text:
I am using a MySQL database. In my relational data model, I've got two entities that relate 1:1 to each other. In my schema, a 1:1 relation is set up by putting a FK field in one of the two tables, that relates to the PK of the other table. Both tables have PKs and they are both auto increment BIGINTs.
I am wondering whether it would be possible to have an
ON DELETE CASCADE behaviour on them that works both ways.
i.e. A 1:1 B, means that [ deleting A also deletes B ] as well as [ deleting B also deletes A ].
I realise that this may not be absolutely necessary in terms of proper application design, but I am just wondering whether it is actually possible. As far as I recall, you can't put an FK constraint on a PK.


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School of Social Work, 525 West Redwood Street, Baltimore, MD 21201.
Original Article
Social Capital as a Portfolio of Resources Across Multiple Microsystems: Implications for Middle-School Students
Version of Record online: 24 AUG 2013
DOI: 10.1111/fare.12028
© 2013 by the National Council on Family Relations
Family Relations
Volume 62, Issue 4, pages 545–558, October 2013
Additional Information
How to Cite
Rose, R. A., Woolley, M. E. and Bowen, G. L. (2013), Social Capital as a Portfolio of Resources Across Multiple Microsystems: Implications for Middle-School Students. Family Relations, 62: 545–558. doi: 10.1111/fare.12028
Publication History
- Issue online: 24 AUG 2013
- Version of Record online: 24 AUG 2013
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
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someone who is new to the "game" and has yet to become good at it. They are usually getting their nuts busted by the veterans.
Damn that kid sucks, what a nub-cat.
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text: Marco Rubio Is Not a Scientist, ManMax Read11/19/12 1:11pmFiled to: Polidicksmarco rubioInterviewsRapScienceEvolutionCreationismEminemNWATopAppic1263EditInvite manuallyPromoteDismissUndismissHideShare to KinjaToggle Conversation toolsGo to permalink Is Marco Rubio, Florida's junior senator, a scientist? No, he tells GQ, twice, when asked how old the earth is: I'm not a scientist, man. I can tell you what recorded history says, I can tell you what the Bible says, but I think that's a dispute amongst theologians and I think it has nothing to do with the gross domestic product or economic growth of the United States. [...] I'm not a scientist. I don't think I'm qualified to answer a question like that. [...] I think parents should be able to teach their kids what their faith says, what science says. Whether the Earth was created in 7 days, or 7 actual eras, I'm not sure we'll ever be able to answer that. It's one of the great mysteries. Okay, guy, we get it. Not a scientist! So: what is Marco Rubio? Marco Rubio is... trying too hard to distract us from the fact that he can't name an Afrika Bambaataa song: Advertisement GQ: Your autobiography also has to be the first time a politician has cited a love of Afrika Bambaataa. Did you have a favorite Afrika Bambaataa song? Marco Rubio: All the normal ones. People forget how dominant Public Enemy became in the mid 80s. No one talks about how transformative they were. And then that led to the 90s and the sort of East Coast v. West Coast stuff, which is kinda when I came of age. Marco Rubio is... desperate to let everyone know he loves rap, and also probably going to get away with name-dropping N.W.A. even though President Obama caught shit for inviting "conscious" rapper and frequent newsboy cap-wearer Common to some White House poetry event: GQ: Your three favorite rap songs? Marco Rubio: "Straight Outta Compton" by N.W.A. "Killuminati" by Tupac. Eminem's "Lose Yourself." Marco Rubio is... a huge Eminem fan: Sponsored "The only guy that speaks at any sort of depth is, in my mind, Eminem. He's a guy that does music that talks about the struggles of addiction and before that violence, with growing up in a broken family, not being a good enough father." Marco Rubio is... a hater: GQ: So, Pitbull's too cheesy? Marco Rubio: His songs are all party songs. There's no message for him, compared to like an Eminem. [...] I mean, he's not Tupac. He's not gonna be writing poetry. [GQ, image via AP]Reply126 repliesLeave a reply


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Main Menu
Shenaz Treasury (also known as Shenaz Treasurywala) an Indian model and actress who made headlines by writing an open letter to the Indian politicians and Government addressing the rape and sexual assault culture in India; where women and girls are grouped, raped, and sexually assaulted in public and no attempts are made to stop it.
Dr. Deanna Shoemaker has organized an ART NOW: Performance, Art, and Technology series event for the fall featuring a queer artist in residence, Tim Miller. His work is centered on gender and sexuality studies. He is going to be performing and offering 3-4 in-class workshops during his 3-day residency in October to help students develop their own original performances. The entire ART NOW season this coming year is built around the theme of civic engagement.
Women in the World ... A Visual Perspective
The "Women In the World ... A Visual Perspective," art exhibit ties into the theme for Women In Media – Newark's 8th annual Women's History Month Film Festival, and takes a broad look the struggles and triumphs experienced by women globally. This exhibition, exquisitely curated by the renowned Gladys B. Grauer, uses the work of a socially and culturally diverse group of New Jersey based women artists to explore this seemingly simple topic. The images in this exhibit are not necessarily intended to be a literal interpretation of the theme, rather they often offer a metaphorical relationship to the theme. This inspiring exhibit is not to be missed!
Women in the World Women's History Month Film Festival
Now in its 8th year, Women In Media Newark's international Women's History Month Film Festival continues to educate about, and advocate for global issues facing women. "Women In the World," the theme of the 2017 film fest, will focus on independent films that illustrate the resilience and determination of women worldwide to triumph over adversity. This will be the first year that this exciting, free film festival will be shared with Monmouth University's audience. Please visit www.wim-n.com for more information about Women In Media - Newark.
Download a draft of film lineup here.


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Employer Forms
Form Name and Description
Revision Date
Group Enrollment Application/Change Form – use this form to apply for group coverage or make changes to an existing BCBSOK policy
|COBRA Request for Continuation of Coverage – Application to request continued coverage due to employee's reduction in work hours, retirement, termination, etc.
|Claim Form – Dental – Use this form to file dental claims for reimbursement that are not filed by your dental provider.
|Claim Form – Medical (Domestic) – BCBSOK plan members can use this form to request reimbursement for health care services obtained within the United States, a U.S. territory, when on a cruise ship, or on a U.S. military base.
|Claim Form – Medical (International) – BCBSOK plan members can use this BlueCard Worldwide claim form to request reimbursement for health care services obtained when traveling internationally - when outside of the United States or a U.S. territory, but NOT for services obtained on a cruise ship or a U.S. military base.
|Claim Form – Prescription Drug (for Group Plans) – BCBSOK members with pharmacy benefits through an employer group insurance plan can use this form to request reimbursement for a prescription drug purchase. Members must submit the original pharmacy receipt with the completed form to Prime Therapeutics, the BCBSOK pharmacy benefits manager.
|Claim Form – Prescription Drug (Comprehensive Benefit) – Only BCBSOK members with the comprehensive prescription drug benefit should use this claim form to request reimbursement from a non-participating pharmacy.
|Affidavit of Domestic Partnership
|Common Law Marriage Affidavit
|Medicare Secondary Payer (MSP) Employer Acknowledgement Form with Instructions – In the absence of employer-provided employee counts, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) requires the employer group health insurance plan be considered primary to Medicare. PDF includes the Annual Medicare Secondary Payer Employer Acknowledgement Form and Instructions for completing the form.
|Information Regarding Medicare Secondary Payer (MSP) Statute
|MSP Fact Sheet
|Disabled Dependent Certification Form – This form is used to request coverage for a dependent incapable of self-support because of mental or physical impairment.
|Dependent Student Medical Leave Form – Public law 110-381 is known as Michelle's Law. Use this form when a dependent college student insured under the parent's policy must take a medical leave of absence.
|Standard Authorization Form and other HIPAA Privacy Forms – Protected health information (PHI) is defined by privacy rules enacted under the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996. BCBSOK plan members can use privacy forms to authorize BCBSOK to disclose their PHI.


text: Share It MainStoriesVermont Has a Reason to Smile Vermont Has A Reason To Smile The Vermont State Dental Society and Special Olympics Vermont partnered together to bring 15 students to Vermont from several nearby top dental schools to volunteer at Summer Games and to showcase the state to these future dentists. Lynn Erickson | Aug 15, 2013 The state of Vermont does not have a single dental school but it does have one strong Vermont State Dental Society (VSDS). The VSDS's need to encourage future dentists to practice in Vermont coupled with Special Olympics Vermont's goal to provide more athletes with free Special Smiles dental screenings blossomed into a brand-new partnership between the two organizations this year. In June 2013, the VSDS and Special Olympics Vermont hosted 15 students from several nearby top dental schools, including Boston University, Harvard University and Tufts University, as part of Vermont's Summer Games. Here, students had the opportunity to experience the unfathomable joy of Special Olympics and the unique culture of Vermont in two action-packed days. Denise Tong, a dental student, recalls, "I was so impressed by the smiles on the athletes' faces. Every dental student who volunteered had the unique experience of working with this underserved population and seeing their positive spirits." About Me:Health Communications SpecialistRelated:Read more at the Special Olympics Vermont website Read More Stories Making a Difference in India and NepalDavid HircockThank You, Special Olympics LouisianaJude and Paula BernardAgreement in Italy Will Boost Inclusion and RespectMaureen RabbittBelgium Athlete Addresses Experts at European ForumMartha Jo BraycichMy Coaches Were There For MeCarla SimonBond Between Student and Coach Transforms Life of Special Olympics Swimmer at YMCACarolyn GessnerIn Malta, a Proud Mother Shares Her StoryNatasha MicallefAn "Awesome" Secret: The Universal Power of Unified SportsDavid EvangelistaA Unified Gathering Like No OtherNoha Gaballa"We all need to work together and respect each other to be successful"Maureen RabbittMore Schools in the UK want to Play UnifiedMaureen RabbittDo You Have A Story to Share?Share Your Story More Stories


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FWD .Communicator 0.99.1
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After all the sights, adventures and exploration this week in Mexico's Riviera Maya it came to the final day. It would have been such a shame to be staying on this East facing coast on a most gorgeous sea if I had missed the sunrise. So, early start it was, nip to the beach, sit on the white sand, wait and….. up the ball of fire came 😀
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Founder of BaldHiker.com and avid hiker, climber and trekker. Never liking to sit still and always seeking new adventures around the world. Sharing personal views here and tweeting live via @paul_steele
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Hypoallergenic incense, low-gluten hosts can ease Massgoers' allergies
Billowing clouds of incense at Mass and the inability to receive Communion can force some Catholics to cover their face or get out of the pew because of allergies and a sensitivity to wheat.
Frankincense -- the incense traditionally burned in religious ceremonies -- can act on the brain to lower anxiety and diminish depression. It also can deeply affect people with respiratory problems and cause coughing fits and force them out of church to seek fresh air.


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27 of 30 people found the following review helpful
A good solid resource for women,
This review is from: The New Rules of Lifting for Women: Lift Like a Man, Look Like a Goddess (Paperback)
As an age 50+ woman, this book has provided me with exactly the information I need to get started on a weight training program designed not for body builders but rather for people like me who want to be strong and healthy. The introduction to the physiological rationale for the program is compelling. The exercises are explained and illustrated well so that a novice can do them properly and safely. I appreciate the adaptations that are included for those working out at home. I haven't done much yet with the chapters on nutrition, but the recipes look good.
My suggestions for making this a 5 star book would be to include chapters that address the following: 1) a list of equipment that you will need if just starting out (and maybe what to look for re: design and construction), 2) a stretching routine that should be performed at the end of a training session, and 3) advice on how to continue a weight training program when you reach the end of the recommended 6 month program.
Overall - a good solid resource!
Review Details
Location: Fort Collins CO
Top Reviewer Ranking: 13,007,313


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|May 5, 1992
|Filing date
|Aug 30, 1989
|Priority date
|Aug 30, 1989
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Derek D. Chapman, Ronald R. Valente
|Original Assignee
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (4), Non-Patent Citations (10), Referenced by (2), Classifications (6), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention relates to the preparation of di-cation ethers, more particularly to di-cation ether salts. In a particular embodiment, this invention relates to the preparation of bis(1-methyl-2-pyridinium)ether difluoborate, also known as 1,1'-dimethyl-2,2'-oxydipyridinium difluoborate. In a highly preferred embodiment, such a salt is prepared by a sequential process, in a batch operation in a single reaction vessel, using a 2-halopyridine and 2-hydroxypyridine as starting materials, and without isolation of a reaction intermediate.
Di-cation ether salts have been prepared by a method described by Stang et al in a reference cited below. As pointed out by the authors, the di-cation ethers are the first known bis(carbenium ions). The Stang et al method for forming the ethers comprises reaction of non-enolizable activated ketones with trifluoromethanesulfonic ("triflic") anhydride. The cost of triflic anhydride is substantial; therefore, its use is not preferred in large-scale commercial synthesis.
Another method of producing di-cation ethers comprises the alkylation of an ether such as 2,2'-bis(pyridyl) ether. Such ethers can be prepared by the silver salt method described in DeVilliers et al, Rec. Trav. Chim., 76, 647, 1957. The use of silver entails significant expense. Moreover, the method of DeVilliers et al does not form 2,2'-bis(pyridyl) ethers in high yield. In other words, when the method of DeVilliers et al is employed, the desired 2,2'-bis(pyridyl) ether is produced with an undesirable amount of a pyridone such as N-(2'-pyridyl)-2-pyridone: ##STR1## Consequently, the DeVilliers method does not lend itself to a commercially viable reaction sequence for the production of 2,2'-oxydipyridinium salts.
When the silver salt of the Villiers process is replaced by the analogous sodium salt, the pyridone is produced in even greater excess over the bis(pyridyl) ether. Thus, the bis(pyridyl) ethers are not preferred for large-scale commercial production.
From the work of Hopkins et al on the alkylation of 2-hydroxypyridine (paper cited below), it is known that the product composition is very dependent on the nature of the alkylating agent, the nature of the acid acceptor, and the solvent. Generally, it is known to employ the silver salt to obtain O-alkylation, and that even then some N-alkylation is observed. As indicated above, use of silver salts is not preferred for commercial preparation.
Applicants' method for the synthesis of di-cation ethers comprises the reaction of a 1-alkyl-2-halopyridinium salt with 2-hydroxypyridine in the presence of a tertiary organic base. It will be apparent to the skilled practitioner that with such reactants there is a possibility of reaction at the nitrogen as well as at the oxygen of the hydroxypyridine anion. Furthermore Applicants do not employ a silver salt as suggested by the art. Consequently it was therefore surprising that Applicants' method gives good yields of a desired oxygen-reacted product (which can be converted into a 2,2'-oxydipyridinium salt). The preparation of di-cation ethers and their use as hardeners is disclosed in Chen et al application Ser. No. 238,665, filed Aug. 31, 1988, and now allowed.
Stang et al, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 103, 4837-4845 (1981) discloses a preparation of di-cation ether salts. The method comprises the reaction of an activated non-enolizable ketone with triflic anhydride.
Villiers et al, Rec. Trav. Chim., 76, 647 (1957) discloses a method involving a silver salt which prepares a poor yield of 2,2'-bispyridyl ether. Use of a sodium salt is referred to on page 649.
Hopkins et al, J. Org. Chem., 32, 4040-4 (1967) reports a study of the reaction of alkali metal and silver salts of 2-pyridone with alkyl halides and tosylates in a variety of solvents. The ratios of nitrogen to oxygen alkylation were quantitatively determined.
The heart of this invention comprises the discovery that a 1-alkyl-2-halopyridinium salts will react with a 2-hydroxypyridine to form an ether in high yield. This invention also comprises the discovery that this reaction will take place in high yield when the 1-alkyl-2-halopyridinium salt is employed in a reaction mixture prepared by reacting a 2-halopyridine and a suitable alkylating agent. This invention also comprises the discovery that the aforementioned reactions can be used in an elegant sequential method for preparing di-cation ethers. Furthermore, this invention provides a reaction sequence for preparing a di-cation ether in high yield in a batch process conducted in one reaction vessel without isolating an intermediate for the di-cation ether. Moreover, in this invention, the di-cation ether can be isolated in high purity (from the reaction mixture in which it is produced) by precipitation from an aqueous solution of fluoborate.
Di-cation ethers, such as those formed by the process of this invention, can be used to harden gelatin. Furthermore, they can be used as starting materials for preparing other chemical products; cf Stang et al, supra, page 4841.
In one aspect, this invention comprises a reaction sequence for preparing di-cation ethers. Thus, this invention comprises a process for the preparation of a salt of a di-cation ether having the formula: ##STR2## wherein each substituent designated by R is independently selected from the class consisting of hydrogen, halogen, and alkyl radicals having up to about four carbon atoms, such that not more than one halogen is bonded to either ring, and said each radical designated by R' is selected from alkyl radicals having up to about four carbon atoms, said process comprising the stepwise reaction sequence of:
(A) reacting (i) an alkylating agent selected from the class consisting of dimethylsulfate, diethylsulfate, alkyltoluene sulfonates, and compounds having the formula R'OSO2 CF3, wherein R' has the same significance as above, with (ii) a halopyridine having the formula: ##STR3## wherein R has the same significance as above and X is halogen having an atomic number of at least 17,
(B) reacting in the presence of a tertiary alkyl amine, the N-alkylated intermediate product of step (A) with a hydroxypyridine having the formula: ##STR4## wherein R has the same significance as above, and not more than one R is halogen,
(C) reacting the mono N-alkylated ether intermediate thereby produced with an alkylating agent selected from the class of alkylating agents set forth above, and
(D) reacting the di-N-alkylated ether intermediate thereby produced with a water soluble metal fluoborate whereby said di-cation ether salt of Formula (I) is produced;
said process being further characterized by having a yield of said di-cation ether salt in substantial excess of any yield of a pyridone co-product. For the purpose of this invention when "substantial excess" is used in this sense, it means there is about 10 times as much pyridyl ether formed than pyridone by-product.
As pointed out above, Step (A) comprises the reaction of an alkylating agent and a 2-halopyridine. The 2-halopyridine employed does not have substituents which prevent the alkylation of the nitrogen atom from taking place. Generally speaking, it is preferred to employ 2-halopyridine where the 4-position, and the 6-position are unsubstituted. Of the substituents in the 3-position and 5-position, i.e., meta to the ring nitrogen atom, it is preferred that they be selected from substituents which (i) are stable under the reaction conditions employed, (ii) do not cause an undesirable side reaction to take place to an appreciable extent, or (iii) otherwise interfere with the course of the reactions employed in the process of this invention. For the purpose of this invention, such substituents are designated "inert" substituents. Preferred inert substituents include hydrogen and lower alkyl groups, e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, sec-butyl, n-pentyl, and the like. More preferably, the alkyl radicals have up to about four carbon atoms. Preferred inert substituents also include halogens, more preferably chlorine, bromine, and iodine, most preferably chlorine and bromine. Substituent X in Formula (I) is also selected from the halogens mentioned in this paragraph. A preferred reactant is 2-chloropyridine.
With regard to the alkylating agent employed in Step (A), one employs an agent capable of alkylating the ring nitrogen atom in the 2-halopyridine. Such alkylating agents are exemplified by the alkylating agents which were mentioned above. Of these, dimethylsulfate, diethylsulfate, CH3 OSO2 CF3, and C2 H5 OSO2 CF3 are preferred. For commercial scale production the alkyl sulfates are more preferred.
For Step (B), one may employ the N-alkylated compound in the reaction mixture produced by Step (A). Alternatively, one may employ a preformed 1-alkyl-2-halopyridinium compound. If a preformed pyridinium compound is employed, the counter ion is selected from anions which will not interfere with the process step(s) employed in this invention. Such counter ions can be selected from those conferred by the aforementioned alkylating agents, and sulfate, chloride, bromide, toluenesulfonate, methanesulfonate, and the like.
In Step (B) a hydroxypyridine compound having Formula (III) is employed. It is preferred that the substituents on the hydroxypyridine be identical in type and position to the substituents on the starting 2-halopyridine (or the preformed 1-alkyl-2-halopyridinium cation) so that the product di-cation will be symmetrical. However, this is not critical; and this invention includes the preparation of unsymmetrical products. Stated another way, it is preferred that the R in the 4-position of the 2-hydroxypyridine is hydrogen, but compounds in which the 4-position has other substituents can be employed. In Formula (III) each R has the same significance as the R in Formula (II). Hence, in a preferred embodiment, each R in Formula (III) is selected from the preferred inert substituents set forth above where the 2-halopyridine is discussed. A preferred reactant is 2-hydroxypyridine, which is also referred to in the literature as 2-pyridone. In the product of Step (B) the counterion is the anion present in the 1-alkyl-2-halopyridinium salt. Such counterions are mentioned above.
Step (B) is conducted in the presence of an organic base to combine with the by-product acid that is formed, and thereby assist in driving the reaction toward completion. Any organic base that does not interfere with the process can be used. Preferably the base is an aliphatic tertiary amine having three alkyl groups bonded to nitrogen. Preferably, the three alkyl groups are the same, and they are selected from alkyl groups having from two to about six carbon atoms. Triethylamine is a preferred tertiary amine. Generally, enough base is used to react with all of the acid that will be liberated by the reaction of step (II). Large excesses of base may unnecessarily introduce complications into the process, and they are therefore not preferred. In general, a substantially stoichoimetric amount of an organic base is employed. For the purposes of this invention "substantially stoichiometric" encompasses a stoichiometric amount, as well as amounts that are slight departures from stoichiometric, for example, the departures introduced by inadvertent weighing errors. Generally speaking, "substantially stoichiometric" means stoichiometric �0.05 moles.
In Step (B), the salt of the base that is formed is not soluble in the reaction mixture. It is removed from the reaction zone, preferably before conducting Step (C). The salt is conveniently removed by filtration.
In Step (C), the mono cationic ether product of Step (B) is reacted with an alkylating agent to form the desired di-cation. The alkylating agent used for this purpose is preferably selected from the same class of alkylating agents as used in Step (A). Preferably, the alkylating agent is selected so that the alkyl groups bonded to both nitrogens in the di-cation are the same. More preferably, both alkyl groups are methyl or ethyl, most preferably methyl.
After the alkylation in Step (C), the reaction mixture is concentrated by removal of substantially all of the solvent that is present. This can be accomplished by distillation, preferably under somewhat reduced pressure, for example, at about 20 mm Hg. The solvent removal facilitates the reaction of the di-cation product of Step (C) with the aqueous metal fluoborate solution used in Step (D).
Step (D) is conducted to separate the di-cation from the mixture containing it. For this step, an aqueous solution of a metal fluoborate is employed. Any metal fluoborate which is sufficiently soluble in water can be used. Sodium fluoborate is a preferred reactant; the use of lithium fluoborate is also suggested. A fairly concentrated solution of the fluoborate in water is preferred. In general, it is preferred to use a solution of sodium fluoborate having a concentration of from about 460 to about 500 grams per liter.
The di-cation product is precipitated by the process of Step (D) and can be recovered by filtration. It can be washed to further purify it if desired. If the fluoborate salt of the di-cation is not desired, the precipitate of Step (D) can be resuspended in water and reacted with a potassium salt having the desired cation. The potassium fluoborate which is formed is insoluble to an appreciable extent in water and can be filtered off, leaving an aqueous mixture of the desired di-cation salt. For example, the di-cation fluoborate can be resuspended in water and reacted with potassium nitrate to form the di-cation dinitrate. This material can be used to harden gelatin or as a chemical intermediate.
The steps for forming the di-cation ether in the above-described reaction sequence are conducted in the presence of a solvent. A suitable solvent for this process (i) has the ability to dissolve the reactants and desired products, (ii) does not react with them to an untoward extent, and (iii) does not favor N-alkylation, to a significant extent. Preferred solvents have a high enough boiling point to enable the reactions to be conducted at temperature(s) which give good reaction rates, without the need to resort to superatmospheric pressures. A preferred solvent is acetonitrile. Other solvents having the above characteristics can be used if desired.
The amount of solvent is not critical. One uses enough solvent to dissolve the materials which the operator wishes to remain in solution. There is no real upper limit on the amount of solvent employed, this being governed by such secondary considerations as the size of the reaction vessel, process economics, the ease of separation of product, etc. In general, one employs about two parts by weight of solvent per each one part by weight of chloropyridine. More solvent can be added (e.g., with an organic base) so that the total amount of solvent is about four times by weight the amount of 2-chloropyridine. Greater or lesser amounts can be used if desired.
In the sequential process of this invention, Steps (A), (B), and (C) as defined above are conveniently carried out in acetonitrile at reflux temperature. It is not necessary to conduct the aforementioned reaction steps at this temperature; higher or lower temperatures can be used if desired. Typically, the operator selects a temperature which gives a reasonable rate of reaction, and which does not cause an intolerable amount of decomposition of one or more materials in the reaction zone. In general, the higher the temperature, the faster the rate of reaction. Thus, for example, Steps (A)-(C) can be conducted at temperatures within the range of from about 60� to about 100� C., or higher. If the reaction temperature selected is above the normal boiling point of acetonitrile (˜82� C.), the reaction can be conducted at a superatmospheric pressure sufficient to allow the desired temperature to be reached.
Although the processes of this invention can be conducted at subatmospheric pressures, and as explained above at superatmospheric pressures, ambient pressure is preferred.
For the sequential process described above, the reactants of Steps (A) and (B) are employed in substantially molar equivalent amount. In other words, it is preferred that the reactants be employed in stoichiometric amounts, or in amounts which are slight departures from stoichiometric, as defined above.
In Step (C) one may use stoichiometric or substantially stoichiometric quantities, or an excess of the alkylating agent, as an aid in driving the reaction to completion. Thus in Step (C), one may use a 10% or larger excess of alkylating agent. It is preferred that the amount of alkylating agent be from 1.0 to 1.1 times the amount of other reactant.
In Step (D), it is preferred that the soluble fluoborate be employed in substantially stoichiometric amount. Lesser amounts of fluoborate cause di-cation ether to remain in solution and thereby reduce product recovery.
Use of the materials in the above-discussed amounts conserves starting materials and simplifies product workup. If these items are not of importance to the operator, greater excesses of one or more reactants can be employed.
When calculating the weight of materials to be employed in Steps (B)-(D), an operator can assume that the previous reactions occurred in 100% yield if the reactants in previous steps were employed in substantially stoichiometric amounts. A skilled practitioner can also follow the course of the reaction(s) by NMR or thin layer chromatography (TLC) or similar technique, and use the data obtained to determine the amounts of reactants to be employed.
The reaction times for Steps (A)-(C) are not truly independent variables, but are dependent to at least some extent on the other reaction conditions employed (e.g., reaction temperature), the inherent reactivity of the reactants, etc. In general one may use reaction times within the following ranges:
Step (A)--1-24 hours
Step (B)--2-8 hours
Step (C)--10-24 hours
The reaction time for Step (D) is dependent at least to some extent on the rate of addition of the soluble fluoborate to the reaction zone. It can usually be completed in from about one minute to about one hour. In some instances it is desirable to let the reaction mixture stand for about 0.5-1.0 hour to allow the product to precipitate. It is to be understood that reaction times outside one of the above ranges can be used if desired. Ambient temperature and pressures are conveniently employed. One may use the reaction temperature conferred by fluoborate solution made with the process water available at the reaction site.
Recovery of the di-cation ether by precipitation as the difluoborate salt is a preferred embodiment of this invention. However, the invention is not limited to this method of isolation. Thus, this invention comprises isolation of the di-cation ether by any method known to one skilled in the art. For example, the di-cation ether can be recovered as a salt other than a difluoborate which is relatively insoluble in water. Thus, one can recover the di-cation ether as a hexafluoro phosphate, or as a similar salt.
Moreover, the di-cation ether product may be recovered as a salt containing a counterion Y, such as those mentioned above when discussing step (B), by adding a liquid to the reaction mixture resulting from step (C) to precipitate the product of that step from solution. Preferably such a liquid is miscible with acetonitrile (or other reaction solvent) and is a poor solvent for the di-cation ether product formed by step (C).
The following examples illustrate the process of this invention.
2-Chloropyridine (11.3 g) was dissolved in acetonitrile (20 ml) and dimethyl sulfate (13.5 g) added. The reaction mixture was refluxed for 16 hours and then cooled. 2-Hydroxypyridine (9.6 g) was added followed by triethylamine (10.2 g) dissolved in acetonitrile (30 ml). The reaction mixture was refluxed for four hours and cooled. Triethylamine hydrochloride was removed by filtration and dimethyl sulfate (13.5 g) added to the filtrate. The mixture was refluxed overnight (ca 15 hours) and concentrated to dryness. Sodium fluoborate (23 g) was dissolved in water and the solution filtered to remove some insoluble material. The filtrate was added to the residue and stirred vigorously. The product precipitated and was filtered off and washed with ethanol and ether. Yield 22.5 g.
NMR 4.35 (s 6 protons), 8.02-9.15 ppm (m 8 protons).
2-Chloropyridine (5.7 g) and ethyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (8 g) were mixed in acetonitrile (15 ml) and the solution refluxed gently for 30 minutes. After the solution was cooled, 2-hydroxypyridine (4.8 g) and triethylamine (5.1 g) were added and the mixture refluxed for six hours. The solution was then cooled and filtered to remove triethylamine hydrochloride. Dimethyl sulfate (6.8 g) was added to the filtrate and the solution refluxed overnight. After evaporation of the solvent, a filtered solution of sodium fluoborate (14 g) in water (50 ml) was added. The product was isolated by the addition of ethanol.
Yield 10 g: 51%; Anal: Found: C, 40.46; H, 4.15; N, 7.17. Calcd. for C13 H16 B2 F8 N2 O: C, 40.05; H, 4.14; N, 7.18. NMR 1.54 (s 3 protons), 4.32 (s 3 protons), 4.73 (q 2 protons) 8.02-9.13 ppm (m 8 protons).
______________________________________Starting Materials Amount______________________________________Acetonitrile 70.7 kgTriethylamine 11.9 kgDimethyl Sulfate 31.2 kg2-Chloropyridine 12.75 kgSodium Fluoborate 27.15 kg2-Hydroxypyridine 11.2 kg______________________________________
50-gallon glass-lined vessel, equipped with variable speed, stirrer, and heating and cooling means
Stainless steel filter box
Vacuum oven
All equipment is to be cleaned with hot water followed by acetone under a nitrogen purge.
1. Place a clean, dry, 50-gallon, glass-lined vessel under partial vacuum (˜100-300 Torr).
2. Add to the vessel 21.9 kg of acetonitrile.
3. Add to the vessel 12.75 kg (112.35) moles of 2-chloropyridine.
4. Activate the stirrer.
5. Heat the reaction solution to 60� C.
6. Add to the vessel 15.6 kg (123.6 moles) of dimethyl sulfate over a 30-minute period. Maintain the reaction temperature at 65� C. using necessary cooling.
7. Heat the reaction mixture to reflux (82� C.) and maintain reflux for two hours. Check for completion by thin layer chromatography (TLC). The 2-chloropyridine should disappear.
8. Cool the reaction to room temperature (RT).
9. Add to the vessel 11.2 kg (117.9 moles) of 2-hydroxypyridine.
10. In a second 50-gallon vessel prepare a solution of 11.9 kg (117.9 moles) of triethylamine and 30.8 kg of acetonitrile.
11. Add the triethylamine solution to the reaction mixture. Keep the reaction temperature below 50� C. using cooling and controlling the addition rate. The reaction mixture will darken.
12. Heat the reaction mixture to reflux (82� C.) and maintain reflux for two hours. Check for completion by TLC. The 2-hydroxypyridine should disappear.
13. Cool the reaction mixture to RT.
14. Filter the product liquors to a clean, 50-gallon, glass-lined vessel.
15. Slurry the triethylamine hydrochloride residues with 18 kg of acetonitrile (3�'s 6 kg). Filter the acetonitrile wash to the second vessel.
16. Dispose of the triethylamine hydrochloride residues.
17. Add to the product solution 15.6 kg (123.45 moles) of dimethyl sulfate.
18. Heat the reaction to reflux (82� C.) and maintain reflux for 16 hours (overnight). Check for completion by TLC.
19. Carefully place the vessel under full vacuum and concentrate the reaction mixture to 1/3 volume (Stirring will be necessary. The mixture will get thick).
20. In a second clean, 50-gallon vessel, make up a solution of 27.15 kg (247.17 moles) of sodium tetrafluoroborate and 18 gallons of water. Stir at RT one hour. This is about the maximum solubility of sodium tetrafluoroborate in water at RT. Filter out any insolubles.
21. While stirring the concentrated product mixture, add the sodium tetrafluoroborate solution. Do not allow the temperature to exceed 30� C. during the addition.
22. Stir at RT for one hour allowing the product to precipitate.
23. Drop the product slurry to a grounded stainless steel filter box.
24. Wash the product cake with 18 kg of isopropyl alcohol.
25. Place the damp solids on trays and dry in a 40� C. vacuum oven to <=1.0% volatiles.
26. The expected yield is 23.7 kg to which is 54% of theory.
2-Bromo-5-methylpyridine (8.6 g) and dimethyl sulfate (6.8 g) were added to acetonitrile (20 ml) and the solution refluxed overnight. After cooling, 2-hydroxypyridine (4.8 g) and triethylamine (5 g) were added and the mixture refluxed for six hours. After cooling, dimethyl sulfate (6.8 g) was added and the solution refluxed overnight. The reaction was worked up by evaporation to dryness and adding a filtered solution of sodium fluoborate (14 g) in water (50 ml). The product was isolated by precipitation with ethanol.
Yield 7.7 g: 40%; Anal: Found: C, 39.55; H, 3.99; N, 7.07. Calcd. for C13 H16 B2 F8 N2 O: C, 40.05; H, 4.14; N, 7.18%. NMR 2.45 (s 3 protons), 4.31 (s 6 protons), 7.95-9.05 ppm (m 7 protons).
The procedures of the above Examples can be repeated with the other reactants of Formulas II and III using a reaction temperature within the range of from about 60� C. to about 100� C. in Steps (A)-(C), and a reaction temperature within the range of from about 10� C. to about 30� C. for Step (D). The procedure can be employed using any of the alkylating agents and tertiary alkyl amines discussed above.
The di-cation ethers of Formula (I) produced by the process of this invention can be used to harden any type of gelatin. Types of gelatin useful in the practice of the present invention include alkali-treated gelatin, acid-treated gelatin, partially phthalated gelatin, double-dipped gelatin (i.e., gelatin treated with both alkali and acid), and the like.
The di-cation ethers of Formula (I) provide rapid hardening of gelatin with little or no after-hardening while avoiding many of the adverse photographic effects found with prior art hardeners, such as speed loss and fog. The hardening compounds of formula (I) also are not highly hygroscopic as are many prior art hardening compounds, making them easy to handle. Additionally, the gelatin hardened according to the invention exhibits desirable physical properties, such as low tackiness.
Gelatin is hardened by combining it with a hardening compound having a di-cation ether of Formula (I). This is accomplished by techniques known to those skilled in the art. For example, the aqueous solution of the hardening compound can be applied directly to an unhardened gelatin layer that has been coated on a support. Alternatively, the hardening compound can be mixed with the composition to be hardened shortly before coating it onto a support. Another method is to coat the compound in a gelatin or non-gelatin (e.g., synthetic polymer) layer as an overcoat or as an internal layer of a photographic element in a manner such that it will diffuse into other layers of the element to harden those other layers.
The di-cation ethers can also be used to partially harden gelatin. This is done, for example, by increasing the chain length of the gelatin, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,421,847.
The amount of hardener used to harden gelatin according to the present invention will vary according to the purpose for which the gelatin is being used, the degree of hardening desired, and the particular compound used. If only a slight amount of hardening is desired, relatively small amounts of hardening compound can be used. If a greater degree of hardening is desired, relatively large amounts of hardener would be used. The amount of hardener used according to the present invention is preferably between 0.01 and 20 weight percent, based on the weight of dry gelatin, and more preferably between 0.05 and 10 weight percent, based on the weight of dry gelatin.
The invention has been described in detail above with particular reference to preferred embodiments. A skill practitioner familiar with the above-detailed description can make many changes and substitutions without departing from the scope and spirit of the claims which follow.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Nov 18, 1976
|Aug 23, 1977
|Ciba-Geigy Ag
|Photo-polymerizable material for the preparation of stable polymeric images and process for making them by photopolymerization in a matrix
|Feb 19, 1982
|Apr 3, 1984
|John Wyeth & Brother Limited
|Pyridylalkylenethiopridyl, -tetrahydropyridyl and -pyridinium compounds
|Dec 29, 1986
|Mar 29, 1988
|Xerox Corporation
|Positively charged developer compositions with modified charge enhancing additives containing amino alcohols
|Title not available
|Hopkins et al., J. Org. Chem., 32, pp. 4040 4044 (1967).
|Hopkins et al., J. Org. Chem., 32, pp. 4040-4044 (1967).
|Pirzada et al., CA 84:105364j.
|Renger, Synthesis, Sept. 1985, pp. 856 860.
|Renger, Synthesis, Sept. 1985, pp. 856-860.
|Stang et al. CA 93:203397c.
|Strang et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 103, pp. 4837 4845 (1981).
|Strang et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 103, pp. 4837-4845 (1981).
|Villiers et al., Rec. Trav. Chim., 76, pp. 647 656 (1957).
|Villiers et al., Rec. Trav. Chim., 76, pp. 647-656 (1957).
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Mar 30, 1992
|Jun 14, 1994
|London Diagnostics, Inc.
|Peri substituted fused ring chemiluminescent labels and their conjugates, and assays therefrom
|Mar 7, 1997
|Sep 8, 1998
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Thermally processable imaging element having a crosslinked hydrophobic binder
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Aug 30, 1989
Owner name: EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY, NEW YORK
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:CHAPMAN, DEREK D.;VALENTE, RONALD R.;REEL/FRAME:005118/0619
Effective date: 19890825
|Sep 11, 1995
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Oct 28, 1999
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Sep 26, 2003
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


text:
I recently stayed at this hotel 4 nights to attend Family Week at Talbott Recovery Center in Atlanta. The hotel staff was extremely friendly (especially Linda) and helpful throughout my stay. I was greeted upon arrival. in addition to friendly faces and assistance during my stay. I was also offered a shuttle to the airport and / or surrounding shopping and restaurants. The location was great, very close to the airport and a lot of restaurants. They had a wonderful breakfast every morning with plenty of hot and cold choices. The rooms were clean, beds were comfortable, linens soft. I will definitely stay here again and would highly recommend this room to anyone staying in the Atlanta area.
- Official Description (provided by the hotel):
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- Also Known As:
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- Holiday Inn Express & Suites Atlanta Airport West - Camp Creek Hotel Atlanta


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Unknown User There is a person in this photo that looks like my grandfather, but he was born in 1921. There is a woman that looks like my grandmother(I look like her when she was young). They are sitting in the middle on the right. Where did this photo come from?
Oct 15, 2004 · Reply


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Jul. 23, 2016 03:45 PM EDT Reads: 1,505
Basho Technologies has announced the latest release of Basho Riak TS, version 1.3. Riak TS is an enterprise-grade NoSQL database optimized for Internet of Things (IoT). The open source version enables developers to download the software for free and use it in production as well as make contributions to the code and develop applications around Riak TS. Enhancements to Riak TS make it quick, easy and cost-effective to spin up an instance to test new ideas and build IoT applications. In addition to...
Jul. 23, 2016 03:30 PM EDT Reads: 1,838
You think you know what's in your data. But do you? Most organizations are now aware of the business intelligence represented by their data. Data science stands to take this to a level you never thought of – literally. The techniques of data science, when used with the capabilities of Big Data technologies, can make connections you had not yet imagined, helping you discover new insights and ask new questions of your data. In his session at @ThingsExpo, Sarbjit Sarkaria, data science team lead ...
Jul. 23, 2016 03:15 PM EDT Reads: 816
Extracting business value from Internet of Things (IoT) data doesn't happen overnight. There are several requirements that must be satisfied, including IoT device enablement, data analysis, real-time detection of complex events and automated orchestration of actions. Unfortunately, too many companies fall short in achieving their business goals by implementing incomplete solutions or not focusing on tangible use cases. In his general session at @ThingsExpo, Dave McCarthy, Director of Products...
Jul. 23, 2016 03:00 PM EDT Reads: 1,652
Ask someone to architect an Internet of Things (IoT) solution and you are guaranteed to see a reference to the cloud. This would lead you to believe that IoT requires the cloud to exist. However, there are many IoT use cases where the cloud is not feasible or desirable. In his session at @ThingsExpo, Dave McCarthy, Director of Products at Bsquare Corporation, will discuss the strategies that exist to extend intelligence directly to IoT devices and sensors, freeing them from the constraints of ...
Jul. 23, 2016 02:30 PM EDT Reads: 1,702


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Crazy Substitute Teachers
Enjoy, NG4.03 / 5.00 2,608 Views
Vacuum Salesman
This dude and his Megazord vacuum cleaner4.02 / 5.00 2,881 Views
Markiplier Animated | Mark Of The Survey Corps
This took far too long to make...3.96 / 5.00 7,338 Views
You BUSTIN my balls!
funny, kinfd of short though.
perfect. just perfect.
Dont think I have seen this cartoon in 15 years lol. Exellent job with the animation. Only wish would be the voices were a closer match.


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Hi, I have used desktopserver for Windows to install a wordpress site on our server. The site works fine on:
But when using the full URL it gives an error
Not Found
The requested URL /p/Home.html was not found on this server.
It has nothing to do with wordpress, but I'm confused, and don't know at all how to solve this one.
I'm registered with one.com, and the person who made a website before me, has used Apple webdesign. It is probably still looking for this site.
Thanks for suggestions!


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FERGUSON, Mo. (KMOX) – Ferguson Police Chief Tom Jackson tells KMOX that the name of the officer who shot and killed 18-year-old Michael Brown won't be released for the foreseeable future, at least until he's either compelled to by a judge or if there are charges filed against the police officer.
Jackson says this is due to death threats called into the police department and posted on social media.
Jackson also says there are social media rumors swirling with a name of Ferguson police officer, but this is not the name of the officer involved.
See News Happening? Upload Your Photos Here
Some commentators on online news stories are posting photos claiming that they are the children of the Ferguson police officer, and Jackson says they are not.
(TM and © Copyright 2014 CBS Radio Inc. and its relevant subsidiaries. CBS RADIO and EYE Logo TM and Copyright 2014 CBS Broadcasting Inc. Used under license. All Rights Reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed.)
- Monitor Chosen to Oversee Ferguson's Police, Court Reforms
- KMOX Profiles: Rev. Traci Blackmon
- Ferguson Down to 4 Finalists for Implementing DOJ Decent Decree
- Ferguson Narrows Down Search for Independent Monitor
- Jay Z Releases New Track 'Spiritual' About Police Brutality
- Judge: Lawyers Can Have Michael Brown Juvenile Records


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On Air Now Listen Live on
Who doesn't love a pep rally?
Posted March 17th, 2014 @ 11:54am
Especially if there are bartenders standing by? The Badgers take on American Thursday at 11:40... You already knew that, right? Wednesday night at 6 there's a Badger pep rally at the Milwaukee Theater. Sounds like a good time to me. Click here for info. Go Bucky!


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- Anonymous
- Estonia, Male, 41+
- Novice Nomad
- 2 reviews
I´ve seen a mouse there in my room!
- Anonymous
- USA, Female, 18-24
- Novice Nomad
- 1 review
I am writing this review to save you. The door to the room did not seal well. As I result, I did not feel safe. The hostel is far from town. The sercive was awful. It seems that the really nice hotel accros the street owns the hostel. We had to check in at the hotel's front desk. The receptionists were unorganized. Our room was not ready for the time we had scheduled to arrive. The toliet leaked. My roommate had the shower head fall on her head. The bedroom was dark and dingy. Janky!!
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Read an Excerpt
Horns, Strings, and Harmony
By Arthur H. Benade
Dover Publications, Inc.Copyright © 1992 Virginia Benade
All rights reserved.
A Brief Look Around
"The secrets of nature betray themselves more readily when tormented by art than when left to their own course." Roger Bacon (12147-94)
When I was a junior in high school, and a beginner at what my teacher called "blowing the flute" (loud, long, and fast!), I discovered Dayton C. Miller's book, The Science of Musical Sounds. I had been exposed from my earliest days to the fascinations of science by my physicist father, and my fairly new passion for music was beginning to stimulate me to ask questions about how and why my flute behaved as it did. Professor Miller's book crossed my horizon at a most opportune time. In it I read the names of many explorers of physics who had helped to relate the world of musical artistry to the world of scientific understanding, and I learned that Miller himself was a devoted flute player who had given care to the understanding of his beloved instrument. In the years that have passed, I have kept up my amateur interest in the playing of music, and have developed my interest in physics into a professional one chiefly dedicated to the inner workings of nuclei. But off and on I have given considerable time to thinking about how musical instruments work, and it is quite appropriate that I should now find myself at Case Institute of Technology, in the same physics department over which Miller himself presided for many years before his death in 1941. No doubt his spirit is peering over my shoulder now, as I set down the opening words of a small and informal descendant of his classic work. I should invoke his blessing on my labors, and ask his forgiveness of at least some of my heresies!
In writing this book, I have chosen for myself the role of guide and for you, my readers, that of interested travelers in a strange and colorful land. As a guide, I shall not be able to show you all the towering mountain peaks or quiet valleys in this country, for our time will be limited, but I shall try to point out the roads and warn you against some of the dangers which are to be found. Before we begin our travels, however, I must prepare you with a little talk about the sort of place we are to visit, and also provide you with some equipment for the journey.
Music, like the instruments which make it, belongs mainly to composers and musicians who create patterns of sound for our enjoyment, but there are many other people who can lose themselves in fascination as they try to understand how music comes about, and how it can affect us so profoundly. All these people have their own points of view and their own ways of expressing their thoughts, but their words do not make a chaotic babel since they have collected themselves into fairly recognizable groups, each with its own tribal dialect. Let us see what some of these groups are, before we choose one or another for an extended visit. Among musicians the composer's viewpoint is different from that of a performer, while the man who listens to their joint efforts will have his own way of looking at things. There are also those scientifically minded people who can add the excitement of their professional curiosity to the more sedentary enjoyments of ordinary listeners. Three groups of scientists find themselves thinking particularly about music: the physicists, who snoop into the ways in which objects vibrate to set up sounds in the air; the physiologists, who are interested in the way our ears convert these vibrations into nerve impulses; and the psychologists, who trace these impulses into the brain and try to find out how our minds respond to them.
In our travels we shall be able to visit only the regions inhabited by physicists and by musicians, two groups who sometimes think they should look down on each other. Some people hold that musicians have a subjective and artistic way of looking at things, while the scientific folk are supposed to be detached and objective in their work and speech. Once this has been said, it is easy to belittle one group or the other, depending on your own feelings about the importance of being artistic or objective. Such talk is a wonderful way to start a fight, but it has very little use otherwise, since musicians and scientists are both creators, both judge their work by fairly well-established aesthetic standards, and both are human beings, complete with a well-developed set of foibles. Scientists and mathematicians are constantly talking of "elegant" proofs, and "beautiful" theories. They seek out symmetries and contrasts just as artists do, and they have the same joys of creation. The man who speaks of cold, hard science probably has never done any, knows few scientists, and has read almost nothing about their work from firsthand sources!
Having made this little speech on the unity of science and art, I must now go on to admit that real troubles do arise when physicists and musicians try to talk together. They often use the same words for different things, and they do not always consider the same things important. Now, I do not for a moment want to give you the impression that one or the other of these groups is "wrong" in its ways; on the contrary, they both usually have something to contribute, but we must always make sure we know who is speaking at the moment, and what he means. As is usual in a divided country, there is a sort of "no man's land" between the two parts which we have to cross and recross, and we shall need to look for paths laid out by earlier explorers.
Some Trail Breakers
Perhaps the greatest of these explorers was Hermann von Helmholtz (1821-94), a German military doctor who wrote The Sensations of Tone, the foundation book on sound as it is made and heard, and a similar one on light and seeing, carried out some of the most profound mathematical researches into electromagnetic theory, and in addition made a tremendous contribution to our understanding of thermodynamics. After reading all this, you will not be amazed to hear that he was also a talented pianist. A short quotation about this man appears at the beginning of L. S. Lloyd's book, Music and Sound, that is particularly appropriate for me to repeat here. It is taken from an address given in 1878 by the great Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell, himself one of the most creative of men:
"Helmholtz, by a series of daring strides, has effected a passage for himself over that untrodden wild between acoustics and music—that Serbonian bog where whole armies of scientific musicians and musical men of science have sunk without filling it up."
Now, I am not in a mood to improve upon the words of my betters, but I may perhaps remind you that Helmholtz had more than daring; he had a thorough, practicing knowledge of his subject from several points of view, and he was gifted beyond ordinary mortals. Because most of us are not brought up to recognize classical allusions of the sort educated Englishmen used so freely seventy years ago, I did a little research and learned that Herodotus described the engulfing of armies in the mud of Lake Serbonis, an Egyptian lake which has since dried up. Since many early musical instruments were made of the kind of cane which grows to this day in swampy places around the Mediterranean, we can see that Maxwell chose his words with skill.
Having named a musical scientist first, I must in fairness introduce now a scientific musician, Theobald Boehm. Boehm was trained as a goldsmith in the family business, but very quickly showed his ability on the flute. He made solo concert tours for several years before beginning to feel that many limitations of the flute of his day could be remedied by someone who really worked at the problem. Between about 1830 and 1850 he performed an extensive series of carefully chosen experiments, guided by what little acoustical theory was available to him, and in the end produced an instrument which was essentially the same as the modem flute. Not only does this instrument show the excellence of his researches into sound, but it also reveals Boehm as a first-class engineer of workable and convenient key-machinery. Most of the improvements which took place in the construction of other woodwinds during the last half of the nineteenth century are directly descended from his ideas and from the stimulus of his success. My own first flute was of a pre-Boehm style still manufactured in England until well into the 1930s. I can well remember the feeling of liberation when I changed to a Boehm flute. Let me assure you from firsthand experience that players of flutes, clarinets, and oboes of the older style have to be pretty expert technicians to be able to play smoothly and in tune. The clarinet concertos of Carl Maria von Weber, for example, require virtuosic finger technique when played on the older instruments for which they were written, yet many a modern high-school clarinetist will play them in public on a Boehm clarinet.
There are many other people who have made large contributions to our understanding of music and musical instruments, but I must pass over them silently to make room for others whose work bears more directly on what we shall be seeing. Dayton C. Miller I have mentioned already, without telling you his part in the exploration. During the first three decades of the twentieth century, before there were any of the electronic instruments that make research easier nowadays, Miller studied the quantitative relations between the sounds we hear and the kinds of vibration which set them up. In Chapter III, I shall show you that it is possible to write down a "recipe" for every sort of sound, and we shall also learn how this recipe can help us to understand what is going on. Dayton Miller was the first to get accurate recipes for all the orchestral instruments, and he did it in a way that has earned him a reputation for experimental skill and inexhaustible patience.
Another more or less contemporary man who did a great deal to clarify the ways in which musical instruments work is the French physicist Bouasse. He is not nearly as well known as he deserves to be, although the cause lay partly within his control. He was a peppery, combative sort of man, who never hesitated to say what was on his mind, and he often said it in a way that made enemies. Because of his controversial approach to things he managed to alienate the editors of several journals, and ended up having to publish all his work in book form, printed in small editions and not widely distributed. These books (more than twenty different titles) deal with many branches of physics. About 1929 he wrote a two-volume work entitled Wind Instruments and another called Pipes and Resonators. These three volumes contain practically everything known at the time about the theory and practice of their subject matter, a great deal of which is his own work or that of his collaborator, Fouché, a skilled musician. It is a real pity that these books are already quite rare, since without them a few people are still going around making meaningless experiments and wrong calculations on things which are clearly discussed by Bouasse. (Bouasse is best known among physicists for his spirited opposition to Einstein's relativity theory. He lost the argument, but he was batting in a big league!)
My list of great explorers has been very short, and does not contain many of the names that are greatly honored by musicians or by scientists. There are two reasons for this: we are not here to make an exhaustive and exhausting survey, and anyhow I prefer to emphasize the sort of men who were able to provide us with a broad view of the territory of musical physics, and who mapped out its rivers and mountains.
You may wonder why it is that I have apparently given more importance to men who explored among the wind instruments than to those who peered into the habits of violins and pianos. It is not just that I am myself addicted to wind instruments; all stringed instruments are built around a single kind of vibrator, the uniform string, whose understanding came first to mathematicians and whose behavior is simple enough that it was described rather early. The beautifully shaped wood casing upon which the strings of a violin are tightened has such complicated behavior, on the other hand, that we should soon get far beyond our depth if we tried to learn about it in detail. The wind instruments have a much wider variety of shapes and vibrations (a wider variety, at any rate, from the point of view of physics), and mathematically inclined explorers have found much more that they could tackle successfully,
Harmony and melody, which are at the heart of music, are like fields and meadows which can be walked in and enjoyed without quite so much toil as is required for mountain climbing, and people as far back as the Greeks have recognized the way in which science and art have grown intertwined. While there are many beautiful flowers to be seen, and stately trees, there is also much marshy ground that is overrun with weedy growths of pseudo-science and of musical faddism. We will see later on that a great deal of the form that music takes is dictated by the way our ears and our nervous system work, in very much the same way that the form of a building is dictated by the law of gravity and the properties of stone. No artist need be ashamed to bow to such dictation. Every art has a form, arising from nature, which requires knowledge and preparation from the artist and from the enjoyer, whether the art is music or painting or physics. This form challenges the creator and guides his efforts, even when he chooses to depart from it, and it seems to me very foolish to pretend that an artist is so special a creature that he need not understand the materials of his artistic world.
A Plan for the Expedition
In the remaining chapters of this book I plan first to acquaint you with some of the ideas of physics which we will need in our explorations of musical vibrators; we will then pay a very brief visit to our own ears to learn why they are able to pick out certain kinds of sounds as being different from all the others, and so start ourselves on the road through the elementary principles of harmony. Following this, we will travel quickly through the land of the stringed instruments, and see how it is that the piano is a very special and peculiar instrument, as well as some of the reasons for the versatility of the violin family. Before we press on into the realms of the wind instruments, we will have to stop for some more travel equipment and more maps to show us the way past pipes and horns and reeds, and around some famous mudholes.
Those of you who have already visited music in your scientific reading will find that I will often lead you over relatively untraveled paths. You will, in this way, get a wider appreciation of the terrain, even though a repeat tour might show you more detail. Another and more compelling reason for my different route is my belief that a great deal of future progress in musical physics will come from people who approach it along new paths, taking hints from successful explorers in other, more recently developed branches of physics. My hope is that some of you will find yourselves challenged to take up the exploration on your own, or at least that you will recognize that there is a whole continent waiting to be settled.
Let us now proceed with our preparations for the journey by becoming familiar with some of the properties of the common and simple pendulum, which has been guide and friend to physicists since the days when Galileo was a youth.CHAPTER 2
Simple Vibrating Systems
Most people are aware that vibrating objects can set up disturbances in the air, which then act upon a distant ear so that its owner hears a sound. All musical instruments owe their existence to this fact, and before we can safely approach the musician, we need to provide ourselves with some simple ideas about vibrating objects, about the way in which air is set into vibration, and a little about the ear. We also need to set up a suitable language in which we can speak about the properties and behavior of our musical vibrators. These preliminaries will be taken care of in this chapter and in the following two. After this we can ask ourselves what it is about men and their universe that gives music its general shape and why certain kinds of vibrators must be chosen if one wishes to make musical sounds.
Excerpted from Horns, Strings, and Harmony by Arthur H. Benade. Copyright © 1992 Virginia Benade. Excerpted by permission of Dover Publications, Inc..
All rights reserved. No part of this excerpt may be reproduced or reprinted without permission in writing from the publisher.
Excerpts are provided by Dial-A-Book Inc. solely for the personal use of visitors to this web site.


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Zacuto Recoil Shoulder Rig for Canon EOS C100, C100 Mark II, C300 & C300 Mark II cameras is the most ergonomic solution on the market for run and gun shooting style. This rig comes complete with all accessories needed to make your shoot a success. Just add a camera, a lens and you are good to go.
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The final Marian dogma—the Assumption—was promulgated in 1950. But like all doctrinal developments throughout the history of the Church, it is rooted in apostolic teaching and reflected in Scripture. Pope Pius XII defined the dogma this way:
"The Immaculate Mother of God, the ever Virgin Mary, having completed the course of her earthly life, was assumed body and soul into heavenly glory."
What evidence is there for the Assumption?
To begin with, we have the witness of the New Testament, which already takes for granted the image of Mary as a Cosmic Heavenly Figure by the time of the book of Revelation (roughly 90 AD).
And a great portent appeared in heaven, a woman clothed with the...READ MORE


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SDCC: Marvel: Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends Panel
Comic Books
Comic Books
TV, Comic Books
The Buy Pile
The Buy Pile
The Mission
Comics Should be Good
Comics Should be Good
Comics Should be Good
Comics Should be Good
Comics Should be Good
Comics Should be Good
Jul 25, 01:57am
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Orange Park, FL
Brendan Hay of Robot Chicken fame is teaming up with artist Justin Wagner for a new series from Oni Press called Rascal Raccoon's Raging Revenge. Announced at the Oni Press panel at the San Diego Comic-Con today, the book asks the question, "What if the coyote ever killed the Road Runner?"
The story stars Rascal Raccoon, a "meanie" in the cartoon world, who takes credit for the accidental death of his nemesis, Jumping Jackalope. Rascal goes through an existential crisis as a result of killing his arch-enemy and goes looking for new targets for his rage. The book comes out in December, and you can check out preview pages that were revealed at the panel after the jump.
Home | News | Columns | Reviews | Video | Blogs | Forums | Find A Comic Shop
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Ruby's harassment reaches new heights as she pushes Esther to the limits, but how far will she go?
Meanwhile, as Leanne wakes up to a shocking discovery, will she have any regrets?
Elsewhere, a remorseful Frankie summons the courage to apologise to Nancy and rekindles their friendship, but for how long?
Also today, Cheryl plans a surprise lunch at The Dog, but what exactly are her motives?
At the same time, Seamus continues to cement himself in the village, under the watchful eye of Brendan.
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Working in perfect harmony
Several Hong Kong-based companies, from architectural firms to real estate developers, have had an effect on Ningbo's property market by introducing new design ideas and projects.
Through the Guangbo Industrial Park Office, architectural design firm Ronald Lu and Partners espouses a harmonious integration of the surrounding green environment and landscape with the practical nature of the office block. The project represents a modern take on the traditional southern Chinese architectural style, according to John Cheng, a project architect of the company. The industrial park is located in Chehe, Shiqi Street, Yinzhou district, Ningbo.
'While establishing the corporate image of Guangbo Group through the architectural design, the project aims to reinforce the spirit of humanity in the master plan,' says Cheng, who is also a director at Ronald Lu.
'It centres on nature and people, following the distinctive Jiangnan [south of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River] style of integrating architecture seamlessly with the landscape. The result is a harmonised working environment blended into a series of green spaces.'
The 10-storey office building, which has been used by Guangbo as its headquarters since 2009, was complemented by a 250-seat auditorium, perched next to a water body linked with a nearby brook. With the research and development complex and the staff canteen pavilion in the central part, these connected structures form the core architectural assemblage in the industrial park's master plan, he says. 'Guangbo has sought to create a brand with an emphasis on a quality working environment. The development was built in a central green spine with various amenities to highlight that the core structures were built for the people, while the loading bays and product delivery roadways are set on the peripherals.'
A man-made pond is built at the front area of the headquarters along with a galleria-like auditorium facing it. At its back is a small courtyard situated between the office block and the auditorium wing.
'These design elements were developed in the style of Jiangnan Literati gardens and their spatial culture. This reflects the core business nature of Guangbo, a leading manufacturer of office stationery, from paper printing to albums,' Cheng says.
In addition to architectural designs, two Hong Kong-based developers have tapped into the property market in Ningbo. The Citic Pacific Group owns Tower A of Pacific Plaza in the Jiangdong district of the city. Completed in 2009, the grade-A office tower has a gross floor area of 49,000 square metres and the occupancy rate was 72 per cent, according to the company's annual report. The Jiangdong district is close to the Ningbo Eastern New City, which has been developed as the future economic and political hub of the city.
Wharf Holdings has two residential projects in Ningbo under planning. The group holds a 50 per cent stake in each project. Attributable gross floor area of the Ningbo Xincheng (New City) is 49,000 square metres, while the Ningbo Baoqingsi project will have an attributable gross floor area of 39,000 square metres.
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SPAIN: Dia FY profit boosted by Brazil, Iberia growth
By Michelle Russell | 21 February 2013
- Net profit soars 60.3%
- EBIT up 32.6%
- Net sales climb 6.7%
Dia said its priorities over the coming fiscal year will include "speeding up the rate of openings in Brazil"
Spanish discount retailer Dia said it ended fiscal 2012 having achieved the targets it set itself at the start of the year after booking an increase in profit boosted by growth in Iberia and Brazil.
Earnings in the 12 month period were up 60.3% to EUR157.9m (US$208.2m), the company reported this morning (21 February). The increase was driven by profit growth in Iberia and Brazil, which recorded earnings growth of 2.9% and 16.9%, respectively.
EBIT in the period grew 32.6% to EUR287.6m, while sales were up 6.7% to EUR11.68bn.
CEO Ricardo Currás said Dia's priorities over the coming fiscal year will be to "speed up the rate of openings in Brazil and strengthen the proximity profile in Spain, with new complementary formats".
- Turnover reached EUR11.679bn, up 6.7%.
- Iberia and Brazil are the main growth drivers.
- At the next Annual General Meeting, DIA's Board of Directors will propose an 18% dividend increase to EUR0.13 gross per share, as well as the amortization of 4.16% of the shares held as treasury stock.
- DIA estimates that adjusted EPS could continue to post double-digit growth.
Madrid, 21 February 2013. DIA ended fiscal 2012 having achieved the targets it set itself at the start of the year. Gross sales under banner grew by 6.7% at constant rates to EUR11.679bn, thanks to the solid business performance in Iberia and in emerging countries such as Brazil and Argentina. In Spain, turnover reached EUR4.920bn, which represents a 5.4% improvement thanks to the good performance of all its formats.
"Although we are facing challenges in 2013, we believe that we will be able to resolve any difficulties, focusing our investment efforts on regions where we are seeing the most growth. DIA's priorities over the coming fiscal year will be to speed up the rate of openings in Brazil and strengthen the proximity profile in Spain, with new complementary formats", declared Ricardo Currás, CEO of DIA.
Adjusted net profit reached EUR190m, up 19.3% versus 2011 thanks to the good business performance. Adjusted EBITDA grew by 9.4% at constant rates, to EUR609.5m, while adjusted EBIT reached EUR330.5m, rising by 14.3%. At the end of the last fiscal year, the store network included 6,914 stores. Including the stores related to the acquisition of Schlecker, this brings the total number to around 8,000 stores.
In the next Annual General Meeting, DIA's board of directors will propose a dividend distribution of EUR0.13 gross per share, which represents an 18% increase. Moreover, the company will also propose the amortization of 4.16% of the shares held as treasury stock.
Over the 2013-2015 period, the company expects to maintain double-digit adjusted EPS growth.
Original source: Dia
Sectors: Financials, Retail
Companies: Dia
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