text:
Jerry Jones Wants You (To Answer Phone Calls and Take Reservations)
Or, another entry in the ongoing Unfair Park series "Local Sports Venue Help-Wanted Ad." Texas Stadium has but one season left till it becomes Irving's Reunion Arena. Which doesn't mean it's not too late to work for Mister Jerry: Says here the joint's looking for someone to work as the coordinator at the Stadium Club, which means you'll be charged with "handling all incoming reservation calls, ensuring the accuracy of the data, maintaining customer/reservation database, contacting clientele via mail outs and other means, and assisting with general office duties." Too hard for me, what with all the "accuracy." But you might dig it -- the trip to the buffet line, especially. --Robert Wilonsky
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text:
We assist Canadian charities, their staff and boards of directors, to understand their legal and ethical obligations when operating a Canadian registered charity and provide insights and information to non-Canadian charities interested in operating or fundraising in Canada.
The charitable sector in Canada has become more challenging. It is highly competitive with over 86,000 Canadian registered charities. As well donors, regulators, media, the public as well as other stakeholders, have increasingly high expectations of charities and how they operate. We assist charities in Canada grapple with these important legal and standards issues.
In a recent decision Mariano v. The Queen, the Tax Court of Canada (TCC) awarded a very large cost award in favour of CRA (who was the respondent in the matter) and against GLGI, the promoter, and some of its investors. The Court ordered costs of $491,136.95 minus the costs of two expert witnesses which will have to be determined. The TCC also noted with respect to CRA "The Respondent was totally successful in the trials of the above matters involving a charitable donation scheme which spanned over 25 days of hearings including one week of oral argument supplemented by detailed written argument given by both sides." Please note they did not say largely succesful - they said "totally" succesful. It is quite clear that the TCC after many many years is getting impatient with listening to arguments in favour of what the CRA used to call "abusive charity gifting tax schemes".
A recent case, Credit Counselling Services of Atlantic Canada Inc. v. The Queen, 2016 FCA 193, dealt with an annulment of a registered charity. CRA had annulled the registered charity status of Credit Counselling Services of Atlantic Canada Inc. in this Notice of Annulment of Registration in 2013 that we had previously posted on our website. Credit Counselling Services of Atlantic Canada Inc had appealed the decision to CRA but CRA confirmed the Notice of Annulment in April of 2015. Credit Counselling Services of Atlantic Canada appealed to the Federal Court of Appeal and in a decision on June 24, 2016 the Federal Court of Appeal upheld the CRA decision and dismissed the appeal. There are really two issues in the case. First, is the 'prevention of poverty' a recognized charitable purpose as opposed to 'relief of poverty' which is one of the four heads of charity. The Court found that prevention of poverty is not a charitable purpose. Second, annulments are far more unusual than revocation as a result of audit and therefore the case provides some clarity standards for review of annulment. Essentially, annulments being contested will be treated by the FCA in a similar way to a revocation.
Markou v. The Queen, 2016 TCC 137 is a super boring case dealing with the jurisdiction of the Tax Court of Canada and whether such court can make a determination as to whether certain proceeds are part of a Quistclose trust. Beyond whether there are or are not enough legal gymnastics in this decision there is lots of interesting background on a complicated tax scheme from 2001 that probably few have heard of. The leveraged donation scheme known as "The Donation Program for Medical Science and Technology" was implemented by Trinity Capital Corporation from 2001 - 2003. An example of one donor is that he put in $3,520,000 and received a tax receipt for $11 million which would save him about $3.2 million in Federal taxes and $1.9m in Ontario taxes.
Deluca v Canada, 2016 ONSC 3865, is an Ontario Court of Justice claim by Mr. Deluca against the CRA. Mr. Deluca had invested over $100,000 in a tax shelter involving a barter network and 'donations' to a registered charity. When CRA denied his donation claims Mr. Deluca sued the CRA because he argued they owed him a duty and they were slow in revoking the status of a registered charity. The courts quite harshly dismissed Mr. Deluca's claim. I guess you can summarize the case as -all because a business and a registered charity encourages you to get involved in a questionable donation scheme and CRA does not accept the validity of the donation you cannot use CRA as an 'insurance policy' to cover your losses by suing CRA.
The Canada Revenue Agency ('CRA') recently revoked the charitable registration of the ACTLAP Children's Foundation (A.C.F.). CRA revoked the charitable status on the basis that the organization had operated primarily for the non-charitable purpose of furthering a tax shelter donation arrangement, the Pharma Gifts International Inc. program. The charity agreed to accept alleged gifts of property from participants in this scheme and act as a receipting agent. Over $64 million dollars in charitable receipts were improperly issued for donations of cash and pharmaceuticals.
The Ontario Court of Appeal has upheld a lower court decision which endorsed the Law Society of Upper Canada's decision to not accredit Trinity Western University's law school because of their "community covenant".
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subset: commoncrawl


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I'd like to be able to write a PHP class that behaves like an array and uses normal array syntax for getting & setting.
For example (where Foo is a PHP class of my making):
$foo = new Foo();
$foo['fooKey'] = 'foo value';
echo $foo['fooKey'];
I know that PHP has the _get and _set magic methods but those don't let you use array notation to access items. Python handles it by overloading __getitem__ and __setitem__.
Is there a way to do this in PHP? If it makes a difference, I'm running PHP 5.2.


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General Information
Contact Person
Fatih Obuz
General Manager
Countries Exported To
electrical materials, electrical material manufacturer, electrical material supplier, electrical switches, electrical switch, switch, switches, on off switches, dissector switches, freely rotatable switches, multi-step switches, welding machine switches, change over switches, motor control switches, star delta switches, reversing switches, two speed switches, spring switches, measuring switches, voltmeter switch, control button, signal lamps, square model switch, step commutator, cam switches,
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Opas Cam Switch
Establishment Date/Number of Staff
1984 / 51-100
Tax Administration/Tax Number
Banks Worked with
Business Segment
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Other Language Profiles
Contact Information
Necip Fazıl Mah. Dilektaşı Sok. Yukarı Dudullu Ümraniye İstanbul, Turkey
Postal Code
Phone Number
+90 216 314 55 93
Fax Number
+90 216 364 19 31
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Beautiful dark chestnut mare by the great Wimpys little Step, The NRHA 7 Million $ sire. 2016 foal is by Smart Lil Diesel a Creamello stallion that is…$10,000
Team Roping Horse, youth horse all around .....2007 mare. Here is an own daughter of the great Starlights Gypsy,NCHA earner $127,772 a leading sire. Unos…$12,500
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4 years old, calm, gentle and very responsive! Has been in training for the past year, and she has been doing great with it. Very soft and supple, she…$4,200


text:
$ 69.99 SALE: $ 41.99 Not Eligible For Return
The perfect balance of patent come together on this Michael Antonio sandal. Thorpe is made up of a pink patent upper with double adjustable ankle straps. A 1 inch blue platform and 5 1/2 stiletto heel complete this adventurous peep toe.
G by Guess
Gennie - Gold LL
G by Guess
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Lyrics Depot is your source of lyrics to Take Me by Tammy Wynette. Please check back for more Tammy Wynette lyrics.
Take Me Lyrics
Artist: Tammy Wynette
Album: We Go Together
Tammy Wynette and George Jones
(L. Payne, G. Jones)
16 Biggest Hits - Tammy Wynette and George Jones Album
Transcriber: Awcantor
Take me, take me to your darkest room
Close every window and bolt every door
The very first moment I heard your voice
I'd be in darkness no more
Take me to your most barren desert
A thousand miles from the nearest sea
The very moment I saw your smile
It would be like heaven to me
There's not any mountain to rugged to climb
No desert too barren to cross
Darlin', if you would just show a sign
Of love, I could bear with all loss
Take me to Siberia
And the coldest weather of the winter time
And it would be just like spring in California
As long as I knew you were mine
Yes, it would be just like spring in California
As long as I knew you were mine
Take me, take me
Tammy Wynette Lyrics
Tammy Wynette We Go Together Lyrics
More Tammy Wynette Music Lyrics:
Tammy Wynette - He Is My Everything Lyrics
Tammy Wynette - If You Think I Love You Now (i've Just Started) Lyrics
Tammy Wynette - Love's The Answer Lyrics
Tammy Wynette - Never Grow Cold Lyrics
Tammy Wynette - Set Me Free Lyrics
Tammy Wynette - Walk Softly On The Bridges Lyrics
Tammy Wynette - We Go Together Lyrics
Tammy Wynette - Your Good Girl's Gonna Go Bad Lyrics


text:
Dynamic Case Management — An Old Idea Catches New Fire
December 28, 2009
Why Read This Report
Interest in case management has climbed higher and higher throughout 2009. Drivers include: 1) an increased need to manage the costs and risks of servicing customer requests — like loans, claims, and benefits; 2) a greater emphasis on automating and tracking inconsistent "incidents" that do not follow a well-defined process; 3) new pressure on government agencies to respond to a higher number of citizen requests; 4) new demands that regulators, auditors, and litigants place on businesses to respond to external regulations; and 5) the increased use of collaboration and social media to support unstructured business processes. Business process management (BPM) and enterprise content management (ECM) suites alone are insufficient for dynamic case management, but the convergence of BPM, ECM, business analytics, and event processing will breathe new life into case management. Lean initiatives to improve business processes will also shine a spotlight on case management. These forces will push document-centric BPM suites toward packaged case management offerings, and this new category of software will emerge as a distinct market by 2013.
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Timely and relevant, Forrester's RoleView research aligns to 13 leadership roles across business and technology management. Our expertise in customer experience, mobile, digital business, and big data will help your teams win in the age of the customer. Contact us to learn more.
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This report is available for individual purchase ($499 USD).Purchase
Table of Contents
- Work Evolves To Fit Case Management — A Type Of Dynamic Business Application
- Three Types Of Case Management Use Cases Will Emerge
- A Look Into The Future: Advanced Case Management
- Next-Generation Case Management Requires A Different Mindset
- Business Process Pros: Get Smart About Case Management Processes
- Related Research Documents
Recommended Research
Document Collaboration Vendor Landscape
May 30, 2013 | Rob Koplowitz
User-Generated Applications Drive SharePoint Value
July 31, 2008 | Rob Koplowitz
IBM Case Manager Productizes The Information Workplace
November 16, 2010 | Rob Koplowitz


text:
Nissan Murano Questions Any type
- Newest
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Nissan Murano
when ever I put the car in the d it goes but then it stop so I have to but n thatz how sometime goes
Car Not Able To Move
my car died then when we jumped it it would turn on but when we reved it a few time it would die and when I went to hit the gas pedal my vehicle would not move. any ideas what could be wrong
Driving My 2007 Nissan Murano Today , It Started Shaking Really Bad. I Thou...
Driving my 2007 Nissan murano today , it started to shake really bad. Also backing up , it started almost making a humming noise
Service For A Murano
My car starting jerking when I was driving and I thought I had bad gas. After a few days it started to die. Either while I'm driving or parked. Now my check engine light is on.
2013 Murano Meows When Coming 2 Blocks From Home
We Have A 2009 Nissan Murano And The Living Problem Just Started A Week Ago...
Possible that Car Max should fix since should have been known issue?
What Is The Proper Grade Of Fuel For The 2014 Murano 3.5 V6.
How Do I Report A Bad Dealer/
Purchased a nice 2014 Nissan Murano bad wound up getting shafted over a list of unneeded extended warranty, gap protection, etc. In order to drive up the total amount to be finance.
My Car Alarm Goes Off Randomly 11 Times Last Night.
Where EXACTLY is the fuse for this or how do I fix it. Nissan can't fix it.
2006 Nissan Murano
I replaced 2 front tyres.. but the tyre shop put 235 60 r18 on the front..the back have 225 65 r18. My 4wd light flickers on and off and now have a bad knocking sound. Could the tyres affect the ca...
My 2007 Nissan Murano Stays On Drive On The Dashboard Even When Gear Lever ...
My car gear lever has not locked and when moved to P, N or R it shows drive on the dashboard and it fails to start engine. Please advise.
Can A 09 Transmission For A Nissan Murano Fit In An 06 Murano ??
trying to find best available options
Hi Everyone, I Have Question For You. Few Days Back I Saw A Car In Craigsli...
My Car Suddenly Stopped
Driving and my car suddenly stopped. It will start again but as soon as I try to put it in gear it stalls. Does it every time. Tow truck guy messed with a couple of plugs under the hood and got i...
Humming Noise Just Started In My Nissan Murano Air And Heat Fan
My air conditioner and heating fan started making a humming noise which speeds up and gets louder when the fan is turned up. I have a Nissan Murano. Sounds almost like something has clogged the syst...
Why Does My Drive Gear No Longer Work?
I have a 2010 Nissan Murano. I gave someone a boost to get their car started. At first the positive cable was put on the negative and it gave off a spark. We then put cables on correctly. the other ve...
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text:
AT&T's chief is heading up a robocall 'strike force'
FCC Chairman Tom Wheeler asked the carrier's CEO to take the helm.
FCC chief asks telcos to offer free robocall blocking services
Robocalls still make up the biggest bulk of FCC complaints.
AT&T envisions drone-based LTE coverage
UAVs could provide LTE service in disaster areas.
Here's the cable industry's counter offer to fix TV boxes
Instead of letting anyone build a box, cable companies say they want to make cross-platform apps.
AT&T brings WiFi calling to Android phones
You don't have to worry about cell coverage if you have the right phone.
Net Neutrality upheld by appeals court
Judges rule that the FCC's Open Internet Order is legal and valid.
Apple and Microsoft address Orlando, avoid gay community
Two big tech keynotes, two poorly executed moments of silence.
Samsung's rugged Galaxy S7 Active packs a huge battery
The AT&T exclusive also touts a shatter-resistant screen.
AT&T's prepaid GoPhone plans get 1GB of extra data
Data-equipped plans now start at 3GB.


text:
Thiensville voters narrowed the field to four candidates for two vacant seats on the Village Board in the April 3 election, eliminating the fifth candidate, William Read, in Tuesday's primary election.
In unofficial results, challenger Ken Kucharski led the group with 289 votes followed by incumbents Don Molyneux, 196, and Toni Ihler at 188. Kim Beck had 174 votes and will be the fourth candidate. Read garnered 160 votes.
More from News and Features
- USM student charged with taking upskirt photos of female classmates
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- River Hills responds to coyote concerns
- North Shore Police Reports: June 25, 2015
- University School was on "soft lockdown" after police shooting in Milwaukee
- North Shore Police Reports: June 18, 2015
- North Shore Police Reports: June 11, 2015
- University School of Milwaukee students aim to provide 60 mattresses to homeless shelter


text:
Join us at Alamo City Comic Con on Friday, October 25 through Sunday, October 27, 2013 for the first Alamo City Comic Con. The TARDIS will once again be making an appearance so come on by and see us while you're there.
Alamo City Comic Con is the biggest pop culture celebration deep in the heart of Texas, showcasing the arts in every format and every culture in the world. This is where artists can come and show off their latest creations. With a large variety of retailers and exhibitors in attendance, Alamo City Comic Con will be home to many great things you won't find at other cons. The guest list is pretty impressive and growing by the day, and discount 3-day tickets are available through Living Social for $32, as well as a one-day discount with the promo code KISSROCKS when you purchase your ticket online.
Alamo City Comic Con Homepage-
Living Social Discount Ticket Offer-
Online Ticket Purchases (Use KISSROCKS Promo Code for $5 discount)
Woo! I'll be there tomorrow (Saturday) in Amy Pond cosplay! Can't wait to see ya'll there!
2 · October 25, 2013
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text:
My new color book on the 1962 Seattle World's Fair is now available
Like most sites on the Internet, this one is always being updated. Please stop back again to see what's new!
In the meantime, you can send me an e-mail by clicking here.
Bill Cotter
Click here to send me an e-mail


text:
NATURAL CREATIONS is a collection of luxury vinyl tile that captures the essence of woods, stones, metals, and original graphic designs.
The UV-cured polyurethane coating may eliminate the need for polishes and spray buffing, saving time and reducing labor and operating costs.
Whether you need to heat, cool, power, sweep, lift or reach, Sunbelt Rentals has the equipment and unlimited solutions to solve any challenge. 24/7. Nationwide.
5 Amazing Facts About Room Temperature!! 20 Industry-Leading Solutions for Energy-saving HVAC Systems!! Armstrong Design Envelope
Red Hawk: A comprehensive range of contemporary fire and security solutions. One that's just right for your business. That's the power of experience.


text:
Is your resume in need of a little disruption?
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StartUpHire is the place to find Postgres jobs in and near . Review the list below of Postgres jobs. These Postgres jobs represent some of the most rewarding careers available. You can refine your job search for Postgres jobs in by adding a job title, company name, or keyword to the search box above … or click the "Advanced Search" link for more options. Don't see the employment opportunity you're looking for? Check back soon for more Postgres jobs in , or sign up for an email alert (link in upper left) to receive periodic updates on new Postgres jobs in , .
Location: Silver Spring, MD Type: Full Time Min. Experience: Mid Level Come join our team! As a Software Engineer in Test, you will help ensure the satisfaction of our users by demonstrating that existing and new products meet the highest standards of security, reliability,5/31/2016 Silver Spring, MD Save This Job
at Weebly San Francisco, CA Weebly is looking for a Senior Backend Engineer to join our growing team. You should be very familiar with: Multiple languages, but an expert in at least one object oriented and one procedural language. Relational databases, such as Postgres or5/31/2016 San Francisco, CA Save This Job
Weebly is building a new DevOps team that will be more development focused versus traditional system administration and systems engineering. The ideal candidate will have a strong software development background with a solid understanding of underlying systems, services and data5/31/2016 San Francisco, CA Save This Job
Job Location Tucson, Arizona Essential Duties Supports molecular diagnostic assay development from late concept through clinical validation Works with a group of development scientists to bring novel molecular assays through validation, FDA approval and5/30/2016 Tucson, AZ Save This Job
Engineering San Jose, California Description Principal Software Engineer ID #2016-93 Roles and Responsibilities: We are looking for a principal software engineer with strong experience in developing enterprise software products and solutions for deployment in public,5/29/2016 San Jose, CA Save This Job
Unifi is the leading data acquisition & data integration platform that enables the businesses to acquire data, integrate it, enrich it, and load it into a flexible environment where agile and iterative analytics can occur. In order to support a highly available, scalable and5/29/2016 San Mateo, CA Save This Job
Engineering Menlo Park, CA Sr Site Reliability Engineer OpenX, a leading provider of digital and mobile advertising technology, seeks a Site Reliability Engineer responsible for the performance and uptime of various OpenX systems and services. OpenX serves hundreds of5/28/2016 Menlo Park, CA Save This Job
Palo Alto Click to learn more about our company + culture (including videos and interviews!) The Consumer Engagement team works intimately with our top publishers to build products that will provide value. Here is a link of our latest hackathon. We iterate quickly using the lean5/25/2016 Palo Alto, CA Save This Job
You are here Home / DevOps (Full time; Lehi, UT) Location: Lehi, UT Type: Full-time Experience: Minimum 5 years Linux Systems Administration / Cloud Ops / Mesos Functions: DevOps Industries: Computer Software Posted: Ongoing Job Description: Lingotek is looking for a top-notch5/25/2016 Lehi, UT Save This Job
You are here Home / Sr. Software Engineer (Full time; Lehi, UT) Location: Lehi UT Type: Full-time Experience: Senior level Functions: Senior Software Engineer Industries: Computer Software Posted: Ongoing Lingotek is a growing SaaS software and translation services company based5/25/2016 LEHI, UT), UT Save This Job
Engineering Palo Alto, CA, United States ShareThis is an incredible social sharing data start-up backed by Blue Chip, T-Venture, DFJ - who also funded huge successes like Tesla, Twitter, Skype, Box and much more - DFJ.com. Our entrepreneurial and passionate leaders and team5/25/2016 Palo Alto, CA Save This Job
Engineering San Francisco , CA, USA Redfin is a well-funded technology startup revolutionizing the $60 billion real estate industry. At Redfin, you?ll be able to apply your talents to make one of the most important decisions of a person's life faster, easier, and more5/24/2016 San Francisco , CA Save This Job
IT and Operations Seattle, WA, United States Passionate about Open Source, and love to work in the sort of environment where you can fit the best technology to the challenge? We are too! As a member of the Whitepages Infrastructure team you will have real input into what goes5/22/2016 Seattle, WA Save This Job
ID 2015-1501 # of Openings 3 Job Locations US-NY-New York Posted Date 08/25/2015 Category Information Technology More information about this job: Overview: AbilTo, Inc. (pronounced ?able to?) combines best-in-class patient engagement with behavior change treatment programs6/20/2016 New York, NY Save This Job
Engineering - Woburn, MA - Full Time True Fit seeks passionate and innovative Technical Lead to manage our Applications group. The Applications group is charged with designing, building, and delivering innovative services on the True Fit Genome Platform. This team is responsible6/7/2016 Woburn, MA Save This Job
Level 3 Linux Support Engineer - $80K $40/hr Job Description Level 3 Linux Support Engineer Ready to make $80,000 USD while working for a fortune 500 company from the comfort of your home? Eager to join a network of the most talented remote workers in the world? If so, this role7/21/2016 Austin, TX Save This Job
Stride Health seeks a Sr. Software Engineer to help shape its bright, bright future! You're a seasoned technologist with nimble fingers and a love of resilient, well-architected systems. We're a high-energy, forward-thinking team that's empowering consumers to make decisions7/18/2016 San Francisco, CA Save This Job
Engineering San Francisco, CA Full Time JOB DESCRIPTION About Us At CloudFlare, we have our eyes set on an ambitious goal -- to build a better web. We believe that with our talented team, smart technology and engaged users we can solve some of the biggest problems on the web.7/11/2016 San Francisco, CA Save This Job
at AdRoll San Francisco About the Role The Dynamic Creative team is looking for a Senior Recommendations Infrastructure Engineer to help integrate external product data with our machine learning and data science teams. Along with our in-house creative ads team, you will build7/8/2016 San Francisco, CA Save This Job
Technology Mountain View, CA, United States Apply Send Jobvite xAd is the global location marketplace bringing together buyers and sellers with ad targeting solutions focused on driving in-store traffic and sales. The company is uniquely focused on capturing in-store visitation7/8/2016 Mountain View, CA Save This Job


text:
Synonyms of confluence in English:
the confluence of the Rhine and the Mosel
convergence, meeting, junction, joining, conflux, watersmeet;
Indian sangam
Definition of confluence in:
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed.
= trending


text:
Performing a low pass on runway 34 on its delivery flight from Greece. Currently CS-EAU with Aero Clube do Porto.
Arriving after a local flight. [1400px]
Performing a visual approach to runway 35.
Operated by Heli 3A. Performing a visual approach to runway 35.
Performing a last briefing before departure. [1400px]
Smoking the mains on runway 03. [1280px]
Smoking the mains on runway 03. [1400px]
A soviet pearl built in 1971 taxiing to the holding point of runway 17 via taxiway Foxtrot as CVK7029 to Vigo (VGO/LEVX), position flight. It came two hours earlier bringing car components from Bu... (more)
Blasting out of my beloved city of Lisbon towards Porto as RYR2096 with a flight time of only 31 minutes. You can see clearly Vasco da Gama bridge as well as that high tower on the right side of t... (more)
New aircraft in EAT Leipzig fleet, still with rare Mongolian Cargo c/s. Built in 1994, test reg F-WWAH, previous regs EI-EYK (with ASL Airlines), TC-ACK, B-MAS, B-18576 and N88881. Seen here about... (more)
About to land on runway 17. [1600px]
IFC0816 performing a heavy and wet rotation from runway 03 towards Charleston AFB, USA. It operates under No. 81 Sqn "Skylords", based at Hindon AFS. New registration in JP database. [1400px]
Starting up the engines for a runway 35 night departure towards Odessa, Ukraine (ODS/UKOO) as UKL4049, 2327z (00:27LT), with 6 tons of cargo. Sadly this beautiful bird (c/n 8345802 l/n 58-02, buil... (more)
Exotic registration in Portugal operating for euroAtlantic Airways seen here rocketing out of runway 17 towards Lisbon as ferry flight MMZ911. [1280px]


text:
About walnutisacat : Hi, I am Alice.
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Information on metal binding with fluorescent substances has been widely studied. By contrast, information on metal binding with non-fluorescent substances remains lacking despite the dominance of these substances in aquatic systems. In this study, the metal binding properties of both fluorescent and non-fluorescent substances were investigated by using metal titration combined with two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2D–COS) analysis. The organic matters in the eutrophic algae-rich lake, including natural organic matters (NOM) and algae-induced extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), both contained fluorescent and non-fluorescent substances. The peaks in the one-dimensional spectra strongly overlapped, while 2D–COS can decompose the overlapped peaks and thus enhanced the spectral resolution. Moreover, 2D FTIR COS demonstrated that the binding susceptibility of organic ligands in both NOM and algal EPS matrices followed the order: 3400>1380>1650 cm−1, indicative the significant contribution of non-fluorescent ligands in metal binding. The modified Stern-Volmer equation also revealed a substantial metal binding potential for the non-fluorescent substances (logKM: 3.57∼4.92). As for the effects of organic ligands on metal binding, EPS was characterized with higher binding ability than NOM for both fluorescent and non-fluorescent ligands. Algae-induced EPS and the non-fluorescent substances in eutrophic algae-rich lakes should not be overlooked because of their high metal binding potential.
Citation: Xu H, Zhong J, Yu G, Wu J, Jiang H, Yang L (2014) Further Insights into Metal-DOM Interaction: Consideration of Both Fluorescent and Non-Fluorescent Substances. PLoS ONE 9(11): e112272. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0112272
Editor: Dariush Hinderberger, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
Received: May 4, 2014; Accepted: October 6, 2014; Published: November 7, 2014
Copyright: © 2014 Xu et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: The authors confirm that all data underlying the findings are fully available without restriction. All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.
Funding: This work was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51209192, 51379199 and 41301241), the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu province, China (BK2012501), the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2013M540438), the Jiangsu Planned Projects for Postdoctoral Research Funds (1301007A), the State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse Foundation (PCRRF13011), and the State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences (2012SKL007). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) in aquatic environments can interact with metals and consequently affect their toxicity, mobility and bioavailability [1], [2]. Investigation into the binding properties of DOM is necessary to clearly understand the biogeochemical behavior of metals. DOM in waters is generally characterized with heterogeneous organic compositions including fluorescent (i.e., protein-, humic-, and fulvic-like) and non-fluorescent (i.e., carbohydrates, lipids, and lignins) substances [3]–[5]. Thus, a comprehensive study on metal-DOM interaction should include related information on both fluorescent and non-fluorescent substances.
Fluorescence quenching titration is a popular method in the study of metal-ligand interaction [6]–[8]. Saar and Weber [9] compared synchronous fluorescence (SF) quenching titration and ion-selective electrode potentiometry and proposed the former. Ghatak et al. [10] later studied the binding heterogeneity of sediment humic substances and reported more energy binding sites for Fe(III). More recently, through SF quenching titration technique, the heterogeneous metal binding behaviors between leaf litter and soil DOM can be explored [7], [8]. Although widely used, SF technique is not applicable for non-florescent substances, even with these making up a significant proportion of aquatic DOMs [11].
By contrast, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) can be used to explore non-fluorescent substances [12], [13]. Binding information on non-fluorescnt substances can be obtained by investigating spectral variations in response to metal addition. Thus, the metal binding properties of both fluorescent and non-fluorescent substances can be obtained through the combination of the SF and FTIR techniques.
However, one-dimensional SF and FTIR spectra usually exhibited many overlapped peaks because of the heterogeneous nature of the investigated DOM [6], [10], [14]. Hence, further analysis based solely on the traditional visual inspection approach is laborious and difficult. Recent studies showed that two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2D–COS) can be used to solve the peak overlapping problems by extending peaks along the second dimension [12], [14]. This technique can also be used to explore the sequence of metal-sensitive spectral changes through asynchronous map, which benefits the analysis of binding mechanisms [7], [8], [15], [16]. To date, only one study on the application of 2D–COS for exploring the metal binding properties of soil organic matters has been published [16].
Anthropogenically induced eutrophication in recent years has caused the increasing occurrence of cyanobacterial blooms in lakes, especially in eutrophic shallow lakes [17]. Our previous studies have demonstrated that DOM in such algal-rich lakes should consist of natural organic matter (NOM) and algal extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). EPS can be further fractionated into loosely bound EPS (LB–EPS) and tightly bound EPS (TB–EPS) in terms of its binding strength with algal cells [18], [19]. Due to the high reactively, both NOM and algae-induced EPS can bind with metals and consequently play an important role in the toxicity, mobility, and bioavailability of metals.
The present study were therefore aims (1) to investigate the metal-induced spectral variations of both fluorescent and non-fluorescent substances in NOM and algal EPS fractions, and (2) to explore the detailed metal binding behavior and mechanisms by using 2D–COS combined with SF and FTIR techniques. For these purposes, the interactions of a commonly found metal Cu(II) in eutrophic shallow lakes [20] with NOM, LB–EPS and TB–EPS were respectively studied. The results of this study would provide a comprehensive picture of metal-DOM interaction in aquatic environments.
Materials and Methods
Ethics statement
No specific permits were required for the described field studies. The location studied is not privately-owned or protected in any way and our studies did not involve any endangered or protected species.
Sample preparation and EPS extraction
A total of 2.4 L of surface water samples (30 cm from the surface) containing 1.0 g L−1 algal biomass were collected from Meiliang Bay, which is located in the northern region of Lake Taihu (Figure S1 in File S1). The samples were collected in the summer-fall period because typical algal blooms occurred during this period [21]. All samples were transported to a laboratory within several hours and firstly filtered through the 0.45 µm polytetrafluoroethylene membranes (Xingya Purification Materials Co., Shanghai, China) for NOM measurement. The residues were carefully scraped and dissolved with a 0.05% NaCl solution to the original volume and centrifuged at 5000 g for 15 min, with the liquid collected carefully for measurement of LB–EPS. Afterward, the harvested samples were re-suspended in NaCl solution, heated at 60°C for 30 min and centrifuged at 15,000 g for 20 min, with the liquid collected as TB–EPS fraction. More information on sample collection and fractionation procedure can be found elsewhere [18], [19].
Cu(II) titration and complexation modeling
Titration experiments were carried out by adding 0.1 mol L−1 Cu(NO3)2 solutions to a series of sealed brown vials containing 50 ml of diluted solution [dissolved organic carbon (DOC): 10 mg L−1] using an automatic syringe [1], [2], [19], [22]. Metal concentrations ranging from 0 to 100 µmol L−1 were obtained in the final solutions by adding no more than 50 µl metal titrant. The pH was maintained at 6.0 through adding 0.1 M HCl or NaOH solution under which no precipitate was formed [1]. All solution samples were shaken for 24 h at room temperature to ensure complexation equilibrium [2]. Afterward, the titrated solutions and freeze-dried samples underwent SF and FTIR analyses, respectively. Each titration experiment was performed in duplicate.
The modified Stern-Volmer equation [23] was applied to estimate the conditional stability constants between metals and SF/FTIR-derived peaks:(1)
Here F and F0 are the measured SF or FTIR intensities at the metal concentration CM and the beginning of the titration (i.e., no metal addition), respectively. The parameters KM and f represents the conditional stability constant and the fraction of the initial spectral intensities which correspond to the metal binding.
Two–dimensional correlation spectroscopy
SF was measured using the Hitachi F–7000 fluorescence spectrometer (Hitachi High Technologies, Tokyo, Japan) in synchronous mode at room temperature by ranging the excitation wavelengths from 200 to 450 nm with a constant offset (60 nm) [7], [24]. The freeze-dried samples were mixed with KBr (sample to KBr ratio of 1∶100, w/w) and then compressed to form a disc. FTIR spectra were obtained by collecting 64 scans at a resolution of 2 cm−1 with a Nicolet Nexus 870 FTIR spectrometer [25].
The 2D–COS was produced according to the method of Noda and Ozaki [14]. The metal addition was used as the external perturbation, and thus a set of concentration–dependent SF/FTIR spectra were obtained.
For the perturbation–induced spectral variation y(x, t) as a function of a spectral variable (x) and a perturbation variable (t), the dynamic spectrum is formally defined as follows:(2)where denotes the reference spectra, which is typically the average spectrum and is expressed as . The synchronous correlation spectroscopy can be written as follows:(3)
The asynchronous correlation spectroscopy can be obtained directly from the dynamic spectrum and its orthogonal spectrum.(4)
Prior to 2D–COS analysis, the SF and FTIR spectra were normalized by the summed absorbance from 200 to 450 nm and 400 to 4000 cm−1. The noise components were removed by principal component analysis [16], [22]. Then the reconstructed data matrix was progressed using the "2D shige" software (Kwansei Gakuin University, Japan).
Results and Discussion
Determination of the organic matters in the eutrophic algae-rich lake
Figure 1 shows the typical SF and FTIR spectra for the NOM and algal EPS matrices. NOM was characterized with two prominent peaks (230, 280 nm) and one shoulder peak (300∼390 nm), whereas the EPS matrix showed only the prominent peaks (Fig. 1a). Peaks located at 230 and 280 nm were ascribed to tyrosine- and tryptophan-like substances, respectively, whereas peaks ranging from 300 to 390 nm were attributed to humic-like substances [7]. The SF results indicated that the algal EPS mainly contained fluorescent protein-like substances, while not only protein-like but also humic-like substances were observed in NOM. In the previous studies aiming at lab-cultured cynobacterium M. aeruginosa, Xu et al. [18] detected the protein-like substances in all EPS fractions but the humic-like substances in only the soluble EPS fractions. And Qu et al. [25] demonstrated that the mainly components in bound and dissolved extracellular organic matters were protein-like substances and protein-like + humic-like substances, respectively. These similar results indicated that the distribution patterns of organic compositions were not form-specific.
As for the FTIR spectroscopy, the NOM and algal EPS matrices were both characterized with four obvious absorption peaks at 3400, 1650, 1380, and 1100 cm−1 (Fig.1b). We assigned these bands as follows: the band at 1650 cm−1 was ascribed to the CO stretching of amide I in protein compounds, the band at 1380 cm−1 to the CH deformations in aliphatic groups, and the bands at 3400 and 1100 cm−1 to the stretching vibration of OH and CO in carbohydrate-like substances [16], [26]. The combined results of SF and FTIR showed that DOM in the eutrophic algae-rich lakes, including NOM and algal EPS, definitely contained both fluorescent (230, 280, and 300∼390 nm, and 1650 cm−1) and non-fluorescent (3400, 1380, and 1100 cm−1) substances.
It should be noted that the organic compositions of EPS matrix were highly dependent on the extraction methods. For example, Liu et al. [27] compared five methods for M. aeruginosa EPS extraction and found different fluorescent properties among the five methods. A further study also demonstrated that EPS using cation exchange resin extraction contained more aromatic condensed structures with less acidic functional groups when compared with formaldehyde/NaOH extraction [28]. The heterogeneity in organic compositions exhibits different metal binding ability, which will be discussed in the following section.
Metal binding properties of the fluorescent substances
Changes in one dimensional SF spectra with metal addition.
The effects of Cu(II) addition on the variations of SF spectra are shown in Fig.2. Fluorescence quenching generally occurred with increasing metal addition. This result revealed strong metal binding and the marked modification of the electronic structures of DOM [7], [29]. Further analysis showed that the behavior of spectral changes between NOM and EPS exhibited obvious differences. Monotonic fluorescence quenching was observed for NOM along the entire wavelength region (200∼450 nm), whereas both fluorescence quenching (280 nm) and enhancement (230 nm) were identified in the EPS matrix. The complex formation and the fluorophore-quencher collision were responsible for fluorescence quenching [30], [31], while the fluorescence enhancement was attributed to the changes in quantum yields of tyrosine-like substances in algal EPS matrix caused by high levels of Cu(II) and/or interactions with inorganic and other organic components [2]. Metal-induced fluorescence enhancement was previously reported in other studies but via fluorescence emission and excitation matrix analysis [1], [19], [32].
The arrows refer to the direction of the increasing metal concentrations.
In addition, the quenching rates and degrees were highly related to the organic ligands. Metal addition caused a sharp and gradual reduction at 250∼300 nm and 300∼370 nm, respectively for NOM. However, the algal EPS matrix exhibited a more pronounced quenching degree than NOM at 250∼300 nm. This result indicated that the protein-like substances in NOM might not be as involved in metal binding as those in the algal EPS matrix [7]. The different quenching rates and degrees observed here indicated that the functional sites for metal binding in the NOM and algal EPS matrices were unevenly distributed.
Metal binding sequencing investigated by 2D fluorescence COS.
Although SF can capture heterogeneous quenching degrees and rates, extensive information on binding sites and binding sequence cannot be obtained via the one-dimensional spectral technique. 2D–COS was applied in the present study to explore binding behavior in detail (Fig. 3). The synchronous map displayed two autopeaks at 230/230 and 280/280 nm along the diagonal line for both NOM and algal EPS. The synchronous map is a symmetric spectrum with respect to the diagonal line. The correlation peaks include autopeaks and crosspeaks on the diagonal and off-diagonal lines, respectively. An autopeak represents the overall susceptibility of the corresponding spectral region to the change in spectral intensity as an external perturbation is applied to the system [14], [16], [22]. The intensities of the autopeaks followed the order: 230>280 nm for NOM and 280>230 nm for the EPS matrix. This suggested that tyrosine-like substances in NOM were more susceptible to metal addition compared with the tryptophan-like substances, whereas the tryptophan-like substances in algal EPS matrix exhibited higher metal sensitivity than the tyrosine-like substances [8], [14].
(a) synchronous map for NOM; (b) asynchronous for NOM; (c) synchronous map for LB–EPS; (d) asynchronous for LB–EPS; (e) synchronous map for TB–EPS; (f) asynchronous for TB–EPS. Red represents positive correlations and blue represents negative correlations; higher color intensity indicates a stronger positive or negative correlation.
A crosspeak in synchronous map represents the simultaneous or coincidental changes of two different spectral variables. NOM and algal EPS were respectively characterized with positive and negative crosspeak at 280/230 nm. This characterization implies that tyrosine- and tryptophan-like substances in NOM covary in their interaction with metal addition, whereas those in algal EPS might vary with opposite directions. Consistent with our previous observations (Fig. 2), NOM demonstrated monotonic quenching effects, whereas the algal EPS matrix demonstrated both fluorescence quenching and enhancement.
An asynchronous map reveals the sequential or successive changes in spectral intensities with increasing metal addition. As shown, one and three negative crosspeaks were observed above the diagonal line for the NOM and algal EPS matrices, respectively. Based on Noda's rule [14], the sequences of binding affinities followed the order: 230>275 nm for NOM, 265>280>225>230 nm for LB–EPS and 270>280>230>232 nm for TB–EPS. The asynchronous maps revealed that metal binding in NOM took place at the shorter wavelengths (∼230 nm) prior to that at the longer wavelength range (>265 nm); while for the algal EPS matrix, meals binding first occurred at the longer wavelengths. As indicated by these results, the preferential metal ligands in NOM and algal EPS were tyrosine- and tryptophan-like substances, respectively. In addition, the asynchronous maps also showed that the wavelength 230 nm in the one-dimensional SF spectra overlapped with 230 and 232 nm, and the wavelength 280 nm overlapped with 270, 275 and 280 nm. Unlike the one-dimensional spectral technique, 2D–COS can enhance spectral resolution and yield extensive detailed binding information.
Information on metal binding with both fluorescent and non-fluorescent substances
FTIR can be used to characterize non-fluorescent substances [12], [13]. The absorption variations of the normalized one-dimensional FTIR spectra of NOM and algal EPS in response to Cu(II) addition are given in Figure S2 in File S1. Although four absorption peaks were obviously observed at 3400, 1650, 1380 and 1100 cm−1, the one-dimensional FTIR was strongly overlapped and information on the interrelationship among metal-sensitive functional groups cannot be obtained.
Therefore, 2D–COS was applied to explore in detail the binding information on fluorescent and non-fluorescent substances (Fig.4). We mainly focused on the region between 1700∼1300 cm−1 because this spectral region usually contains the major bands of the amide, carboxylic, ester, and carbohydrate functional groups [12], [16]. Both NOM and algal EPS matrices were characterized with two autopeaks located at 1380/1380 and 1650/1650 cm−1, with the former exhibiting higher intensity than the latter. Combined with the synchronous maps of the 4000–400 cm−1 region (Figure S3 in File S1), the peak at 3400 cm−1 was more susceptible to Cu(II) addition, followed by the peak at 1380 cm−1 and 1650 cm−1. This result revealed the substantial contributions of non-fluorescent substances (3400, 1380 cm−1) in metal binding. Zhang et al. [31] also emphasized the metal binding potential of non-fluorescent carboxyl and hydroxyl functional groups in biofilm EPS, although no further evidence was given in their studies.
(a) synchronous map for NOM; (b) asynchronous for NOM; (c) synchronous map for LB–EPS; (d) asynchronous for LB–EPS; (e) synchronous map for TB–EPS; (f) asynchronous for TB–EPS. Red represents positive correlations and blue represents negative correlations; higher color intensity indicates a stronger positive or negative correlation.
By contrast, the asynchronous maps revealed that the sequencing of binding affinities of the peaks followed the order: amide I in proteins (1650 cm−1)> lignin and aliphatic CH (1380 cm−1) for NOM and LB–EPS, and amide I in proteins (1650 cm−1)> lignin and aliphatic CH (1380 cm−1)> cellulose CH2 (1420 cm−1) for TB–EPS [14]. Therefore, metal Cu(II) preferentially bound with the fluorescent protein-like substances, followed by the non-fluorescent liquid- and carbohydrate-like substances, regardless of the difference in DOM fractions (i.e., NOM, LB–EPS and TB–EPS).
Metal binding abilities of both fluorescent and non-fluorescent substances
The conditional stability constants (logKM) based on the modified Stern-Volmer equation are tabulated in Table 1. The logKM values for EPS matrix were calculated within the range from 4.66 to 5.03, which were slightly higher than those reported in Lee et al. [28] but lower than those in McIntyre and Gueguen [33]. The heterogeneous binding capacities were partly attributed to the different organic compositions and functional groups, which were highly dependent on the extraction methods [28]. Further analysis showed that the stability constants between NOM and EPS exhibited obvious differences. Specifically, the logKM of tryptophan-like substances in NOM (4.51±0.06) was lower than that in the LB–EPS and TB–EPS fractions (>4.66±0.05). The results indicated that the tryptophan-like substances in the algal EPS exhibited higher binding abilities than those in NOM [19].
For the FTIR-derived peaks, the peak at 1650 cm−1 showed a higher logKM value than the peaks at 1100, 1380 and 1420 cm−1 for NOM (4.62±0.08 vs. <4.27±0.05), LB–EPS (4.79±0.04 vs. <4.59±0.08) and TB–EPS (4.96±0.07 vs. <4.92±0.03). This result implies that the binding ability of fluorescent proteins is stronger than that of the non-fluorescent liquids and carbohydrates. The calculated logKM values were consistent with the results of asynchronous correlation spectroscopy, thus providing evidence for the feasibility of 2D–COS in the investigation of metal-DOM interaction. Further analysis showed that the algal EPS matrix exhibited a higher logKM value than NOM for both the fluorescence proteins (>4.79±0.04 vs. 4.62±0.08) and the non-fluorescence liquids and carbohydrates (>4.26±0.10 vs. <3.57∼4.27). Therefore, the algal EPS matrix is expected to play a more important role than NOM in the migration and detoxification of heavy metals in eutrophic algae-rich lakes.
Significance of this study
Both fluorescent and non-fluorescent substances were detected in the DOM found in lakes (Fig. 1). Previous studies on metal-DOM interaction mainly focused on fluorescent substances [1], [34], [35], lacking the related information on non-fluorescent substances. Non-fluorescent substances may sometimes even occupy a significant proportion in aquatic environments [11]. The contribution of non-fluorescent substances in metal binding was investigated for the first time in this study, which is an important complement to the research scope of metal-DOM interaction.
Algal blooms have become common in recent years because of climatic changes and nutrient enrichment [17]. This phenomenon has made the algae-induced EPS an important contributor to the DOM pool [33]. Although studies on metal binding with NOM have been carried out [2], [8], information on the metal-EPS interactions in eutrophic algae-rich lakes remains insufficient. This information would help provide a comprehensive picture of metal-DOM interactions in aquatic environments. The higher metal-EPS binding capacities observed in this work highlighted the ecological importance of algal EPS in the toxicity, mobility, and bioavailability of metals because the toxicity of metals is related to free iron activity [36].
Although the metal binding degrees and rates can be explored through a one-dimensional spectral analysis, the interrelationships among different organic ligands cannot be obtained. The 2D–COS applied in this study clearly demonstrated the heterogeneous metal binding sites between NOM and algal EPS. More importantly, 2D–COS can capture the binding sequencing of metal-sensitive spectral variations, which could improve our understanding about metal binding mechanisms. This also allows the scope of 2D–COS to be unlimited in the fields of metal binding within lake ecosystems [7]. The interaction of DOM with other objects (i.e., nanoparticles and persistent organic pollutants) in selected aquatic environments (i.e., groundwater and wastewater) can also be explored by 2D–COS in future studies. External perturbation need not be limited to metal concentration but may include other parameters, such as temperature, pressure, and pH.
DOM in eutrophic algae-rich lakes was fractionated into NOM, LB–EPS, and TB–EPS fractions. Both fluorescent and non-fluorescent substances were determined in these fractions. Although fluorescence titration was an effective method for investigating metal-ligand interaction, FTIR was able to determine both fluorescent and non-fluorescent substances. 2D–COS can enhance spectral resolution and thus can be used to explore detailed binding properties such as binding sites and binding sequencing. The metal binding properties of non-fluorescent substances were quantified, and the significance of the algal EPS matrix in metal detoxification was emphasized. In sum, 2D–COS combined with SF and FTIR analysis is an effective approach to explore the metal binding properties of both fluorescent and non-fluorescent substances.
Supporting Information
File S1.
Supporting figures. Figure S1. The map of Lake Taihu with the location of the sampling station; Figure S2 The variations of the normalized one-dimensional FTIR with metal addition; Figure S3 The 2D synchronous correlation maps generated from 4000–400 cm−1 region of the FTIR spectra for NOM and algal EPS.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: HCX LYY. Performed the experiments: JCZ GHY. Analyzed the data: JW. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: HLJ. Wrote the paper: HCX.
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Infrastructure Engineer – Xumo. As an Infrastructure Engineer you will be responsible for helping to architect and support a scalable and reliable...
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Lead Software Engineer sought by Viant Technology, LLC in Irvine, CA to design and develop core technology to support converged end-to-end IPTV and video...


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The sketch that the started this project. The final vector image was used to make a vinyl decal for a motorcycle helmet (I'll have to dig up the photo of that...)
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Click heading above to download a registration packet!
Still looking for:
-- Foursomes -- Hole sponsors
-- Tournament sponsors -- Helpers
The Dennis Bistany Tournament benefits the Dennis Bistany Scholarship Fund and Methuen Youth Baseball.
Dennis was a teacher at the Marsh Grammar School where he was loved by all. He engaged his students and made all feel welcomed and successful. He was also the Junior Varsity Coach at Methuen High School where he helped develop players in body, mind and spirit - helping them grow into fine young men. A true family man, he is missed by the Methuen community and this is a way to help capture his legacy of love and support for the youth of our city.
Methuen Youth Baseball now has its own application in the Google Play store.
Search for Methuen Baseball to download our free portal into our web site, Facebook, Twitter accounts and more! Get updates as they happen!
Also - with the messaging feature - we can send Push Notifications to remind you of events and rainout information!
Apple version NOW AVAILABLE!!


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Local Area:
Tallahassee has a lot for students to do. There are many in and out of school activities for students to participate in, and a wide variation of things to do during the weekends.
Although I am just in the beginning of my program I find it to be very effective. There is an above 95% graduation rate which is good to know. There are also resources available to help in any situation of need. I am looking forward to getting more into the courses that deal specifically with my major. A career goal of mine is to be able to get a job that interests me, which is why I chose to strive to be a civil engineer. I know that it may not be easy work, but I am excited for the challenges that lie ahead.
Off-Campus Housing:
FSU has a variety of apartment complexes around the area. They vary from top notch, expensive, socially desirable apartments with even a pool, tanning center, study rooms, etc. to less luxurious, cheap but extremely acceptable pricing. You can always find somewhere to live near campus, but if you are looking for a top notch place you should consider signing your lease by Thanksgiving break (for the next fall.) The costs vary - the more expensive places can go for about 690/monthly (4x4) to 400/monthly (4x4)
My school does all possible things to make the parking situation viable for everybody. There are plenty of garages/parking lots around campus. I truly don't think there could be any more garages, but the students also take the spots up fast, and unless you are headed to an 8am class, chances are you are going to have difficulty finding a spot. The ticketing will happen if you are parked in an unauthorized spot, but the pricing for the tickets is reasonable ($20-$25).
The computer labs and computers at the library at FSU are great, there are plenty available everywhere, and they all seem to run fast. I think that a lot of students bring their own computers so they leave the availability open for the few that for some reason cannot bring one. Obviously, it would be better to have one, because that would give you the convenience of being able to work from your own bedroom, but if you cannot have one it would not be a huge issue.
Football is the main sport at FSU. Recently our basketball team has gotten better and more people are starting to attend more of the games.
Not all major programs are limited admissions. For example, any student can become a Psychology student, there is no cap for admittance. Communications, on the other hand, is a limited access major and a student must meet specific requirements before gaining admission--even then, the number of students in the program is capped. I would check your programs website for additional information on admittance.
Drug Safety:
Alcohol is fairly prevalent on campus. Any football weekend you are very likely to see tailgates with people playing beer pong or other drinking games in parking lots. At night, it is common to see people drinking and walking to bus stops to hit the bars. University Police try to enforce drinking laws, but there are so many students that there is only so much they can do.
Parking on campus is a daily challenge for any student who drives. If you drive to an 8AM class parking should be OK, but anything after that time and you are guaranteed to find full garages everywhere you look. Make sure to save a good chunk of time before any classes to try to find a spot. Your best method is to wait for other students walking to their cars and then take their spot.
Greek Life:
Greek Life if a great way to meet new people and get involved in the Campus life. You will Volunteer around Campus and get Volunteer hours!! You will also get involved in fun activities, and get to know the girls/guys better.
They all are readily available, and a great tool to use for your classes. Take advantage of all the usefull tools FSU has to offer!!
Guys & Girls:
The girls are attractive overall, but they are also incredibly unintelligent and culturally boring at times.
Off-Campus Dining:
Near campus there aren't that many places to choose from, especially if you want variety and healthy food.
Drug Safety:
There aren't heavy, heavy drugs on campus, but there is frequent under age drinking at parties and a lot of marijuana use, which is pretty common on most university campuses. If you don't get involved with it, it isn't like it will come find you. Don't give in to peer pressure and you're good.
Local Area:
The town has everything you need, but it's certainly not a major city.
Off-Campus Housing:
There are plenty of apartment complexes within walking distance of campus. There are also tons of locals that rent older homes to students.
Leave your house at least 30 minutes early if you plan on parking in one of the main garages before 2:00.
Party Scene:
There are several 18 and up clubs, and several 21 and up clubs, so you can decide what atmosphere you want. Frat row has tons of parties, and there are always house parties near campus. There is a different bar for every niche scene you can think of.
A typical internship is unpaid and the workload varies with every company.
I really love the Marketing program, it's fun and in my opinion, very versatile. Most of the professors are very dedicated and love teaching new material from textbooks, keeping us up to date with the latest business stories, and giving us examples of when they used certain strategies in their past employments. Also, most guest speakers give internships!
The process of getting into my program was relatively easy for me. Every Business program at FSU is selective, so not everyone gets in. However, I didn't have any trouble. If you're not good at math or finance, you will find it difficult to get in.
I was an education major. The internships were very helpful, but I still wanted more varied experiences. The coordination was great, and there was always someone there to help when needed. It's an unpaid internship, which is the only part about it that isn't so great.
Campus Quality:
We have the only flying circus where students learn to be a part of it, and the school of music produces some of the best musicians and teachers in the country!
Guys & Girls:
Students look as typical as any other college or university. I do believe when I attended that there was a higher female to male ratio....
Campus Quality:
Some of the buildings are really run down, but others that are new and up to date are beautiful and well kept
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You would be hard-pressed to find a graduate of Florida State University who doesn't have fond memories of the years they spent on campus. Current students will also agree that they are happy with their decision to attend school here. There is something for everyone, from athletics to academia, and you would have a hard time finding a more comfortable setting than Tallahassee. It has so much to offer, from exciting nightlife to beautiful weather.
Although it bears the reputation of a party school, FSU also has a growing reputation for turning out some of the best and brightest graduates in the entire nation. The school is now turning its focus on research, which should appeal to those interested in science and mathematics. But never fear, FSU also emphasizes the arts through their award-winning film and theater departments. From math and science, to the arts, FSU offers a vast array of eclectic degrees, which will be nothing but helpful later in your life. Choosing which college to attend is not an easy decision, but if you're looking for the perfect combination of a good education and a good time, you can't do much better than Florida State University.
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Fort Smith Vacation Packages
In Fort Smith the history of the Old West mixes effortlessly with the antebellum charm of the Old South. Visit historic landmarks and walk in the footsteps of famous outlaws. Enjoy scenic train journeys through rugged mountains and explore Arkansas Wine Country. Fort Smith sits on the southern banks of the Arkansas River, on the Arkansas-Oklahoma border.
Downtown Fort Smith overlooks the river and is home to museums, boutiques, theaters and live music venues. Take a tour of Miss Laura's Social Club, a former bordello housed in a Victorian mansion. Enjoy sweeping views on the vintage Ferris wheel at The Park at West End. Learn about the city's past at the Fort Smith Museum of History. See streetcar displays and enjoy a free streetcar ride at the Fort Smith Trolley Museum.
Visit the Fort Smith National Historic Site to hear stories of soldiers and notorious outlaws such as Wyatt Earp. Step inside a restored courthouse and check out the hangman's gallows. Afterward, stroll around the solemn Fort Smith National Cemetery, the resting place of war veterans and unknown soldiers. Look for the tomb of Isaac C. Parker, more commonly known as the Hanging Judge.
A short walk north of downtown Fort Smith brings you to the Belle Grove Historic District, home to some of the city's oldest and most architecturally impressive landmarks. One example is the 19th-century Bonneville House. Get in touch with nature at the River Valley Nature Center, located about a 20-minute drive from downtown. Go canoeing on the manmade lake and follow walking trails to spot over 140 bird species.
Don't miss out on a visit to the Chaffee Crossing Historic District. See the barbershop where Elvis Presley received his first military haircut. Find museums dedicated to Vietnam veterans and a collection of 5,000 antique dolls.
Getting around Fort Smith is easiest by car, which allows the opportunity to visit areas outside the city. Drive amid rolling countryside to Altus, which is at the heart of Arkansas' picturesque wine lands. Alternatively, enjoy a train ride through the magnificent Boston Mountains.
Accommodation in Fort Smith
You'll find 23 different Fort Smith accommodation options by browsing Expedia's up-to-date Fort Smith hotels page.
Homewood Suites by Hilton Fort Smith at 7300 Phoenix Ave, and the Comfort Inn & Suites, at 6500 Rogers Avenue are two good examples of the higher-end accommodations in Fort Smith. The Holiday Inn Express Fort Smith and the Courtyard Marriott Fort Smith Downtown are two more Expedia-listed accommodation options that may be worth considering.