical line 24. Phase 2 then also turns off the rate feedback, and a waiting period of 20 milliseconds is inserted, the duration of which can be preselected by way of the holder program. Simultaneously, connecting rod 9 and thus electrode 11 move slowly onward toward the workpiece to be welded. Meanwhile, it is also possible to begin, if desired, with the venting of forward chamber 16 of cylinder 2 by way of servo valve 4.
With the beginning of the pressure build-up phase marked by vertical line 25, the transition to pressure control by means of the holder program running on computer 5 commences. A software controller for the set/actual comparison of the pressure ensures a rapid pressure increase, which can be seen from the course of the pressure curve in FIG. 4(b) immediately after the start of the pressure build-up phase. Servo valve 4 is open all the way during this phase.
If desired, a bypass valve 20 for servo valve 3 can be actuated during this phase to increase the amount of air in rear chamber 15 and to achieve a further reduction in the closing time.
After 0.212 second, marked in the diagrams by the vertical line 02, a limit, such as approximately 90% of the final welding pressure to be reached, is exceeded. In the present case, this value is 4.98 bars, and it can be programmed by way of the holder program. The corresponding control signals for the welding current control system are set, so that now the welding can be done without the application of any further preliminary pressure. The bypass valve is now closed (a).
Cylinder 21 provided for holder compensation is connected to the compressed air line by way of a pressure controller 22, designed as a servo valve.
In an advantageous embodiment of the invention, the force exerted by cylinder 21 is also actively influenced by the holder program running on computer 5.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jan 11, 1973
|Nov 12, 1974
|Morales D
|Control system for motor-generator set
|Dec 11, 1975
|Aug 2, 1977
|Raycon Corporation
|Apparatus for compensating for electrode wear in an electrical discharge machine
|Jun 7, 1984
|Dec 31, 1985
|Inoue-Japax Research Incorporated
|Robotic positioning system
|Aug 2, 1985
|Jan 14, 1986
|Dr. Johannes Heidenhain Gmbh
|Numerical control system for determining tool withdrawal direction
|Jan 24, 1989
|Mar 27, 1990
|Honda Giken Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha
|Method of controlling electrode tip of welding gun in automatic welding machine
|May 2, 1991
|May 5, 1992
|Ariel Stiebel
|Method and apparatus for controlling electrical resistance spot welding
|Aug 31, 1992
|Feb 15, 1994
|Siemens Aktiengesellschaft
|Method for triggering switching operations related to position during a machining process carried out by a robot or a machine tool
|May 17, 1993
|Nov 1, 1994
|Delco Electronics Corporation
|Welding apparatus having coaxial welding electrodes
|Jan 11, 1985
|Jul 17, 1986
|Siemens Ag
|Controller for an industrial welding robot
|Apr 14, 1986
|Oct 15, 1987
|Rema Schweisstechnik
|Pneumatically operable welding cylinder with preliminary and working stroke
|Title not available
|Lehmkuhl et al., "Fortschwitte in der Processdotenerfassung bein Widerstordspress schweissen", Schweissen und Schneider 42 (1990), Heft 1, Seiten 26-29.
|Lehmkuhl et al., Fortschwitte in der Processdotenerfassung bein Widerstordspress schweissen , Schweissen und Schneider 42 (1990), Heft 1, Seiten 26 29.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jun 18, 1997
|Mar 16, 1999
|Nachi-Fujikoshi Corporation
|Method of adjusting a clamping force of servo-controlled welding gun
|Jul 8, 1997
|Aug 31, 1999
|Honda Giken Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha
|Control apparatus for welding robot and method of teaching welding robot
|Jul 12, 1999
|Jan 30, 2001
|Automation International Inc.
|Force control techniques on a resistance welding machine
|Mar 20, 2000
|Apr 17, 2001
|Daimlerchrysler Corporation
|Method for resistance weld gun gross force selection
|Mar 12, 2001
|Aug 10, 2004
|Endress + Hauser Conducta Gesellschaft Fur Mess Und Regeltechnik Mbh + Co.
|Mounting system and retractable sensor holder for analytical sensors
|Mar 18, 2005
|Oct 29, 2013
|Lincoln Global, Inc.
|Robotic cylinder welding
|Mar 18, 2005
|Oct 13, 2005
|Lincoln Global, Inc.
|Robotic cylinder welding
|Jan 2, 2008
|Jun 19, 2008
|Ulrich Citrich
|Stud welding method and stud welding device particularly for stud welding without a support foot
|Dec 21, 2006
|Dec 11, 2008
|Roger Hirsch
|Resistance Welding Machine Pinch Point Safety Sensor
|Dec 19, 2003
|Jun 23, 2004
|Rexroth Mecman GmbH
|Welding gun comprising a programmable linear drive with two independent controlling circuits and process for driving the linear drive such a welding gun
|U.S. Classification
|318/568.16, 318/645, 219/86.51
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Feb 20, 2001
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Jul 29, 2001
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Oct 2, 2001
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20010729


text:
502,976 deals (and counting)
from around the web, shared and ranked by a community of deal fiends like you.
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Re: Bacon towels
I'm thinkin' the bacon towel should maybe be extended a bit to cover the dangly bits?
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Cottonwood Creek is eager to minister to you and your family! Please join us for one of our
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Crazy Substitute Teachers
Enjoy, NG4.04 / 5.00 1,639 Views
Vacuum Salesman
This dude and his Megazord vacuum cleaner3.99 / 5.00 2,469 Views
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C'mon, expand a little. I knew when these thing loaded instantly on my shitty land-line I was in trouble...
Don't get so aggressive
Yes, I totally understand the things you posted. I do READ stuffs people write. First off, you don't really need to respond back like that. You are making it sound like everybody would like your flash if you say you're extending it. And by saying that it took 7 days doesn't help either. I know you work after school, but it doesn't help anything at all. What you should do next time is: create a complete movie as long as you want it, and then submit it. For now, you can continue to work on this one, and thank the Lord that it didn't get blammed.
Internet is srs bsns
That guy below me
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text:
Canada's Transport Minister Marc Garneau has moved up the deadline for phasing out the use of older DOT-111 tank cars for crude-by-rail transport, according to the Canadian government department responsible for transportation policies and programs.
Although the non-asset-based third-party logistics provider saw revenues fall 6.9 percent year-over-year in the second quarter of 2016 to $3.3 billion, net income rose 4.3 percent year-over-year to $143.1 million.
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Ocean carrier Hyundai Merchant Marine, which has been struggling to turn a profit in recent years, signed a memorandum of understanding with 2M Alliance members Maersk Line and MSC to join their major east-west vessel sharing agreement.


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Series Finale. â4 Stories of the Apocalypseâ concludes with an alternate reality tale â what if the Wrecking Crew turned zombie at SDCC, and the scrappy creators of a comic book series called FANBOYS VS ZOMBIES were the only humans left alive to stop them?
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I have the widget sidebar working and have a number of widgets. They can all be configured, except for Search and Links. And these are the two I want to change a bit.
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text:
MINNEAPOLIS -- The Utah Jazz have drafted Louisville center Gorgui Dieng with the 21st overall pick in the first round of the NBA draft and plan to trade him to Minnesota as part of a package for Trey Burke.
A person with knowledge of the deal tells The Associated Press that the Jazz sent pick Nos. 14 and 21 to Minnesota for Burke, the Michigan point guard who was taken No. 9. The Jazz took UCLA swingman Shabazz Muhammad at No. 14 for Minnesota before grabbing Dieng.
Dieng will give the Timberwolves a shot-blocking specialist in the paint that their frontcourt currently lacks.
The 6-foot-11 Dieng averaged 9.8 points and 2.5 blocks for the Cardinals last season.
Copyright 2013 by The Associated Press
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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Aug 3, 2010
|Priority date
|Feb 6, 2003
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Jens Axelgaard
|Original Assignee
|Axelgaard Manufacturing Company, Ltd.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (4), Referenced by (3), Classifications (12), Legal Events (1)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present application is a division of U.S. Ser. No. 10/359,958 filed Feb. 6, 2003 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,478,057.
The present invention generally relates to electrodes and, more particularly, electrodes suitable for transcutaneous nerve and/or muscle stimulation and biological signal recording.
Medical electrodes must provide an even electrical distribution to a patient's skin over an entire surface of the electrode to effect proper coupling. Because of the curvaceous nature of the human body, it is apparent that medical electrodes for use thereon must be flexible not only for confirmation with a patient's skin contours, but also to accommodate relative movement of the patient's skin.
It is well known that inadequate flexing and shaping of the electrode to a patient's contour can result in an irritation of the patient's skin. Electrical "hot spots" due to uneven electrode-skin contact can result in a rash or a burning sensation. A sensation of burning may be felt by a patient within a few minutes after application of the electrical signals during nerve and/or muscle stimulation, while rash conditions generally take a longer period of time to develop.
In order to provide uniform electrical coupling, heretofore developed electrodes have utilized conductive fabrics and foils in combination with a conductive adhesive in order to uniformly couple electrical signals to and/or from an electrical lead wire, or connector. A number of electrodes have provided impedance compensation for directing electrical pulses from the lead wire uniformly throughout an electrode, such as, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,038,796 entitled, ELECTRICAL STIMULATION ELECTRODE WITH IMPEDANCE COMPENSATION, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,904,712 CURRENT CONTROLLING ELECTRODE to Axelgaard. U.S. Pat. No. 4,736,752 teaches the control of current density across an electrode through the use of conductive ink design areas. These patents are incorporated in their entirety herewith by this specific reference thereto.
Many prior art electrodes have compromised the flexibility of the electrode in order to provide adequate current densities over the entire contact area of the electrode. Such electrodes typically have utilized a metallic mesh, or foil, to provide conductivity and utilize a conductive gel between the electrode and the patient's skin in order to accommodate the movement therebetween. Such use of foil or mesh often cause burning or hot spots at electrode edges.
The present invention is directed to a medical electrode having a combination of conductive elements, with selected conductivities which enables assembly of the electrode in a manner hereinbefore not possible. More specifically, the present invention is directed to a medical electrode having a connector disposed on a top surface of a conductive member. This enables automated assembly of the electrode as opposed to conventional manual assembly which in turn reduces unit cost while at the same time providing for controlled and even current density.
A medical electrode in accordance with the present invention generally includes a moderately conductive flexible member having a top side and a bottom side with a highly conductive pattern, such as, for example conductive ink, printed or transferred to the member bottom side.
A conductive adhesive of moderately high conductivity is disposed on the flexible member bottom side and covering the conductive pattern for adhering the electrode to a patients' skin.
Importantly, the use of a moderately high conductivity adhesive enables the placement of a connector on the top side of the flexible member while at the same time providing uniform current distribution by the electrode. This arrangement is reverse to the configuration of prior art electrode such as set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 5,904,712 and accordingly has been named "Reverse Current Controlling Electrode".
In controlling current density, the surface resistivity of the conductive member may be between about 102 and about 106 ohm/cm, the resistivity of the conductive pattern may be between about 0.1 and about 10 ohm and the volume resistivity of the adhesive may be between about 102 and 103 ohm cm. The conductivity of the conductive pattern can be controlled through the use of various grid designs with preselected line widths and spacing as well as thickness and ink compositions.
The connector is disposed over the conductive ink pattern and on the top side of the conductive member, whereas the ink pattern is disposed on the bottom side of the conductive member. This arrangement enables the connectors to be disposed in any selected points within a perimeter of the pattern without affecting current distribution. This flexibility of connector positioning, provided by the present invention, facilitates manufacture of the electrodes. In addition, because the lead wire is not disposed between the conductive pattern and patients' skin, there is no interference with the electrode current distribution as is the case when the lead wire is disposed between the conductive pattern and the patients' skin as is the case with some prior art electrodes.
In one embodiment of the present invention, the conductive pattern is disposed on the conductive flexible member bottom at a spaced apart distance from a perimeter of the conductive flexible member in order to establish a border between the perimeter of the conductive ink pattern and the conductive flexible member perimeter. This is important in providing controlled "roll off" of electrical current distribution. While even and uniform electrical current density across the electrode is the desired distribution, such current density should not be present at the edge of the electrode since it may cause unwanted stimulation at that site. Thus, it is most desirable to have the current density "roll off" or be reduced to zero over a short distance. The border arrangement in accordance with the present invention provides for such desired current roll off while providing uniform current distribution over the electrode from border to border.
In addition, the present invention provides for indicia, which is printed on the conductive flexible member in the border region and not contacting the conductive ink pattern, for conveying written information to a user. The indicia when disposed in the border does not affect current distribution or current "roll off" at electrode edges. Visual observation of the indicia is enhanced through the utilization of a conductive hydrogel adhesive with sufficient transparency to enable the user to read the indicia therethrough.
In yet another embodiment of the present invention, the medical electrode includes a moderately conductive flexible member having a top and a bottom side with a plurality of connectors in contact with the conductive member top side for establishing electrical contact with external apparatus, and a plurality of highly conductive patterns are disposed on the conductive flexible member bottom side.
This feature provides for the advantage of fixed electrode distances which assures proper application of the electrode for optimum patient stimulation or signal recording when multiple electrodes are utilized.
A moderately high conductive adhesive is disposed on the conductive member bottom side and covers the conductive ink patterns for adhering the electrode to a patients' skin.
It should be appreciated that the lead wire may be attached or held in place on the conductive flexible member top side in any manner, and inasmuch as the current distribution across the electrode conductive gel is controlled by the relative conductivities of the flexible member, ink pattern and the adhesive, the connector can be placed anywhere within the borders of the ink pattern as hereinabove noted.
The present invention may be better understood with reference to the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
With reference to
A connector 20, which may include a lead wire 22 and jack 24 is provided with the lead wire 22 in contact with the member top side 14.
A non-conductive flexible sheet 26 covers the conductive flexible member 12 along with the connector 20 in order to prevent inadvertent contact with the conductive member 12 and connector 20. The sheet 26 may be adhered to the flexible member 12 with any suitable adhesive 28.
The lead wire 22 may be of any inexpensive suitable conductive material.
The sheet 12 may be formed from any suitable carbon loaded elastomeric film having suitable surface resistivity of between about 102 ohm/square and about 106 ohm/square, for example, about 5000 ohm/square and a transverse resistivity of between about 103 and about 105 ohm/square, for example, about 104 ohm/square. Suitable polycarbonate polyolefin and a conductive ink pattern 30 may be printed, or otherwise transferred to the conductive member bottom side 16 with various patterns 32, 34 for embodiments 36, 38, as shown in
With reference again to
A plastic, paper, or other suitable carrier 48 along with a release coating 50 may be provided in order to prevent inadvertent and/or premature adhesion of the patients' skin or other object to the hydrogel. The plastic carrier 48 and release coating 50 is removed prior to application of the electrode 10 to the patients' skin.
Shown in
The spaced apart pattern 60, 62 and 64 act as separate electrodes and communicate with lead wires 72, 74, 76 respectively, which are attached to a top side (not shown in
The advantage of utilizing a common conductive member 56 with spaced apart ink patterns 60, 62, 64 is the uniformity of spacing between the independent electrodes effected by the pattern 60, 62, 64 to insure proper electrode placement on a patients' skin.
It should be appreciated that, as shown in
Referring again to
As shown in
The current density plot of
It should be clear that the current density shown in
The difference in conductivity or resistivity between the sheet 12 and the lines 30 as well as the adhesive 44 enables precise control of current distribution which cannot be achieved, for example, with a non-conductive sheet or a highly conductive sheet. The conductivity of the adhesive is selected to be moderately high in order to enable the lead wire 20 to be disposed on top of the sheet 12 instead of in contact with the pattern as with prior art electrode. This effect of adhesive conductivity was heretofore not known and is an unexpected result. In addition, the ink pattern may be of varied conductivity in order to tailor the current through the conductive sheet which may have a thickness of up to about 10 mils, for example, about 1 mil.
Although there has been hereinabove described a specific reverse current-controlling electrode in accordance with the present invention for the purpose of illustrating the manner in which the invention may be used to advantage, it should be appreciated that the invention is not limited thereto. That is, the present invention may suitably comprise, consist of, or consist essentially of the recited elements. Further, the invention illustratively disclosed herein suitably may be practiced in the absence of any element which is not specifically disclose herein. Accordingly, any and all modifications, variations or equivalent arrangements which may occur to those skilled in the art, should be considered to be within the scope of the present invention as defined in the appended claims.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Oct 22, 1992
|Mar 22, 1994
|Physiometrix, Inc.
|Large surface area electrode
|Jun 12, 1997
|May 18, 1999
|Axelgaard Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
|Current-controlling electrode
|Feb 2, 2000
|Sep 18, 2001
|Leonard T. Sheard
|Leg plate
|Jun 28, 2001
|Jul 29, 2003
|The Ludlow Company Lp
|High-energy disposable medical stimulation electrode
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Aug 14, 2013
|May 19, 2015
|N & C Holdings, Llc
|Applicator head and method for treatment of pain by transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
|Sep 4, 2007
|Jul 7, 2015
|Axelgaard Manufacturing Company, Ltd.
|Differential diameter electrode
|Sep 4, 2007
|Mar 5, 2009
|Jens Axelgaard
|Differential diameter electrode
|U.S. Classification
|607/152, 600/372
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


text:
Although no deals with any of the 64 players selected in the first two rounds of the NFL draft have been consummated yet, and most first-round agreements aren't likely to occur until just before training camps open at the end of July, draft signings are on a record pace for the second straight year.
Through June 30, 117 of the 255 players chosen in April had either signed or agreed to contracts. From a percentage standpoint (45.9), that's the most contracts completed before July 1 and an increase of more than 20 percent over the pre-July 1 deals from a year ago (97 of 256, or 37.9 percent), which was the previous mark.
This increase reinforces a number of notions. Among them:
In general, teams have placed greater emphasis on completing contracts earlier.
Club negotiators prefer to clear the decks as they prepare for more contentious negotiations with first-rounders.
Prospects chosen in the middle and late stanzas know that the long odds of securing a roster spot are somewhat enhanced if they are fully entrenched in a franchise's offseason program and are in camp on time.
Players and agents, who have bills to pay, need their money (or their commissions) sooner in a slumping economy.
The reality of a longtime "slotting" system that essentially pigeonholes player contracts and establishes a tiered paradigm based on the round in which a prospect is selected and his relative position in that round has arrived.
"Let's face it, we're not trying to re-invent the wheel here," said Atlanta-based agent Hadley Engelhard, who has reached agreements for two clients (Mike Williams and E.J. Wilson), has two more who are close to deals, and two others for whom franchises will wait until after the July 4 holiday to commence negotiations. "If a team presents [a proposal] that falls in line, and is going to hold up in the market, a lot of guys have no trouble doing something early."
ESPN.com has examined the details of all but five of the 117 pre-July agreements, and there was just one deal in which a player received a contract equal to or worth more than the player/players chosen above him. In terms of deals outside the first two rounds, the market value for players has been established and everyone has fallen into lockstep.
The only case in which a player received a signing bonus even equal to the prospect in front of him was in the fourth round. And that was mitigated by the fact that both of the players -- linebacker Keenan Clayton (No. 121 overall) and quarterback Mike Kafka (No. 122) -- were selected by the same franchise. Both players, chosen by the Philadelphia Eagles, received $466,786 signing bonuses. The New England Patriots' fourth-round selection, tight end Aaron Hernandez (No. 113), received a signing bonus of just $200,000, less than half of the $501,000 bonus earned by the player in front of him, tailback Joe McKnight of the New York Jets. But the complicated deal signed by Hernandez, which was structured to protect the Patriots because he allegedly failed a drug test while in college at the University of Florida, also includes $700,000 total in roster, playing time and workout bonuses that the player must earn.
All 112 of the contracts reviewed by ESPN.com included minimum-base salaries -- $320,000 (for the first season), $405,000 (second), $490,000 (third) and $575,000 (fourth, if applicable).
Of course, the big challenges lie ahead for team negotiators and player agents, and the probability of a lockout in 2011 and the potential contract language required for addressing it likely will be factors in discussions involving high-round choices. For now, though -- with St Louis cornerback Jerome Murphy (four years, $2.728 million, signing bonus of $937,739 as the first pick of the third round) being the highest pick signed thus far -- the pace of agreements has been pretty impressive.
And that's even though only a dozen of the top 98 prospects have signed, and 60 of the completed contract agreements have been with sixth- or seventh-rounders.
Two years ago, only 63 players had agreed to contracts before July 1, so the current pace represents an increase of nearly 90 percent since 2008. That certainly reflects a shift in thinking for both sides involved in negotiations.
"Times have changed," New England owner Bob Kraft, whose team has agreements with five of its 12 picks, recently told local media members. "In most cases, there really is no reason to wait."
That seems to be an increasingly popular sentiment.
From 2003-2006, an average of just 23.5 contracts were consummated before the beginning of July. In the four-year stretch from 2007-2010, the average was 85.8.
Only a few years ago, negotiations with players in any round typically didn't begin until after July 4. But as of June 30 this year, only six franchises had yet to sign a single prospect. All half-dozen of those teams are franchises that historically wait until after the holiday to open negotiations with rookies.
The Chicago Bears, who typically waste little time in reaching agreements, have been the first club to sign all their draft choices in four of the past six years. The Bears, who had only five selections overall in 2010, were aided by the fact they had no first- or second-round choices for the second consecutive year. Still, senior director of football administration Cliff Stein has set the standard in recent years for signing picks early.
Over the last few seasons, a trend has developed of inking non-first-round draftees to maximum-term deals of four years. Only a few years ago, the standard in the league was to sign middle- and late-round choices to three-year contracts.
But last year, only 30 of the 224 players selected outside the first round received three-year contracts. Of the 117 picks signed through Wednesday, just 15 got three-year deals. Pittsburgh, which historically signs middle- and late-rounders for three years, accounted for eight of those contracts. One agent said he had been told that Arizona, which normally signs its later choices for three years, will switch to a four-year term for 2010. The Kansas City Chiefs, who last year signed all five of their choices taken after the fourth round to three-year contracts, this week agreed with fifth-round safety Kendrick Lewis for four years.
"I think, for both teams and agents, there's just so much quantifiable information now," said veteran agent Pat Dye, Jr., of Atlanta-based Profiles Sports. "With the positions [on base salaries] so well-defined for those players[(outside of the first two rounds], you're usually negotiating over just one component, the signing bonus. And so you can get to a point where it's time to say, 'OK, let's do it.' Anymore, with all the information, you really can look into the crystal ball."
Through Wednesday night, 17 teams had each signed at least four picks and 14 had accords with five or more draft choices. The Bears are believed to be the first franchise in modern league history to finish deals with their entire draft class by the end of May.
Len Pasquarelli, a recipient of the Pro Football Hall of Fame's McCann Award for distinguished reporting, is a senior writer for ESPN.com.


text:
Interactions between climate, vegetation and the active layer in soils at two Maritime Antarctic sites
In the summer 2000–01, thermal monitoring of the permafrost active layer within various terrestrial sites covered by lichen, moss or grasses was undertaken at Jubany (King George Island) and Signy Island in the Maritime Antarctic. The results demonstrated the buffering effect of vegetation on ground surface temperature (GST) and the relationship between vegetation and active layer thickness. Vegetation type and coverage influenced the GST in both locations with highest variations and values in the Deschampsia and Usnea sites and the lowest variations and values in the Jubany moss site. Active layer thickness ranged from 57 cm (Jubany moss site) to 227 cm (Signy Deschampsia site). Active layer thickness data from Signy were compared with data collected at the same location four decades earlier. Using a regression equation for air temperature versus ground surface temperatures the patterns of changing air temperature over time suggest that the active layer thickness increased c. 30 cm between 1963 and 1990 and then decreased 30 cm between 1990 and 2000. The documented increased rate of warming (2°C ± 1) since 1950 for air temperatures recorded in the South Orkney Islands suggests that the overall trend of active layer thickness increase will be around 1 cm year−1.(Received March 30 2005)
(Accepted April 4 2006)
Key Words: ground temperature; permafrost; South Shetland Islands; South Orkney Islands; vegetation buffering effect.
c1 corresponding author: firstname.lastname@example.com


text:
Patrick Robin Archibald Boyle, 10th Earl of Glasgow DL (born 30 July 1939) is a British peer, politician and the current chief of Clan Boyle. The family seat is Kelburn Castle in Ayrshire. He currently sits as a Liberal Democrat peer in the House of ...Lords.
Connect any celebrity with Patrick Boyle, 10th Earl of Glasgow to see how closely they are linked... romantically!


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'Falcon' Wool Blend Coat
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Hostal La Fontana, Madrid
- Free continental breakfast and WiFi
Main amenities
- 17 smoke-free guestrooms
- 24-hour room service
- Self parking
- Airport shuttle
- Terrace
- Daily housekeeping
- Front desk safe
- Laundry service
- Multilingual staff
- Concierge services
- Luggage storage
- Tour/ticket assistance
What's around
- In Gran Via
- Plaza Mayor (0.6 mi / 1 km)
- Puerta del Sol (0.4 mi / 0.6 km)
- Plaza de Espana (0.6 mi / 1 km)
- Prado Museum (0.9 mi / 1.5 km)
- Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum (0.7 mi / 1.1 km)
Feel at home
- Cookware, dishware, and utensils
- Connecting/adjoining rooms available
- Terrace
- Daily housekeeping
- Washer/dryer
- Laundry facilities
Hostal La Fontana, Madrid
Hotel Info: 866-539-8117from $30
- Single Room, Private Bathroom
- Economy Room, 1 Double Bed, Shared Bathroom
- Room, Private Bathroom (Twin)
- Double Room, Private Bathroom
- Triple Room, Private Bathroom
Also popular with travelers from the USA
At a glance
Key facts
Hotel size
- This hotel has 17 rooms
- This hotel is arranged over 1 floor
- 24-hour check-in
- Check-out time is 11:30 AM
Required at check in
- Credit card or cash deposit required
- Government-issued photo ID required
Travelling with others
- One child (3 years old and younger) stays free when occupying the parent or guardian's room, using existing bedding
- No cribs (infant beds)
- Pets stay free (dogs only)
- Restrictions apply *
- 1 per room (up to 3 kg)
- Free WiFi and wired Internet access in public areas
- Free WiFi in rooms
- Airport shuttle *
- Self parking *
- Area shuttle *
Other information
- Smoke-free property
- Resort fee included
Nearby Two Star Madrid hotels
In the hotel
- Free continental breakfast daily
- 24-hour room service
- Concierge services
- Tours/ticket assistance
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Laundry facilities
- Luggage storage
- Multilingual staff
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
- Year Built 1990
- Elevator/lift
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Terrace
- Accessible bathroom
- In-room accessibility
- Roll-in shower
In the room
- Ceiling fan
- Iron/ironing board (on request)
- Washer/dryer
- Pillow menu
- Premium bedding
- Sleep Number by Select Comfort mattress
- Balcony or patio
- Individually decorated
- Individually furnished
- Bathtub or shower
- Hair dryer (on request)
- Cable TV channels
- Desk
- Free newspaper
- Free WiFi
- Phone
- Cookware, dishware, and utensils
- Free bottled water
- Daily housekeeping
- Connecting/adjoining rooms available
Top Madrid hotels
Recently reviewed hotels in Madrid
- Meliá BarajasFrom
"5 minutes away from T4 with its own shuttle. good value for money, metro is also not far"Jun 18, 2016
- Gran Vía CapitalFrom
"Once we found the hotel (door is hidden from the street by a news stand) and the hotel parking, we were set for the entire time. The location on the Gran Via made for easy…"Jun 18, 2016
- Apartamentos en SolFrom
"Excellent location. Right at puerta del Sol. Condition of unit ok."Jun 18, 2016
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"Our Family of 4 used this hotel for an overnight stay fro the Barajas Airport. The Maydrit Hotel features EXCELLENT facilites, rooms are Large with perfect beds, the Hotel persé…"Jun 17, 2016
Nearby hotels
Hostal La Fontana, Madrid's small print
Also known as
- Hostal Fontana
- Hostal Fontana Hostel
- Hostal Fontana Hostel Madrid
- Hostal Fontana Madrid
- Hostal La Fontana Madrid
Cash transactions at this property cannot exceed EUR 2500, due to national regulations. For further details, please contact the property using information in the booking confirmation.
The property has connecting/adjoining rooms, which are subject to availability and can be requested by contacting the property using the number on the booking confirmation.
Pet-friendly rooms can be requested by contacting the property at the number on the booking confirmation.
Mandatory fees
The charges below are included in the total price displayed:
- Resort fee
Optional extras
Self parking costs EUR 18 per day
Rollaway beds are available for EUR 15 per night
Airport shuttle service is offered for an extra charge of EUR 9 per person (roundtrip)
Dial-up Internet access is available in guestrooms for an extra charge
Area shuttle service is offered for an extra charge
We have included all charges provided to us by this hotel. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.
Recent reviews
Good 3.8 /5 from 223 reviews
A simple hostal but decorated with a whimsical touch a lot of artwork in the hallways and the rooms made it a bit less basic . bed was comfy but shower was hard to use. I think it was designed to cut back on water usage and in the morning I opted for a sponge bath at the sink rather than struggle again with shower but maybe it was just the one in my room. Decent free breakfast of good coffee croissants toasts cheese wedges and yoghurt. I liked the place.
Good location, within walking distance of many sights. Near a subway stop. Staff was very nice and helpful. The room was very small, no chair to sit on but it was clean and the bed was comfortable. The doors and shutters shut out the street noise so it was fairly quiet at night. Thick walls- could not hear anyone in other rooms. The neighborhood was a little sketchy but we still felt safe and only a block or two from major streets. We had a nice stay there.
Well priced hotel in good location. when we checked in, we were given a room w/out bath. I went back and checked reservation. It said the room came with a bath. Hotel said they didn't have any more of these rooms but would move us tomorrow. They said economy room comes with bath down hall. Hotels.com needs to get straight on this. were moved the next day into room with bathroom. But we spent one night in very cramped quarters with no bath when reservation. Pleasant, helpful hotel personnel..
Being just a few doors down from the Grand Via puts you near everything. There are several great places to eat, a small tienda and the Metro. The rooms are a bit noisy but a pair of earplugs (usual for any Spanish hostel) quiets down the noise. Great staff too. The hostal is on fl1(2nd fl for the us) and has a lift. Rooms are a bit small but very livable and clean. Has a morning coffee and a light breakfast. *****Note most areas of Madrid have many pickpockets and putas. Avoid eye contact on the street with single woman and protect yourself with a money belt.
The Hostal is very conveniently located. The staff is friendly. The rooms are very clean and have WiFi and TV. A small breakfast is available with self service.
Is the description of this hotel not correct? Tell us


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Amberwood Apartments
Official apartment prices and pictures. Check Availability!
570 S Main St # 871, Arab, AL 35016
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67 Robert Cir Guntersville AL 35976 USA
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pcii software download 4dRc free file
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*Uploaded: 02/23/2015 04:13:30
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This information-protection program enhances information sharing between the private sector and the government. Protected information can be used to analyze and ...This is the Protected Critical Infrastructure Information (PCII) Procedures Manual.The Protected Critical Infrastructure Information (PCII) Program is an information protection program that enhances information sharing between the private sector and ...DASD Defense Continuity and Mission Assurance; Homeland Defense Integration & DSCA; Defense Critical Infrastructure ProgramPower commander powercommander quickshifter wideband Dyno Jet Power Commanders PCIIIusb PCIII PCIIIr PCII Fuel Injection Remap remapping Ignition timingRipoff Report Verified™ Businesses You Can Trust We all get complaints. How those complaints are taken care of is what separates good business from the rest.Missouri Connections. Missouri Connections is a comprehensive, online, career development and planning program that is provided free of charge to all Missouri citizensPower commander V, powercommander V, quickshifter, DynoJet Power Commander, PCIIIusb, PCIII, Fuel Injection, Ignition timingWINDOWS. DYMO Label Software version 8.5.1. Read Me — 1 November 2012 This document contains important information that is not included in any other DYMO Label ...HSEEP Volume III Preface Homeland Security Exercise and Evaluation Program (HSEEP) Volume I was initially published in 2002 and provided an overview of the …
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Kansas Speedway Signs Camping World as Sponsor for NASCAR Sprint Cup Series Race
KANSAS CITY, Kan. (Aug. 20, 2008) – Kansas Speedway President Jeff Boerger announced today the signing of Camping World to sponsor the track's NASCAR Sprint Cup Series race on Sept. 28. Kansas Speedway's NASCAR Sprint Cup Series race, the Camping World RV 400 presented by Coleman, is the third race in the Chase for the NASCAR Sprint Cup.
"I'm happy to welcome Camping World as the newest partner of Kansas Speedway," said Boerger. "Kansas Speedway is about giving the fans the best guest experience in motorsports and I look forward to working with Camping World to continue to offer our fans a first class experience."
"We are committed to bringing our brand to Kansas City and this sponsorship is a perfect chance for the customers to learn more about who we are and the variety of RV and outdoor products and services we offer."
Kansas Speedway tickets are on sale now and can be purchased by calling 866.460.RACE or logging onto www.kansasspeedway.com.
O'Reilly Auto Parts Qualifying Day tickets for Sept. 26 and Sprint Fan Walk tickets are also available online or by calling 866.460.RACE. Parking is always free at Kansas Speedway.
Related Articles
- Jeff Gordon Coming Out of Retirement -- At Least For Two Races
- Part 2: A look at the final nine Sprint Cup Series races and impact on the Chase
- Part 1: A look at the final nine Sprint Cup Series races and impact on the Chase
- Tony Stewart Looks to Reclaim Championship Form in Final Season
- Rookie William Byron and Veteran Matt Crafton Battle for Top Spot of NASCAR World Truck Series


text:
Double Whammy: Triple Digit Temps Mix with Smoke to Create Dangerous Health Conditions Today
Saturday, July 23, 2016 | 5:18 am
The explosive Sand Fire in the Santa Clarita area grew to over 3,300 acres overnight, pouring smoke and dumping "ash rain" over Pasadena while creating a health hazard for a Saturday predicted to reach 102 degrees.
Pasadena Council Re-Approves Burbank Airport Joint Powers Agreement, Supports New Terminal
Tuesday, July 19, 2016 | 5:16 am
The cities of Pasadena, Burbank and Glendale are once again affirming their determination to work together in managing the Hollywood-Burbank Airport, also known as the Bob Hope Airport, after the Pasadena City Council voted Monday evening to enter into a second amended and restated Joint Exercise of Powers Agreement.
Latest News
Foothill Freeway (I-210) Closures for Pavement Rehabilitation
Friday, July 22,2016 | 11:35 am


text:
Kathy Lette - World Premiere of 'Diana' held at the Odeon Leicester Square - Arrivals - London, United Kingdom - Friday 6th September 2013 (4 Pictures)
Kathy Lette
Kathy Lette
Photo credit: PBI
Kathy Lette
Photo credit: PBI
Kathy Lette
View All: World Premiere of 'Diana'
Next Naveen Andrews Slideshow: World Premiere of 'Diana' - London United Kingdom - Friday 6th September 2013
The 1969 session, including the only known recording of 'Sunshine Woman' by the band, will be included on a re-issue of 'The Complete BBC Sessions'...
The 55 year old actor joined Chris Martin and co. on stage in New Jersey to perform 'Earth Angel' and 'Johnny B. Goode'.
Bjork Digital comes to London's Somerset House in September, along with a single live show at the Royal Albert Hall.
Kim Kardashian released an audio excerpt from a phone call between Kanye and Taylor Swift over the lyrics of 'Famous' - but if it was recorded...
There's very much a strength of conviction in remaining what you were, but arguably more so in becoming what you want to be.
The BBC drama starring Aidan Turner returns to BBC One on September 4th.
Guns N' Roses were detained at the Canadian border last week for gun possession but they're adamant the weapon didn't belong to them.


text:
VOTED for a panorama view and the majestic mountains of Northern Italy. :))
Ciao. Worapong
Thank you 阿鹏-worapong for your visit and vote. Luca from Italy.
Interesting picture! Has returned to vote! With the best regards, Alex
Thank you Alex_67 for your visit andvote. Luca.
Thank you for your visit, impressive panoramic view of the cordillera. You also a good gallery.
A greeting from Spain. Adriana
Thank you aeezquerra for your visit. Greetings from Italy.
Bellissimo panorama di montagna!! Great panorama!!! greetings from Poland, Paweł
Thank you Pawel for your visit and comment.
What a beautiful place and panoramic shot! I like it! Season's greetings, Christian
Thank you christian for your visit.
Very beautiful landscape, excellent panorama picture, LIKE 4, regards from Belgium, Lucien
Thank you Lucien Kivit for your visit
Photo taken in 32026 Mel, Province of Belluno, Italy