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August 12, 2007
5 Brian Dawkins. A demon with a killer's instinct. That is Brian Dawkins. He has, as Bill Bergey described it, the entire package. "He's got a nose for the ball," Bergey said of the 12-year safety who was a second-round draft pick in 1996. "He breaks for the ball. He anticipates real well. I have watched Brian Dawkins for many years now. If I want to know where the ball is going, I watch Brian Dawkins. " Dawkins' resume is Hall of Fame worthy. Regular-season games played: 157. A franchise-record 15 playoff appearances, including eight wins.
Remembering Brian Dawkins
September 25, 2012
THE EAGLES WILL retire Brian Dawkins' No. 20 jersey at a ceremony on Sunday night when they play the rival New York Giants at Lincoln Financial Field. The safety played 16 years in the NFL, the first 13 years with the Eagles. He was a second-round pick of the Eagles in the 1996 draft. He played college ball at Clemson. He was not re-signed by the Eagles after the 2008 season. On Feb. 28, 2009, Dawkins signed a 5-year, $17 million contract with the Denver Broncos. Former Eagles president Joe Banner said the handling of Dawkins was one of his biggest regrets.
Brian Dawkins joins ESPN as analyst
September 6, 2012
Former Eagles Pro Bowl safety Brian Dawkins will join ESPN as an NFL analyst, the network will announce on Wednesday. Dawkins, a nine-time Pro Bowler and a fan favorite with the Eagles, will appear on studio programs throughout the year, such as SportsCenter, NFL Live, Audibles and NFL32 . He makes his debut on Sept. 13 at 7 p.m., when he will appear alongside former NFL standouts Jerry Rice, Keyshawn Johnson and Marcellus Wiley on Audibles . Dawkins spent 13 years in Philadelphia and played in 18 playoff games, the most in team history.
Brian Dawkins in 'awe' of NASCAR scene
October 2, 2012
BY BILL FLEISCHMAN, For the Daily News
DOVER, Del. - Brian Dawkins warmed up for his number retirement ceremony at Sunday night's Eagles-Giants game by serving as the AAA 400's grand marshal. Addressing the estimated crowd of 80,000 at Dover International Speedway, Dawkins pumped his right arm and said, "Can you feel that?" Then he offered "these inspirational words, drivers, start your engines!" Earlier, referring to the Dover race scene, Dawkins said, "I'm in awe. Seeing things from behind the scenes is a lot different from seeing it on TV. But some of the things that these guys have to go through and the mentality that they have to keep in order to represent their sponsors before the [race]
Birds'-eye view of Brian Dawkins
September 27, 2012
BY MARK KRAM, Daily News Staff Writer
FROM HIS vantage point on the Eagles' sideline that Sunday at Three Rivers Stadium in 2000, Ike Reese could see the play unfold. A big hole opened up in the Pittsburgh offensive line and into it rumbled Jerome Bettis, the 5-11, 252-pound running back who was affectionately known as "The Bus. " Reese was certain Bettis would pick up 15 or 20 yards. But Brian Dawkins charged up from his safety position, launched into the air and stopped Bettis cold. Reese remembers that it was "one of the loudest hits I have ever heard.
Q and A With Brian Dawkins He's already planning for playoffs
September 9, 2006
By Marc Narducci INQUIRER STAFF WRITER
The Eagles' football season, which kicks off tomorrow in Houston against the Texans, couldn't come soon enough for free safety and team leader Brian Dawkins. Now entering his 11th season with the Eagles, Dawkins has made no secret of his desire to rid himself of the aftertaste of a disappointing 6-10 year one season after the Eagles played in the Super Bowl. With five Pro Bowl selections on his resume and a contract extension through the 2008 season, Dawkins is thinking of nothing else but returning to the postseason, where he has been six times.
Brian Dawkins' Audition At Free Safety Not Just For Practice
July 19, 1996
By Tim Panaccio, INQUIRER STAFF WRITER
One reason Eagles coach Ray Rhodes asked some of the veteran players not to report early to training camp was so he could watch his rookies work with selected veterans before there's a logjam. Rhodes and defensive coordinator Emmitt Thomas had their eyes on safety Brian Dawkins yesterday in various drills, including 11 on 11. What they saw was a little speed, a lot of aggressiveness, and some anxiety. Though just 5-foot-11 and 190 pounds, Dawkins is a vicious hitter. But since no one was wearing pads, he was frustrated because he couldn't hit anyone.
Chris Short, Brian Dawkins, Charlie Manuel among Philly Hall inductees
June 24, 2016
By Adam Hermann, STAFF WRITER
RHAWN SHORT was named for a street in Northeast Philadelphia. His father, the late Chris Short, was one of the best pitchers of his era, a two-time All-Star who played for the Phillies from 1959 to 1972. Rhawn appeared at the City Avenue Hilton on Thursday to acknowledge his father's inclusion as a member of the Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame's class of 2016. "To be here today is a great honor, an honor I wish my father could be here to experience with me," Short said. Chris Short, a lefthander who finished his career with the Milwaukee Brewers in 1973, was 135-132 overall with a 3.43 ERA. He was 20-10 in 1966 and won 17 or more games in a season four times.
Mike Missanelli: Brian Dawkins the quintessential Eagles fan favorite
April 29, 2012
Donovan McNabb has spent the last couple of weeks telling anyone listening that he belongs in the Hall of Fame, and while he was at it, to take the time to discredit a couple of his contemporaries who have already made the Hall. A couple of days ago, when presented with the possibility that he might go to the Hall of Fame, Brian Dawkins got choked up. And therein lies the difference between an Eagles player universally accepted by the fans as one of their all-time favorites, and another who will forever be on the outside looking in. Brian Dawkins officially retired last week from the National Football League.
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Philly Sports Hall of Fame announces new members
June 25, 2016
By Will Snow, STAFF WRITER
The Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame announced its new members Thursday, and former Phillies manager Charlie Manuel and retired Eagles safety Brian Dawkins highlight the list of 15 individuals and one team. Nine sports were represented on the list that included the 1966-67 76ers, and bowling made the cut for the first time. Sylvia Wene Martin was the first female bowler to roll three perfect games in sanctioned competitions. She is already in both the Philadelphia Jewish Sports Hall of Fame and the Women's International Bowling Hall of Fame.
Chris Short, Brian Dawkins, Charlie Manuel among Philly Hall inductees
June 24, 2016
By Adam Hermann, STAFF WRITER
RHAWN SHORT was named for a street in Northeast Philadelphia. His father, the late Chris Short, was one of the best pitchers of his era, a two-time All-Star who played for the Phillies from 1959 to 1972. Rhawn appeared at the City Avenue Hilton on Thursday to acknowledge his father's inclusion as a member of the Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame's class of 2016. "To be here today is a great honor, an honor I wish my father could be here to experience with me," Short said. Chris Short, a lefthander who finished his career with the Milwaukee Brewers in 1973, was 135-132 overall with a 3.43 ERA. He was 20-10 in 1966 and won 17 or more games in a season four times.
Hayes: Signing Cox a climax to Roseman's big offseason
June 15, 2016
By Marcus Hayes, Daily News Columnist
YOU COULD almost hear the briefcase clicking shut Monday evening. That's when Howie Roseman finished a four-month negotiation with Fletcher Cox, perhaps already the best defensive tackle in Eagles history and probably the best athlete in the city, depending on how you regard Claude Giroux. According to ESPN, Cox, 25, agreed to a six-year, $103 million contract extension, $63 million of it guaranteed in various manners. It might turn out to be the most guaranteed money a non-quarterback has ever made, but NFL contracts are specious documents full of misdirection and hidden intent.
DN Agenda: Which newly acquired Eagles player will have the biggest impact this season?
June 15, 2016
Daily News Staff Writers
In the Agenda, the Daily News will examine a major issue of the day in Philadelphia sports. We will frame the question and look at it from multiple angles, bringing you opinions from a sports staff unmatched in its experience. The Agenda will run occasionally, only in the Daily News. Les Bowen If I had to bet this question, my money would be on Rodney McLeod. McLeod is assured of starting at safety for the Eagles if he's healthy, and he's played in every game since he arrived in St. Louis as an undrafted free agent from Virginia in 2012, so the odds are with me there.
Brookover: Birds' safeties impress even Schwartz
May 26, 2016
By Bob Brookover, Inquirer Columnist
Watch Jim Schwartz coach from the sideline, then listen to him afterward, and it is easy to come to this conclusion: Praise is not passed around to his defensive players as if its turkey and mashed potatoes at a Thanksgiving dinner table. If a player gets a compliment from the Eagles defensive coordinator, it is because he has earned it. Not many of the players on the field at the NovaCare Complex for Tuesday's padless practice session achieved that status. In fact, after being asked about quarterback Carson Wentz, Schwartz voluntarily mentioned his disdain for what he saw from his defense.
New Eagle McLeod wants to play like Dawkins
March 12, 2016
By Jeff McLane, Staff Writer
Rodney McLeod walked up to the podium wearing a crisp white shirt buttoned to the top, Steve Urkel-style, and a jacket with a polka dot handkerchief peaking out of the breast. His torso barely cleared the lectern, while coach Doug Pederson, who spoke just moments before, towered over the stand. The new Eagles safety isn't known for his size - he's listed as 5-foot-10, 195 pounds - but he looked even smaller in person. He answered questions eloquently, spoke in measured tones, and smiled a lot. McLeod didn't appear to be anywhere near the intimidator the Eagles have lacked in the secondary for nearly a decade.
Bucs' Winston 'grew up an Eagles fan'
November 20, 2015
BY ED BARKOWITZ, Daily News Staff Writer firstname.lastname@example.com
BUCCANEERS rookie quarterback Jameis Winston has never been to Philadelphia, but he surely followed the Birds while growing up in Bessemer, Ala. "I'm an Eagles fan," said Winston, the No. 1 overall pick in 2015. "Randall Cunningham was my favorite player of all time. I loved Brian Westbrook, Brian Dawkins, Donovan McNabb, Jevon Kearse - all the guys in the 2000s. " Winston, 21, wasn't even born when Cunningham was in his prime, but that's beside the point. Lots of people grow up idolizing Mickey Mantle or Wilt Chamberlain or even Michael Jordan without having seen them play.
Jenkins, Thurmond give Eagles two steady safeties at last
October 23, 2015
By Jeff McLane, Inquirer Staff Writer
First there were Quintin Mikell and Sean Jones in Sean McDermott's Jim Johnson-cloned defense. Then there were Mikell and Nate Allen. Then Allen and Kurt Coleman for two years behind the "wide nine. " Then Allen and Patrick Chung in Bill Davis' completely new scheme. And then Allen and Malcolm Jenkins last year. Interspersed as starters in that six-year span have been Macho Harris, Colt Anderson, Jarrad Page, Jaiquawn Jarrett, David Sims and Earl Wolff. It's been seven years since the Eagles and Brian Dawkins parted ways, and for the first time since his departure, the team has two more than competent safeties and a scheme that matches their skill sets.
Turns out the NFC East isn't very good
October 21, 2015
By Mike Sielski, Inquirer Columnist
Memories were low-hanging fruit here. They always are when the Eagles play the Giants, or any NFC East team. That the Eagles chose this particular night to induct Brian Westbrook into their Hall of Fame was natural, given that Westbrook turned around the franchise's 2003 season with that stunning punt-return touchdown in East Rutherford. So there were Donovan McNabb and Brian Dawkins strutting out of a tunnel before Monday night's game, familiar faces inspiring familiar thoughts. Hours earlier, former Giants coach Bill Parcells had answered questions for 15 minutes on a local sports-talk station, and the relish returned to his voice when he spoke about the teams' rivalry of the mid-to-late 1980s - Randall Cunningham and Lawrence Taylor and the banana republic at Broad and Pattison that was Veterans Stadium.
Preseason has offered Eagles few answers about their secondary
September 2, 2015
By David Murphy, Daily News Columnist
SO, ABOUT THAT test the Eagles' secondary was going to face this preseason . . . Andrew Luck played 11 snaps. Joe Flacco played 19. Aaron Rodgers played zero. Hey, it's not their fault that preseason football has reached a farcical level of meaninglessness. Still, it would have been nice to see the group in action against somebody other than Brett Hundley and Jeff Janis. In three games, the Eagles' secondary spent 15 snaps in pass coverage against starting wide receivers (Andre Johnson, Steve Smith, Randall Cobb)
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How To Halloween: Projects from Bloggers
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Mysterious Mummy Mason Jars
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There's nothing spookier than Mysterious Mummy Mason Jars. Okay, maybe actual mummies are spookier, but these guys come pretty close. Mason jar crafts allow you use inexpensive items to create one-of-a-kind projects. Fun Halloween crafts can help you get in the spirit and celebrate the best aspects of fall. For this project, you only need a few inexpensive supplies, so round everything up and get to work as soon as possible. Make a bunch of these mummies and line your countertop or mantel in the time leading up to Halloween night.
Primary Technique: General Crafts
- Mason Jar
- Gauze
- Googly Eyes
- Hot Glue Gun
- Scissors
- Use hot glue to add googly eyes to the Mason jar.
- Hot glue the start of your gauze to the back of the Mason jar.
- Wrap the gauze around the Mason jar to get a mummy effect. Make sure you don't cover the eyes.
- Once you've finished wrapping the gauze, glue the other end down.
- Add a candle inside the jar.
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For your consideration is a beautiful amethyst carnival glass cream and sugar set in the Grape and Cable pattern. They were made by Northwood in 1910. The set features an embossed grapes, leaves and vines design. They are approx. 3" tall and are marked on the bottom of the inside with a circle containing "N" over a line. Very good condition with no chips or cracks.
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The tyrosine kinase Fyn has been implicated as playing an important role in the generation of both stimulatory and inhibitory signaling events induced by TCR engagement. To assess the role of Fyn for antigen-driven negative selection and regulatory T cell (Treg) development, which are both dependent on the strength and nature of TCR signaling, we generated mice that co-express the transgenes for ovalbumin and the OT-II TCR, which recognizes a peptide from ovalbumin. In mice expressing both transgenes, negative selection, Treg development in the thymus, and the number of Treg in the periphery were each unaffected by ablation of Fyn. Moreover, fyn-/- Treg were functional, as assessed in vitro. We further tested the role of Fyn for the adaptor function of c-Cbl, using mice containing a point mutation in c-Cbl that abolishes its E3 ubiquitin ligase function but maintains its adaptor function. The functional and signaling properties of this mutant c-Cbl were unaltered in fyn-/- thymocytes. Combined, these data indicate that Fyn was not required for: the induction of central tolerance by negative selection; the adaptor protein role of c-Cbl; orthe normal development and function of Treg.
The fate of developing T cells within the thymus is controlled by the strength and nature of signals from the pre-TCR, and from the TCR and its co-receptors, CD4 and CD8 [1]. Signaling though the TCR is responsible for positive and negative selection [1], and determines if a thymocyte will enter the differentiation pathway leading to the formation of conventional CD4 or CD8 T cells, NKT cells, or Treg [2-4]. Two Src-family kinases, Fyn and Lck are involved in the initiation of TCR-mediated signaling [5, 6]. Fyn is directly associated at low stochiometery with the TCR ζ-chain [7, 8], whereas Lck is associated with the cytoplasmic domains of CD4 and CD8 [9]. Following ligation of the TCR, both Fyn and Lck phosphorylate immunoreceptor-tyrosine based activation motifs (ITAM) within the TCR ζ-chain and CD3 leading to the recruitment and activation of ZAP-70, the recruitment and phosphorylation of LAT (linker for activation of T cells), and the formation of a multicomponent signaling complex that propagates the TCR signal and ultimately determines T cell behavior [5, 6].
Interestingly, Fyn has been implicated not only in initiation and propagation of the TCR signal but also in down-regulation of this signal by phosphorylating proteins that limit TCR signaling [10]. In particular, Fyn interacts with c-Cbl, which has a dual role in TCR signaling. C-Cbl can attenuate the TCR signal though its RING finger E3 ubiquitin ligase domain, by which it catalyses the ubiquitinylation of the TCR, Src family kinase members and other signaling proteins, targeting them for internalization and degradation [11]. Conversely, phosphorylation of c-Cbl on Y731 by Fyn allows c-Cbl to act as an adapter protein for phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI-3 kinase), thereby enhancing TCR signaling [12, 13]. The phosphorylation of c-Cbl, leading to PI-3 kinase recruitment is thought to be dependent on Fyn [11, 12].
Although development of conventional CD4+ and CD8+ T cells does not appear to be greatly affected in Fyn-deficient mice (fyn-/-), there is evidence to suggest that TCR-mediated signaling is altered in fyn-/- thymocytes. In response to stimulation with anti-CD3 antibodies, fyn-/- thymocytes do not flux calcium, have diminished phosphorylation of various signaling molecules including ZAP-70 and LAT, and do not proliferate as well as WT thymocytes [14-16]. In addition, negative selection in the thymus in response to the endogenous-super-antigen, Mls-1a is decreased in fyn-/- mice [15]. As there are important differences between anti-CD3 antibodies, super-antigens, and peptide-major histocompatibility (MHC) complexes as ligands for the TCR, particularly in regard to the involvement of the co-receptors CD4 and CD8 [17], we wished to determine the effect of Fyn-deficiency on negative selection and thymic development of CD4+ T cells in vivo under more physiological conditions. For this purpose we generated fyn-/- mice expressing the transgene-encoded OT-II TCR, which recognizes a peptide from chicken egg albumin (Ovap323-339) in the context of the I-Ab class-II MHC molecule [18]. The development of OT-II TCR transgenic (OT-II+) fyn-/- thymocytes was then assessed in mice that expressed ovalbumin in the thymus and periphery under the control of the rat insulin promoter (RIP). Here, we report that both positive and negative selection of OT-II+CD4+ T cells were not altered by ablation of Fyn, and that development and function of Treg were also unaffected when compared to WT. These results reveal a high level of redundancy between Fyn and other proteins kinases for T cell function.
To determine if Fyn-deficiency affected either positive or negative selection of MHC-class II-restricted thymocytes, we compared T cell development in OT-II wild type (WT) mice and fyn-/- mice, in the presence or absence of transgenic ovalbumin. In the thymus of OT-II WT mice and OT-II fyn-/- mice, the frequency of CD4-CD8- (double negative, DN), CD4+CD8+ (double positive, DP), CD4+CD8- (CD4 single positive, SP), and CD4-CD8+ thymocytes (Supplementary Figure 1) and the number of thymocytes (Figure 1A) were similar. Both OT-II WT mice and OT-II fyn-/- mice had an increased frequency of CD4+ single positive (SP) thymocytes (mean ± standard deviation (SD): 18.1 ± 3.9% n=7, and 15 ± 2.5% n=6, respectively, student T test p=0.15) when compared to non-transgenic controls (mean ± SD: 5.6 ± 0.31% SD n=4 WT mice; and 5.67 ± 0.48% n=4 G15 fyn-/- mice). These results indicate that positive selection of TCR-transgenic thymocytes occurs normally in OT-II fyn-/- mice, and concurs with previous studies on positive selection of thymocytes expressing either CD4- or CD8-selecting TCR transgenes in fyn-/- animals [19-21]. In contrast, in the thymi of RIP-Ova OT-II WT mice and RIP-Ova OT-II fyn-/- mice there was a marked decrease in the frequency of CD4+ SP thymocytes (mean ± SD: 2.8 ±1.1% n=6 and 3.24± 1.3% n=4, respectively, student T test p=0.6), and a corresponding increase in the other thymocyte sub-populations when compared to OT-II mice that did not express ovalbumin (Supplementary Figure 1). In addition, both RIP-Ova OT-II fyn-/- mice and RIP-Ova OT-II WT mice showed a significant and similar decline in the total number of thymocytes when compared to controls (Figure 1A), which was primarily due to a loss of OT-II+CD4+CD8- thymocytes, as assessed by the expression of the α-chain of the OT-II TCR, Vα2 (Figure 1B). Both RIP-Ova OT-II WT mice and RIP-Ova OT-II fyn-/- mice had a nearly complete reduction in the number of OT-II+ CD4 SP thymocytes when compared to non-Ova expressing OT-II+ controls. The mean percentage deletion of OT-II+CD4+CD8- thymocytes was 94% (± 4.0% SD n=5) in RIP-Ova OT-II WT mice and 88% (± 6.9% SD n=5) in RIP-Ova OT-II fyn-/- mice. The modest difference seen between RIP-Ova OT-II WT mice and RIP-Ova OT-II fyn-/- animals was not statistically significant (student T test p=0.24). The lack of a defect in negative selection in OT-II+ transgenic fyn-/- mice is in contrast to the observation that fyn-/- mice have a defect in thymic negative selection induced by the super-antigen, Mls-1a [15]. However, challenge of fyn-/- mice with the super-antigen Staphylococcal enterotoxin A [15], or the development of H-Y TCR transgenic Fyn-deficient CD8+ T cells in male mice also failed to reveal defects in negative selection [19]. We have now extended these observations to negative selection of antigen-specific MHC class II-restricted thymocytes. Thus, the role of Fyn in negative selection by Mls-1a appears to be atypical and our data combined with that of others [15, 19] demonstrate that negative selection occurs normally in fyn-/- mice.
To determine if the expression of cell surface molecules sensitive to antigenic stimulation were altered in the absence of Fyn, we used flow cytometry to measure the expression on thymocytes of the α- and β-chains of the OT-II TCR (Vα2 and Vβ5), CD69, and CD5. On DN and DP thymocytes there was no significant difference in the expression of these cell surface markers when comparing OT-II WT mice and OT-II fyn-/- mice, irrespective of the presence of the RIP-Ova transgene (data not shown). However, when the Vα2+CD4+ SP thymocytes were examined, the expression of both Vα2 and Vβ5 was down-regulated on thymocytes from RIP-Ova OT-II WT mice when compared to OT-II WT mice (Figure 1C and data not shown, the mean frequency of CD4 SP thymocytes that expressed Vα2 was 94.9 ± 2.8% SD n=8 for OT-II WT mice and 66 ± 21% SD n=5 for RIP-Ova OT-II WT mice), and a similar down-regulation of OT-II TCR expression was also observed in CD4 SP thymocytes from RIP-Ova OT-II fyn-/- mice (Figure 1D and data not shown, the mean frequency of CD4 SP thymocytes that expressed Vα2 was 94.4 ± 2.8% SD n=7 for OT-II fyn-/- mice and 61 ± 27% SD n=4 for RIP-Ova OT-II fyn-/- mice). Moreover, the expression of CD5 was higher on Vα2+CD4 SP thymocytes from both RIP-Ova OT-II WT and fyn-/- mice when compared to non-ovalubmin expressing controls (Figure 1E and F, respectively). The changes in cell surface marker expression observed indicate that OT-II+ thymocytes in RIP-Ova mice had encountered antigen in the thymus. In particular, the upregulation of CD5 is consistent with the OTII+ thymocytes having received a strong TCR signal following recognition of the neo self-antigen ovalbumin. Down-regulation of the TCR and up-regulation of CD5 are both known to modulate TCR signaling in a manner that reduces the magnitude of that signal [22]. These changes occurred to a similar degree in both Fyn-expressing and Fyn-deficient transgenic thymocytes suggesting that the loss of Fyn did not significantly alter the strength of TCR signaling in CD4 SP thymocytes responding to specific antigen/MHC-II complexes.
Previous work has demonstrated that some α/β TCR expressing thymocytes adopt a CD4+ regulatory T cell fate following self-antigen recognition in the thymus [23, 24]. To assess if Fyn-deficiency altered the development of these cells, we determined the frequency of Foxp3+CD4+ thymocytes in WT and fyn-/-mice in the presence and absence of the OT-II TCR and RIP-Ova transgenes. The frequency of Foxp3+CD4 SP thymocytes was somewhat higher in non-transgenic G15 fyn-/- mice when compared to C57BL/6 mice (mean percentage of Foxp3+CD4 SP thymocytes ± SD: 4.4 ± 0.48% n=4 and 3.6 ± 0.2% n=4, respectively; student T test p = 0.04), however this difference was not observed when comparing OT-II TCR transgenic WT and fyn-/- mice. OT-II WT and fyn-/- mice had a lower frequency of Foxp3+Vα2+ CD4 SP thymocytes compared to the percentage of Foxp3+ CD4 SP thymocytes in non-transgenic mice, and this frequency did not significantly differ between thymocytes from OT-II fyn-/- and OT-II WT mice (Figure 1G and H. Mean percentage of Foxp3+Vα2+CD4 SP thymocytes ± SD; 0.51 ± 0.25% n=8, and 0.52 ± 0.19% n=8, respectively, student T test p = 0.3). The low frequency of Foxp3+CD4 SP thymocytes in the OT-II mice presumably reflected a low level of self-reactivity of OT-II+ thymocytes in the absence of ovalbumin. Upon inclusion of the RIP-Ova transgene, there was a large increase in the proportion and absolute numbers of Vα2+CD4 SP thymocytes that were Foxp3+, as has been seen in several other TCR and antigen transgenic mice [3, 23-25]. The increase in Foxp3+ Treg was similar in OT-II WT and fyn-/- mice (Figure 1G and H. Mean percentage of Foxp3+Vα2+CD4 SP thymocytes ± SD; 9.98 ± 0.47% n=3, and 9.88 ± 3.7% n=4, respectively, student T test p = 0.4). These data clearly show that the thymic generation of self-reactive Foxp3+ Treg, at least with the OT-II TCR, was unaffected by a deficiency of Fyn.
The lack of a substantial effect of Fyn-deficiency thymocyte development was surprising given evidence for a unique role for Fyn in phosphorylating several key regulators of TCR signaling [7, 13, 26-28]. One such regulator is c-Cbl. To test the requirement for Fyn for the adaptor function of c-Cbl, we took a genetic approach. Mice have been generated in which the c-Cbl adaptor function is intact but the E3 ubiquitin ligase function is lacking. These mice carry an allele of the c-Cbl gene carrying a point mutation that inactivates the c-Cbl RING finger, combined with a total loss of function allele (c-CblA/-). The c-CblA/- mice have a rapid loss of thymic cellularity that correlates with elevated cell surface expression of the TCR, CD5 and CD69 molecules in DP thymocytes (Figure 2A-C and [12]). Thymocytes from c-CblA/- mice also have enhanced intracellular signaling consistent with the loss of the inhibitory function of c-Cbl combined with retention of its positive adapter protein role. It is thought that stronger TCR signaling resulting from altered c-Cbl function leads to increased negative selection, explaining the reduction in thymic cellularity and the altered cell surface phenotype of c-CblA/- thymocytes [12]. Analysis of signaling pathways in these thymocytes indicated that there is hyper-induction of the PI-3 kinase/Akt pathway in c-CblA/- thymocytes. As Fyn has been reported to phosphorylate c-Cbl on Y731, we assessed whether the high rate of thymocyte apoptosis in c-CblA/- mice was dependent on Fyn by crossing these c-Cbl alleles to the fyn-/- mice. Analysis of 4-5 week old fyn-/-c-CblA/- mice revealed that Fyn-deficiency failed to restore thymocyte numbers in the c-CblA/- mice. Thymocyte numbers were 9.0 ± 2.4 × 107 in fyn-/-c-CblA/- mice and 26.7 ± 3.3 × 107 in their fyn-/-c-Cbl+/- littermates, (n=2), compared with 6.7 ± 1.6 × 107 in c-CblA/- and 27.4 ± 3.9 × 107 in c-Cbl+/- littermates (n=6-7). Consistent with this observation, the expression of the TCR, CD5 and CD69 were similarly elevated on fyn-/-c-CblA/- DP thymocytes and on c-CblA/- thymocytes (Figure 2A-F). Moreover, Fyn-deficiency did not reduce the extent of c-Cbl hyperphosphorylation and increased phosphorylation of Akt on activation sites in these thymocytes (Figure 2G). Analysis of cell lysates from anti-CD3 stimulated c-Cbl-/- thymocytes showed that the 120kD band was correctly identified as c-Cbl (data not shown and [29]). Thus, the phosphorylation of c-Cbl leading to recruitment and activation of PI-3 kinase was not compromised by ablation of the expression of Fyn, suggesting that in the absence of Fyn another protein tyrosine kinase is able to phosphorylate c-Cbl. Previous studies have indicated that Yes or Syk can also phosphorylate c-Cbl [30], and these kinases may provide a level of redundancy allowing for the phosphorylation of c-Cbl in thymocytes lacking Fyn. In contrast, decreased phosphorylation of c-Cbl has been reported in fyn-/- splenic T cells compared to WT T cells [28]. This difference correlates with the expression pattern of Syk, which is not expressed in most splenic T cells, but is expressed in DP thymocytes [31], consistent with the possibility that Syk provides redundancy with Fyn for phosphorylation of c-Cbl in thymocytes.
Although the majority of OT-II+CD4+ T cells were deleted in the thymus of RIP-Ova OT-II WT and fyn-/- mice, some TCR transgenic CD4+ T cells escaped negative selection and could be identified in the periphery, albeit in low numbers (Figure 3). In RIP-Ova OT-II WT mice and RIP-Ova OT-II fyn-/- mice, the total number of splenocytes was reduced when compared to their non-Ova expressing OT-II TCR transgenic counterparts (Figure 3A), largely due to a reduction in the number of splenic OT-II+CD4+ T cells (Figure 3B). The loss of Vα2+CD4+ T cells was similar in both RIP-Ova OT-II WT mice and RIP-Ova OT-II fyn-/- mice (Figure 3B). Peripheral CD4+ T cells from both RIP-Ova OT-II WT mice and RIP-Ova OT-II fyn-/- mice had phenotypic changes that were consistent with down-regulation of the TCR signal, including the reduced expression of Vα2 and Vβ5 and increased expression of CD5 on Vα2+CD4+ T cells similar to that observed in the thymus (Figure 1 and data not shown). In addition, the early activation marker, CD69, was expressed by less than 10% of the OT-II+CD4+ T cells from RIP-Ova OT-II WT mice or from RIP-Ova OT-II fyn-/- mice (data not shown). The similarity in the expression of the cell surface molecules examined on Vα2+CD4+ T cells from RIP-Ova OT-II WT and fyn-/- mice indicates that a Fyn-deficiency did not have a discernible effect on the phenotype of these cells, and suggests that the response of OT-II+CD4+ T cells following recognition of Ovap323-339/MHC-II complexes was not significantly altered in the absence of Fyn kinase. Moreover, the low level of expression of CD69 on OT-II+CD4+ T cells in the RIP-Ova OT-II mice despite the continued presence of antigen in the periphery suggests that there was not an ongoing immune response to Ova in either WT or fyn-/- mice.
Expression of the RIP-Ova transgene led to a large increase in the frequency and absolute number of Foxp3+OT-II+ T cells, and there was no evidence of an effect of a Fyn-deficiency on the increase in the frequency or number of these Treg (Figure 3C and mean number of splenic Foxp3+OT-II+CD4+ T cells ± SD: 10.5 ± 3.7 × 106, n=4 RIP-Ova OT-II WT mice and 12.9 ± 6.0 SD × 106 n=4 RIP-Ova OT-II fyn-/- mice, student T test p = 0.5). In contrast, the numbers were significantly different between OT-II WT mice and RIP-Ova OT-II WT mice or between OT-II fyn-/- mice and RIP-Ova OT-II fyn-/- mice (Figure 3C. Mean number of splenic Foxp3+OT-II+CD4+ T cells ± SD: 1.4 ± 0.6 × 106 n=6 OT-II WT mice and 2.2 ± 1.5 × 106 n=6 OT-II fyn-/- mice. Student T test p values = 0.0008 or 0.006 when comparing RIP-Ova OT-II WT and OT-II WT, or RIP-Ova OT-II fyn-/- and OT-II fyn-/- mice, respectively). In addition, there were no significant differences in the numbers of splenic Foxp3+CD4+ T cells between WT and fyn-/- mice (Mean number of splenic Foxp3+CD4+ T cells ± SD: 7.1 ± 0.8 × 106 cells n=4 WT mice and 10.8 ± 2.6 × 106 cells n=4 fyn-/- mice; student T test p=0.1. Figure 3D). These data suggest that many of the OT-II+ thymocytes in RIP-Ova OT-II WT mice and in RIP-Ova OT-II fyn-/- mice develop into Treg and are exported to the periphery as Foxp3+ Treg, and that this process is little affected by the expression of Fyn.
We next wanted to assess whether Treg from fyn-/-mice were functionally similar to their WT counterparts. To address this question, the activity of Treg was assessed using an in vitro system previously described by Thornton and Shevach (2000) in which the ability of Treg to inhibit anti-CD3 induced proliferation of naïve T cells is assessed [32]. Naive T cells isolated from non-transgenic WT mice or fyn-/- mice were stimulated with soluble anti-CD3, in the presence of γ-irradiated splenocytes and variable numbers of WT or fyn-/- Treg. Non-transgenic T cells were used in these experiments, as it was difficult to obtain sufficient numbers of Treg from RIP-Ova OT-II mice. WT and Fyn-deficient naïve T cells exhibited similar levels of 3H-thymidine incorporation in this assay (Figure 3E and F). The addition of Treg to these cultures resulted in the inhibition of 3H-TdR incorporation. The extent of inhibition of naïve T cell proliferation was dependent on the ratio of naïve:regulatory T cells present in the culture, with the most pronounced inhibition (85-90%) occurring at a ratio of naïve:regulatory T cell of 1:1 (Figure 3E and F). Similar results were obtained by co-culturing WT naïve T cells with Treg from either WT mice or fyn-/- mice (Figure 3E), or conversely by co-culturing fyn-/- naïve T cells with Treg from WT mice or fyn-/- mice (Figure 3F). These results demonstrate that fyn-/- naïve T cells are as susceptible to the suppressive activity of Treg as naïve WT T cells and that fyn-/- Treg are as capable as their WT counterparts at inhibiting naïve T cell proliferation in vitro. These data demonstrate that signaling though Fyn is not required for Treg function in vitro, and suggest that fyn-/- Treg would be capable of participating in the maintenance of peripheral tolerance. However, the efficacy of fyn-/- Treg and their ability to maintain peripheral tolerance in vivo remain to be assessed.
The intracellular protein tyrosine kinase Fyn has been implicated as being important for T cell function due to its involvement in early TCR signaling events following antigen recognition [5, 6], and its role in signaling by a subset of CD2-family members via the adaptor SAP [33, 34]. In the experiments presented here, we have addressed the question of whether Fyn has non-redundant functions in TCR signaling reactions that are important for establishment of tolerance to self in the CD4+ T cell compartment. We examined the effect of Fyn-deficiency on negative selection and regulatory T cell fate choice by OT-II TCR transgenic T cells in the absence or presence of a transgene expressing its cognate antigen, ovalbumin. Our data show that Fyn-deficiency does not alter either of these two key mechanisms of central T cell tolerance. In addition, Fyn-deficiency was shown to be dispensible for the adaptor function of c-Cbl in thymocytes, in contrast to earlier reports that this function was dependent on Fyn. Finally, Fyn-deficient Treg effectively suppressed the in vitro proliferation of naïve effector CD4+ T cells from WT or fyn-/- animals, which suggests that a Fyn-deficiency may not impair this arm of peripheral tolerance. These data indicate that TCR signaling in class II MHC-restricted TCR α/β thymocytes and in peripheral Treg is sufficiently flexible to be able to compensate for the lack of signaling though Fyn, even at the level of individual signaling targets such as c-Cbl.
Thymocyte and peripheral T cell populations were assessed in sex- and age-matched mice at 6-7 weeks of age. Experiments using c-Cbl mutant mice were done in sex-and age-matched fyn-/-c-Cbl+/- and fyn-/-c-CblA/- littermates at 4-5 weeks of age. Assessment of Treg activity was done using cells from sex- and age-matched mice at 8-10 weeks of age.
C57BL/6 mice were originally purchased from Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor, ME). C57BL/6 fyn-/- mice were generated by crossing mice expressing the inactivated fyn-allele [15], on a mixed C57BL6/129S7/Sv background to C57BL/6 mice for 15 generations (G15) and then to homozygosity for the inactivated fyn-allele. C57BL/6 mice expressing the OT-II TCR transgene [18] were provided by Dr Mark Anderson (University of California, San Francisco). To generate OT-II fyn-/- mice, G15 fyn-/- female mice were crossed to the OT-II males. RIP-Ova C57BL/6 mice [35], were a gift from Dr M. Anderson and were used to generate RIP-Ova OT-II fyn-/- mice and fyn+/+ counterparts. Fyn-deficient mice were bred to c-CblC379A (c-CblA/+) and to c-Cbl-/- mice [12] to generate fyn-/-c-CblA/+ and fyn-/-c-Cbl-/- mice. These mice were then mated to generate fyn-/-c-Cbl+/- and fyn-/-c-CblA/- littermates.
With the exception of the c-Cbl mutant mice, all mice were housed and maintained within the specific pathogen-free animal facility at UCSF under conditions that meet institutional animal care and use committee (IACUC) and National Institutes of Health guidelines. Fyn-/-c-CblA/- and fyn-/-c-cbl+/- mice were housed at animal facilities at the University of Western Australia in accordance with Animal Ethics Committee approval.
The genotype of the RIP-Ova transgenic mice and fyn-/- mice used in these experiments was confirmed by PCR. The OT-II TCR transgene is carried on the Y chromosome so all males have the TCR transgene, the expression of the OT-II TCR was periodically confirmed by flow cytometry based on the high frequency of CD4+ T cells that expressed Vα2. The genotype of fyn-/-c-Cbl+/- and fyn-/-c-CblA/- mice was confirmed by PCR as previously described [12].
Anti-CD3 (145-2C11 or 500A2), anti-CD4 (RM4-5 or GK1.5), anti-CD8α (53-6.7), anti-TCRβ (H57-597), anti-Vα2 (B20.1), anti-Vβ5 (MR9-4), anti-CD69 (H1.2FE), anti-CD25 (2A3), anti-CD5 (53-7.3), anti-CD62L (MEL-14), anti-CD16/CD32 (2.4G2), and isotype controls for rat IgG2a κ (R35-95), mouse IgG1 κ (MOPC-31C), Armenian hamster IgG1 κ (A19-3) unconjugated or conjugated to biotin, fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), allophycocyanin (APC), phycoerythrin (PE), PE-Cy7, PerCp-Cy5.5 as needed were purchased from Becton Dickinson PharMingen (San Diego, CA). Anti-Fyn (FYN3) was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA) and anti-c-Cbl from BD Transduction Laboratories (San Jose, CA). Anti-phospho-Akt (S473) (193H12) and anti-Akt1 (2H10) were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA). The mouse monoclonal anti-phosphotyrosine (4G10) antibody was a gift from Dr Brian Druker (Oregon Health and Science University, Portland).
Cells from thymus or spleen were prepared for analysis or purification by flow cytometry as previously described [20]. For intracellular staining for Foxp3, thymocytes or splenocytes were prepared as previously described [20] and stained with anti-CD4-APC, anti-CD8-PECy7 and anti-Vα2-PE, or with anti-CD4-PECy7, anti-CD25-APC and anti-Vα2-PE, respectively. Intracellular cellular staining for Foxp3 was done using the FITC anti-mouse/rat Foxp3 Staining set from eBioscience (#71-5775 San Diego, CA), as per the manufacturer's instructions.
Calculation of the percentage deletion of thymocytes
The percentage deletion was calculated by the following formula, % deletion = 100 − [(number of Vα2+CD4 SP thymocytes from RIP-Ova OT-II mice / the mean for the number of Vα2+CD4 SP thymocytes from OT-II mice) ×100].
Thymocytes were incubated with biotinylated antibodies against CD3 (500A2) and CD4 (GK1.5) and stimulated by streptavidin cross-linking at 37°C for 5 min. Cells were lyzed and whole cell lysates were analyzed by immunoblotting with antibodies as previously described [36].
Naïve and regulatory CD4+ T cells were prepared from the lymph nodes (cervical, axillary, brachial and inguinal) and spleen of OT-II TCR-transgenic WT mice or OT-II fyn-/- mice. Cells were prepared as previously described [20], stained with anti-CD4-APC, anti-CD25-PE and anti-CD62L-FITC and purified using a MoFlo high performance cell sorter (Dakocytomation Fort Collins, CO). For naïve CD4+ T cells, sorting gates were set to include live CD25-CD62LhiCD4+ lymphocytes, whereas for CD4+ Treg, gates were set to include live CD25+CD62LhiCD4+ lymphocytes. Typical purity for both naïve CD4+ T cells and regulatory CD4+ T cells within the range of 89-95% (data not shown).
Naïve CD4+ T cells (5×104cells/well) were co-cultured with regulatory CD4+ T cells (at varying cell density as indicated) with 0.5μg/ml soluble anti-CD3 and γ-irradiated C57BL/6 splenocytes (5×104cells/well) in supplemented RPMI-1640 medium as previously described [20] in 96-well U-bottom tissue culture plates (Corning Costar, Lowell, MA.). Proliferation was assessed by [methyl-3H]-Thymidine (3H-TdR) (Amersham, Little Chalfont, UK) incorporation, as previously described [20].
The authors wish to acknowledge the assistance of Shiloh Martin and Barbara Sheer for help in preparing mouse tissues, members of Dr Abbas's laboratory for technical advice and reagents, and Mark Lanett for assistance.
This work was supported by The Joseph Marino Research Award from the Crohn's & Colitis Foundation of America (to A.A.M.) and National Institutes of Health grants PO1 AI-35297 (to A.L.D.). National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Project Grant 458539 (to W.L. and C.T.) and NHMRC Research Fellowship 572505 (to W.L.).
Conflict of interest: The authors declare no financial or commercial conflict of interest.
PubMed Central Canada is a service of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) working in partnership with the National Research Council's national science library in cooperation with the National Center for Biotechnology Information at the U.S. National Library of Medicine(NCBI/NLM). It includes content provided to the PubMed Central International archive by participating publishers.


text: NO HEADLINEJezebel11/01/12 3:50pmFiled to: Neil Patrick Harristrick or treatHalloweenadorableCelebrity halloweenCelebrities1EditInvite manuallyPromoteDismissUndismissHideShare to KinjaToggle Conversation toolsGo to permalinkAmerican women experienced their first ever simultaneous mass ovulation today, as pictures of Neil Patrick Harris, his fiancé David Burtka, and their two children Gideon Scott and Harper Grace dressed up for Halloween as the goddamn Wizard of Oz gang began making the internet rounds. I'm dead. I'm actually dead. —EGR Reply1 repliesLeave a reply


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Agriculture Secretary Vilsack: $1 billion for REDD+
Will a deal to stop deforestation be the biggest success at Copenhagen?
Guest blogger Kari Manlove is a Research Associate at American Progress.
What source of greenhouse gas emissions was left out of the Kyoto Protocol and yet contributes roughly the same percentage of global emissions as transportation?
If you guessed deforestation, you nailed it. Opening an event sponsored by Avoided Deforestation Partners today in Copenhagen, Jeff Horowitz cited the statistic that every second of every day, the world loses a football field's worth of forests.
To close the same event, US Secretary of Agriculture Tom Vilsack changed the frame and the mood. He announced that the U.S. will give $1 billion over the next three years to early actions in developing countries that develop REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation) projects to build their countries' capacity to slow and eventually halt deforestation. Sec Vilsack said the funding will support 'ambitious' REDD+ plans.
The commitment is part of the US contribution of $10 billion announced before COP15 began to provide 'fast-track financing' that supports immediate implementation of climate and energy solutions. It is a meaningful step to begin to provide the international public financing called for by the developing countries.
For quick background, deforestation not only produces emissions but also forests left standing are carbon sinks. REDD+ (versus REDD) is the latest thinking that policy needs to reduce emissions AND conserve (and expand) forests as carbon sinks. (It's equally important to realize that forests support rural and indigenous communities, house incredible amounts of biodiversity, and store water, so preserving just small amounts of forest goes a long way.)
Sec Vilsack's announcement followed a series of high-profile speakers and panelists hosted by Avoided Deforestation Partners, including Richard Branson, Jane Goodall, Governor Eduardo Braga (of Amazonas, Brazil), President Bharrat Jagdeo of Guyana, Robert Zoellick (World Bank), Helen Clark (UNDP), and Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg of Norway (plus a handful of heads of US environmental groups). A few themes emerged over the hours.
Technology. Avoided deforestation requires no new technology, we have the solutions at our fingertips. As PM Stoltenberg noted, "We all know how not to cut down a tree." At the same time, it's nearly impossible to monitor forests without relying on technology, making progress measurable and verifiable. To that end, Google VP Brian McClendon demonstrated a new Google tool under development called Earth Engine.
Earth Engine doesn't just provide satellite images of forests; it can actually measure what it sees. In other words, it can estimate carbon content and forest density and color-code deforestation by how long it's been cut. The program is not public but it intends to solve a critical problem of access to this type of information and Google aims to provide access to relevant countries before COP16.
Return on Investment. PM Stoltenberg discussed Norway's technique of result-based financing, which allowed them to fund $100 million on Brazilian deforestation in 2008 and probably $150 million for 2009. Norway pays Brazil based on Brazil's proven performance to conserve their forests and so this number is a reflection of Brazil's progress.
For Norway, the benefits are two-fold, at least: 1) the government has tangible programs and progress to show its citizens regarding their investment and 2) according to the PM, it is the most cost effective and efficient policy for avoiding emissions. In fact, PM Stoltenberg declared without hesitation that such deforestation policies are "the best investment we have ever made in avoiding global warming."
Job Creation. The government of Norway gave $2.7 million to Jane Goodall's group to train people on how to keep their forests eligible for REDD financing. And millions of acres of land lays primed for ecological and forest restoration, which creates jobs. Current play in the negotiating process aims to make it more valuable to keep forests in place and alive than burnt and shipped out, so it is also important to remember that this is an issue framed by value and economics.
Scale. Eduardo Braga, Governor of Amazonas, Brazil, touched on the issue of scale. He declared that there's no more use in pasting the front of the New York Times with stories of successful pilot projects. They're ready for full financing and to begin implementing systems to bring their success to scale.
Opportunity. Deforestation is on the brink of complete transformation. Avoided deforestation offers one of the most efficient and effective means of preventing further emissions and warming (while preserving rural and indigenous livelihoods and biodiversity), and the COP15 negotiations are on track to seize the moment (though some details are still up in the air, or in brackets). In many ways, the progress made on REDD — behind the scenes and in public announcements such as Sec Vilsack's — is seen as the most successful achievement of the talks. That is yet to be determined, as Heads of State are just now arriving to close the negotiations. But this should ultimately be one of the final, successful headlines.
6 Responses to Agriculture Secretary Vilsack: $1 billion for REDD+
Wonderful news!I hope it can make a difference to help preserve forests worldwide.
Kari wrote: "What source of greenhouse gas emissions was left out of the Kyoto Protocol and yet contributes roughly the same percentage of global emissions as transportation?"
Livestock production. In 2006, a UN study estimated that livestock production is responsible for 18 percent of global GHG emissions, comparable to the transport sector. A recent study published by WorldWatch Institute yielded an even higher estimate: more than half of all GHG emissions come from animal agriculture.
To the best of my recollection, I have never seen an article about either one of those studies on this site.
If you want to see a group of "liberals" start acting like global warming deniers, point out to them that they can reduce their GHG footprint as much as they would by replacing a gas-guzzling SUV with a Prius, simply by switching to a vegan diet. Then watch the denial start.
Oh, and by the way, a significant contributor to deforestation is the clearing of land to raise cattle, usually to export meat from developing countries to rich countries.
It's a sin for people to destroy forests at that rate! (Every second, the size of a football field). We reap what we sow and mankind is surely reaping the consequences for all the rotten seeds we've sown the last couple hundred years. If nothing else is accomplished at Copenhagen, I sincerly pray that these new policies(REDD)are adopted. Please save the forests!!!!
SecularAnimist, "Right on!" I've been saying the same thing forever! I think if our civilization survives, it will be partly as a result of stopping this awful, dark-ages type practice.
Raising animals for human consumption pollutes waters, wastes land (growing vegetables instead of beef produces a whole lot more food!), and is the main reason for deforestation.
It's bad for our health, cruel to the animals, bad for the environment, and screws up the climate! Furthermore, considering the reduced amount of available water in the near future, we really can't afford to share water with all the livestock. Neuter them!
You're also right about people screaming bloody murder if you mention it! I used to write regularly (different site) until I mentioned the importance of eliminating meat from our diet and everyone started verbally attacking me! Now, Jim Hansen is saying the exact same thing I tried to tell them!
To SecularAnimist and Cynthia, whereas I often am in totally accord with your comments, I feel compelled to stand up for the innumerable numbers of "liberals", particularly youth, (although I myself am a grandmother) who are either vegan or vegetarian. How often I have feared that, when a environmental venue promised "food" as a benefit of participation, there would actually be nothing that I could eat. However, I have always been wrong. The numbers of us "meat avoiders" are steadily growing, as awareness builds of the environmental devastation derived from raising livestock.
Agriculture is certainly a massive source of emissions. However, native forest clearance for livestock production is actually mostly for subsistence rather than for export. The real issue is clearance for the feed stocks (grain, corn, soy) for industrialized livestock production. Sustainable meat production is possible — in fact, cattle can be ranched on otherwise "worthless" degraded lands. Meat isn't evil, it's our industrialized production methods that are the problem.


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Asian Boards back BCCI over Siva`s appointment to ICC Cricket Committee
New Delhi: Even as the controversy over Laxman Sivaramakrishnan`s appointment to the ICC Cricket Committee raged on, the BCCI on Monday received support from its Asian allies Sri Lanka and Pakistan who claimed allegations of the Indian Cricket Board forcing a re-vote were baseless.
The furore over the appointment seemed to have created a rift in the cricket world with the Asian countries throwing their weight behind BCCI, which is apparently unhappy with all the noises being made over the former leg-spinner`s appointment to the current player`s committee.
There were reports earlier on Monday that a miffed India was threatening to pull out of the upcoming Champions Trophy to be held in England in June.
However, when contacted, a top BCCI official denied such a move.
"There is no question of pulling out of the Champions Trophy," the top BCCI official told PTI.
Sri Lanka and Pakistan Crickets Boards have backed the BCCI on the issue.
"It`s very unfortunate see allegations come when an Asian or an Indian player comes into play. When it comes to Laxman Sivaramakrishnan serving in the cricket committee, we look at his cricketing ability," said Sri Lanka Cricket`s secretary Nishantha Ranatunga.
PCB chief Zaka Ashraf said, "Because of certain unanimous policies of Pakistan, India, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, they are opposed to such policies, why?"
Sivaramakrishnan, who is employed by the BCCI as a commentator, replaced Tim May on the cricket committee on May 6, an appointment that attracted criticism from various quarters.
The furore over the Indian`s appointment was caused following allegations that BCCI forced a re-vote to get Sivaramakrishnan on the committee after May won the initial vote 9-1.
A miffed Federation of International Cricketers Association (FICA) had demanded an ICC ethics committee inquiry into the appointment, saying captains could have been forced to vote against incumbent May, which has irked the BCCI.
FICA`s legal advisor Ian Smith said Boards were pressurised despite ICC warnings of not interfering in the secret ballot.
Preferring not to say it in as many words, May, a former Australian spinner and FICA boss, had last week made a veiled reference to his ouster, saying he is more interested in the apex body "policing" and maintaining its stated "governance".
"Indeed I am more focused on the ICC policing its own stated standards in terms of governance this is the real issue not whether I got voted onto this committee," May had said.
Sivaramakrishnan`s appointment was preceded by the head of South African players union`s recent allegation that India had pulled strings to force a re-polling.
Tony Irish, who is also in the FICA, said that an initial round of voting had chosen May, a long-term players` advocate.
Amid reports of allegations, the ICC clarified its stand on the Indian`s appointment, saying a re-vote was conducted due to confusion over the first voting process.
"In January this year, because of confusion in the voting process for such representatives (for example in respect of what should happen in the case of a tied vote and, where teams had different captains for different formats of the game, which captain should be entitled to vote), the ICC Board considered the matter carefully, and following clarification of the process to be followed, decided that another vote should be taken," the ICC had said in a statement.
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...It is also one of the classes for which I have often tutored students. I have worked through a significant amount of calculus problems in math and physics classes. I have a Bachelors degree in physics & masters degree in applied physics.
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...The real challenge is to have these students conform to the school systems that need to have ?cookie cutter? students sit at their desks for 8 hours a day. However, for the students who can be taught at home or have additional lessons to reinforce the day?s work, in a manner that is conducive to...
Gilroy, CAView Tutor
I am a language fanatic. Grammar, usage, spelling...this is my passion (which can also mean my pet peeve)!I can proofread in a glance, and edit with a quick perusal. As for math, I am a whiz, as are all my brothers...from the aeronautical engineer to the computer programmer.
Aptos, CAView Tutor


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Jul 12 2016 - 3:53pm
Plan NH awards Scholarship to PSU Master's Student
PSU master's student Carolyn Greenough received a 2016 Plan NH Scholarship this week. Plan NH's Scholarship and Fellowship Program recognizes and honors outstanding New Hampshire students who are interested in aspects of the built environment and its impacts on the social, economic, and/or environmental capital of a community. Greenough's work helps us understand the variety of cultural values people and organizations place on viewsheds (i.e. beautiful scenic vistas in the Lakes and White Mountain Regions), which alterations for development projects are acceptable, and what balances can be struck.
Jul 6 2016 - 10:16am
Keeping the "Great" in Great Bay
From our Safe Beaches & Shellfish Project: Read this story by summer intern Megan Verfaillie about her personal experiences working with the Stewardship Network: New England to keep the Great Bay healthy.
Jun 14 2016 - 2:56pm
NHPR interviews NH EPSCoR researcher Larry Hamilton about his work on weather recollection and beliefs about climate change
May 13 2016 - 2:22pm
New England States Are Losing Their Forest Cover
The amount of New Hampshire land covered by forests is declining over time
NH EPSCoR researchers at the University of New Hampshire's Carsey School of Public Policy looked at the state of forest cover in a new report, Forests In Flux, which was released this week. They say the amount of forest cover in the New England states and New York has declined by about 1 percent over the past decade.
Sep 9 2016 - 8:00am - Sep 11 2016 - 8:00am
2016 Graduate Student Water Symposium
The 2016 Graduate Student Water Symposium will be hosted at the University of Massachusetts in Amherst, MA from September 9 – 11. All presentations will be by undergraduate and graduate students, but post docs, alumni, faculty, and industry representatives are welcome to attend!
Sep 24 2016 - 6:00am - 5:00pm
Seacoast Science Center BioBlitz
BioBlitz is a daylong species scavenger hunt in Odiorne Point State Park, where families explore alongside scientists and field experts to find and record data on as many different species in the Park as possible in one day.
Sep 26 2016 - 9:00am - 1:00pm
Oyster Restoration - Baby Oyster Count
Join the Stewardship Network: New England to help count baby oysters as part of a restoration project. The oysters were measured in early summer and need to be counted and measured again to understand their growth and survival. This event is taking place over multiple days: September 26, 27, 28, 29, and 30. You can sign up for whatever days you can help!
Dec 12 2016 - 8:00am - Dec 16 2016 - 5:00pm
With approximately 24,000 attendees in 2015, AGU's Fall Meeting is the largest Earth and space science meeting in the world. 2016 will mark Fall Meeting's 49th year as the premiere place to present your research; hear about the latest discoveries, trends, and challenges in the field; and network with colleagues that can enhance your career. Final abstract submission deadline is August 3. Learn more >>
Jan 24 2017 - 8:00am - Jan 26 2017 - 5:00pm
The National Council for Science and the Environment 2017 Conference
Theme: Integrating Environment and Health
Location: Washington, DC
Check It Out
Sustainability at UNH
Reports on Health Risks Associated with Rising Seas and Climate Change. Rising seas pose significant risks to New Hampshire coastal communities and ecosystems, cultural resources, and the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard, and a host of climate change driven health impacts are a significant threat to Granite State and New England residents.
The Data Discovery Center (DDC) is a digital library that provides access to a broad suite of data sets generated by the New Hampshire and Maine EPSCoR programs. Current holdings include atmospheric, aquatic, and terrestrial sensor data, imagery, model results, and survey data, in support of the Ecosystems and Society Project and the New England Sustainability Consortium (NEST).
Want to help with science research on behalf of the environment? Citizen science projects need your help - counting species, monitoring water and weather and more. Sort by state, how much time you can spend, or topic to find the best project for you!
NH Science and Technology Plan
Innovation and technological advances are the keys to economic prosperity for all New Hampshire residents.
View the 2014 Data Toolkit for Key Indicators (including New Hampshire STEM Education Outcomes).
Strategic Economic Plan for NH
The Business and Industry Association's strategic economic plan for the state concludes that one of the best investments New Hampshire can make for a prosperous future is to develop a highly skilled workforce — one that is especially in tune with our burgeoning advanced manufacturing and high-tech sectors.
NH Environmental Literacy Plan
The New Hampshire Envrionmental Literacy Plan provides an organized framework to expand environmental education for all people.


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Parking rates in North American central business districts (CBDs) held firm over the past 12 months, according to the Colliers International 10th Annual Parking Rate Survey, despite overall downward pressure on sale prices and leasing rates in other segments of the commercial real estate market.
The median monthly parking rate for the 44 U.S. CBDs surveyed increased by 1.1 percent from June 2009 to June 2010, reaching $161.56. The median monthly rate in the 12 Canadian cities surveyed increased by two percentage points in the past year to $224.10 CAD. The median daily rate for the U.S. decreased by 1.4 percent to $16.36 during the period, while the median daily rate in Canada climbed by two percent to $14.83 CAD.
With the economic recovery unfolding in slow-motion, parking rates are expected to show little change over the next 12 months, Colliers reports. Rates are expected to trend upward beginning in the second half of 2011, however.
Stabilizing office occupancies is one of the underlying reasons for the slight uptick in monthly parking rates. Supply and demand is another major factor in the stability of parking rates in North America, according to Ross J. Moore, executive vice president and chief economist for Colliers International in the U.S.
"Parking availability in only four of the 56 Central Business Districts surveyed were described as 'abundant' with the remainder being 'fair' or 'limited,'" said Moore. "That situation is not expected to change much, with only six new garages containing less than 4,000 spaces to be added in the next two years in the U.S. and 10 new garages with 1,800 spots to be added in Canada."
New York City's two CBDs again topped this year's list of the most expensive cities to park in the U.S., with Midtown Manhattan's monthly median price tag hitting $538 and Downtown not far behind at $529. Both were more than three times the national average. Following Manhattan's two CBDs was Boston at $425, San Francisco at $375, and Chicago at $320.
Canada's top five included (in Canadian dollars) Calgary at $453.38, Toronto at $336.25, Montreal at $280.62, Edmonton at $275.00, and Vancouver at $266.81.
Among the U.S. cities with the lowest median monthly parking rates were Phoenix at $40, Reno, Nev. at $45, Walnut Creek/East Bay, Calif. At $47.50, Ft. Lauderdale, Fl. at $53 and Bakersfield, Calif. at $55. Canada's bargain spots include Kitchener-Waterloo, Ontario at $116.94 CAD per month and Saskatoon, Saskatchewan at $147 CAD.
Data for the 2010 Parking Rate Survey was collected during the month of June 2010 and includes all relevant taxes. Sources for the data include third parties, owners/operators and Colliers International. Survey data includes only covered or underground parking garages in prime central business districts.
Will be used to improve sidewalks and ADA ramps within a half mile of the First Coast Flyer™ North Corridor stations and construct pedestrian access to the Armsdale Park-n-Ride facility.
Of the 20 people injured, none were considered serious and 13 were transported by New York City EMS to hospitals.
Riders using a desktop computer, smart phone device or traditional telephone can schedule their pick-up and desired drop-off locations: reducing their wait time, arriving at their destination faster, and increasing the overall rider experience.
The advanced Driver Assist System, utilizing a licensed GPS technology developed by the University of Minnesota, provides feedback to the driver regarding lane position – via graphic driver alert displays, virtual mirror, vibrating seat and actuated steering.
In an overall business review, it was determined this division no longer fit in ABC's overall growth strategy. The company will continue to provide parts and warranty support for Ameritrans products.
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text: Angelina Jolie Reunites with Her Father, Who Marvels at Her New FaceMaureen O'Connor2/22/10 6:05amFiled to: Gossip RoundupAngelina JolieBrangelinaJon VoightLea micheleAbbie CornishRyan PhillippeJay-ZBeyonceronnieJersey ShoreVanessa RedgravePrince WilliamCharlize TheronDaniel CraigSatsuki MitchellHilary Duffmike comrieSean Penntravis barker32EditInvite manuallyPromoteDismissUndismissHideShare to KinjaToggle Conversation toolsGo to permalink Jon Voight reunites with his long-estranged daughter for a family photo op. Hilary Duff flashes an engagement ring, Travis Barker slashes tires, Charlize joins Kabbalah, Jay-Z busts out his 'uh-oh' dance. Come and get your Monday gossip.Still in Venice, Brangelina are keeping a rigorous schedule of photo opportunities, with Angelina meeting up with estranged father Jon Voight for a taxi boat ride with Brad and baby Zahara. Family therapy by photo ops? The Daily Mail points to two "large tucks of skin underneath her right ears." [fig.1] The Mail is implying facelift, but the "tucks" so bizarrely placed, blatant, and plain old weird-looking, I'm too confused to draw a conclusion. You'd think Angelina's work would at least be decently well done? (Her nose job, and any other intervening actions, have been pristine.) [TMZ] [DailyMail]After TMZ posted a video of Travis Barker cursing out and possibly slashing the tires of a photographer's car, Barker took to Twitter: "Paparazzi cried like young girls when it was no longer 3 of them against me and my kids. Didn't they remember threatening me an hr ago??" Paps can be awful, but so can Travis Barker, so I'm calling this one a wash. [TMZ] [Twitter]Speaking of photog-star brawls: The photographer Sean Penn kicked in October says he had to have knee surgery to repair the damage. All this time we were wasting him on dramas, who knew Penn was meant to be a kung fu star? [TMZ]TMZ and US Airways had a race to see who could get a lost wallet back to Jersey Shore's Ronnie first. A passenger gave Ronnie's stray wallet to a flight attendant, while another passenger contacted TMZ, which in turn contacted Ronnie's agent, who took it from there. Why do we even bother with communication that isn't tabloid? [TMZ]At the Maui Four Seasons, Hilary Duff sported the ginormous engagement ring that Mike Comrie gave her [fig.2] which is, I kid you not, as round and wide across as her ring finger. [JJ]Also photographed with a new ring: Daniel Craig's girlfriend of six years, Satsuki Mitchell, who is gorgeous and intelligent, a movie producer is she. Bitch. [DailyMail]...and it's official: Charlize Theron is a kabbalist. She was photographed with the telltale red-string bracelet. Sometimes I think how funny it'd be if Rabbi Shmuley (or whoever's advising the Charlize Therons of the world) is right, and Heaven is populated by a combination of dour-faced rabbis in black suits and glossy blonde pop tarts. I'm sure the rabbis would be pissed. I, on the other hand, would be greatly relieved to be going to Hell. [DailyMail]Vanessa Redgrave did a huge bow to Prince William at the BAFTAs. William's bald head was clearly visible. Poor guy. [DailyMail]Jay-Z says he taught Beyonce all her best moves: "The 'uh-oh' dance—that was me." Yeah, but nobody wants to see you doing it, Jay. Quit stealing your girlfriend's thunder. [DailyMail]Abbie Cornish dumped Ryan Phillippe and absconded from their home while he was out shopping for toys with his kids. This story line has perhaps too symbolic a narrative arc to be believed. [JJ]Graydon Carter's Monkey Bar: The hottest spot for reconnecting with old white collar crime partners. Martha Stewart ran into the stockbroker who aided her insider trades, and Clive Davis and James Galanos were there, watching. Both ex-cons "acted elegantly," on account of both continuing to be filthy rich. Money buffers all blows. (Also: Didn't Martha run into ImClone chief Sam Waksal at a different lunch last week? These people need some new haunts.) [P6]A Broadway theater wrote a high school theme role specifically for Lea Michele. If this distracts her from Glee in any way, heads will roll. [P6] Figure 1. Figure 2. Reply32 repliesLeave a reply