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Despite the crucial role of color appearance in forming first impressions, it is still not clear how color evokes personality associations—that is, a color-personality association (CPA). This study aims to propose a method for quantifying the relationships between color attributes and CPAs for single colors. Specifically, we first collected the CPAs of five traits evoked by single colors (i.e., extraverted–introverted, moody–unemotional, agreeable–disagreeable, organized–disorganized, and wide interests–narrow interests) in a carefully controlled experiment. Then, multiple linear regression (MLR) analyses were adopted to predict these CPAs based on three color attributes (lightness, chroma, and hue). Our results showed that (1) the personality associations could be evoked by colors and perceived consistently by observers; (2) the relationships between the color attributes and the CPAs could be well quantified by separately conducting MLR analyses in different regions of hue (i.e., red, green, blue, and yellow regions); and (3) both lightness and chroma were significant predictors in almost all predictive models and they might have different relative importance or directions of effect when predicting the CPAs in different regions of hue, even for the same trait. This study improves the understanding of how color evokes personality associations and takes the first step toward developing the method for predicting the CPAs for multicolor combinations. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2016
This article investigates the free associations of materials and colors in the context of interior architecture. Materials and colors rarely appear alone in interiors; therefore, in the scope of this study, the researchers explored material pairs and color pairs in addition to single materials and single colors. To elicit free associations from these interior design elements, 192 randomly selected volunteers participated in an experiment using a group of material (fabric, timber, plasterboard) and color (red, green, white) models under controlled conditions. The results contribute to an increased understanding of the associations between the concepts of materials and colors in interiors. While, each model was associated with sensory descriptors, only some models were associated with symbolic or affective descriptors. Single materials were related to different descriptors in interiors on their own, but when they were paired they were associated with fewer affective descriptors. The results showed that color pairs were always associated with all types of descriptors with an exception of red and green color pair, which was not mentioned with affective descriptors. The study findings are expected to be beneficial for interior architects, architects, product designers and researchers who want to shape and investigate a user's experience of interiors. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2016
In his response to the comments on his article 'How many colors can we distinguish?' by Flinkman and Laamanen, Kuehni points out that their suggestion for just noticeable differences to be defined as diameters rather than radii in related unit difference ellipsoids or spheres lacks the conceptual and geometric logic behind JND solids and is not valid. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2016
Automat layout detection of color yarns is necessary for weaving and producing processes of yarn-dyed fabrics. This study presents a novel approach to inspect the layout of color yarns of double-system-mélange color fabrics automatically, which is Part III of the series of studies to develop a computer vision-based system for automatic inspection of color yarn layout for yarn-dyed fabrics. The inspection of single-system-mélange color fabrics has been realized in Part I of the series of studies. Integrating the projection-based region segmentation method proposed in Part I and the FCM-based stepwise classification method proposed in Part II, the proposed approach is composed of three steps: (1) fabric region segmentation, (2) fabric region selection, and (3) layout of color yarns recognition. In the first step, the fabric regions are segmented by the projection-based region segmentation method. In the second step, the reasonable fabric regions are selected by analyzing their color histograms and comparing their weft color's frequency. In the third step, the layout of color yarn is recognized by the FCM-based stepwise classification method, and the precise layouts of color warps and wefts are produced. The experimental analysis proved that the proposed method can recognize the layout of color yarns of double-system-mélange color fabrics correctly by testing four different color fabrics and three pieces of same yarn-dyed fabrics. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2016
Continuing a discussion by Kuehni, this note examines the problem of fitting as many as possible colors in a 1-JND radius sphere such that each pair of colors is separated by at least 1 JND. Kuehni announced nine. A first estimate yields a maximum of 13, but this is too many because colors populating adjacent spheres will be too close to each other. Accordingly, I derive the maximum number, , of discriminable colors per unit volume of color space, and then formally compute from this number packing density a number of colors inside the unit sphere. That estimate, nearly 6, will undoubtedly erode when discrete color points are chosen within the unit sphere. Kuehni's estimate of 9 is too high. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2016
This is a comment on Prof. Rolf G. Kuehni's article, How Many Object Colors Can We Distinguish? We give a reasoning why the previously calculated estimates for the number of discernible colors are valid, apart from the possible deviations caused by uncertainty of JND and non-uniformity of color space, without correcting them with a coefficient proposed by Kuehni. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2016
In this research, a computational model that simulates the mental function of multicolor aesthetic evaluation through backpropagation neural networks was constructed. Helmut Leder's psychological model served as the theoretical framework. We determined the macro-architecture of the computational model through two psychological experiments using the semantic differential (SD) method. The aesthetic score of a multicolor stimulus is defined as the inverse of its factor score on the factor "Pleasure" extracted in the first experiment, and each of the three factors extracted in the second experiment—i.e., "Stability," "Heaviness," and "Presence"—is regarded as a simple perceptual feature. The genetic algorithm was then employed to optimize the hidden layer node number, the learning rate, and the momentum constant of each neural network. In two simulation tests, this computational model exhibited some predictive power, implying that the model can be regarded as a relatively successful approximation of the psychological mechanism of multicolor aesthetic evaluation. In addition, the results of the second simulation also show that the perceptual feature "Heaviness" possesses the principal impact on the aesthetic evaluation of multicolor objects, whereas the other two perceptual features "Stability" and "Presence" have a minor influence. The heavier and/or more stable a multicolor object is perceived to be, the less aesthetically pleasing it is. Conversely, the stronger the sense of matter presence a multicolor object elicits, the more aesthetically appealing it is. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2016
A special printing ink formulation based on cationic dyes is developed for digital printing of acrylic fabrics using a conventional inkjet printer. In order to investigate the contribution of color gamut boundary of printer colorants to printing efficiency, customized color targets containing 3164 color patches in 25 different hues were generated. The printed color patches were then fixed through steaming for 30 minutes followed by washing with hot soap and water and finally drying. To show the influence of dye fixation on colorimetric changes as well as color gamut boundary of samples, the L*a*b* values of color patches before and after fixation process were compared. Results demonstrate that color saturation of samples is enhanced dramatically after the dye fixation process. In fact, 3D color gamut of color patches has been drastically expanded as a direct consequence of adsorption to absorption transition. Additionally, dye fixation changes the structure of printed image from halftone superimposed dots to contone superimposed dyes. Strictly speaking, during fixation process, colors inside the halftone dots diffuse through the interfacial area to make the individual printed dots integrated. This is in analogy to the chromogenic photography films and dye-sublimation thermal transfer processes by which contone images are produced. Moreover, dye fixation improves the washing fastness of digitally printed acrylic fabrics to the level comparable with the traditional screen printing method. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2016
Conventional diffraction gratings are designed so that most of the light striking the grating is diffracted toward the "first-order beam" direction, but in practice, some of the light may be diffracted towards the "second-order beam" direction, so that the light striking a particular sensor pixel may be a combination of both first- and second-order components. This causes errors in the output of diffraction-grating based UV–visible spectrometers. A new method has been developed to correct such errors by calibrating the optical system with a UV-excluded standard (such as an orange tile) and a UV-included standard (such as a white tile). These two calibrations can predict the relationship between first-order-only signals and first-and-second-order combined signals at sensor pixels (nominal wavelengths) where there is second-order light, and thus help correct the second-order diffraction error. This compensation method applied on the reflectance measurement of a set of color ceramic tiles showed significant improvement on the accuracy of the result. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2016
In a typical Euclidean three-dimensional colour space such as CIELAB, the 'third-dimension', such as CIELAB chroma, has long been criticized as being confusing and difficult to understand for naïve observers and it had relatively poor consistency in visual assessments. As an attempt to find a promising replacement to existing 'third-dimension', two psychophysical experiments were conducted in this study using naïve observers. In the first experiment, 24 Korean observers assessed 48 NCS colour chips in terms of bright, light-heavy, active-passive, fresh-stale, clean-dirty, clear, boring, natural-not natural, warm-cool, intense-weak, saturated, vivid-dull, distinct-indistinct, full-thin and striking. According to experimental results, 'saturated' and 'vivid-dull' were found to highly correlate with CIELAB chroma and were thus regarded as good candidates to become alternatives to existing 'third-dimension'. In the second experiment, 40 Korean and 68 British observers assessed more than 100 samples in terms of saturation, vividness, blackness and whiteness. Thus, observers assessed 120 samples for saturation, vividness and whiteness. For blackness, 110 samples were assessed. In both experiments, the colour samples were presented in a viewing cabinet and assessed individually. Principal component analysis identified two components that were associated with CIELAB lightness and chroma. In general, there was a similarity between the visual results of the British and Korean observers. High correlation coefficients were found for the following comparisons: predicted values of Berns' depth model versus the present 'saturation' response; Berns' clarity versus 'vividness' response; Berns' vividness versus 'blackness' response; and CIELAB lightness versus 'whiteness' response. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2016
The historical pigments, contrary to modern ones, are not constituted by particles having all the same size and this influences the colour of the paint layers. The hiding power and colouring power of a pigment depends, in fact, on its particle size. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of particle size on optical characterization of paintings in terms of reflection of light and related colour specification. Starting from the qualitative observation, we have attempted to quantify the pigments colour variations induced by grinding and then attributable to granularity. Powdered pigments of principal colours have been selected in specific particle size range by mechanical sieving. The measurements were performed both on pigment pellets and on paintings realized with binder casein. All samples were characterized by an optical and colorimetric point of view through spectrophotometric analysis and for the surface morphological observation through scanning electron microscopy. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2016
For design and manufacturing industries, to be able to capture the fashion trend is an essential factor that leads to winning a sale. However, colour predicting process in many organizations is not visible to the public. In order to provide colour trend to industries in advance, a predicting method is proposed in this study. In the method, the fuzzy c-means was used to separate the collected colour data, then the minimum mean-square error was used to place the similar colour clusters within different time point together and the gray model was adopted for prediction. In order to verify the prognostication of the system, four data announced by Pantone from spring 2014 to fall, 2015 were taken as the predicted samples and the colour for spring 2016 was predicted to compare with that in Pantone spring, 2016. The results show that the system has a high accuracy for predicting colour. The residual modified model constructed with the colour samples rearranged with MMSE has the best-predicted result that ranged from 83.3% to 99.4%. It indicates that the result obtained with the rearranged samples is higher than that without rearrangement. Besides, the accuracy of the gray predicted results with residual modification would be more precise than the one without residual modification. Moreover, the value of mean squared error is quite low, which was ranged from 0.000025 to 0.0277. Therefore, the current intelligent predicting system satisfies the criteria of capturing colour in trend for enterprises. Moreover, it enables industries to make decisions for selecting the colour trend. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2016
In this article, we present an adaptive color similarity function defined in a modified hue-saturation-intensity color space, which can be used directly as a metric to obtain pixel-wise segmentation of color images among other applications. The color information of every pixel is integrated as a unit by an adaptive similarity function thus avoiding color information scattering. As a direct application we present an efficient interactive, supervised color segmentation method with linear complexity respect to the number of pixels of the input image. The process has three steps: (1) Manual selection of few pixels in a sample of the color to be segmented. (2) Automatic generation of the so called color similarity image (CSI), which is a gray level image with all the gray level tonalities associated with the selected color. (3) Automatic threshold of the CSI to obtain the final segmentation. The proposed technique is direct, simple and computationally inexpensive. The evaluation of the efficiency of the color segmentation method is presented showing good performance in all cases of study. A comparative study is made between the behavior of the proposed method and two comparable segmentation techniques in color images using (1) the Euclidean metric of the a* and b* color channels rejecting L* and (2) a probabilistic approach on a* and b* in the CIE L*a*b* color space. Our testing system can be used either to explore the behavior of a similarity function (or metric) in different color spaces or to explore different metrics (or similarity functions) in the same color space. It was obtained from the results that the color parameters a* and b* are not independent of the luminance parameter L* as one might initially assume in the CIE L*a*b* color space. We show that our solution improves the quality of the proposed color segmentation technique and its quick result is significant with respect to other solutions found in the literature. The method also gives a good performance in low chromaticity, gray level and low contrast images.© 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 00, 000–000, 2016
Corresponding colors datasets are crucial in the study of chromatic adaptation transformations (CATs). A transform can be derived from a corresponding colors dataset. In this article, a second transform is derived by exchanging the two groups of tristimulus values of a dataset. Based on the two transforms a new method is proposed to evaluate a corresponding colors dataset. The evaluation criteria include the prediction difference between the two transforms and their prediction errors with visual results altogether. By the new method, nine superior datasets and four inferior datasets were picked from the 25 solo existing datasets. The research also included mixing different solo datasets and investigated their effectiveness. The results show that mixed datasets comprised of datasets with same illuminants and media have a certain value to derive CATs. Finally, 10 superior transforms derived in the experiment were compared with the four CATs recommended by the CIE. The results indicate that three of four CATs recommended by the CIE are superior to any sharpening transform derived in this experiment, but CIECAT94 is inferior to any one of them conversely. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2016
The description of device color gamut is very important for color gamut mapping, which plays an important role in cross-media color reproduction. To get a more accurate color gamut boundary, several gamut boundary description (GBD) methods have been presented in the past; however, many problems still exist in the current algorithm (e.g., accuracy and speed). In this study, we propose a new device GBD method based on irregular segmentation and evaluate it against other GBD algorithms. In the irregular segmentation method, the device color gamut is divided into the high-chroma and the low-chroma color parts, and the high-chroma parts are divided into more segments through the CIELAB a*b* plane when calculating color gamut descriptors. After that, in each segment, the radii between the color points and the center point are calculated. For the color points located in the high-chroma parts, the color point with the biggest radius is selected as the gamut boundary descriptor, and for that in the low-chroma parts, if the corresponding outer segments are empty, the color point with the biggest radius is selected as the gamut boundary descriptor. Then, the gamut boundary descriptors are visualized in CIELAB color space using triangulation method. Finally, the irregular segmentation method is evaluated in contrast with other GBD methods using gamut mismatch index. The results show that the irregular segmentation method performs better in accuracy and has smaller variance. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2016
Languages show variations in their basic color terms [Basic Color Terms: Their Universality and Evolution. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press; 1969]. Evidence for languages that have or lack basic color terms mainly comes from standardized naming tasks [The World Color Survey. Stanford, CA: CSLI; 2010]. In this article, we take a somewhat different perspective on the issue of color naming in languages. Starting from a language, Malayalam, with a limited number of basic color terms, and thus with a mixed color naming system, we ask how language users behave when they are asked to produce spontaneous narratives in a communicative setting in which color is manipulated systematically. Do narrators behave as predicted by naming task results and grammars, or do they behave (systematically) differently? In this article, we explore how two different color naming settings affect the expression of colors that have basic color terms in contrast with nonbasic terms. For this purpose, a color naming task was administered to validate basic and nonbasic color terms in Malayalam. The result showed that Malayalam has six colors considered simple color terms (e.g., chuvappu 'red') and five complex color terms (e.g., tavittu-niram brown "color of rice bran"). This result was used to develop eight short stories in two color term conditions. The color terms extracted out from "naturalistic narratives" were more varied than those that were predicted by the color naming task. In the Malayalam primary color condition, respondents often used complex constructions rather than simple color terms only [e.g., chuvappu niram(ulla)]. In the secondary color condition, respondents, as expected, used more complex constructions, but they also avoided complex constructions in interesting ways. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2016
The best way to describe a color is to study its reflectance spectrum, which provide the most useful information. Different methods were purposed for reflectance spectra reconstruction from CIE tristimulus values such as principal components analysis. In this study, the training samples were first divided into 3, 6, 9, and 12 subgroups by creating a competitive neural network. To do that, L*a*b*, L*C*h or L*a*b*C*h were introduced to neural network as input elements. In order to investigate the performance of reflectance spectra reconstruction, the color difference and RMS between actual and reconstructed data were obtained. The reconstruction of reflectance spectra were improved by using a six or nine-neuron layer with L*a*b* input elements. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2016
This study proposes a "visibility" concept of colored objects that includes a combination of color brightness and appearance perception of colored objects that are illuminated by seven LED lights (each with a CIE color rendering index under 80 but with various correlated color temperatures). To determine the brightness perception of colored objects, luminance calculations and measurements were conducted. The areas of the "color brightness graph" in this study correspond to the results of eight different color sample papers under each of the LED lights with different CCTs. The luminance values were calculated by multiplying the SPD by the spectral luminous efficiency and spectral reflectance of a colored object. The luminance values were measured under these conditions to identify the relationship between the luminance calculations and the measured values. Efficient CCTs were identified for each color sample in terms of the brightness of the colored object. Further subjective evaluations were also conducted to identify the relationship between luminance values and subjective brightness perception. In addition, subjective evaluations of the color appearance perception were conducted to identify the overall visibility concept of colored objects. The subjective evaluations included brightness perception, color appearance, and similarity of the reference light source. The visibility of the colored objects was analyzed according to the results of the brightness and appearance perception of the colored objects that were illuminated by LED lights with various CCTs. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2016
The goal of this research was to determine whether or not there was a difference between consumer preferences for color harmonies for products where external labels and visible product existed simultaneously. Using established color theory, transparent packages containing visible products with colored labels were evaluated. Eye tracking metrics and overall preference testing were used to assess these products. Eye tracking data yielded quantitative data that was statistically analyzed using analysis of variance. A post experiment survey was given to participants to collect demographics and additional data was completed through chi-squared tests for association. No significant difference was found between color harmonies and preference, nor was there significance for the eye tracking metrics. These results of no significance are ideal for designers because it gives them the freedom to use their judgment when designing packaging labels. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2016
A color design/selection system for predicting the color trend based on aesthetic measures is proposed in this article. In this method, the analytic hierarchy process theory was used to evaluate the weights for four major consumption style factors in human environment, including Economy, Education, Culture, and Technology. Then 10 product imageries were selected by using the questionnaire, and mapped the images and the factors with the weighted results and clustered both variables with the corresponding ranks. During the implementation procedure, 111 colors samples covering the entire domain of the PCCS (Practical Color Co-ordinate System) color system were taken, and the aesthetic measure for three-colored harmony based on aesthetic measure theory was calculated. Then 200 tri-colored combinations were divided into 10 clusters by using fuzzy clustering. The three-colored products were then mapped into each cluster with the calculated grand average and Standard Deviation of the imagery values obtained for the three-colored products. According to the above implementation logic, the relationship among the consumption style factors, the images, as well as the tri-colored cars can be obtained, and then used to construct a color trend based on market requirement. With the aid of this system, one can get a three-colored car to match his/her requirement. Although the selection of three-colored car is taken as an example to specify the methodology, it can also be used to develop a system for other products. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2016
Spectrophotometers are routinely used for color measurement and color management in many commercial printing and proofing workflows. In the case of media containing optical brightening agents, ultraviolet (UV)-induced fluorescence has led to poor levels of agreement between models from different manufacturers, and different models from the same manufacturer. A relevant standard, ISO 13655, has been revised and now clearly defines measurement modes and conditions for the UV component in spectrophotometers. ISO 13655:2009—Graphic Technology—Spectral Measurement and Colorimetric Computation for Graphic Arts Images now defines four measurement modes: M0, M1, M2, and M3. The intermodel difference between 10 commercially available spectrophotometers is evaluated for different substrate types in measurement modes (M0, M1, and M2) as allowed by each instrument. In particular, the authors compare devices using M0 legacy mode versus newer instruments that are compliant with the new M1 and M2 (UV-included and UV-excluded) measurement modes. A finding with significant practical applications is that there is greatly improved intermodel agreement between the new generation of ISO 13655-compliant instruments in M1 (D50) mode when compared with the previous generation of hand-held spectrophotometers. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2016
The reflection and transmission of light from a turbid slab is determined by considering a photon random walk within the medium. The reflection and transmission is obtained using the Beer-Lambert law on each path through the slab. Path length probability densities are derived, then all paths are summed weighted by their probabilities. The results are simple expressions for the reflection and the transmission in terms of the physical properties of the medium. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2016
The study investigated the optimal display color for comfortable use of smartphones at night under low illuminance, while not distorting the perceived quality of displays. Two phases of psychophysical experiments were conducted to judge perceptibility and acceptability of the displays in various shades of white. The experimental results showed that the scores in acceptability were always higher than those in perceptibility all across the hues, and yellow received the highest scores in acceptability among the six hue categories. This can be interpreted that the observers have the intention of using a display in a yellow shade of white even though it is not perceived as pure white. Through the analysis, a white in yellow shade with the RGB values of 255, 255, and 230 was determined as the optimal display color for nighttime smartphone users regardless of display luminance or contents. The proposed display color supports physiological comfort by reducing the blue light, which involves an adverse effect on the biological system, and provides psychological satisfaction by allowing users to decide the color within the range of the user's acceptable threshold. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2016
A study of the agreement between a visual assessment and the measurement of the reflectivity of printed metallic inks was performed. A psychophysical property for this percept was identified as visual brilliance. The visual judgments of a series of printed panels were compared with measurements from various types of specular reflectance instruments. The results showed that gloss does not linearly follow the appearance of highly reflective specular surfaces. It was observed that the visual assessment of brilliance was highly correlated to the normalized hemispherical diffuse reflectance factor difference. Further, visual brilliance could be mapped to a logarithmic function of the luminous specular reflectance factor and the measurement scale of log(Y) agreed with the scale of hemispherical diffuse reflectance. It was, thus, concluded that either of these measures may be utilized to establish aims and tolerances for production control of the reproduction of foil-like prints. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2016
A new spectral reflectance estimation method based on CIE XYZ values under multi-illuminants was proposed to obtain multi-spectral images accurately by using digital still cameras. CIE XYZ values under multi-illuminants were initially predicted from raw RGB responses by using a polynomial model with local training samples. Then, spectral reflectance was constructed from the predicted CIE XYZ values via the pseudo-inverse method. Experimental results indicated that the new spectral reflectance estimation method significantly outperformed the traditional colorimetric characterization method without requiring extra training samples or greatly increasing computational complexities. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2016
The aim of the research reported by this study was on the one hand to identify what colors were associated with particular words in relation to a specific language (Italian), by portraying them in color stimuli on the screen of a monitor; and on the other hand to verify whether some words of that language denoted colors that were either particularly well defined or confused with others. In an experiment using special software, the subjects were asked to produce colors directly, instead of choosing among a number of colors presented on the screen. The results showed that (i) it is possible to identify the color-stimuli to which the terms of a language refer; that (ii) the "best" colors Giallo (Yellow), Rosso (Red), Blu (Blue), and Verde (Green) which the subjects were requested to produce were very similar to the corresponding unique hues; that (iii) among the mixed hues there were perceptually intermediate colors, that is, ones exactly midway between two consecutive unique colors: Arancione (Orange) and Viola (bluish Purple); that (iv) Turquoise and Lime were clearly positioned in the mental space of color of the participants; and that (v) for Italian speakers some hues coincide: Azzurro (Azure) and Celeste (Cerulean); Arancione (Orange), RossoGiallo (RedYellow) and Carota (Carrot); Lime and GialloVerde (YellowGreen), so that their color terms can be considered synonyms. Our most interesting finding, however, is that for Italian speakers these four mixed colors with their specific names (Lime, Turchese (Turquoise), Viola (bluish Purple) and Arancione (Orange) fall perceptually in the middle of each of the four quadrants formed in the hue circle by the four unique hues. The resulting circle is therefore characterized by eight colors of which four are unique and four are intermediate mixed. It would be advisable to repeat the study cross-culturally to test for possible similarities and differences in color meanings with speakers of different languages. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2016
This article presents a user-oriented protocol that can be used to characterize chromatic attributes of an urban area. A need for both affordable and reliable assessment method of color has been observed in the field of urban design. The challenge is to provide statistical answers to these two questions: how is color organized, how does it develop its own structure in the city? The main purpose of the research is hence to investigate mean color types within the city via the implementation of a characterization tool; an urban area of the four main classes (historic center, periurban housing districts, working-class neighborhoods, and commercial zones) being characterized by a specific color palette, or a layout of specific color types. The developed instrumentation allows the assessment of the homogeneous and consistent features of an urban district. Their characterization protocol was tested through an application to several streets of the city of Liège (Belgium). © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2015
Many commercial materials (papers and boards) contain optical brightening agents also known as fluorescent whitening agents. Adequate adjustment of the UV content of a measurement device (e.g., spectrophotometers) is essential for accurate color measurement. As specified in the ISO standards, the UV content is adjusted against an assigned value of an international reference transfer standard, for example, CIE whiteness (D65/10°) for the CIE illuminant D65 or ISO brightness for the C illuminant. Because of the simplicity, these approaches have gained great popularity in papermaking industry. Yet, there has been little evidence indicating how accurate the total spectral radiance factor corresponding to the single assigned value is reproduced. Hence, we present a method that quantitatively evaluates the accuracy of the UV-adjustment technique, through comparing the total spectral radiance factors obtained from UV adjustment with the assigned ones. This method has been applied to three second-level international reference transfer standard illuminated by three standard illuminants, D65, C, and D50. We found that the major differences between the assigned spectra and those obtained from the UV adjustments occur in the blue band where fluorescence is strong. At a few wavelengths, the differences may be up to 4–5%. Nevertheless, their color differences corresponding to the assigned spectra and those obtained from the UV adjustments are still smaller than unity (1 ΔE*) for all of the illumination conditions. Two instruments using the representative UV adjusting techniques, for example, the conventional UV-adjusting with an adjustable (GG395) UV filter and the numerical UV-filtering, have been studied. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2016
To study the role of color in expectations of drug effects, 80 Chinese participants (40 females and 40 males) were asked to classify each of seven single colored capsules and six differently colored two-piece capsules into one of four classifications of drug effects. The results from the Chinese sample were also compared with that from four other cultural groups studied elsewhere. The Chi-square test results showed that all seven single colored capsules yielded non-chance distributions in classifications of drug effects, with six showing specific effects; and that five two-colored capsules had non-chance distributions, with four significantly associated with specific effects. Notable gender differences were observed in the expectations of drug effects. While the cross-group comparison revealed consistent red-stimulant and blue-depressant associations across the five cultural groups, disagreements existed for other colors among the groups. The findings emphasized the importance of color in drug design and administration in support of drug differentiation, medication adherence, and drug efficacy, and suggest gender and cultural implications on the basis of color to achieve better drug effects. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2015
This article proposes a new recoloring method for textile fabric images based on improved fuzzy local information c-means (FLICM) clustering. In the clustering algorithm, the fuzzy factor was modified so that it can produce reliable segmentation in areas with rich details. With the obtained cluster labels and pixel-wise memberships, the color of each pixel is modeled as the linear combination of the two most dominant colors. The recoloring process was then conducted by replacing the specified dominant color with user-provided target colors. Experimental results showed that the proposed method can produce natural and faithful color appearance on both printed and yarn-dyed fabric images, and outperforms the state-of-the-art. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2016
This article addresses some general practices for the computation of CIE tristimulus values (TSVs), including different methods used for the interpolation, extrapolation, and truncation of data in the visible wavelength range. In each case, a quantitative analysis is presented on the basis of a dataset with 2365 spectral reflectances covering a wide color gamut, assuming six CIE illuminants and the two CIE standard colorimetric observers. For interpolation, it is found that among five tested methods, the (cubic) spline method is the best one when the spectral reflectance factors are uniformly sampled over the visible wavelength range. For extrapolation, it is found that the second-order extrapolation method gives better results than the use of nearest available data points or linear extrapolation methods. With respect to truncation, considering five different usual truncated ranges, it is found that the range from 360 to 780 nm provides more accurate results than the range from 380 to 780 nm currently recommended by CIE for nonfluorescent samples, and the use of the truncated range from 400 to 700 nm in place of the CIE-recommended range of 360 to 830 nm leads to TSVs with considerably high color differences of up to 0.9 CIELAB units. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2015
The mean color difference from the mean (MCDM) is a standard measure of spectrophotometric repeatability. This article proposes a supplementary measure: the coefficient of variation (CoV), which is the ratio of the standard deviation of the measured reflectances to their mean. The CoV is calculated from the same repeated sample measurements as the MCDM. Unlike the MCDM, the CoV depends only on physical quantities, and not on perceptual quantities; furthermore, a CoV is defined for each wavelength. This article analyzes data from six different spectrophotometer–sample combinations. An important empirical result is that the CoV is nearly constant across wavelengths, except when the reflectance at a particular wavelength is less than about 5%, in which case, measurement variability is markedly greater. Because the MCDM tends to lose this fact through averaging, the CoV is recommended as an adjunct to the MCDM for spectrophotometer analysis and development. The CoV analysis also provides evidence that samples' surface geometry is a major factor in measurement variability. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2015
In restoration dentistry clinicians need to control the effect of the ceramic thickness and cement shade to achieve successful colorimetric results when all-ceramic veneers are bonded. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the in vitro effects of cement color and the thickness of the final shade on porcelain discs. The study sample comprised 120 e.max Press HT A-2 ceramic discs of two thicknesses (60 of 1 mm thick and 60 of 0.5 mm thick). Three different lightnesses of Variolink Veneer cement were used (−3, 0, and +3) for the cementation process. An Easyshade spectrophotometer was used to measure color coordinates (L*, C*, h, a*, and b*) on the discs both before and after cementation. To a large extent, color changes (ΔE ) after the cementation process were found to depend on cement thickness, ceramic thickness, and cement lightness. This model predicted 52% of the observed variability. The most marked change in color appeared on discs 0.5 mm thick and a cement lightness of −3 (ΔE = 12.0 units). By contrast, color was more stable (minor changes) on discs with a cement lightness of +3 (ΔE = 2.3 units).
All color coordinates were significantly modified after bonding, both on thin and thick discs and in all three cement color groups (−3, 0, and +3). However the difference in color (ΔE ) is significantly greater in discs 0.5 mm thick as compared with ceramic discs 1 mm thick. The most prominent change after bonding was found in the h (hue) coordinate. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2015
With the development of our modern information society, digital products have become integrated into daily life. Research on the color ergonomics of user interfaces is a pressing issue. However, color-vision-deficient individuals (CVDIs), who account for 4.25% of the population, must use interfaces designed for individuals with normal color vision; the demands of CVDIs have not been sufficiently addressed. In this article, we investigate color associations in the color ergonomics of user interface interaction in a manner that aims both to improve interaction efficiency and to meet the psychological needs of CVDIs. First, we study color physiological cognitions in the color interactions of user interfaces for red-green dichromats (RGDs) to determine the single-color, two-color, and three-color combinations with high discrimination for a later experiment. Second, we explore the psychological–cognition relationships of colors in user-interface interactions for RGDs. In an experiment involving 10 pairs of association semantemes and corresponding colors, the experimental results show that RGDs have different color cognitions caused by specific visual color expressions and unconscious environmental influences. Therefore, this article argues that RGD design should consider not only the habitual colors of solidified cognitions but also instinctive color associations. Finally, based on the results of previous experiments, we apply association color to the new interface design of computer security software (360 Total Security) for RGDs. Experimental results indicate that the application of color association in our new design can improve both interaction efficiency and CVDI user experience. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2015
To detect the layout of color yarns automatically, a novel projection-based fabric segmentation method is proposed to segment the double-system-mélange color fabric into several regions, which can be seen as single-system-mélange color fabrics. This method consists of five main steps: (1) yarn skew detection, (2) fabric image projecting, (3) projection curve smoothing, (4) variance curve calculating, and (5) curve peak confirmation. Based on the acquisition fabric image, the skew angles of warp and weft yarns are detected by Hough transform first. The projection curves of L, a, and b channels in Lab color model are generated and smoothed by Savitzky–Golay filter. The variance curves of L, a, and b are then calculated, and the peaks corresponding to the regional boundaries in each curve are detected. The regional boundaries are confirmed by synthesizing the curve peaks of L, a, and b. The experimental and theoretical analysis proves that the proposed method can segment the double-system-mélange color fabric into regions with satisfactory accuracy and good robustness. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2015
Digitization of cultural heritage protection has received considerable attention in heritage studies and spectral imaging technology has been playing an important role in this research. This article aims to study the technique of selecting optimal filter set to obtain ancient murals spectral image with high spectral and colorimetric accuracy based on the broadband spectral imaging system. The 330 Dunhuang murals mineral pigment color patches and the GretagMacbeth ColorChecker (CC) as well as 27 pieces of optical filters chosen as samples were examined. For each piece of filter, the three-channel image was captured by the spectral imaging system. Then, 351 groups of six-channel digital count images were acquired by arbitrary combinations of two among the 27 three-channel digital count images. The pseudo-inverse, principal component analysis, and R-matrix methods were used to reconstruct the spectral reflectance from the six-channel digital counts for each sample. Finally, this study identified the optimal filter set by evaluating the integrated error (TOTAL ERROR), which was calculated by normalizing the mean spectral root-mean-square error (RMS), mean spectral goodness-of-fit error (1-GFC), and mean CIEDE2000 color difference (ΔE00) and by multiplying them together. After the optimal optic filter set was selected, it was applied to the Dunhuang murals spectral imaging and was evaluated. The results showed that the optimal optic filter set could result in promising improvement both in spectral and color accuracy when compared with the production camera. In addition, it can be used for the construction of Dunhuang murals spectral image database. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2015
In view of the difficulty of distinguishing the color component in top dyed melange yarn due to the spectral overlap of the component colors, a novel color component analysis method based on support vector machine is presented. With this method, spectra data can be distinguished more accurately and effectively than with the traditional method—human-eye detection—and therefore, the method will be very helpful for accurate color matching. In our work, the core idea was to convert the overlapped spectra data into linearly separable ones in a high dimension space, followed by recognition and determination of the composition of melange yarn by trained support vector machine classifier. The effects of four kernel functions, i.e., linear, radial basis kernel, sigmoid, and polynomial, as well as five spectral preprocessing methods, including amplification, first derivative, second derivative, principal components analysis, and L*a*b* values were studied. The results demonstrated that with the amplification factor of 100 of reflectance spectra coupled with L*a*b* as input data, and using radial basis kernel as kernel function, the highest recognition rate was achieved, with an average recognition rate of eight colors of 96.5%, indicating that it was a better color component analysis method for top dyed melange yarn. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2015
The aim with our research is to contribute to a better understanding of how colour research findings can be conveyed to a broader target audience, using digital media. This article presents a user study focusing on the popular science project the Virtual Colour Laboratory (VCL). The VCL is an interactive webpage for presenting and demonstrating existing research results on spatial colour phenomena. It was initiated and carried out with the intention of spreading knowledge of colour appearance and colour perception to a wider target audience, from the viewpoint of practice based architectural colour research. The VCL enables the user to investigate actively how colours appear in different situations, and provides information on relevant literature and links for further studies. In a questionnaire study, carried out in 2014, two groups of users including architecture students and professionals within architecture, art and design evaluated the usability of the VCL with a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. The predominant result showed that the VCL generally was highly appreciated. However, the results also show differences in how the two groups experienced the visual and written content of the stations in the VCL, as well as differences in how they experienced the VCL as a whole. This highlights the importance of adjusting levels of information depending on the target group, as well as presents advantages and difficulties of showing research on spatial colour appearance on the web using digital visualization as a medium for presentation. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2015
The properties of polypropylene (PP) mixed with masterbatch (MB) and liquid color concentrates (LCC), respectively, were compared by preparing samples of PP with MB and PP with LCC and neat PP as a reference material using 1–4 extrusion cycles. Two colors were examined, i.e., a white color consisting of pigment white 6, and a green color consisting of pigment white 6, pigment blue 15:3, and pigment green 7. The color difference between PP prepared with MB and LCC was determined and the mechanical, rheological, and crystalline properties of PP prepared with MB and LCC were found to be generic. The color of PP obtained from MB and LCC were comparable. Further, it was found that the tensile strength, the viscosity, and the crystal structure obtained were similar when using LCC instead of MB. The viscosity of the treated PP generally decreased with increasing extruder retention time due to thermal degradation. The tensile strength and the crystal structure were independent of increased extruder retention time. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2015
Artists usually carefully select different colors in artistic work so as to convey special visual and emotional feelings. Color theme extraction techniques can help users to acquire the color styles in an image. However, current color theme extraction methods ignore the emotional factors, and they can only provide a single theme result for an image as well, neither of which meet people's favor on different colors under different mood states. This article introduces the conception of emotional color theme, introduces the color emotion theory into color theme extraction, and proposes a novel emotion color theme extraction framework. To achieve these goals, we perform the theme extraction with emotion value of each pixel instead of color value. The emotional discrepancy is proposed between the colors in the theme to evaluate a color theme quality and prove it with color theme dataset. Then a data driven approach is adopted to optimize the color theme. Different from previous optimizing strategies, we built the emotional relation between the target theme and the candidate theme. Our method can enhance the color editing results of previous methods, e.g., for color transfer our results can demonstrate hierarchical emotions from a single reference image. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2015
The relationship between reaction time and perceived contrast of random-dot-stereograms has been investigated in this article. First, reaction times of random-dot stereograms with luminance contrast variations and chromatic contrast variations at isoluminance were examined. Further experiments of reaction times were measured for random-dot stereograms filtered by a two-dimensional Gaussian filter. The results clearly indicate that reaction time gradually decreases as contrast increases and level outs when contrast approaches to some value. Furthermore, reaction times for same contrast were shorter for luminance changes than the chromatic variations along the red–green axis, which in turn were shorter than those along blue–yellow axis. Therefore, it could be concluded that luminance contrast cues are more effective than chromatic contrast cues at isoluminance in facilitating stereo perception. On the other hand, it has been found that there was no apparent difference of reaction times for filtered random-dot stereograms, compared with the unfiltered cases. Finally, there are large inter-subject variations in stereo perception. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2015
This article suggests a potential scientific approach in finding colour effects on human emotions and seasonal associations. A visual assessment of the colour samples was carried out with the help of Turkish observers in Denizli, Turkey. From the study, it was found that Turkish four season colours of spring, summer, autumn and winter were bright green, vivid yellow, dull yellow and dark grayish brown respectively. Moreover, the colour data were arranged in terms of gender and age of the observers. In this analysis, it was observed that the colour preferences changed according to the gender and age of the observers. For instance, the top spring colour preference of young ladies were vivid bluish green, light blue and bright purple, on the other hand the top spring colour preference of adult ladies was light yellow green and the top spring colour preference of young and adult men was bright green. In the study, the observers were also asked about elicited emotional associations of the main colours on their mind and the data were collected in a table. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2015
Print mottle is a print defect that occurs more or less on prints and has a negative influence on the evenness in print. Several methods to assess print mottle have been proposed. In this article, we analyzed three methods for print mottle evaluation: Histogram Mottle Macro, Gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) and M-score. The aim was to compare them and to determine their relation to perceived non-uniformity obtained by visual assessment. In the experimental part, we printed four different substrates with different optical properties with digital printing machine based on electrophotographic process. The surface of papers was characterized by measuring optical paper properties. The results obtained in this study suggest that GLCM method should be used for print mottle assessment. This method has the strongest correlation with the visual experience of print mottle. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2015
Due to technological influence on the production process there are variations of the chromaticity coordinates that may cause visible differences of the perceived color of LEDs of the same production batch. To minimize the negative impact of such variations for the user the manufacturers carry out colorimetric measurements of LEDs and sort them into tolerance groups of similar chromaticity coordinates. The corresponding groups are defined by their respective center point surrounded by a quadrangular tolerance limit whereas the tolerance limits are based on tolerance ellipses gained in the 1940s by MacAdam. However, due to another scientific target of MacAdam's experiments, applying his ellipses as a base for grouping the chromaticity coordinates has to be questioned. With a view toward a method for grouping according to chromaticity coordinates for white LEDs with phosphor conversion, the results of research with test subjects regarding their discrimination and magnitude perception of chromatic differences are presented. In this research three chromaticities with the correlated color temperatures of 2700, 4000, and 6500 K and variations of color transitions are investigated, which match realistic luminaire designs for practical applications. The empirically determined thresholds are expanded according to the transformation to different chromatic adaptation conditions as per von Kries that are then compared to the results by MacAdam and the influence on adaptation is being discussed. A new concept for the calculation of tolerance limits for LED binning is presented. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2015
When choosing which colors to offer in their product lines, firms often rely upon consumer preference models that do not account for the heterogeneity of their target market and do not consider the trade-offs consumers are willing to make for different color options. For this research we used visual conjoint analysis to assess preference for backpack color and then modeled respondent utilities with a Bayesian hierarchal multinomial logit model. This provided counter intuitive results in which product line color options are not additive but each color changes depending on the number of options the firm is willing to offer and that colors which seem to dominate secondary preferences within a target market may not be the best colors to choose for product line expansion. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2015
This article represents an analytical formulation for optical properties of absorbing metallic nanoparticles in visible region of electromagnetic spectrum based on Mie theory, in order to find a clear relationship between fundamental characteristics of nanoparticles with their spectral behavior and color coordinate in CIELAB color space. Calculations were performed on nanoparticles with various diameters (d = 50, 100, and 200 nm), as well as complex refractive index with different real (n = 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0) and imaginary (k = 0.001 and 0.1) parts. Obtained results reveal that scattering phenomena in nanoparticles are strongly linked to the particle size parameter and complex index of refraction. The results indicate that the reflectance and lightness (L*) of nanoparticles increases as a result of increase in their size and real part of complex refractive index and decrease with increasing the imaginary part of complex refractive index. The CIELAB colorimetric system was used for analysis the color of nanoparticles. According to obtained results, all nanoparticles have greenish-blue color, and undergo color change as a result of varying in their size and the complex refractive index. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2015
The appearance or printing quality of paper surfaces is mostly characterized by their glossiness, measured with a glossmeter as specular reflectance. The gloss properties of a base paper substrate can be improved after application of a poly(styrene-co-maleimide) nanoparticle coating under pure conditions or in the presence of different vegetable oils. The specular gloss properties of 11 different nanoparticle paper coatings have been determined under 75° and 85° incident light angles, with good relation between values along parallel (machine) and perpendicular (transverse) direction. The gloss properties for the different coatings have been further related to the surface topography. Therefore, the statistical and spatial surface roughness parameters have been studied in detail at two length scales including non-contact profilometry (1 × 1 mm2) and atomic force microscopy (2 × 2 μm2). Based on values of the Rayleigh parameter for non-contact profilometry, the surfaces can be considered as optically rough. The gloss values cannot be directly related to statistical surface roughness parameters. Otherwise, an experimental power-law model for gloss has been proposed as a function of (β/Sq) with correlation length β and root-mean-square roughness Sq. A best-fit model illustrates that gloss properties of various nanoparticle paper coatings mainly relate to the spatial surface roughness parameters determined from non-contact profilometry. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2015
Many applications in textile require color measurement of single strands of yarns due to unavailability of a mass of consecutive yarns. While multispectral imaging systems can capture images of single strands of yarns, an unavoidable problem accompanied is how to specify their colors from images, in which pixel values vary with positions owing to three-dimensional shape of yarn. Based on the response of multispectral imaging systems to single strands of yarns, this article formulates the color specification problem as an optimization question and four methods are proposed: average of all pixels (AA), average of pixels in central area (AC), maxima of all pixels (MA), and lightness weighting method (LW). The first experiment analyzed color distribution of pixels on a single strand of yarn. Experimental results show pixels in central area have smallest color variation and largest intensity. The second experiment compared the proposed methods. Results show that CIEXYZ, L*, and C* values specified by the AA and MA methods are lowest and highest. Finally, colors of single strands of yarns specified by the proposed methods were compared with spectrophotometric colors of yarn windings using 12 pairs of single strands of yarns and yarn windings. Experimental results show the MA method yields the smallest lightness and chroma difference compared with spectrophotometric colors of yarn windings. The average color difference between spectrophotometric colors of yarn windings and multispectral imaging colors of single strands of yarns specified by the AA, AC, MA, and LW methods is 3.45, 2.72, 2.37, and 3.33 CMC(2:1) units. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2015
The question of how many different colors humans can perceive has been of interest to philosophers, psychologists and color scientists for centuries. In recent years the question of the number of distinguishable object color stimuli has been addressed by color scientists by defining a distinguishable color as a given stimulus surrounded by the contour of stimuli just noticeably different from the central stimulus. For a particular set of conditions the number of distinguishable object color stimuli assessed in this manner has recently been found to be slightly larger than 2 million. In this article an argument is made that the related rules are arbitrary and unnecessarily limiting. Based on logical arguments and experimental just noticeable difference data it is shown that, for the conditions involved, a more realistic if conservative number of distinguishable object color stimuli is ∼40 million. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2015
In a recent article on color constancy, the chromatic adaptation model was of a novel type comprising three components separately calculated—hue, chromaticness, and lightness. The constant hue component was a simple calculation of predicted wavelength but the other two components were less direct. This article provides an algorithm to simplify the model's calculation. Calculation is far simpler and more intuitive than conventional models using complex 3 × 3 matrix transforms with their various and contentious adaptation primaries and potential disadvantages (e.g., in brightness and color gamut). The model is shown to be at least as accurate as six other (conventional) models and does not require high math skill. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2015
Human color vision differs from person to person, not only when color deficiencies occur but also within color-normal populations. Investigating individual variability in normal color vision is beneficial both for clinical purposes and for quantifying observer metamerism. Researchers have used color matches such as Rayleigh matches, Moreland matches, the D&H color rule, and various combinations of different media for such investigations. However, none of them were originally aimed at investigating the interobserver variability in color-normal populations, but rather were aimed at screening for color-deficiencies. The objective of this study was, therefore, to design and carry out a color matching experiment where observer variability appeared as large as possible to detect the interobserver differences in the color-normal population. Color matching was simulated under different combinations of reference spectrum and matching primaries using ColorChecker patches, different display/projector primaries, and the Stiles and Burch 49 observers. The simulation results showed: (1) The choice of spectra for the matching primaries had a significant effect on observer variability, (2) observer variability was large for near-neutral reference colors, and (3) observer variability in the lightness direction was small relative to chromatic variability. The color matching experiment highlighting interobserver variability was designed based on these three findings and carried out for 61 color-normal observers. Typical interobserver variability was 9.2 mean color difference from the mean (MCDM) using CIEDE2000 (spanning about 40 CIELAB units), which was much larger than any previous experiment. The obtained color matching data are useful for derivation, validation, and analysis of color matching functions. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2015
Psychophysical, achromatic luminance threshold, and scaling data have been analyzed and found to follow from nonlinear, hyperbolic responses of retinal cones. For short (0.1 s) stimulus duration, a stable state of visual adaptation could explain the threshold response, but for longer durations a change of adaptation had to be considered. This resulted in a contrast sensitivity that increased when the stimulus duration increased and became constant for higher test field luminances. Threshold and scaling data can thus be traced back to cone-specific responses over a much larger range of stimulus intensity than has been anticipated earlier. The experimental results, including those for lightness and brightness scaling, have been compared with the CIELAB and the CIEDE2000 color formulas. The idea of combining cone responses with adaptive changes to describe luminance responses resulted in a common cone-based response formula for describing both luminance thresholds and scaling data. Adaptive changes explain the reason why both Weber–Fechner and Stevens' laws are valid. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 41, 339–351, 2016
Starch granules viewed under a polarizing microscope may exhibit vivid interference colors – how can they be measured? A tilting compensator was used to generate interference colors, they were measured by spectrophotometry (400–700 nm at 10 nm intervals), and the weighted ordinate method was used to calculate chromaticity coordinates. There was a reasonable correspondence between the subjective terms used to describe interference colors, and those used for the CIE diagram. Three different charts of interference colors were measured by fiber-optics – only one was close to the interference colors of the tilting compensator (r = 0.805 for CIE x, and r = 0.874 for CIE y, both P < 0.005). The spectra of various interference colors were like sine waves, whereas the matching spectra from charts were irregular with occasional peaks or dips. Thus, radically different spectra shared very similar chromaticity coordinates. As anticipated from first principles, the diameter of starch granules had a strong effect on their chromaticity coordinates (from r = 0.78 to r = 0.87, all P < 0.001). © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 41, 352–357, 2016
A spectral-based method can acquire and represent the surface appearance of a given material physically correctly. But, it has drawbacks due to its high measurement cost and a long computation time in measuring, modeling, and rendering. In this article, we present spectral recovery and representation of spectral bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) from multispectral reflectance measurements in which we can render real appearance materials over a 3D model with accuracy and efficiency. First of all, an accurate spectral BRDF recovery algorithm, which transforms multispectral high dynamic range images into highly dense BRDFs in both a spectral and an angular domain, is proposed. Second, an efficient representation method is developed representing spectral BRDFs compactly using a factorization method and an adaptive spectral sampling method that uses a given error bound. The results show that the proposed method can compress the spectral BRDF data down by several hundred times while maintaining the given accuracy in colorimetric and spectral domains under a specific illuminant. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 41, 358–371, 2016
Numerical corrections of colorimetric errors caused by positioning error and irregular geometry in multiangle measurements of gonio-apparent coatings are presented. These corrections use a model function approximating the gonio-reflection characteristics of the coating to convert the angular displacement due to those geometric errors to reflectance factor errors to be corrected as well as to estimate the angular displacement conversely from the reflectance factors. The performance of these corrections was evaluated for 11 different gonio-apparent coatings using a multiangle geometry conforming to ASTM E2539 consisting of eight subgeometries to which artificial displacements were applied so as to present typical positioning errors or irregular geometries. The results show that both corrections significantly reduce the colorimetric errors for all specimens in all subgeometries sensitive to geometric errors. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2015
The interest in gonioapparent pigments (metallic, pearlescent, interference, or diffractive) has increased in the last few years, especially for applications in the automotive industry. To assure a proper characterization of colors with gonioapparent pigments, commercial devices have appeared to characterize the color in different geometries, which are called multiangle spectrophotometers. As the gonioapparent pigments and multiangle instruments are relatively new, no studies exist regarding the instrumental-based procedure followed in the industry, and if the results provided are in agreement with the observer perception.
Consequently, the main objective of this study was to examine the correlation of the instrumental color differences with visual assessments. The instrumental color difference was calculated with the color difference formula AUDI2000 (specific for this sector) between the pairs of similar samples of three types of coated panels (solid, metallic, and pearlescent). The values measured by a telespectroradiometer in a directional lighting booth and the colorimetric values obtained by means of a multiangle spectrophotometer BYK-mac were considered for this purpose. Additionally, a visual experiment was conducted to quantify the color difference by using the gray-scale method.
The results revealed that an acceptable instrumental correlation existed despite the visual and the instrumental correlation being worse. In particular, it was checked that observers accepted a larger number of color pairs, that is, the visual color difference was smaller than the tolerance demanded by the industry (derived from AUDI2000). © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 41, 384–391, 2016
The results of examination of the influence of ageing by UV rays on the gloss, color, and morphology of injection molded parts made of ABS terpolymer with addition of coloring agents in the form of powder and its masterbatch (granulate) based on ABS and PS media are presented in this article. It has been shown that the UV radiation contributes to decrease in the value of gloss and increase in the luminance of moldings and also changes values of parameters a and b, describing the change in parts color, in the direction of red and yellow, which is connected with the degradation of polymer ABS and coloring agents. Ageing process leads to structural changes in polymer, depending on the type of coloring agent. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 41, 392–398, 2016
Two calculation forms are presented for calibrating a Kubelka–Munk (KM) translucent layer using white and black backgrounds. The equations, derived from the hyperbolic and exponential forms of the KM equations and replacing variables a and b with c = S/K and d = bc, give results identical to the usual method, but avoid near-zero divisions in the low-scattering limit. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 41, 399–401, 2016
The present study investigated Italian basic color terms (BCTs). It is an extension of our previous work that explored Italian basic color categories (BCCs) using a constrained color-naming method, with 11 Italian BCTs allowed, including blu for naming the BLUE area. Since a latter outcome indicated a categorization bias, here monolexemic color-naming method was employed, enabling also use of azzurro, deeply entrenched Italian term that designates light blue. In Experiment 1, colors (N = 367), sampling the Munsell Mercator projection, were presented on a CRT; color names and reaction times of vocalization onset were recorded. Naming consistency and consensus were estimated. Consistency was obtained for 12 CTs, including the two blue terms; consensus was found for 11 CTs, excluding rosso "red." For each consensus category, color with the shortest response time was considered focal. In Experiment 2, consensus stimuli (N = 72) were presented; on each trial, observers indicated the focal color ("best example") in an array of colors comprising a consensus category. For each of the 12 Italian CCs, centroid was calculated and focal color (two measures) estimated. Compared to English color terms, two outcomes are specific to Italian color naming: (i) naming of the RED-PURPLE area is highly refined, with consistent use of emergent non-BCTs; (ii) azzurro and blu both perform as BCTs dividing the BLUE area along the lightness dimension. The findings are considered in the framework of the weak relativity hypothesis. Historico-linguistic, environmental, and pragmatic communication factors are discussed that conceivably have driven the extension of the BCT inventory in Italian. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 41, 402–415, 2016
The assessment of scattered light in lenses, sunglasses and eye protection has been carried out in various ways. Wide-angle scatter (haze) is used in the United States, Australia and New Zealand. Small-angle scatter (light diffusion) is specified in Europe. Little is known of the relationships within and between the methods. In an international standard, a single method is generally required. The measurement of wide-angle scatter (haze) (two variations of a method) and small-angle scatter (light diffusion) (three variations of a method) were carried out on 12 samples, 4 abraded, 4 with inclusion defects and 4 with surface coating defects, in an international inter-laboratory comparison. The consensus means and confidence limits were used to compare two haze methods: the "Basic" light diffusion method and two variations of the "Simplified" light diffusion method. For abraded samples, haze and light diffusion measures are linearly related. For the remaining samples, the haze method was a much more sensitive detector of low levels of light scatter. The three measures of light diffusion are highly linearly correlated. Haze is the more sensitive measure for lower levels of light scatter when due to smaller scattering elements. The Basic and Simplified methods are highly linearly correlated. The red laser Simplified method returns a value 10% lower than that of the Basic method, and the green laser Simplified method returns a value 12% higher than that of the Basic method. These can be accounted for by a calibration factor or different acceptance values. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 41, 416–423, 2016
Many studies have demonstrated that people associate customary colors to buildings and facilities, and these colors significantly influence people's evaluations of the environment. However, whether customary colors also exist in the environments where building facilities have been installed is rarely discussed. Using correspondence analysis, this study explored the colors associated with five different outdoor recreational spaces (theme parks, national parks, recreational farms, riverside parks, and historic heritage sites) and fitted facility colors. The study acquired a valid sample of 103 college students and demonstrated that people judge colors in recreational spaces according to past experience and their impressions of the spaces. Hue, value, and saturation are not independent factors for color consideration; a color with a specific value and saturation is particularly suitable for some spaces. In addition, the color associated with an environment and the compatible color for facilities are not exactly the same. The possible factors that influence different environment colors and future research directions were also discussed. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 41, 424–432, 2016


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25.07.16 by Jeff
Artist Spotlight: Pema Rinzin
Artist Pema Rinzin creates contemporary works using traditional Tibetan Buddhist painting techniques. Rinzin was born in Tibet and raise in India. More images below.
25.07.16 by Jeff
Reader Submission: Jhon Douglas
Drawings by artist Jhon Douglas, found via our July Reader Submissions. More images below!
25.07.16 by Jeff
Artist Spotlight: Carlo Cane
A selection of paintings by Italian artist Carlo Cane. More images below.
25.07.16 by Staff
Street Artist Erects Tiny Wall Around Trump's Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame
British-born, Los Angeles-based street artist Plastic Jesus (whose work feels heavily inspired by Banksy) has erected a six inch wall around Donald Trump's hollywood star in response to the presidential candidate and the absurd wall he's claimed to build if elected. More images below.
25.07.16 by Staff
Artist Spotlight: Mary F. Coats
A selection of colourful abstract paintings by London-born, Northern California-based artist Mary F. Coats. More images below.

subset: commoncrawl


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There are 9,395 names matching your criteria. This is page 10.
EUGENIA f Italian, Spanish, Romanian, Polish, English, Ancient Greek (Latinized)
Feminine form of Eugenius (see EUGENE)... [more]
EULÁLIA f Portuguese, Hungarian, Slovak
Portuguese, Hungarian and Slovak form of EULALIA.
EULALIA f Spanish, Italian, English, Ancient Greek
Derived from Greek ευλαλος (eulalos) meaning "sweetly-speaking", itself from ευ (eu) "good" and λαλεω (laleo) "to talk"... [more]
EUMELIA f Ancient Greek
Derived from Greek ευμελεια (eumeleia) meaning "melody".
EUN m & f Korean
From Sino-Korean 恩 (eun) meaning "kindness, mercy, charity" or 銀 (eun) meaning "silver, money", as well as other hanja characters which are pronounced in the same way... [more]
EUNICE f Biblical, English, Biblical Latin
Latinized form of the Greek name Ευνικη (Eunike) which meant "good victory" from ευ (eu) "good" and νικη (nike) "victory"... [more]
EUNIKE f Biblical Greek, Ancient Greek
Greek form of EUNICE.
EUN-JEONG f Korean
From Sino-Korean 恩 (eun) meaning "kindness, mercy, charity" or 慇 (eun) meaning "careful, anxious, attentive" combined with 廷 (jeong) meaning "court" or 婷 (jeong) meaning "pretty, graceful"... [more]
EUN-JI f Korean
From Sino-Korean 恩 (eun) meaning "kindness, mercy, charity" combined with 智 (ji) meaning "wisdom, intellect" or 地 (ji) meaning "earth, soil, ground"... [more]
EUNOMIA f Greek Mythology
Means "good order" in Greek, ultimately from ευ (eu) "good" and νομος (nomos) "law, custom"... [more]
EUN-YEONG f Korean
From Sino-Korean 恩 (eun) meaning "kindness, mercy, charity" and 英 (yeong) meaning "flower, petal, brave, hero"... [more]
EUPHEMIA f Ancient Greek, English (Archaic)
Means "to use words of good omen" from Greek () "good" and φημι (phemi) "to speak, to declare"... [more]
EUPHRASIA f Ancient Greek
Means "good cheer" in Greek.
EUPHROSYNE f Greek Mythology
Means "mirth, merriment" in Greek... [more]
EUPRAXIA f Ancient Greek
From a Greek word meaning "good conduct", derived from ευ (eu) "good" and πραξις (praxis) "action, exercise".
EUROPA f Greek Mythology (Latinized)
Latinized form of Greek Ευρωπη (Europe), which meant "wide face" from ευρυς (eurys) "wide" and ωψ (ops) "face, eye"... [more]
EUROPE f Greek Mythology
Greek form of EUROPA.
EURYDICE f Greek Mythology (Latinized)
From the Greek Ευρυδικη (Eurydike) which meant "wide justice", derived from ευρυς (eurys) "wide" and δικη (dike) "justice"... [more]
EURYDIKE f Greek Mythology
Greek form of EURYDICE.
EUSTACIA f English (Rare)
Feminine form of EUSTACE.
EUTERPE f Greek Mythology
Means "delight" in Greek, ultimately from ευ (eu) "good" and τερπω (terpo) "to satisfy, to cheer"... [more]
EUTHALIA f Ancient Greek
Means "flower, bloom" from the Greek word ευθαλεια (euthaleia), itself derived from ευ (eu) "good" and θαλλω (thallo) "to blossom".
EUTHYMIA f Ancient Greek
Feminine form of EUTHYMIUS.
EUTROPIA f Ancient Greek
Feminine form of Eutropios (see EUTROPIUS).
EUTYCHIA f Ancient Greek
Feminine form of Eutychios (see EUTYCHIUS).
EVA f Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, English, Czech, Slovak, German, Dutch, Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, Icelandic, Greek, Slovene, Bulgarian, Croatian, Russian, Georgian, Old Church Slavic, Biblical Latin
Latinate form of EVE... [more]
EVADNE f Greek Mythology (Latinized)
From Greek Ευαδνη (Euadne), which is of unknown meaning, though the first element is derived from Greek ευ (eu) "good"... [more]
EVANGELIJA f Macedonian
Macedonian feminine form of EVANGELOS.
EVANGELINA f Spanish, English
Latinate form of EVANGELINE.
EVANGELINE f English
Means "good news" from Greek ευ (eu) "good" and αγγελμα (angelma) "news, message"... [more]
EVANGELIYA f Bulgarian
Bulgarian feminine form of EVANGELOS.
EVDOKIJA f Macedonian
Macedonian form of EUDOCIA.
EVDOKIYA f Bulgarian, Russian
Bulgarian form of EUDOCIA, and a variant Russian transcription of YEVDOKIYA.
EVE f English, French, Biblical
From the Hebrew name חַוָּה (Chawwah), which was derived from the Hebrew word חוה (chawah) "to breathe" or the related word חיה (chayah) "to live"... [more]
EVELEEN f English (Rare)
Either a diminutive of EVE or a variant of EVELYN.
EVELYN f & m English, German
From an English surname which was derived from the given name AVELINE... [more]
EVGENIJA f Macedonian
Macedonian form of EUGENIA.
EVGENIYA f Bulgarian, Russian
Bulgarian form of EUGENIA and a variant Russian transcription of YEVGENIYA.
EVPRAKSIYA f Russian
Variant transcription of YEVPRAKSIYA.
EYDÍS f Ancient Scandinavian, Icelandic
Derived from the Old Norse elements ey "good fortune" or "island" and dís "goddess".
FÁBIA f Portuguese
Portuguese feminine form of FABIUS.
FABIA f Italian, Ancient Roman
Feminine form of FABIUS.
FABIANA f Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Ancient Roman
Feminine form of Fabianus (see FABIAN).
FABRICIA f Ancient Roman
Feminine form of Fabricius (see FABRICE).
FAITH f English
Simply from the English word faith, ultimately from Latin fidere "to trust"... [more]
FAITHE f English (Rare)
Variant of FAITH.
FALLON f English (Modern)
From an Irish surname which was derived from Ó Fallamhain meaning "descendant of Fallamhan"... [more]
FANCY f English (Rare)
From the English word fancy which means either "like, love, inclination" or "ornamental"... [more]
FANG f & m Chinese
From Chinese 芳 (fāng) meaning "fragrant, virtuous, beautiful" or other characters with a similar pronunciation.
FANNI f Finnish, Hungarian
Finnish diminutive of FRANCISCA and a Hungarian diminutive of FRANCISKA or STEFÁNIA.
FANTINE f Literature
This name was used by Victor Hugo for the mother of Cosette in his novel 'Les Misérables' (1862)... [more]
FARAI m & f Southern African, Shona
Means "rejoice" in Shona.
FÁTIMA f Portuguese, Spanish
From the name of a town in Portugal, which is derived from the Arabic feminine name FATIMAH, apparently after a Moorish princess who converted to Christianity during the Reconquista... [more]
FATMA f Arabic, Turkish, Azerbaijani
Turkish and Azerbaijani form of FATIMAH, as well as an Arabic variant.
FATSANI m & f Southern African, Chewa
Means "be meek" in Chewa.
FAUNA f Roman Mythology
Feminine form of FAUNUS... [more]
FAUSTA f Italian, Ancient Roman
Feminine form of FAUSTUS.
FAUSTINA f Ancient Roman, Italian
Feminine form of Faustinus (see FAUSTINO).
FEDELM f Irish Mythology
Variant of FEIDELM.
FEDELMID m & f Ancient Irish, Irish Mythology
Variant of FEIDLIMID.
FEDLIMID m & f Ancient Irish, Irish Mythology
Variant of FEIDLIMID.
FEIDELM f Irish Mythology
Possibly a feminine form of FEIDLIMID... [more]
FEIDLIMID m & f Ancient Irish, Irish Mythology
Possibly means "beauty" or "ever good" in Irish Gaelic... [more]
FELÍCIA f Hungarian, Portuguese
Hungarian and Portuguese form of FELICIA.
FELICIA f English, Spanish, Hungarian, Romanian, Dutch, Swedish, Late Roman
Feminine form of the Latin name Felicius, a derivative of FELIX... [more]
FELICIANA f Spanish, Italian, Late Roman
Feminine form of Felicianus (see FELICIANO).
FELICIDAD f Spanish
Spanish form of FELICITAS (1)... [more]
FELICIDADE f Portuguese
Portuguese form of FELICITAS (1)... [more]
FÉLICIENNE f French
French feminine form of Felicianus (see FELICIANO).
FELICITA f Italian
Italian form of FELICITAS (1)... [more]
FELICITÁS f Hungarian
Hungarian form of FELICITAS (1).
FELICITAS (1) f German, Late Roman
Late Latin name which meant "good luck, fortune"... [more]
FELICITAS (2) f Roman Mythology
Means "good luck, fortune" in Latin... [more]
FÉLICITÉ f French
French form of FELICITAS (1).
FELICITY f English
From the English word felicity meaning "happiness", which ultimately derives from Latin felicitas "good luck"... [more]
FELICYTA f Polish
Polish form of FELICITAS (1).
FELINA f Late Roman
Feminine form of FELINUS.
FELIZITAS f German
German variant of FELICITAS (1).
FEMIE f English (Rare)
Diminutive of EUPHEMIA.
FEMKE f Dutch, Frisian
Diminutive of Germanic names beginning with the element frid "peace"... [more]
FEN (1) f & m Chinese
From Chinese 芬 (fēn) meaning "fragrance, aroma, perfume" (which is usually only feminine) or 奋 (fèn) meaning "strive, exert" (usually only masculine)... [more]
FERDINANDA f Italian, German
Feminine form of FERDINAND.
FERNANDA f Spanish, Portuguese, Italian
Spanish, Portuguese and Italian feminine form of FERDINAND.
FİDAN f Turkish, Azerbaijani
Means "sapling" in Turkish and Azerbaijani.
FIDELIA f Spanish (Rare)
Feminine form of FIDEL.
FILIMENA f Macedonian
Macedonian form of PHILOMENA.
FILIPPA f Russian, Greek, Swedish, Italian
Russian, Greek, Swedish and Italian feminine form of PHILIP.
FILOMENA f Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch
Italian, Spanish, Portuguese and Dutch form of PHILOMENA.
FINNGUALA f Irish, Irish Mythology
Older form of FIONNUALA.
FINNUALA f Irish, Irish Mythology
Variant of FIONNUALA.
FIONNGHUALA f Irish, Scottish, Irish Mythology
Variant of FIONNUALA.
FIONNUALA f Irish, Irish Mythology
Means "white shoulder" from Irish fionn "white, fair" and guala "shoulder"... [more]
FIRUZA f Azerbaijani, Tajik, Uzbek
Azerbaijani, Tajik and Uzbek form of FIRUZEH.
FLANNERY f & m English (Rare)
From an Irish surname which was derived from Ó Flannghaile meaning "descendant of Flannghal"... [more]
FLÁVIA f Portuguese
Portuguese feminine form of FLAVIUS.
FLAVIANA f Ancient Roman, Italian
Feminine form of FLAVIAN.
FLEUR f French, Dutch, English (Rare)
Means "flower" in French... [more]
FLEURETTE f French (Rare), Dutch (Rare), English (Rare)
Diminutive of FLEUR.
FLOELLA f English (Rare)
Elaborated form of FLO.
FLORENCE f & m English, French
From the Latin name Florentius or the feminine form Florentia, which were derived from florens "prosperous, flourishing"... [more]
FLORENTIA f Late Roman
Original feminine form of FLORENCE.
FLORENTINA f Spanish, Late Roman
Feminine form FLORENTINUS.
FLORENTINE f French
French form of FLORENTINA.
FLORETTA f English, German (Rare)
Latinate diminutive of FLORA.
FLORETTE f French (Rare)
French diminutive of FLORA.
FLORIANA f Italian, Ancient Roman
Italian feminine form of FLORIAN.
FLORINDA f Spanish, Portuguese
Elaborated form of Spanish or Portuguese flor meaning "flower".
FLOWER f English (Rare)
Simply from the English word flower for the blossoming plant... [more]
FOLAMI m & f Western African, Yoruba
Means "respect and honour me" in Yoruba.
FORTUNATA f Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Late Roman
Feminine form of FORTUNATO.
FORTUNE f English (Rare)
Simply from the English word fortune, ultimately from Latin fortuna, a derivative of fors "luck".
FRANCE f French
From the name of the country, sometimes considered a feminine form of FRANK (1) or short form of FRANÇOISE, both of which are ultimately related to the name of the country.
FRANCENE f English (Rare)
English variant of FRANCINE.
FRANCIS m & f English, French
English form of the Late Latin name Franciscus which meant "Frenchman"... [more]
FRANCISCA f Spanish, Portuguese, Late Roman
Spanish and Portuguese feminine form of Franciscus (see FRANCIS).
FRANCISZKA f Polish
Polish feminine form of Franciscus (see FRANCIS).
FRANKA (1) f German, Dutch
German and Dutch feminine form of FRANK (1).
FRANKA (2) f Croatian
Croatian form of FRANCA.
FRANTZISKA f Basque
Basque feminine form of Franciscus (see FRANCIS).
FREA f Norse Mythology
Variant of FREYA.
FREDERICA f Portuguese, English
Feminine form of FREDERICO or FREDERICK.
FREDERIKKE f Danish
Danish feminine form of FREDERICK.
FRÉDÉRIQUE f French
French form of FREDERICA.
Aada ⇔ Alessa
Alessandra ⇔ Anjali
Anjelica ⇔ Ava
Avaline ⇔ Blandina
Blandine ⇔ Cassiopeia
Cătălina ⇔ Clytemnestra
Clytia ⇔ Diamantina
Diamanto ⇔ Elanor
Elba ⇔ Eugênia
Eugenia ⇔ Fredrika
Freida ⇔ Grozdana
Grusha ⇔ Hero
Hersilia ⇔ Isabella
Isabelle ⇔ Jin
Jinan ⇔ Kasimira
Kassandra ⇔ Kotryna
Kourtney ⇔ Libuše
Lída ⇔ Lyda
Lýdia ⇔ Marianna
Marianne ⇔ Merla
Merle ⇔ Nadejda
Naděžda ⇔ No'ah
Noah ⇔ Patience
Patigul ⇔ Raisel
Raja ⇔ Roxy
Royse ⇔ Séraphine
Seren ⇔ Slava
Slavěna ⇔ Tammi
Tammie ⇔ Tryphaina
Tryphena ⇔ Vlastimila
Vlatka ⇔ Zeynab
Zeynep ⇔ Zyta


text:
Federal Government Depends Increasingly On Tech Collaboration, Microsoft Solutions
GSA CDO Kris Rowley explains cultural shifts within federal government agencies around technology and innovation.
The 10 Most Controversial Companies Of 2016 (So Far)
CRN has scoured the news headlines and identified 10 companies that have been stirring things up so far this year.
The 10 Most Important Tech Partnerships In 2016 (So Far)
CRN examines the 10 partnerships which are continuing to have an impact on the solution provider landscape so far this year.
IoT Channel Chronicles: How Microsoft Partner BlueMetal Profited From Smart Refrigerators
In this week's IoT channel series, CRN talks to a Microsoft partner that is profiting from healthcare IoT by building smart refrigerators.
Apply now for Enterprise App Awards.
Who Are You Voting For?
CRN wants to know who you plan to vote for this November in the 2016 Presidential Election.


text:
Photo Special10 Best Celeb Quotes This Week
The Bronx Zoo cobra takes aim at the Karate Kid on Twitter, plus more from Reese Witherspoon, Tina Fey and other stars
Credit: FOX
Updated: Friday Apr 01, 2011 | 06:00 AM EDT By: Christie LaRusso
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