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Partnership Parenting
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Number of Pages: 240
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Publisher's Description
Informed by the Pruetts' research and extensive experience with parents and children, Partnership Parenting offers a new outlook. In addition to fascinating biological insights, the book features strategies for negotiating common landmine situations" from birth to age eight, from discipline and bedtime to helping kids with homework and teaching them responsibility.
With wisdom and humor, Partnership Parenting helps couples take advantage of their individual strengths to raise confident children while simultaneously improving their marriage.
Author Bio
Marsha Kline Pruett, PhD, MSL, a professor at Smith College, has done landmark research on co-parenting.
They live in Northampton, Massachusetts, with their children.
Editorial Reviews
"The authors are experienced in parenting both from personal and professional perspectives. This book is a good read…For the curious reader, the research and examples will be welcome background to support the recommendations the authors propose… Overall, the authors do an excellent job of holding mothers and fathers equally accountable for parenting, identifying gendered differences, and presenting tools for creating a parenting partnership, which works in excellent fashion to serves the needs of the child(ren)…Expectant parents, new parents, and parents in second families will find this book particularly useful as a tool to understand their similarities and differences in parenting and work together to build a parenting partnership."
Tuscon Citizen, "Shelf Life" blog, 10/12
"Provides parents with the information they need to strengthen family life at all levels."
InfoDad.com, 10/29/09
"The books suggestions for managing conflict, handling discipline effectively, and finding ways to strengthen the parental bond even when two people approach child-rearing differently, are certainly worth consideringand may make it easier to develop a family structure that works better for children and adults alike."
Midwest Book Review
"From rules for negotiation to appreciating a partner's contributions, this is packed with case histories, quizzes, questions and solutions to common co-parenting issues. Any parent's library needs this."
Work & Family Life, February 2010
"Describe[s] how men and women naturally parent differently and what can be gained from each approach…With wisdom and humor, Partnership Parenting will help both of you take advantage of your individual strengths to stay connected and confidently raise children together."
Family Therapy, Winter 2010
"The authors reveal how men and women naturally parent differentlyand what can be gained by both approaches…Partnership Parenting offers couples distinctly balanced ways to deal with everyday situations, from bedtime and feeding to discipline and schooling."
New York Family, April 2010
"Explore[s] the different qualities that men and women bring to child-rearing, and how couples can combine their individual strengths in order to co-parent successfully."
MensNewsDaily.com, 5/20/10
"An engaging and excellent book on gender differences in parenting…Shows that realization of the sexes complementary strengths can help foster a deep appreciation of the other parent, which can only serve to fortify the fabric of a partnership…The authors clearly care deeply about supporting parents and childrens well-being. Dont miss this fabulous work!"
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Kathy M. Jennings
Published: Monday, November 20, 2006 at 6:59 a.m.
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SPARTANBURG, SC-- Graveside services for Kathy Marie Jennings, age 49, will be held today, November 20, 2006 in Heritage Memorial Gardens with the Rev. Joe Mosley and Rev. Skip Snyder officiating.
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In lieu of flowers, memorials may be made to Spartanburg Regional Hospice, 120 Heywood Avenue, Spartanburg, SC 29301.
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On this episode of BK Live:
Jeanette Moy, Chief Strategy Officier for Brooklyn Public Library; Tony Riddle, Co-Director for BRIC Community Media; and Lee Eddy, Associate Director of Partnership for BRIC Community Media discuss the reopening of Coney Island Library and BRIC's media education and offerings throughout the library branches.
Frances Medina, Executive Coordinator for Red Hook Initiative; Jackie Summers, Owner of JackFromBrooklyn; and Ben Schneider, Own of The Good Fork discuss Red Hook one year after Hurricane Sandy.
Nick Shimkin, Film Programmer for Brooklyn Arts Council, and Nathan Fitch, Director of The Darker Side of Dreamland, discuss this year's Brooklyn Film Fest and how much of the content is devoted to Hurricane Sandy.
Original air date: Oct 21, 2013


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When: Thu., June 26, 6-9 p.m., Fri., June 27, 9 a.m.-12 p.m. & 11 a.m.-9 p.m., Sat., June 28, 10 a.m.-3 p.m. & 11 a.m.-9 p.m. and Sun., June 29, 12-8 p.m. 2014
The Harlem Fine Arts Show, a staple event in New York for four years, makes its Atlanta debut this year as part of the National Black Arts Festival. From Thurs.-Sun., June 26-29, the exhibition and art sale will feature the works of more than 40 established and emerging African-American artists from the diaspora, including Atlantan Charly Palmer. The event includes a 6 p.m. opening night reception, Friday youth empowerment day, and Saturday lecture series.
Price: $10-$15


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The metastatic process is complex and remains a major obstacle in the management of colorectal cancer. To gain a better insight into the pathology of metastasis, we investigated genomic aberrations in a large cohort of matched colorectal cancer primaries and distant metastases from various sites by high resolution array comparative genomic hybridization. In total, 62 primary colorectal cancers, and 68 matched metastases (22 liver, 11 lung, 12 ovary, 12 omentum, and 11 distant lymph nodes) were analyzed. Public datasets were used for validation purposes. Metastases resemble their matched primary tumors in the majority of the patients. This validates the significant overlap in chromosomal aberrations between primary tumors and corresponding metastases observed previously. We observed 15 statistically significant different regions between the primary tumors and their matched metastases, of which only one recurrent event in metastases was observed. We conclude, based on detailed analysis and large independent datasets, that chromosomal copy number aberrations in colorectal metastases resemble their primary counterparts, and differences are typically non-recurrent.
Citation: Mekenkamp LJM, Haan JC, Israeli D, van Essen HFB, Dijkstra JR, van Cleef P, et al. (2014) Chromosomal Copy Number Aberrations in Colorectal Metastases Resemble Their Primary Counterparts and Differences Are Typically Non-Recurrent. PLoS ONE 9(2): e86833. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0086833
Editor: Patrick Tan, Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore
Received: July 11, 2013; Accepted: December 16, 2013; Published: February 5, 2014
Copyright: © 2014 Mekenkamp et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: This research was financially supported by the Dutch Cancer Society (KWF-2007-3832), the 'Stichting Sacha Swarttouw-Hijmans', the Dutch Colorectal Cancer Group and performed within the framework of Center for Translational Molecular Medicine; DeCoDe project, Contract grant number: 03O-101. These funders had no role in study design, data collection, data analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Metastatic disease is the principal event leading to death in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC), yet our understanding of the molecular events leading to metastasis is still incomplete. The formation of metastases is a multistep process, in which malignant cells disseminate from the primary tumor to colonize distant organs [1], [2].
A variety of genetic and epigenetic events that lead to loss of function of tumor suppressor genes, such as APC, TP53 and SMAD4 and gain of function of oncogenes like KRAS and MYC, drive tumor cell behavior in a Darwinian selection process. Two hypotheses aim to explain how tumor cells acquire the (epi)genetic alterations that make them proficient to metastasize. The "traditional model" suggests that the metastatic process is accompanied by a sequential accumulation of (epi)genetic alterations [3]. Tumor cells pass through successive rounds of clonal progression and the most malignant cancer cells acquire the capacity to seed new colonies at distant sites [4]. An alternative "predestination" hypothesis, implies that the capacity to metastasize is largely determined by the mutant alleles that are acquired relatively early during tumorigenesis [5]. Subsets of genetic aberrations responsible for oncogenic transformation are also involved in the metastatic progression. This model does not question clonal selection or the accumulation of genetic alterations, but does not place metastatic dissemination near the end of tumor progression [6]. According to this model, primary tumors that can and cannot metastasize will differ more in their biologic features than primary tumors and their associated metastases.
Some studies aimed to unravel metastasis-associated genomic alterations by comparing the genetic profile of metastases with unmatched primary tumors [7], [8]. This approach is of limited value due to the heterogeneity between individuals in the genetic profile of their tumors. There are other studies that use 'matched' primaries and metastasis, which however use small datasets [9], [10]. These studies indicated that copy number patterns of metastatic tumor cells are similar to that of the primary tumor. Recurrent copy number aberrations in metastases were not independently validated in large datasets. Since the publication by Stange et al. [9], which reports such a recurrent aberration, the array comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH) technique has dramatically improved. The oligo array CGH technique used here allows for a 20-fold higher spatial detection resolution, with also the capability of detecting important focal aberrations [11]–[15]. In order to improve our understanding of the biology behind the metastatic process, we conducted such high resolution array CGH analysis on a large set of primary CRC and matched metastases of various distant sites.
Materials and Methods
Ethics Statement
The two randomized clinical trials, CAIRO and CAIRO2, were approved by the Committee on Human-Related Research Arnhem – Nijmegen and by the local institutional review boards. FFPE tissue of another 8 patients was collected from the tissue archive of the Department of Pathology at the Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, which was approved by the local review board. Approval by the local review boards has been done centrally by Medisch Ethische Toetsingscommissie (METC) Nijmegen. The written informed consent required for all patients before study entry also included translational research on tumor tissue.
Patients and Tumor Samples
Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue of surgically resected primary tumor, matched distant metastasis and matched normal colon, was obtained from 62 patients. For 6 patients, tissue samples of two different metastatic sites were collected. Array CGH power analysis shows that this sample size (130 tissue specimens) yields an average power of 0.5 to 0.9 [16]. The 68 metastatic tissue specimens consisted of 22 liver metastases, 11 lung metastases, 12 ovarian metastases, 12 omental metastases, and 11 distant lymph node metastases. The power for these metastatic homing organs is only sufficient to identify the most statistically significant genetic recurrences by array CGH [16].
Eighteen patients included in this study participated in the CAIRO clinical trial [17] (CKTO 2002–07, Clinical Trials.gov; NCT00312000) and 36 patients the CAIRO2 trial [18] (CKTO 2005–02, ClinTrials.gov; NCT00208546) of the Dutch Colorectal Cancer Group (DCCG).
FFPE tissue of another 8 patients was collected from the tissue archive of the Department of Pathology at the Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre.
Clinical and Histopathological Parameters
The following clinical features were collected for each patient: age, gender, site of the primary tumor, metachronous (>6 months after initial diagnosis) or synchronous (≤ 6 months of initial diagnosis) onset of metastases. The TNM classification (5th ed.) [19] was used to describe the extent of cancer spread in terms of invasion depth and lymph node stage. Tumors were histologically classified using the World Health Organization guidelines [20]. A tumor was considered to be of the mucinous type when at least 50% of the tumor volume consisted of mucin. Primary tumors were graded into well, moderately and poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas based on the part of poorest differentiation in the tumor. The mismatch repair system (MMR) status was determined by immunohistochemistry and microsatellite instability (MSI) analysis [21]. Two out of 62 patients (3%) were MMR positive, which is a representative incidence for patients with advanced CRC [21]. Clinical and pathological parameters are summarized in Table 1.
Chromosomal Copy Number Detection by Array CGH and Data Preprocessing
The procedures for DNA isolation, labeling and hybridization were described previously [22]. DNA was isolated from an area containing at least 70% tumor cells. The 180K CGH arrays (Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) platform GPL8687 Agilent Technologies, Palo Alto, USA) cover 169.793 unique chromosomal locations across the genome at ∼17 kb intervals, enriched with 4548 additional oligonucleotides, located at 238 of the Cancer Census genes. Array image analysis was performed and local background was subtracted from the signal median intensities of both tumor and normal DNA. The log2 tumor to normal ratio was calculated in the statistical programming language R with CGHcall [23] and was normalized against the median value of the log2 ratios of all the oligonucleotides mapped to the March 2006 human reference sequence (NCBI36/hg18) on chromosome 1–22 and X.
The cellularity parameter in the CGHcall data analysis software was set according to the estimates made by the pathologist (I.D.N.). Further data interpretation and copy number aberration (CNA) calling was done with Nexus Copy Number 6.0 software (Biodiscovery, El Segundo, USA) using default settings, except for the Segmentation Algorithm, which was set to "Rank". The CNA calling cut-off value for gene copy number gain or loss was set to 0.2 and −0.2, and for amplifications or homozygous deletions this cut-off value was set to 0.6 and −1.0, respectively (Figure 1). The array CGH data can be accessed using GEO, under accession number GSE38479.
In grey analysis performed in R, in white analysis performed in Nexus.
Array CGH Data Analysis
Unsupervised hierarchical clustering analysis was performed in R with the segmented data according to the same procedures as Stange et al. [9]. The distance was calculated based on a Spearman correlation (Figure 1). Copy number concordance of the metastasis with the corresponding primary tumor was defined as a percentage of the genome with the same copy number (gain, loss or normal). Therefore base pair positions of copy number overlap were determined by start and end positions of the segments, which were detected by the segmentation algorithm described above. To compare the tumors pairs, DNA copy number ratios of the primary tumor were subtracted from the corresponding metastases. GISTIC [24] within Nexus 6.0 was used to identify genomic regions that are significantly amplified or deleted across this combined sample set (Figure 1). Output included those regions with a high corresponding G score, indicative of either a high frequency of occurrence or a high amplitude for several samples or a combination. The method accounts for multiple-hypothesis testing using the false-discovery rate (FDR), and a FDR below 0.05 was used as a level of significance.
Detection of Chromosome 6q21 and 8q24.21 (MYC) Co-amplification in Large Independent Cohorts of Primary Colorectal Tumors
The presence of the co-amplification of chromosome 6q21 and 8q24.21 (MYC) was assessed in array CGH data of 542 primary colorectal tumors. These array CGH profiles were derived from 349 primary colorectal tumors who participated in either the CAIRO [17] or the CAIRO2 [18] study (JC Haan et al., in preparation), and from 193 primary colorectal tumors present in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Chromosomal amplifications were identified by CGHcall [23] for the CAIRO and CAIRO2 samples, and by cBio Cancer Genomics Portal (http://www.cbioportal.org) [25] for the samples of the TCGA dataset, and were only acknowledged if the log2 ratio of the segmented values was higher than 2.
Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH)
Copy number status of both chromosome 6q21 and 8q24.21 (MYC), as well as of the centromeres of chromosome 6 and 8 were assessed by FISH analysis [26]. The MYC locus probe (8q24.12-q24.13), 6q21 locus probe (start 106772738–106950984), and the centromere probes of chromosome 6 (6p11.1-q11) and 8 (8p11.1-q11.1) (Vysis, Abbott Molecular, Abbott Park, Illinois, USA). Signals for each probe were counted in at least 40 cells per tumor sample. Samples with a ratio greater than 3 between MYC or 6q21 versus the centromere signals, in 10% of cells or more, were scored positive for amplification.
Striking Similarity in DNA Copy Number Status between Primaries and Matched Metastases
Patterns of DNA copy number aberrations between 62 primary tumors and 68 matched metastases were highly similar for the majority of the patients (Figure 2). When the group of primaries was compared to the group of metastases, only gain of chromosomes 2p25.3 and 2q21.3 were more frequently observed in metastases (p<0.001; Table S1). However, after correction for multiple testing no significant regions were left (FDR>0.05).
(A) Frequencies of aberrations based on called data for primary tumors and (B) metastases. The x-axis displays clones spotted on the array sorted by chromosomal position. The y-axis displays the frequency of tumors with gains (above zero) or losses (below zero). Boundaries of chromosomes are indicated by dotted lines.
Cluster analysis revealed that DNA copy number profiles of pairs are more similar to each other than between tumors of different patients. For 6 patients, metastases and the corresponding primary tumors were not joined pairwise in the cluster dendrogram (Figure 3). Histological re-evaluation showed similar morphologies within each of these 6 matched pairs. Two of the 6 patients clustered with only one tumor or tumor pair between them. The remaining 4 copy number profiles are shown in Figure S1.
All tumors includes 62 primary CRC tumors (p) and 68 matched metastases (m). The numbers and pointers on the left show the patients of which the primary tumor and metastasis did not cluster together.
Non-recurrent Differences between Primaries and Metastases of Individual Patients
Overall, a median of 27% of aberrant genome was detected in primary tumors versus a median of 33% in the metastases. This difference is not a consequence of tumor cell percentage which was corrected for. We performed a pair wise comparison of the metastases and the primary tumor per metastasis (Figure 4). This comparison revealed 4 metastases with genomic overlap with the primary tumor of gain, loss or normal DNA copy number of more than 95% (median 96.8% (95.6–100%)). In addition, 43 metastases showed overlap between 70 and 95% (median 82.0% (72.0–94.7%)), and the remaining 21 metasases had an overlap in of less than 70% (median 60.3% (41.6–69.7%)) No specific metastatic site was overrepresented in any of these groups. Three of the four patients that did not join pairwise in the cluster analysis are in the group of less than 70% overlap (53.4, 67.8 and 69.7%). The remaining sample that did not cluster pairwise had an overlap of 82%.
(A–B) Example of a tumor metastasis pair from the group with less than 70% genomic overlap of gain, loss or normal DNA copy number (total 20 patients of which 3 patients were not joined pairwise in the dendrogram of Figure 3)and (C–D) example of a tumor metastasis pair from the group with 70 and 95% genomic overlap of gain, loss or normal DNA copy number (38 patients of which 1 patient was not joined pairwise in the dendrogram of Figure 3) The x-axis displays clones spotted on the array sorted by chromosomal position. The y-axis displays the log2 ratios of the clones. The segments are depicted by grey lines. Boundaries of chromosomes are indicated by dotted lines. (E) Histogram of the percentages of genomic overlap of gain, loss or normal DNA copy number of all tumor metastasis pairs. The x-axis displays the percentages of overlap. Tthe y-axis displays the frequencies of the metastases.
To establish which genomic regions show overall differences in copy number aberrations between the group of primary and metastatic tumors we generated a combined dataset. The log2 values of the primary tumors were subtracted from the log2 values of the metastases for each position (unique oligonucleotide on the array) by GISTIC [24]. We observed 15 statistically significant events with, 13 regions of lower DNA copy number ratios and 2 regions of higher DNA copy number ratios in the metastases compared to the primary (Table S2). The significant GISTIC peaks identified were due to a high log2 ratio of metastases versus primary tumors (high level amplification)rather than a high frequency, hence these are high amplifications in the metastases rather than recurrent gains (or losses). One exception is a co-amplification that we detected in 3 metastases of two patients(see below).
The same approach revealed 7 regions with higher DNA copy number ratio and 8 regions with lower DNA copy number ratio in the 22 liver metastases compared to the primary tumor (Table S3). In the 12 omental metastases 1 region showed a higher copy number ratio and 5 regions lower copy number ratio in comparison to the primary tumor (Table S4). In the other metastatic organs (ovary, lung, and distant lymph nodes) significant differences in DNA copy number ratios between metastases and primary tumors were not observed.
Stange et al. [9], reports a difference at chromosome 11p15.5 in a study of 21 patients with liver metastases. Re-analysis of the data according to our procedures described here, confirms the 11p15.5 gain in 6 liver metastases not present in the primary tumors. On this array CGH platform 3 BAC clones are located within this region. Neither in the 22 patients with liver metastases nor in the remaining 40 patients with other metastatic sites, gain of this region was detected, despite the 38 oligonucleotides located within this chromosomal region. Two out of 62 patients (3%) were MSI (patient 18 and 30). The percentages of genomic overlap of copy number aberrations between the primary tumors and their metastasis in our MSI patients were 88% and 96% respectively. Moreover the primary tumor and the metastases of these patients clustered next to each other. Due to the low incidence of MSI tumors in our study population, this does not affect the conclusions of our study, neither we can conclude anything about this subtype because of low sample size.
A Co-amplification only Observed in Metastasis Including the MYC Oncogene
In only two patients we observed a recurrent high level co-amplification in the metastases, which was not detected in the primary tumor. The co-amplification is located at 6q21 and 8q24.21, the latter encompassing the MYC oncogene. Respectively 16 and 19 genes are located on these regions listed in Table S2. One of these patients had two metastatic sites involved, both harboring this co-amplification (Figure 5). These array CGH results were confirmed by FISH analysis showing high level amplifications of MYC and chromosome 6q21 (Figure 6). The co-amplification did not result from translocation, since no co-localization was observed by FISH. Moreover we did not observe subclones with high level amplification of MYC or chromosome 6q21 alone.
DNA copy number profiles of two patients containing a co-amplification of at 8q24.21 (MYC) and chromosome 6q21 in the metastasis (B, D, E), which was not present in the primary tumor (A, C). The x-axis displays clones spotted on the array sorted by chromosomal position. The y-axis displays the log2 ratios of the clones. The segments are depicted by grey lines. Boundaries of chromosomes are indicated by dotted lines.
FISH analysis confirming high level co-amplification of MYC (8q24.21) and chromosome 6q21 in metastatic tissue (lymph node, sample m45) which were absent in the matched primary tumor (sample p45). (A) Primary tumor without the MYC amplification (red probe: MYC (8q24.21), green probe: centromere chromosome 8). (B) Distant lymph node metastasis with the MYC (8q24.21) amplification (red probe: MYC (8q24.21), green probe: centromere chromosome 8, gain). (C) Primary tumor without the chromosome 6q21 amplification (green probe: 6q21, red probe: centromere chromosome 6). (D) Distant lymph node metastasis with the 6q21 amplification (green probe: 6q21). (E) Co-amplification of MYC (8q24.21) and chromosome 6q21 in a distant lymph node (red probe: MYC, green probe: 6q21). Abbreviations: CEP6; centromere chromosome 6, CEP8; centromere chromosome 8.
We analyzed copy number profiles of 349 primary colorectal tumors of the CAIRO studies and 193 primary colorectal tumors of the Cancer Genome Atlas Network [27]. We detected high level amplification of MYC, once in the CAIRO and 3 times in the Atlas datasets. Amplification at 6q21 was once detected only in the CAIRO datasets. The co-amplification was not observed in these 542 primary tumors.
Primary tumors and their metastases are genetically highly similar. Therefore, we reason that many chromosomal aberrations arise in the primary tumor before metastatic spread. In the past years, genetic data have become available that support the idea that the metastatic behavior seems to be predetermined relatively early in tumorigenesis. First, micrometastases are observed in many individuals with small, low-stage tumors [28]. Second, RNA expression profiling of the bulk of primary tumors predict the metastatic recurrence of cancer patients [29], [30]. Third, microarray analysis revealed that RNA expression and DNA copy number patterns of metastatic tumor cells were strikingly similar to that of the primary tumor [9], [10], [31]. Sequence analysis of coding regions in primary and metastatic tumor genomes also suggest that only a few mutations are required to transform cells from an invasive colorectal tumor into cells that have the capability to metastasize [32]. Genome wide sequencing of matched primary and metastatic tissues has only been performed in small patient cohorts. In the study of Kloosterman et al. [33], significant overlap in somatic structural changes between 4 primary tumors and their corresponding metastases was observed. Moreover, whole-genome sequencing of matched primary pancreatic tumors and metastases [34], and genomic analyses of primary prostate cancer and metastases [35] revealed highly similar genomic profiles in these solid malignancies as well. This suggests that essential mutations and chromosomal aberrations required for cancer progression would occur in the primary tumor before initiation of the metastatic spread.
Nevertheless, differences are observed in DNA copy numbers between primaries and metastases, for which several potential scenarios are possible. Either genetic changes occur because the primary and metastasis are different branches from a common yet heterogeneous ancestor [36], or changes occur after dissemination. We hypothesize that the most likely scenario is a combination of both heterogeneity within the primary tumor and post-dissemination effects. It is thereby important to take into account that chromosomal aberrations in less than 30% of tumor cells can go undetected with arrays [37]. Since a primary colorectal tumor can be quite large and only a small cross section was taken for copy number analysis, heterogeneity would be reflected in the copy number measurements and explain some of the differences between matched primaries and metastases. Another explanation for the observed differences could be that the studied metastasis arose from a distinct primary. Some of the patients included in our cohort presented with metachronous metastases and consequently received (neo)adjuvant systemic treatment. The effect of systemic treatment on chromosomal instability however is largely unknown, but probably limited since no recurrences were identified and no significantly increased number of gene variants (associated with pathways relevant in cancer) were observed as a result of chemotherapy [38]. Our data strengthen this observation because the patients who did receive (neo)adjuvant systemic treatment clustered pairwise. None of the 6 patients who did not cluster together received chemotherapy and targeted agents.
Stange et al. [9] published a dataset of 21 paired samples where a characteristic gain was found in 6 of 21 liver metastases (29%) on chromosome band 11p15.5 that was observed in only 1 primary tumor (5%). They confirm this observation in an independent dataset of liver metastases (n = 50, 30% gain). The Cancer Genome Atlas Network recently reported that one of the most common focal gains is at 11p15.5 in 7% of primary CRC tumors [27]. In our dataset we observe ca. 10% gain of the same region without a significant difference between both primary and metastasis (Figure 2). Thus although we could confirm a same frequency of gain in the primary tumors, we were not able to confirm a higher frequency in our set of patients with liver metastases (n = 22), nor in other metastatic sites. We conclude that (focal) gain at 11p15.5 is not prevalent for metastasis in our dataset, as opposed to the reported findings by Stange et al. [9]. We only observed one recurrent event; two patients with co-amplifications on the same chromosomal locations in the metastases, which were not present in the primary tumor. This co-amplification was not detected previously in larger series of primary tumors, nor in smaller studies of metastases. Previous series of metastases did not use high resolution array CGH, and may thus have missed this focal co-amplification. Hence, the association of this specific co-amplification with metastasis needs further confirmation by high resolution copy number analysis on a large series of CRC metastasis. In the era of personalized anti-cancer treatment it is essential to understand the diverging features between primaries and metastases and which tissue will best predict treatment outcome. Current clinical practice is to use archived material of the primary tumor to determine molecular aberrations and mutations to select patients for treatment, whereas in fact therapy is oriented towards treating the metastases. Since genomic profiles are highly similar between the primary tumor and the metastasis this approach is now justified and it is unlikely that precursor cells of overt metastases in CRC disseminate early to sites where they proceed to undergo their own divergent genetic evolution.
Array Data Availability
GEO accession number GSE38479.
Supporting Information
Figure S1.
DNA copy number profiles. DNA copy number profiles of patients of which the correlation of the primary tumor (p) and their metastasis (m) was substantially low with more than one tumor pair between them. The patients showed genomic overlap of gain, loss or normal DNA copy number of (A–B) 67.8%, (C–D) 82.0%, (E–F) 69.7% and (G–H) 53.4%. The x-axis displays clones spotted on the array sorted by chromosomal position. The y-axis displays the log2 ratios of the clones. The segments are depicted by grey lines. Boundaries of chromosomes are indicated by dotted lines.
Table S1.
Comparison of frequencies of DNA copy number aberrations between the primary tumors and the metastases. Abbreviations: FDR; false discovery rate.
Table S2.
GISTIC approach in combined samples. *Regions which overlap with the results of liver metastasis, ** Regions which overlap with the results of omental metastases. Abbreviations: FDR; false discovery rate.
Table S3.
GISTIC approach in combined samples of liver metastasis. Abbreviations: FDR; false discovery rate.
Table S4.
GISTIC approach in combined samples of omental metastasis. Abbreviations: FDR; false discovery rate.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: LJMM JCH IDN BY. Performed the experiments: LJMM JCH DI HFvE JRD PvC. Analyzed the data: LJMM JCH IDN BY. Wrote the paper: LJMM JCH IDN BY. Editing the paper and had final approval of the submitted and published versions: BY LJMM JCH DI HFvE JRD PvC CJAP GAM IDN. Revised the manuscript critically: GAM CJAP.
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text:
- Welcome
- About Psi Chi
- How to Apply
- Research Opportunities
- Psychology Day
- Contact
- Photos
Please provide a brief description of your research interests
My broad area of research interests is the social contexts of children's and adolescents' development. My students and I are conducting an ongoing longitudinal study of sibling and friend relationships. We've collected data on a group of participants at ages 4, 7, and 17, and a group of my students are preparing to do an early adulthood follow-up. We are also collecting data on 7-year-old Latino and Carribean-American children's sibling relationships and friendships.
Are you looking for student research assistants for the upcoming semesters?
Not for spring 2016, but we will be adding research assistants for fall 2016.
If yes, how many students are you looking for?
In what aspects are student research assistants involved in your lab?
I try to involve students in all aspects of my research - generally, research assistants on the sibling/friend study do home visits to collect data, transcribe videotapes of sibling and friend interaction sessions, code videotapes and transcripts, tabulate coding and questionnaire data, and assist in data analysis and preparing results for presentation at professional conferences.
What skills are you looking for in student research assistants?
I prefer research assistants who have had some coursework in developmental psychology - at least Psych 215 and/or 216 - and who have at least started to take the research methods sequence. Experience and comfort interacting with children is a must, as is willingness to work as part of a research team. We provide training in videotaping, using the computer, and specific data collection and analysis methods.
Is there anything else you would like to say?
I do not normally admit seniors to my research group because it takes about a semester to be trained in the necessary data collection and coding methods.


text:
Book your room at HH-Quartier
Get an overview of this hotel3-star Hamburg aparthotel in Winterhude
Located in Winterhude, this aparthotel is 0.3 mi (0.4 km) from Kampnagel and within 3 mi (5 km) of Hamburger Kunsthalle and Moenckebergstrasse. Hamburg City Hall is 3.1 mi (4.9 km) away.
Property Features
Express check-in, tour/ticket assistance, and multilingual staff are available at this aparthotel. WiFi in public areas is free.
Room Amenities
All 10 individually decorated apartments feature free WiFi and DVD players. Guests will find kitchens with refrigerators, stovetops, and microwaves.Would you like to give us feedback? Share it! Opens in a new window
HH-QuartierGeibelstraße Hamburg HH 22303
Hotel Amenities
Hotel Amenities
HH-Quartier features tour/ticket assistance, multilingual staff, and express check-in. Public areas are equipped with complimentary high-speed wireless Internet access.
- Express check-in
- Free parking nearby
- Free WiFi
- Multilingual staff
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
- Number of floors - 3
- Shopping on site
- Total number of rooms - 10
- Tours/ticket assistance
Family Friendly Amenities
- DVD player
- Free Wi-Fi
- Kitchen
- Microwave
- Refrigerator
Available in all rooms: Free WiFi
Available in some public areas: Free WiFi
Free parking nearby
Room Amenities
- Air conditioning
- In-room climate control (air conditioning)
- Coffee/tea maker
- Cookware, dishware, and utensils
- DVD player
- Free WiFi
- Hair dryer
- Individually decorated
- Individually furnished
- Iron/ironing board
- Kitchen
- Microwave
- Partially open bathroom
- Refrigerator
- Shower only
- Stovetop
- Television
Hotel Policies
Check-in time starts at 3:30 PM
Minimum check-in age is 18
Check-in time ends at 3:30 PM
Special check-in instructions:
Check-out time is 11 AM
Payment types
- No pets or service animals allowed
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
- No onsite parking is available.
Noise-free rooms not guaranteed
No pets or service animals allowed
No elevators
Cash Deposit Required
No cribs (infant beds) available
- A culture and tourism tax is imposed by the city of Hamburg. This tax is already included in the room rate. Business travelers may be exempt from this tax. For more details, please contact the property using the information on the reservation confirmation received after booking.
- Tourism fee: EUR 2 per person, per night
- Cleaning fee: EUR 30 per accommodation, per stay
Optional extras
- Early check-in fee: EUR 20
- Late check-in fee for check-in between 5 PM and 8 PM (amount varies)
- Late check-out fee: EUR 30
- Rollaway bed fee: EUR 20.00 per stay
- Onsite credit card charges are subject to a surcharge
Hotel Name
- HH-Quartier
- HH-Quartier Aparthotel
- HH-Quartier Aparthotel Hamburg
- HH-Quartier Hamburg
We should mention
No pets and no service animals are allowed at this property.


text:
Snowboxx brings to you the first of the 2016 line up drops. This years line up is bigger and badder than ever, we've still got plenty more to come from the musical worlds of dance, bass and hip-hop. From living legends to experimental new sounds, this years artists will cover all the bases.
Stay tuned to our social media for more line up announcements coming soon and remember Snowboxx is more than just the music, so check out what else we've got going on at the Fun Stuff page.
Stay tuned to our social media for more line up announcements coming soon and remember Snowboxx is more than just the music, so check out what else we've got going on at the Fun Stuff page.
SigmaxSigmaBritish producer duo Sigma have been at the forefront of the drum and bass scene since they reached number one with "nobody to Love" in 2014. Taking DnB from underground rave to the UK singles chart. Collaborations with artist Paloma Faith saw them hijack the Pyramid STage at this years Glastonbury. They will be bringing a DJ set to the Snowboxx main stage for a big party under the stars.
Blonde (Live)xBlondeJake Manson and Adam Englefield aren't new to the Snowboxx mountain, but this year they will be returning with their live set for the ultimate Blonde experience. This UK deep house band are best known for their 2015 single "All Cried Out" and we hear they have big plans for 2016. Their music have evolved in all directions since we saw them last, assuring us that their performance at Snowboxx will be something to remember.
Grandmaster FlashxGrandmaster FlashConsidered to be one of the pioneers of hip-hop Grandmaster Flash is nothing less than a living legend. He will making his way from America to bring Snowboxx an unrivaled DJ set taking you on a journey through music. He will be showcasing his phenomenal mixing skills, playing jazz, pop, funk, disco, R&B, rock and of course, hip-hop from throughout the years. We're sure to get an eclectic mix of all the best tracks with Flash on the decks.
Mike SkinnerxMIKE SKINNEREnglish rapper, musician and record producer Mike Skinner has made his fair share of "absolute tunes". His varied DJ sets reflects his love of cutting edge sounds and his musical selections are as enticing as his production capabilities. From heavy hitting house to old skool hip-hop, sprinkle this with some drum and bass bangers and a few of his own remixes and classic tracks and you've got a Mike Skinner party on your hands.
StormzyxStormzyWhere do you know him from? Probably from the rapidly emerging UK grime scene that is taking over an urban area near you. This 21 year old South London ambassador has ignited a new generation of UK rap with his neo-grime flow and his utopian and progressive attitude towards commercial music. He won Best Grime Act at the 2014 MOBO Awards and was named as one of the BBC's influential Sound of 2015. If anyone is going to bring down the mountains, it's Stormzy.
Two Door
Cinema ClubxROCK THE PISTES:
Two Door
Cinema ClubHailing for Northern Island, Two Door Cinema Club have been laying low for a little while but their hotly anticipated return to the music scene is on its way and they will be joining Snowboxx in Avoriaz with Rock The Piste Festival.
They are best known for their songs, "What You Know" and "Something Good Can Work" and they've been immersed in perparing thier new album for 2016. Expect upbeat guitar tunes right in the centre of Avroiaz for just one of many great shows from Rock the Piste.
Phil TaggartxPhil TaggartPhil Taggart is one of the youngest faces tearing up the nighttime sets on BBC Radio 1. Specialising in a variety of everything from the dark and edgy bass music to the twee warblings of one man and a recorder... and all the grey areas in between.
It's fresh and fast paced, very much like his DJ sets which are an eclectic mix of non-stop party beats!
monki & friendsxmonki & friendsDJ Monki is an underground tastemaker championing new electronic talent on her regular Radio 1 show and digital imprint ZOO Music. Her fresh bass heavy sets include everything from piano house to hissing snares and skeleton shattering sub bass. She's a regular fixture behind the decks at clubs and festivals around the UK and Europe and she'll be bringing her friends for a big night at the Snowboxx club.
Paul WoolfordxPaul WoolfordWith forthcoming music being released on Carl Craig's Planet E, Scuba's Hotflush Recordings, London's Phonica label, Paul Woolford keeps reinventing himself and pushing the boundaries, maintaining a hectic global tour schedule playing key clubs globally such as Panorama Bar, Fabric, Warung and D Edge in Brazil, and for the 6th year, the renewal of his key We Love.. Space on Sundays residency in Ibiza.
We cant wait to catch him in XX with Bristol based brand Shapes who have been top of the Bristol game the last few years and have curated stages and played at some of the UKs biggest festivals.
Miguel CampbellxMiguel CampbellMiguel has been galvanised by the house music scene since the early 90's and has also been a DJ since that time. Miguel began producing his own music as one 'half' of the underground duo HCB.
In 2006 he founded his own label Outcross Records, which became a home for his music. Teaming up with fellow Leeds resident Matt Hughes to form MAM, a duo that has remixed the likes of the Imany, Deadmau5 and Flight Facilities, as well as putting out releases via Wolf+Lamb, Future Classic and Outcross itself.
In 2010 he became the newest addition to the Hot Creations team and went on to pick up international recognition, capturing the imaginations of party people the world over.
Becky HillxBecky HillBecky Hill is best known for her three huge chart successes as the vocalist and co-writer of number 1 record 'Gecko (Overdrive)' with Oliver Heldens, Wilkinson's Top 10 hit 'Afterglow' and 'Powerless' from Rudimental's acclaimed #1 debut album 'Home'.
She is now stepping out as an ascendant solo star and is currently working on her debut album which will be released in 2016. The album is set to feature production from artists MNEK and Two Inch Punch.
Watch this space for a seriously sassy performance on our main stage as becky brings down the mountain with her bassy chart toppers.
AprésxAprésHailing from the quiet county of Kent, 22 year old DJ-Producer Après marks his debut release on the vivacious Love & Other imprint, with his latest offering 'This Ain't Love' featuring Andrea Martin.
Following his outstandingly well-received single 'Chicago' and having received continued support from the titans of Radio 1's dance entourage; 'This Ain't Love' sees the young beatsmith continue to glide from strength to strength.
His original craftsmanship is set to create timeless labours of love and he's set to catapult his way into 2016 with prosperous horizons.
LxuryxLxuryWhile most people will name-check Croydon as the birthplace of dubstep, this unexpected hotbed of electronic music continues to evolve and produce the unpredictable, and one young man breaking out from the South London borough is Andy Smith aka Lxury. While recording in a small studio under the Heathrow flight path Lxury's imagination began to travel, conjuring up his own twist on melodious M4 techno and daisy age house music and embarking on the bizarre ride of giddying ascents, deep plunges, washed vocals and sampled licks that underpin this rich, well-travelled debut EP.
Mella DeexMella DeeMella Dee is a club producer, former member of Doncaster garage/bassline duo Mista Men, and an authority on UK dance music.
His tracks are informed by the various strains of sound system and pirate radio music that have come out of the British Isles - from jungle to grime, bassline to bleep - and his DJing finds the common ground between these styles.
ApplebottomxApplebottomApplebottom is currently one of the most respected young producers in the UK. The Bristolian, barely making his way out of his teens, has already caught the ear of some of the most sought-after labels in the business as well as the radio establishment. Annie Mac can't get enough of him; he's had releases on Kerri Chandler's MadTech and Zed Bias' Biasonic to name a couple, and his most recent single on UK powerhouse Black Butter Records was just the icing on the cake for a young man many dance heads see as one of the future figureheads of dance music. Applebottom has come to be considered a beatmaker able to transverse genres with that rarest of production talents: the consistent ability to make a straight-up club banger.
too many t'sxtoo many t'sLondon's premier hip-hop duo 'Too Many T's' have crafted a faithful following with their formula of Golden Era Hip Hop; a combination of positive vibes, back-to-back rapid fire flows, and turbo-charged performances. With over 150 shows in the last 18 months alone, 'The Dynamic Duo of Rap' (Guardian, 2014) has seen their showmanship elevate them from back-alley obscurity, to prime-time bookings.
It is a very good time to be part of the T party.
Previous Artists
Previous Artists
2015 was our biggest and best year yet... we've still got goosebumps!
Last year 3000 ravers were joined by a range of acts, all against the epic alpine backdrop of Alpes D'Huez and a serious dump of snow. 2manydjs headlined our DJ showcase following a set from Blonde, both laying down a masterclass in mashup electronic beats, heavy bass lines and serious house vibes. We were also joined by Jungle, whose amazing set of underground electronic funk anthems got the crowd riding shoulders wholist the closing party fireworks popped, it was an unforgettable night!
Checkout some of the artists we've welcomed over the years at our mountain party…
Last year 3000 ravers were joined by a range of acts, all against the epic alpine backdrop of Alpes D'Huez and a serious dump of snow. 2manydjs headlined our DJ showcase following a set from Blonde, both laying down a masterclass in mashup electronic beats, heavy bass lines and serious house vibes. We were also joined by Jungle, whose amazing set of underground electronic funk anthems got the crowd riding shoulders wholist the closing party fireworks popped, it was an unforgettable night!
Checkout some of the artists we've welcomed over the years at our mountain party…
The 2bears
Jaymo & Andy George
Eton Messy


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|Reviews for Of Little Faith
| Guest chapter 50 . 11/19/2015
| Starbucksforthewannabes chapter 50 . 9/22/2015
Excellent story.
Pros: Indepth, solid character portrayal - nailed their quirks and mannerisms.
Cons: Too short (;-p) - needs sequel. I sense extreme Riley hate, which, whilst understandable, I'm not sure he would have been quite as antagonistic/vindictive as he was portrayed here.
| Balthanon chapter 50 . 6/15/2015
This was excellent. I wasn't sure what to expect when I started it, but the story and writing were quite engrossing. I'm really hoping their is a sequel sitting in your fics since I haven't looked yet.
| Mouse Rat chapter 48 . 11/26/2014
I know it's been forever since this fic for you but it would be cool to see you do an alternate version of this where Faith winds up staying a child. Maybe even delve into her past a bit more. This was a fantastic story, by the way
| Queen Nan chapter 21 . 10/30/2014
*Hiss* I will cut him. Poor Faith. God this is hard to read. but so very well done.
| lemon-rind chapter 50 . 10/19/2014
I should not have read this as I have a midterm coming up, but god damn, it was a great story. Had me on the edge of my seat the whole time.
| Krimzonrayne chapter 50 . 10/16/2014
I would love an epilogue but I'm happy with this
| Krimzonrayne chapter 15 . 10/16/2014
Oh wow, that last part hit pretty hard
| LoganAlexander chapter 21 . 1/18/2014
oh please...i know people are stupid and in the buffy verse even plain dumb but this is getting out of hand...really buffy already told corn bread shes had a bad life...really the only thing she has to say to him is that faith was abused without any details and everyone would understood...
| LoganAlexander chapter 12 . 1/18/2014
ok...please stop with the bullshit...anya would have been knocked the fuck out already...at least if i was there she would have...my god with the stupid fucking yelling.
| SixPerfections chapter 50 . 5/23/2013
Oh my god. That was absolutely terrific. Why isn't there a sequel?
| Buddy28 chapter 1 . 12/20/2012
I loved this story!
| Azirahael chapter 50 . 7/3/2012
Absolute frickin' magic.
Characters had depth, story was well paced, it's all good.
And it wasn't and easy ride, no 'wave a magic wand: Smoochies!'
and man, i could fricken' TASTE Buffy's rage!
Spectacular work dude, really spectacular.
| tjemd chapter 50 . 12/24/2011
Wow - great idea brilliantly executed. The prose, characterization, dialogue, plot, and pace were all excellent. The Scoobs were in turns scathing, understanding, juvenile, or funny. You wrote their reactions, and in particular Buffy's gradual move toward empathy in a mature, believable fashion. Thank you!
| Reinhart Fellow chapter 50 . 12/8/2011
This is one amazing story you've got here.
Not only was this well written and planned out, I also found this addictive.
Believe me when I say, I skipped school just to read this.
You have succeed in growing curiosity in me that left me itchy until it is satisfied. For an author to make their reader feels that way is an amazing feat. Thank God I read it when it is completed already. I won't and can't bear to wait for the next chapter if it is still on going! lol
Anyways, I truly enjoy the read (even with eyes heavily laden with sleep) and through this story, I'm also interested to read your other works.
I see that in many of your reviews, a sequel is begged and wanted.
Personally, I think a sequel may not be necessary.
For one thing, the matter have more or less been resolved, and Faith in the end will be staying close to Buffy and co.
So it doesn't provide much complication which can turn a great nice amazing fic into a boring one because it will be predictable.
However, I imagined it quite funny and amusing how the Big Faith with Little Faith's memories will react to Buffy. And I still wonder whether things will turn out romantically between them. I have no problem either way because you made it so beautiful that it won't matter anymore but my bias is leaned towards romantically of course. And if I have not mistaken, Buffy showed some hints on that too, but pardon me if it's my mind playing tricks on me. I have no beef against Riley but I'm glad he's outta the way. A confrontation will be a good idea for the sequel...but it will make Riley even more the bad guy...
Hmmm...on second thought..a sequel won't be so bad after all! ;D
I want to see Faith and Buffy interacts WITH Little Faith's memory
Ultimately though, the decision is yours and boy, am I glad to read this. Thank you for writing this. You really are talented. :)
Now, I'm gonna go read your other works. Thank you for the enjoyable read.
PS: Willow and Tara are lovely 3


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Time: "How big a factor was cap-and-trade on election night? In reality, not all that much."
Election-night poll in 83 battleground districts found, "Energy Vote Did Not Contribute to Democratic Defeat."
According to the center-right Politico, "House Democrats who voted for the 2009 bill to cap greenhouse gas emissions – dubbed cap-and-tax by GOP opponents – had a terrible night." That's from a piece headlined, "Democrats' day of reckoning comes for climate vote." You can tell all you need to know about the Politico's political leanings from its repetition of the polluter-tested-phrase 'cap-and-tax' to apply to a centrist, Republican-designed emissions reduction strategy.
The fact is, House Democrats in general had a terrible night. Indeed, a post-election analysis (below) finds that nearly two thirds of the house Democrats who voted 'no' on the House climate and clean energy jobs bill, lost their seats. Time magazine concludes:
But how big a factor was cap-and-trade on election night? In reality, not all that much. It's worth noting that no Republican who voted in favor of cap-and-trade lost their reelection battles last night…. Even in the midst of a Republican tsunami, a few Democrats who supported a carbon cap still managed close victories, including Brad Miller of North Carolina and John Yarmuth of Kentucky""two conservative leaning states. "I'm not saying cap-and-trade wasn't an issue," says Cathy Duvall, the political director for the Sierra Club. "But there were people who voted for it who lost and people who voted against it who lost, in tough districts and in more traditional districts."
UPDATE: An election-night poll by Greenberg found, "Energy Vote Did Not Contribute to Democratic Defeat." Key findings:
- Members' support for ACES did not contribute to their defeat. When voters who chose the Republican candidate were asked in an open ended question to name their biggest concern about the Democrat, only 1 percent cited something related to energy or cap and trade. And when offered a list of six arguments Republicans made against Democrats, only 7 percent of voters selected the so-called "cap and trade energy tax."
- Despite a strongly Republican leaning electorate, battleground voters trusted the Democrat more than the Republican when it comes to energy. The election night survey shows a battleground electorate that leans Republican by 10 percentage points on partisanship, yet they favored the Democrat on energy by 6 points.
- A majority supports comprehensive energy reform. When presented with a comprehensive energy plan, battleground voters back the plan by 16 percent.
- Majority support for EPA regulation of carbon. By a considerable 22 percent margin, battleground voters believe the Environmental Protection Agency should regulate emissions of greenhouse gases.
- Voters want to hold corporations accountable for their pollution. By a huge 41 percent margin, voters believe "we need to hold corporations accountable for their pollution," rejecting the argument that "we should not impose new regulations that will hurt businesses."
This, of course, matches all the pre-election polling (see Yet another major poll finds strong public support for global warming action, "even if it means an increase in the cost of energy").
It's worth noting that even in the midst of a Republican tsunami, 80% of the Democrats who supported a carbon cap kept their seats. Perhaps more noteworthy is how many Democrats who opposed a carbon lost their seats, according to an analysis of election results and 2009 ACES votes conducted by The Glover Park Group, a Washington, DC, public affairs consultancy":
As The Glover Park Group also notes:
ACES was actually a winner for most of its Republican supporters: If the "cap and tax bloodbath" story were true, you'd expect the GOP "traitors" who voted for ACES to get booted, right? Wrong: 7 of the 8 Republicans who voted FOR the climate bill were either re-elected, elevated to the Senate or made Secretary of the Army: Mary Bono Mack (CA-45): Re-Elected; Mike Castle (DE-AL): Ran for Senate, Lost Republican Primary; Mark Kirk (IL-10): Elected Senator from Illinois; Leonard Lance (NJ-7): Re-Elected; Frank LoBiondo (NJ-2): Re-Elected; John McHugh (NY-23): Now serves as U.S. Secretary of the Army; Dave Reichert (WA-8): Re-Elected; Chris Smith (NJ-4): Re-Elected. If you leave McHugh aside, that's a 75% win rate for GOP "yes" votes on climate.
Time's Bryan Walsh makes the larger point:
Indeed, aside from a few districts where climate change and energy was high on the agenda""like Rick Boucher's coal-mining land""Americans voters weren't really focused on environmental issues. This was a wave election, an expression of volcanic anger on the part of the public, and what House and Senate Democrats did or didn't do on climate and energy likely made very little difference to the overall tide.
As I noted last night, California is the only place in the country where climate and clean energy activists aggressively pushed their message across the board in the face of strong, well-funded opposition by Big Oil. Prop 23 lost by more than 20 points. Whitman and Fiorina were crushed running on an explicit dirty-energy agenda and/or running against candidates with an unabashed clean energy agenda.
Cap-and-trade died in July. It was obvious then it wasn't coming back anytime soon. I'll post soon on just when the United States might conceivably rejoin the growing list of nations prepared to take serious climate action.
See also Brad Johnson's, "Without Evidence, Politico Spins Climate Vote As Electoral Lose."
16 Responses to Time: "How big a factor was cap-and-trade on election night? In reality, not all that much."
Sustainability wins elections. Who would have thought. Too bad that climate cowardice wins funding.
Turnout and supression are always issues in these elections. In around 100% of cases a different candidate could win based on the number of people who didn't vote. Often times only a plurality can be had based on total number of eligible voters. If only 45% of people show up and a candidate takes home 25% of the vote, they win. Even in 2008 with Obama, enough people didn't vote that if they all had voted or were counted as voting for 'no one' we wouldn't have a president or could have a different one. It is hard for me to call these elections legitimate in that sense. It is possible and frequently occurs where winning comesfrom only slightly better than 1 in 5 eligible voters going out and voting for a candidate.
If we had 95-100% turnout in this election, my guess is the democrats would have picked up 100+ seats. But we can't ever know something like that.
I think mandatory balloting or election reform or campaign finance reform or national holidays for voting will continue to elude the US for many years to come.
Reid Assails Polls That Predicted His Loss
Senator Harry Reid of Nevada has long made a point of saying he doesn't like polls. Throughout these past two years – as Mr. Reid saw poll after poll suggesting he was in trouble – he told whoever would listen that the polls were wrong, that he was going to win, and that he was not concerned. Outside his circle, it seems fair to say that not many people believed him.
So it was that in victory on Wednesday, Mr. Reid has some harsh words for pollsters who had predicted he would lose to his Republican rival, Sharron Angle, and for the way the news media seized on every poll.
California Climate Law Survives Challenge at Polls http://www.reuters.com/article/idUS302604132220101103
Bennet wins Senate race http://www.denverpost.com/recommended/ci_16511547
Ken Buck embraces Inhofe: "Global warming is the greatest hoax" http://climateprogress.org/2010/10/21/ken-buck-james-inhofe-global-warming-greatest-hoax/
Some Stuff
The more I listen (on the radio, etc.) to people trying to figure out "what the voters said", the more I realize that that quest, if it moves beyond a few simple things that are obvious anyhow — e.g., "we'd like jobs" — is usually fruitless and just as often misleading as it is informative. Apart from the obvious complexities of interpreting mush, there is the fact that, because of the media mess and misleading messages, many people probably voted for things they did not actually understand. So, what should the take-away be? Who knows — except for the point, often made here, that the messaging needs to get MUCH better and the media should get MUCH better.
So, regarding whether the public punished those who voted for cap-and-trade (probably not), it should not make much difference to how we proceed here. Indeed, as long as we can keep motivated by the necessity of the task, it's perhaps best not to assume that the public "gets it" and that the public didn't punish cap-and-traders. The task, either way, is to come up with messaging, communications, tactics, and so forth to explain anew — and clarify — the best ways to address climate change in a way that is compellingly attractive and clear. Let's assume that most of the public misunderstands the idea and dislikes it. That way, we won't underestimate the task ahead, and we'll work on ways to improve the policy itself, explain it clearly, explain why it is genuinely appealing, and so forth.
Also, there is the risk that even our discussions and ways of looking at things here feed into, and affirm, the political paradigm of merely doing what will get one re-elected. Sometimes people "don't like" and "punish" what is actually GOOD and NECESSARY for them. Politicians should vote for responsible climate and energy policies because it's the right thing to do, it will address climate change and preserve the climate for future generations, it will move us from our dependence on overseas energy sources, it will create jobs and improve the economy, and it will move the U.S. into the future — NOT because a misinformed and distracted public did or didn't punish politicians for votes of one sort or another in the past.
Of course, the MEDIA are still a MESS; and we had better put a great deal of effort into that part of the problem (along with others) or else we won't "get to where we need to be".
I do appreciate the analysis, but I just want to make sure we don't minimize the messaging and communications task going forward. We shouldn't assume anything.
My rep in IN 9th, Baron Hill, was a Blue Dog who voted for ACES. He got creamed (52% to 42% in a 3 way race) by a tea party Republican, Todd Young.
The "terrible night" for reps who voted against ACES is certainly correlated with this vote, but I think it's more of an indication of how fortunate many Blue Dogs were to have EVER been elected in "red" or reddish-purple districts.
Also … PLEASE NOTE
Whenever a topic involves what right-leaning "free market" folks argue — i.e., that entirely "free" markets will always work things out, and that government has no business in matters of business — please remember the Milton Friedman quote I've posted (in several threads), with which Friedman states that it's necessary and (often) justified for government to be involved in cases where "neighborhood effects" are involved. "Free markets" typically can't handle those situations themselves. As time progresses, if we want to make progress, we'll have to "rub that quote in the faces of" those folks who think that markets are godlike and can handle all matters. Indeed, that quote should be put on t-shirts and bumper stickers, written in sand on the beaches, put to rhythms and rhymes, tattooed in the lower centers of bare backs, and even written on cups at Starbucks. No joking (well, figuratively speaking anyhow). Faced with the scientific assessments, and that quote from Milton Friedman, right-leaning "free market" folks would either have to boldly deny the science OR disagree with Milt himself in order to avoid the necessary and inevitable conclusion. That quote can play a key role in our efforts to win at the "whop-a-mole" game that the "other side" has us playing and is beating us at, so far.
While driving home this afternoon, I heard a segment of "The World" on NPR in which the program's environmental analyst Peter Thompson believes the new republican congress will probably drag climate scientists into hearings in order to pull funding on federal climate research – (like the good old days of the McCarthy era or HUAC).
Link is below – you have to scroll down to the bottom left corner of the page – the segment is located inside the "entire program" between -21:24 and -17:28
This isn't a surprise – almost all voters put the economy as their #1 concern and basis for voting. The election results had virtually nothing to do with cap and trade, which failed anyway.
The Dems left so many Right Wing Falsehoods unchallenged that cap-and-trade didn't need to be a big issue for the Republicans. The question is, how many seats did the Dems *lose* because they failed to stand up for cap-and-trade and the jobs that would have come with it?
#9 Wally,
says he heard on the radio that the GOP might bring climate scientist into chambers, under oath, to discuss their findings. They hope to embarrass them or find out about wrong doing and faulty science. Perhaps we should look at this as a good thing, instead of a monumental waste of time. I can see Prof Mann and others making fools out of these elected gentlemen on live TV. After they have been exposed (the politicans that is) for the ill informed schills of the fossil fuel industry they will be forced to actually deal with the issue. We can always hope…can't we?
Too bad the spineless President doesn't back climate change:
If C&T had passed and been signed into law it probably would have been a bigger campaign issue. That's why our fearful Senators ran for the hills instead of doing what is right for our country and planet.
@#12: "I can see Prof Mann and others making fools out of these elected gentlemen on live TV."
Politicians are very comfortable in front of the camera. Mann and Hansen have some experience now, but the GOP House may subpoena lesser known researchers who they think they can bully. They will also have known deniers testify. Faux News will only show clips that make the science look suspect.
Subpoenaed scientists will need to hire lawyers and probably do some mock rehearsals. Will universities pay for this? Would the ACLU be able to provide legal assistance? Hearings are not debates; they ask the questions you have to answer. Media savvy researchers should be on hand to hold press conferences after each hearing. We must not let the GOP frame the issues. The Senate can also hold hearings for balance, but this means Democrats showing leadership. You know how that can go.
I am also concerned that if hearings turn ugly they will discourage students from going into this field. Faculty may wish to hold discussions with their students on what is happening. This would be a good chance for faculty from the sciences to work with historians and others on campus teach-ins. I could see lectures called "When Science meets McCarthyism."
And then of course there is the funding. The GOP will attack science funding in general. It has to be said over and over that the only way to find out what the climate is doing is to study it. Even if the warming was natural, it still makes sense to understand what changes are likely to happen. Only a science denier would not want the people to know.
Finally, out right deniers need to be stigmatized as being as nutty as 911-trusters and the birthers.
It must be strange for a Prof. to not get a chance to review the
inquisitors' knowledge of the questions asked. Such could lead to
the Prof. giving a grade to the inquisitors understanding of the
subject. I used to get an incomplete grade when I couldn't show
progress with a course of study. Hmm congress gets free course
and doesn't have to get a grade. Itunes lets me get free study and
no grade. Course it doesn't count for professional credentials.
Does a congress person get to claim credentials from free course
and no review of the study. Could they make decisions involving
the whole country without any educational credentials. That is a
cushey position if so.


text:
- Swimmer Ryan Lochte reveals one of his worst dates - US Weekly
- Get the latest on Dr. Dre's arrest - TMZ
- Despite rumors, Eddie Murphy's daughter is not pregnant - Gossip Cop
- The Vampire Diaries star Michael Trevino steps out for a good cause - Just Jared Jr
- Are Blac Chyna and Kylie Jenner on good terms? - Radar
- Blue Ivy is just as stylish as her mom Beyonce! - Lainey Gossip
- This Narcos star confirms he's not coming back for another season of the show - The Hollywood Reporter
07 May 2014 at 3:38 AM
Julianne Hough Double Dates with Brother Derek & Nikki Reed!
About this photo set: Julianne Hough holds her boyfriend Brooks Laich's hand while going for a walk around the neighborhood on Sunday afternoon (May 4) in Los Angeles. The night before,… Read More Here
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An Inspector Hermann Preiss Mystery
An Inspector Hermann Preiss Mystery (Book 2)It is late March 1868. In Munich, composer Richard Wagner is completing his new opera Die Meistersinger von Nuremberg. It has been a difficult few years for him, and much depends upon the success of this new work. Following the tense auditions, an anonymous note warns Wagner that the premiere will be the date of his ruination. Enter Inspector Hermann Preiss, who discovers a complication. Her name
$4.99Morley Torgov's funny and touching story of a rebellious grandfather and his disaffected thirteen-year-old grandson who go on the run with an aging chihuahua captivated readers when it was first published. Torgov who twice won the Leacock Medal for Humour, is the author of eight novels. His first book, 'A Good Place to Come From', was made into a TV miniseries for CBC and adapted for stage (three
$4.99The "good place to come from" was Sault Ste Marie in northern Ontario during the tumultuous era leading to WWII. Morley Torgov's tales of life are enduring classics: choosing the president of the Jewish community (when no one wants the job); the sorrows of the Chinese restaurant owner where Torgov and his irascible father ate most nights, while his stepmother lay dying in hospital; and Torgov's
The Outside Chance of Maximilian GlickMaximilian Glick is a thirteen-year-old only child smothered by the doting affections of his overprotective parents. He's eager to leave the small, northern Ontario town of Steelton for the lure of New York and the promise of a career in music. When his elders object, urging Max to pursue a career in medicine, law or science, Max enlists the help of three formidable but flawed mentors: Rabbi
$8.09Liz Walker is the quintessential broke all the time, cynically optimistic restaurateur. As the owner of a charming corner bistro in downtown Toronto, she doesnt mince words when glamour and romance elude her. Despite the foibles of running a notoriously risky business, covering cheques with her line of credit, and dealing with a fickle public, she wouldnt dream of doing anything else.
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$11.99The first volume in the atmospheric and suspenseful Inspector Ramirez series In beautiful, crumbling Old Havana, Canadian detective Mike Ellis hopes the sun and sand will help save his troubled marriage. He doesn't yet know that it's dead in the water—much like the little Cuban boy last seen begging the Canadian couple for a few pesos on the world famous Malecon. For Inspector Ricardo Ramirez,
$11.99"A master spy novelist."—The Wall Street Journal "Page after page is dazzling."—James Patterson NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER Late summer, 1938. Hollywood film star Fredric Stahl is on his way to Paris to make a movie. The Nazis know he's coming—a secret bureau within the Reich has been waging political warfare against France, and for their purposes, Fredric Stahl is a perfect agent of influence.
An Inspector Green Mystery (Book 9)When his teenage daughter goes missing on a summer wilderness canoe trip to the Nahanni River, Inspector Michael Green is forced into unfamiliar territory. Unable to mobilize the local RCMP, he enlists the help of his long-time friend, Staff Sergeant Brian Sullivan, to accompany him to the Northwest Territories to look for themselves. Green is terrified. The park has 30,000 square kilometres of
$9.99November, 1940. Tom Tyler, Detective Inspector of the small Shropshire town of Whitchurch, is a troubled man. The preceding summer had been a dark one for Britain, and even darker for Tom's own family and personal life. So he jumps at the opportunity to help out in the nearby city of Birmingham, where an explosion in a munitions factory has killed or badly injured several of the young women who
A Moretti and Falla Mystery (Book 2)In St. Peter Port Harbour on the Channel Island of Guernsey, Detective Inspector Ed Moretti and his partner, Detective Sergeant Liz Falla, are called in to investigate the shooting death of arms dealer Bernard Masterson on the Just Desserts, his luxury yacht. Why are Masterson, his glamorous partner in crime, Adèle Letourneau, and his thuggish bodyguard here on the island? And how are an ex-Folies


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|Sent on:
|Sunday, December 11, 2011 5:56 PM
So sorry all who planned Hot Italian... Forgive me!!!!
I accidentally put incorrect time for it today...it was at 1 pm today. There were almost 30 people there.
BUT, if you are still planning to go, Galen will look for you, especially Davida, Frank and Chris!!
I need help putting all these events together and just accidentally put wrong time on this meetup.
Forgive me if I messed you up!! Hopefully you will still go and enjoy the Hot Italian Vegan Pizza
with Galen, Frank and Davida and one more...
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Other projects made by Hook N Hang:
OtherBig Bro
OtherLife would Bb
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Offer some kudos...
Join the conversation...
Ask a question...
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|Here are some details about my project:
|Mod, Cute, Casual, Eco-Friendly, Victorian / Steampunk, Retro / Vintage
What a great idea!
01/17/2012 Flag
I love this! I've been trying to think of something to do with one of my old lampshades. Thanks for sharing your wonderful project and for giving me a great idea! :-)
01/17/2012 Flag


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The development of attachment
Schaffer and Emerson's research into attachment enabled them to construct an explanation of how attachment develops. Starter: In explaining the behaviour seen at each stage of attachment a number of key terms are used which students need to be aware of. Before beginning the main activity students need to familiarise themselves with the following vocabulary and […]Read more


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A track race over the 'classic' distance
1 mile track races, run as a series of heats. Heat allocations will be based on predicted times, and there will be heats suitable for runners of all abilities. A perfect opportunity to experience the excitement of track racing. Kids (minimum age 11) and race walkers very welcome!
The RaceBest Race Review lets participants have their say. See what they thought of the Leeds Golden Mile.
Reviews are available as PDF documents.
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Location: LS6 3QS
The prices below include race fees, card charges and admin; there are no hidden extras.
Assuming this event does not sell out, entry on the day will be available for an additional £2.00.ENTER NOW to guarantee your place.
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Writing takes time. So does running. Writing about running is even more time consuming. It is definitely not multi-tasking. Writing whilst running ris...
The trail or the road? The path less travelled or the route much trammelled? You don't have to choose, you don't have to be exclusive, y...
…or him for that matter, but let us not in gender waters be drowned, for thou art set upon a course of time and distraction of sex shall be bani...


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Lovely 4 yr old 15.3 hand mare. Registered APHA solid-bred paint and PHBA Palomino registry. She has wonderful smooth gaits with long easy ground covering…$4,500
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Special Offer
$23.68 Save $3.39
Excellent service. Our driver was waiting for us at Orly Airport on arrival. We didn and #39;t get the chance to ring. He drove us direct to our Paris Hotel through the most horrendous traffic with ease. Thankyou.
I used the transportation from Orly to Paris, was good! We were waiting for the sharing shuttle we bought at the beginning but something happened, so kindly sent to us a private transportation to our apartment without extra charge.. For us was even better :)
As was arranged, I called as soon as we got our bags. Driver was already there. He didn and #39;t speak much English which wasn and #39;t a problem because they already had our destination address.
We were promptly picked up and taken to our hotel. The price was very fair.
After the phone call saying that I had arrived and collected my luggage my driver quickly appeared. He was courteous and helpful. I always felt comfortable and safe despite the crazy traffic. I was very impressed with his driving skills. I would highly recommend this as an option for airport transfers.
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Bags in hand, ten minutes wait, they find you comforting plaque with your name plainly displayed, phone and smile enhanced. You fall into the sedan, new and comfortable, swift and direct, depositing you straight away to your hotel destination. Tip welcome, but apparently incorporated, a new experience of payment throughout Paris.
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Very nice gentleman picked us up on time and took us to our hotel, he also pointed out various sights for us along the way.
Everything went as planned on their end. On time professional driver that was pleasant and kind. It is what you hope for. Let's see how the return to CDG goes, I'll post again in 3 days but for now total satisfaction.
Another perfect airport transfer by Paris Shuttle. We were picked up on time and driven safely to our hotel by a very courteous driver.
Our driver was wonderful and very helpful. Thank you.
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Castro wasn't mayor yet
"In 2009, his first year as mayor," Julián Castro "received a seven-figure referral fee" that smells like a dirty financial gift "from notorious personal injury lawyer Mikal Watts, a major Obama donor."
— PolitiFact Texas
on Thursday, July 28th, 2016
She was a key player
"As secretary of state, (Hillary Clinton) worked hard to get strong sanctions against Iran's nuclear program" and "got Russia and China to support them."
— PolitiFact National
on Wednesday, July 27th, 2016
We check the "made in" labels
Says Trump shirts are made in Bangladesh, Trump suits in Mexico, Trump Vodka in the Netherlands, Trump crystal barware in Slovenia and his cufflinks and ties in China.
— PunditFact
on Monday, July 25th, 2016
Denied months ago
Says Ted Cruz "never denied" his father was photographed with Lee Harvey Oswald.
— PolitiFact Texas
on Friday, July 22nd, 2016
Carefully phrased, but needs more context
Says Hillary Clinton "supported North American Free Trade Agreement), and she supported China's entrance into the World Trade Organization…. She supported the job-killing trade deal with South Korea. She supported the Trans-Pacific Partnership."
— PolitiFact National
on Thursday, July 21st, 2016
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