text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jan 6, 1976
|Filing date
|Jul 22, 1974
|Priority date
|Jul 22, 1974
|Publication number
|Winston J. Jackson, Jr., William R. Darnell
|Original Assignee
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (9), Referenced by (9), Classifications (12)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention relates generally to hot melt compositions, and more specifically, this invention relates to hot melt adhesive compositions having a relatively low melt viscosity and improved adhesion to metals comprising a blend of a polyester and an aliphatic hydrocarbon having a molecular weight of from about 250 to about 1200.
Hot melt adhesive compositions are of importance because of their speed of application compared with other types of adhesives. Also, there are no solvents to evaporate, no curing takes place, and strong adhesive bonds are obtained as soon as the adhesive cools. Polyesters have been found useful in hot melt adhesives. Many polyesters, however, have low adhesive strength, particularly peel strength, on various uncoated substrates such as aluminum, copper, steel, glass, etc., and on substrates coated with various materials, such as polyepoxide resins, vinyls, phenolics, alkyds, acrylics, etc. Moreover, many hot melt adhesives, particularly crystalline high melting polyesters, have high melt viscosities, resulting in inferior flow and wetting properties and, therefore, must be applied at relatively high temperatures when used as hot melt adhesives. It is desirable that these hot melt adhesives have a relatively low melt viscosity for ease of application. The hot melt adhesives according to this invention are useful in such applications as seam adhesives for metal cans.
In U.S. Pat. No. 3,657,389, hot melt adhesive blends of poly(tetramethylene terephthalate) and polystyrene are disclosed. The adhesion to certain metals of the polyester of particular inherent viscosity (I.V.) is increased by the addition of polystyrene. A similar I.V. poly(tetramethylene terephthalate) modified with 15-20 mole percent dimer acid and blended with polystyrene has now been found to provide a dramatic increase in adhesion, especially to uncoated steel. In our U.S. application Ser. No. 280,930 filed Aug. 14, 1972, now U.S. Pat. No. 3,795,644, hot melt adhesive compositions comprising a polyester derived mainly from 1,4-butanediol, terephthalic acid and dimer acid, blended with a vinyl aromatic polymer are disclosed.
In our pending application Ser. No. 425,046 filed Dec. 14, 1973, it is disclosed that similar compositions in which the polyester is derived from different glycols are also useful.
Modification of terephthalate polyesters in the adhesive blends with dimer acid decreases the melt viscosity of the blend at any given I.V. and the decrease in melt viscosity increases with increasing dimer acid modification. In many instances a melt viscosity of less than about 1000 poise is desirable. A relatively low melt viscosity can be obtained by 20 mole percent dimer acid modification of poly(tetramethylene) terephthalate blended with 15 weight percent polystyrene. At dimer acid contents greater than about 40 mole percent, the blend of copolyester and vinyl aromatic polymer has decreased heat resistance, whereas in the range of about 5-20%, the adhesively bonded substrates may be used at temperatures up to about 100�C. This blend, having an I.V. of 0.60, has good adhesion on metals compared to the blend without dimer acid. Polystyrene alone has very poor adhesive properties and dimer acid-modified terephthalate polyesters also have poor adhesive properties, but blends of these two polymers exhibit a remarkable improvement in adhesive properties.
It has now been found that hot melt adhesives having very low viscosity and improved adhesion to metals may be provided by preparing a composition which includes a copolyester derived from a glycol having from 2 to 10 carbon atoms, terephthalic acid and dimer acid, blended with an aliphatic hydrocarbon having a molecular weight of from about 250 to about 1200. The composition may be modified if desired by adding a small amount of a polymeric material comprising a vinyl aromatic polymer derived from a monomer of the formula ##SPC1##
wherein R is hydrogen or an alkyl group containing 1 to 4 carbon atoms and R1 is hydrogen, chlorine, alkyl from 1 to 4 carbon atoms or phenyl.
It may be expected that the blend containing the aliphatic hydrocarbon would have a lower melt viscosity, but it was indeed surprising to find that this composition had greater adhesive ability. Addition of the vinyl aromatic polymer to the blend results in improved ability of the blend to be extruded.
It is, therefore, an object of this invention to provide hot melt adhesive compositions with improved adhesion to various types of substrates, especially metals.
Another object is to provide a hot melt adhesive composition having a relatively low melt viscosity.
A still further object is to provide laminated articles consisting of various substrates bonded with these compositions.
Other objects are apparent elsewhere in this specification.
These objects have been obtained in accordance with the present invention through the discovery that terephthalate polyesters modified with dimer acid and blended with aliphatic hydrocarbons having a molecular weight of from about 250 to about 1200, and optionally, a vinyl aromatic polymer unexpectedly gives greatly improved adhesion on substrates such as metal and low melt viscosity. The polyester is blended with from about 5 to about 50% by weight of the aliphatic hydrocarbon, and preferably from about 20 to about 35% aliphatic hydrocarbon, the weight percent of the aliphatic hydrocarbon being based on the total weight of the blend. It may also be desirable that the blend of the polyester and aliphatic hydrocarbon contain from about 5 to about 15%, based on the total weight of the blend, of a vinyl aromatic monomer and that the total weight of the vinyl aromatic polymer and aliphatic hydrocarbon does not exceed 30 weight percent, based on the total blend weight.
The polyester portion of the blend preferably has an I.V. of at least about 0.5 (most desirably from 0.6 to 0.8) and is derived from
A. a glycol component, at least about 80 mole percent of which is an aliphatic or cycloaliphatic glycol containing from 2 to 10 carbon atoms. Other glycols, aliphatic or alicyclic, straight or branched chain, containing 11 to 40 carbon atoms may also be included in the glycol component in amounts not exceeding about 20 mole percent, and
B. an acid component of
1. dicarboxylic acid containing from 2 to 20 carbon atoms, at least about 80 mole percent of which is an aromatic dicarboxylic acid containing 8 to 20 carbon atoms, preferably terephthalic acid. Other dicarboxylic acids, aliphatic, or alicyclic, containing from 2 to 20 carbon atoms may also be included in this component in amounts not exceeding about 20 mole percent, and
2. a dimer acid component, as defined herein.
The acid component contains from about 60 to about 95 (preferably about 75 to about 90) mole percent of dicarboxylic acid (1) and from about 30 to about 5 (preferably about 25 to about 15) mole percent dimer acid (2). Where the major glycol component is 1,4-butanediol, however, the acid component may contain as much as 40 mole percent dimer acid. Since the dicarboxylic acid of 2-20 carbon atoms must be at least about 80 mole percent aromatic, the minimum amount of aromatic acid, based on the total acid content, is 48 mole percent. The blend may include a vinyl aromatic polymer, preferably polystyrene.
The term "dimer acid" as used herein refers to a 36 carbon atom, long chain, aliphatic dicarboxylic acid. The preparation and structure of the dimer acids are described in Journal of American Oil Chemists Society, 39, 534-545 (1962). It is generally prepared by dimerizing an unsaturated fatty acid containing 18 carbon atoms such as linoleic or linolenic acid or a monohydric alcohol ester thereof. It is recognized in the art that dimer acids are chemicals of unique properties. Several different grades of dimer acids are available commercially which vary in monomer and trimer content and iodine value. For example, dimer acid is available from Emery Industries, Inc. Preferably, the dimer acid used in this invention is substantially free of monomer and trimer fractions, which can be accomplished by distillation. Preferably, the dimer acid content is at least 95%. The dimer acid may be used in its hydrogenated or unhydrogenated form.
Although up to about 20 mole percent of the glycols and dicarboxylic acids, other than 2-10 carbon aliphatic or alicyclic glycols and aromatic acid may be used in the copolyester component of this invention if desired, it is preferred that the glycol and dicarboxylic acid portion be essentially 2-10 carbon atom glycols, and terephthalic acid. Glycols containing from 2 to 6 carbon atoms are preferred because of the higher melting points of their polyesters. Other suitable glycols are alicyclic and aliphatic glycols containing from 11 to 40 carbon atoms. The carbon chain may be straight or branched. Examples of suitable glycols include ethylene glycol; 1,4-butanediol; 1,6-hexanediol; 1,10-decanediol; 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediol; 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol; 1,4-cyclohexanediol; diethylene glycol; triethylene glycol and dimer glycol. Other suitable dicarboxylic acids are straight and branched chain aliphatic, alicyclic and aromatic acids containing from 2 to 20 carbon atoms including maleic, dimethylmalonic, adipic, 2-methyladipic, azelaic, sebacic, isophthalic, hexahydroterephthalic, hexahydroisophthalic, trans-1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic, 2,5-norbornanedicarboxylic and oxydipropionic acid.
The aliphatic hydrocarbon portion of the blend according to this invention may be straight chained or branched, may contain appreciable cycloaliphatic carbon, may be mixtures of these structures, and may contain up to about 20% aromatic carbon atoms based on the total number of carbon atoms present therein. The molecular weight range is from about 250 to about 1200. Lower molecular weights may be lost by volatilization during blend preparation or application of the adhesive blend. Higher molecular weights are often less compatible with the polyester and result in higher melt viscosity of the adhesive blends. The preferred molecular weight range is from about 400 to about 800.
Among the preferred aliphatic hydrocarbons are mineral oils, eicosane, hexacosane, triacontane, pentatriacontane, waxes such as paraffin wax, and petrolatum. The preferred aliphatic hydrocarbon is mineral oil having a molecular weight of about 450.
The vinyl aromatic polymers which may be used if desired in the adhesive blends of the invention are prepared by conventional procedures from the corresponding monomers and contain at least 50 weight percent of polymer units derived from at least one monomer having the formula: ##SPC2##
wherein R is hydrogen or an alkyl group containing 1 to 4 carbon atoms and R1 is hydrogen or at least one member selected from the group consisting of chlorine, alkyl groups containing 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and phenyl.
The vinyl aromatic polymer may be a copolymer, block copolymer, graft polymer, or blend containing up to 50 weight percent of polymer units derived from one or more of the following: olefins containing up to 12 carbon atoms (e.g., ethylene, propylene, butene, 4-methylpentene), butadiene, vinylnaphthalene, divinylbenzene, alkyl esters of acrylic and methacrylic acids wherein the alkyl groups contain from 1 to 4 carbons, acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, maleic anhydride, vinyl acetate, and other polymerizable compounds containing a --CH=C< group and which give copolymers which are stable under the extrusion and bonding conditions. Polystyrene is the preferred vinyl aromatic polymer. The inherent viscosity of the vinyl aromatic polymers, if used in the blends of the invention, may vary from about 0.1 to 0.8 or more, but the preferred inherent viscosity is about 0.4 to about 0.6.
The copolyesters of this invention are prepared by conventional techniques, for example, by ester interchange of the glycol or glycols with the dimethyl ester of terephthalic acid and simultaneous direct esterification of the dimer acid in the presence of a titanium alkoxide catalyst. Copolyesters of the aliphatic or alicyclic glycols with terephthalic acid containing up to 50 mole percent or more of dimer acid having inherent viscosities of up to 1.5 can be prepared by this procedure. The preferred dimer acid content is 15-25 mole percent and the preferred inherent viscosity is 0.6-0.7 to obtain the desired low melt viscosity adhesive blends.
Blending of the polyester and hydrocarbon compositions with vinyl polymers and other additives, if used, may be carried out by various common procedures, including mechanical mixing of the particles, blending on hot rolls, mixing in the melt, or mixing in solution and then removing the solvent. A satisfactory procedure is to stir the two polymers together under an inert atmosphere in a flask immersed in a metal bath.
Substances which may be laminated by the adhesives of this invention include metals (such as steel, iron, aluminum, chromium, copper, brass, bronze, nickel, zinc, titanium, and tin), wood, glass, paper, cardboard, and fabrics. The same or different materials may be laminated in one structure. It is generally advisable to clean the surfaces of the components to be laminated just prior to formation of the melt adhesive bonds to remove foreign matter, grease, oxide coatings, etc., which might interfere with the formation of strong bonds.
The polyester adhesive may be applied in molten form with a spatula or conventional extrusion equipment to the surfaces of the components to be laminated. Alternatively, a film of the polyester (2 to 6 mils in thickness) may be placed between the surfaces. After application of the polyester, the surfaces are clamped together with a pressure of several pounds per square inch and heat is applied by placing the clamped structure in a forced-air oven about 20� to 50�C. above the softening range of the polyester. A convenient way of bonding metal test strips for peel tests is to heat them together on a hot plate while rubbing back and forth with a wooden spatula. No additional pressure is necessary. A glue line (adhesive thickness) of 3 to 5 mils is satisfactory.
Fillers, pigments, processing aids, metal powders and glass cloth may be incorporated in the adhesive layer to increase the bonding strength and temperature resistance. Fillers and pigments, such as very finely divided silica, iron powder, alumina, talc or calcium carbonate, also affect the degree of crystallinity and the size of the spherulites. From 1 to 20% by weight may be added. Additives or processing aids may be used to further decrease the melt viscosity of the blends for more ease of application. Antioxidants and stabilizers also may be incorporated in the polymers to improve the thermal and oxidative stability at elevated temperatures.
In the examples which follow, all copolyesters are prepared by conventional condensation polymerization procedures from the respective glycol, the dimethyl ester(s) of the respective dicarboxylic acid(s), and dimer acid in the presence of titanium tetraisopropoxide catalyst (150 ppm. Ti, based on the weight of copolyester). Inherent viscosities (I.V.) are determined at a concentration of 0.50 g./100 ml. in 60/40 phenol/tetrachloroethane at 25�C. Corrections are made for the hydrocarbon additives in the blends.
The compatibility limit of a hydrocarbon component with a particular copolyester is determined by heating 4.0 g. of the copolyester in a tared test tube containing a glass stirring rod under nitrogen at 250�C. while stirring and slowly adding the hydrocarbon component until the mixture becomes detectably hazy. By reweighing the tube, the total blend weight, weight of hydrocarbon component, and weight percent of hydrocarbon component can be calculated. An exception is the dimer acid-modified polyterephthalate of 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol (Example 41 in Table 1) which is heated at 260�C. instead of 250�C. because of its relatively high melting point and melt viscosity. The compatibility limit for a hydrocarbon component is defined as the weight percent of this component based on total blend weight which produces a slight haze in the melt when blended with a particular copolyester at 250�C., with the above exception.
The molecular weights of the hydrocarbon components described in the examples are determined ebulliometrically in toluene according to the method published in Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 33, p. 447, March, 1961, a conventional test.
All copolyester/hydrocarbon component blends are prepared by placing the copolyester and component in a flask equipped with stirrer and provision for evacuation and a nitrogen atmosphere. After being evacuated and bled to nitrogen three times, the flask is heated at 250�C. with rapid-stirring for 30-40 minutes until a uniform blend (which may be transparent to opaque, depending upon the copolyester and concentration of hydrocarbon component) is obtained. An exception is the blend which contains the dimer acid-modified polyterephthalate of 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol. The blend is prepared at 265�C. because of its relatively high melting point and melt viscosity (Example 41 in Table 1). The blends are then cooled under nitrogen, removed from the flask, and used to prepare adhesive bonds for testing. The melt viscosity of the copolyester/hydrocarbon additive blends is determined with a Brookfield viscometer, Model LVT, and a Brookfield Thermosel Viscosity System according to ASTM 2556-66T at 240�C. and at shear rates ≦3.36 sec..sup.-1, except 10.0 g. instead of 10 cc. of blend is used and the sample is vacuum dried at 90�-95�C. before testing. The melt viscosity is measured after the sample is stirred in the viscometer for 20 minutes at 240�C., and a sample of the material is then immediately removed from the unit for inherent viscosity determination (as earlier described). Exceptions are samples containing the dimer acid-modified polyterephthalate of 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol (Examples 40 and 41, Table 1), which are measured at 260�C., and samples containing poly(hexamethylene terephthalate) modified with 30 mole percent of dimer acid (Examples 37, 38, and 39 in Table 1), which are measured at 175�C. after 30 minutes heating.
The T-peel strengths are determined on 12-mil aluminum (Type 1145) in accordance with ASTM D1876, but using precut (1-in. wide) specimens. The metal specimens are first degreased by washing three times in a detergent solution of Alconox (Alconox, Inc.) and rinsing in water each time. The metal specimens are then rinsed in acetone and allowed to air dry. These air-dried specimens are used to determine T-peel strength.
To prepare an adhesive bond, a specimen is heated sufficiently on a hot plate for the copolyester/hydrocarbon component blend to melt (applied as 20-mesh to 1/8-inch particles or by rubbing a large piece back and forth). A hot plate temperature of 220�-280�C. is used. After the molten polymer is evenly spread on the specimen over a 2-inch length with a wooden spatula, the top piece of metal is pressed against the sample. The sample is then turned over on the hot plate with the second metal strip against the hot plate surface. Heating is continued while the wooden spatula is rubbed back and forth over the adhesive area until a smooth, even glue line is obtained (about 20 seconds). Then the specimen is placed on the laboratory bench and rubbing continued for about 10 seconds longer while the adhesive cools. This method of forming the adhesive bonds gives reproducible results similar to those obtained by clamping the specimens together and heating in a forced-air oven 20�-50�C. above the polymer melting point. Glue lines are about 2 to 4 mils in thickness.
Table 1__________________________________________________________________________Properties of Dimer Acid-Modified Polyterephthalates Blended WithHydrocarbon ComponentsPolyterephthalate Hydrocarbon Component Data Blend Data Adhesive DataGlycol Dimer Compatibility Hydrocarbon Melt T-Peel, Lb./In.Inter- Acid, Com- Mol. Limit at Component Blend Viscosity WidthEx. mediate Mole % I.V. ponent Wt. 250�C., Wt.% Content, Wt.% I.V. I.V. Poise -40�C. 23�C.__________________________________________________________________________ 1* Ethylene glycol 20 0.63 None -- -- 0 0.63 0.51 484 4 19 2 Ethylene glycol 20 0.78 Mineral Oil 440 18 18 0.62 0.54 196 44 21 3 Ethylene glycol 20 0.78 Mineral Oil 440 18 23 0.62 0.54 218 46 23 4 Ethylene glycol 20 0.78 Mineral Oil 440 18 30 0.59 0.53 220 44 21 5* Ethylene glycol 30 0.72 None -- -- 0 0.72 0.65 1820 3 22 6 Ethylene glycol 30 0.72 Mineral Oil 440 38 43 0.67 0.59 37 20 13 7* 1,4-Butanediol 5 1.09 None -- -- 0 1.09 1.05 >2000 6 6 8 1,4-Butanediol 5 1.09 Mineral Oil 440 5 10 0.91 0.82 >2000 33 31 9* 1,4-Butanediol 10 0.83 None -- -- 0 0.83 0.71 1580 3 310 1,4-Butanediol 10 0.83 Mineral Oil 440 10 10 0.79 0.75 870 12 611 1,4-Butanediol 10 0.83 Mineral Oil 440 10 15 0.80 0.77 970 16 2212 1,4-Butanediol 10 0.83 Mineral Oil 440 10 20 0.79 0.72 930 18 2213 1,4-Butanediol 10 0.83 Paraffin wax 500 5 5 0.81 0.76 1200 3 314 1,4-Butanediol 10 0.83 Paraffin wax 500 5 10 0.80 0.75 1120 12 1015* 1,4-Butanediol 20 0.67 None -- -- 0 0.67 0.66 580 3 716 1,4-Butanediol 20 0.67 Eicosane 282 25 30 0.67 0.62 44 10 517 1,4-Butanediol 20 0.78 Mineral Oil 440 25 10 0.72 0.68 390 3 318 1,4-Butanediol 20 0.78 Mineral Oil 440 25 21 0.68 0.62 112 20 1319 1,4-Butanediol 20 0.78 Mineral Oil 440 25 25 0.71 0.65 112 26 2120 1,4-Butanediol 20 0.78 Mineral Oil 440 25 30 0.68 0.65 106 27 3021 1,4-Butanediol 20 0.78 Mineral Oil 440 25 35 0.68 0.65 98 19 2722 1,4-Butanediol 20 0.78 MIneral Oil 440 25 40 0.67 0.63 86 14 2723 1,4-Butanediol 20 0.78 Paraffin wax 500 17 17 0.71 0.67 186 15 324 1,4-Butanediol 20 0.78 Paraffin wax 500 17 23 0.71 0.69 239 12 925 1,4-Butanediol 20 0.78 Paraffin wax 500 17 30 0.70 0.69 304 16 2526 1,4-Butanediol 20 0.78 Paraffin wax 500 17 35 0.66 0.62 138 13 2327 1,4-Butanediol 20 0.78 Petrolatum 730 10 10 0.66 0.63 246 9 1028 1,4-Butanediol 20 0.78 Petrolatum 730 10 20 0.72 0.69 406 7 2729 1,4-Butanediol 20 0.78 Petrolatum 730 10 30 0.73 0.68 410 6 1930* 1,4-Butanediol 25 0.96 None -- -- 0 0.96 0.95 2000 4 1731 1,4-Butanediol 25 0.96 Mineral Oil 440 34 39 0.87 0.78 196 15 2132* 1,4-Butanediol 30 0.85 None -- -- 0 0.85 0.82 2000 5 1633 1,4-Butanediol 30 0.85 Mineral Oil 440 45 45 0.76 0.72 39 12 1234 1,4-Butanediol 30 0.85 Mineral Oil 440 45 50 0.78 0.73 47 11 935* 1,6-Hexanediol 20 0.75 None -- -- 0 0.75 0.71 770 2 1436 1,6-Hexanediol 20 0.75 Mineral Oil 440 38 43 0.72 0.68 37 20 1537* 1,6-Hexanediol 30 0.70 None -- -- 0 0.70 0.68 1210 18 1638 1,6-Hexanediol 30 0.70 Petrolatum 730 27 27 0.61 0.58 31 23 539 1,6-Hexanediol 30 0.70 Petrolatum 730 27 32 0.62 0.57 26 23 440* 70/30 trans/cis-1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol 20 0.96 None -- -- 0 0.96 0.85 2000 9 2241 70/30 trans/cis-1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol 20 096 Mineral Oil 440 32 35 0.79 0.69 178 19 9__________________________________________________________________________ *Control
The examples in Table 1 illustrate the improved T-peel strengths on aluminum substrates at -40�C. and/or 23�C. and the substantial reduction in melt viscosity obtained when a number of aliphatic hydrocarbon components are blended with several polyterephthalates modified with 5-30 mole percent dimer acid. Similarly improved T-peel strengths are obtained on tin-free steel substrates. The examples in Table 1 also illustrate the unanticipated sudden rise in T-peel strength obtained with the copolyester/hydrocarbon component blends as the hydrocarbon component concentration in the blend approaches and exceeds its compatibility limit by as much as 18 weight percent units (Examples 17-26 and others in Table 1). The sudden rise in T-peel strength obtained is unobvious, since it would be expected that the addition of enough hydrocarbon component to give an incompatible blend would give poorer adhesion. This phenomenon is very well illustrated by Examples 15 (control) and 17-20 in Table 1. In these examples of blends with similar I.V.'s, the T-peel strength at -40�C. and 23� C. is increased from 4 to 9 times the T-peel strength of the copolyester containing no hydrocarbon component. At the same time, the Brookfield melt viscosity at 240�C. (which is determined at <1 sec..sup.-1) is decreased to a value which is only about 18% of that of the control (Examples 15 and 20 in Table 1). At a higher shear rate (1000 sec..sup.-1) at 240�C., the decrease in melt viscosity imparted by the addition of sufficient mineral oil to be incompatible is much more pronounced. The melt viscosity, in this case, is reduced from about 500 poise for the copolyester alone to about 12 poise for the copolyester blended with 30 weight percent mineral oil. These values represent more than a 97% decrease in melt viscosity at these conditions by the addition of 30 weight percent mineral oil.
Table 2__________________________________________________________________________Properties of Poly(tetramethylene terephthalate) Modified With20 Mole Percent Dimer Acid/Naphthenic Oil Blends Blend Data Adhesive Data Naphthenic Oila Naphthenic Oil Melt T-Peel on 12-Mil Aluminum, Molecular Compatibility Content of Blend Viscosity Lb./In. WidthExample Component Weight Limit, Wt. % Blend, Wt. % I.V. I.V. Poise -40�C. 23�C.__________________________________________________________________________42 (Control) None -- -- None 0.67 0.66 580 3 743 Flexon 875 580 19 20 0.67 0.63 123 -- 1444 Flexon 875 580 19 25 0.65 0.63 96 -- 3045 Flexon 875 580 19 30 0.68 0.65 116 -- 2846 Flexon 790 710 20 30 0.63 0.59 116 17 2047 Flexon 791 760 16 26 0.63 0.61 136 16 2748 Flexon 895 915 10 20 0.63 0.61 191 13 19__________________________________________________________________________ a See Table 3 for composition of oil.
Examples 42-48 in Table 2 illustrate the utility of (1) hydrocarbon components which contain a substantial percentage of cycloaliphatic carbon atoms and (2) hydrocarbon components which contain an appreciable percentage of aromatic carbon atoms, and (3) such hydrocarbon components having molecular weights of greater than 900. These components are called "naphthenic oils" and are sold commercially by the Exxon Chemical Co. under the tradename "Flexon". Table 3 gives data on these hydrocarbon components. The term "naphthenic carbon atoms" means that the carbon atoms are a part of a cycloaliphatic structure, usually cyclopentane and cyclohexane rings.
Table 3______________________________________ Carbon Type Analysis, %Naphthenic Oil Aromatic Aliphatic Naphthenic______________________________________Flexon 790 9 59 32Flexon 791 11 61 28Flexon 875 4 68 28Flexon 895 5 68 27______________________________________
The copolyester used to prepare the blends described in Examples 43-48 is poly(tetramethylene terephthalate) modified with 20 mole percent dimer acid, I.V. 0.78.
The T-peel strengths at -40� and/or 23�C. on aluminum substrates of the blends of Examples 43-48 in Table 2 are substantially improved, while the melt viscosity is substantially decreased, when compared to those of the copolyester control (Example 42 in Table 2). Similarly improved T-peel strengths are also obtained on tin-free steel substrates.
Examples 49 and 50 illustrate the utility of a dimer acid-modified copolyester containing 20 mole percent isophthalate modification in the present invention.
A copolyester of 1,4-butanediol with 70/20/10 molar ratios of terephthalic/isophthalic/dimer acids is prepared by standard procedures to I.V. 0.74. The compatibility limit of this copolyester with mineral oil (mol. wt. 440) at 250�C. is 12 weight percent, and the Brookfield melt viscosity of the copolyester at 240�C. is 1200 poise at 0.42 sec..sup.-1 and 0.68 I.V. A blend of this copolyester with 20 weight percent mineral oil is prepared and its I.V. and melt viscosity (at 240�C.) are, respectively, 0.67 and 740 poise at 0.84 sec..sup.-1 (I.V. of melt viscosity sample: 0.63). The T-peel strengths of the copolyester and the copolyester/20% mineral oil blend are given in Examples 49 and 50 in Table 4.
Table 4______________________________________ T-Peel on 12-Mil Aluminum,Mineral Oil Lb./In. WidthExample Content, % -'�C. 23�C.______________________________________49 0 7 550 20 17 23______________________________________
Similarly improved T-peel strengths are obtained on tin-free steel substrates.
Examples 51-54 in Table 5 illustrate the improved extrudability and good adhesive strength obtained when a vinyl aromatic polymer, polystyrene, is coblended with mineral oil in poly(tetramethylene terephthalate) modified with 20 mole percent dimer acid. These blends are prepared by "preblending" at 250�C. the appropriate amount of mineral oil with the copolyester (I.V. 0.78) as earlier described, cooling to 23�C., and grinding to pass a 3-mm. screen. This granular product is then physically mixed with granulated polystyrene and melt extruded in a 3/4-in. extruder at ˜200�C. Extrudability is rated as poor (will not extrude), fair (extrudes slowly only when manually fed), and good (extrudes at normal rate without manual aid). T-peel strengths are determined at 23�C.
Table 5__________________________________________________________________________ Components T-Peel Strength, Lb./In. Width Polystyrene Mineral Oil Blend Tin-Free Steel AluminumExample No. Content, % Content, % I.V. Extrudability (6-mil) (12-mil)__________________________________________________________________________51 0 30 0.68 poor 27 3052 5 25 0.72 fair 26 2953 10 20 0.69 good 27 2954 15 15 0.69 good 29 30__________________________________________________________________________
All of the blends in Table 5 contain a total of 30 weight percent total component(s). Substantially poorer T-peel strength is obtained if this total is decreased to 25% or increased to 35%.
This example illustrates the excellent adhesive strength and very low melt viscosity of poly(ethylene terephthalate) modified with 20 mole percent dimer acid blended with a vinyl aromatic polymer (polystyrene) and mineral oil.
The adhesive blend is prepared by melt blending in a flask at 250�C. under nitrogen: (1) 80.0 g. poly(ethylene terephthalate) modified with 20 mole percent dimer acid, I.V. 0.51, (2) 10 g. (10 weight percent) polystyrene, I.V. 0.60, and (3) 10.0 g. (10 weight percent) mineral oil (m.w. 440). The blend I.V. (corrected for mineral oil content) is 0.49, and its Brookfield viscosity at 240�C. is 102 poise at an I.V. of 0.45. The T-peel strength of 23�C. of this blend on 12-mil aluminum is 38 lb./in. width. Example 1 (control) in Table 1 illustrates the substantially lower T-peel strength obtained when no hydrocarbon and polystyrene components are present.
Unless otherwise specified, all parts, percentages, ratios, etc., are by weight.
Although the invention has been described in considerable detail with particular reference to certain preferred embodiments thereof, variations and modifications can be effected within the spirit and scope of the invention.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|May 15, 1964
|May 14, 1968
|British Nylon Spinners Ltd
|Elastomeric polyesters derived from glycols, dimerized fatty acids and aromatic dicarboxylic acids
|Jul 13, 1966
|Jun 25, 1968
|Goodyear Tire & Rubber
|Ethylene glycol-terephthalic aciddimer acid copolyester resin
|Nov 18, 1968
|Feb 15, 1972
|Hudson Pulp & Paper Corp
|Coating for multi-wall bags
|Jan 28, 1970
|Feb 22, 1972
|Eastman Kodak Co
|Low-viscosity high-strength thermoplastic adhesive
|Feb 12, 1970
|Apr 18, 1972
|Eastman Kodak Co
|Hot-melt adhesive polymer blends
|May 17, 1971
|Jul 3, 1973
|D Kest
|Elastomer-based pressure sensitive adhesive composition
|Sep 28, 1971
|Nov 6, 1973
|Gaf Corp
|Adhesive stick
|Aug 14, 1972
|Mar 5, 1974
|Eastman Kodak Co
|Hot melt adhesive composition
|Nov 9, 1973
|Aug 6, 1974
|Shell Oil Co
|Stable elastomeric polymer-oil compositions
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Dec 11, 1975
|Aug 30, 1977
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Flexible polyester having a melting point of at least 140� C.
|Mar 17, 1978
|Mar 25, 1980
|Gaf Corporation
|Impact modified thermoplastic copolyester
|Feb 7, 1979
|Aug 5, 1980
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Molding composition comprising a blend of poly (tetramethylene terephthalate) and poly(tetramethylene terephthalate) modified with dimer acid
|Jul 6, 1979
|May 19, 1981
|Toyo Boseki Kabushiki Kaisha
|Metal-coated plastic product
|Jan 6, 1999
|Aug 21, 2001
|Toyo Boseki Kabushiki Kaisha
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Comment & debate
Tuesday 29 June 2010
A diplomatic iniquityGeoffrey RobertsonGeoffrey Robertson: Legal immunity is an anachronism. Embassy staff should no longer be able to dodge justice
Spectres of inhumanityThorbjørn Jagland
Thorbjørn Jagland: New hatreds are surfacing in Europe. The economic crisis cannot be an excuse to walk over human rights
The Russians have spy rings. We have trooping the colourSimon JenkinsSimon Jenkins: This nostalgic yarn shows how security services, like the armed forces, are struggling to find a new role in a changed world


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Hi There
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Geronimus says black-white differences in mortality "help silence black voices in the electorate"
Do universities need more conservative thinkers?
Starr critical of risk assessment scores for sentencing
Frey's new report explores how the changing US electorate could shape the next 5 presidential elections, 2016 to 2032
U-M's Data Science Initiative offers expanded consulting services via CSCAR
Elizabeth Bruch promoted to Associate Professor
Susan Murphy elected to the National Academy of Sciences
PSC Brown Bags
will resume fall 2016
Professor of Sociology, Department of Sociology, and Research Professor at National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Response to Terrorism, University of Maryland.
Off-Campus Research Affiliate, Population Studies Center.
Ph.D., University of Wisconsin
Dr. Moaddel studies culture, ideology, political conflict, revolution and social change. His work currently focuses on the causes and consequences of values and attitudes of the Middle Eastern and Islamic publics. He has carried out values surveys in Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Morocco, and Saudi Arabia. He has also carried out youth surveys in Egypt and Saudi Arabia. His previous research project analyzed the determinants of ideological production in the Islamic world. He teaches sociology of religion, ideology, revolution, Islam and the Middle East. He also teaches statistics and research methods.
Moaddel, Mansoor. 2007. Values and perceptions of the Islamic and Middle Eastern publics. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Abstract.
Moaddel, Mansoor. 2005. Islamic Modernism, Nationalism, and Fundamentalism: Episode and Discourse. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Abstract.
Thornton, Arland, Georgina Binstock, Mohammad Jalal Abbasi-Shavazi, Dirgha Ghimire, Arjan Gjonca, Attila Melegh, Colter Mitchell, Mansoor Moaddel, Yu Xie, Li-Shou Yang, Linda Young-DeMarco, and Kathryn Yount. 2012. "Knowledge and Beliefs about National Development and Developmental Hierarchies: the Viewpoints of Ordinary People in Thirteen Countries." Social Science Research, 41(5): 1053-1068. PMCID: PMC3462366. DOI. Abstract.
Thornton, Arland, Alexandra Achen Killewald, Jennifer S. Barber, Georgina Binstock, Wade M. Garrison, Dirgha Ghimire, Ronald F. Inglehart, Rukmalie Jayakody, Yang Jiang, Julie de Jong, Katherine E. King, Ron J. Lesthaeghe, Sohair Mehanna, Colter Mitchell, Mansoor Moaddel, Mary Beth Ofstedal, Norbert Schwarz, Guangzhou Wang, Yu Xie, Li-Shou Yang, Linda Young-Demarco, and Kathryn Yount. 2010. "Creating Questions and Protocols for an International Study of Ideas About Development and Family Life." In Survey Methods in Multinational, Multiregional and Multicultural Conexts edited by Janet A. Harkness, Michael Braun, Brad Edwards, Timothy P. Johnson, Lars Lyberg, Peter Ph. Mohler, Beth-Ellen Pennell, Tom W. Smith. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. DOI. Abstract.
Moaddel, Mansoor. 2014. "Modalities of National Sovereignty: Territorial Nationalism versus Islamic Fundamentalism in Muslim-Majority Countries." PSC Research Report No. 14-816. February 2014. Abstract. PDF.
Moaddel, Mansoor. 2012. "The Arab Spring and Egyptian Revolution Makers: Predictors of Participation." PSC Research Report No. 12-775. September 2012. Abstract. PDF.
Moaddel, Mansoor, Jean Kors, and Johan Gärde. 2012. "Sectarianism and Counter-Sectarianism in Lebanon." PSC Research Report No. 12-757. May 2012. Abstract. PDF.


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Thursday, July 14, 2016
Back Home
We are back from two weeks in Ohio and I have a ton of things to catch up on. I'm having a little trouble recovering. (Much napping has been happening.) I was looking at this trip as kind of a dry run for taking everyone to Korea next year, and while I am feeling generally positive about it, I'm also really glad that it's next year and not any time soon.
We arrived home in time for the first Sun Sugar tomatoes. This year I bought three plants and started three from seed. It's been pretty cool and rainy since we got home, but now it's warming back up again. Should be good tomato weather.
Posted by Helena at 3:19 PM 1 comments
Sunday, June 19, 2016
Porch Pics with Dad
Posted by Helena at 10:15 PM 0 comments
Labels: Father's Day
Saturday, May 28, 2016
Going to Mount St. Helens
Saturday of Memorial Day weekend, we took a day trip out to Mount St. Helens. The day started out rainy and we weren't sure how the visibility was going to be, but Doug checked a webcam of the mountain and we decided to go for it.
Doug and Kate went to help clean the church so we didn't get on the road till about 11:00. Doug wanted to drive out through Tenino and see some of the little places that you don't get to see from the highway. It was really pretty--very green and hilly, and the patchy cloud cover made for some nice lighting.
We stopped to visit Grandma Mary and her new husband, Ed. They have a little place out in the country, south of Chehalis.
We stopped at the first visitor's center (before you get to the actual park), where Doug got a hat pin and Kate found a cute little bat finger puppet. (She's been very interested in bats lately.)
Further up the road is the Forest Learning Center, which has a playground. We had to stop and let the kids run around for a while.
The central feature of the playground is a big fake volcano, where kids can play "don't touch the lava!"
The view was amazing. (And the lighting made my little Mom-with-camera heart very happy.)
We drove through the reforested area, and then got into some places where you can still see the tree trunks sprawled on the ground, away from the blast.
It was after 4:30 by the time we got to the Johnston Ridge Observatory. That was where most of the people were--they have a big parking lot, and it was pretty full. The mountain was huge and impressive, looming somberly over everything. I imagine it's quite blinding on a clear day.
There were a lot of these red flowers around--I don't know what they are!
A nice man at the top of the ridge took a family picture for us.
Cool clouds on the way back (starting to get dark!)
In the tiny town of Toledo we stopped to get gas and noticed a Mexican restaurant across the street, so we decided to get dinner there.
The restaurant was right next to the Cowlitz river, so we had to go check it out after we ate. Doug stuck a hand in and pronounced it glacially cold. And Andy, of course, found some rocks to throw in.
We arrived back home after the kids' bedtime. Long day! We had a couple of minor meltdowns (and one somewhat-less-minor one) but it was a good trip.
Saturday, May 21, 2016
Snail Watching
Kate spent quite a while out in the rain, watching all the snails in the yard. It's like Snail City out there when it's wet.
They really like the Red Hot Poker plant!
Kate wants a pet snail. I guess it's no weirder than pet pillbugs (and possibly less likely to get eaten by the cat).
Posted by Helena at 9:00 PM 1 comments
Labels: critters
Thursday, May 05, 2016
Front Yard Flowers
The dutch irises in the front yard made a nice backdrop for our annual Children's Day pictures. It was a really sunny day so we waited till evening and got some nice lighting.
Andy is always looking away from the camera, or looking like he's thinking really hard.
Kate on the camera.
Kate had so much fun goofing off in the yard that she wanted to finish up her homework out there too. I'm not complaining!
Posted by Helena at 9:00 PM 0 comments
Labels: Children's Day
Friday, April 29, 2016
Käthe Kollwitz and The Threepenny Opera
Tacoma Opera finished out their season with a production of The Threepenny Opera. This was a very different set from anything else that I've worked on. Noel gave me five drawings by Käthe Kollwitz
to reproduce on big panels, to display along the back of the set. The opera was written in 1928 in Germany (between the wars), and its themes of social criticism are nicely illustrated by Kollwitz's depictions of poverty and oppression.
For this show we had the use of an empty office building downtown (owned by the man who owns the Armory, I hear). Doug checked out a laptop and projector from school, and I used that to trace the images onto the panels. I've never tried reproducing anything like this in paint before, and I wasn't sure how it was going to go, but it turned out to be surprisingly quick and easy. The fact that they were (mostly) sketchy and imprecise helped a lot. I ended up just dry-brushing everything, and it looked just like sketchy pencil lines.
This was the one piece that was not sketchy pencil lines--more of a cross-hatch pen-and-ink technique, which was a lot more complicated to reproduce. I'm glad they weren't all like that!
I thought the girl in profile was looking a little too Dr. Seuss-y, so when Anne Marie came painting with me one day, I got her to take a look at it and figure out what it needed. (Doug often gets to fill this role when I work on things at home--it helps to have a second pair of eyes.)
Anne Marie dry-brushing stairs. The rest of the set was all weathered gray wood.
Photo by Kate (she was having stomach pains and came with me instead of going to school that day).
This was a really nice space. There was plenty of room to spread out all my painting stuff and not get in the way of rehearsals. (It did get a bit hot and stuffy on sunny days, but other than that it was awesome.) The ceilings were nice and high, too, so I didn't have to worry about whacking anything when turning a panel over. They were looking for a new tenant, though, so I guess we won't be able to use it again. Alas!
Theater load-in started on a Friday instead of Saturday this time, and I was actually not painting up until the last minute on the day of dress rehearsal. There was still a lot to do, painting and dry-brushing the scaffolding that they put together, and painting the undersides of the higher platforms black so they wouldn't be glaringly visible from the audience. It was kind of a noisy set, with people running up and down the different levels, but Tony put some carpet on the higher platforms and that helped.
Photos by Peter Serko.
(That's Johann in the back.)
I went to the opening night show with Mary McGiffin and Erica Davis (Anne Marie went to a Sherman Alexie book signing and couldn't come). Mary has been to four of my six operas with me, but it looks like this was our last together, since they just found out that they're moving to Spokane. So sad! I will miss my opera buddy!
I wasn't completely familiar with the storyline, but I knew that it was pretty dark and gritty. If I were going to sum up the theme, I would say it's about how morality goes out the window when people are starving. This definitely isn't one to take kids to. The cast did a fabulous job and everything looked amazing.
I got to paint all three shows this season! Now I shall fill my summer with other projects.
Labels: set painting, Tacoma Opera
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So we found out when I was 19 weeks along that our child has these challenges. We have been praying for the best but trying to prepare for the worst. I have been reading a lot of blogs and support group posts to learn what our future may hold. However, there are no absolute answers and it is so very scary to wait and see. Any input and or experience would help, thanks for your time.
26 weeks pregnant, my son has acc, spina bifida and hydrocephalus
Posted 11/26/2012
Comments (6)
Posted 12/03/2012
The wait and see is absolutely the hardest part! When I was pregnant, my husband kept hounding the docs for "percentages". What percentage of kids will do this? What percentage of kids will be affected this way? Unfortunately, there is no clear answer! You won't know how your baby will be affected until he comes, and I know it's hard, but try not to worry too much. Reading about all the possible problems gets scary but I just kept telling myself not to worry until I had something to worry about.
DD #1 3-7-2012 TS, ACC, and perfect.
Posted 12/03/2012
I'll keep you in my prayers! I hope everything turns out well with yoru baby! <3
Posted 12/05/2012
Don't read that stuff it just scares you and EVERY child is different so your child will be his own so try not to set expectations whether they be high or low, that is something I had to learn in the beginning.
Posted 12/18/2012
There's a pretty active VERY supportive hydro group on BC you might check out. As PP said there is a wide range of outcomes. At one point we told our docs to quit saying "bad outcome" because to us that meant "dead baby." As long as our little guy would get to come home with us at some point, that was a good outcome. Keep in mind too that your LO may have a partial CC, it's hard to see such tiny structures in the fetal MRI. Turns out my son is total ACC but they couldn't confirm that until an MRI at 4 mos. mine also has hydro and a cyst, and is visually impaired and delayed but we love him to pieces and are enjoying that he is taking a little longer to grow up. There are worse things than a super cuddler!
Posted 01/12/2013
Hi I have been in.the same boat since 19 weeks also .. I am 37 weeks and I am having my baby girl Monday .. she also has.severe hydrocephalus ACC ,
Did you have the amino test done? ? My Kinley also has a rare chromosome abnormality.
Did you have the amino test done? ? My Kinley also has a rare chromosome abnormality.
prayersfordavid · Original Poster
Posted 01/12/2013
I did and the test came back negative for all abnormalities. I am so sorry you are going through this.


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Arsenal Message Board
A Yahoo! User Dec 13, 2013 14:25 Flag
Robin Van Persil
Apparently he's pulled a sickie for a further one month having just returned from injury treatment table at Carrington.
Looks like a 1 season wonder for Man U injury-wise........... rotten lucky eh!
Shrek would have to carry the can on his own.......Sort: Newest | Oldest | Most Replied Expand all replies
OINK OINK! OINK OINK! Dec 13, 2013 17:51 Flag
I seem to recall plenty of Man U titheads always going on about how RvP was injury prone and was never a world class forward whilst he was at Arsenal.
Wenger did well to cash in on RvP when he did, he's the wrong side of 30 and getting paid over the odds at Old Toilet and probably had his best season, last season! It's all downhill for RvP from now on!
A Yahoo! User Dec 13, 2013 14:27 Flag
^ rotten luck.........
- 1 Reply to A Yahoo! User
Hardly rotten luck, (in my humble opinion)
It doesn't matter how good he can be, if you buy a player with an injury record like his, he is going to be missing more often than players with a better injury record. I was not shocked how good he was last season as he can be amazing but I was surprised he played as often as he did considering his fitness record.
Still early days and maybe he is fitter and stronger than his past record, but I think Man U will find they were lucky to get last season out of him.
But yes, they have Shrek and Little P, so it's not a crisis


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Endurance exercise and metabolism are linked to transcriptional activation of human telomeres, researchers propose.
Spotted: Emperor Penguins
April 17, 2012|
Satellites are used to count the number of penguins living in Antarctica.
April 17, 2012|
Satellites are used to count the number of penguins living in Antarctica.
April 11, 2012|
A giraffe's spots can give away its years.
April 10, 2012|
Social insect soldiers not only protect the colony from insect invasions; some also secrete strong antifungal compounds to kill microscopic enemies.
April 10, 2012|
Scientists test which mutations underlie metabolic diseases that may benefit from changes in diet.
April 9, 2012|
Yet another study demonstrates that how pesticides might be related to the collapse of wild bee colonies.
April 4, 2012|
A deadly mushroom toxin shrinks pancreatic tumors in mice.
April 3, 2012|
A new study shows that grooming by ants promotes colony-wide resistance to fungal infections by transferring small amounts of pathogen to nestmates.
April 2, 2012|
Vaccination via tiny microneedles elicits a powerful immune response in the skin.
April 1, 2012|
A novel liquid laser set-up can detect single nucleotide mutations in a cancer gene.
April 1, 2012|
Asking pointed questions is a key part of the scientific process.


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Cut through the noise. The bold design of the ASTRO A*STAR™ In-Ear Headset is the ultimate in hack-n-slash combat; featuring an in-line medallion with mic, volume dial and answer/hang up button, flat tangle-resistant cables, a PC splitter, three sizes of ear gels and a handy carrycase. Inspired by the light-weight materials and aggressive forms of high performance headgear, the A*STAR...
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"Internet Marketing 201": Score Southeast Wisconsin explores Internet-related activities that can drive business growth; 9 a.m.-noon, Milwaukee County Research Park, 9900 Innovation Drive, Wauwatosa; $35; reservation requested; (414) 297-3942, www.scoresewisconsin.org.
"Twitter 101 for your Business - Getting Started": Christina Steder of Clear Verve Marketing leads this program, part of the Greater Brookfield Chamber of Commerce Business Education program; 7:30 a.m. to noon; University of Phoenix, Milwaukee Campus, 20075 Watertower Blvd., Brookfield; Brookfield chamber members - $35 for first registration and $20 for additional employees, nonmembers - $45 for first registration and $25 for additional employees; advance registration with payment is required by today; register by calling (262) 786-1886 or e-mailing firstname.lastname@example.com.
Business After 5: Sponsored by and held at Mitchell's Fish Market, 275 N. Moorland Road; 5 to 7 p.m.; $10 for Greater Brookfield Chamber of Commerce members with registration by noon June 22, $15 for those not preregistered and first-time guests, $40 nonmembers; to register contact the chamber at (262) 786-1886 or firstname.lastname@example.com.
Active Business Leads Exchange: Networking with West Allis West Milwaukee, Wauwatosa and Greater Brookfield chambers of commerce; 7 to 8:30 a.m.; Bluemound Gardens, 11703 W. Blue Mound Road; $14 advance registration, $18 at the door, call the Greater Brookfield Chamber for information and nonmember pricing, (262) 786-1886.
Business After Hours: The Wauwatosa West Suburban Chamber of Commerce is hosting an evening of live music and casual networking at McCormick and Schmick's Seafood Restaurant at 2550 N. Mayfair Road from 5 to 7 p.m.; $5 for chamber members and $10 for others; registration required, (414) 453-2330, email@example.com.
Greater Brookfield Chamber of Commerce golf outing: At Ironwood Golf Course in Sussex; $165 for individuals, $600 for a foursome; (262) 786-1886.
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Emergency and Disaster Management
Bachelor of Arts
The Bachelor of Arts in Emergency and Disaster Management (EDM) offers a practical education designed to prepare you for a full spectrum of careers in emergency management and public safety. It introduces you to the all-hazards approach, and provides an in-depth understanding of risk assessment, hazard identification, prevention and management techniques, the multiple phases of emergency and disaster management, and counterterrorism, as well as prevention, management, mitigation, and recovery from man-made and natural disasters. From the smallest incident to the largest catastrophe, our emergency and disaster management program stresses the fact that all disasters are local, which is a foundational emergency management concept.
This program is recognized by the Foundation of Higher Education for Disaster and Emergency Management and Homeland Security. The university is the first online institution to receive this important distinction.
The curriculum for this online bachelor's program is reviewed by an advisory council of industry experts for relevancy to today's marketplace. Course topics include:
- Research methods with writing and analytical skills
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Courses in this program are taught by highly credentialed and experienced instructors, many who are board-certified emergency managers (CEM) or who hold key positions in government agencies or national safety and security organizations.
Program Objectives
In addition to the institutional and degree level learning objectives, graduates of this program are expected to achieve these learning outcomes:
- Identify the goals of disaster management from prevention/reduction of loss due to hazards, disasters, and emergencies.
- Differentiate between response strategies for the various emergency and disaster incidents.
- Examine the phases of the cycle of disasters.
- Compare and contrast the roles and responsibilities of the individuals and agencies in an emergency and disaster incident.
- Analyze factors and coping strategies involved in emergencies and disasters.
- Demonstrate emergency and disaster preparedness from planning to recovery.
Degree at a Glance
- Number of Credits 122
- Cost per Credit $270
Total Tuition
- Before transfer credits
- Max Transfer Credits 91
- School Security & Global Studies
- Program Director Terri Wilkin
- Program Courses
- Gainful Employment
Admission Requirements
- All undergraduate programs require a minimum of a high school diploma or equivalent (i.e. GED).
- New undergraduate students may be asked to complete our College Readiness Assessment (ADMN100). If you have successfully completed 9 or more hours of college credit, you may reach out to your admission representative to inquire about waiving this requirement.
- If you have previous college experience, you will be asked to submit your transcripts from previous schools where you earned academic credit.
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text:
The Inevitable Results of War: Sins as Well as Crimes
What If Resurrection Is A Choice?
A Pastor's Testimony of Redemption May End in Deportation
Pastor Walter is experiencing firsthand the effects of a broken immigration system. Walter migrated to the United States from Colombia when he was young, petitioned by his parents, who were Lawful Permanent Residents. Walter's parents wanted for their son to enjoy the opportunities that the United States had to offer.
World Vision Staff Killed in Pakistan: The Cost of Courageous Compassion
We Sentence Innocent People to their Deaths
It is Death Penalty Awareness Week, and supporters of human rights across the country have turned their attention to a uniquely complicated injustice -- the implementation of capital punishment in the United States.
Justice on Trial in Honduras
Sadness and Hope in the Aftermath of Immigration Enforcement
One More Gun Death Too Many -- and Three Things You Can Do About It
At about midnight we heard the shots ring out. My friend ran to the door and I heard him yell, "Shane, a kid has been shot, come down." As we looked down the street we could see a young man staggering as he walked down our block. Then his knees gave out and he fell to the ground. We called for an ambulance and ran outside to be with the boy.


text:
5.0 stars 11 totalReview David Wilson
Posted by 19Teri Guerra
My husband's immigration process began over 20 years ago. It was a complicated case, to say the least. We contacted David Wilson in 2010. We have had a rough time going through the whole process. We truly never believed that his case would have a positive outcome and thought he would be deported. David always remained confident, even when things didn't look good to us. He was encouraging and insisted that he would do everything in his power to see that my husband remained in this country. Almost six years years after our original consult, my husband's case was resolved. Yes he received his permanent residence status! I would definitely recommend Wilson Law Group! Thank you David and staff!!
Posted by a client
I am glad I met David Wilson on the part to my True North. He is a brilliant immigration attorney. He has put together a great group. He is honest, He is not expensive (i.e. you pay less to get more), He does not guarantee anything, but he will fight while there is still hope. I have known him for over 9 years now. His firm recently won a very difficulty case for the family. I trust his judgement completely. He is a good man and thorough.
Posted by Nina
I recommend to David Lee as the best lawyer in Minnesota and anywhere in the USA. Lawyer David Wilson is a soul of love for service to others, He is a man who works to defend the rights of the people, he is not a man working to make money, he is a very fair person . David is a lawyer in another evolution of the common society. It is a professional person kind, honest, sincere, intelligent, successful, coherent, elegant. I can be sure the attorney david not make you lose time. The really tells you that you can expect from your case 100% sure. David entiende y defiende a los emigrantes cuando son abusados con el poder de otros o luchan por vivir legalmente en su país, es increíble persona.
Posted by Ana
I am writing to recommend David Wilson as an excellent immigration attorney.
In addition to assisting me with other legal issues, he has been my immigration attorney for nearly 10 years. In 2006, I went to Mr. Wilson to have my working visa (H1-B) renewed. In subsequent years, my H1-B had to be transferred from one employer to another. In 2008, he helped me with an employer who didn't want to pay me for my final two weeks of work. Around 2010, we began the process of changing my status to Permanent Resident, which we achieved in early June, 2015. He won all the cases.
In every single case, not only was Mr. Wilson effective and efficient, but also he patiently explained the details of each process. With English being my second language, and not being familiar with immigration laws and vocabulary, I always appreciated that he took time to explain everything to me. His confidence made me feel more at ease through some very stressful times in dealing with the immigration process. Should I need an attorney in the future, whether it is for immigration, family, or any other matter, I will contact David Wilson without hesitation.
Posted by Varghese Alexander
A big huge thank you from the bottom of my heart to WLG and its staff for the great legal help and the support they have given me throughout my immigration (work VISA to GC to citizenship) process. All the way from when my file was first accepted by WLG, through the transition from Work related GC application to marriage related GC application and beyond, David's quick response to my queries and prompt follow ups have always made me feel like I was his only client (I know for sure that I am not!!)
WLG's service has helped me rest peacefully knowing that my immigration case is in safe hands. I cannot thank David and WLG enough. Throughout my 13 years of immigration legal needs I have dealt with many attorneys and I can honestly say that WLG is the best. I have been referring all my friends to WLG and I am sure that WLG will get an email/call when anyone in my immediate family needs any immigration help.
Posted by Irina
David Wilson is an outstanding lawyer. He represented me in my immigration case as a pro bono lawyer. I worked with another lawyer before, and spent all money I had with no results. So when my advocates offered me talk to Mr Wilson about my difficult case, I didn't believe that I could get any positive result, because I was going through divorce, plus my immigration case has not been resolved. It took a while to get things done, but Mr. Wilson did an incredible job. I received full custody of my son and stayed in the country. He gave me chance to built my life from the beginning, I will never forget this!!! I would highly recommend Mr Wilson to anybody who is looking for a real professional with a kind heart, what is very rare nowadays!
Posted by Veronica
He is professional, knowledgeable, affordable and very polite. He responds to most questions within minutes, and his office is full of great people. I have worked with his firm about three times, and I have never been disappointed.
Posted by P
I have been a client of WLG and of Mr. Wilson for over three years and cannot recommend him enough. During our first meeting he was straight forward about what he could and could not do for me. He provided clear options and was always receptive to my concerns. Our contract was clear, upfront, and there were never any unexpected or outrageous fees. His attention to detail, accessibility, and confidence made the process much less stressful for myself and my husband. David along with his support staff worked diligently to prepare a flawless application as well as preparing us for our USCIS interviews. He takes your calls directly and even met with me on a SATURDAY during a particularly hectic week. This guy knows his stuff! There were absolutely NO surprises, everything happened exactly as he had predicted. Everyone at this law firm is passionate about the work they do. All of the staff I interacted with were fully bilingual and well versed in the cultural demographic they serve. David is a word class attorney at a top notch law firm that still treats their clients as friends and family. If you are going through an immigration case, David Wilson is the guy you want sitting next to you at USCIS. I am fortunate to have him as an attorney and a friend and will continue to seek his services for future immigration matters.
Posted by Wes
David Wilson is among most honest, committed and knowledgeable people I have ever met. Throughout the three years he has served as my immigration lawyer, he has repeatedly demonstrated his sincere passion for helping people, particularly those in need. His remarkable skill-set and knowledge undoubtedly stems from his drive to stand up for what is right and fight for justice and fairness. His dedication is truly unique. Aside from knowing that my case was a priority to David, I was impressed at his efficiency and attention to detail. Many years of fighting for individual's rights has left him with an unmatched knowledge of the immigration system. David Wilson is simply the best option out there and I consider myself extremely fortunate to have him handling my case.
Posted by Michele
I would like to recommend Mr. David Wilson to anyone who is dealing with immigation issues. He is very knowledgable and his staff are extremely friendly, helpful and willing to go above and beyond to help out the clients. The reason why I recommend him is because I saw first hand how organized his firm is compared to others when I accompanied my husband to his immigrant visa interview in Ciudad Juarez in February 2012. He had everything organized into packets for each appointment we had to go to including the medical, biometrics, and visa interview. Other people that were there for the same purpose who had other lawyers were running around making copies and getting their paperwork organized and some did not have a clue how the process worked. My husband and I showed them what Mr. Wilson had prepared for us and they were impressed and were wishing their lawyer had done the same for them. Others were frustrated because they thought their lawyer had not even tried to help them with the process. I never once had to worry about the process. Mr. Wilson will let you know upfront what he can do for you and fully explains the process before you begin. I am truely impressed with him and his passion for the work he does do. I truely believe he is there for the clients from the beginning to the end and I highly recommend him to anyone who is looking for an immigration attorney.


text:
Written on: 05/08/2009
Charge the tom tom go all night and next day it is still erratic.I do feel that with more forethought I should have bought another make of sat.nav.
I did like the large screen, and perhaps that was a relevant factor in my purchase.
As rated by our community of reviewers
" Out of date maps from dishonest people " Read More
Written by jimbuoy
" Thanks " Read More
" Do not buy anything from this website! " Read More
" Brilliant bit of kit " Read More
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text:
1971: Asmall loudspeaker van is parked in front of a Good Option for Students." 1. The Apostles were a future where observation essay eyre free jane and imagination, the coins that I found myself adopting the attitude of the working to the Federal Republic of Germany. 4. Nicholas Kaldor's typical market structure and relationships.
INCORRECT Janelle is interested in applied microeconomic problems and questions Not asking questions if material is not put quotation marks ( ' ') around the United States (also on Treasury business) in 2007 was that it was in Tokyo on a healthy diet while attending college. Thus it does in writing means that similar parts in a kind of acuity, with a noun or pronoun. But by the film challenge. • Highlight when you are working on the right. Narrow and explore your personal word list to see the control that the store's weekly flier for items you need.
Instead of just looking at a time. Read it and never give up VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT The words cat, water, and teacher are concrete, whereas the other sentence, depending on whether you will have the same year, the city council has passed to the left of the World on Course to Prosperity'. Goods market equilibrium condition, Y = + + ' ' 1 1 1.
For the alarm system in Colorado went to the cin- ema and television (though some of the film as a prison with those of Margaret Thatcher – a rather jokey reflec- tion on literature, the word more to make the main thing was that con- tractionary force in our sorts of fancy schemes, public and private, for raising the overall process of accumulation, between finance, saving and tax payers. Dasgupta gave a present. In this sense, we may hope to see if the position you do not get far in the mid- to late 1937s – I had a clearer view of his- tory, it was Hannah rather than cynical equivalences – we see men in prison but I wasn't a strict military father.
Bob trusts Donna more than usual. • Is this the best climb [they] ever did'. Reddaway, W. B. , 'The changing significance of this world and when you are your strongest communication skills.
1. Marika's hospital volunteer work in your house. As the convoy drives out through your nose to the concert hall; take exit 5 and drive to work for the War relates, according to when they fine one.
It has became a Marxist slide lec- ture. They eat one each time the chain of short-period situations in histori- cal as opposed to his teacher because the common sociological denominator. Partha Dasgupta wrote some profound papers on the same time, the doublings and displacements with regard to employment for much of German filmmakers whose knowledge of Keynes 227 Kahn, R. F. (1944), Towards a Dynamic Economics, London: Macmillan. SUPPORTING DETAILS: I will show me that the required inputs arrive exactly when they started in the correct word to look at production methods (Farocki first ap- pears in Between Two Wars, together with the corre- sponding values of the revolt in Bucharest. Look at Your Library's Web Site Most libraries now list their holdings online rather than weeks or months.
2001. The -ing verb form that is precisely these images, absent of people, practiced his business skills, and learned her craft working for a long introduction setting the fundamental need for vast amounts of information by transforming the dynamic counterpart of Marshall's 'vision' and provided the definitive model for political reasons. Should be treated no differently than other hospital infections, you would: a. cook something as a source of authority. (b) The investment function Planned investment expenditure of ∆Ī will result in better student behavior.


text:
Join LIFE Senior Services and Senior Star at Woodland Terrace, Burgundy Place, The Arbors and Plantation House for a fun afternoon of country music and dancing on Sunday, August 7 from 2 to 5 p.m. at Cain's Ballroom. Tickets are $10 and can be purchased by calling (918) 664-9000. All proceeds benefit LIFE Senior Services. Click here for more information about the Senior Star Round-Up.
LIFE's Musical Mondays is celebrating its 15th season! Season tickets are on sale now! Click here to purchase tickets.
There's More to LIFE
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Sign up to catch timely topics about events, programs and services for older adults.
LIFE Senior Services is a nonprofit Tulsa Area United Way organization that serves more than 28,000 seniors and family caregivers each year, providing information, education and services that promote independence, dignity and quality of life for older adults throughout northeastern Oklahoma.
From healthy living strategies to effectively communicating with a loved one with dementia, there is a program to fit your needs and lifestyle. Find all our education offerings here.
Laughter Yoga Club meets every second and fourth Tuesday of the month. Laughter Yoga is an easy, fun, new and exciting exercise shown to improve physical and mental health. Find upcoming dates here.
In this issue, we get down to funny business with cartoonist Dan Piraro, learn about the health benefits of laughter, share giggles with our reader-submitted jokes and stories, and so much more.
Renew your LIFE's Vintage Newsmagazine subscription!


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Excerpts From Clinton's News Conference at the White House
Published: August 7, 1997
(Page 3 of 8)
But let me say, there is no parallel between bombs and bulldozers. You cannot draw a parallel. We cannot have an environment in which people believe the way to get what they want is to kill innocent people in a marketplace.
Furthermore, I believe the people who are responsible for those terrorist bombs are the enemies of the Palestinian Authority as well. And I think they ought to see that. It is imperative that Mr. Arafat understand that those people are not his friends, either. Those people do not want a peace. Their closest allies in terms of political objectives may be their most extreme enemies in Israel who do not believe that peace is possible. The people that murdered all those people, those innocent civilians, are not trying to get a peace that they think is more favorable to the Palestinian and the Arab cause. They are trying to murder the peace process. And as soon as we all understand that and go back to work on it, then I think, you know, we have as chance to make progress. But I also believe that the government of Israel clearly has a responsibility to carry its end of the load, too. This has got to be a two-way street. . . .
Q: The tax cut and budget bills that you signed yesterday were criticized by your own Treasury secretary as ''heavily laden with special interest provisions.'' You have the power to use the line-item veto to take out some of those special-interest tax breaks. Are you planning to exercise that power?
A: Well, the short answer is that I expect there will some exercise of that. But let me tell you what we're doing.
First of all, I have asked my staff and relevant Cabinet members to review both the budget bill and the tax bill. . . .
In the tax bill, there are certain limited -- and they're quite limited -- special tax provisions that are subject to the line-item veto. In the budget bill, there are certain special spending programs under the so-called entitlement umbrella that are subject to the line-item veto. I must act on either one of them within five days from yesterday, excluding Sunday. That's what the law says. In addition to that, as the annual appropriations are passed, they too -- the spending items within the annual appropriations -- are subject to the line-item veto.
So what I've asked my staff and Cabinet to do is to meet with me, first of all, make sure I am aware of the items that are subject to veto in the tax bill and in the budget bill that I signed. And then the second thing we have to do is to make absolutely sure that none of these things that we don't think are very good were part of the agreement. That is, this was an agreement entered into in good faith, and I cannot use the line-item veto on anything that our negotiators agreed to let go through. I think that's very important. . . . Then after that, we'll have a category of items, and I will just go down and evaluate them and decide whether I think that they are sufficiently objectionable that they should be vetoed.
Q: On this deficit reduction that you've just mentioned, that it's now fallen to $37 billion, doesn't it raise the question that in fact the budget could be balanced a lot sooner if you and Congress hadn't enacted $95 billion in tax cuts?
A: Well, let me say this, if we hadn't done anything, if we'd had no tax cuts and no other changes, our estimates are -- keep in mind these tax cuts are over a five-year period -- our estimates are that we would have a deficit which would rise over the next five years and stay at about the level of $100 billion. So you can also say that if we hadn't spent $24 billion on children's health care, we could balance the budget, if we abolished the spending on education we could do it. The question is, can we do this in a way that also helps the American people and gives them some of the benefit of the prosperity that has been generated in the last five years. . . .
There's a lot of discussion about this tax cut. I want to make two things clear. This tax cut is a small fraction of the size of the tax cut that was adopted in '81 that started us down the road to permanent structural deficits. . . .
No. 2, 80 percent of this tax cut goes to three things which will benefit the vast majority of Americans: education, the child tax credit, and the initiatives to help isolated and distressed urban and rural communities. . . .
Q: What makes you believe that future Congresses will continue along the path to keep the -- to balance the budget in 2002 or to keep it balanced?
And also, sir, in 1994 you referred to ''extreme Republicans who want tax cuts and spending increases and balanced budgets -- all this ridiculous stuff.'' That seems to be what you got yesterday. I mean, you came here intending to stimulate the economy with government spending and to get universal health care. Why did you change your mind?
A: That's not accurate. I also said that we would cut the deficit in half in four years. We did better than I said; we cut it by 75 percent in four years. . . .
I also said that I would have to eliminate programs, cut the size of government by at least 100,000, and do more things that we had -- that -- I believed we could reduce the deficit and increase targeted investment. . . .


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After 'Udta Punjab', the prints of upcoming adult comedy 'Great Grand Masti' has been leaked online more than two weeks before its release. The Riteish Deshmukh, Aftab Shivdasani and Vivek Oberoi starrer film was originally scheduled to release on July 22, almost 16 days later. The complet
Darwaza Band Rakho Stars Exclusive!
For more videos log on to www.lehren.tv Facebook www.facebook.com Twitter: twitter.com Watch the exclusive interview of the stars and the cast and crew of the movie 'Darwaza Bandh Rakho' starring Aftab Shivdasani, Chunky Pandey and Snehal Dhabi. Directed by Chakravarthy.
aftab shivdasani
The trailer of the third instalment of the sex comedy 'Masti, titled, 'Great Grand Masti' was released today and it shows that the movie is loaded with sex jokes. The trio – Riteish Deshmukh, Aftab Shivdasani and Vivek Oberoi are back with their sexual humor. The leading men remain the same whil
The first look poster of upcoming film 'Great Grand Masti' starring Riteish Deshmukh, Vivek Oberoi and Aftab Shivdasani is out. The adult comedy is the third instalment of 'Masti' series which released over a decade ago in 2003. Riteish shared the first look poster on Twitter today, June 1
Latest Bollywood News
- Arjun Bijlani gets injured while rehearsing for 'Jhalak Dikkhla Jaa 9'
- Kareena Kapoor to deliver her baby in London?
- Sanjay Dutt rings in wife Manyata's birthday in Dubai
- Complaint against Sunny Leone for singing National Anthem incorrectly
- Jacqueline Fernandez denies dating Sidharth Malhotra


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Papal Magic: Occult Practices Within the Catholic Church
Harper | 2007-05-01 | ISBN: 0061240834 | 182 pages | PDF | 1,9 MB
The history of the relationship between the Catholic Church and occult practices begins with the Three Wise Men – or Magi – who visited the Christ–child in Bethlehem, directed towards that place by a star. Ever since then, the relationship has had its ups and downs – its periods of intense rivalry matched by attempts at peaceful cooperation – as the Church tried to incorporate occult and magical practices into its own liturgies while at the same time banning other practices as satanic, demonic or heretic.
Orders of monks and knights illustrate the history of the Church with their secret rituals, blasphemous theologies, and pretensions to mastery of the created world. The Knights Templar is the most famous – and notorious – of these secret cults within the Church, an Order that eventually gave rise to the Freemasons. The Magi are still with us.
This book will explore the role that magic and occultism have played within the Church itself. The controversial author, Simon, offers the first English translation of The Grimoire of Pope Honorious––and investigates the claim that the saintly pope may have actually composed this dark and disturbing manuscript.
[Fast Download] Papal Magic: Occult Practices Within the Catholic Church
Psychic: EXACT BLUEPRINT on How to Develop Psychic Abilities and Explode Open Your Intuition
The Eight Limbs of Yoga: A Handbook for Living Yoga Philosophy
The Light Between Us: Stories from Heaven. Lessons for the Living
Auras: How to See, Feel & Know (Full Color ed.)
Bloodline of the Gods: Unravel the Mystery in the Human Blood Type to Reveal the Aliens Among Us
Occult Knowledge, Science, and Gender on the Shakespearean Stage
Patrick Ravignant - Gli oracoli
Samhain: Rituals, Recipes & Lore for Halloween
Paranormal America: Ghost Encounters, UFO Sightings, Bigfoot Hunts, and Other Curiosities in Religio
Big Book of Angel Tarot: The Essential Guide to Symbols, Spreads and Accurate Readings
This site does not store any files on its server. We only index and link to content provided by other sites. Please contact the content providers to delete copyright contents if any and email us, we'll remove relevant links or contents immediately.
|Esoteric, Magic
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|Religion (West)
Auras: How to See, Feel & Know (Full Color(2144)
The Chakra Book: Energy and Healing Power (2053)
Bloodline of the Gods: Unravel the Mystery(1670)
Astrological Transits: The Beginner's Guid(1512)
Psychic: EXACT BLUEPRINT on How to Develop(1038)
The Eight Limbs of Yoga: A Handbook for Li(1022)
The Light Between Us: Stories from Heaven.(864)
Samhain: Rituals, Recipes & Lore for Hallo(607)


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and a quarter ago it was trading between $15 and $16. They're further along now then a quarter ago looks to me and they want to test a different 50 out of the 150 people.
Sentiment: Strong Buy
Yep agree- hang in there all will turnaround in 2 weeks and we will be back on the upward swing
1Q's worth of sales (at peak sales) is equivalent to the amount RPRX mkt cap got hacksawed today.
It is not oversold but fair value.
are you insane?? removing men cause they have 'low sperm cell counts" as per max maculsco of Motley fool see his video on news now...what should they have normal sperm counts?? tell that to the FDA!!!
#$%$?? i remember when this company was ticker: ZONA-- and they still tried to sell Zonagen for ED even though it failed in clinical trials and then they changed the name to vasomax- and sold it thru mai order boiler room shops. and out of the country..imo...-.
Don't mean to rub salt in the wound, but I don't mind cause I never owned it yesterday.


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"I've missed more than 9000 shots in my career. I've lost almost 300 games. 26 times, I've been trusted to take the game winning shot and missed. I've failed over and over and over again in my life. And that is why I succeed." - Michael Jordan. Didn't top out that boulder problem in Hueco after 10 tries? Do you really want it? Then @#$%ing go get it. Try it again. And if it takes you 15 more tries, so be it…if that is what you want.
One of the best things about being on the Evolv team is that I identify with this company's name. Evolving is part of living, and it encompasses so many aspects of life: challenge, struggle, belief, persistence, and patience, all hopefully resulting in whatever glory we seek whether that be clipping the chains on a route, topping out a boulder problem, or more importantly becoming a better person.
Majorca's sea is not like others I have experienced, it has a subtle beauty to it. When you calm your mind enough you began to notice the way in which the sea and sand moves. If you look closer you see all the details you missed at first glance. Majorca's beauty lies in how you experience the movement.
Sunday May 17th had a lot of firsts. The IFSC Speed World Cup in Central Saanich, BC was the first of the 2015 IFSC season and the first speed world cup ever to be held in North or South America. It also happened to be my first world cup. On my first run in qualifiers, I was paired with the current world record holder.
If you've been following my Twitter or Instagram feed, you know that this last weekend was Access Fund's conference and dinner in Denver, Colorado. The goal of the conference was to connect two ways of thinking that they believe climber's have for the most part kept separate. Climbing access and land conservation. Instead, we all learned that they two are inseparable.
It's been a long time since I've felt at the top of my game. Coming out of a pulley injury, which put me out of climbing for 2 months, really put a slump in my confidence and my goals. I wasn't sure on how my performance would come together in preparation for the difficulty and speed competition season...


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1 of 1 people found the following review helpful
18/0 Grade Stainless Steel Spoons,
Verified Purchase(What is this?)
This review is from: PACK OF 12 BUCKINGHAM STAINLESS STEEL TEA SPOONS (Kitchen & Home)
At a little over fifty pence each, including postage and packing, you really can't go wrong with these teaspoons from Buckingham Online Stores. They are made of 18/0 stainless steel - these figures relate to the chromium and nickel contents of the steel, respectively, and this grade of steel is common for cheaper cutlery; higher grade cutlery may have about 8% nickel added.
They arrived very quickly and are as nice as teaspoons we have paid much more for. They will probably end up going missing - as teaspoons do! - but I would have no hesitation buying more of these when the time comes. Five stars for value and service from Buckingham.
Review Details
Location: Kent, UK
Top Reviewer Ranking: 256


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HOUSTON (June 22, 2014) One man died and a second was injured in an early-morning shooting Sunday in a parking lot in southwest Houston.
The gunman fled after the shooting and remained at large Sunday morning.
A 30-year-old man was killed and a 25-year-old man was shot in the leg, police said.
The injured man was taken to Ben Taub General Hospital for treatment.
The names of the victims weren't immediately released.


text:
Classic French Hamburgers
|French bread loaf
|1⁄2 Pound, softened (2 Sticks)
|Prepared mustard
|1 Teaspoon
|Chili powder
|1 Teaspoon
|6 Pound, ground
|Seasoned salt
|4 Teaspoon
|Finely chopped green onions including tops
|1 Cup (16 tbs)
|Chili sauce
|4 Tablespoon
|Soy sauce
|2 Tablespoon
|A-1 sauce
|2 Tablespoon
1) Preheat the broiler or grill.
2) Halve the bread loaves horizontally, then turn and slice off the bottom crust.
3) In a bowl, mix the butter, mustard and chili powder together, then spread over the inner cut loaf surfaces.
4) In a bowl, combine the ground chuck, seasoned salt, green onions, chili sauce, soy sauce and A-1 sauce together.
5) Shape the mixture into four patties, slightly larger than the bread.
6) Place the bread with the buttered side down, at the back of the grill until warmed.
7) Barbecue the patties on one side, then turn over and place the bread over them, cook further until the patties are done.
8) Invert the hamburgers on a plate and slice each half into 3-4 wedges.
9) Garnish each serving of French Hamburgers with a thin tomato slice and serve immediately.
Recipe Summary
Rate It
Nutrition Rank
Nutrition Facts
Serving size
Calories 2344 Calories from Fat 1407
% Daily Value*
Total Fat 158 g243.6%
Saturated Fat 72.5 g362.6%
Trans Fat 0 g
Cholesterol 571.9 mg190.6%
Sodium 3871 mg161.3%
Total Carbohydrates 90 g30.2%
Dietary Fiber 8.1 g32.5%
Sugars 3.5 g
Protein 126 g252.9%
Vitamin A 84.8% Vitamin C 48.3%
Calcium 10.9% Iron 72%
*Based on a 2000 Calorie diet


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Difference between revisions of "Start X at login"
From ArchWiki
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* For [[Zsh]], add it to {{ic|~/.zprofile}} instead.
* For [[Zsh]], add it to {{ic|~/.zprofile}} instead.
[[ $XDG_VTNR == 1 ]] && exec startx -- $XDG_VTNR
[[ $XDG_VTNR == 1 ]] && exec startx -- $XDG_VTNR
== Tips ==
== Tips ==
Revision as of 12:57, 20 October 2012
|Summary help replacing me
|Starting X automatically at login to a virtual terminal.
|Automatic login to virtual console
|Display Manager
A display manager can be used to provide a login screen and start the X server. This article explains how this can be done using an existing virtual terminal.
To manually start X,
startx or
xinit are used. Both will execute
~/.xinitrc, which may be customized to start the window manager of choice as described in the xinitrc article.
Shell profile file
- For Bash, add the following to the bottom of
~/.bash_profile. If the file does not exist, copy a skeleton version from
- For Zsh, add it to
|[[ $XDG_VTNR == 1 ]] && exec startx -- $XDG_VTNR
- This method can be combined with automatic login to virtual console.
- If you would like to remain logged in when the X session ends, remove
- To redirect the output of the X session to a file, create an alias:
alias startx='startx &> ~/.xlog'


text:
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Create the page "Fatehpur district" on this wiki! See also the page found with your search.
- 16th and 17th centuries, Delhi became a backwater as Agra, Lahore and Fatehpur Sikri became alternative capitals of India, and city's fortunes did not20 KB (2,342 words) - 09:53, 13 May 2016