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I also have a new fear of being stranded on the side of a sheer cliff called "The Murder Wall" during a blizzard. This unexpected thriller, based on a true story, held me spellbound for it's just over two hour running time. I can't recall a more harrowing mountain adventure.
This riveting recreation is set in 1936, a short time before the famed (and notorious) Berlin Olympics which Hitler hoped to use as propaganda to tout the superiority of all things Nazi and Aryan. The worldwide news of Germans conquering this impossible, peak was a hoped-for event before the Olympics and something encouraged by the German press. Here two Germans -- Toni Kurz and Andreas Hinterstoisser -- confront "the last problem of the Alps": the Eiger's unclimbed North Face. They are closely followed up "The Murder Wall" by a competing Austrian team. But things go terribly wrong. The crowds and the press watch the ensuing, heart-stopping drama through telescopes from the inn and chalets below.
A terrible point of no return is reached. Under unimaginable conditions, the men fight for survival, trying to do what's right when everything's gone wrong. This extraordinary drama does not relent. It held me in a freezing visceral grip. I was on the mountain with these men and never once felt that it was anything less than real. If you have a need to climb the Eiger, please make note of the Hinterstoisser Traverse. Director Philipp Stoelzl superbly captures the dangers, the daring and the tragedy.
It's a pleasure to watch a film that covers all the dramatic bases well. Nordwand starts pleasantly, introducing the characters one by one with subtle details that say volumes but with little effort. We get to know the people, and then the adventure begins. I could really feel for these guys, and for once the love story didn't seem tacked on; it plays out like an integral part of the movie.
In fact, the best performance here might be from Johana Wokalek, excellent as the young photographer---you can believe the love she portrays. But everyone is solid, and my only qualm might be that the last 30 minutes stretch a little too long, with too many tense close-ups etc. Still, the tension is real and I felt like I was there; the music is perfect, the sound of the snow and wind quite visceral, and I felt cold while watching this on a hot Texas night. That's good filmmaking.
It helped a lot that I didn't know the story ahead of time; if you also don't, just watch the film before learning more. I was suitably surprised by what happens and never felt manipulated as in many films of this type. The climbing scenes are magnificent, perhaps the best I've ever seen, and you come away with huge respect for these early climbers and what they did with such basic equipment.
All in all, a gripping adventure recommended to fans of mountains, man vs. nature adventures, and even those who enjoy a low-key love story.
One quibble: I speak German and the subtitles are miles off in many parts, not even beginning to convey the subtlety of what these characters are saying at points. Imagine hearing "Frankly, my dear, I don't give a damn," while reading, "It doesn't matter." If you're going to spend this much on a movie, make the subtitles perfect! Bitte...
And that is precisely why I'd love to sock them with only one star: the story itself is so incredible that it did not need falsifying or romancing. Can we truly not watch an adventure movie without a ridiculous and superfluous romance? And was the actual climb not gripping enough without false additions? The "competitors" were a 4-man team from the start; no living person cut himself off the rope (it was cut the next day, when the men who fell were beyond rescue and no longer responsive); no woman had to galvanize reluctant rescuers, they responded as a matter of course; and on.
If the filmmaker wants to include a fictional story, then the people portrayed should be fictional, as in Titanic. To use a real story, with real, legendary people, and then to falsify it -- that verges on obscene. If you would like to know how events actually unfolded, I highly recommend the British production "The Beckoning Silence" based on the book of the same name by Joe Simpson ("Touching the Void"). Right now, it is available only in European format DVD. In it, Simpson talks of how this climb inspired him, what the climbers did and how they must have felt, and mountaineering in general. It is accurate and incredibly compelling in its own right. And yet, the scenes recreating the climb, though nicely acted and extremely well filmed, fall just a little flat after watching "North Face". Oh, my kingdom for a hybrid of these two movies! That would be a 10-star!
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We watched this on my phone in a mountain hut across from the Eiger complex. It's a little dorky but we loved it. Read morePublished 10 days ago by S Pooley
Excellent...great shots of the mountain...great work on period costuming...high adventure....well done.Published 1 month ago by James Fallgatter
geez! I can't imagine climbing back then with static, woven linesPublished 1 month ago by Andrew B. Fest
A classic mountain climbing adventure movie. Really captures the life and death moments from an attempted mountain accent that is unforgiving when human mistakes are made.Published 1 month ago by Jesse Allen
I love this movie! It is based on a true story, and it has characters that love what they do; so they don't get caught up in the politics of a situation etc. Read morePublished 2 months ago by Nate the Skate


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This posting that you reference is either old, and never corrected when it was removed from the market, or ....something else. But the house is not listed nor do I think it will be listed anytime soon.
If you are interested in finding homes the meet your needs, I would suggest you sign on to a client portal and control your own search of homes. The client portal allows you to not only search, but the save and reject the selections so that you can avoid being confused by seeing the same homes over and over. It also allows you to track values as you see homes go into contract and eventually sell. It will show you the prices that they sold for.
If you are interested in setting up your own search, you can sign on to my website, or many of the other realtors who respond here, and set up that search ....no obligation. Our websites are sourced by data from the MLS (multiple listing service) that is the most accurate and up to date information on the market. (There are other discussions on that on Trulia for you to reference)
I hope that helps Melissa!!

subset: commoncrawl


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Mini DisplayPort to Dual-Link DVI Adapter
Mini DisplayPort to Dual-Link DVI Adapter
Every Mac with a Mini DisplayPort allows you to connect an external display or projector using an adapter. You can use an external display as your main workspace or to extend your desktop, or you can work in mirrored mode with a projector so you can view what your audience sees.
Use the Mini DisplayPort to Dual-Link DVI Adapter to connect your Mac to a 30-inch display that includes a DVI connector, such as the 30-inch Apple Cinema Display HD, and enjoy the ultimate widescreen canvas with a resolution of 2560 by 1600 pixels.
System Requirements
Mac OS X v.10.5.6 or later
Compatible with Mac computers with Mini DisplayPort and Thunderbolt ports
Mini DisplayPort
Answers from the community
How can I use the Mac Mini with two monitors?
- Asked by Gustavo & Ceci R from MIssissauga
- on Oct 29, 2015
Best Answer:
I do not own a mac mini but I have seen this done many times in retail stores that want to show off I do not own a mac mini but I have seen this done many times in retail stores that want to show off the versatility of such a small desktop. The mac mini has two video outputs: a mini-display port and a mini-DVI port. The mini-display port is the same one you find on the current generation macbook, macbook pros (as well as the Mac Pro) and the Mini-DVI is the same as the on the old black/white macbook. I do not know why apple decided to go with two different adapter types but it works just the same as you will need two separate adapters to use two displays anyway. From there, you just buy two "dongles" (display adapters) which hook up to your respective screen input jacks (VGA or DVI) and you're set!
- Written by Ben S from Golden
- on Jun 12, 2016
can i connect macbook pro to two monitors
- Asked by greg b from LONDON
- on Feb 22, 2016
Best Answer:
If you have a MacBook Pro with Retina display you can use the HDMI cable or the Mini Displayport to If you have a MacBook Pro with Retina display you can use the HDMI cable or the Mini Displayport to connect one monitor and use the Thunderbolt to VGHA connector to connect a second monitor. This setup allows you to mirror three screens OR use them all independently (you will get higher res if you use the DisplayPort connector to connect to a high-def monitor).
- Written by Nigel F from Duxbury
- on Jul 15, 2016
What's the point of the USB port on this adapter? Is it just an extension to plug things into?
- Asked by Joey C from Odenton
- on Jun 26, 2016
want to connect my iMAC 27 version 10.9 purchase 8-2-13 to a TV smart panasonic
- Asked by Nancy F from ORLANDO
- on Feb 3, 2016
I would possibly go with apple TV if I were you. I currently use or extend my monitor in the office I would possibly go with apple TV if I were you. I currently use or extend my monitor in the office here to a 55" LG via apple TV, I believe that a 2013 model imac should have capability to do this. In my circumstance I can mirror my desktop or just extend my current working area. Just looked at the post date, chances are you've probably worked through this problem already.
- Written by john M from Edinburgh
- on Jul 4, 2016
I am seeking adapter recommendations for connecting a macbook pro (retina 13-inch mid 2014) to a midi keyboard
- Asked by Megan O from Naperville
- on Nov 3, 2015
Will this cable adapter allow me to connect my late 2008 Macbook Pro, 15inch, to an Asus PB278Q 27inch monitor? Flawlessly?
- Asked by Andrej V from san francisco
- on May 5, 2015


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When the lights go out I dream of death!
Features of This Trackhard rock roots
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America Strong: Blind Pole Vaulter Soars Past The Odds
Charlotte Brown, 15, who started losing her sight at just 16 weeks, is top vaulter in Texas.
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Integration Nation
The anniversary of the integration of Central High in Little Rock, Arkansas marks one milestone at the end of this country's struggle to end legal segregation. The next step — real integration — is taking longer than civil rights leaders might hoped. Today, we're talking about the value of racial diversity... in your professional lives, in your personal lives, in your community. We're talking to some really interesting people — a historian who studies diversity in housing, and a teacher who edited a collection of essays about interracial friendships. (I urge you to read this essay of hers — it's beautifully written, and will definitely give you something to think about.) Talk of the Nation is a veritable rainbow of folks — black, white, Jewish (yours truly, oy), Latino, and at least two people with really great accents (Boston and Jamaican). I think it enriches my life, my relationships, and of course, unarguably, the show. It makes our editorial conversations richer, and our parties way more fun.
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Please keep your community civil. All comments must follow the NPR.org Community rules and terms of use, and will be moderated prior to posting. NPR reserves the right to use the comments we receive, in whole or in part, and to use the commenter's name and location, in any medium. See also the Terms of Use, Privacy Policy and Community FAQ.
In this country, the word segregation implies government sanctioned or required separation of people by race. When people separate by choice based on race or ethnicity, it is not "segregation," and calling it that is dishonest. Why not call it apartheid? Because it's not that either. Words have meaning and ought to be used honestly.
Today, only the workplace and the military are desegrated. Elsewhere, the segregationists seem to have won their evil way.
I grew up in a white suburb of Boston fairly insulated from other ethnic communities. the Medco program was invaluable in helping break the homogeneous upbringing i fear some communities provide and today i live in a primarily African American part of Boston. My girlfriend and I were looking for a house and actively looked for a community that was diverse. We put our money where out mouths were and bought a condo in Fort Hill, Roxbury. We couldn't be happier.
Coming from a mixed family and having friends through out my life of different colors, I am at a loss why this still and issue. How often do you see interracial couples on the street or TV? This is as much as a non-issue as the rights for women to vote. Not every black man personifies 50 Cents, just as not every white man is George C. Wallace.
Our mosque in Miami is very diverse. Arabs, Guyanese, Pakistanis, Africans, Slavs, Hispanics and Black and white Americans. It enriches the religious experience.
I think a lot of the problem with people of color (poc)leaving "white" organizations stems from the sense poc's have that to whites, diversity means coming together in white culture, rather than whites coming to engage in the cultural norms of the persons of color. Rather than embrace diversity, I say we need to look more at inclusion. Meaning, not only accepting poc as being of a different ethnic group, but understanding that there are cultural differences that also need to be accepted into the mix.
I was very lucky to go to a diverse high school. I feel that leaning how so many other people live has helped me in my adult life. My freshman year we had almost 200 languages spoken by the students, with a school population of about 1400. I think the main factor for my school being so diverse is the fact that it is a low-income school. Poor comes in ALL races.
Portland, OR
I strongly agree with the theme that government policies subtly facilitate segregation.
In 1968,then "School City" of South Bend, Indian, under the control of an appointed, racially and economically segregated school board, approved an "Educational Reorganization Program" that placed attractive new schools on the perimeter of the city or actually in the suburbs.
The result was to accelerate the development of high end real estate developments on both the north and south suburbs of the city.
Within the next decade the "South Bend Community" School Corporation came under a "reintegration" order from a federal court.
But busing has only partially rectified the egregious discrimination practices approved by the social and economic elite of this city in the 60s.
All of the guests you have in this segment today are White, and they all seem to share an underlying assumption that "diversity" comes to them. Why must people of color "spice up" the lives of White people? Why don't more White Americans take initiative and seek that diversity? Why don't more White Americans try to step out of their own comfort zone?
We always hear about problems with integrating Black students into a predominantly White school. How come we hear so little about the reverse? My nephew was one of very few White students amongst mostly Black students. He was often picked on by Black students and the Black teachers wouldn't do anything about it.
As a hispanic living in a predominantly white section
of relatively-integrated San Antonio, I often feel
marginalized - whether it's self-imposed, I'm not
sure. We are currently looking for a new place to
live and I'm planning on doing more research into
possible communities to ensure that my children are
exposed to a wide variety of people. Sometimes being
the only member of a certain race, whether in a
neighborhood or workplace, results in feelings of
loneliness. Trying to 'get back to your roots' or to
hold on to your ethnic identity isn't necessarily a
way of segregating, but a way of connecting with
others like yourself when you don't feel like part of
the dominant group.
I live in an integrated-by-design community in suburban Chicago that just celebrated our 60th anniversary. We are the York Center Community Co-op Inc., a group of 78 single family homes each on approx. 1 acre of land. When it was founded in the 1940's integrated meant including Japanese families. Later, when a black/jewish couple applied (the husband had helped to draft the founding documents), there was a lawsuit seeking to bar them. The Co-op prevailed, and today we have many black, asian, muslim, mexican and lesbian families living in the middle of conservative DuPage Co. We are a white family, and we were looking for this diversity when we were searching for housing. It's been working for 60 years - it can happen!
We have been fighting segregation for years and the only thing we have done is create more. Until we quit looking at people with a need to catagorize them, black or white; rich or poor, we will continue to perpetuate the very problem that we are trying to solve. Anytime we single out any community, it immediately causes segregation. If we were to address the real issues, poverty, healthcare, lawlessness, etc., for all humanity (we all belong to the same race), I think segregation would take care of itself. The real issues I believe stem back to a society that has become so selfish that it has forgotten the value of moral living and the moral obligation we have to work hard, be honest, care for each other and provide a nurturing home with both fathers and mothers, to teach their children. The home is where we will begin to break down the barriers as we learn to care for each other. Then we can start celebrating diversities of character, personality, tastes and customs leaving division of color to the crayon box.
Just to clarify, Erica, Matt Lassiter is white, and Emily Bernard is black.
My father, who is in his 80's, was born into a world where the n word was routinely used and now has a family with grandchildren and great grandchildren who have Hispanic, Asian and African roots as well as Caucasion and we are a very happy family. My point is this: no, we are not where we should be in terms of an understanding of each other's culture backgrounds but at least in my family, we have come a long long ways from where we started. No doubt we aren't as diverse as we should be, but just respecting the concept of diversity is a pretty big leap.
Though this was a needed discussion I felt that there was a focus on racial attitudes and overt instances of prejudice. By individualizing race relations and focusing on attitudes we miss out about how larger social arrangements (Racialized wealth disparities, mechanisms that exclude people of color from getting quality jobs and education) maintain racial segregation and reproduce larger inequalities.
I grew up racially mixed Honolulu, went to an integrated college on the east coast and have lived in a community bordering Chicago that tries very hard to be successfully integrated. I teach in an integrated school and find it challenging because of the "achievement gap". (This is a whole issue in itself!) Integration is easy when we all share similar values (usually white values) . How accepting should we be when values clash? For example:I am white. I have a black neighbor family who is very loud. They beep their car horn going down the alley, stand outside yelling at each other (sometimes using words I find embarassing), They often have huge noisy gatherings in their yard. I know some of this is a cultural difference, but the line between cultural behavior and misbehavior is very gray. If I complain, this will be seen as racial bias. Is this a cultural bias on my part, or is this rude behavior on their part?
Dick Gregory had a great line in describing the difference between northern and southern prejudice. "In the South, they care how close we get as long as we don't get too big. In the North, they don't care how big we get as long as we don't get too close.
Seems to be still true.
I am the parent of a toddler and I believe exposing her to racial and class differences is one of the most important things i can do for her. We are an upper middle class family and we send her to a daycare that is more than 50% minority with a large number of families on some sort of financial (govt) assistance. Aside from that, the teachers represent racial diversity. This is important because I feel that our daughter will gain a better perspective on the world than if I send her to a daycare / preschool made up of children of her own race and class. I wish more parents would prioritize this type of exposure rather than obsess over academic over achievement. Of course, I value education, but academic success is not the only way to gain an education.
I was surprised how much the concept of "choice" was downplayed by callers and guests. I consciously CHOSE to live in an integrated, city neighbhorhood in Cincinnati 24 years ago so that my children would live, attend school, play, shop, garden, swim with, etc. a variety of people in a diverse environment. I purposely chose NOT to move to the lily-white suburbs because I didn't want to raise lily-white children. They're now 25 and 22 years old, respectively...young adults who get along with just about anybody, any time, any religion, any color, any background. And quite frankly, it's a thing of beauty.
I went to the University of Chicago for college, on the South Side of Chicago. When I used to walk north of 53rd St and outside of the "safety zone" regularly inhabited by University students, I would get strange and even hostile looks from local residents who viewed me as a white girl "slumming it" for fun. I had the opportunity to visit last year, having converted to Islam and started wearing hijab in the meantime, and was fascinated by the difference in people's reactions. Instead of being "that crazy white girl", I was just one of the Muslims, and both in the mosque and walking around the neighborhood people were respectful and friendly. I find it fascinating that in this case at least, religious identity trumped racial identity in the minds of people I met.
Birds of a feather flock together. Integration is a failed attempt to contradict human nature. Only changing a man on the inside will change his behavior. No government program can do that. But Jesus can. And He does!
I wish that NPR would extend the discussion to also include how ethnicities are segregate themselves. For example, how many cities have a Chinatown, a K-town, or a India Town? I'd like to hear a discussion on how this impacts society on a larger scale?
I was raised in a poor, racially-mixed neighborhood in San Francisco in the 1940's & 1950's. As a 7th grader attending a white Jr. High I got into trouble, and was transferred to an all
black Jr. High. The experience of going to that all black school for some reason made it very easy for me to get along with and befriend blacks ever since. I go to St. Seraphim's Orthodox Cathedral in Dallas, an overwhelmingly white church, but soon I will be the godfather of a young black man just now converting to our faith. This young man will not just be my godson, but will be
a family friend for the forseeable future. I feel like God sent a blessing into my life with this young man.
I'm a white person who moved into an all black neighborhood two years ago. It has been an incredibly positive experience. I still get odd looks and rude comments from outsiders, however, who assume that my safe, quiet neighborhood is filled with drug dealers and gangsters.
My neighbors have accepted me for what I am and welcomed me into the neighborhood. I'm very happy with my decision.
It is interesting reading all of the messages. I feel happy, sad, indifferent and somewhat reluctant. I am happy that there so many go intention white people, but sad because there are not enough. I feel indifferent because it makes me no difference if you feel comfortable living next to me and are welcomed, but am I welcomed to live in your neighborhoods without the threat of death from some angry racist looming everyday? I understand you can get murder in a black neighborhood, but the difference is that my murder won't make the morning, afternoon, and evening news. I would love if someone could figure out how to resolve issues and not have culture lag behind the resolution. Jesus is a good start, but a man has to seek Jesus first before he can have the good will of Jesus put in him. It's a shame that this country is so strong economically, but are so far behind others socially.
I live in Suffolk county LI. I think I live in an extremely diverse neighborhood. We have South American, African, African-American, white and a growing Muslim population from vast back grounds. I admit I was worried about moving into LI. I was afraid of the white population; I thought I would experience discrimination simply walking to the store or roller blading down the street. I was wrong; my white neighbors are very kind. My only real complaint is a neighbor parks on his grass. I want their grass a green as mine. Does that make me selfish? I wonder sometime. Anyway, the South American family is the most giving on our block. The African family is quite and hard working, that is how I describe my neighborhood, a community of hard working caring people.


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Explore Cedar Plantation by taking a stunning panorama tour. Once you're done online, come visit us at Cedar Plantation.
Get married at the beautiful, Historic Cedar Plantation!
Start with a tour of our beautiful plantation house & 4 acre garden estate perfect for wedding receptions, outdoor weddings, & all inclusive packages. Our expert wedding coordinators will help plan the wedding of your dreams every step of the way. We are offering incredible discounts on all wedding packages & have plenty of dates still open for 2016. Feel free to call us today!
We also host Corporate Gatherings with the ability to form a custom package for whatever you are looking for.
Call us at 770-917-0067
I attended my brother in laws wedding here last night and this place drips with sweet southern charm. From the circular drive adorned with magnolia trees to the stunning chandeliers and ornate wall paper and you can't forget the gorgeous wood floors. This place is beautiful and charming. There were 50 guest and tons of room. The catering is done off site and the food was delicious. The wedding coordinator Michelle was very nice as well.
Meghan C.
I am getting married this Fall at Cedar Plantation. All I can say is...WOW! The house and also the landscape is so beautiful! Bridget and Kristina are so helpful and give you tons of recommended vendors to make wedding planning smooth sailing! I am so happy we have decided to go with this venue and also all of the vendors that were recommended. It is affordable too which is what I love most. I am more than excited to get married here this fall!


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Celebrate Independence Day in Liberty Hill on Saturday, July 2, at City Park and enjoy a family-friendly event destined to be the start of a new family tradition for our hometown. The Liberty Hill Independence Day Spectacular, presented by The Liberty Hill Independent, the City of Liberty Hill, Peace Lutheran Church and Liberty Parke, features games and activities for guests … [Read more...]
EDC Board puts hold on executive director search
By Lauren Jette After a two-hour workshop last week, the Economic Development Corp. Board identified three areas to focus on and decided to put a hold on the search for an executive director. During the regular meeting following the workshop last Thursday, the only action taken was to approve the minutes from the April board meeting. Discussion during the workshop … [Read more...]
New principal Bye ready to lead LHHS through changes that come with growth
By Lauren Jette Although incoming Liberty Hill High School Principal Mario Bye doesn't officially start his new job until July, he is already preparing for a busy school year. "The way I like to do things is I'm really visible. I'm going to be out at the kids' events, I'm going to be in classrooms, so that's the first thing you'll see about me," Bye said. "The kids … [Read more...]
Family recounts blessings, progress one year after the storm
By Christine Bolaños When an F5 tornado struck Joplin, Miss., in May 2011, causing 158 deaths, injuring more than 1,000 people and costing $2.8 billion, the world watched in horror. One Liberty Hill family hopped in the car as part of a local church mission trip and decided to help families devastated by the deadliest tornado to hit the United States since 1947. The … [Read more...]
Council asked to reconsider sewer impact fees for restaurants
By SHELLY WILKISON Several business leaders, three of whom are appointed members of the City's Economic Development Corp. Board of Directors, urged the City Council Monday to revisit the fees the City charges new restaurants to connect to the sewer system. Like other municipalities, the City of Liberty Hill uses Living Unit Equivalents (LUEs) as a way to measure … [Read more...]
Council selects Campbell as Police Chief
By SHELLY WILKISON Pending acceptance of a contract next month, the Liberty Hill City Council voted unanimously Monday to extend an employment offer to a Kansas police chief to lead the Liberty Hill Police Department. Maverick Campbell, chief of police in Ellsworth, Kansas, visited Liberty Hill this week after City Administrator Greg Boatright and some council members … [Read more...]
Watson's legacy of service is by the numbers
By SHELLY WILKISON For 27 years, his signature has been on every check issued by the Liberty Hill school district. But, the signature hasn't just been a formality to make the transaction official, Frank Watson has reviewed and approved every financial transaction made by the Liberty Hill ISD since 1989. "Numbers are my thing," Watson said. It's just working the money, … [Read more...]


text:
Dinner Bell
Tropical Ice
2 cups mashed bananas (3 or 4)
2 cups orange juice
2 tablespoons lemon juice
12 cherries, cut up
1 small can crushed pineapple
1 cup sugar
Mix and freeze until almost firm. Take out and beat, then return to dish and freeze again. Serve in sherbert dishes. Good with pound cake.
Green Bean Casserole
2 cans whole green beans
1 (8 oz) carton sour cream
1 can mushroom soup
1 cup Velveeta cheese
Bread crumbs
Drain beans. Season with garlic, onion salt, salt and pepper as desired. Mix soup and sour cream; add beans, stir in small chunks of cheese. Top with buttered bread crumbs. Bake about 1 hour at 35 degrees.
Oven Ribs
½ cup molasses
¼ cup vinegar
¼ cup mustard
2 tablespoons Worcestershire Sauce
½ teaspoon salt
½ teaspoon teaspoon hot sauce
½ cup chopped onions
3 lbs. ribs
Combine first 7 ingredients; bring to a boil. Remove from heat. Cut ribs in serving-size pieces and place in large shallow pan. Bake at 400 degrees for 30 minutes. Drain off fat. Reduce heat to 300. Turn ribs over and bake another 60 minutes. Pour the sauce evenly over ribs the last 20 minutes of cooking.
Brown sugar won't harden if an apple slice is placed in the container.
Lettuce and celery keep longer if you store them in paper bags instead of cellophane.
Cheese won't harden if you will butter the exposed edges before storing.
About Chris Elkins
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text:
Juliana Huxtable is featured in the first promotional images for the collaboration.
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Watch a teaser trailer for "Here Now," out July 4th.
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This moody clip uses fashion to drive home Kenzo's latest philanthropic cause.
In between unveiling their fall '14 collection and dressing Spike Jonze for the Oscars, Kenzo had a big weekend.
The "this film contains flashing images" warning that precedes the "Y.A.L.A." video that was released tonight is not playing.


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Pinkpeony, we had Greenthumb do ours a couple of weeks ago. They hollow-tined first and then came back a couple of weeks later to scarify. We've had more or less constant rain since then (not their fault!) and our grass now looks like a muddy ploughed field . It looks a heck of a lot worse now than it was before. They're supposed to come back soon to feed it, but I think they're going to have to re-seed about 50% of it. I'm not a happy bunny!!
Am I missing something here? I can't see a reply from Dave but I'm assuming from Nutcutlet's comment, the answer is to give it a haircut now?
Thanks Tetley. I'll do that then.
Dudeni, I can wholeheartedly sympathise. We also bought a new-build house a few years ago. Planting anything at all is a nightmare - the clay is like plasticine and we could almost have built a new house with the boulders we took out when trying to dig holes to plant anything . The borders do fill up with water when the weather is wet (where we live, that's most of the time), but so far, most things have survived. We do have grass but it's a constant fight trying to battle with the moss. I think you have to accept you won't have a great lawn, but with a bit of hard work, ours looks not too bad in the summer .
I have a Potentilla which has become very loose and lanky with lots of bare bits at the bottom and the new flowers at the top. Is the right time to give it a severe pruning, or should I leave it till after it flowers? I was going to prune it after flowering last year, but it carried on flowering till the weather was too horrible to go out and cut it back!
Sorry, I know there has been a thread about Red Robin before, but I can't find it . My Red Robin is producing nice new red shoots at present, but the bush is very spindly. Should I sacrifice the new shoots and cut it back to thicken it up? (I'm in the north of Scotland and the weather is very dodgy at present, lol) Will I get more new shoots this year if I do cut it now?
Thanks in advance.
We're quite high up and have a very exposed garden. A few years ago, a pane of toughened glass blew out from our greenhouse in a ferocious gale, the wind got in and eventually blew out quite a few panes. The whole frame eventually buckled and you can imagine the mess we had to clear up . We've never replaced it, but I now have a little potting shed instead. I do miss my greenhouse though!
Thanks everyone. Great to hear all the different comments. I've binned my polyanthus but haven't drenched the compost in the pots yet as we had freezing temperatures and snow over the past few days! (Scottish Highlands ) Much milder now though so perhaps by the end of the week will use the provado, though the neighbours will probably think I've finally lost the plot .
OK Buddy. Thanks. Job for tomorrow, weather permitting!


text:
Luke--Acts - eBook
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Continuing a Gold Medallion Award-winning legacy, this completely revised edition of The Expositors Bible Commentary series puts world-class biblical scholarship in your hands. Based on the original twelve-volume set that has become a staple in college and seminary libraries and pastors studies worldwide, this new thirteen-volume edition marshals the most current evangelical scholarship and resources. Of the fifty-six contributors, thirty of them are new. Reflecting the commentarys international and cross-denominational approach, they come from the United States, Canada, England, Scotland, Australia, and New Zealand, and from a broad diversity of churches, including Anglican, Baptist, Brethren, Methodist, Nazarene, Presbyterian, and Reformed. The Expositors Bible Commentary uses the complete New International Version for its English text, but also refers freely to other translations and to the original languages. The thoroughly revised features consist of: • Comprehensive introductions • A short and precise bibliography • A detailed outline • Insightful exposition of passages and verses • Overviews of sections of Scripture to illumine the big picture • Occasional reflections to give more detail on important issues • Notes on textual questions and special problems, placed close to the text in question • Transliterations and translation of Hebrew and Greek words, enabling readers to understand even the more technical notes • A balanced and respectful approach toward marked differences of opinion
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Tremper Longman III (PhD, Yale University) is the Robert H. Gundry Professor of Biblical Studies and the chair of the Religious Studies department at Westmont College in Santa Barbara, California, where he lives with his wife, Alice. He is the Old Testament editor for the revised Expositor's Bible Commentary and general editor for the Story of God Bible Commentary Old Testament and has authored many articles and books on the Psalms and other Old Testament books.
David E. Garland (PhD, Southern Baptist Theological Seminary) is William B. Hinson Professor of Christian Scriptures and dean for academic affairs at George W. Truett Seminary, Baylor University. He is the New Testament editor for the revised Expositor's Bible Commentary and the author of various books and commentaries, including Mark and Colossians/Philemon in the NIV Application Commentary, and the article on Mark in the Zondervan Illustrated Bible Backgrounds Commentary. He and his wife, Diana, reside in Waco, Texas.
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Book your room at Siorra Vittoria Boutique Hotel
Get an overview of this hotelRomantic Corfu hotel in Corfu Town with free breakfast
Located in Corfu Town, this romantic hotel is steps from Serbian Museum, Corfu Public Library, and Corfu City Hall. Corfu Archaeological Museum and Municipal Gallery of Corfu are also within 5 minutes.
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All 9 rooms feature thoughtful touches like bathrobes and slippers, plus free WiFi and flat-screen TVs with DVD players. 24-hour room service, minibars, and hair dryers are among the other amenities available to guests.Would you like to give us feedback? Share it! Opens in a new window
Siorra Vittoria Boutique Hotel36, St.Padova Str. Corfu town Corfu Corfu Island 49 100
Hotel Amenities
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Cash transactions at this property cannot exceed EUR 1500, due to national regulations. For further details, please contact the property using information in the booking confirmation. Reservations are required for massage services. Reservations can be made by contacting the hotel prior to arrival, using the contact information on the booking confirmation. The property has connecting/adjoining rooms, which are subject to availability and can be requested by contacting the property using the number on the booking confirmation. No pets and no service animals are allowed at this property.


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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Aug 19, 2003
|Filing date
|Sep 20, 2001
|Priority date
|Sep 22, 2000
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Carvel E. Holton
|Original Assignee
|Virginia Tech Intellectual Properties
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (8), Non-Patent Citations (10), Referenced by (50), Classifications (24), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/234,367, filed Sep. 22, 2000, which is incorporated herein as if set forth at length.
This disclosure relates to quadrature signal processing of local oscillator and Doppler frequency-shifted signals in a lidar or other coherent optical systems.
A primary obstacle of fiber lidar is assumed to be the birefringent depolarization of the local oscillator (LO) signal from the transmitted carrier after splitting from the lidar output path. The effect can destroy the heterodyne efficiency at the detector and hence lidar operation unless polarization preserving fiber is utilized in the system past the split point in homodyne systems. This effect is assumed worse in heterodyne systems utilizing different LO and transmitter sources. The only form of the optical fiber lidar "immune" from this effect utilizes a local oscillator signal taken from the Fresnel reflection at the end of the transmit fiber immediately preceeding the output telescope. However, this latter mode of operation is not required as conventionally assumed. Laboratory tests have shown that phonon modulation of the birefringence in the local oscillator path gives rise to AM modulation of the detected signals within the dynamic range required of the lidar to perform its basic task. This provides a statistically detectable signal.
Furthermore, in conventional lidar systems, a frequency offset between a local oscillator signal and a transmitted beam has been traditionally required. This has traditionally been achieved in homodyne operation via a frequency shifting device such as an expensive acousto-optic (A/O) modulator, or in heterodyne operation by maintaining a fixed offset between the frequencies of the two coherent sources. It is desirable to perform such heterodyning or homodyning without the use of such acousto-optic modulators.
The disclosed invention can be used in free-space lidar systems, fiber lidar systems, and other systems based upon coherent mixing to eliminate the costly A/O cell used for offset homodyne operation or the difficult to stabilize offset heterodyne source. These elements are replaced with inexpensive detectors and couplers with savings of several thousands of dollars. The use of the disclosed invention allows the effective use of non-polarized or polarization preserving fibers, depending on the coherent system design requirements. The disclosed invention can be utilized effectively in the presence of birefringent de-polarization.
Signal to noise ratio for the disclosed technique is within 3 dB of that engendered by the use of the typical A/O cell, but alignment and temperature sensitivities are considerably reduced. Further, the bandwidth requirements necessary in the processing electronics are cut in half relative to the A/O modulator or offset heterodyne systems. Lastly, the electronic support components required for the other system forms are eliminated with considerable savings in volume and electronic power. The use of multiple coherent wavelengths can be achieved with this disclosed invention
The disclosed technique enables considerably more compact systems to be fabricated and cost effectively extends the applicability of the typical fiber lidar into a wider range of applications that require fall signed Doppler spectrum (vector velocity). Typical applications that will see substantial benefit include vibration sensing, turbulence sensing and velocity lidars (e.g. police radar applications, relative motion sensing applications, optical air data systems, etc.) of any type (e.g. linear velocity, tangential velocity, spin sensing, etc.)
FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of an optical fiber lidar using an acousto-optical modulator;
FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of a quadrature signal mixing assembly for bi-directional Doppler signal processing;
FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of a quadrature processed optical fiber lidar;
FIG. 4 is a schematic representation of a quadrature signal mixing assembly for bi-directional Doppler signal processing utilizing quarter wave retarders and signal amplifiers;
FIG. 5 is a schematic representation of a frequency offset local oscillator signal in the quadrature signal mixing assembly of FIG. 2; and
FIG. 6 is a schematic block diagram of a lidar system.
Applications for coherent Doppler lidars include velocity sensing applications (platforms and objects), volumetric/fluidic flow sensing, vibration monitoring, range to target and other related standoff sensing applications. The lidar detects the Doppler frequency shift imposed on coherent light scattered from a moving target by mixing the scattered, frequency shifted light with a reference beam of light (local oscillator) which is not shifted in frequency on the detector. A difference frequency results from this mixing process which is proportional to the velocity of the scattering medium. It is the Doppler frequency shift imposed on the light scattered from the target that provides the mechanism used for velocity detection. The reference beam can be either derived from the transmit beam (homodyne operation) or derived from another stable coherent source (heterodyne operation). By measuring the Doppler shift from three (or more) spatially separated lidar beams a complete vector velocity can be computed along with statistical velocity information.
In general, fiber lidar systems utilize the same optical functions to perform the lidar mission, except the optical elements are created by guided-wave optics (i.e. optical fiber devices). The laser source is generally a combination of a suitable solid state, DFB laser diode and one or more cascaded optical fiber amplifiers of the appropriate wavelength, although fiber or free-space lasers could be used as the source elements. For the most part, the amplifier of choice is the erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) operating at a wavelength of 1.54 μm. In one embodiment of an offset homodyne fiber lidar 100 shown in FIG. 1, the output 134 of the laser amplifier/source combination 102 is fed through a duplex element 110 to the end of a fiber 112 located at the focal point of an appropriate lens 114. In FIG. 1, the local oscillator (LO) signal 346, is split off by a tap coupler 106 prior to the duplex element 110 to be offset shifted in frequency by the A/O modulator 118, 120, 122. The frequency shifted LO signal 148 is then recombined with the returning Doppler signal 146 in a combining coupler 128 as shown in FIG. 1. The main beam 140 is transmitted to the target (not shown), such as atmospheric scatterers, through the lens 114 which also couples the backscattered light 142 into the return fiber path 144 through the duplex element 110. The two signals 146, 148 then mix due to the superposition of the electric field vectors on the detector 128 to generate a signal 150 at the Doppler difference frequency according to the square of the electric field intensity. Electronic processing of the signal 150 is then used to produce a Doppler velocity spectrum 152. The offset frequency must be greater than the highest Doppler velocity component. System electronic bandwidth must be twice this frequency to accept both positive and negative Doppler velocity.
If the optical fiber quadrature processing assembly 200 shown in FIG. 2 is substituted for the combiner 128 shown in FIG. 1 and the system diagram modified as shown in FIG. 3, the A/O modulator 118, 120, 122 may be omitted and the system electronic bandwidth cut in half due to the effective use of the phase information in the optical carrier 134, 138, 140. The signals when processed according to the equations below result in a Fourier power spectrum centered around zero frequency instead of being centered around the offset frequency of the A/O modulator as in the case of FIG. 1. Such a network may also be used in coherent optical fiber systems (e.g., communications, sensors) operating over a wide range of wavelengths or may be used with free-space lidars with the appropriate optical coupling elements. In, FIG. 2, the fixed −90 degree phase shift of the couplers 202, 204, 206, 208, 210 is inherent in the coupled mode equations that describe the physics of the devices. These couplers 202, 204, 206, 208, 210 may then be used in mixing polarized or non-polarized optical sources at the optical detectors 214, 216 to generate the quadrature Doppler components. Those in-quadrature signal components may then be processed as the analytic function for the Fourier transform (sin(�ωd)t−j cos(�ωd)t) to develop a signed velocity spectrum. While the equations below are used in RF spectrum analysis and are standard in communications textbooks for illustrating Fourier transform theory, heretofore it has not been connected to optical lidar signal processing using the phase characteristics of the coupled—mode equation.
Signals in a single mode, directional optical fiber coupler (fused, integrated optics, etc.) have a −90� phase shift in a transferred evanescent wave arm relative to the "straight through" fiber path due to the requirements of the wave equations for coupled waveguide solutions. This fact can be used as to develop in-quadrature signals for the spectrum analysis process that resolves the Doppler frequency and directional ambiguity in a Doppler based LIDAR (fiber or free-space based) used for velocity measurements. A shift in frequency is imposed on the transmitted light beam of a LIDAR (lidar) by the velocity of any object from which the light is reflected (i.e. the Doppler effect). However, a velocity magnitude toward or away from the lidar beam will generate the same differential frequency in the standard heterodyne process. This "directional ambiguity" must be resolved from the sign change in the axial vector velocity (i.e. change of velocity direction along a given axis) by use of the absolute frequency of the optical wave, by use of an offset frequency or via phase information relative to the carrier. The absolute carrier frequency is too high to work with in the electronic domain and the use of an offset frequency via an expensive acousto-optic cell (or other frequency shifting device), though conventionally used, is not to be preferred. The disclosed technique therefore develops the required information from the phase domain of signals.
The Doppler frequency shift in a lidar is related to the velocity according to the equation:
where V is the target velocity in meters per second and λs is the laser source wavelength in the medium.
The network or array of signal couplers 200 illustrated in FIG. 2 is one combination of couplers that may comprise the in-quadrature signal processing network. The phase shifts for the signals are as illustrated for the various signals based on progression through the network. For the current discussion, the amplitude or splitting ratios are all assumed to be � (−3 dB couplers for C1 through C4) except for coupler C0 (⅓-⅔). These split ratios allow the relative amplitude factors at the detectors to be assigned to unity for ease of computation. The coupling ratios may be significantly changed without significant change in the phase of the coupled wave arms in order to decrease the loss to the signal channel. This means that the loss in signal to noise ratio from this technique relative to a conventional single phase optical fiber system is no more than the 3 dB associated with coupler C1. This loss is somewhat offset in the later signal processing. Loss in the local oscillator channel can be overcome simply by using more local oscillator power internal to the lidar. These considerations allow the network to operate over a very large dynamic range. In FIG. 2, the electric field (E) amplitudes of the signals delivered by the coupler array 200 to the first optical detector 214 is:
where Es and Elo are the vector magnitudes of the signal and local oscillator field strengths respectively, ωc is the radian frequency of the transmitted optical carrier beam and ωd is the radian frequency of the Doppler shift imposed on the light by moving target. The sign of ωd is dependent on the direction of the velocity vector and is positive if the target is moving toward the beam (or lidar) and negative if it is moving away from the beam (or lidar). In general, ωd is a spectrum of frequencies with a bandwidth determined by the target velocity, surface figure, etc. Similarly, ωc and ωlo likewise have a finite bandwidth that is dependent on the laser source(s) being used in the lidar. For the purposes of the current development, ωd, ωc, and ωlo may be assumed to be radian frequencies of zero bandwidth. The total signal content after processing is then simply the sum of the power spectral densities of each signal's bandwidth after mixing in the optical detectors. Likewise, at the second optical detector, 216:
The detected signal currents are proportional to the power in the field and therefore, proportional to the square of the total field vector on each detector 214, 216. This fact is what causes the frequencies on the detectors to mix or "heterodyne." It is assumed that the polarizations of Es and Elo have been adjusted to achieve linear addition of the field vectors (essentially a heterodyne efficiency of unity). This is usually achieved by the use of polarization preserving waveguide structures, but birefringent structures associated with normal optical fiber guides will work well under most conditions where some compromise in signal to noise ratio may be offset with temporal averaging of the results. Returning to the signal current, under the given assumptions the intensity of the signals detected is, for example at the first detector 214:
I s ∝|E 1|2 (4)
Therefore, working with detector 214, the in-phase signal is:
The first two terms in proportionality (5) comprise the DC current term in the equation, which are removed by filters in the processing system 328 (FIG. 3) as only the AC terms carry the Doppler information required. Given that the proportionality is a simple liner algebraic constant, the proportionality can be assumed to be an equality for the present purposes and later scaled as appropriate to the absolute magnitudes if absolute signal strength is required. Therefore, using the appropriate trigonometric identity,
In equation (6) ωd is very small in comparison to ωc or ωlo and the average radian frequencies of these two terms are essentially equal as they are derived by splitting a single laser source (homodyne operation), i.e. ωlo=ωc. If these two terms are derived from separate sources (heterodyne operation), the theory of the calculations will not change, however the measured Doppler frequency will deviate from the assumed condition by an offset equal to the frequency difference between the carrier and local oscillator laser frequencies (ωd=ωd,true+ωoffset). This issue can be ignored in the current calculations as the offset can be later added to the result. Therefore, provided sufficient coherence length is available in the laser source(s) such that ωlo (t)=ωc (t), the sum frequencies are absorbed by the detector material as loss, leaving
I P =+E s E lo sin(�ωd)t (7)
Similarly, the signal current in detector 216, the in-quadrature signal, may be calculated as:
It can be seen from equations (7) and (8) that the two Doppler, photo signal currents are separated by 90 degrees in phase and are therefore in-quadrature. To process the Doppler velocity then the signals are summed and the complex Fourier Transform is taken as follows:
Using Euler's identity: exp{�jX}=sin(x)�j cos(x), then:
Mathematically, equation (11) then describes a frequency magnitude spectrum that is a zero bandwidth delta function with magnitude proportional to the product of EsElo and a power spectral density proportional to |EsElo|2 at a radian frequency of ω=+ωd or −ωd according to the vector direction of the target moving toward or away from the lidar respectively. The final equation is then:
As was previously noted, if a finite bandwidth is associated with the laser source, local oscillator and/or target motion, the delta function of equation (12) is repeated over a power spectral density function whose width is equal to the sum of source bandwidth, local oscillator bandwidth and any additional bandwidth resulting from the target modulation effects. The center frequency of the distribution however, is still ωd and its sign is either positive or negative in accordance with the direction of the Doppler shift. Thus analysis of the Fourier spectrum computed from the quadrature signals and equation (11) will yield both the magnitude spectrum of the Doppler signals (which may be further processed for velocity magnitude according to the equations 1a or 1b) and the sign of the velocity vector (inherent in the positive or negative sign of the frequency in the Fourier plane).
Referring to FIG. 6, a schematic block diagram of a lidar system is shown generally at 600. In FIG. 6, an optical system 602 directs an output signal 340 to an object 604 from which the output signal 340 is reflected or backscattered as a Doppler frequency-shifted signal 342. The optical system 602 accepts the Doppler frequency-shifted signal 342 and provides as output a local oscillator signal 332 and the Doppler frequency-shifted signal 346. A quadrature signal mixing assembly 200 accepts as input the Doppler frequency-shifted signal 346 and the local oscillator signal 332 and provides as output an in-phase and an in-quadrature signal 212, 218 for signal processing at 328 from which the velocity of the object may be determined.
Referring to FIG. 3, one embodiment of the lidar system of FIG. 6 is generally shown at 300. In FIG. 3, a radiation source, such as a laser 302, generates an output signal 334 at a prescribed wavelength, λ, such as 1535 nm. This wavelength is in the primary fiber optic communications band but is not limited to that wavelength. The laser source 302 can be any combination of laser source and amplification such that a lidar quality source is achieved suitable for fiber optic utilization. The output signal 334 is introduced into a waveguide 304, 308, 312 such as an optical fiber. The waveguide includes a coupler 306 which divides the output signal 334 into a local oscillator signal 332 and a partial component 336 of the output signal 334. The partial component 336 is provided to a circulator or duplexer 310 along waveguide section 308. The circulator or duplexer 310 provides the partial component 336 of the output signal 334 to waveguide section 312 from which it is launched, via telescope 314, to the object (not shown) as a transmitted lidar beam 340. The transmitted beam 340 encounters the object and is reflected or backscattered therefrom as a Doppler frequency-shifted signal 342. The Doppler frequency-shifted signal 342 retraces its path and is collected by the telescope 314 and introduced into waveguide section 312. The circulator or duplexer 310 directs the Doppler frequency-shifted signal 342, along with the local oscillator signal 332, to a quadrature signal mixing assembly 200. The quadrature signal mixing assembly 200 provides as output an in-phase and an in-quadrature signal 212, 218 for signal processing at 328 from which the velocity of the object may be determined.
Referring to FIG. 2 a quadrature signal mixing assembly is shown generally at 200. The quadrature signal mixing assembly 200 comprises an array or network of single mode directional couplers 202, 204, 206, 208, 210 interconnected by various waveguides generally designated by the reference numeral 250. A first signal coupler 202 is receptive of the local oscillator signal 324 of FIG. 3 at waveguide 326. The first signal coupler 202 provides as output two signals 226, 228. The first output signal 226 of the first signal coupler 202 is an unphase-shifted local oscillator signal. The second output signal 228 of the first signal coupler 202 is the local oscillator signal phase-shifted by −90 degrees. The ratio of the amplitudes of the first and second output signals 226, 228 of the first signal coupler 202 is 2 to 1. The local oscillator signal phase-shifted by −90 degrees 228 is provided as input to a second signal coupler 208, which in turn provides as output one signal 232. This output signal 232 is the local oscillator signal again phase-shifted by −90 degrees resulting in an output signal which is the local oscillator signal phase-shifted by a total of −180 degrees and reduced in amplitude to equal signal 226.
In FIG. 2, a third signal coupler 204 is receptive of the Doppler frequency-shifted signal 346 of FIG. 3 at waveguide 324. The third signal coupler 204 provides as output two signals 224, 230. The first output signal 224 of the third signal coupler 204 is an unphase-shifted Doppler frequency-shifted signal. The second output signal 230 of the third signal coupler 204 is the Doppler frequency-shifted signal phase-shifted by −90 degrees. A fourth signal coupler 210 is receptive of the −180 phase-shifted local oscillator signal 232 and the −90 degree phase-shifted Doppler frequency-shifted signal 230. The −180 phase-shifted local oscillator signal 232 and the −90 degree phase-shifted Doppler frequency-shifted signal are mixed in the fourth signal coupler 210 and the twice phase-shifted local oscillator signal is again phase-shifted by −90 degrees. The fourth signal coupler 210 provides as output an in-quadrature signal 218 which includes the phase-shifted Doppler frequency-shifted signal 230 and the further phase-shifted local oscillator signal 232.
A fifth signal coupler 206 is receptive of the unphase-shifted Doppler frequency-shifted signal 224 and the unphase-shifted local oscillator signal 226. The unphase-shifted Doppler frequency-shifted signal 224 and the unphase-shifted local oscillator signal 226 are mixed in the fifth signal coupler 206 and the unphase-shifted Doppler frequency-shifted signal 224 is phase-shifted by −90 degrees. The fifth signal coupler 206 provides as output an in-phase signal 212 which includes the unphase-shifted local oscillator signal 226 and the −90 degree phase-shifted Doppler frequency-shifted signal.
The in-phase signal 212 and the in-quadrature signal 218 are provided as input to optical detectors 214, 216 which provide as output electrical signals 220, 222 indicative of the intensities, IP and IQ, of the in-phase and in-quadrature signals 220, 222. Fourier transforming the complex sum of the in-phase and in-quadrature signals yields a frequency spectrum centered around zero with the sign of the power spectral density components representing the sign of the vector velocity in the lidar beam 140 axis. The processing bandwidth is effectively one half of that which is required using a conventional A/O cell.
This method and apparatus can be achieved in the electronic domain under conditions in which tracking the Doppler frequency through zero velocity (zero frequency) is not necessary, i.e. a velocity scenario in which the Doppler frequency is unipolar and sufficiently displaced from zero at all times. However, the dynamic range and simplicity of the optical system disclosed is superior under all conditions and is therefore to be preferred under most circumstances supported by the photonics of the lidar itself. It should also be noted that this technique can be implemented in free-space optics with optical analogs (beam splitters and waveplates) to the fused waveguide couplers originally intended and to a limited degree in multi-mode optical waveguides. In this regard, it has not been obvious to the user community that the phase shift of the waveguide coupler may be used in manner disclosed.
In the case of polarized fiber systems, coupler 208 in FIG. 2 can be replaced with a � wave retarder 208 a as seen in FIG. 4. Also, as seen in FIG. 5, the local oscillator signal 326 in FIG. 2 can be offset with either an A/O modulator 502, 504, 506 or a separate oscillator source to shift the frequency spectrum to any arbitrary frequency for use with other forms of processing (such as SAW spectrum analyzers), if sufficient benefit would accrue to such a return to the offset components. Free-space component analogs exist for utilization of the same technique in free-space lidars, but the alignment difficulty engendered in using such a scheme would have to be offset by integrated optical or precision alignment techniques.
Also shown in FIG. 4, another degree of freedom available to this system allows the use of an optical fiber amplifier 252 in the output legs of couplers 206 and 210 or the input leg of coupler 204 to restore signal to noise ratio lost due to the attenuation of the couplers. Such amplifiers can be back pumped to achieve isolation of the pump bands from the signal bands. Alternately, the individual couplers may be potentially combined with wavelength division multiplexers to both pump and split in a single efficient component.
Thus, based upon the foregoing description, a quadrature processed lidar system is disclosed with application general coherent optical systems. While preferred embodiments have been shown and described, various modifications and substitutions may be made thereto without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, it is to be understood that the present invention has been described by way of illustration only, and such illustrations and embodiments as have been disclosed herein are not to be construed as limiting the claims.
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|U.S. Classification
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|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|May 12, 2003
Owner name: VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AND STATE UNIVERSIT
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:HOLTON, CARVEL E.;REEL/FRAME:014049/0647
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Owner name: VIRGINIA TECH INTELLECTUAL PROPERTIES, INC., VIRGI
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|Jan 29, 2015
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