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La Haine (Hate) is a 1995 French black-and-white drama/suspense film written, co-edited, and directed by Mathieu Kassovitz. It is commonly released under its French title in the English-speaking world, although its U.S. VHS release was entitled Hate. It is about three young friends and their struggle to live in the banlieues of Paris. The title derives from a line spoken by one of them, Hubert: "La haine attire la haine !", "hatred breeds hatred." Wikipedia
Old Neighbor Lady: (on CCTV monitor in Asterix's apartment) Asterix! ASTERIX! Causing shit all the time! That's not your real name, scumass!


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"(Fentanyl) is a very strong high and not difficult to manufacture," says Rachel Anderson, executive director of the Sacramento-area Needle Exchange, which provides clean needles to drug users. "Users are looking for a more potent high and there's always a distributor ready to provide it."
The spate of deaths in California is the first time the state has seen so many fatalities in such a short time period linked to fentanyl, but it speaks to a broader opioid addiction — which includes painkillers and heroin. In the American West, addiction to these substances has dramatically increased in the past two decades, and even more rapidly in the last five years.
The spike started a few years after a highly potent prescription painkiller, OxyContin, was introduced in 1995. By the late 2000's, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention was reporting widespread over-prescription and high numbers of patients becoming addicted. In 2010, stricter regulations on prescription pain medicine swiftly limited supply. But despite the crackdowns, pain pill abuse is still a major epidemic. What's more, those regulations have been a primary driver of the increase in heroin addiction.
In 1999, Rio Arriba County in New Mexico was the only Western county that had a drug overdose death rate of more than 20 people per 100,000 residents, the CDC's highest classification. (While that figure included other drugs like methamphetamine, the CDC estimates that heroin and prescription opiates contribute to approximately 60 percent of drug overdoses.)
Today, New Mexico still has the highest rate of overdose deaths in the West, and ranks fourth in the country. But in the last decade, drug abuse has spread to nearly 200 counties across the West — nearly 50 percent of the region, including more affluent counties like Salt Lake County, Utah, and those with declining economies like Nye County, Nevada. "Traditionally there's a notion that addiction and substance abuse is more prevalent in metropolitan areas," says Gary Tsai, medical director of the Office of Substance Abuse Prevention and Control at the Los Angeles County Department of Public Health. "What's most concerning now is that it touches everyone. (The opioid epidemic) has crept across cultures and ages, into the rural and urban West. It is indiscriminate."
Opioid overdoses — which include prescription painkillers like OxyContin and hydrocodone, as well as heroin and illegally made fentanyl — have quadrupled since 2000 nationwide. In the West, New Mexico, Alaska, Oregon and Wyoming have experienced the most dramatic increases of heroin and prescription opioid addiction and death. Between 2013 and 2014, Alaska saw a 17 percent increase in overdose deaths. Meanwhile, Oregon and Wyoming deaths have risen 13 percent. Colorado had a 5 percent increase, while Idaho and Utah had smaller increases, according to the CDC and the National Center for Health Statistics.
While national statistics lump opioids and heroin together, the trend of use typically begins with legally obtained painkillers: A person with an injury or other acute pain can visit a dentist, for example, and easily obtain a prescription for an opiate. "The pharmaceutical industry and the approach to treating pain has essentially primed the market for heroin abuse," says Ted Cicero, a drug researcher and professor of psychiatry at Washington University in Saint Louis.
The widespread availability of such prescriptions led many states to begin implementing prescription drug monitoring programs, statewide electronic databases that allow physicians to see what other prescriptions their patients were taking from other healthcare providers.
In 2010, Colorado became the first state to implement such a program — a system that has cracked down on "doctor-shopping" and long-term prescribing of opiates with a high potential for abuse. By 2011, most states had adopted prescription pill monitoring programs, cutting the supply of legal opiates. But healthcare providers widely agree that many patients who had become addicted to painkillers subsequently turned to heroin to get their fix. According to a 2014 study, 94 percent of people in treatment for opioid addiction say they chose to use heroin because prescription opioids were "far more expensive and harder to obtain."
"We wouldn't have people turning to heroin if we hadn't gotten them addicted to prescription opiates," says Tim Condon, a research professor for the University of New Mexico Center on Alcoholism, Substance Abuse and Addictions.
As the pill crackdown inadvertently created a hole in supply for opiates, another unintended consequence has amplified the growing epidemic in the West: increased supply from Mexico to match demand. Officials in Mexico and the U.S. say Mexico's heroin production increased an estimated 50 percent in 2014. And Anderson and Condon say that black tar, a potent but cheap form of heroin often produced in Mexico, is the primary type used in many Western states. Eastern and Midwestern states get their heroin from other distribution networks traced to Mexico, and it's usually powdered, so-called "China white" heroin.
As for the product itself, black tar is more damaging to human health. It's a sticky, thick substance, which makes it more potent because it's difficult to cut with other substances, as is more common with powdered drugs. Skin abscesses and infections in its users are more common. "From a public health standpoint, the heroin in the West is much more dangerous," Anderson says.
[If you have observed effects of the heroin and prescription pain pill epidemic in your community and would like to share your experience, please fill out our tip form.]
In the West, there's little indication that the growing rate of heroin and prescription opiate addiction is slowing, Cicero says. To address the problem in California, assemblywoman Susan Talamantes Eggman proposed a bill in early April that would permit local and state health departments to allow legal, supervised use of controlled substances, like heroin, in medical clinics.
Overall, the response to the epidemic in the West has been a sort of "whack-a-mole approach," says Susan Kingston, coordinator for the Alcohol and Drug Abuse Institute at the Center for Opioid Safety Education in Seattle, Washington. "We're trying to make any change we can. Big solutions are happening, but they are slow and need a lot of money and political commitment."
Paige Blankenbuehler is an editorial fellow at High Country News. She tweets @paigeblank]]>
This swelling market is good news for Western producers, who saw their markets on the East Coast and Midwest dry up in recent years with the shale gas boom in the East.
Texas producers may have been the biggest beneficiaries, because several of the new pipelines run from Texas into Mexico. But Kinder Morgan Inc.'s Sierrita Gas Pipeline Project, which went online last year, runs from near Tucson to Sasabe, Arizona, where it meets a new pipeline on the Mexican side of the border. The pipeline accounts for nearly half of the daily natural gas deliveries the company makes The company delivers gas to Mexico through several different pipelines. "In 2014, we transported approximately 1.9 billion cubic feet per day on average," Richard Wheatley, a company spokesman, says. Wheatley was constrained in what he could say about Kinder Morgan's Mexico strategy, because the company is in a quiet period in advance of its earnings' report. But at an analysts meeting earlier this year, the company highlighted how its web of pipelines connects the natural gas basins of the West to the growing market in Mexico, where the demand for U.S. natural gas was forecast to reach roughly 4.6 billion cubic feet a day by 2024.
Mexico has long imported a small amount of natural gas from the U.S., but under a 2013 law, Mexico opened its electricity market to private investment and triggered a surge in demand for U.S. natural gas. Natural gas has a lower carbon footprint than the oil it is replacing, so this could help Mexico restrain the growth of greenhouse gases.
"It's going to continue to increase in scope and scale," James Brick, an analyst for Wood Mackenzie, a major energy and natural resources consulting firm, says. Exports of natural gas to Mexico accounted for 3 percent of U.S. production as of April and were expected to grow to 5 percent by 2030, according to the U.S. Energy Information Agency. "It's not nearly as important as the {domestic} power sector, but 5 percent of a major market is a pretty hefty chunk," Brick, whose forecast agrees with EIA, says.
Mexican exports haven't gotten the same attention as LNG exports, because "it's not the new thing," Brick says. Also, over time, LNG exports will overtake exports to Mexico. Wood Mackenzie predicts that LNG exports, which now stand at about zero, will exceed exports to Mexico in 2019, and by 2030 will make up about 16 percent of U.S. production.
The new pipeline projects that facilitate the growing exports to Mexico have proceeded quickly, with little of the controversy that has surrounded other energy projects. Mexico is a trading partner of the United States, so the pipelines faced fewer regulatory hurdles than LNG export facilities. Environmentalists haven't fought them as they have LNG terminals and cross-border petroleum pipelines from Canada, such as the Keystone XL, which would carry heavy oil sands crude.
"I view this as good news," Edwards says. "Increasing trade with a country that shares a 2,000-mile border with us and can stand to benefit with more economic development, why wouldn't we be helping to serve that market?"
Elizabeth Shogren is a Washington, DC-based correspondent for High Country News. Follow @shogrene]]>
IN LAYERS STAGGERED LIKE BRICKS, holding up houses assembled from old garage doors and corrugated steel; in heaps outside the second-hand shops called llanteras; in ditches, alone, abandoned — "tires and tires and tires and tires," says Oscar Romo. He's a professor at University of California-San Diego, and we're driving into Tijuana. The border fence is visible behind us, and past that, California's Tijuana River estuary. A hard rain fell the week before, which means that tires are probably being washed northward, into the estuary and the ocean that connects to it, from tributaries south of the border. "I call it Montezuma's revenge," Romo says with a laugh.
Large amounts of American waste are shipped south to Mexico — our outdated electronics and appliances, our old vehicles, our used building materials, and especially our old tires. By some estimates, about a million tires flow into the Tijuana area each year. They're not necessarily going to recycling centers or junkyards (though some end up there); they're actually in demand. Many Tijuana residents drive cheap, used vehicles, Romo explains, and would prefer to buy inexpensive tires, even badly worn ones, rather than a new set that might cost as much or more than the car itself. "Cheap cars require cheap tires," he says.
American tire shops take advantage of that demand and get rid of old tires that won't sell in the United States, by selling or giving them away to llanteras, or even individual drivers, across the border. Since it would cost more to scrap or recycle them, American shops tend to see it as a good option.
The problem is that the used tires often don't last long on the potholed highways and dirt back roads of Tijuana. But recycling or scrapping tires in Mexico costs money, just like it does in the U.S., so both car owners and the llanteras that change out the tires often dump them — in waterways and ditches, and in neighborhoods. As a result, the city and its suburbs are constantly confronted with an endless stream of scrap tires. Some are used as building materials. Others are burned, releasing noxious smoke and liquids. Still others are piled into heaps, which then collect water and provide breeding grounds for mosquitos that carry malaria and encephalitis.
It's a problem that can't be solved easily or cheaply. But Romo, originally from the central Mexican state of Aguascalientes, has an idea that might help. He's an architect and the founder of the nonprofit AlterTerra, which does coastal conservation in the Tijuana area. And he says he's found a better way to use the waste tires for building walls and structures, a technique that will use up more of them and will be more stable. Since 2008, he's been working to educate residents of Tijuana's Los Laureles neighborhood on his new building techniques.
Most of the tires flowing to Mexico are from California, whose drivers, according to the state recycling agency, generate roughly 42 million waste tires every year. According to a 2009 study by San Diego State University, conducted for California's Integrated Waste Management Board, the used-tire trade between California and Baja California is a roughly $180 million industry. It supports nearly 10,000 jobs, the vast majority of them retail jobs in tire shops, most of them in Mexico. But the industry is of little benefit to the residents of the colonias, where the tires often end up. They have few good options for dealing with the scrap tires (or with any other waste, for that matter).
Nora Hernandez, a mother of six who lives in the Los Laureles Canyon colonia, told me that garbage truck drivers demand sizeable tips, come by only occasionally and won't take big items. During the rainstorm the week before my visit, she saw her neighbors carrying bags of trash, old mattresses and tires down to the creek bed, where the water would carry them away. And since Tijuana sits on higher ground than San Diego, the problem doesn't stay south of the border. After rainstorms, mountains of trash — and hundreds of tires — are swept north by the Tijuana River and smaller tributaries. After several miles, they end up in the Tijuana estuary, polluting California wetlands, beaches and the ocean. As many as 80,000 pounds of tires are removed from the Tijuana River Estuary just north of the national border each year by state workers, volunteers and nonprofit organizations.
Back in Romo's truck, the two of us crest a hill and turn off the pavement onto a dirt road. Spread before us is a labyrinth of canyons and ridges, sprinkled with thousands of ramshackle houses. About 80,000 people live on the steep walls of Los Laureles Canyon, in an unplanned settlement that grew up in recent decades around the maquiladoras, or factories, many of which produce television components. Many of the colonia's residents are migrants from other parts of Mexico and from Central and South America. The tires are everywhere, hundreds of thousands of them, and locals have embraced them as a building material. They're Los Laureles' retaining walls and the foundations of its homes; they serve as the pathways between its houses and mark the borders of its streets. They are the landscape's unifying theme. The residents' preferred building method is to fill the tires with dirt and stack them in rows like bricks. Heavy rain, though, can wash away the dirt inside and behind the tires, causing entire hillsides — and the houses that sit on those slopes — to collapse.
Romo wants to show me an example of his alternative method of building with tires. He parks at the top of a terraced hillside and leads the way down a flight of concrete steps to a dirt lot, roughly 300 feet long and 70 feet wide. "This was a dump site, filled with waste," he says. "I transformed it, using waste." One side of the lot abuts a hillside of Romo-fashioned tire terraces, and the other sides of the trash dump-turned-soccer-field and community space are lined with low tire walls. In 2010, the Environmental Protection Agency gave Romo a grant to clean up the ditch and use 3,000 tires to demonstrate techniques to build structures capable of surviving heavy rain and earthquakes. Instead of leaving the tires intact and stacking them, Romo cuts out the sidewalls, leaving an O-shaped tread. He pinches and sews or staples the waist of the O together, forming a figure-eight. By hand, he then weaves or staples these eights into a long row — 8888888. He ties the leftover sidewalls to the top of the row. He lays the row of eights horizontally, so only one end is visible. Stacked up, the rows are much more dense and stable than stacks of intact tires.
Romo employed about 150 locals, mostly women, on and off for about three months, cutting the tires, sewing them into the long mats, and filling them with dirt. He hired a bulldozer to level the lot. Some of the trash he used as fill; the rest, he incorporated into a pavilion space at the top of the hillside. All told, he used 35,000 tires for the project. When kids began playing soccer in the flat space next to the tire wall, he brought goal posts and distributed uniforms.
The transformed space is at the top of a small canyon that runs four miles north to the U.S.-Mexico border. The local government has given Romo permission to create a linear park along its length. So far, he's completed about a mile and a half of it, paving it with a semi-permeable concrete walkway that helps keep silt out of the creek. In addition to the tire technique, he's used the park as a space to teach locals methods of incorporating other trash, like plastic and glass bottles, into outdoor walls, terraces and new homes.
Romo isn't the only one trying to address the tire problem. The California Tire Recycling Act, enacted in 1990, imposed a small fee on Californians for each new tire they bought. The act directed the California Integrated Waste Management Board to use about half of that fee to develop recycling programs for scrap tires, to keep them out of landfills. California Senate Bill 167, passed in 2009, amended the act, directing the board to also develop programs in Mexico, in the border region. The amendment was an acknowledgement that the problem — and its solution — involve more than just California. So far, though, the amendment hasn't accomplished much; CalRecycle, which manages the funds, says its constitution doesn't allow it to spend money directly on programs in Mexico, so it can't address the problem of dumped tires in Mexican communities. Nor is the agency able to stop the sales of used tires to Mexican dealers.
"We don't have authority to tell someone they can't sell a tire, if there's demand for it," said Mark Oldfield, a CalRecycle spokesman.
Californians aren't getting what they paid for, says Serge Dedina. "The state of California is charging people to recycle their tires," he says. "It gives people the impression they're being dealt with." Dedina is the founder of WildCoast, an environmental nonprofit, and is also the mayor of Imperial Beach, which flanks the Mexican border. Every year, his organization pulls hundreds of tires out of the federally protected estuary, where they leach oil and heavy metals as they break down. WildCoast usually partners with San Diego County or with a private contractor, which then hauls the tires to a recycling or storage facility.
State Sen. Ben Hueso, who represents the coastal border region, says that Mexican authorities are also concerned with the tire problem in their communities, but that they lack funding to do much about it. He says that an exception should be made, so that some of California's tire-recycle funds can be used in Mexico on both direct recycling and on more educational programs like Romo's. Until residents of Tijuana have better options, the tires will continue to flow back north across the border into the Tijuana River Estuary during rainstorms. "You're looking at a natural resource on this side that could only be improved by making those investments on that side," he says. "Without those investments, we're just going to be misspending."
Romo and I drive along the creek, back toward the national border. Occasionally, we pass an orderly wall or stairway built of tires, with tight, even rows — Romo's signature technique. Some of the structures he physically helped build, he says. Others the residents built on their own, using his techniques. So far, he's trained more than 500 locals, in workshops for adults and after-school classes for the kids. It will help them to make the most of an abundant raw material, Romo says, and will hopefully make their canyon homes less susceptible to erosion and natural disaster. Every tire incorporated into a sturdy structure is one less likely to wash away and foul waterways on both sides of the border, he says: "It's not that I'm celebrating waste, but I'm addressing it in a way that makes sense in this kind of economy. … There's no resources to get rid of it American-style." Tires are built to last, with nylon and steel and rubber, still sturdy even when the tire is no longer good to drive. "I hate the idea of spending money to destroy a material that has strength," he says. "Tires don't want to die."]]>
But on Sept. 15, all of Organ Pipe's 517 square miles were once again opened to hikers, birders and desert lovers. Park officials believe that increased border security and patrols have made the park safe for visitors to get off the beaten path. "No more armed guards," says Sue Walter, the monument's chief of interpretation. "(The border) has surveillance towers, vehicle barriers, pedestrian fences. We're educating visitors and they can make their own decisions about whether they feel comfortable (going into the backcountry)."
Organ Pipe, 94 percent of which is designated wilderness, once was traveled mostly by the endangered Sonoran pronghorn and Sonoran desert tortoise. It began drawing both human and drug traffickers in the 1990s, after border security crackdowns in urban areas sent crossers to remote rural areas. As Yahoo News reported, rangers routinely found themselves in high-speed chases, and they seized thousands of pounds of marijuana and other drugs each year – 17,000 pounds of pot in 2005, 100,000 pounds last year. Not surprisingly, the monument's reputation tended to scare away visitors. Just 210,000 came in 2010.
In the wake of 9/11, the new Department of Homeland Security was authorized to construct barriers along the border without having to comply with federal, state or local environmental laws. The Border Patrol also hired thousands of new agents.
Organ Pipe now has 20 law enforcement officers, compared to 5 in 2003, and the number of Border Patrol agents in the region has jumped 20-fold, to over 500. The increased border patrols have taken a harsh toll on the park's environment, though. 2,500 miles of new vehicle tracks were tallied in 2010, although fewer foot trails were created. "The (superintendent's 2013) report, which maps a spiderweb of tire tracks throughout the park, expressed concern over effects on soil, vegetation, endangered species, cultural resources and wilderness," notes the Yahoo News story.
HCN senior editor Ray Ring describes the situation for Organ Pipe and other public land in Arizona in his recent feature "Border Out of Control."
"Federal environmental laws have also been abused in the name of national security. "Congress and the White House have a taste for it, because they can get away with it," says Dinah Bear, an intense former D.C. insider. She was the chief lawyer for the Council on Environmental Quality, which advises presidents about environmental issues, under Ronald Reagan, George H.W. Bush, Bill Clinton and George W. Bush, and she believes, "This is the most important issue now. They can waive environmental laws that represent 40 years of work and achievement, and take away the rights of citizens to protest it."
…. Vehicle tires leave lasting scars wherever anyone cuts across this desert, breaking soil crusts that were formed over hundreds, thousands, or even a million years. "The soil turns to talc when you drive over it," says Todd Esque, another USGS ecologist who tested soil impacts in northwest Organ Pipe Cactus Monument. Driving an ATV or truck just once across that soil has more impact than 50 hikers, Esque says, creating localized "Dust Bowl" conditions. And once a single driver cuts across the desert, as Van Riper observes, "a road starts, it doesn't end. More and more drivers use it." "
So, Organ Pipe is once again open to visitors, who will probably face greater danger from dehydration and rattlesnakes than from smugglers. Whether the land will ever be safe from damages caused by the Border Patrol, though, is another question altogether.
Jodi Peterson is the managing editor of High Country News. She tweets @Peterson_Jodi.


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Branding elements for TT Clothing Co.
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This is a luminous scene of a cabin by a still lake with the glowing colors of the setting sun lingering in the sky, casting blue shadows over summer landscape. Pastel on paper, sight size 12 3/4 x 17 inches, c. 1900, signed in the lower right corner. This pastel comes tastefully displayed in a period maple frame. Clarence Braley was a Massachusetts artist who specialized in pastel and watercolor landscapes. He was a member of the New Bedford Art Association and exhibited his work at the Boston Art Club and the Art Institute of Chicago. (M)
A view of a Venice canal by the artist, Otto Bacher, measuring 6 3/4 x 9 3/4 inches. Created in 1880, plate signed, titled and dated. Part of his "Venice Set".
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w York Farm Bureau Dean Norton said this week that a $15 minimum would put the state's agriculture industry at a competitive disadvantageRead More »
McDonald's to test expanded all-day breakfast with McGriddle
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text: (Key Question) With current technology, suppose a firm is producing 400 loaves of banana bread daily. Also, assume that the least-cost combination of resources in producing those loaves is 5 units of labor, 7 units of land, 2 units of capital, and 1 unit of entrepreneurial ability, selling at prices of $40, $60, $60, and $20, respectively. If the firm can sell these 400 units at $2 per unit, will it continue to produce banana bread? If this firm's situation is typical for the other makers of banana bread, will resources flow to or away from this bakery good?


text:
Nominate the best farm science or innovation. Winning nominee attends the 2017 OFC. Winning project receives £10k. click here to enter the 2016 OFC/RASE Practice with Science Award.
The OFC's flagship research has been conducted since 2009. In 2016, we presented our latest report on rural entrepreneurialism and leadership. Research links from previous years are listed below.
2016 - Entrepreneurship: A kiss of life for the UK farming sector? sponsored by Burges Salmon.
2015 - The Best of British farmers - what gives them the edge? sponsored by Burges Salmon, HSBC and Syngenta.
2014 - Opportunity Agriculture report in partnership with Burges Salmon, Syngenta and Volac.
2013 - Farming and Society report in partnership with Burges Salmon, RSPB and Volac.
2012 - The 'Power in Agriculture' report in partnership with Lloyds TSB, Massey Ferguson and Volac.
2011 - The value and viability of UK farming. Sponsored by Syngenta and Volac.
2010 - Where should agricultural research be focused for the future? Sponsored by BBSRC and Volac.
2009 - The perceptions of farmer amongst Britain's general public. Sponsored by Syngenta.
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The Oxford Farming Conference has been held in Oxford for over 70 years and has established a reputation for strong debate and exceptional speakers. The Conference is held in the stunning, historic surroundings of the Oxford University Colleges and is regarded by the many regular delegates as 'THE way to kick-start the New Year'.


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text:
Temperature can significantly affect developmental rate in poikilothermic animals and plants (Sharpe and DeMichele 1977; Schoolfield et al. 1981; Craufurd et al. 1996; Ikemoto 2005; Trudgill et al. 2005). In the mid-temperature range, the relationship between developmental rate and temperature approximates linearity (Campbell et al. 1974; Shi et al. 2011). The linear model is widely used to describe the temperature-dependent developmental rates:
Here, r represents development rate (=1/D, where D represents developmental time required for completing a specific developmental stage) at constant temperature T; a and b are constants. There are two important thermal parameters related to the aforementioned linear model: the lower developmental threshold (LDT = −a/b) (also referred to as the base temperature, Tbase, in the degree day model) and the sum of effective temperatures (SET = 1/b). The LDT represents the temperature at which developmental rate equals zero, that is, the intersection between the straight line of developmental rate and x-axis; the SET represents the accumulated degree days (ADD) required for completing a specific developmental stage. For different developmental stages of the same species, the SETs might be different, but the LDTs were demonstrated to be identical for most insects and mites (Jarošík et al. 2002, 2004; Kuang et al. 2012). Eq. (1) can be rewritten as follows:
Here, T is constant temperature. When we attempt to use variable air temperature (as a function of time) to calculate ADD, the following equation is recommended (Aono 1993; Marletto et al. 1992; Lopez and Runkle 2004):
Here, Tair, i represents variable air temperature on the i-th day, which is a function of time t within 1 day; SD represents the starting date for a specific biological event; ED represents the ending date for this specific biological event; Tbase is, as mentioned above, an equivalent concept of LDT. The integral symbol can be dropped if the fixed daily average temperature is used. For some insects and mites with small body size and short life cycle, the LDT and SET can be directly estimated by observing developmental times at different constant temperatures in the lab based on Eq. (1). However, many plants are larger and have a longer life cycle. Thus, these two thermal parameters, in general, cannot be obtained from an experiment of temperature-dependent development. Therefore, Eq. (3) is widely used to estimate these two thermal parameters without a requirement for setting different constant-temperature environments. In practice, a starting date and a base temperature of development are needed to be known to calculate the ADD required for reaching a specific biological event of plants.
The influence of air temperature from weather data on the first flowering date (FFD) in plants, especially the woody Prunus trees, has received much attention (Lindsey and Newman 1956; Lindsey 1963; Aono 1993; Fitter et al. 1995; Wielgolaski 1999; Ho et al. 2006; Chen et al. 2008; Miller-Rushing et al. 2008). Japanese cherry blossom (Prunus yedoensis Matsum) is an important ornamental plant in East Asia. Some studies have been carried out to explore the effect of air temperature in winter and early spring on the FFD of this plant (Aono 1993; Ho et al. 2006; Chen et al. 2008; Ohashi et al. 2012). Aono (1993) reported that the base temperature of P. yedoensis in Japan ranged from −2 to 6°C using the method of lowest root mean square errors (RMSEs) in days between the observed and predicted FFDs based on the mean of ADDs for some standard years; Ho et al. (2006) drew a conclusion that the base temperature of P. yedoensis in Seoul, Korea was 5.8°C by minimizing the standard deviation of ADDs; Ohashi et al. (2012) directly provided an empirical estimate of 5°C as the base temperature of P. yedoensis.
We provide a new method for estimating the starting date and base temperature of P. yedoensis based on the extensive meticulous FFD observations by Prof. Yihua Xiao and his daughter, Prof. Mei Xiao, in Wuhan University (30°32′21″N, 114°21′42″E) from 1951 to 2012. On the basis of the estimates of starting date and base temperature, we explored the influence of air temperature on the FFDs of P. yedoensis.


text:
I made this thread because I know there are a few Arduino users/programmers/builders on these boards and I thought it would be nice for us to have a place to collaborate and share ideas. If you come up with a new project that you need a hand with, this is the place to post. If you find a neat arduino-related link that you want to share, share it here. If you just want to know that there are others bashing their heads against the same problems as you, this is your place to be.
A bit about myself and my background:
First off, I will be ordering my Uno later this week, which will be my first Arduino board. I have been tinkering with electronics for as long as I can remember, and am currently about halfway through building my own analog synth. I like to cannibalize broken electronics for parts, and have built a thing or two as well. My dad and I would work together on electronics kits you could buy years ago from radioshak, and I learned to solder components before I turned 10. Clearly the hardware side isn't intimidating to me. My biggest weakness will be the programming... I have extremely limited programming experience in C#, C++, and Visual Basic. (Like, Hello World... maybe returning Hello World after a button press or some basic logic statement returns true...) I look forward to playing around with it, and will keep ya posted with what I come up with (and rest assured, I WILL be here asking for coding advice lol)
P.S. As I mentioned before, I will be ordering my Uno later this week. I have a budget of around $100, so that leaves plenty of room for accessories... I know I will be picking up a protoboard and jumpers, some .1" headers, more solder, etc.. but was wondering if there was anyting else anyone suggested getting right off the bat to get started.
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All Comments (19)
For god sake why does she always have too be a skank !
Fuck you too
All talk and no action.
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Sticking her in that bikini is like a cruel joke, poor flat-chested girl.
ok thats sad lol i mean like stfu...how about fuck u...you ugly ugly ugly girl = )
no problem i love stroking my cock watching you,this is perfect for addict like me so eat my cum
Shame.. Such a pretty face.. Wasted, in a disgusting personality.
She's a BIG MONG!! BRAINLESS!! LOL!
did anyone else notice the halloween ringtone going off?
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its a humiliation video she just tells you what a loser you are and how ugly you are etc turn the volume up on your system if you want that
I can't hear a word
cant hear her
za kurac


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Dec 19, 1989
|Filing date
|Nov 13, 1987
|Priority date
|Nov 13, 1987
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Mordechai Rothschild, Jerry G. Black, Daniel J. Ehrlich
|Original Assignee
|Massachusetts Institute Of Technology
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (32), Non-Patent Citations (14), Referenced by (18), Classifications (52), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The United States Government has rights in this invention pursuant to the Department of the Air Force Contract No. F19628-85-C-0002.
The invention generally relates to thin film deposition and, more particularly, to deposition of metal oxide films.
Thin films are employed at present for a wide range of industrial purposes. For example, thin films find particular utility in the electronics field as a photo-resists during photo-lithography. Such photo-resists are used to define patterns on a substrate for conductive paths, diffusion, ion implantation, etc., to create large-scale intergrated circuits. Thin films, particularly insulating thin films, also find use in passivating electronic circuits after they are formed.
Protective thin films also find applications outside the electronic field. For example, thin films have been used or suggested for use to protect articles, devices or other structures of a variety of materials from attack by environmental agents. Examples of such articles and devices range from works of art to industrial machines.
Numerous methods are known in the prior art for film deposition, including sputtering, evaporation, plating, reactive chemical processes and the like. However, these deposition techniques require considerable expenditures of energy, either in the form of heating of materials, induction of RF fields, plasma formation or laser initiation of chemical reactions.
Sputter deposition involves the ejection of material from a target material source following the impact of energetic sputtering ions. Typically, the target material source and the receiving substrate are arranged within an evacuated chamber in spaced relation on opposing electrodes. A potential impressed across the electrodes serves both to produce a gas plasma between the electrodes and to cause gas ions from the plasma to bombard the raw material source. The ion bombardment knocks off molecules of the raw material, or locally heats the raw material, so as to boil off or evaporate the molecules, causing them to fly in all directions. Some of these projectiles have trajectories which cause them to impinge upon the substrate, eventually building up a thin film. While the film thickness can be fairly accurately controlled, the impacting molecules have high kinetic energy and can damage delicate substrates through the momentum of the collisions themselves or through transformation of the kinetic energy into internal excitation and local heating.
In another method, commonly known as "evaporation" or "thermal vapor deposition", the raw material to be deposited is placed in a heated crucible arranged within an evacuated chamber and heated to a temperature at least sufficient to cause evaporation. The substrate is arranged in a position over the crucible facing the raw material, so as to intercept the evaporant, which is deposited on the facing surface of the substrate. Unfortunately, in some applications, the high temperature of the evaporant can damage heat-sensitive substrates.
In still another method, commonly known as "ion plating" or "plasma plating", conductive raw material is placed within an evacuated chamber opposite a conductive substrate. A high voltage DC field is produced between the raw material and the substrate, the latter being the cathode of a high voltage DC circuit. The chamber is filled with a gas at a pressure sufficient to generate and sustain a plasma discharge. The raw material is then vaporized to form a vapor deposit on the substrate. In the presence of the plasma, a portion of the vaporized raw material becomes ionized, and the positively charged evaporant ions and positively charged gas ions are accelerated by the electric field and bombard the substrate surface to densify the vapor-deposited coating.
A variation of plasma deposition has been developed for depositing thin film, non-conductive or semiconductor coatings on a substrate. In this technique, raw materials are vapor deposited on the substrate, while the substrate is bombarded by ions of a selected gas. During the process, the substrate is maintained in an atmosphere of the selected gas, and an r.f. field is established to produce a plasma of the gas in the vicinity of the substrate. The substrate is electrically biased to attract ions from the plasma which impact on the substrate and densify the vapor deposit thereon. A disadvantage with plasma deposition techniques is that the ions impact the substrate at high kinetic energy causing local heating and possible damage to surface material of fragile or heat sensitive substrates.
Yet another deposition technique developed by one of the present inventors and colleagues is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,340,617 issued July 20, 1982, in which it is disclosed that thin film depositions can be achieved by photo-decomposition of a gaseous material, such as trimethyl aluminum or dimethyl cadmium. In one embodiment, the gaseous material is photolytically decomposed by a laser source of energy operating at a wavelength less than 700 nm to induce metal deposition on a substrate.
There exists a need for improved deposition techniques which can provide films of selected thickness and density, regardless of the type or conductivity state of the substrate. Such techniques would be preferably gentle to the substrate surface, involving low temperatures, low energy and low impact.
In addition to the gentleness of the deposition process, it is desirable to provide for conformal deposition. The deposited material in such a process should conform to the surface of the substrate, regardless of its form and configuration.
Accordingly, an object of the invention is to provide an improved technique for forming thin films on substrates and, particularly, on heat-sensitive or fragile substrates.
Another object of the invention is to provide an improved technique for protecting exposed surfaces of articles, devices and other substrates against environment attack.
A further object of the invention is to provide thin films useful in the electronics field, for example, as photo-resists or as passivating layers.
These and other objects of the invention are achieved by depositing a metal oxide thin film, typically under 100 nm thick, over a variety of substrates, particularly, over hydrophilic substrates during a hydrolysis reaction. The deposition method entails reacting a vapor of an appropriate metal containing compound (the "metal vapor") with water at or near the substrate's surface. In some instances, the reaction can proceed by obtaining the needed moisture directly from ambient air. A film of greater depth can be formed or greater deposition efficiency attained, however, by exposing the substrate surface to a selected, moisture-containing vapor (the "water vapor") to assure sufficient adsorption of water in situ on the substrate surface. In the latter case, the substrate is exposed to the water vapor prior to exposing it to the active metal-containing vapor.
The deposition process is preferably carried out in a reaction chamber. The substrate is placed in the chamber, which is then purged of contaminating gas by being pumped to vacuum and then flushed. Flushing is achieved by introducing and then removing a suitable agent, such as argon gas, from the chamber. The pumping/flushing steps are repeated as needed to remove undesirable gases. After this is completed, an optional water pre-treatment step can be performed by introducing water vapor into the reaction chamber to increase water content of the substrate material. Then, following another purging, this time of the unadsorbed water vapor, the metal vapor is introduced into the reaction chamber at selected pressure and low temperature, i.e., under approximately 100� C., the conventional evaporation point of water. Preferably, the temPerature in the chamber during the reaction ranges from about room temperature of 20� C. to about 80� C. The metal vapor is permitted to chemically react with the moisture-laden substrate for a selected length of time.
The purging, water-vapor-introducing, Purging and metal-vapor-introducing steps can be repeated in sequence to attain the desired film thickness and characteristics. Process control can also be effected by controlling the chemical content, pressure and temperature of the vapors, and the duration of the respective reaction steps. In some instances, the active vapor and a controlled amount of moisture can be introduced together such that the hydrolysis reaction occurs within the chamber rather than at the substrate surface.
A wide variety of metal oxide films can be formed in accordance with the present invention. (The term "metal" is used in its broadly sense to include not only convention conductors, such as alumnium, chromium, etc. but also semiconductors such as silicon, where the oxides of such elements are similarly regarded as a useful film materials). Aluminum oxide, for example, can be formed according to the invention by hydrolysis of an aluminum-containing vapor, such as an aluminum halide (e.g. aluminum chloride) or an aluminum alkyl (e.g. trimethyl aluminum or dimethyl aluminum chloride). Titanium oxides can be formed by hydrolysis of titanium halides and oxyhalides (e.g. chlorides and oxychlorides) or titanium alkyls. Silicon oxides can be formed by hydrolysis of silicon halides (e.g. silicon tetrachloride) or silicon alkyls (e.g. dichlorodimethyl silicon). Similar reactions of appropriate halides, oxyhalides or alkyls (including substituted alkyls) can be employed to deposit oxides of tungsten, chromium, vanadium, zinc and the like. In the case of tungsten oxides, one preferred active vapor is tungsten fluoride. In the case of zinc oxides, a preferred active vapor is diethyl zinc. In some instances, the reaction can also be assisted or accelerated photolytically, such as by laser irradiation.
The resulting deposition is relatively dense, of controlled thickness and conforms in all directions to the surface or surfaces of the substrate, regardless of variations in configuration and form. Moreover, the present invention can be practiced at substantial lower temperatures (e.g. at or near room temperature) and with significantly less energy expenditures to achieve high quality oxide film depositions.
The invention also finds particular utility in forming thin films on heat sensitive or chemically or physically fragile substrates. The substrate can include semiconductive or superconductive devices or an article or device which is otherwise subject to attack by environmental agents.
The invention is especially suited for the protection of superconducting devices from environmental attack. For example, high-Tc, ternary metal oxide (TMO) superconductors tend to react readily in air, and such oxidation can be destructive of their superconductivity, particularly when the material is deposited as a thin film. A TMO thin film has a high surface area to volume ratio compared with other geometries; and, therefore, its bulk material characteristics are more sensitive to surface reaction with water vapor and, if heated, oxygen components of air. The invention can be practiced so as to deposit a film of metal oxide over a TMO superconductor and thereby protect the superconductor from its environment.
As another illustrative practice of the invention, the film can be used as a photo-resist in multi-layer lithographic patterning during semiconductor fabrication. Preferably, such a Patterning technique uses a laser system for etching. In this application, the substrate, for example, is covered by a polymeric planarizing layer, such as polyimide or polymethylmethacrylate ("PMMA"), upon which is then deposited the metallic oxide film as a second or top photo-resist or imaging layer. The technique achieves high resolution masking patterns, since it permits the imaging layer to be substantially thinner than conventional practice dictates.
Metal oxide films, deposited in accordance with the present invention, can also be used to form tri-layer photoresists. In such instances, a planarizing layer of PMMA, polyimide or the like is again deposited on a substrate followed by deposition of a metal oxide film as taught herein. Next, a conventional photoresist, such as a diazonaphthoquinone or novolak resin, is deposited as an imaging layer. In this embodiment, the metal oxide film (intermediate layer) permits a sharper image to be transferred to the planarizing layer while allowing pattern formation by conventional (non-laser) photolytic processes in the imaging layer.
The techniques disclosed herein can also be used to passivate side walls in laser-induced deep etching, or otherwise, to passivate boundary materials and exposed surfaces in micro-electronic devices, such as formed in a semiconductive wafer. Moreover, protective thin films in accordance with the invention can be used to passivate or protectively coat other apparatus and devices against attack from external chemical agents and harmful interactions with the environment. For example, works of art, such as statues, pottery, etc, as well as building materials, can receive a thin protective film conformably and uniformally applied in accordance with the invention.
The invention embraces the method of forming the film as described above, the apparatus used, as well as a structure, article or device having a film deposited by the method.
Other objects, features, and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following description taken together with the drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a chemical deposition system in accordance with the invention;
FIGS. 2A through 2E are sectional, side views of a semiconductor device at different sequential steps during processing with a photo-resist in accordance with the invention;
FIGS. 3 through 5 are electron-micrographs of substrates during processing in accordance with the invention;
FIGS. 6A and 6B are sectional side views of ternary metal oxide film superconductors passivated in accordance with the invention; and
FIG. 7 is an illustrative perspective view of a superconductive wire protected in accordance with the invention.
Referring now to the drawings, FIG. 1 shows an exemplary deposition apparatus 10 in accordance with a practice of the invention. The illustrated apparatus 10 has a reaction chamber 12 containing a selected gaseous mixture 14 within gas-tight walls 16. As illustrated, a substrate 20 is disposed within the chamber 12. The substrate 20 has a hydrophilic surface 21 on which a film is to be deposited. The substrate 20 is supported, preferably along its periphery in frame-like manner, by a stage 22 so as to expose the surface 21.
As illustrated, a plurality of valved inlet pipes 30 establish fluidic communication with reservoirs 32 for the introduction of selected gases therefrom through walls 16 into the reaction chamber 12. A first inlet pipe 30A is connected to a first reservoir 32A for containing a purging agent, such as argon gas. An optional second inlet pipe 30B is connected to an optional second reservoir 32B for containing water vapor. A third inlet pipe 30C is connected to a third reservoir 32C for containing an active vapor comprising a metal compound, i.e., the aforesaid metal vapor. While each of the inlet pipes 30A, 30B, 30C are shown as incorporating a separate valve 34 for controlling the flow of gas therethrough, other valving arrangements will be apparent to one skilled in the art. The valves 34 can be manually operated, or selectively and sequentially operated automatically, for example, by a programmable valve controller 36.
As also shown, a valved outlet pipe 40 for removing gases from the reaction chamber 12 is connected to a suitable vacuum pump 42. A valve 44 controls the flow of the exhaust gases through the outlet pipe 40. Again, valve 44 can be manually operated, or selectively and sequentially operated, for example, by the valve controller 36.
For process control, the illustrated apparatus 12 has sensors for measuring the characteristics of the gases in the reaction chamber 12, such as pressure gauge 50 and temperature gauge 52.
The deposition technique in accordance with the invention uses the apparatus 10 to cause a change in the surface chemistry of the substrate 20. Film formation results from hydrolysis of the metal vapor at the substrate surface boundary.
In accordance with one practice of the invention, the reaction chamber 12 is initially purged of potentially contaminating gases. Then a metal vapor is introduced at a selected temperature and pressure, so as to form a fog which is permitted to react with water adsorbed on the substrate surface 21 on which the film is to be deposited. Hydrolysis of the metal vapor occurs at the substrate surface 21 (and, preferably, not as a gas phase reaction), accompanied by the deposition of a solid reaction product, a metal oxide film, on the substrate surface 21.
The above-mentioned purging step is attained by pumping the reaction chamber 12 to vacuum (e.g., below approximately 0.1 Torr) by operation of the vacuum pump 42, followed by the metered introduction of a dry inert gas as a flushing agent, such as argon gas, to a pressure of up to several hundred Torr. The pumping and flushing steps can be repeated as needed to assure a relatively contaminant-free environment within the reaction chamber 12.
Where the substrate 20 is constructed of a more hydrophilic material (or where at least the surface 21 is so constructed), the hydrolysis can be effected using moisture adsorbed from air into the substrate surface 21. Alternatively, and particularly where the surface 21 is constructed with mildly hydrophilic material, the deposition additionally entails the introduction of water into the substrate surface to improve the efficiency of the hydrolysis-induced deposition process.
The optional pre-treatment of the substrate with water can be performed prior to placing the substrate 20 in the reaction chamber 12, or after it is within the chamber 12 and immediately before the metal-vapor-introducing step.
For pre-treatment of the substrate 20 within the reaction chamber 12, the reaction chamber 12 is first pumped to vacuum, as explained above, and then flushed with argon from reservoir 32A, which enters through inlet pipe 30A on operation of the respective valve 34. Then, the reaction chamber 12 is pumped to vacuum again. After purging is completed, water vapor from reservoir 32B is introduced through inlet pipe 30B on activation of the respective valve 34. After the moisture in the water vapor has reacted with the substrate 20, the reaction chamber 12 is again pumped to vacuum and flushed. This is followed by the introduction of the metal vapor from reservoir 32C through inlet pipe 30C. Hydrolysis ensues on the moisture-laden surface substrate 21, accompanied by the deposition of the metal oxide. The duration of the hydrolysis reaction is preferably one minute to one hour (e.g., 40 minutes) so as to yield a high-quality, thin film.
The thickness and material characteristics (e.g., density, porosity, etc.) of the film are determined by several factors, including the ambient conditions within the reaction chamber 12, such as Pressure and temperature, chemistry of the introduced metal vapor, substrate surface chemistry (e.g., water content) and duration of the reaction steps. These process factors can be regulated to control the reaction so as to yield a desired film. A particular advantage of the present invention lies in the ability to accurately control the deposition of high quality films in short periods of time and at low temperatures (e.g. at or near room temperature).
The above-described chemical reactions which take place in the reaction chamber 12 can be accomplished at or below typical room temperatures of approximately 20� C. which permits deposition even on heat-sensitive substrate materials. Alternatively, the reaction can be carried out at slightly elevated temperatures of between approximately 20� C. and 100� C., the conventional evaporation point of water (preferably, approximately 50� C.) for speedier, more-efficient deposition. For this, a heating/cooling element 46 disposed as illustrated about stage 22 within the reaction chamber 12 is appropriately energized to control the temperature of the substrate 20. The substrate can also be cooled in some applications, for example, to increase or expedite water adsorption initially. Heater element 46 can further be employed to heat the substrate after film deposition to dry and densify the metal oxide layer.
As noted above, the active vapor can be a metal-containing halide, oxyhalide or alkyl of aluminum, titanium, silicon, chromium, vanadium, tungsten, zinc or the like. In one preferred embodiment, aluminum oxide is deposited by hydrolysis of an organo-aluminum compound. Suitable materials include, for example, trimethylaluminum ("TMA") or another aluminum alkyl. The TMA can be introduced into the reaction chamber 12 to a pressure of approximately 15 Torr. During the hydrolysis reaction, water and TMA combine to produce a waste by-product, ethane gas, and to deposit a reaction product, an aluminum oxide film, generally having the formula A12 0x where "x" is between approximately two and five. Alternatively, other metal vapors, such as diethyl zinc, silicon tetrachloride or tungsten fluoride, can be used to deposit other metal oxides.
A wide range of substrate materials can be used in the practice of the invention. For example, the substrate can be made of a metal, such as copper, a metal alloy, a ceramic, an inorganic material, such as gallium arsenide or silicon dioxide, or an organic polymer, such as polyimide or PMMA. Since the deposition technique as described herein is gentle, for example, not involving particle bombardment or high localized heating as in the prior art described hereinabove, even heat sensitive or fragile substrate materials can be used. These include ternary metal oxides used for superconductors, lithium niobate (LiNb03) used for surface acoustic wave devices, cadmium telluride and mercury cadmium telluride used in infra-red sensors, and polyacetylene, which is an organic conductor when doped with iodine and chemically reactive with air.
Copper substrates, particularly copper films, are useful as metalizations in micro-electronics. A thin protective film on the copper can serve to chemically passivate the copper. In fact, a thin protective film deposited in accordance with the invention can serve to passivate a wide range of substrates. In micro-electronics, a thin film can be used to render layer boundaries and even portions of electric devices chemically passive.
Outside the electronics field, the film can be used to protect any article or device from attack by environmental agents. Such uses include works of art, such as statues, pottery, etc., and industrial machines, including, for example, protective coatings of automobile mufflers and exhaust pipes against corrosive environmental interactions.
Several illustrative applications of the invention shall now be described in more detail.
FIG. 2A through FIG. 2D illustrate one practice of the invention--the micro-fabrication of patterns on a semiconductive wafer using a multi-layer, more specifically, a bi-layer, photo-resist technique.
In FIG. 2A, a work-piece or structure 100 is shown as having a substrate 110 made of, for example, a silicon wafer on which a first, planarizing film 120 of, for example, nitro-cellulose, polyimide or polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) has been deposited by a conventional technique. The planarizing film, for example, can be spun on the substrate 110.
In FIG. 2B, a thin oxide film photo-resist 130 is deposited on top of the planarizing layer 120 in accordance with the invention. For example, the photo-resist 130 is a thin film of A1-0 deposited by pre-treating the planarizing film with water vapor and then exposing the moisture-laden film to an active vapor of TMA for 40 minutes. A bi-layer photo-resist is thus prepared. Unlike other bi-layer resists, which typically employ a top thick film of approximately 2,000 Angstroms, the present invention permits the top film to be only five percent as thick, i.e., 100 Angstroms.
In FIG. 2C, selected regions 140 of the second photo-resist 130 are irradiated by a laser beam operating, for example, in a direct write, maskless mode or by projection or contact printing. Other regions 150 of the second photo-resist 130 are not irradiated. Within the selected irradiated regions 140, the ionic and/or molecular bonds of the A1-0 film are sufficiently weakened so as to render the material suscePtible to etching. (Normally, an unprocessed A1-0 film is highly resistive to etching by conventional methods; the laser treatment serves to selectively degrade the film, locally transforming it structurally into an etchable material.) Since this film is substantially thinner than the imaging layer employed in conventional bi-layer photoresist systems, substantially increased resolution can be achieved by this process. This technique permits the definition of selected regions 140 in which the narrowest dimension is on the order of about 0.3 microns.
In FIG. 2D, the irradiated regions 140 of the photo-resist 130 and the vertically registered regions 160 of the planarizing layer 120 underlying the selected regions 140, have been removed, for example, by reactive ion etching ("RIE"). The regions 170 of the first photo-resist 120, underlying the non-irradiated regions 150 of the second photo-resist 130, remain unetched. Afterwards, the remaining second photo-resist 130 is stripped away.
FIG. 2E shows the resulting pattern of channels, apertures or "windows," designated "R" which have been etched in the planarizing layer 120. The pattern permits the selected area-specific, subsequent processing of the structure 100. For example, a dopant can be introduced to the substrate 110 through the windows R cut in the first photo-resist 120, by diffusion, ion implantation, or other known techniques. Alternatively, a layer, not shown, of metallized ohmic contact material can be formed in the etched regions 160 of the first photo-resist 120.
The results of the micro-fabrication steps, which have just been described, are further illustrated in FIGS. 3 through 5. These are micrographs showing various combinations of materials improved through the practice of the invention. In FIG. 3, A1-0 was used to form a photo-resist in accordance with the method described in conjunction with FIGS. 2A through 2E. The micrograph was taken after reactive ion etching (RIE) of nitro-cellulose on a silicon substrate. RIE was carried out for three minutes with oxygen ions. In FIGS. 4 and 5, PMMA was used instead of nitrocellulose. The left side of FIG. 4, showing streaking resulting from laser patterning, was taken prior to etching. In FIG. 5, relatively deep, parallel grooves resulting from RIE are clearly shown. RIE was carried out for three minutes with oxygen ions.
Another illustrative practice of the invention involves the protection of superconductive material. It has been found that ternary metal oxide ("TMO") superconductors are susceptible to environmental attack and chemical interaction, for example, due to their affinity and sensitivity to water vapor and, if heated, to oxygen. The surface of TMO superconductors reacts readily to the water vapor content of air, even at typical room temperature of approximately 20� C.
TMO superconductors embrace a wide variety of materials generally described by the formula
MBa2 Cu3 0x
where "M" is a transition metal or rare earth ion, for example, consisting of Yttrium, Scandium, Lanthanum, Neodymium, Samarium, Europium, Gadolinium, Dysprosium, Holmium, Erbium, Ytterbium, and Lutetium; and "x" is a number between approximately six and nine. In some instances, the barium component of the TMO material can also be replaced by strontium or another transition metal.
A fuller understanding of TMO superconductors, their characteristics, fabrication and patterning can be had by reference to co-pending and commonly assigned Patent Application Ser. No. 108,426, filed Oct. 14, 1987, and entitled "Formation and High Resolution Patterning of Superconductors," the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
According to the present invention, TMO superconductors can be covered with a thin protective film to substantially reduce or eliminate chemical interaction between the surface of the film and the ambient and, thus, is useful as a passivating layer.
FIG. 6A shows an exemplary superconductive structure 200A improved by the present invention. As illustrated, a substrate 202A carries a patterned TMO film. The TMO film has one or more superconductive regions 206A (four are shown) and one or more non-superconductive regions 208A (five are shown). Regions 206A and 208A are preferably integral with one another and formed by photo-thermal material transformation in accordance with the teachings of the above-referenced patent application or by other methods. Covering the TMO film is a protective film 210A, in accordance with the present invention. The protective film 210A is, for example, an A1-0 film disposited using the apparatus 10A shown in FIG. 1. Preferably the water-vapor-introducing step is eliminated, and the requisite water content in the TMO film surface is realized by short term interaction of the surface with moisture content of ambient room air.
In FIG. 6B, a variation of the just-described superconductor structure 200 is shown, with similar features designated with the same reference numbers but followed by the suffix "B". Structure 200B has a substrate 202B coated with a non-planar superconductive pattern 204B, which, in turn, is coated with a protective layer 210B. The conformal nature of the deposition technique of the present invention is demonstrated in this application in achieving substantially uniform step coverage despite irregularities in surface geometry.
In FIG. 7 shows a serpentine-like superconductive filament or wire 212 useful as a winding in superconducting rotating apparatus, such as motors and generators or as a component interconnect in superconductive devices. The illustrated wire 20 can have numerous folds 214 along its longitudinal extent. The wire 212 is made of a core 214 of a superconductive TMO material, and an outer protective film 216 concentrically disposed about the core 214. The protective film 216 can be formed by placing the wire 212 in the apparatus 10 of FIG. 1 or, alternatively, by adapting the present invention to be an integral part of the wire extrusion process. Thus, for example, a filament can be extruded, annealed if necessary in an appropriate environment, and then coated with a metal oxide film, according to the deposition techniques of the present invention as the wire passes from the extrusion die to a take-up spool. Alternatively, the wire can be wound in a coil or otherwise shaped and then subjected to hydrolysis-induced metal oxide deposition. Here, again, conformal deposition achieved through the present invention provides a superior film without shadowing or directional effects, despite variations in form and configuration, such as the folds 214 in the wire 212.
A further appreciation of the invention can be had by the following description of selected, non-limiting tests employing apparatus 10.
In a first test of the invention, a pre-treated NaC1 window was exposed to saturated water vapor at room temperature and 16 Torr pressure. In pre-treatment, half the window was masked while the other half was exposed to a metal vapor and covered with aluminum oxide as a protective film. Then the mask was removed. After three days, the uncovered portion had foggy surfaces due to its contact and reaction with the water vapor. The covered portion remained clear. This visible effect was noticeable within approximately ten minutes.
In another test of the invention, etch resistance of A1-0 film in chlorine was examined to determine the efficacity of the film in protecting metals from "dark" etching in the presence of chlorine or similar gases. Here, a thin film (400 nm thick) of copper was pre-treated with TMA in a fashion similar to the pre-treatment of NaC1 described in the preceding paragraph. After chlorination of the copper, the invention was found to be quite satisfactory in resisting etching. The uncovered portion was etched in approximately ten minutes at ten Torr C12, while the covered portion remained clear and shiny after more than one and a half hours of exposure. Copper interconnects are typically used in semiconductor technology and are subject to chemical attack during subsequent processing of the wafer, such as by chlorine, fluorine or halogen gases. A thin film of metal oxide can be used to passivate the copper interconnects.
In yet another test, a bi-layer photo-resist was fashioned by exposing polyimide to TMA for generating a thin film of A12 03.The resulting thin film was considered suitable as a thin imaging layer. (A thick film of an organic photo-resist, such as AZ resist, (Shipley, Newton, MA), PMMA or another common photo-resist material known in the art, which can be dry or lamp-wet developed, can be substituted for the polyimide.) The etch-resistant A1-0 layer can then be selectively ablated by an excimer laser in a single pulse (193 nm). As an alternative application, the A1-0 layer can be used to passivate side walls in laser-induced deep etching in a direct write mode.
In a further demonstration of the invention, a silicon dioxide film was deposited to provide etch protection to a polyimide on a Si02 substrate. In this instance, a planarizing layer of PI-2555 Polyimide (Dupont, Wilmington, DE) about 1 micron in thickness was spun onto an Si02 substrate and then exposed to ambient to induce moisture absorption. The chamber was then evacuated, purged with argon, and evacuated again. Silicon tetrachloride at a pressure of about 80 Torr was introduced next and allowed to react with the moisture laden substrate at room temperature for about 15 minutes to provide an Si02 film on top of the polyimide. The Si02 -coated Polyimide and an uncoated control polyimide of identical thickness were then both etched by reactive ion etching in oxygen. The coated polyimide was protected from etching by the Si02 film for about five minutes while the uncoated polyimide immediately began to erode. After the initial five minutes during which the Si02 protective film was stripped away, both polyimides continued to erode at the same rate.
The invention can be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics thereof. The described embodiments of the invention are to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive; the scope of the invention being indicated by the appended claims rather than the foregoing description; and all changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are, therefore, intended to be embraced therein.
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|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Nov 13, 1987
Owner name: MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, 77 MASSACHU
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:ROTHSCHILD, MORDECHAI;BLACK, JERRY G.;EHRLICH, DANIEL J.;REEL/FRAME:004816/0131
Effective date: 19871113
|Jun 18, 1993
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|May 1, 1997
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Jun 22, 2001
|Surcharge for late payment
Year of fee payment: 11
|Jun 22, 2001
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


text:
The AFC Championship game has New England heading to Denver for a highly anticipated Sunday afternoon match up. The Patriots and Broncos have provided fans with some great games over the past few seasons. The championship game brings not just the top two seeded teams in the AFC together but also the top two quarterbacks of this era of football to face each other once again in what is likely the last Brady vs Manning post season match up. With the high stakes of a Super Bowl appearance on the line, the hype of a Brady vs Manning contest, and the pairing of Gronk, Edelman, and Amendola vs the Denver secondary led by Harris Jr, Talib, and the physically dangerous T.J. Ward has also led to some entertaining banter between the teams.
In a SportsCenter interview Tuesday Chris Harris Jr. was asked about stopping Rob Gronkowski, his response was the following: "You gotta hit him low, man. Hit him in his knees. That's the best chance you got of hitting him." As many know Gronkowski has had his share of injuries, particularly to his knee dating back to the 2013 ACL and MCL tear precipitated by T.J. Ward's untimely contact to the knee at the exact moment Gronk planted his foot in the ground. The hit jarred open the debate of low hits being clean hits as Gronk was sidelined with the season ending injury. Another scare for the big tight end happened on a snowy night this November in the lost to Denver where a shoulder to knee appeared much worse than it actually was and had Gronk and all of New England holding their breath. To be fair to Chris Harris Jr tackling Gronkowski low may be the only way to drag him to the ground. He is too big and strong for most defensive backs to pull down alone and, with speed to out run linebackers if able to get loose, is one of the best yards after contact receivers in the league. Whether Gronkowski actually took offense to the comment about hitting him low or just sounded off in anticipation of the biggest game of the season Gronk responded in a very Gronk way with this double entendre via twitter: https://twitter.com/PaetyWinant. Without diving into the implied meaning of the duel-edged comment it is clear to see Gronkowski fans and followers will likely have a laugh at the expense of an unappreciative Broncos squad, as tensions between the teams continue to rise heading into Sunday.
With the history of these two post-season giants, a quarterback rivalry dating back over a decade, Gronkowski's history and Ward's presence the comments made by Harris and response from Gronk have gained a lot of traction in the build up to Sunday's game. Ultimately this is probably the least serious thing that will be discussed this week leading up to the game but it is entertaining to see the two sides go at each other and for those following along to have a laugh as the Broncos now have some great white board material. After all it is going to almost necessary as the week rolls on to talk about something other than Brady vs Manning statistics and which analyst picks who as the best quarterback of the era. At this point both signal callers know that success is measured in rings and both will be playing for a chance to get their teams to another Super Bowl and solidify an already established greatness.
Tags: Aqib Talib, Chris Harris Jr, Danny Amendola, Denver Broncos, Julian Edelman, New England Patriots, Peyton Manning, Rob Gronkowski, TJ Ward, Tom Brady


text:
Featherbed Railroad Company, Nice
- Free continental breakfast, free WiFi, and free parking
Main amenities
- 9 guestrooms
- Seasonal outdoor pool
- Coffee/tea in a common area
- Air conditioning
- Library
- Meeting room
- Picnic area
- Barbecue grills
- Wedding services
- Free newspapers in the lobby
- Limited hour front desk
- Kayaking
What's around
- Hinman Park (0.7 mi / 1.1 km)
- Holiday Harbor (0.9 mi / 1.5 km)
- Ceago Vinegarden (2.7 mi / 4.3 km)
- Alpine Park (4 mi / 6.4 km)
- Lake County Visitor Center (4.1 mi / 6.7 km)
It was fabulous
Absolutely brilliant place to stay. Personal touch on everything. Excellent food and…
Featherbed Railroad Company, Nice
Hotel Info: 866-539-8117from $150
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- Easy rider room
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- Celebrations Room
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Key facts
Hotel size
- This hotel has 9 rooms
- Check-in time 3 PM-7 PM
- Check-out time is Noon
Required at check in
- Credit card or cash deposit required
- Government-issued photo ID required
Travelling with others
- Pets allowed *
- Specific rooms only, restrictions apply *
- 2 per room (up to 35 lb)
- Free WiFi in public areas
- Free WiFi in rooms
- Free self parking
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In the hotel
- Free continental breakfast
- Coffee/tea in a common area
- Barbeque grills
- Outdoor seasonal pool
- Fishing on site
- Kayaking on site
- Personal motorized watercraft on site
- Golfing nearby
- Hiking/biking trails nearby
- Sailing nearby
- Water skiing nearby
- One meeting room
- Front desk (limited hours)
- Free newspapers in lobby
- Wedding services
- Number of buildings/towers - 10
- Designated smoking areas (fines apply)
- Picnic area
- Library
In the room
- In-room climate control (air conditioning)
- Air conditioning
- Coffee/tea maker
- Iron/ironing board (on request)
- Hypo-allergenic bedding available
- Private pool
- In-room massage available
- Individually decorated
- Individually furnished
- Private bathroom
- Shower/tub combination
- Free toiletries
- Hair dryer (on request)
- Cable TV channels
- Free WiFi
- Refrigerator
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- Featherbed Railroad Company
- Featherbed Railroad Company B&B
- Featherbed Railroad Company B&B Nice
- Featherbed Railroad Company Nice
- Featherbed Railroad Hotel Nice
Pet-friendly rooms can be requested by contacting the property at the number on the booking confirmation.
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