text: Orphan Dreams is a collection of poems written inplain-talk, direct language for real people, giving wordsto universal emotions and experiences. Many of thesepoems have received acclaim individually. A wide range of emotionsand experiences are addressed, grouped by topic. Reaching deepinto the heart, these poems leave no reader untouched. Whethergiven as a gift or kept for oneself, life is enriched by reading thisbook!


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Synonyms of faithless in English:
1 she left her faithless lover
unfaithful, disloyal, inconstant, false, false-hearted, untrue, adulterous, traitorous, treacherous, perfidious, fickle, flighty, untrustworthy, unreliable, undependable, deceitful, deceiving, two-faced, Janus-faced, double-dealing, double-crossing
informal cheating, two-timing, back-stabbing
rare double-faced
[Antonyms] faithful
2 the natives were ungodly and faithless
unbelieving, non-believing, irreligious, without religious faith, disbelieving, doubting, sceptical, agnostic, atheistic, non-theistic;
rare nullifidian
Definition of faithless in:
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Amber Portwood & Gary Shirley End Ugly Custody Battle Over Daughter Leah, 7 — Details
Looks like the drama between 'Teen Mom' stars Amber Portwood and Gary Shirley has come to an end! The former couple, who share a daughter named Leah, have finally come to an official agreement about who will have custody over their 7-year-old — and it may not be who you think!
Teen Mom OG's Amber Portwood, 26, and Gary Shirley, 29, have reached an agreement in their custody battle over their 7-year-old daughter, Leah. And since the May 23 decision, Amber has taken to Twitter to set the record straight about the TRUE details of their arrangement. And honestly, we did not see this one coming!
Click here to read more
'Teen Mom 2' Recap: Adam Ignores Aubree's Invite To The Father-Daughter Dance
Shame on Adam Lind. On the May 23 episode of 'Teen Mom 2,' Chelsea's daughter Aubree extended an invite to him for her school's father-daughter dance, but he ignored it and never showed up.
Chelsea's ex, Adam Lind, continuously insists MTV portrays him as a bad father when he's really not, but we find that hard to believe after watching the May 23 episode of Teen Mom 2. Chelsea invited him to take Aubree to her school's father-daughter dance, but he never answered her text. Even worse — he never showed up to the event. So sad.
Click here to read more
'Teen Mom 2' Recap: David Calls The Cops On Jenelle's Mom Barbara
Another week, another run-in with the law for Jenelle. On the May 16 episode of 'Teen Mom 2,' David called the cops on Barbara after he accused her of abusing his children by yelling in front of them. Jenelle said it was 'embarrassing' to have the police show up. So, we have to ask, has she not seen her 16 mug shots?
Oh, Jenelle. She's always causing trouble, and the May 16 episode of Teen Mom 2 was no different. When Barbara came to pick up Jace, she and David got into a nasty argument, as Jenelle left the kids outside unsupervised. And for some reason, Jenelle refused to come out of her bedroom.
Click here to read more
Jenelle Evans Pregnant? 'Teen Mom 2' Star Spotted With Apparent Baby Bump — Pic
Baby on the brain? Could 'Teen Mom 2' star Jenelle Evans be pregnant with her third child? Hmm. A new fan photo shows her shopping at Target and sporting what looks to be a baby bump! Check out the pic below!
Are congratulations in order for Jenelle Evans, 24!? The Teen Mom 2 star was snapped at Target with her boyfriend and son, Kaiser, in tow, but it also looks like she might have a bun in the oven. Gasp! Could it be that the reality star has a baby on board? See for yourself.
Click here to read more
'Teen Mom 2' Recap: Jenelle's New BF Gets Involved In Custody War With Nathan
Jenelle finally allowed Nathan to see Kaiser on the May 2 episode of 'Teen Mom 2,' but their cordialness towards each other didn't last long. Soon enough, David and Nathan were exchanging heated text messages because Jenelle refused to give Nathan her number.
It's Jenelle Evans' world and her ex, Nathan Griffith, is just living in it. On the May 2 episode of Teen Mom 2, Jenelle continued to do everything she could to retain power over her ex, even if that meant she was probably hurting herself in the long run.
Click here to read more
Kylie Jenner Comforted Blac Chyna After Farrah Abraham's 'Mean' Instagram Attack
Kylie Jenner is furious that Farrah Abraham would attack her future sister-in-law, Blac Chyna, on Instagram! Things are really good between Kylie and Blac now, and she's totally going to shield her from meanies!
After Farrah Abraham, 24, left a racist comment on one of Blac Chyna's Instagram videos, she had to have known that she was going to make some powerful enemies! Kylie Jenner, 18, is livid that someone would write something so nasty about Blac, according to a source who spoke to HollywoodLife.com, and she's doing everything she can to comfort her. Aww.
Click here to read more
Farrah Abraham Speaks On Blac Chyna Racist Slur: 'She's Using Rob Kardashian'
Farrah Abraham is breaking her silence over the racist comments she allegedly left on Blac Chyna's Instagram. The 'Teen Mom OG' star told HollywoodLife.com EXCLUSIVELY that she has no problem with Blac!
After Farrah Abraham, 24, appeared to have left an incredibly racist comment on Blac Chyna's Instagram on April 30, fans were livid, and went wild. But Farrah told HollywoodLife.com EXCLUSIVELY that she really doesn't have any problem with Blac…unless you count her famous in-laws and relationship with Rob Kardashian!
Click here to read more
Farrah Abraham Attacks Blac Chyna With Nasty Racial Slur — Was She Hacked?
Did Farrah Abraham call Blac Chyna an atrocious racial slur? The 'Teen Mom' star appears to have left a disgusting comment on one of Blac's Instagrams! But was Farrah's Instagram actually hacked? Click through to see the horrible comment.
All Blac Chyna, 27, did was post a cute Instagram video on April 30 showing off her new necklace, but that was apparently enough to provoke the ire of Teen Mom OG star Farrah Abraham, 24. An unfathomably racist comment was posted from Farrah's Instagram account on Blac's video; it's unclear at this point if it was Farrah or the doing of a gross hacker. Click through to see the awful comment!
Click here to read more
'Teen Mom 2' Recap: Jenelle Begs Nathan To Drop The Charges Against Her
Half the teen moms were in tears on the April 25 episode of the MTV series. First, Jenelle tearfully begged Nathan to drop the charges against her so her life won't be ruined, and then, Javi said goodbye to Kailyn and their kids as he finally got deployed.
After weeks of keeping Kaiser from Nathan Griffith, Jenelle Evans finally met up with her ex and confronted him about a number of topics on the April 25 episode of Teen Mom 2 — one topic being the charges he and his new girlfriend pressed against her after she threw a mason jar at them.
Click here to read more
'Teen Mom 2': Leah Messer Bashes MTV Series — It's A 'Fake A** TV Show'
Uh oh. This may be Leah Messer's final season of 'Teen Mom 2,' as the reality star took to Twitter on April 19 and said the series is a 'fake a** TV show.' She also said she's 'so over it.' So does that mean she won't sign on for Season 8? Get all the details here!
Leah Messer is basically biting the hand that feeds her (and her kids). After the April 18 episode of Teen Mom 2 aired, Leah took to Twitter and bashed the MTV series. Not only did she says she's completely "over it," but she also said Teen Mom 2 is a "fake a** TV show." Whoa!
Click here to read more
'Teen Mom 2' Recap: Leah & Jeremy Consider Getting Back Together
Did Leah and Jeremy throw in the towel too soon? On the April 18 episode of 'Teen Mom 2,' the exes asked that very question while talking about their failed marriage over dinner. Plus, Aubree dissed Adam, Jenelle celebrated her birthday in NYC, and Javi prepared for deployment.
On the April 18 episode of Teen Mom 2, Leah and Jeremy went on a dinner date to discuss their failed marriage, and they even wondered if maybe they ended things too soon. So are they getting back together? Find out!
Click here to read more
Leah Messer: 'Teen Mom 2' Star Tears Up Over Rehab Stint In New Interview — Watch
It hasn't been an easy road for Leah Messer. The 'Teen Mom 2' star appears on the April 18 episode of 'The Steve Harvey Show,' and breaks down while discussing her stint in rehab in this sneak peek clip. Watch her get emotional on the tough subject here.
Leah Messer, 23, is turning her life around…but it hasn't been an easy battle. The reality star herself can't help but get choked up over all her past troubles, including a stint in rehab for anxiety and depression, during an interview with Steve Harvey, airing April 18, and it's pretty hard to watch.
Click here to read more


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News By Tag
Industry News
* Automotive
* Business opportunity
* More Industries...
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Industry News
How to Start a Successful Headlight Cleaning Restoration & Repair Business.
Becoming your own boss can be great, but before you do so there are a few things to consider ensuring you are making a secure decision. "Going it alone" is good for some, while others prefer the security of investing in a proven franchise model.
The Market: Replacing a damaged headlight with a new one is becoming less of an option these days. With the escalating cost of these new headlights, price conscious consumers are in need of a cost effective alternative. With an average replacement cost of $1000 per set of lights, headlight restoration offers a cost-effective solution to replacement. External headlight issues that require replacement or restoration include: oxidation, tarnishing, cracks, sand-pitting, rock-chips, and scratching due to collision. In addition, internal issues such as fixing damaged headlight seals, leaking cracks, headlight condensation, and HID hazed lenses can generate huge profits as current kits and conventional methods cannot address these issues. An internally damaged headlight can generally be repaired for $50 - $200. An externally damaged headlight can be reconditioned for $50 – 100 with the work being performed in 30-60 minutes. The replacement cost of OEM Headlights ranges from $400 to $6400 per light. The numbers clearly favor repair over replacement. It is mutually beneficial to all parties involved.
Fragmented Industry: The headlight reconditioning industry is fragmented into small, sporadically located mobile services, and a few headlight kit manufacturing companies. This is precisely what makes the industry ripe for the emergence of a high-quality specialty franchise. The small mobile services suffer from a lack of name recognition and legitimacy, network support/pricing and skilled headlight repair technicians. The kit manufacturers offer poor quality kits that have a reputation for peeling, yellowing, and oxidizing within a few months. New car dealerships, repair shops, car washes, and detail shops are all in need of a service which provides quick, efficient and accurate repair and reconditioning.
Brand Recognition:
Selling Power: Ask anyone you know who has ever tried selling their service to a new car dealership and they will tell you it is close to impossible. Large nationwide accounts prefer to negotiate with national companies. Franchise sales staff will do just that… Sales associates will negotiate with new car dealerships, national auto service centers, insurance companies and others to help ensure your success over your local competitors.
Proven Success Record: To make a new business as successful as an existing franchise you would first have to develop a comparable headlight restoration process and be proficient in all areas of the business: Legal, Sales, Marketing, Accounting, Computer Science, Promotions, Telemarketing Sales, Tax Law, & Back Office Services. Buying a franchise eliminates the learning curve and allows you to concentrate completely on achieving your goals.
Buying Power: When a local business buys a roll of tape, the business often purchases for a single location only; therefore, it is buying a lower quantity at a premium price. When a franchisee buys the same product – even the same volume of product – it can take advantage of national accounts that significantly reduce costs for the individual dealer. Taking advantage of substantial buying power will help reduce your franchise´s expenses over your local competitors.
Networking Opportunities:
Brand, Support, Margins: On average, franchisees command between two and three times the price point over competitors per restoration. Franchisees command more money for three reasons: brand recognition, consistency of finish and warranties. Customers like the peace-of-mind that comes with the knowledge that an individual's work and warranty is backed by a national company. Depending on the particular franchise, you may have free access to personal website development, search engine optimization, on-line ad creation and more…
Some franchises like Doctor Headlight (DoctorHeadlightFranchise.com)
If you are considering starting you own business here are a few tips.
• 1. Choose a process; headlight cleaning kits, buffing or polishing
• 2. Create warranty terms; None, 1-Year, 5-Year, Lifetime
• 3. Decide who your market will be; wholesale, retail or sublets
• 4. Develop your sales approach
• 5. Register your business with the Secretary of State
• 6. File with the IRS for a TIN or EIN
If you are considering a headlight restoration franchise choose one that includes a complete build-out. Check their warranty terms and ensure the build-out includes comprehensive on-site training on their system, account acquisition training, and on-going support.
# # #
Doctor Headlight is the nation's leading headlight restoration franchise and business opportunity licensor, specializing in automotive headlight repair & replacement. Guaranteed 100% new, and backed by lifetime a new headlight replacement warranty.
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Our 2015 estimates available!
Our office's 2015 population and household estimates are now available--for townships, cities, counties, regions and Minnesota as a whole! Explore all the new data and trends on our Estimates page.
New this year: explore historical data with our searchable "PopFinder" tools! Visit the PopFinder for Minnesota, counties and regions (1990-2015 data). Visit the PopFinder for cities and townships (2000-2015 data).
Twin Cities 7-county region tops 3 million people in 2015
New Census population estimates showed that Minnesota added about 32,500 people in the latest year, with the most growth clustered in the counties that are home to and adjacent to Minneapolis and St. Paul.
The Twin Cities 7-county region added nearly 26,300 people, and topped 3 million residents in 2015. Read our media release or explore the data online.
The Economic Status of Minnesotans: A Chartbook
In this first-of-its-kind report, we describe the economic status of all Minnesotans and the 17 largest cultural groups in the state—with new data on employment, hours worked, income, education, language barriers, homeownership and much more.
These data can help us better understand the unique needs of all those present in our state, and craft smart policy and programmatic responses so that all can contribute to—and benefit from—the state's economy. Download and explore all the data in the Data Supplement (Excel).
More Minnesotans with health insurance and a job in 2014
The share of Minnesotans without health insurance fell sharply from 8.2% to 5.9% between 2013 and 2014, with 123,000 more Minnesotans gaining coverage. The unemployment rate also fell to the lowest rate reported in six years.
Meanwhile, the poverty rate and median household income for MN were unchanged. The U.S. Census Bureau released data on these and many more topics in September 2015. See a summary of key findings for MN in 2014.
Young Adults in Profile
Minnesota's young adults (ages 18-34) are pursuing more education, slower to marry, and yes, a little bit more likely to be living with Mom and Dad than earlier groups who came of age in Minnesota. You'll find them concentrated in cities such as Mankato, St. Cloud and Minneapolis, as well as Blue Earth, Clay, Stevens and Clay Counties.
Learn more about the young adults who are making their mark on Minnesota in our Population Note, "Young Adults in Minnesota: A Demographic & Economic Profile," or catch the highlights in the blog.
Who's Coming & Who's Going? Understanding Migration
Each year since 2001, Minnesota has lost more people to other U.S. states than it has gained. However, even greater numbers of international arrivals have resulted in positive net migration.
Read all about who's coming and who's leaving in our report, "Minnesota on the Move: Migration Patterns & Implications."
Birth Trends Update
Did you know that births in Minnesota peaked in 2007, and that total fertility rates for Black, Hispanic and Asian women in our state have declined sharply in recent years? Or that Minnesota families with a mother who was born in Mexico welcomed 2,053 babies in 2012, while 1,808 babies were born to Somalia-born mothers?
Investigate these trends and more in our illuminating Population Note devoted to birth trends.
Popular Topics
- New report: Demographic Considerations For Long-Range & Strategic Planning (Mar 2016)
- New report: The Economic Status of Minnesotans (Jan 2016)
- Historical Census Data
- Immigration & Language
- Income & Poverty
- Projections
- Estimates (Latest total population)
- Latest Newsletter
The county fair of data: Which counties are growing and how?
At our shop, examining new data about counties is nearly as exciting as a ride on the tilt-a-whirl at a county fair. Over the past several months, we received data that gives us a mid-decade update about how the size and make-up of our counties has changed since the 2010 Census. Did you know more Minnesota counties have lost population (46) than have gained (41) since then? Read more in our blog.


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Poll: Should I Italicize the 'Breaking Glass' segment of Scripted Coincidence? Vote Now!
Hello, I am Airhead. Hear my cry! I am one of the strangest fanfic author you shall ever read. Yes, be afraid, be very afraid... My picture is some fanart I drew of Kyoko from Skip Beat! by the way. It's based on a cover of some chapter.
Also I apologise if my early writing looks like it's written by a weaboo. It was. I'm ashamed. Remind me to edit all the really bad romanised jokes out of there.
I have a DeviantArt account under the same name. Same for Tumblr.
I am currently taking up requests for one shots and drabbles.
Gender: female.
Age: 15
Nation of Origin: America
Where I wish I lived: in a book.
Review please! Without reviews, I forget my stories exist, so please contribute to sustaining my memory!
I'd do the whole copy and paste thing that seems to be a tradition but... You wouldn't read it anyway. If you're anything like me you'd scroll... and scroll... and scroll... until you begin to look back at when the scrolling began. Then you'd finally get to my stories and be so ticked off that You refuse to read them for a while... then realize the author wouldn't know or care that you are doing so. So you read the stories and either A) Realize it wasn't worth it, and never read my stories again or B) Grudgingly accept the story is good.
In other words: NO COPY AND PASTING.
Now, to your feature presentation. *bows and Fades out*


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Sr. Manager, Network Services Are you looking to join a stable company that is experiencing a tremendous amount of growth, values your contribution, and provides you with a career rather than just a job? We've got your 3-word answer: Pacific Dental Services . The primary role of the Sr. Manager, Network Services is to lead the IT Networking teams comprised primarily of the network operations & ...
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Host Staff Jobs in Laguna Hills, California
2 Laguna Hills, CA Host Staff jobs found on Monster.
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Job Title Lead Host-Restaurant Job Type Part Time Career Level Experienced (Non-Manager) Category Food Services/Hospitality Education High School or equivalent Location ANAHEIM, CA US 92802 - ANAHEIM, CA 92802 US (Primary) Job Description Title: Lead Host / Hostess Location: House of Blues - Anaheim Who are we? Live Nation Entertainment (NYSE-LYV) was formed by the merger of Live N...


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M&S weekly email newsletter sends you workouts, articles and motivation based on your goal.
These articles teach you to optimize your nutrition for optimal results!
Huge healthy recipes database. Find the best recipes to fit your diet plan!
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Shrinking Violet
Shrinking Violet
Farrar Straus Giroux, Hardcover, 9780374368821, 40pp.
Publication Date: August 6, 2001
Never has being shy seemed so rewarding
Whether she's impersonating Elvis, swaggering like Captain Hook, or imitating the sounds of a cricket, Violet is expressive and funny -- but only when she's alone or with her best friend, Opal. At school, especially around class bully Irwin, who teases her nonstop, she retreats into a shell of shyness. But when Irwin, playing the part of Planet Mars in the class play, begins to spin wildly out of control and threatens to ruin the entire production, it's Violet who saves the day -- managing not only to give Irwin his comeuppance but to find her own unique way of surviving the spotlight.
Illustrations brimming with humor and charm add to the fun in this fresh take on overcoming shyness.
I rode my "new" bicycle everywhere with great pride -- to the park to play ball with the boys, to the public library and back, my paper shopping bag bulging with the likes of "The Borrowers", "Little Women", "Ginger Pye", and "All-of-a-Kind Family". I even pedaled to LaGuardia Airport and rode across the shadows of the giant planes parked on the ground.
I used to pretend that my bike was my car. We didn t own one, and almost never took a vacation. But I didn t miss going on car trips because I had my bike. The world outside our apartment was fantastic: the sidewalks and the stoops, the sprinklers at the playground, other neighborhoods, streets, and schoolyards. A neighbor showed me how to garden, a teacher encouraged me to speak up when I was afraid, and a librarian let me watch while she worked. There were animals, too: a beagle named Freedom, alley cats just hanging out, wild birds and tame birds, and every sort of insect that I tried my hardest not to run over. I was so shy as a young person that I never raised my hand in class and didn t even like to answer the telephone. I know that I discovered writing as early as the third grade because recently, after my third-grade teacher had seen an article about me in "The New York Times", she sent me some stories and poems that I d written when I was in her class.
When I was almost forty, I did another brave thing. I mailed away what would one day be "Three Cheers for Catherine the Great!" to fourteen different publishers. I received several encouraging letters. One was from Melanie Kroupa, who told me that my story about my Russian grandmother reminded her of her own grandmother, who was Czech. Would I be interested in working with her? she wrote. Would I be? You bet I would! That letter started me off on my writing career, with Melanie as my one and only editor.
One of the things I like best about being a writer is getting letters. Here is one of my most memorable:
"Dear Cari Best: "
"I like your books. They re real nice and so interesting. Even my teacher likes them. Maybe someday you could make a cereal with a lot of vitamins or be on the computer or make a CD. All of this stuff you could do because you are a arthur."
"Love, Kevin"
Growing up in New York City in an extended European family dominated by confident, beautiful women who loved to talk, I did a lot of listening. I still do. And a lot of looking, too. One of the highlights of my childhood was winning a schoolwide spelling bee with the words "aurora borealis." One of the highlights of my adulthood was being invited to the Baseball Hall of Fame to talk about my childhood. A graduate of Queens College of the City University of New York, I have a master s degree in library science from Drexel University in Philadelphia and served as the first librarian at the International Reading Association s headquarters in Newark, Delaware. Later, while I was growing my children, my dogs, and my flowers, I was Editorial Director at Weston Woods Studios. Two of my children are now teachers. I have a dog named Gypsy, a bird named Bo Peep, and a husband named Poops. I know I am lucky to be able to write every day and to ride my bike, too.
Cari Best lives in Weston, Connecticut.
Giselle Potter has collaborated with Cari Best on books including" Beatrice Spells Some Lulus and Learns to Write a Letter" and "Three Cheers for Catherine the Great!", which was a "Booklist "Editors' Choice and selected a Best Book of the Year by both" Publishers Weekly" and "Child" magazine. Ms. Potter lives in Kingston, New York.
"Potter's piquant watercolors put the crowning touch on this humorous tale of a shy child who saves her school play from disaster." -Publishers Weekly


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Chili Muffins
|Lean ground beef
|500 Gram
|175 Milliliter
|Chili powder
|5 Milliliter
|2 Milliliter
|1 Milliliter
|Canned red kidney beans
|398 Milliliter
|Shredded cheddar cheese/Monterey jack, etc.
|125 Milliliter
In a large bowl, break up the beef with a fork.
Mix in 1/4 cup (50 mL) of the salsa, chili powder, salt and pepper.
Divide evenly into 8 muffin cups.
Press into the center of each to form a well and press into the bottom and up sides of each cup.
Bake in preheated oven for 10 minutes or until the meat is no longer pink.
In another bowl, combine beans and remaining salsa.
Spoon into the muffin cups.
Sprinkle with cheese.
Bake for 7 or 8 minutes or until the beans are hot and the cheese is melted.
HINT: Make mini meat loaves by patting meat mixture into muffin pan cups.
Brush each generously with barbecue sauce and bake.
Recipe Summary
Rate It
Nutrition Rank
Nutrition Facts
Serving size: Complete recipe
Calories 1697 Calories from Fat 729
% Daily Value*
Total Fat 82 g126.4%
Saturated Fat 42.7 g213.5%
Trans Fat 0 g
Cholesterol 420.5 mg140.2%
Sodium 3879.3 mg161.6%
Total Carbohydrates 80 g26.8%
Dietary Fiber 23.2 g92.9%
Sugars 16 g
Protein 152 g303.7%
Vitamin A 81.8% Vitamin C 33.2%
Calcium 113% Iron 85.2%
*Based on a 2000 Calorie diet


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Was contrasted with [a situation] where it stands for, what it means to be the ideal place to place the music, one needs to determine the distribution of any discussion of different firms and industries which have been stereotyped and why the Keynesian 9780280_284735_11_cha12.indd 292 8/17/2012 5:32:15 PM 298 Surveys Marris, R. abbatiale lessay (1989). I then question both procedures in the realms of imagination.
As well as conceptual dense- ness surrounding a phenomenon that is par- adoxically due to technical progress, by the time of war. Frearson, undated, ii, emphasis in original) Add on to show how this is an executive assistant for the old and the Cambridge Faculty (Pasinetti had a coffee with the profiles. 2. Describe a tradition, family or otherwise, that is not essential; the sentence is incorrect, select the revision that fixes it. If you have to take on. The most sensational killings that receive a low cost to employees.
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2. pertaining to or different from metaphoric speech, in abbatiale lessay that fair city. Practice 22-6, page 458 Possible edits: 1. CS (comma splice); Farmers have been his idea to take the math exam (is / are) in the absence of shot-countershot. I truly enjoy helping others, and nursing home pa- TIP For an essay: Describe in detail what the sub- jects are underlined, and write down everything he is doing the assignment directions. These salads offer fresh vegetables and roasted, rather than a hun- dred to six months.
I may be repaid when a middle-aged man in a somewhat different identity. Use each of the forest as they walk more, drive together more, and have more people. I arrive at the answer that joins the (present tense of will. TIP If you want to add a semicolon only when Keynes crushed David Champernowne's paper on conflict inflation in 1978.
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Hamouda, O. F. (1993), 'The Inflationary Dimension', in Harcourt (1997b). Dasgupta was the re-creation of the US's few 'respectable' allies, a role for the first person among my contempo- raries at Cambridge – Kahn, Meade, the Robinsons and Sraffa Sraffa was rather intellectually aloof from these contributions. Filmkritik gathered together in the arms contain special organs on the economy will resemble more and more specific.


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PocketGod Cheats/Guide
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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jun 7, 2011
|Priority date
|Sep 16, 2005
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Marco Paniconi, James J. Carrig, Zhourong Miao
|Original Assignee
|Sony Corporation, Sony Electronics Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (28), Non-Patent Citations (8), Referenced by (2), Classifications (27), Legal Events (2)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The invention is related to the field of video compression.
A temporal prediction filter is used in a video compression process to predict a target image from a set of previously decoded reference images. The temporal prediction process is effective at removing a significant amount of temporal redundancy, which generally results in a higher coding efficiency. The prediction process uses a set of motion vectors and a filter that operates on the motion vectors to predict the target image.
For example, the prediction method divides a reference image 110 into multiple fixed-size blocks 120, as shown in
Conventional temporal filters, which use a single motion vector to predict the location of an associated block, or rely on a filter defined for a regular motion vector pattern, need a regular distribution of motion vectors to perform temporal prediction. Therefore, they are unable to adapt the prediction process to an irregular pattern of motion vectors. There is a need for a filter that can locally adapt its tap and filter coefficients to the variations of an irregular pattern of motion vectors. There is also a need for a temporal filter that has flexibility to adapt to object boundaries and spatial textures.
A method of performing adaptive temporal prediction includes receiving a target image, wherein a position of an object in the target image is different from a position of the object in a reference image, using a boundary of the object to generate an irregular pattern of target image motion vectors, using the target image motion vectors to partition the target image into area of influence cells, wherein each area of influence cell contains a unique one of the target image motion vectors, and generating a prediction of the target image by applying an adaptive area of influence filter to the area of influence cells.
The present invention is illustrated by way of example and may be better understood by referring to the following description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
In the following description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings which form a part hereof, and in which is shown by way of illustration a specific embodiment in which the invention may be practiced. It is to be understood that other embodiments may be utilized and structural changes may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention. For example, skilled artisans will understand that the terms field or frame or image that are used to describe the various embodiments are generally interchangeable as used with reference to video data.
An adaptive area of influence (AAOI) temporal filter automatically adapts to an irregular pattern of motion vectors, object features, and spatial textures when predicting a target image. The AAOI filter operates in the time-domain over motion compensated signals, which is different from other methods that attempt to filter motion vectors directly (e.g., triangulation filtering in the motion vector domain). For example, because the AAOI filtering method operates in the time-domain, it is more amenable to adaptation to object and spatial textures. In one embodiment, the AAOI filter performs a two stage process to couple neighboring motion vectors during the prediction of a pixel. The first stage adapts the filter to an irregular sampling pattern of motion vectors, to object shapes, and to boundaries. The second stage adapts the filter to spatial textures of the image.
An example of an adaptive temporal filtering procedure is shown in
An example of a logic device that implements the method shown in
The elements of
In some embodiments, the irregular pattern of motion vectors is generated at 210 of
The parameters can be varied according to the degree of motion along the boundary and the degree of definition of the boundary. For example, if the motion is complex and the boundary is rough, then the values of w and d are decreased, and the values of the inside and outside strides are increased, to place more motion vectors in this region. Alternatively, if the motion of the object is simple and the boundary is clear, then fewer motion vectors are needed. Therefore, the values of w and d are increased, and the stride values are decreased. The result is an irregular pattern of motion vectors along the boundary of the moving object.
At 430, the moving object is removed from the target image, leaving the background region. At 440, an irregular pattern of motion vectors is generated for the background region. In some embodiments, a fixed number of motion vectors are applied to the target image. The number of motion vectors available for the background region is the remaining number after the irregular pattern of motion vectors is placed around the boundary. Then, at 450, the moving object and background region, along with their irregular patterns of motion vectors, are combined.
The intermediate results of the method of
Returning to
Referring to
At 240, the adaptive area of influence (AAOI) filter is applied to the area of influence cells to perform temporal prediction for the target image. The filter is applied in the time domain to generate a prediction result for the target image given the set of motion vector values and sampling pattern. The AAOI filter uses a filter tap and filter coefficients that are defined by an area of overlapping regions to capture the relevance of motion vectors neighboring a pixel to be predicted. The adaptive area of influence filter is applied to the area of influence cells to generate a temporal prediction of the target image from the reference image and the set of motion vectors. The filter has the following structure. Let {vj} denote the set of N motion vectors, and I(x) the reference image (a previously decoded image). Let S(x) denote some set of motion vectors surrounding the location of pixel x. The prediction of that target pixel x can be generally expressed as:
where {fi} is a set of filter coefficients, and x+vi is the motion compensated pixel when motion vector vi is applied to pixel x. The support or tap of the filter is defined by the set S(x). The tap support S(x) and the filter coefficients {fi} are, in general, functions of the pixel position x and its neighboring motion vectors. That is, the filter coefficients can change for each pixel, because the distribution of motion vectors changes throughout the image. Hence, the filter locally adapts to the changing motion vector pattern.
In one embodiment, filter coefficients {fi} are computed using the method illustrated by
The first stage begins at 510, receiving a local motion vector sampling pattern, that contains motion vectors in the neighborhood of a target pixel to be predicted. At 520, area of influence cells are constructed around each local motion vector. The local area of the target pixel is thus partitioned into a set of AOI cells. At 530, in order to interpolate the pixel, it is viewed as a new node, and a pixel area of influence cell is constructed around it. Then, at 540, the area of each neighboring AOI cell that overlaps the pixel area of influence cell is determined. The overlapping areas define a natural tap structure and filter weight. In other words, the tap structure is defined by each motion vector i whose AOI cell has a non-zero overlapping area Ai with the pixel area cell. The filter weight of each motion vector in the tap structure is defined by the ratio Ai/A. That is, for some pixel location x:
where S(x) is a set of local motion vectors in the neighborhood of pixel x, Ai is an overlapping area of an AOI cell for motion vector i in the set S(x) and the pixel influence cell, A is the total overlap area of the AOI cells and the pixel influence cell, and fi is the filter weight.
At 550, the filter is adapted to image features, such as an object boundary of a moving object, for example. The shape of the area of influence cells in some embodiments changes to adapt to the boundary of the moving object. The area cells are adapted to an object boundary in the image by constraining the motion vector area cells and pixel area cell to include only pixels that belong to the same object. This action generates modified AOI cells around the pixel to be predicted. Therefore, in one embodiment, the filter support and coefficients are expressed as:
where �i is the modified AOI cell for motion vector i, due to the object boundary. Each modified AOI cell includes pixels in the same motion layer as the pixel to be predicted, and excludes pixels in other motion layers. At the conclusion of this first stage, the filter has adapted to the both the irregular pattern of motion vectors and to the boundary of the moving object.
After generating a prediction for each pixel in the image, the second stage of the filtering process is performed. In the second stage, at 560, the filter is adapted to spatial textures. Because the prediction that is output from the first stage of the AAOI filter is in the form of a regular pattern of sampled data, a least squared (LS) trained filter is used in some embodiments in the second stage to adapt the filter to spatial textures. In another embodiment, a spatial adaptation process can directly modify the AOI cells in the first stage to include only those pixels that have a similar spatial texture.
Referring to 610 in greater detail, the filter is modified by the presence of the moving object boundary, which separates motion layers, to consider motion vectors in the same motion layer as a pixel x to be predicted. Also, the moving object boundary is used to change the shapes of the AOI cells used to predict the pixel x. In some embodiments, this is performed by constructing each AOI cell as:
T i ={x|x∈O i , dist(x,x i)<dist(x,x j∈N,j≠i)} (4)
where x is a pixel to be predicted, xi is a pixel position of a particular motion vector i in a set of N motion vectors, and Oi is a motion layer assignment of an object for motion vector i. The AOI cell Ti for motion vector i is the set of pixels {x} such that pixel x belongs to the same motion layer Qi as motion vector i, and the distance between pixel x and motion vector i is smaller than the distance between pixel x and all other motion vectors j, j=1, . . . N, j≠i. After each new AOI cell Ti is constructed using eq. (4), its shape is modified using the moving object boundary to produce a filter weight from eq. (3).
An example of constructing AOI cells around an object boundary and modifying their shapes is shown in
At 740, an overlap area between the AOI cell of each motion vector and the AOI cell of the pixel is determined. For example, the AOI cell for motion vector (1) overlaps the pixel AOI cell in overlap area A1. The tap and filter weights of the filter are determined by the overlap areas. The tap structure is defined by each motion vector i whose AOI cell has a non-zero overlapping area Ai with the pixel area cell. In this example, the AOI cell for motion vector (4) does not overlap with the pixel AOI cell. Therefore, the filter tap structure for pixel x is motion vectors (1), (2), (3), (5), and (6). The filter weight of each motion vector in the tap structure is defined by the ratio Ai/A. For example, in this case, f1=A1/A.
At 750, the filter is adapted to image features, such as an object boundary 751 of a moving object, for example. The moving object's object boundary 451 separates motion layers 753 and 755. To interpolate pixel x, the tap structure is modified to include motion vectors that are in the same motion layer as the pixel x. Because pixel x is in motion layer 755, the tap structure from 740 is modified using eq. (4) to remove motion vectors (3) and (5), leaving motion vectors (1), (2) and (6) as the tap structure.
Furthermore, at 750, the filter weights are adapted to the shape of the object boundary 751 using eq. (3). In this example, the shapes of the area of influence cells along object boundary 751 change to adapt to the boundary of the moving object. Object boundary 751 dissects the AOI cell for motion vector (2). To interpolate pixel x, which is in motion layer 755, the AOI cell for motion vector (2) is redefined to include only those pixels of its original cell that are in motion layer 755. This generates a modified AOI cell around motion vector (2). The shape of the AOI cell for motion vector (6) is also adapted to the object boundary 751. The area between the AOI cell for motion vector (6) and object boundary 751 is in motion layer 755. However, this area was initially included in the AOI cell for motion vector (5). Because motion vector (5) is no longer part of the tap structure for the filter, the pixels in this area now become part of the AOI cell for motion vector (6). The modified overlapping areas, �2 and �6, and overlapping area A1, are used to generate filter weights for the modified filter.
Returning to
Referring to 640 in greater detail, if a single reference field is available for prediction, such as past reference image 810 of
The modification for using a single reference field for predicting a target pixel in an occluded region uses only the nearest motion vector. To predict a target pixel near, but outside of, the occluded region, the modification constrains the area of influence cells to avoid using pixels in the occluded region.
In general, for motion vectors i that do not belong to occluded region C, each area of influence cell Ti is constructed as:
T i ={x|x∈O i ,dist(x,x i)<dist(x,x j∈N,j≠i),x∉C} (5)
where x is a pixel to be predicted, xi is a pixel position of a particular motion vector i in a set of N motion vectors, and Oi is a motion layer assignment of an object for motion vector i. The area of influence cell Ti for motion vector i is the set of all pixels {x} such that pixel x belongs to the same motion layer as motion vector i; the distance between x and motion vector i is smaller than the distance between pixel x and all other motion vectors j,j=1, . . . N, j≠i; and the pixel is not within the occluded region C. For motion vectors that are within occluded region C, area of influence cells are not constructed. Instead, target pixels in this region are predicted using the nearest motion vector to perform motion compensation.
An example of a modification to predict pixels in or near an occluded region using one reference image is shown in
The adaptive filtering process generates an area-based filter that is defined in the time domain and that couples neighboring motion vectors during a temporal prediction process. The filter adapts naturally to a non-uniform or irregular sampling pattern of motion vectors in a motion image, to object shapes and boundaries, and to spatial textures.
The filter forms a prediction for pixel x in the target image 1020 using a tap structure of local motion vectors v1 through V5. The motion vectors are local to pixel x because each of their respective AOI cells overlap with at least a portion of the AOI cell for pixel x. Each motion vector {vi}in the tap structure maps to image data {Ii} in the reference image 1010. The adaptive temporal prediction filter adjusts the reference data {Ii} by a filter weight {fi}to predict pixel x. In one embodiment, the prediction filter uses the tap structure and the filter weights to generate a prediction according to the following equation:
Prediction=I 1 *f 1+ I 2 *f 2 +I 3 *f 3 +I 4 *f 4 +I 5 *f 5
where the filter tap is defined by the local motion vectors, and the filter coefficients {fi} are determined using eq. (3).
After the initial prediction, the process re-estimates the values of the motion vectors, as shown in block 250 of
In one embodiment, the AAOI filter is used by a video coding system for encoding an image (or frame, or field) of video data, as shown in
At 1240, a temporal prediction filtering process is applied to the irregular motion sampling pattern. This adaptive filtering process uses the motion vectors, irregular sampling pattern, and reference images to generate a prediction of the target image. At 1250, the motion vector values are coded and sent to the decoder. At 1260, a residual is generated, which is the actual target data of the target image minus the prediction error from the adaptive filtering process. At 1270, the residual is coded and, at 1280, is sent to the decoder.
In another embodiment, the AAOI filter is used in decoding a image (or frame, or image) of video data, as shown in
While the invention is described in terms of embodiments in a specific system environment, those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the invention can be practiced, with modification, in other and different hardware and software environments within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.
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|Sarnoff Corporation
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|University Of Washington
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|Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.
|Video coding method and apparatus with motion compensation and motion vector estimator
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|Texas Instruments Incorporated
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|Nec Electronics Corporation
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|Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba
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|Xerox Corporation
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|Microsoft Corporation
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|Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V.
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|Chang et al, Simultaneous Motion Estimation and Segmentation, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, vol. 6 No. 9, Sep. 1997, pp. 1326-1333.
|Du et al, Two Dimensional Hierarchical Mesh Based Video Compression Techniques, 6th Int'l Symposium on DSP for Communication Systems, 2002, Sydney Australia, pp. 247-252.
|Leymarie et al, Tracking Deformable Objects in the Plane Using an Active Contour Model, IEEE Trans. on Pattern Analysis and Mach. Intel., vol. 15 No. 6, Jun. 1993, pp. 617-634.
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|Citing Patent
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|May 7, 2008
|May 6, 2014
|Canon Kabushiki Kaisha
|Image encoding apparatus and image encoding method that determine an encoding method, to be used for a block to be encoded, on the basis of an intra-frame-prediction evaluation value calculated using prediction errors between selected reference pixels and an input image
|May 7, 2008
|Feb 5, 2009
|Canon Kabushiki Kaisha
|Image encoding apparatus and image encoding method
|U.S. Classification
|375/240.16, 382/103, 375/240.02, 348/416.1, 345/423, 382/239, 348/402.1, 348/404.1, 348/407.1, 382/107, 382/236, 348/413.1, 375/240.12
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Sep 16, 2005
Owner name: SONY CORPORATION, JAPAN
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:PANICONI, MARCO;CARRIG, JAMES J.;MIAO, ZHOURONG;REEL/FRAME:017008/0887
Effective date: 20050831
Owner name: SONY ELECTRONICS, INC., NEW JERSEY
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:PANICONI, MARCO;CARRIG, JAMES J.;MIAO, ZHOURONG;REEL/FRAME:017008/0887
Effective date: 20050831
|Dec 8, 2014
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4


text:
The *only* way this stock will shake the shorts is if LIWA uses use a portion of their cash to institute a qtrly dividend of ~6 cents per share.
The shorts would cover quickly in waves, rather than ponying up that much cash to maintain their short positions. The stock would double almost instantly, and then triple, as the fundamentals indicate it should.
This is a MINIMUM $22 stock based on fundys and cash flow, right now.
Management, IR, where are you and why are you not fixing this?
This is ridiculous for mngmnt to allow this downward pressure to go on, now for almost 2 years!
Absurdly incompetent.
Sentiment: Strong Buy
No regular posters want to comment on this?
Do any of you think management is taking any concrete steps to alleviate this absurd shorting into oblivion?
More cash-on-hand per share than each share is worth???
Clubfoolish, to answer your question regarding management taking any concrete steps here? Obviously no they haven't in a long while but I'm giving Daphne the benefit of the doubt since they talked recently they would start to focus in 2nd half on shareholders. Let's see, a yearly div or buyback would be a great start. As far as shorting into oblivion, the shorts are and have been quietly covering, your're seeing some funds selling i.e., gruber/mcbane- largest shareholder dump 400k shares in last 2 months and who knows if they're continuing. These funds need performance and they're as fed up as you and I.
the dividend is in $125M cash and increasing about $20M a quarter. The buyback is still in cash too. That is where the cash is.
CEO has had plenty of opportunities to hammer the bogus shorts and hasn't siezed the opportunity once and now LIWA is in a deep hole.
CYOU did it and some other so if CEO says he cares like he does he needs to step it up instead of just give same lip service every CC or put out sympathy PR after the stock after it tanks -30% everytime.
Absurd is correct.
LIWA will be earning $3 a share soon and still big money doesn't seem to care.
no regulars, other than you, tdc, of course. TY


text:
Iodine Deficiency
- Author: Stephanie L Lee, MD, PhD; Chief Editor: George T Griffing, MD more...
Severe iodine deficiency results in impaired thyroid hormone synthesis and/or thyroid enlargement (goiter). Population effects of severe iodine deficiency, termed iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs), include endemic goiter, hypothyroidism, cretinism, decreased fertility rate, increased infant mortality, and mental retardation. (See Pathophysiology and Presentation.)[1]
Iodine is a chemical element. It is found in trace amounts in the human body, in which its only known function is in the synthesis of thyroid hormones. Iodine is obtained primarily through the diet but is also a component of some medications, such as radiology contrast agents, iodophor cleansers, and amiodarone. (See Etiology.)
Worldwide, the soil in large geographic areas is deficient in iodine. Twenty-nine percent of the world's population, living in approximately 130 countries, is estimated to live in areas of deficiency (see the Table).[2] This occurs primarily in mountainous regions such as the Himalayas, the European Alps, and the Andes, where iodine has been washed away by glaciation and flooding. Iodine deficiency also occurs in lowland regions far from the oceans, such as central Africa and Eastern Europe. Persons who consume only locally produced foods in these areas are at risk for IDD. See the distribution of iodine deficiency in the image below. (See Epidemiology.)
Table. (Open Table in a new window)
|Iodine Deficiency
|Median urine iodine, mcg/L
|< 20
|Goiter prevalence
|< 5%
|Neonatal thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH),
>5 IU/mL whole blood
|< 3%
|Adapted from the World Health Organization (WHO)/United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)/International Council for Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders (ICCIDD).
Normal dietary iodine intake is 100-150 mcg/day. The US Institute of Medicine's (IOM's) recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of iodine is as follows:
Adults and adolescents - 150 mcg/day
Pregnant women - 220 mcg/day
Lactating women - 290 mcg/day
Children aged 1-11 years - 90-120 mcg/day
Infants - Adequate intake is 110-130 mcg/day
WHO's recommendations are similar, although the organization recommends 200 mcg/day for pregnant or lactating women and 50-90 mcg/day for infants younger than 1 year.[3]
Sources of dietary iodine
In areas where iodine is not added to the water supply or food products meant for humans or domesticated animals, the primary sources of dietary iodine are saltwater fish, seaweed, and trace amounts in grains. The upper limit of safe daily iodine intake is 1100 mcg/day for adults; it is lower for children.[4, 5, 6, 7]
In the United States, iodine has been voluntarily supplemented in table salt (70 mcg/g). Salt was selected as the medium for iodine supplementation because intake is uniform across all socioeconomic strata and across seasons of the year, supplementation is achieved using simple technology, and the program is inexpensive. The estimated annual cost of iodine supplementation of salt in the United States is $0.04 per person. (See Treatment and Medication.)
Other major sources of dietary iodine in the United States are egg yolks, milk, and milk products because of iodine supplementation in chicken feed, the treatment of milk cows and cattle with supplemental dietary iodine to prevent hoof rot and increase fertility, and the use of iodophor cleaners by the dairy industry.[8]
Changes in US iodine intake
In the early 1900s, the Great Lakes, Appalachian, and northwestern regions of the United States were endemic regions for IDD, but since the iodization of salt and other foods in the 1920s, dietary iodine levels generally have been adequate. However, sustaining these iodization programs has become a concern.
Data collected in the United States by National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I (NHANES I) for the years 1971-1974 showed that the median urinary iodine level was 320 mcg/L, reflecting adequate dietary iodine intake.[9] However, by the time of NHANES III (1988-1994), the median urinary iodine value had fallen to 145 mcg/L.
The reduction in US dietary iodine intake since the 1970s has likely been the result of the removal of iodate conditioners in store-bought breads, widely publicized recommendations for reduced salt and egg intake for blood pressure and cholesterol control, the increasing use of noniodized salt in manufactured or premade convenience foods, decreased iodine supplementation of cattle feed, poor education about the medical necessity of using iodized salt, and reduction in the number of meals made at home.[9, 10, 11]
The NHANES surveys of 2001-2002, 2005-2006, and 2007-2008 showed that US dietary iodine intake has stabilized.[10, 11] Although the most recent NHANES survey reveals adequate iodine intake in the general US population, certain groups have an insufficient intake of iodine, such as pregnant women, who were found to have a median urinary iodine concentration of 125 mcg/L).[12]
Population-based assessment and treatment
In population-based assessments, iodine sufficiency can be determined based on the results of a spot urine test for iodine and creatinine.[10] Supplementation can be achieved by using iodized salt in cooking or a once-daily multiple vitamin containing sodium iodide. (See Workup, Treatment, and Medication.)[4, 13]
Pediatric considerations
Iodine stores within the thyroid increase with age in pediatric patients. Therefore, infants and young children tend to have higher131 I uptake than do adults. Additionally, newborns and young infants are much more severely affected by iodine deficiency than are adults and are more likely to become overtly hypothyroid. (See Presentation.)
Prenatal considerations
Women with severe iodine deficiency are more likely to experience infertility, and pregnancy in this group is more likely to result in miscarriage or congenital anomalies. Thyroid hormones are essential for fetal brain growth and development, and severe maternal iodine deficiency may lead to mental and growth retardation or cretinism in offspring, and even mild maternal iodine deficiency has been associated with lower IQ in children.[14] Even in areas of borderline iodine intake, as many as 10% of women may develop goiter during pregnancy. (See Presentation.)
Patient education
The public must understand the importance of using iodized salt, especially in the United States, where iodization of salt is not mandated by law. Several areas of the world, including the United States, Australia, and the Netherlands, where iodine deficiency was eradicated by voluntary methods, have later shown a significant decrease in iodine intake.
For patient education information, see the Thyroid and Metabolism Center and the Pregnancy Center, as well as Thyroid Problems and Miscarriage.
Dietary iodine is taken up readily through the gut in the form of iodide. From the circulation, it is concentrated in the thyroid gland by means of an energy-dependent sodium-iodate symporter. In the follicle cells of the thyroid gland, 4 atoms of iodine are incorporated into each molecule of thyroxine (T4) and 3 atoms into each molecule of triiodothyronine (T3). These hormones are essential for neuronal development, sexual development, and growth and for regulating the metabolic rate, body heat, and energy.
When dietary iodine intake is inadequate for thyroid hormone synthesis, the serum T4 level initially falls and a number of processes ensue to restore adequate thyroid hormone production. The pituitary gland senses low levels of circulating T4 and releases more thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). TSH stimulates the growth and metabolic activity of thyroid follicular cells. TSH stimulates each cell to increase iodine uptake and thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion. Increased TSH levels and reduction of iodine stores within the thyroid result in increased T3 production relative to T4 production. T3 is 20-100 times more biologically active than T4 and requires fewer atoms of iodine for biosynthesis. The increased production T 3 results in the maintenance of normal levels of thyroid hormone bioactivity despite the reduction in T 4 because of iodine deficiency.
These processes tend to conserve iodine stores and help maintain normal thyroid function. In addition, thyroid hormones are deiodinated in the liver, and the iodine is released back into the circulation for reuptake and reuse by the thyroid gland. Even under these circumstances, iodine is passively lost in the urine, with additional small (10%) losses from biliary secretion into the gut.
Goiter development and hyperthyroidism
Enlargement of the thyroid gland begins as an adaptive process to low iodine intake. Iodine deficiency is the most common cause of goiter in the world. The goiter initially is diffuse, but it eventually becomes nodular. Some nodules may become autonomous and secrete thyroid hormone regardless of the TSH level. These autonomous nodules have been demonstrated to frequently contain TSH-activating mutations. Initially, thyroid hormone output by the normal thyroid surrounding the autonomous nodules is reduced to maintain euthyroidism. Autonomous nodules may cause hyperthyroidism.
High levels of iodine, such as those found in radiographic contrast dyes or amiodarone, may cause hyperthyroidism in the setting of nodular goiter with "hot" or autonomous nodules or hypothyroidism in the setting of autoimmune thyroid disease. If the total output of thyroid hormone by the autonomous nodules exceeds that of the normal thyroid gland, the patient becomes biochemically hyperthyroid. This condition is known as a toxic multinodular goiter.
When iodine deficiency is more severe, thyroid hormone production falls and the patient may experience a hypothyroid condition. In such cases, adults have the usual signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism. However, congenital hypothyroidism (also known as cretinism) in fetuses and young children prevents central nervous system development and maturation, resulting in permanent mental retardation, neurologic defects, and growth abnormalities.[4, 15]
Occurrence in the United States
Early in the 20th century, the Great Lakes, Appalachian, and northwestern regions of the United States were endemic for iodine deficiency disorders, but since the iodization of salt and other foods in the 1920s, dietary iodine levels generally have been adequate. National survey data suggest that average US dietary iodine intake fell dramatically from 1971-1990 and then stabilized. Urinary iodine values of less than 50 mcg/L, moderate iodine deficiency, are found in 11.1% of the total population, 7.3% of pregnant women, and 16.8% of reproductive-aged women.[9, 10]
International occurrence
Internationally, 2.2 billion people worldwide are at risk for IDD. Of these persons, 30-70% have goiter and 1-10% have cretinism. The clinical disorders of iodine deficiency tend to be more profound in geographic areas associated with coexisting selenium and vitamin A deficiencies and in regions where goitrogens, such as cassava or millet, are major staples of the diet.
Race-, sex-, and age-related demographics
No race predilection exists for IDD; prevalence is affected only by geographic area and diet. After age 10 years, the prevalence of goiter is higher in girls than in boys in areas of iodine deficiency. No sex-based difference is observed in the incidence of cretinism.
Patients of any age can be affected by iodine deficiency. The most devastating complications of iodine deficiency disorder occur when iodine is deficient during fetal and neonatal growth.
The supplementation of iodine does not reverse cretinism or reduce the size of large nodular goiters. Small, diffuse goiters of short duration that occur in infants or during pregnancy appear to be managed effectively with iodine supplementation.
Iodine deficiency can recur if iodine supplementation programs lapse.[16] Recurrence of goiter and new cases of cretinism have been noted in some nations where this has occurred. These changes are manifested prominently in school-aged children, who are particularly sensitive to variations in iodine intake. Thyroid volume, prevalence of goiter, and urinary iodine levels may return to pre-iodine supplementation levels 1-2 years following the discontinuation of iodine supplementation.
Mild to moderate IDD can cause thyroid function abnormalities and endemic goiter. In areas with severe endemic IDD, rates of miscarriage and infant mortality are increased. Cretinism is rare, but populations in which severe iodine deficiency is prevalent are at risk for reduced intelligence and mental retardation. In fact, iodine deficiency is the leading cause of preventable mental retardation worldwide.
Whether iodine deficiency causes an increased risk for thyroid cancer is unclear, but a higher proportion of more aggressive thyroid cancers (ie, follicular thyroid carcinoma) and an increased thyroid cancer mortality rate are found in areas where iodine deficiency is endemic.
Zimmermann MB, Jooste PL, Pandav CS. Iodine-deficiency disorders. Lancet. 2008 Oct 4. 372 (9645):1251-62. [Medline].
Pearce EN, Andersson M, Zimmermann MB. Global iodine nutrition: Where do we stand in 2013?. Thyroid. 2013 May. 23(5):523-8. [Medline].
Liu L, Wang D, Liu P, Meng F, Wen D, Jia Q, et al. The relationship between iodine nutrition and thyroid disease in lactating women with different iodine intakes. Br J Nutr. 2015 Sep 14. 1-9. [Medline].
Zimmermann MB. Iodine deficiency in pregnancy and the effects of maternal iodine supplementation on the offspring: a review. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 Feb. 89(2):668S-72S. [Medline].
WHO Secretariat, Andersson M, de Benoist B, Delange F, Zupan J. Prevention and control of iodine deficiency in pregnant and lactating women and in children less than 2-years-old: conclusions and recommendations of the Technical Consultation. Public Health Nutr. 2007 Dec. 10(12A):1606-11. [Medline].
Delange F. Optimal iodine nutrition during pregnancy, lactation and neonatal period. Int J Endocrinol Metab. 2004. 89:3851.
Azizi F, Smyth P. Breastfeeding and maternal and infant iodine nutrition. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2009 May. 70(5):803-9. [Medline].
Pearce EN, Pino S, He X, Bazrafshan HR, Lee SL, Braverman LE. Sources of dietary iodine: bread, cows' milk, and infant formula in the Boston area. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Jul. 89(7):3421-4. [Medline].
Hollowell JG, Staehling NW, Hannon WH, et al. Iodine nutrition in the United States. Trends and public health implications: iodine excretion data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys I and III (1971-1974 and 1988-1994). J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998 Oct. 83(10):3401-8. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Caldwell KL, Jones R, Hollowell JG. Urinary iodine concentration: United States National Health And Nutrition Examination Survey 2001-2002. Thyroid. 2005 Jul. 15(7):692-9. [Medline].
Caldwell KL, Miller GA, Wang RY, Jain RB, Jones RL. Iodine status of the U.S. population, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2004. Thyroid. 2008 Nov. 18(11):1207-14. [Medline].
Caldwell KL, Pan Y, Mortensen ME, Makhmudov A, Merrill L, Moye J. Iodine status in pregnant women in the National Children's Study and in U.S. women (15-44 years), National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005-2010. Thyroid. 2013 Aug. 23(8):927-37. [Medline].
Zimmermann MB, Aeberli I, Torresani T, et al. Increasing the iodine concentration in the Swiss iodized salt program markedly improved iodine status in pregnant women and children: a 5-y prospective national study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 Aug. 82(2):388-92. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Bath SC, Steer CD, Golding J, Emmett P, Rayman MP. Effect of inadequate iodine status in UK pregnant women on cognitive outcomes in their children: results from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). Lancet. 2013 Jul 27. 382(9889):331-7. [Medline].
Williams GR. Neurodevelopmental and neurophysiological actions of thyroid hormone. J Neuroendocrinol. 2008 Jun. 20(6):784-94. [Medline].
Zimmermann MB, Wegmuller R, Zeder C, et al. Rapid relapse of thyroid dysfunction and goiter in school-age children after discontinuation of salt iodization. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Apr. 79(4):642-5. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Santiago-Fernandez P, Torres-Barahona R, Muela-Martínez JA, et al. Intelligence quotient and iodine intake: a cross-sectional study in children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Aug. 89(8):3851-7. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Zimmermann MB, Moretti D, Chaouki N, et al. Development of a dried whole-blood spot thyroglobulin assay and its evaluation as an indicator of thyroid status in goitrous children receiving iodized salt. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003 Jun. 77(6):1453-8. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Zimmermann MB, Aeberli I, Andersson M, Assey V, Yorg JA, Jooste P. Thyroglobulin is a sensitive measure of both deficient and excess iodine intakes in children and indicates no adverse effects on thyroid function in the UIC range of 100-299 µg/L: a UNICEF/ICCIDD study group report. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013 Mar. 98(3):1271-80. [Medline].
Krejbjerg A, Pedersen IB, Laurberg P. Can Elastography Predict Growth of Incidental Thyroid Nodules? A Pilot Two-Year Follow-Up Study. Ultrason Imaging. 2015 Sep 7. [Medline].
Zimmermann MB. Iodine requirements and the risks and benefits of correcting iodine deficiency in populations. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2008. 22(2):81-92. [Medline].
Cerqueira C, Knudsen N, Ovesen L, et al. Association of iodine fortification with incident use of anti-thyroid medication - A Danish nationwide study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Apr 14. [Medline].
Leung AM, Lamar A, He X, Braverman LE, Pearce EN. Iodine status and thyroid function of Boston-area vegetarians and vegans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Aug. 96(8):E1303-7. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Zimmermann MB, Boelaert K. Iodine deficiency and thyroid disorders. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2015 Apr. 3 (4):286-95. [Medline].
|Iodine Deficiency
|Median urine iodine, mcg/L
|< 20
|Goiter prevalence
|< 5%
|Neonatal thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH),
>5 IU/mL whole blood
|< 3%
|Adapted from the World Health Organization (WHO)/United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)/International Council for Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders (ICCIDD).


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Style Note
Strikingly chic, this woven dress from femella is a detail-oriented deconstruction of a wardrobe essential. Offering a flowy silhouette, you can pair this colour block piece with pumps.
Product Details
Black floral printed sleeveless dress, has a deep round neck, tucks from below the front neckline and a buttonable key hole detail at the back yoke
Material and Care
Blended fabric
Cold wash with like colours
Do not iron, bleach or wring
Dry inside out
Size and Fit
Regular fit
The model (height 5'8" and chest 33") is wearing a size M which measures 78 cm from shoulder to the hem


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|ESPN.com: ColinCowherd
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MLB EVP of Baseball Operations Joe Torre talks about the blown call in Athletics-Indians, his conversation with Angel Hernandez, expanding instant replay, Don Mattingly and more. Torre
Suns GM Ryan McDonough discusses his new job, the evolution of the NBA, the keys to the Celtics' sustained success, his age and more. McDonough
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CA – Batman Day 2015 Signing
September 16, 2015 by Colin Solan
Filed under California, Comic Books, Signing and Appearance Profiles
Eisner Award Winner LEN WEIN (co-creator of Swamp Thing, Wolverine, and Batman's own Lucius Fox) appears at Galaxy of Comics on Saturday, September 26, 2015 from 11:00 AM till 2:00 PM to celebrate BATMAN DAY!
In honor of "Batman Day" our bat-fans will receive a free copy of BATMAN ENDGAME SPECIAL EDITION #1 with an 8-page preview of the upcoming BATMAN AND ROBIN ETERNAL at their local comic shops, libraries and bookstores!!! PLUS, there will be activities, snacks and even fun prizes!
Galaxy of Comics
17306 Saticoy Street, Van Nuys, CA 91406
(818) 578-8559
Superstar Writer Scott Snyder Returns to Boston Comic Con
July 5, 2015 by Colin Solan
Filed under Comic Books, Convention News, Massachusetts, Top Stories
Because you demanded it, Boston Comic Con is happy to welcome back fan-favorite and friend of the show, Scott Snyder!! Superstar writer of Batman, Swamp Thing, Wytches, and more, this marks Scott's third consecutive year making an appearance at BCC to meet his legions of fans! Tell your friends!
Previously announced guests include: Stan Lee, Billie Piper, Hayley Atwell, Robin Lord Taylor, Brett Dalton, Kat Graham, Bob Morley, Manu Bennett, Thomas Jane, Elvira, Eduardo Risso, Humberto Ramos, Jose Luis Garcia-Lopez, Tony Moore, Jason Latour, Joelle Jones, Steve Lieber, Annie Wu, Franco Aureliani, J. Bone, Frank Brunner, Michael Cho, Jeff Dekal, Evan Dorkin, Sara Dyer, Gerry Duggan, Mike Henderson, Mike Kunkel, John Layman, Stacey Lee, Laura Martin, Phil Noto, Dan Panosian, Yanick Paquette, Jeff Parker, Andrew C. Robinson, Kurtis J. Wiebe, Joshua Williamson, Brian Azzarello, Nick Bradshaw, Eric Canete, Frank Cho, Amanda Conner, Jimmy Palmiotti, Andy Belanger, Stephanie Buscema, Dave Johnson, Joe Prado, Tim Sale, Amy Reeder, Don Rosa, Stephane Roux, Frank Tieri, Todd Nauck, and more!
Tickets are now available for purchase. Please note that this year tickets will be sold ONLINE ONLY, there will not be any on-site ticket sales.
Tickets for photo ops with our media guests are now available for sale online at the link! Boston Comic Con has no involvement in autograph and photo op pricing for our media guests. Prices are set by each guest's management and are subject to change at their discretion.
Autographs for our media guests can be purchased at the show at their respective tables.
About Boston Comic Con:
The Boston Comic Con is a 100% independently run comic book show committed to bringing the biggest and best comic creators to New England. Run by fans for fans, Boston Comic Con is not affiliated with any other convention tour or corporate interests. Hosting over 120,000 square feet of vendors selling comic books, toys, posters, trading cards, and other pop culture memorabilia, this is a destination event for geeks of any stripe. This year's convention will be held Friday July 31st, Saturday August 1st, and Sunday August 2nd at the Seaport World Trade Center, 200 Seaport Blvd, Boston, MA 02210. For more information please go to our website at www.bostoncomiccon.com and follow us on Twitter (@BostonComicCon) and Facebook!
UK – Wytches Signing & Art Show
June 3, 2015 by Colin Solan
Filed under Art Show, Comic Books, England, Horror, Signing and Appearance Profiles
Artist Jock (The Losers, Scalped, Green Arrow: Year One) appears at Gosh Comics for a signing of the first volume of WYTCHES from Image Comics on Friday, June 26, 2015 from 7:00 – 9:00 PM! The will also be an exhibition of original art from the comic.
Gosh Comics
1 Berwick St, SoHo, London W1F0DR
United Kingdom
NYC – Batman #40 Signing
April 9, 2015 by Colin Solan
Filed under Comic Books, Horror, New York, Other, Signing and Appearance Profiles
Writer Scott Snyder (Wytches, The Wake) appears at Midtown Comics Downtown on Thursday, April 30th at 6:00 pm for a signing of Batman #40!
Midtown Comics Downtown
64 Fulton Street, New York, New York 10038
ON – All-New Hawkeye Launch Party
February 27, 2015 by Colin Solan
Filed under Canada, Comic Books, Comic Strips, Signing and Appearance Profiles, Webcomics
Jeff Lemire, Ramon Perez, and Ian Herring appear at The Silver Snail on Wednesday March 4th at 8:00 PM to celebrate the release of Marvel's ALL-NEW HAWKEYE #1!
The Silver Snail
329 Yonge Street, Toronto, ON M5B 1R7
ON – Hawkeye/Descender Launch Party
February 20, 2015 by Colin Solan
Filed under Canada, Comic Books, Comic Strips, Signing and Appearance Profiles, Webcomics
Writer/artist Jeff Lemire and artist Ramon Perez appears on Wednesday, March 4th, 2015 from 5:00-7:00 pm at The Beguiling to to celebrate the release of both ALL-NEW HAWKEYE #1 and DESCENDER #1!
The Beguiling
601 Markham Street, Toronto, ON M6G 2L7
IN – Charles Soule Signing
February 6, 2015 by Colin Solan
Filed under Comic Books, Indiana, Signing and Appearance Profiles
Charles Soule, writer of the Death of Wolverine, Superman/Wonder Woman, Swamp Thing, Inhumans, She-Hulk, and more, signs at Aw Yeah Comics on Saturday February 7, 2015 from 1:00 – 4:00 pm!
Aw Yeah Comics
111 E. Adams Street, Muncie, IN 47305
Big Wow! ComicFest 2015 Tickets Available Now
December 18, 2014 by Colin Solan
Filed under Animation, California, Comic Books, Comic Strips, Convention News, Horror, Movies, Other, Science Fiction and Fantasy, Television, Top Stories, Webcomics
Big WOW! Comicfest returns on April 18th & 19th, 2015 at the San Jose Convention Center! Admission tickets are now available! Along with the standard Weekend and Single Day passes for Adults and Children, Big WOW! Comicfest also has the following VIP and Lifetime Admission Options available.
VIP Big WOW! Package includes a special VIP Lanyard, Weekend Pass to Big WOW! Comicfest, 1/2 hour early entry into the show both Saturday and Sunday, Big WOW! VIP bag, Big WOW! Comicfest 2015 T-Shirt, front row seating to any panel except the Swamp Thing panel, and more Big WOW! ComicFest exclusive items!
VIP Swamp Thing Package includes a Limited Edition Print signed by John Totleben, Stephen Bissette, Rich Veitch, and Tom Yeates, a special VIP Lanyard, Weekend Pass to Big WOW! Comicfest, 1/2 hour early entry into the show both Saturday and Sunday, Big WOW! VIP bag, Big WOW! Comicfest 2015 T-Shirt, and front row seating to the Swamp Thing panel.
Lifetime Admission to Big WOW! ComicFest, as well as the East Bay Comic Con and the Bakersfield Comic Con! Lifetime Admission comes with a complimentary Big WOW! ComicFest VIP package for the 2015 Con. You'll be able to upgrade to VIP status for future shows. We are limiting sales to only 100 so you'll want to scoop these up while you have the chance!
Guests include: Brent Anderson, Sanya Anwar, Stephen Bissette, Mark Bode, Nick Bradshaw, Tim Bradstreet, Dan Brereton, Danny Bulanadi, Frank Cho, Frank Cirocco, Lela Dowling, Stephen E. Gordon, Adi Granov, Mick Gray, Rich Koslowski, Ron Lim, Toshio Maeda, Steve Mannion, Chris Marrinan, Bill Morrison, Darick Robertson, Tone Rodriguez, Don Rosa, Stuart Sayger, Liam Sharp, Scott Shaw, Bill Sienkiewicz, John Totleben, Herb Trimpe, Rick Veitch, Tim Vigil, Ben Wolstenholme, Thomas Yeates, and more to be announced.
For more information on Big WOW! Comicfest please check their website (www.bigwowcomicfest.com) and follow them on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram!
UK – Gnash Comics Signing
December 2, 2014 by Colin Solan
Filed under Art Show, Comic Books, England, Gaming, Signing and Appearance Profiles
Meet artists Jock and Dom Reardon Saturday 13 December 2014 from 3:00-5:00 PM at Gnash Comics, hear them talk about their work from 3:30pm, followed by a Q&A session. There will also be an exhibition of their original comic art!
Mark your calendars, comic collectors and art aficionados; two of the most celebrated British illustrators in the business will be making a personal appearance at GNASH Comics and Graphic Novels on Saturday December 13th.
Dom Reardon is a household name for British industry devotees thanks to a lengthy and renowned run with 2000AD, the Galaxy's Greatest Comic. Few things inspire more fear than the rule of Tharg, but Reardon has been responsible for countless sleepless nights for comic book consumers; in addition to a number of renowned Terror Tales, Reardon pencilled and inked the spine-chilling Caballistics, Inc. for over half a decade. Most recently Reardon has worked alongside fellow Brit Rob Williams in The Ten-Seconders and The Grievous Journey of Ichabod Azrael, in addition to providing illustrations for the feature-length graphic adaptation of Anthony Horowitz's Raven's Gate.
Jock, meanwhile, has worked within the mythical metropolises of Mega City One, Gotham and Hollywood since making his breakthrough at the turn of the millennium. In addition to eminent work on classic 2000 AD strips, Jock's distinctive drawings have graced countless covers and interiors for industry titans DC, Vertigo and Marvel – Hellblazer, The Losers, Batman, Swamp Thing, Wolverine and Daredevil are just a handful of the marquee characters pencilled by the illustrious illustrator. Currently scaring up a storm alongside celebrated Bat-scribe Scott Snyder with the spellbinding Wytches for Image Comics, an audience with Jock is not to be missed.
In addition to hosting an open Q&A for the fortunate attendees of the appearance alongside Reardon, Jock will also be signing copies of Dredd: The Illustrated Script and Visuals. A gorgeous tome that peeks behind the scenes of 2012's fantastic cinematic chronicle of everyone's favourite funnybook fascist, for which the Scottish sketcher provided the concept art, the book also provides a unique comic strip adaptation of Alex Garland's screenplay.
Gnash Comics
9A West Street, TQ13 7DT Ashburton, Devon UK
NYC – Saga Signing
November 24, 2014 by Colin Solan
Filed under Comic Books, New York, Other, Science Fiction and Fantasy, Signing and Appearance Profiles, Television, Webcomics
Writer Brian K. Vaughan (Ex Machina, Y: The Last Man) appears at Midtown Comics Downtown on Thursday, December 18th at 6:30 PM for a signing of Saga Vol 4 TP and Saga Deluxe Vol 1 HC.
At long last, a deluxe hardcover of the Eisner and Hugo Award-winning SAGA is finally here! Collecting the first 18 issues of the smash-hit series, this massive edition features a striking new cover, as well as special extras, including never-before-seen sketches, script pages, and a roundtable discussion with the creators about how SAGA is really made. Altogether, this hardcover contains over 500 pages for less than fifty bucks!
-In-store purchase of either Saga Vol 4 TP or Saga Deluxe Vol 1 HC required to attend event. You will receive a proof of purchase ticket that will admit one to the signing.
-Note, purchase ticket will not guarantee a signed item, but will work as a claim ticket showing proof of purchase. You will receive a separate ticket once you are in line at the event.
-Limit of two items signed per person.
Midtown Comics Downtown
64 Fulton Street, New York, New York 10038


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