text:
Archimedes and the Anthropocene
Source: YouTube
By Jeffrey Champlin
"Without actually standing where Archimedes wished to stand (dos moi pou sto), still bound to the earth through the human condition, we have found a way to act on the earth and within terrestrial nature as though we dispose of it from outside, from the Archimedean point. And even at the risk of endangering the natural life process we expose the earth to universal, cosmic forces alien to nature's household."
-- Hannah Arendt, The Human Condition
The final chapter of The Human Condition takes an apparently disheartening turn beyond Arendt's core development of the concepts of labor, work, and action. While Chapter 4 on "Action" offers the hope of people coming together to start something new in a reinvigorated sense of the political, Chapter 5 seems to narrate the inevitable decline of "the modern age's triumphal world alienation." In particular, her use of the way science can now "act on the earth" fundamentally challenges the optimistic sense with which she discussed "action" earlier in the book.
Video Archives – "Blogging and the New Public Intellectual – A Conversation with Jay Rosen and Megan Garber" (2013)
October 27, 2013: "Blogging and the New Public Intellectual – A Conversation with Jay Rosen and Megan Garber"
-- Roger Berkowitz, Associate Professor of Political Studies and Human Rights and Academic Director of the Hannah Arendt Center for Politics and the Humanities, Bard College.
-- Walter Russell Mead, James Clarke Chace Professor of Foreign Affairs and the Humanities, Bard College.
-- Jay Rosen, Professor of Journalism, NYU.
-- Megan Garber, media critic and staff writer, The Atlantic.
Roger Berkowitz and Walter Russell Mead of Bard College have a discussion with Jay Rosen and Megan Garber about the state of journalism today.
Bearing the Burden of the Past
"If people think that one can only write about these things in a solemn tone of voice...Look, there are people who take it amiss—and I can understand that in a sense—that, for instance, I can still laugh. But I was really of the opinion that Eichmann was a buffoon..."
—Hannah Arendt
Holocaust Remembrance Day, or Yom Hashoah, fell on the 27th day of the month of Nisan or in April this year. It begins at sundown and continues into the next day. A memorial to the six million Jewish people who were slaughtered by the Nazis between 1933 and 1945, it is a time to call these events to mind and consider their continued resonance and relevance in our own dark times. How shall we, in the words of Hannah Arendt, bear the burden of such a past? With what attitude should such events be commemorated?
Fifty years ago, on October 28, 1964, a televised conversation between the German-Jewish political theorist, Hannah Arendt, and the well-known German journalist, Günter Gaus, was broadcast in West Germany. Arendt's Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil, her controversial analysis of the Jerusalem trial of Adolf Eichmann, had just been published in German in the Federal Republic and Gaus used the occasion to generate a "portrait of Hannah Arendt." The interview ranged across a wide field of topics, including the difference between philosophy and politics, the situation in Germany before and after the war, the state of Israel, and even Arendt's personal experiences as a detainee in Germany and France during the Second World War.
Already a cause célèbre in the United States the book had brought Arendt lavish praise and no small amount of damnation. What Gaus especially wanted to know was what Arendt thought about criticism levied against her by Jews angered by her portrait of Eichmann and her comments about Jewish leaders and other Jewish victims of the Holocaust. "Above all," said Gaus, "people were offended by the question you raised of the extent to which Jews are to blame for their passive acceptance of the German mass murders, or to what extent the collaboration of certain Jewish councils almost constitutes a kind of guilt of their own."
Gaus acknowledged that Arendt had already addressed these critics, by saying that such comments were, in some cases, based on a misunderstanding and, in others, part of a political campaign against her, but he had already crossed a contested border. Without hesitation, she corrected Gaus:
First of all, I must, in all friendliness, state that you yourself have become a victim of this campaign. Nowhere in my book did I reproach the Jewish people with nonresistance. Someone else did that in the Eichmann trial, namely Mr. Hausner of the Israeli public prosecutor's office. I called such questions directed to the witnesses in Jerusalem both foolish and cruel.
True, Gaus admitted. He had read the book and agreed that Arendt had not made that point exactly. But, he continued, some criticism had been levied against her because of "the tone in which many passages are written."
"Well," Arendt replied, "that is another matter...That the tone of voice is predominantly ironic is completely true."
What did she mean by ironic? "If people think that one can only write about these things in a solemn tone of voice.... Look, there are people who take it amiss—and I can understand that in a sense—that, for instance, I can still laugh. But I was really of the opinion that Eichmann was a buffoon..." To convey the shock she experienced when, contrary to her own expectations, Eichmann "in the flesh" appeared to be more a clown than a monster, Arendt countered with a reverse shock, adopting a sardonic, unsentimental voice to unmask what she later termed "the banality of evil." It could be read as her way to diminish the self-aggrandizement of the architects of the Final Solution to middling size. The trouble was she used this voice rather undiplomatically to describe not only Eichmann's actions but also the complicity of others, including some members of the Jewish community she judged harshly for cooperating with Nazis. "When people reproach me with accusing the Jewish people, that is a malignant lie and propaganda and nothing else. The tone of voice is, however, an objection against me personally. And I cannot do anything about that."
"You are prepared to bear that?" asked Gaus. "Yes, willingly," Arendt claimed. What she had not anticipated was how unprepared many who read her were to take on this new shock of the "banality of evil" on top of the horrifying accounts of Jewish suffering conveyed at the trial.
In fact, "bearing the burden of the past," thinking about the past in its morally perplexing and disconcerting entirety, was the focus of Arendt's writing, from her earliest essays to her last. And in no case did this burden bearing affect her more personally than when she published Eichmann in Jerusalem. When she returned from a European trip taken for a needed rest soon after the book's release, she found stacks of letters waiting for her. Some correspondents praised the bravery of her truth-telling, but the lion's share found her book detestable. A few included death threats.
Was her refusal to concede that her "tone" had anything to do with the hostility the book generated merely a matter of sheer stubbornness? Or was the ironic tone itself emblematic of Arendt's ideas about the danger implicit in thinking and the burden of responsibility that lay at the heart of judgment?
In the introduction to The Life of the Mind, Arendt offered this account of the generation of her controversial and still frequently misunderstood concept of "the banality of evil":
In my report of [the Eichmann trial] I spoke of 'the banality of evil.' Behind that phrase I was dimly aware of the fact that it went counter to our tradition of thought—literary, theological, or philosophic—about the phenomenon of evil...However, what I was confronted with was utterly different and still undeniably factual. I was struck by the manifest shallowness in the doer that made it impossible to trace the uncontestable evil of his deeds to any deeper level of roots or motives. The deeds were monstrous, but the doer—at least the very effective one now on trial—was quite ordinary, commonplace, and neither demonic nor monstrous...Might the problem of good and evil, our faculty of telling right from wrong, be connected with our faculty of thought?...Could the activity of thinking as such, the habit of examining whatever happens to come to pass or to attract attention, regardless of results and specific content, could this activity be among the conditions that make men abstain from evil-doing or even actually 'condition' them against it?
But, Arendt insisted, thinking's ability to condition people against evil-doing did not mean "that thinking would ever be able to produce the good deed as its result, as though 'virtue could be taught and learned'—only habits and customs can be taught, and we know only too well the alarming speed with which they are unlearned and forgotten when new circumstances demand a change in manners and patterns of behavior." What cold comfort, then, this thinking business seemed to be, offering no guarantee that evil will be avoided and good prevail.
Arendt had removed the guarantee of absolute innocence and automatic guilt from the question of moral responsibility. What did she put in its place? The capacity to exercise an "independent human faculty, unsupported by law and public opinion, that judges in full spontaneity every deed and intent anew whenever the occasion arises." And who evidenced this capacity? They were not distinguished by any superior intelligence or sophistication in moral matters but "dared to judge for themselves." Deciding that conformity would leave them unable to "live with themselves," sometimes they even chose to die rather than become complicit. "The dividing line between those who think and therefore have to judge for themselves, and those who do not, strikes across all social and cultural or educational differences."
Nonetheless, Arendt's tone made it seem as if she knew she would have acted more valiantly than those who cooperated with the Nazis. Outraged by her moral judgment of Jewish leaders many asked: Who is she to judge those who were forced to make difficult decisions and, in the interests of saving the many sacrificed the few? Arendt answered this question in a 1964 essay entitled "Personal Responsibility Under Dictatorship," "Since this question of judging without being present is usually coupled by the accusation of arrogance, who has ever maintained that by judging a wrong I presuppose that I myself would be incapable of committing it?"
—Kathleen B. Jones
This Quote of the Week is adapted from an essay originally appearing in Humanities Magazine, March/April 2014.
The False Culture of Utility
"Culture is being threatened when all worldly objects and things, produced by the present or the past, are treated as mere functions for the life process of society, as though they are there only to fulfill some need, and for this functionalization it is almost irrelevant whether the needs in question are of a high or a low order."
--Hannah Arendt, "The Crisis in Culture"
Hannah Arendt defines the cultural as that which gives testimony to the past and in preserving the past helps constitute our common world. A cultural object embodies the human goal of achieving "immortality," which as Arendt explains in The Human Condition is not the same as eternal life or the biological propagation of the species. Immortality concerns the life of a people and is ultimately political. It refers to the particular type of transcendence afforded by political action. In "The Crisis of Culture," Arendt shows how culture has a political role insofar as it creates durable and lasting objects that contribute to the immortality of a people.
The danger Arendt confronts in "The Crisis in Culture" is that mass culture makes art disposable and thus threatens the political ability of cultural life to produce lasting and immortal objects. The source of her worry is not an invasion of culture by the low and the base, but a sort of cannibalization of culture by itself. The problem is that mass culture swallows culture and subsumes it under the rubric of need. The immortal is degraded to a biological necessity, to be endlessly consumed and reproduced. Durable cultural objects that constitute a meaningful political world are thereby consumed, eroding the common world that is the place of politics.
Arendt's point is first that mass culture—like all culture under the sway of society— is too often confused with status, self-fulfillment, or entertainment. In the name of status or entertainment, cultural achievements are stripped down and repackaged as something to be consumed in the life process. She would argue that this happens every time Hamlet is made into a movie or the Iliad is condensed into a children's edition. By making culture accessible for those who would use it to improve themselves, the mass-culture industry makes it less and less likely that we will ever confront the great works of our past in their most challenging form. Eventually, the watering down of once immortal works can make it difficult or impossible to perceive the importance of culture and cultural education for humanity and our common world.
However, Arendt does not offer simply a banal critique of reality television as fast-food. We might recognize a more insidious form of the risks she describes in the new intellectualism that marks the politics, or anti-politics of the tech milieu. What has been termed Silicon Valley's anti-intellectualism should instead be understood as a forced colonization of the space potentially inhabited by the public intellectual.
The prophets of the tech world see themselves as fulfilling a social and political duty through enterprise. They unselfconsciously describe their creations as sources of liberation, democracy, and revolution. And yet they eschew politics. Their abnegation of overt political activity is comprehensible in that, for them, 'politics' is always already contained in the project of saving the world through technological progress.
We see such exemplars of technological cultural salvation all around us. Scholars and cultural figures are invited to lecture at the "campuses" of Apple and Google, and their ideas get digested into the business model or spit back out in the form of TED talks. Even Burning Man, originally a 'counter-cultural' annual desert festival with utopian pretensions, has been sucked into the vortex, such that Stanford Professor Fred Turner could give a powerpoint lecture titled, "Burning Man at Google: A cultural infrastructure for new media production." The abstract for his article in New Media & Society is even more suggestive: "…this article explores the ways in which Burning Man's bohemian ethos supports new forms of production emerging in Silicon Valley and especially at Google. It shows how elements of the Burning Man world – including the building of a sociotechnical commons, participation in project-based artistic labor and the fusion of social and professional interaction – help to shape and legitimate the collaborative manufacturing processes driving the growth of Google and other firms." Turner's conclusion virtually replicates Arendt's differentiation between nineteenth century philistinism and the omniphagic nature of mass culture:
In the 19th century, at the height of the industrial era, the celebration of art provided an occasion for the display of wealth. In the 21st century, under conditions of commons-based peer production, it has become an occasion for its [i.e. wealth] creation.
The instrumentalization of culture within polite society has given way to the digestion and reconstitution of culture in the form of gadgets meant to increase convenience. Would-be cultural objects become rungs on the hamster wheel of life's progress. Progress as the ultimate goal of technological cultural innovation is a vague concept because it is taken for granted due to the self-contained and self-enclosed nature of the industry. Where it is defined, it is demonstrated through examples, such as the implementation of the smart parking meter or the use of cloud networking in order to better administer services to San Francisco's homeless population.
In a recent New Yorker article on the tech revolutionaries, George Packer writes, "A favorite word in tech circles is 'frictionless.' It captures the pleasures of an app so beautifully designed that using it is intuitive, and it evokes a fantasy in which all inefficiencies, annoyances, and grievances have been smoothed out of existence—that is, an apolitical world." Progress here is the increasingly efficient administration of life.
When tech does leave its insular environment and direct its energies outward, its engagements reflect both its solipsism and focus on utility, which for Arendt go together. The Gates Foundation's substantial investments in higher education impose the quantitatively verifiable standard of degree completion as the sole or main objective, which seems odd in itself, given Gates' notoriety as a Harvard drop-out. The efforts of the Foundation aim less at placing Shakespeare in the hands of every fast-food worker, and more towards redirecting all of cultural education toward the development of a cheap version of utilitarian aptitude. Such tech intellectualism will ask, "What is the point of slaving over the so-called classics?" The claim is that the liberal arts vision of university education is inseparable from elitist designs, based on an exclusive definition of what 'culture' should be.
"What is the use?" is the wrong question, though, and it is tinged by the solipsistic mentality of a tech elite that dare not speak its name. The tech intellectual presents the culture of Silicon Valley as inherently egalitarian, despite the fact that capital gains in the sector bare a large burden of the blame for this country's soaring rate of inequality. This false sense of equality fosters a naïve view of political and social issues. It also fuels tech's hubristic desire to remake the world in its own image: Life is about frictionless success and efficient progress, and these can be realized via the technological fix. "It worked for us, what's the matter with you?"
For Arendt, culture is not meant to be useful for employment or even the lofty purpose of self-cultivation; our relationship to culture nurtures our ability to make judgments. Kant's discussion of taste and "common sense" informs her notion of the faculty of judgment in art and politics. In matters of taste, judging rests on the human ability to enlarge one's mind and think with reference to an "anticipated communication with others" and "potential agreement." Common sense, as she uses it, "discloses to us the nature of the world insofar as it is a common world." Culture and politics are linked in that both can only exist in a world that is shared. She writes:
Culture and politics, then, belong together because it is not knowledge or truth which is at stake, but rather judgment and decision, the judicious exchange of opinion about the sphere of public life and the common world, and the decision what manner of action is to be taken, as well as to how it is to look henceforth, what kind of things are to appear in it.
That culture and politics are about enacting judgments, rather than truth or technique for the advancement of biological life, is a point that is clearly missed by the tech intellectuals. The establishment of utility as the sole goal of higher education represents only one section of a general lens through which the world appears only as a series of practical problems to be figured out. In this paradoxical utopia of mass accessibility, insulation, and narrow-mindedness, applied knowledge threatens to occupy and pervert culture at the expense of political action and care for our common world.
-Jennifer Hudson
A Common Language
"Any period to which its own past has become as questionable as it has to us must eventually come up against the phenomenon of language, for in it the past is contained ineradicably, thwarting all attempts to get rid of it once and for all. The Greek polis will continue to exist at the bottom of our political existence...for as long as we use the word 'politics.'"
-Hannah Arendt, "Walter Benjamin: 1892-1940"
Some years ago a mentor told me a story from his days as a graduate student at a prestigious political science department. There was a professor there specializing in Russian politics and Sovietology, an older professor who loved teaching and taught well past the standard age of retirement. His enthusiasm was palpable, and he was well-liked by his students. His most popular course was on Russian politics, and towards the end of one semester, a precocious undergraduate visited during office hours: "How hard is it to learn Russian," the student asked, "because I'd really like to start." "Pretty hard," he said, "but that's great to hear. What has you so excited about it?" "Well," said the student, "after taking your course, I'm very inspired to read Marx in the original." At the next class the professor told this story to all of his students, and none of them laughed. He paused for a moment, then somewhat despondently said: "It has only now become clear to me….that none of you know the first thing about Karl Marx."
The story has several morals. As a professor, it reminds me to be careful about assuming what students know. As a student, it reminds me of an undergraduate paper I wrote which spelled Marx's first name with a "C." My professor kindly marked the mistake, but today I can better imagine her frustration. And if the story works as a joke, it is because we accept its basic premise, that knowledge of foreign languages is important, not only for our engagement with texts but with the world at large. After all, the course in question was not about Marx.
The fast approach of the Hannah Arendt Center's 2013 Conference on "The Educated Citizen in Crisis" offers a fitting backdrop to consider the place of language education in the education of the citizen. The problem has long been salient in America, a land of immigrants and a country of rich cultural diversity; and debates about the relation between the embrace of English and American assimilation continue to draw attention. Samuel Huntington, for example, recently interpreted challenges to English preeminence as a threat to American political culture: "There is no Americano dream," he writes in "The Hispanic Challenge," "There is only the American dream created by an Anglo-Protestant society. Mexican Americans will share in that dream and in that society only if they dream in English." For Huntington English is an element of national citizenship, not only as a language learned, but as an essential component of American identity.
This might be juxtaposed with Tracy Strong's support of learning (at least a) second language, including Latin, as an element of democratic citizenship. A second language, writes Strong (see his "Language Learning and the Social Sciences") helps one acquire "what I might call an anthropological perspective on one's own society," for "An important achievement of learning a foreign language is learning a perspective on one's world that is not one's own. In turn, the acquisition of another perspective or even the recognition of the legitimacy of another perspective is, to my understanding, a very important component of a democratic political understanding." Strong illustrates his point with a passage from Hannah Arendt's "Truth and Politics": "I form an opinion," says Arendt, "by considering a given issue from different viewpoints, by making present to my mind the standpoints of those who are absent: that is, I represent them."
Hannah Arendt's deep respect for the American Constitution and American political culture, manifest no less (perhaps even more!) in her criticism than her praise, is well known. After fleeing Nazi Germany and German-occupied France, Arendt moved to the United States where she became a naturalized citizen in 1951. And her views on the relation between the English language and American citizenship are rich and complex.
In "The Crisis in Education" Arendt highlights how education plays a unique political role in America, where "it is obvious that the enormously difficult melting together of the most diverse ethnic groups…can only be accomplished through the schooling, education, and Americanization of the immigrants' children." Education prepares citizens to enter a common world, of which English in America is a key component: "Since for most of these children English is not their mother tongue but has to be learned in school, schools must obviously assume functions which in a nation-state would be performed as a matter of course in the home."
At the same time, Arendt's own embrace of English is hardly straightforward. In a famous 1964 interview with she says: "The Europe of the pre-Hitler period? I do not long for that, I can tell you. What remains? The language remains. […] I have always consciously refused to lose my mother tongue. I have always maintained a certain distance from French, which I then spoke very well, as well as from English, which I write today […] I write in English, but I have never lost a feeling of distance from it. There is a tremendous difference between your mother tongue and another language…The German language is the essential thing that has remained and that I have always consciously preserved."
Here Arendt seems both with and against Huntington. On one hand, learning and embracing English—the public language of the country—is what enables diverse Americans to share a common political world. And in this respect, her decision to write and publish in English represents one of her most important acts of American democratic citizenship. By writing in English, Arendt "assumes responsibility for the world," the same responsibility that education requires from its educators if they are to give the younger generation a common world, but which she finds sorely lacking in "The Crisis of Education."
At the same time, though, Arendt rejects the idea that American citizenship requires treating English as if it were a mother tongue. Arendt consciously preserves her German mother tongue as both an element of her identity and a grounding of her understanding of the world, and in 1967 she even accepted the Sigmund Freud Award of the German Academy of Language and Poetry that "lauded her efforts to keep the German language alive although she had been living and writing in the United States for more than three decades" (I quote from Frank Mehring's 2011 article "'All for the Sake of Freedom': Hannah Arendt's Democratic Dissent, Trauma, and American Citizenship"). For Arendt, it seems, it is precisely this potentiality in America—for citizens to share and assume responsibility for a common world approached in its own terms, while also bringing to bear a separate understanding grounded by very different terms—that offers America's greatest democratic possibilities. One might suggest that Arendt's engagement with language, in her combination of English responsibility and German self-understanding, offers a powerful and thought-provoking model of American democratic citizenship.
What about the teaching of language? In the "The Crisis in Education" Arendt is critical of the way language, especially foreign language, is taught in American schools. In a passage worth quoting at length she says:
"The close connection between these two things—the substitution of doing for learning and of playing for working—is directly illustrated by the teaching of languages; the child is to learn by speaking, that is by doing, not by studying grammar and syntax; in other words he is to learn a foreign language in the same way that as an infant he learned his own language: as though at play and in the uninterrupted continuity of simple existence. Quite apart from the question of whether this is possible or not…it is perfectly clear that this procedure consciously attempts to keep the older child as far as possible at the infant level."
Arendt writes that such "pragmatist" methods intend "not to teach knowledge but to inculcate a skill." Pragmatic instruction helps one to get by in the real world; but it does not allow one to love or understand the world. It renders language useful, but reduces language to an instrument, something easily discarded when no longer needed. It precludes philosophical engagement and representative thinking. The latest smartphone translation apps render it superfluous.
But how would one approach language differently? And what does this have to do with grammar and syntax? Perhaps there are clues in the passage selected as our quote of the week, culled from Arendt's 1968 biographical essay about her friend Walter Benjamin. There, Arendt appreciates that Benjamin's study of language abandons any "utilitarian" or "communicative" goals, but approaches language as a "poetic phenomenon." The focused study of grammar develops different habits than pragmatist pedagogy. In the process of translation, for example, it facilitates an engagement with language that is divorced from practical use and focused squarely on meaning. To wrestle with grammar means to wrestle with language in the pursuit of truth, in a manner that inspires love for language—that it exists—and cross-cultural understanding. Arendt was famous for flexing her Greek and Latin muscles—in part, I think, as a reflection of her love for the world. The study of Greek and Latin is especially amenable to a relationship of love, because these languages are hardly "practical." One studies them principally to understand, to shed light on the obscure; and through their investigation one discovers the sunken meanings that remain hidden and embedded in our modern languages, in words we speak regularly without realizing all that is contained within them. By engaging these "dead" languages, we more richly and seriously understand ourselves. And these same disinterested habits, when applied to the study of modern foreign languages, can enrich not only our understanding of different worldviews, but our participation in the world as democratic citizens.
-John LeJeune
Habermas on Arendt's Conception of Power
Jürgen Habermas sees Arendt as usefully placing emphasis on the origin of power as opposed to its means of employment. In contrast to Max Weber, who understands power in terms of particular individuals seeking to realize a fixed goal, she separates power from the telos (end), developing what Habermas calls a theory of power as "communicative action". This formulation gestures towards his own conceptual language (see Theory of Communicative Action, 1981) and in Arendt he names plurality as the condition for communication, quickly moving from distinctness to connection:
"The spatial dimension of the life-world is determined by the "fact of human plurality": every interaction unifies multiple perspectives of perception and action of those present […]"
Perceptively-and provocatively-Habermas compliments this description of the spatial dimension of the world with a temporal one:
"The temporal dimension of the life-world is determined by the "fact of human natality": the birth of every individual means the possibility of a new beginning; to act means to be able to seize the initiative and to do the unanticipated."
In this description, we see that a kind of conceptual past allows something new to happen in the future. Further, the reference to the past is singular ("the birth of every individual") but allows action between people. So in natality, as Habermas describes it, we go from the past to the future and the individual to the group. The very emphasis on the origin of power, however, raises the question of how it is to endure over time. The phrase "temporal dimension of the life-world" points to this problem: how to use power in the future when, as Arendt writes in the Human Condition: "power cannot be stored up and kept in reserve for emergencies." This citation helpfully emphasizes that power shouldn't be seen as capital that can be deployed at the time that a ruler or executive wishes. Arendt suggests instead that it cannot be virtualized, that it always exists in a one to one relation with opinion as it shifts.
Habermas ultimately accuses Arendt of a sleight of hand in taking refuge in the idea of the contract to solve the problem of her radical conception of action. In ending his article with an emphasis on the "contract theory of natural law" however, he overlooks the difference between a promise and a contract in Arendt. The promise offers individual stability of one's identity over time in the same way that the contract offers consistency to group action and both in a sense win consistency through the virtual. In both cases the reality of identity comes into being only over time. However, there is a different kind of "storage" in the model of the promise than the one we imagine with capital. Arendt suggests the contract as a way to make a short term structure that retains flexibility that the idea of stockpiled power does not.
-Jeffrey Champlin
Remembrance and Gratitude
"We are wont to see friendship solely as a phenomenon of intimacy in which the friends open their hearts to each other unmolested by the world and its demands...Thus it is hard for us to understand the political relevance of friendship...But for the Greeks the essence of friendship consisted in discourse...The converse (in contrast to the intimate talk in which individuals speak about themselves), permeated though it may be by pleasure in the friend's presence, is concerned with the common world."
-Hannah Arendt, Men in Dark Times, p. 24
As the year comes to an end, in many English-speaking countries, including the U.S., Arendt's adopted country, friends and neighbors may gather to sing Auld Lang Syne, the song adapted from the verse of Scottish poet, Robert Burns and traditionally sung at the stroke of midnight, as one year fades into the next. An evocation of memory, and times long ago, it resonates also with an image of a long-lasting friendship. So, in tune with the season, I chose for commentary an image of friendship Arendt crafted in her essay on Lessing, the opening piece in Men in Dark Times. "The essence of friendship consisted in discourse…concerned with the common world."
Both memory and friendship are important themes in Arendt's writing. "We can no more master the past than we can undo it. But we can reconcile ourselves to it. The form for this is the lament, which arises out of all recollection." (Men in Dark Times, p. 21) Recollection, or remembrance, becomes, in Arendt's view, a pathway to reconcile ourselves to what has happened. Bearing the burden of the past and the responsibility past events places on us meant, for Arendt, facing up to reality, no matter what it might have been.
When Arendt wrote about bearing the burden of the past she had in mind the terrible weight that the most momentous events of the twentieth century—the emergence of totalitarianism and the catastrophe of the Holocaust—had put upon the shoulders of modern humanity. In the aftermath of these events, we face new difficulties: "the bitter realization that nothing has been promised to us, no Messianic Age, no classless society, no paradise after death." (Origins of Totalitarianism) Referring to this as humanity's "coming of age," she recognized that its first "disastrous result...is that modern man has come to resent everything given, even his own existence—to resent the very fact that he is not the creator of the universe and himself. In this fundamental resentment he refuses to see rhyme or reason in the given world."
But remembrance does not so much dwell in the past as allow the possibility of action in the future through the cultivation of gratitude. The opposite of passivity, which is the unconscious reception of everything that happens, has happened or might happen, gratitude might be said to be the active acceptance of the chance I have been given to make some mark in the world within the endowment of time, however brief or long, I have to live in it. As Arendt wrote in Origins, "[S]uch gratitude expects nothing except, in the worlds of Faulkner--'one's own one anonymous chance to perform something passionate and brave and austere not just in but into man's enduring chronicle...in gratitude for the gift of [one's] time in it.' " And, in many ways, these words echo sentiments Arendt expressed in her doctoral dissertation: "[G]ratitude for life having been given at all is the spring of remembrance, for a life is cherished even in misery: 'Now you are miserable and still you do not want to die for no other reason but that you want to be.' What ultimately stills the fear of death is not hope or desire, but remembrance and gratitude." The kind of friendship Arendt calls "political" (because of its concern with the common world) is the model for those relationships that facilitate remembrance and cultivate gratitude.
There were, in fact, two types of friendship in Arendt's life--those that were most like her characterization of friendship in her portrait of Lessing in Men in Dark Times (quoted above), which she called "friendship among citizens," and those she called "intimate." Sometimes, but only rarely, the two types were interwoven in the same friend. Besides her relationship with her husband, Heinrich Blucher, Arendt's friendship with Mary McCarthy provides another glimpse into the practice of these two types of friendship with the same person.
Though an unlikely partnership, and one that got off to a rocky start, the improbable friendship between Hannah and Mary McCarthy found a way to begin and lasted nearly three decades, nourished by several streams of intellectual and emotional sustenance each offered the other. Littered throughout the McCarthy/Arendt correspondence are recommendations for books to read and write, places to visit, and ways to think about current issues. But the undertone of dialogue between them is one of growing intimacy and fervor, whether engaging topics worldly or personal.
When McCarthy read Men in Dark Times she thought the centrality of friendship as a theme in Men in Dark Times came through so strongly she told Arendt she thought the book to be "very maternal...mutterlich, if that is a word. You've made me think a lot about the Germans and how you/they are different from us. It's the only work of yours I would call 'German,' and this may have something to do with the role friendship plays in it, workmanly friendship, of apprentices starting out with their bundle on a pole and doing a piece of the road together." Hannah replied that she was not sure why McCarthy thought the book was 'German.' But she heartily embraced the idea of friendship that McCarthy had characterized: "And of course friendship in the sense of 'doing a piece of the road together'--as distinguished from intimacy. Thanks!"
A year after Heinrich Blücher's death, Arendt traveled with McCarthy and her husband, Jim West, to Greece, visiting many places Hannah had been with her Blücher, on an earlier trip. "I know it was painful for you to revisit so many of the places you had been with Heinrich," McCarthy wrote to Hannah after she'd returned to New York. "That has never happened to me, to repeat an experience, with different people, that I'd shared with someone now lost...I can only hope the good outweighed the disagreeable or discordant." Arendt replied indirectly to McCarthy's worries. "During the last months I have often thought of myself--free like a leaf in the wind...And all the time I also thought: Don't do anything against this, that is the way it is, let no 'autocratic will' interfere...Let me come back once more to the 'leaf in the wind.' It is of course only half true. For there is, on the other hand, the whole weight of the past (gravitas). And what Hölderlin once said in a beautiful line: 'Und vieles/Wie auf den Schultern eine/Last von Scheitern ist/Zu behalten--And much/ as on your shoulders/ a burden of logs/ is to bear and keep.'--In short: remembrance. Much, much love. Yours, Hannah."
"What ultimately stills the fear of death….is remembrance and gratitude."
-Kathleen B. Jones
Reflections on Arendt's Denktagebuch
The atmosphere around the Hannah Arendt Center this week has been jovial yet intense. Ten Arendt scholars have gathered to read closely Hannah Arendt's Denktagebuch, loosely translated as her "Book of Thoughts." We meet every day for two sessions, each 150 minutes, with no breaks.
One participant leads a discussion about a selection of the book. The sessions have been riveting. The plan is to bring out a book that collects essays based on these presentations. It will be called Reading Arendt's Denktagebuch. We hope it will appear around the time that the English translation of Arendt's Denktagebuch is published.
The Denktagebuch is a "unique artifact," as one participant put it during our opening dinner. It is comprised of two, thick, beautifully rendered, hardcover volumes that together contain over 1,200 pages. It is not really a book, but is comprised of individual entries that Arendt wrote down in 28 notebooks over 23 years from 1950-1973. The entries are chronologically arranged (except for a thematically organized final book containing Arendt's notes on Immanuel Kant's thinking about judgment). The whole, masterfully edited by Ursula Ludz and Ingeborg Nordmann, contains extensive scholarly apparatus at the back.
One question we have asked is how to read the Denktagebuch. Some participants have chosen a particular chronological period and sought relationships and associations amongst Arendt's entries. Others identified recurring themes that Arendt returns to over the years, such as the relation between truth and metaphor, Kant's theory of judgment, and the connection between action and thinking. A few of our sessions have used the Denktagebuch to elucidate passages from Arendt's published work—this is especially fruitful since a full 500 pages of the Denktagebuch reflect entries from 1950-1954, the time when Arendt was at work on The Human Condition. Some excavated ideas are largely absent from the published work but vividly present in the Denktagebuch—for example love, reconciliation, and grammar. Finally, we have tried reading the Denktagebuch as a proper book, namely as a book of short aphorisms or poems, each standing on its own and yet fitting into the totality that is Arendt's thinking.
The origin of the Denktagebuch is interesting in itself. Arendt traveled to Germany in the winter of 1949-50 as the director of the Commission on European Jewish Cultural Reconstruction. Her mission was to search for Jewish ceremonial objects and, mainly, for Jewish books. The Commission recovered 1.5 million Jewish books under Arendt's leadership, part of what Leon Wieseltier calls "a campaign for the re-capture of a people's dignity." During her visit, Arendt wrote "The Aftermath of Nazi-Rule. Report from Germany," which was published in Commentary. Also while in Germany, Arendt visited her old teacher, mentor, and lover, Martin Heidegger.
We know from Arendt's correspondence with Heidegger that they spoke at length about language, revenge, forgiveness, and reconciliation. Heidegger had joined the Nazi Party in 1933 and served for about one year as Rector of Freiburg University. He abandoned many of his Jewish friends and colleagues and promoted a philosophical version of Nazism before he resigned in 1934. The Heidegger case is complicated and controversial. Heidegger was a Nazi, but what kind of Nazi he was is not a simple question; there is no better account of the complexity of Heidegger's Nazism than Tracy Strong's powerful and nuanced retelling of the affair in his recent book Politics Without Vision.
In the 1940's Arendt was deeply critical of Heidegger. Her visit in 1950 provided an opportunity to think through her proper response to his activities. Shortly after her return to New York City in March1950, Arendt received a letter from Heidegger (along with some love poems) that read, in part:
I am happy for you that you are surrounded by your books again. The line with "the burden of the logs" is in "Ripe and dipped in Fire"—around the same time you probably wrote it [presumably a lost letter—RB], I had been thinking about the burden of logs.
The reference is to a poem "Reif Sind" by Friedrich Hölderlin. The poem is about memory, the past, and the question of whether to recall the past or to live in the present. One of the poem's central images is of the burden of logs that one carries on one's shoulders.
Shortly after Arendt receives Heidegger's letter, she begins her Denktagebuch, with the opening line:
The wrong that one has done is the burden on one's shoulders, something that one bears because he has laden it upon himself.
That Arendt would initiate her book of thoughts with a meditation on the burden of past wrongs is not surprising. After all, she had recently finished the manuscript for The Origins of Totalitarianism—originally entitled The Burden of Our Times—which explored not simply the elements of totalitarianism, but more importantly the burden that such a past, a recent past, places on people in the present day: to comprehend and come to terms with what men had done as well as to acknowledge what any of us is capable of doing again. And, of course, she had just returned from a reunion with her past in Germany and Heidegger. The past is this burden that we bear on our shoulders, and Arendt begins her Denktagebuch with a reflection that is at once personal and yet also deeply abstract and universal.
The question of how to respond to the burden of wrongful deeds is woven through Arendt's writing. What is fascinating is that in the first pages of the Denktagebuch and then throughout the 1,200 pages, Arendt continues to think about the response to wrongs as a kind of reconciliation. This is surprising because reconciliation is not an idea prevalent in much of Arendt's published work.
In an article published last year, I explore the meaning and sense of reconciliation in Arendt's thinking. In it, I argue,
By focusing on Arendt's discussion of acts of reconciliation and also of non-reconciliation—her response to her reunion with Martin Heidegger in 1950, her judgment of the impossibility of reconciling oneself to Adolf Eichmann, her account of Jesus' forgiving and not-forgiving of petty and colossal crimes in the Gospel of Luke, and her reconciliation to life after the death of her husband, Heinrich Blücher—I show how Arendt places the judgment for or against reconciliation at the center of political action. Above all, I argue that the question—"Ought I to reconcile myself to the world?"—is, for Arendt, the pressing political question in our age.
There are not many articles published on the Denktagebuch in English. My article, focusing on the first seven pages of Arendt's notebooks, offers a glimpse into one way the Denktagebuch can help expand and enrich our reading of Arendt. You'll have to wait a bit for the book Reading Arendt's Denktagebuch, but for now you can read "Bearing Logs on Our Shoulders: Reconciliation, Non-Reconciliation, and the Building of a Common World."
You can also read this account of the Denktagebuch by Sigrid Weigel, at Telos (payment required).
You can also watch a video of Ursula Ludz discussing editing Arendt's work here, from a talk she gave in 2010 at the Hannah Arendt Center.


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Video: Man stabs Atlanta cop with butcher knife, gets shot
Man stabbed an officer in the back with a 14-inch long butcher knife before another cop shot the suspect
By PoliceOne Staff
ATLANTA — Cell phone video has been released capturing a violent incident in Atlanta Wednesday.
CBS 46 reports the incident began when an officer attempted to stop a man from drinking in Woodruff Park in the downtown area.
The man kept walking and was stopped by a plainclothes Georgia State University officer in front of the GSU police station, according to the report.
It was then that the suspect stabbed the GSU officer in the back with a 14-inch long butcher knife. The officer who originally attempted to stop the man then fired a shot.
The man was reportedly given multiple warnings before the officer shot him.
The suspect was hit in the lower torso. Both the GSU officer and the man were taken to a hospital in stable condition.
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subset: commoncrawl


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Asustek Retracts, Puts Qualcomm Android Eee PC on Ice
June 1 Qualcomm presented its new superflat Eee PC with Snapdragon chipset and Xandros or Android to the public. But the enthusiasm waned shortly thereafter.
The Eee PC wasn't yet market ready, said Jonathan Tsang, vice chairman of Asutek, at the sidelines of a press conference at Computex Teipei, according to an ComputerWorld. Tsang added, "For the time being this project is not a priority because our engineering resources are limited."
This might be believable under circumstances, but it gets better: Asustek chairman Jonney Shih himself apologized at the press conference that the Android notebook was even displayed at Qualcomm's booth, as Gizmodo reports. "I think this is a company decision so far [that] we would not like to show this device."
It begs the question, to whom is he apologizing? Perhaps to the vice president of their OEM Microsoft, Steven Guggenheim, who stood with him onstage, or to Intel's vice president Sean Maloney? Both were there to strengthen further collaboration with Asustek. But, at least for Microsoft, a Linux netbook in the works has not been high on its list.
As presented, the Qualcomm Eee PC not only looks fantastic, but would come at a markedly better price than the Intel model from Windows, the Eee PC chip is fanless and it plays back 720p videos flawlessly. Microsoft naturally wouldn't want a competitor to ruin its Christmas season and most likely pulled the emergency brake. Acer Inc. should be happy with that, according to Reuters: the world's number three PC brand has already announced an Android netbook for the third quarter of 2009.
Issue 26: Linux Shell Handbook 7th Ed./Special Editions
Buy this issue as a PDF
SUSE Joins the Microsoft Test Drive Program
Customers can take a free test drive of SLES for HPC on the Azure Cloud
SiFive Launches a Line of Open Source Chips
San Francisco-based chip company announces their first fully open source chip platform.
Fedora 24 Released
The whole distro gets rebuilt on glibc 2.3
Canonical Announces Cross-Distro Support for Snaps
Ubuntu Vendor tries to solve app packaging and distribution problem across distributions.
ownCloud Forked
Founder of ownCloud launches the Nextcloud project.
HP Enterprise Unveils a Futuristic Computer
Will The Machine change the way future programmers think about memory?
CoreOS Announces Distributed Storage System
The new Torus distributed storage system is available under an open source license on GitHub
Google Beats Oracle in the Android Lawsuit
Juries decides Google's use of Java APIs Was Fair Use
Linux is the Largest Software Development Project in History
But if you are not using the latest Linux kernel, your system is insecure.
Linksys Says Yes to Open Source Firmware
Home routers will give room for custom firmware but still comply with FCC rules


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Even as Bangladesh is tries to cope with the recent terrorist strikes at Dhaka, it has surfaced that one of the attackers belonged to an affluent family and was well-educated and had even met Bollywood actress Shraddha Kapoor once. Suspected militant Nibras Islam, who got killed in the at
Luv Ka The End - Bloopers
Release Date: 6 May 2011 Y-Films Website: yfilms.in Y-Films Facebook www.facebook.com Y-Films Twitter: twitter.com Y-Films Blog: www.y-films.blogspot.com Genre Anti Rom Com Featuring: Shraddha Kapoor as Rhea Dialdas Introducing: Taaha Shah as Luv Nanda Director: Bumpy Producer: Ashish Patil Music: Ram Sampath Lyrics: Amitabh Bhattacharya Director of Photography: Adil Afsar Associate Producer: Aashish Singh Exec. Creative Producer: Pooja Desai Story: Ashish Patil Screenplay & Dialogues: Shenaz Treasuryvala & Roye Seagal Dialogues: Nikhil Vyas Production Designer: Madhu Sarkar Sound: Indrajit Neogi & Manas Choudhury Editor: Saurabh Kulkarni Costume Design: Soniya Tommy Casting Director: Shanoo Sharma Choreography: Adil Shaikh (The Mutton Song), Sanjay Shetty (Tonight), Nupur Bhargava & Hitesh Kewalya (Freak Out) SYNOPSIS: Rhea is the quintessential girl next door, in love with Luv Nanda, the richest, most popular boy in college. On the eve of her 18th birthday, they plan to take their relationship to the 'next level'. When accidentally she finds out Luv is not as nice as she thought he was. Rhea decides to not get mad, but to get even and bring Luv Nanda down! All in the span of one night with the help of her friends. Buckle up for one crazy night as the girls discover the meaning of love, life, friendship and more...
Shraddha Kapoor
Siblings Shraddha and Siddhant Kapoor are all set to play brother-sister on screen in Apoorva Lakhia's biopic on Dawood Ibrahim's late sister titled 'Haseena – The Queen'. While the 'Baaghi' actress will essay the titular character of Haseena Parkar, her elder brother Siddhant will step into
Arjun Kapoor and Shraddha Kapoor starrer film 'Half Girlfriend' went on floors today, June 8. Directed by Mohit Suri, the love story is a big screen adaption of celebrity writer Chetan Bhagat's eponymous novel. Chetan himself will be co-producing the film with Ekta Kapoor. Arjun is
Latest Bollywood News
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- Photos: Sanjay celebrates birthday with Manyata at home
- We are eagerly waiting for Kareena's baby, sister Karisma
- Brett Lee to feature in 'Housefull 4'?


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If you have troubles since the update to WordPress 4.5 please read this post before opening a new thread.
Tagged: scroll to top
The scroll to top button is not visible in mobile/tablet view. Please help its urgent.
please post a link to your website – I just checked the demo page http://www.kriesi.at/themes/enfold/ and the scroll to top button works on all devices (tested on desktop and Android 4.1 phone).
I'm experiencing the same issue. The "scroll to top" button/arrow works in Firefox, IE, as well as Blackberry. But not on Android or iPad.
Have the same on my iPad 2.
Using this test site: http://responsinator.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Ffixionmedia.com%2F
I can see the scroll to top button.
I'll tag Devin to check this further.
The topic 'Scroll to top not visible in mobile/tablet view' is closed to new replies.


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Top Definition
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by The_Newfie November 07, 2010
Trending Now


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jnsow's Mom Answers Activity
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Media Highlights
Media Highlights
- 6/9/15
Penn State researchers found higher levels of inflammation in adults who didn't keep a positive attitude when facing minor stressors, like arguments.
- 6/8/15
Starting this fall, Lehigh Carbon Community College students will be able to seamlessly transfer to 14 Penn State campuses across the Commonwealth.
- 6/9/15
Penn State Hershey Children's Hospital ranks in the top 50 in eight of 10 specialties, its best-ever showing, in an annual report from U.S. News and World Report.
- 6/9/15
A report from The Center for Collegiate Mental Health at Penn State, describes more than 100,000 college students seeking mental health treatment, primarily for anxiety.
- 6/6/15
David Passmore, professor of education and director of Penn State's Institute for Research in Training and Development, says jobs routine in nature will be phased out.
- 6/7/15
Penn State and Axalta Coating Systems teamed up for a special student engineering and business learning opportunity with Jeff Gordon and his team at Pocono Raceway.
- 6/6/15
State representatives and senators have formed a work group on redistricting reform legislation to help spread the power of democracy, prompted by Penn State research.
- 6/4/15
Penn State's Smeal College of Business, Gartner's No. 1 graduate and undergraduate supply chain program, today unveiled the Supply Chain Leadership Academy.
- 6/5/15
The Ferguson effect is an unlikely reason, said Jeffery Ulmer, associate head of the Department of Sociology and Criminology at Penn State.
- 6/5/15
Axalta, a Philadelphia automotive coating company and a Gordon sponsors, announced a Penn State partnership in late March and hopes to recruit STEM, business students.


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Ubisoft's Xbox Live Hits Collection coming to retail next month
Ubisoft has bundled together Beyond Good & Evil HD, From Dust and Outland in a retail offering due on US store shelves September 21, according to Polygon. No word on the PlayStation 3 version; we expected both in March. More details when we have them.
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Lawyers in New Century, Kansas (KS)
Thomas Alexander Grimaldi
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600 New Century Pkwy, New Century, KS 66031
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130 North Cherry, Suite 203, Olathe, KS 66061
Christopher Dillon Schneider
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Carly Farrell Boothe
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600 New Century Pkwy, New Century, KS 66031
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111 S Kansas Ave, Olathe, KS 66061
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David S. Adams
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Published: Monday, Oct. 1 2012 6:00 p.m. MDT
Some of the movement this week makes no sense at all. Generally, the only way
to advance is to win and hope for some teams ahead to lose. Which is more
#17 Box Elder LOST a close game to #14 Mt. Crest...and move up 3 spots???
#9 More..
@ fender
I hear PV line is as big as BYU but they can't have a winning record. I
read all these posts and don't see all over HHS fans saying how bad PV is.
Yall need to stop belly achin by costco. A team that big that cant win games. More..
Every week I read this page about rankings and every week there seems to be the
same guys on here whining about why their team or so and so is/isn't
ranked and why. As I've said, among various others, rankings mean NOTHING
in HS football. More..
DeseretNews.com encourages a civil dialogue among its readers. We welcome your thoughtful comments.
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An automobile or car dealership is known as a local distribution center that sells new and used vehicles or cars. Based on the dealership contract, cars may be sold at retail or wholesale prices. The amount is based upon the dealership's contract with the sales subsidiary or the contract with the automaker. Traditional dealerships are located on large lots and employ salesman, automotive technicians, parts and service technicians, financial specialists and administrative personnel. As a result of automotive manufacturers shifting to create a standard look for their dealerships, the large corner car lots across towns are fading. BMW, Audi, Mercedes-Benz, and Tesla are all leading the way with hi-tech showrooms allowing customers an interactive sales experience. The automobile industry recorded close to $715 billion in new car sales and $89 billion in used car sales. The automotive industry is so lucrative that even Warren Buffet has entered into the ranks of automobile dealership owners. Known as one of the wealthiest and most successful investor the world, Buffet has crest into ownership of the fifth-largest chain of vehicles in the country, Berkshire Hathaway Automotive. Private equity companies have shown interest in entering the automotive retail business, but they are not favored by automakers as they are known to load dealerships with debt and see after several years. Soros has been a favorite in getting approved by the National Automobile Dealership Association (NADA) as he has gained wealth in bonds, interest rates and equities and trading currencies(1). Cox Automotive President Sandy Schwartz was excited about Buffet's acquisition and told Business Insider, "This acquisition shows the importance and value of dealerships such as the Van Tuyl Group in the automotive ecosystems." (2) Schartz added, "As we continue to innovate and find more effective and efficient ways to further our industry and serve our customers, it's exciting to have a leader like Warren Buffett be a part of the automotive community," Schwartz added. (2)
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It was a girls' night out and a nineteen years old girl asked for permission from her parents to attend. She was going to return home late and would update them about the progress of the night. She went to several clubs with the girls. It was such a great night and at four, she decided to head home. She found a taxi near where she was and hopped in. Then she called her parents only to hear her dad's phone ringing in the car. They were following her the whole night.
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The auto market is robust in the United States with new vehicle deliveries topping 16 million annually. Sales are expected to continue to soar for some time. The modern dealerships now consist of multiband automobiles from different carmakers. BMW was one of the first to move in creating a standard look for their dealerships located worldwide. They pioneered introducing 'product geniuses' as a liaise with their consumers. Audi spearheaded a hi-tech showroom allowing customers to experience new vehicle personalization in the showroom. Mercedes-Benz presented the 'city centre' brand store model offering a new standard in customer service. Some dealerships specialize in electric cars such as a rising star in the market, Tesla Motors. This new automaker is an American company that sells electric vehicles, electronic vehicle powertrain, and battery powered products. Since 2008, thisTesla has been using lithium-ion battery packs to power their vehicles. Tesla pricing is competitive to other mid-sized model cars starting at approximately $35,000. The Department of Transportation Motor Vehicle Administration provides basic information about different dealer types including new, wholesale, motorcycle, emergency, trailer, manufacturer and distributor. New vehicle dealers sell new vehicles under a franchise agreement with a licensed distributor or manufacturer. This business type requires a suitable location for sales. Used car dealers sell used vehicles to other dealers and the public. A physical location is needed and the only business conducted must be auto sales related. Wholesale dealers sell, exchange and buy used vehicles from other dealers. Wholesalers cannot sell to the retail public, but may purchase vehicles from the public. Motorcycle dealers sell new motorcycles under a franchise agreement with licensed distributors or manufacturers. At times, motorcycle dealers may be licensed to sell only used motorcycles. Emergency Vehicle Dealers sell new emergency vehicles under a franchise agreement with a licensed distributor or manufacturer. Their location may be only an office and does not require a car lot. Trailer dealers sell new trailers under a franchise agreement with a licensed distributor or manufacturer, but the dealer must have a suitable site for retail. Finally, a distributor is an authorized importer of new vehicles assembled or manufactured outside of the United States.
A business term franchise refers to a variety of business ventures. The structure is designed to protect the owner of a process, product, system, service or name. Permission is given to another party to use it in exchange for a fee. There were roughly 1200 companies in business in 18 industries offering franchise opportunities in the United States by early 2000. According to Arthur Pressman in the Legal Intelligencer, 550,000 franchisees generated over $800 billion in annual sales in the U.S. Franchises are recognized as a traditional method of starting a new business, and for good reason. Mitchell Stern, author of Buying Your Own Business,notes that the failure rate for new businesses is nearly 40 percent in the first year, compared to less than 5 percent of new franchise failures in that same year.
Distributorships and Dealerships are both licensed to distribute a product, but there are some differences. The Reference to Business differentiates the two well, in saying "Distributorships and dealerships are in essence a license to distribute a product. Both dealers and distributors work with a manufacturer to get its goods to the buyer. Both dealers and distributors have a continuing relationship with the licensor of the product but do not need to incorporate the entire business plan of the Licensor into their own business." (5) They go further to say, "A dealer differs from a distributor in that a dealer will typically sell only to a retailer or a consumer while a distributor can sell to a number of dealers or to the general public.Dealerships and distributorships are known as product franchises.(5) Hannah Elliott of Forbes Magazine did an in-depth look into America's Best Auto Dealerships. In 2008 and 2009, Chrysler and General Motors were closing about 800-1,100 dealerships nationwide while Jaguar shined through the recession. The top five dealerships were Mercedes-Benz, Lexus, Jaguar, Saturn and Land Rover. Visibly absent from the top five was German made BMW.(4)


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Salcker, Does no work and blames everyone else for his lack of production.
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Dreamsongs: Bk. 2: A Rretrospective (Paperback)George R.R. Martin
Paperback Published: 15/05/2008
- In stock
Click & Collect From your local shop
The book every George R.R. Martin fan has been waiting for: a magnificent collection of the best-selling author's most evocative short fiction GRRM: A RRETROSPECTIVE is a massive collection of the best of George R.R. Martin's short fiction, containing 32 short stories and novellas, including the Hugo-winning 'A Song for Lya', the Bram Stoker-winning 'The Pear-Shaped Man' and 'The Skin Trade', which won the World Fantasy Award and is generally acclaimed as the finest werewolf story of our time. As well as the stories themselves, which span Martin's multi-faceted career, there are two television scripts, voluminous author commentary, an introduction by award-winning editor and writer Gardner Dozois and a comprehensive bibliography. This must-have volume by one of the brightest stars in the field of imaginative fiction.
Publisher: Orion Publishing Co
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Posted: 4/26/2014
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