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The total wild population of the snow leopard was estimated at between 4,100 and 6,600 individuals by McCarthy et al 2003 (see table below). Many of these estimates are rough and outdated.
In 1972 the International Union for Conservation of Nature, (IUCN) placed the snow leopard on its Red List of Threatened Species as globally "Endangered"; the same threat category was applied in the assessment conducted in 2008.
There are also 600-700 snow leopards in zoos around the world

subset: commoncrawl


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Images of Mandy Zoe Lathim(0 from 0 )
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Organ Donation by Marika Henderson on Prezi
Mormons Presbyterian United Methodist Mandy Lathim 18 yrs old. Image by goodtextures: http://fav.me/d2he3r8 www.Organdonor.gov. GO TO.
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Zoe Lathim | California, United States | Birth Record | 561285032
Zoe Lathim is a person located in California, United States. December 24, 1894
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legacy.com: MANDY ZOE LATHIM
MANDY ZOE LATHIM March 13, 1994 ~ July 18, 2012 ~ Our Sweet Baby Girl ~ On March 13, 1994, a small light began to shine as Mandy Zoe Lathim entered the world.
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Social Security number 561-28-5032 was issued to ZOE LATHIM, who was born 24 December 1894 and, Death Master File says, died May 1971.
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Zoe Lathim (1894 - 1971) - Solana Beach, California
This is a biography of Zoe Lathim with Zoe's genealogy and family photos. Zoe Lathim was born on December 24, 1894. Zoe Lathim died in May 1971.
Lathim - 1920 United States Federal Census - Ancestry.com
Lathim - 1920 United States Federal Census
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proXima interview on Alternative FM radio/acoustic live "need to breathe", "zoe and I" - sept 2012. 05:53. СМОТРЕТЬ СКАЧАТЬ; Mandy Zoe Lathim. 10:41.
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Twitter Posts: Bailey Gaspar ❤⚾ (ayebaibai_G)
22.07.2012 Candlelight vigil for Mandy was so amazing. She will forever be in my heart. RIP Mandy Zoe Lathim. @Mandyzoeyo http://t.co/KnsiztYi
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For the Home: Pie Dishes Sale6 Items Found
Noritake Colorwave 9.5-in. Round Baker/Pie Plate
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Pyrex Easy Grab 9.5-in. Pie Dish
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Pyrex Portable Pie Plate
$30.00 $17.49
Cake Boss™ 9-in. Stoneware Pie Baker
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Belk For the Home Sale: Pie Dishes Sale
Enjoy unbeatable quality and exceptional savings with our Pie Dishes Sale at Belk. Our Pie Dishes Sale assortment is affordably priced and budget friendly to make your shopping experience a complete success. We're proud to offer impressive deals on the items you want most, and we constantly update our sale selection to bring you new possibilities each day. With our Pie Dishes Sale, you get the quality and versatility you expect, with the satisfaction of knowing that you've gotten more for your money. If you're looking for a gift for someone else, it's easy to give a thoughtful, meaningful gift with our Pie Dishes Sale collection. Score a great deal today and every day with the Pie Dishes Sale available at Belk.


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Top Definition
A generic term refering to any girlfriend that is all around beautiful and perfect.
My girl totally rocks. A lot of other dudes have lame girlfriends, but I have a genuine kexin.
de JorJorC-Berg 23 Octombrie 2006
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E-mailurile sunt trimise de la email@example.com. Nu-ți vom trimite mesaje nedorite.×


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Yearling Alpacas
We've had a number of inquiries as to why we don't show prices on the three yearling alpacas we have listed for sale. Often, we don't bother to list our younger alpacas for sale until they are a bit older. … Read More
We've had a number of inquiries as to why we don't show prices on the three yearling alpacas we have listed for sale. Often, we don't bother to list our younger alpacas for sale until they are a bit older. … Read More
I spend a lot of my knitting time working with fingering weight yarn. Socks are one of my favorite items to knit and I also love fingering for shawls and scarves. Snowshoe Farm produces a lot of fingering weight yarn … Read More
We've reviewed our breeding plans for 2017 and can see that we have a number of proven females who also have daughters in our breeding program. We have decided to offer some of these females at reduced prices. They are … Read More
Snowshoe Farm has LOTS of new alpaca yarn back from the mill and more yarn and roving on the way. Dyeing will start next week and we will be updating our online alpaca yarn store with new colors very soon. … Read More
The first weekend in April was the combined North American Alpaca Show and Northeast Alpaca Expo in MA. We're very pleased with our 2 year old white male, Snowshoe Ammonoosuc, who took second place in both shows behind a spectacular … Read More
Done! This is our last victim…er, alpaca…of the day and we are finished shearing our herd. Snowshoe Allegro, co-owned with Spirit Wind Farm, has the most lustrous fleece I've ever seen. I wish I had been able to get a … Read More
Attention handspinners: we're getting ready to send alpaca fiber to the mill to be processed into roving. We've been busy washing and dyeing fiber and now have a nice selection of natural and hand dyed colors. These will be blended to … Read More
Snowshoe FancyPants is a daughter of two champion alpacas. She gave birth to her first cria last year, a beautiful beige female we named Snowshoe Haiku. FancyPants is an excellent mother. She is an easy keeper and breeder. Her fiber … Read More
We knew we had another winner when this male was born three years ago. Snowshoe Ammonoosuc is growing up to be the spitting image of his big brothers, Snowshoe Aristides and Snowshoe Astraios. Both brothers are champions sporting beautiful fiber with … Read More


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How About a Freshly-Made Espresso From a Pocket Espresso Maker [Video]
It's Sunday morning, and you may be having your morning coffee, reading the Sunday papers, and slowly getting your day started.
Maybe rather a big cup of coffee, all you want is a freshly-made espresso. Now all you have to do is buy one of those expensive machines to make it. Better yet, ... how about a machine that fits in your pocket.


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Skip to comments.Desirée Rogers Brand Obama - Desirée Rogers
Posted on 12/03/2009 9:37:47 AM PST by nmh
Desirée Glapion Rogers is the descendant of a Creole voodoo priestess named Marie Laveau Glapion. The first time I meet her, she welcomes me into her East Wing laira rhythm and blues tune plays on a white iPod, a potted white orchid perches between two windows, fresh flowers sit on a heavy wooden desk. This is a woman who never sees a wilted bloom. The 49-year-old turns on just enough Southern charm to camouflage an aura of self-assuredness typically reserved for runway models or first ladies. Wearing a crisp white shirt, black patent flats and high-waisted navy slacks that would look terrible on almost anyone else, Rogers talks about her job as White House social secretary.
Determined to move to a place where it snows, says her brother, Rogers stayed up late at night studying, made straight As and ignored the bullies who teased her for being best friends with a little white girl. She moved to Chicago and married John Rogers, a well-connected son of a lawyer and civil rights activist and the great-grandson of a Tulsa, Okla., entrepreneur in the towns Black Wall Street, home of the 1921 race riots that took a thriving black middle class and reduced it to homelessness and misery.
(Excerpt) Read more at magazine.wsj.com ...
At times Rogers can sound like she came from East Coast privilege. In fact, shes a daughter of the middle-class Seventh Ward of New Orleans. Red beans and rice on Mondays. Fried fish and potato salad on Fridays. Dreams of Wellesley and Harvard as she walked to high school on St. Charles Avenue. A city councilman father who used to ask little Desirée to serve drinks or gumbo and help entertain when company arrived. A constant flow of company moved through Roy E. Glapion Jr.s housea revolving door of guests, the mayor, business leaders, Creole aristocracy, the local garbage man, the grocery store bagger. School nights didnt exist in the Glapion house. There was never any normal type of family, says Roy A. Glapion, Rogers only sibling, a 47-year-old businessman and civil engineer who still lives in New Orleans. You eat what you want to eat, when you want to eat it.
I missed this little gem on Obama's social sexcretary.
Trash attracts trash.
This is all one needs to know.
Voodoo in the White House, on more than one level. Ole Desirée is going to fool around and put the boss in mortal danger if she's not careful. My Lord what kind of people have been installed in our corridors of power? I didn't used to think of myself as a snob, but when I read about the people the BOs have employed, all I can think of is what a humongous haul of human trash.
And three SS Agents just took the hit while Bambi and Rogers hide under the desk. Three more for the Obama bus.
That's a filthy heathen behavior, not a behavior of civilized parents who want to raise their kids with good norms and values.
Marie Laveau
Down in Louisiana, where the black trees grow
Lives a voodoo lady named Marie Laveau
Got a black cat's tooth and a Mojo bone
And anyone who wouldn't leave her alone
She'd go (growl) another man done gone.
She lives in a swamp in a hollow log
With a one-eyed snake and a three-legged dog
She's got a bent, bony body and stringy hair
If she ever seen y'all messin' 'round there
She'd go (growl) another man done gone.
And then one night when the moon was black
Into the swamp come handsome Jack
A no good man like you all know
(TALK) He was lookin' around for Marie Laveau.
He said Marie Laveau, you handsome witch
Gimme a little a little charm that'll make me rich
Gimme a million dollars and I tell you what I'll do
This very night, I'm gonna marry you
Then It'll be (growl) another man done gone.
So Marie done some magic, and she shook a little sand
Made a million dollars and she put it in his hand
Then she giggled and she wiggled, and she said Hey, Hey
I'm gettin' ready for my weddin' day.
But old handsome Jack he said goodbye Marie
You're too damned ugly for a rich man like me
Then Marie started mumblin', her fangs started gnashin'
Her body started tremblin', and her eyes started flashin'
And she went (growl) another man done gone.
So if you ever git down where the black trees grow
And meet a voodoo lady named Marie Laveau
If she ever asks you to make her your wife
Man, you better stay with her for the rest of your life
Or it'll be (growl) another man done gone.
Well Michelle My Belle is a known black racists. Not me saying this her own words and words of others. If Obama could fill all the positions with black faces regardless of qualifications he would. he like rev Wright is a black Klansman. How else despite the color of her skin and political cronyism did this idiot get to run anything but garbage detail in the WH.
"... all I can think of is what a humongous haul of human trash."
You are putting it politely.
OTOH, I am horrified and on the OH I am beyond white hot.
How dare this trash, come in and run our country into the ground!
Thank you! I had to read the name twice to be sure I read it correctly. So there really was a Marie Laveau! :)
I missed this ... .
Calling them trash is a compliment.
You can have her!
Keep her!
How tasteful - her bra is visible and the hem looked raveled.
Whatever you or I think of Obama or his social secretary, I'm not sure what part of the passage you cite suggests "trash".
I guess there's a couple pearls going up her crack in the back.
That's one hell of a Gumbo bib.
That's nothing. My friend looks just the like the Voodoo Princess. Everytime she goes to New Orleans; people actually bow to her.
Voodoo Priestess.
Well, better a voodoo priestess than a radical Muslim.
OMG! What is that monstrosity? Looks like it was supposed to have the "nude" look and at the last minute she decided that wasn't appropriate and had those strange white patches added under the pearls.
When it comes to fashion, I often find myself asking "Who would ever design such a thing?" But the more important question is "Who would ever wear such a thing?" In the case of this dress, now I know.
*Desirée Glapion Rogers is the descendant of a Creole voodoo priestess named Marie Laveau Glapion.
This is all one needs to know.*
I doubt it. It's about as plausible as a Louisiana resident claiming to be descended from Napoleon or the Jean Lafitte.
I'm still waiting for the Austin Powers "It's a man, baby" graphic, sure to come out at some point.
Doesn't Michelle Obama's mother (Oba-Hussein's live-in*, on site mother-in-law) also ACTIVELY practise voodoo/witchcraft in the White House where she is living*?
*Repeat on purpose.
An accolyte to the High Priestess Rogers or the other way round?
Great expression:"humongous heap of human trash"
Is she the one that's dressing the manchell?
Note the kneepad!
Oh what lovely people. Not since Hillary's brother Rodham lived-in at the WH ordering whole roasted chickens from the WH mess, eating them in his quarters like a Roman Emperor. Trash, pure whaat tray-ish
And extensive pearl necklace.
"The family has been trying to sell the business because, his parents said, Tareq ran it into the ground, piling up as many as 50 creditors and almost $1 million in debt while he was its president.
Among its creditors are the Washington Redskins, for whom Michaele used to be a cheerleader. The couple owes the team $224,000 for season tickets. They also had a $57,000 Carver Mariner yacht, an $80,000 Aston Martin and an Audi that were repossessed.
There is also a $3.5 million fraud suit against the company, plus hundreds of thousands of dollars in credit-card debt and legal fees.
A catering company has sued Tareq Salahi for more than $300,000, claiming he never paid the bill for food for a polo-charity event.
Meanwhile, a purported nonprofit run by the Salahis -- Journey for a Cure, which has claimed to raise millions for research on multiple sclerosis -- was flagged in May by Virginia consumer-affairs officials for failing to apply for tax-exempt status.
Grifters, looters, con artists.
Photoshop is a wonderful tool, itsn't it?
They've got the occult covered; TROP, voodoo, obeah, whatever..America needs an excorcist...
It's the Hoho look. Of course I'm only referring to that dessert cake..
It doesn't matter. The usurper is said to be fond of bad crack..
jeeez...another WH fashion victim.
That name rang a bell with me also. Dr. John does a cover of that song.
Desiree Glapion Rogers is the descendant of a Creole voodoo priestess named Marie Laveau Glapion... The 49-year-old... Rogers talks about her job as White House social secretary.Thanks FARS.
"Is she the one who snuck the Salahis into the State Dinner?"
She didn't sneak her in. Desiree was partying too! It was Desiree's JOB to make sure there were no party crashers! Instead the Obama thug gang blamed the Secret Service and refuses to have ole Desiree be part of the investigation.
Updated December 03, 2009
3 Secret Service Agents Put on Leave After Party Crashing Incident
Three Secret Service officers were put on administrative leave after the security breach at last week's White House dinner.
The couple Tareq and Michaele Salahi and White House social secretary Desiree Rogers were also invited to testify Thursday, but all three declined.
The committee's top Republican, New York's Peter King, said it's critical that the White House allow Rogers to testify as well. Sullivan told the lawmakers that the Secret Service and the White House social office together developed the security plan for the Nov. 24 dinner. Thompson is reluctant to subpoena Rogers an Obama political appointee because he maintains the Secret Service is responsible for security. King said he will ask Thompson to amend the Salahi subpoena to include Rogers.
White House spokesman Robert Gibbs cited the separation of powers and a history of White House staff not testifying before Congress in explaining why Rogers, herself a guest at the dinner, wouldn't testify.
As a candidate, Obama supported Congress' right to subpoena White House employees in cases of wrongdoing, even if it meant as president he might be weaker for it. So far, questions have been raised about Rogers' judgment, but no one has suggested she broke any law.
"This blanket notion that you can't subpoena White House aides where there's evidence of genuine wrongdoing I think is completely misguided," Obama said last year. "We're a nation of laws and not men and women so, you know, and that's a precedent I don't mind living with as president of the United States."
Thanks for the ping!
My gosh, did that gown come from the back lot of
The Mummy? Who ever told her it was stylin was
blowing smoke up her ass.
That's alot of smoke.
Yeah, amazing isn't it?
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text:
Tue, 26 Jul, 2016, 8:09 AM EDT - Canadian Markets open in 1 hr 21 mins
Having a strong "talent brand" makes it easier for companies to attract and retain the brightest minds in the industry. Which companies do it best?
LinkedIn analysed billions of interactions on its platform to identify 100 companies with the highest brand engagements. These are also companies that employees want to work for the most. The following are LinkedIn's top 14 companies.
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When Rowan Williams discovered that Starbucks was relaxing its dress code, she immediately took action. … More » Purple hair is OK: Starbucks relaxes dress code
It may be harder today to distinguish between the hipsters getting some work done at Starbucks from the … More » Starbucks Gets a New Look – for Its Workers
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Starbucks announced that baristas are now able to show their personal style at work with its new dress … More » Starbucks baristas are showing their style with a new dress code
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Forget backpacks, pencil case holders, and glossy folders: Lisa Frank, best known for the popular cartoony … More » Lisa Frank Makes a Major Comeback with a New Graphic Clothing Line
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Redfish News & Updates+
Why Do So Many Executives Gather To Admire The Sunset at Redfish Lodge Following A Day Of Fishing?
The lodge takes people and places them together in a position where they can get to know one another.
Redfish Lodge May 2016 Fishing Update
I can say with confidence that I have NEVER seen trout of this quality & abundance in our bay system in the 23 years I have been fishing the waters of Rockport.
Redfish April 2016 Fishing Update
2016 is on track to be the best fishing year in Redfish Lodge history!
Redfish Lodge 2016 Fishing Report
Seagrass grew in places it has not been seen in decades, crab, shrimp and menhaden populations are at all-time highs. The bay is in optimum condition which is great news for its aquatic residents.
Fall Transition
The air is cooling down, but the action is heating up as bait pours out of Gulf estuaries and fish fatten up for winter. Sometimes it is as subtle as a chill in the pre-dawn air accompanied by the pungent smell of dirt. Maybe it is a bit more obvious, ...
Summer 2015 Fishing Update
Cooler than normal bay waters and lower salinity have translated into a bounty of healthy, hungry trout.


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Nancy Grace has welcomed a common side effect of being a Dancing With the Stars contestant – weight loss.
"I've inadvertently lost 10 lbs. on the I'm-too-tired-to-eat diet," Grace told PEOPLE at Variety's Power of Women Event at the Regent Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Beverly Hills on Friday. "By the time I get the children [3-year-old twins Lucy and John David] ready for school, then practice and then come home, I'm… Continue reading Nancy Grace Reveals Her Dancing with the Stars Weight Loss


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...These include active learning games and more! I am familiar with several reading strategies that can assist a student when taking standardized screening tests. For example this duty and may want to use a highlighting strategy to answer multiple-choice questions.
Phoenix, AZView Tutor
...For two years, I was a casino party manager for "On The Go Casino." I dealt poker, blackjack, and craps. I play poker often in my spare time recreationally. I have been an active Christian in my church for 11 years.
Gilbert, AZView Tutor
...As a result, I have developed study skills that can be applied to any needs of the students at all level. I have an interest in curriculum develop in which it is based on the needs of the students and their learning strategies. I also know about the concept of metacognition in which you determine what you know and what you know.
Mesa, AZView Tutor
...I am a certified classroom teacher and have been for 23 years. I am currently at an urban school, K-6 grade, serving as the school's reading specialist. I service 424 students, taking charge of their assessment as well as their instruction.
Phoenix, AZView Tutor
...It can radically change the way you think about mathematics and can greatly enhance your problem-solving capabilities. I have tutored physics since 2002. My formal training is in engineering and systems studies which has given great insight into physical systems and scientific inquiry.
Chandler Heights, AZView Tutor


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Skip to Main Content
IEEE membership options for an individual and IEEE Xplore subscriptions for an organization offer the most affordable access to essential journal articles, conference papers, standards,
eBooks, and eLearning courses.
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Vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser structures are studied theoretically to examine their potential for optical amplification. The major advantages of such a device are the minimal insertion loss and the polarization insensitivity of the gain which the transverse geometry provides. Although single-pass gain is necessarily low owing to a short optical cavity, operation as a Fabry-Perot amplifier in either the reflection or transmission mode ran provide high-performance characteristics. A comparison between edge- and surface-emitting amplifiers shows where advantageous operation can be obtained, and suggests how the best use of the surface-emitting amplifier performance can be made. By considering contrasting device dimensions, we show that gain, saturation output power, and noise characteristics suitable for both fiber optic and array processing configurations are readily attainable
A not-for-profit organization, IEEE is the world's largest technical professional organization dedicated to advancing technology for the benefit of humanity.© Copyright 2016 IEEE - All rights reserved. Use of this web site signifies your agreement to the terms and conditions.


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Business |
CHICAGO Merck & Co (MRK.N) said on Tuesday it would acquire eye treatment maker Inspire Pharmaceuticals Inc ISPH.O for about $430 million to expand its ophthalmology portfolio.
The $5-per-share cash offer represents a 26 percent premium to Inspire's closing stock price on Monday.
The transaction has been unanimously approved by the boards of both companies. In addition, private equity firm Warburg Pincus WP.UL, which owns approximately 28 percent of Inspire's outstanding shares, has agreed to tender all of its shares into Merck's offer.
(Reporting by Susan Kelly, editing by Gerald E. McCormick)
Trending On Reuters
Patents & Entrepreneurial Universities
Measuring and evaluating academic innovation


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|Alfonso Flores V
|Sent on:
|Monday, July 15, 2013 11:32 AM
Hey, folks. Please take a moment for this poll regarding membership dues for the Skeptics Meetup group. Thanks!
Meetup members, Log in
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10771 National Place
Mar Vista, Los Angeles, 90034
Commute to Downtown Culver City
Most errands can be accomplished on foot.
A few nearby public transportation options.
Flat as a pancake, minimal bike lanes.
About your score
10771 National Place has a Walk Score of 79 out of 100. This location is Very Walkable so most errands can be accomplished on foot.
This location is in the Mar Vista neighborhood in Los Angeles. Nearby parks include Palms Park, Mar Vista Recreation Center and Mar Vista Recreation Center.
Explore how far you can travel by car, bus, bike and foot from 10771 National Place.
10771 National Place has some transit which means a few nearby public transportation options. Car sharing is available from RelayRides.
Bus lines:
8 Ocean Park Blvd & Westwood Bl/UCLA
0.1 mi
R12 Westwood/UCLA-Culver City Sta Rapid
0.1 mi
12 Westwood/UCLA-Culver City Sta
0.1 mi
5 Olympic Blvd
0.6 mi
Car shares:
Bike shares:
View all Mar Vista apartments on a map.
Popular apartment searches include hardwood floor, fireplace and pool.
Search for homes in Los Angeles or find a Los Angeles real estate agent who knows walkable neighborhoods. Links will open on our partner site Redfin.com.
10771 National Place is in the Mar Vista neighborhood. Mar Vista is the 40th most walkable neighborhood in Los Angeles with a neighborhood Walk Score of 70.
Moving to Los Angeles from another city? View our moving to Los Angeles guide.


text:
Group Booking Terms and Conditions
Because you are making a Group Booking, there are additional Terms and Conditions that apply. Please read them and click 'I Accept' below to continue with your booking
Hostel Specific Terms & Conditions
The remainder of the amount due will be charged to your credit card on arrival. Should numbers or room selection change, the per person deposit times the number of people who actually travelled will be deducted from the total accommodation charge levvied by the hostel.
The following group types are not accepted by this hostel: Junior / Primary School, High / Secondary School If you have misrepresented the type of group you are booking for, your booking may be cancelled by the hostel.
Additional Info:
Please be aware we are a basic youth hostel.
Any cancellations resulting from agreement to these terms and conditions under false pretences will result in loss of deposit.
General Group Booking Terms
By making a group reservation through Hostelworld.com you agree to the following terms and conditions as set by Hostelworld.com and as set by the hostel in question.
- In order to make a group reservation on Hostelworld.com it is necessary to pay a deposit. The balance is due directly to the hostel according to their payment conditions.
- The booking deposit is non-refundable
- Hostelworld.com are not responsible for changes or amendments to your reservation once it has been processed. All correspondence with regard to changes to your booking need to be dealt with directly with the hostel.
- Cancellations for reservations must be made directly with the hostel and must conform with the individual hostels cancellation policy (see below)
- It is your responsibility to pay the balance of your accommodation cost to the hostel in accordance with their payment conditions (see below). Failure to do so may result in your reservation being cancelled by the hostel.
- Individual hostels may have special booking conditions relating to group stays, please read the hostel booking conditions carefully before making your reservation.
Wkrótce się wyprzedadzą
Opis nieruchomości
Najnowsza opinia
" I paid 35 EUR a night and in the morning had to wake up, because there was no oxygen left in the room. The windows where (apart from a small whole) all screwed to the frame so they couldn't be opended. Price/value wise the worst hostel I ever stayed in and I'm travelling in hostels since 97 with more than 100 hostels visited in that time. The location is prime but I would never ever go back to that place. 35 EUR x 8 Beds = 280 EUR a day for a small room. To me the owners are f***g CRIMINALS "- schuetzmichael5876
Mobilna aplikacja Hostelworld
Rezerwuj w dowolnym miejscu i czasie korzystając z nowej aplikacji mobilnej Hostelworld


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It's never too late to begin your career development in the high-tech manufacturing world. Technically skilled employees are needed now more than ever, contrary to what you might read or be told! Learn more about different career pathways to help you prepare for a wide variety of advanced manufacturing occupations. There are so many educational options available to help you pursue opportunities within your region, in your state and across the country.
Society of Manufacturing Engineers - Education FoundationDearborn, MIThe SME Education Foundation is committed to giving the next generation the
proficiency they need to be successful in a world of unprecedented technological change and global competition.More Information
The University of Texas at San AntonioSan Antonio, TX
Programs: Mechanical Engineering
The department of Mechanical Engineering is one of the newest departments in Texas. It is housed in a modern Engineering Building, has excellent faculty and modern laboratory facilities where students receive hands-on instruction. Computer-Aided Design/Engineering (CAD/CAE) facilities, including state-of-the-art workstations, are routinely used in all programs.
Efstathios E. (Stathis) Michaelides, Ph.D.Department Chair, Professor Mechanical Engineering
Phone: 210-458-5580
View more information


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U.S. biotechnology company Celgene reported a 21 percent jump in quarterly revenue, driven by demand for its key multiple myeloma drug, Revlimid. » Read More
TauRx's drug LMTX failed to improve cognitive and functional skills in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's, a study showed.
Andrew Witty, CEO of GlaxoSmithKline, explains why he was opposed to Brexit but adds that everything is now business as usual at the company.
Andrew Witty, CEO of GlaxoSmithKline, says the firm has been investing in bio electronic medicine for the last few years.
UK pharma giant records net loss for the second quarter but is set to gain from export-driven growth.
Andrew Witty, CEO of GlaxoSmithKline, comments on the company's earnings which beat expectations, with sales up 11 percent.
Eli Lilly on Monday announced that John Lechleiter, its chairman, president and CEO, will retire from the company effective December 31, 2016.
Eli Lilly reports better-than-expected quarterly sales, driven by demand for its newer treatments for diabetes and cancer.
Gilead Sciences lowered its full-year sales outlook, citing slower-than-expected demand for its hepatitis C drugs, and said profits fell 22 percent.
Analysts initiated shares of Allergan at an "outperform" rating, saying its diversified drug pipeline is underappreciated by investors.
Les Funtleyder, E Squared asset management, and Michael Yee, RBC biotech analyst, discuss trading health care and the future of biotech during the election.
Though the biotech sector has had a sharp turnaround since mid June, is the worst really over? The "Fast Time Halftime Report" traders discuss whether or not its worth buying the biotech bounce.
CNBC caught up with Biogen CEO George Scangos to discuss where he leaves the big biotech after six years at the helm.
Big drug discoveries have been scant, but investors can find long-term value in some biotech names, said Mark Schoenebaum of Evercore ISI.
Jean-Paul Clozel, CEO of Actelion, discusses the company's latest earnings results and discusses the pharma sector.
Human Longevity, Inc., will sequence your genome and identify how to fight the things that may shorten your life.
U.S. FDA panel backs Valeant psoriasis drug with risk management. CNBC's Meg Tirrell reports.
United Therapeutics' Martine Rothblatt says investors with vision should get into her biotech firm now, before it grows to Google-like proportions.
Johnson & Johnson reported a 3.9 percent increase in second-quarter sales, helped by strength in its pharmaceuticals business.
Investors should skip buying Merck shares because of valuation and political risk, BMO Capital said.
The Chinese government is embarking on healthcare policy reform to improve accessibility and affordability, says Ally Bridge Group's Li Bin.
Get the best of CNBC in your inbox


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Atlantic City police say a man was shot dead shortly after 9 p.m. Thursday at a home on the 300 block of North North Carolina Avenue.
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The Wisdom of the Enneagram: The Complete Guide to Psychological and Spiritual Growth for the Nine Personality Types Paperback – June 15, 1999
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--Ken Wilber, author of The Marriage of Sense and Soul
"I highly recommend this book, not only to anyone on the path of personal transformation, but to anyone who wants to understand the complex inner world of others, whether a spouse, family member co-worker or friend. The questionnaires were fun and illuminating. I received some very helpful information about myself, felt challenged to grow and experienced a deepening of compassion. Perhaps the most profound contribution of The Wisdom of the Enneagram is reflected in the word "Wisdom." The authors clearly communicate the complexity of human nature, the spiritual yearning resonant in all of us, and the ascending levels of our possibility. But they do not leave us there. They offer a clear path for personal and spiritual evolution."
--Harville Hendrix, Ph.D., author of Getting the Love You Want
"Don Riso and Russ Hudson thoughtfully engage the richness and depth of the Enneagram, and conjure with its power as a tool of transformation. The Wisdom of the Enneagram is filled with its own wisdom and depth. You'll find yourself returning to it over and over again and discovering new treasures."
--Tony Schwartz, author of What Really Matters
"The Wisdom of the Enneagram is not only a clear and comprehensive description and discussion of this ancient personality typology, but also a major and original contribution to its use and further development. Don Riso and Russ Hudson have designed simple practical guidelines and tests that make it possible to determine one's own personality type and use this knowledge for healing and psychospiritual transformation."
--Stanislav Grof, M.D., author of The Adventure of Self-Discovery
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Part I-- "The Inward Journey"-- approaches the enneagram from a historical and general informational perspective. This section includes a brief-- but quite accurate-- self test, as well as thumbnail descriptions of each of the nine enneagram types. The rest of the section covers topics to help the reader understand the basics of personality, essence, ego and awareness. The authors also explain the interactions and parallels between the enneagram and other personality theories. The section concludes with a primer on the "mechanics" of the enneagram, including the concepts of "Wings," "Instinctual Variants," "Levels of Development" and "Integration and Disintegration."
Part II consists of nine chapters, each one covering a corresponding enneagram type, in depth. For those who don't already know their type, each chapter begins with a fairly detailed set of questions to help the reader determine if he/she resonates with that type.Read more ›
Correctly identifying one's personality type is often difficult because the same traits can stem from very different, largely unconscious, inner dynamics. Both theorizing Fives and practical Ones, for example, can appear detached and logical. Based on matching two choices drawn from each of 2 sets of 3 descriptions, the new QUEST tool (pp. 13-18) is both simpler and more effective than their detailed RHETI questionnaire. The first group actually distinguishes Horney's assertive, withdrawn and compliant styles; whereas the second (or Harmonic) group corresponds to the authors' positive outlook, reactive and competency categories (pp.60-68). (It would be worth the effort to polish the wording of these 6 descriptions further to make them as accurate, neutral and balanced as possible.) You can then confirm your initial diagnosis by jumping to your specific Type Attitude Sorter (TAS) which rates your responses to 15 attitudes characteristic of your suspected type.
By distinguishing 9 (= 3 grades of healthy, average and unhealthy) levels in each type, Riso's 'vertical' analysis explained how an empathetic, people-pleasing Two, for example, could disintegrate into its seeming opposite, namely a domineering, self-centered Eight. This classification made it difficult to account for the curious ways in which healthy and unhealthy traits from different levels often combine to create contradictions characteristic of each type.Read more ›
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Read this multiple times. One of the best books on the Enneagram by some of the best teachers.Published 13 hours ago by Joshua Sarver
This is one of the most important books I have ever read. Very unique and brilliant.Published 5 days ago by Ben
Great book to learn different types of personalities. Its spot on for me. Love this stuff.Published 29 days ago by Kevin
I'm giving it a four star because even thou it explains the enneagram pretty well it just made me more confused as to which enne I am. Read morePublished 1 month ago by Abbiggail
This book has some of the most practical psychology advice I've ever read. I have many books on Jungian psych and after I bought this one there were only a couple others that could... Read morePublished 1 month ago by M. Carson
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Draft and Trade Talk Message Board
Where Should I Upgrade? How was my draft?
so its a 12 team H2H league with regular categories but with added total bases and extra base hits and for pitchers quality starts. let me know how i did! and where to improve.
my team:
C- evan gattis
1b- albert pujols
2b- aaron hill
3b – Adrian belter
ss- troy tulowitzki
of- mat kemp
of- Jason heyward
of- josh Hamilton
utl- jose Abreu
utl- adam dunn
bn- justin morneu
bn- colby rasmus
sp- cliff lee
sp- matt cain
rp – jim Henderson
rp- jose versa
p – mike minor
p- danny Salazar
p – Francisco liriano
p- ivan nova
bn – rick porcelloSort: Newest | Oldest | Most Replied Expand all replies
With total bases and XBHs, you can safely punt SBs. I would drop Dunn for another SP to add to your QS, Ws, and Ks.
I would not be as harsh on your OF as Bodacious. You obviously put much greater focus on your infield which is smart. They are much harder to replace than OFs. Kemp and Hamilton are unreliable high risk/high reward guys. Carrying both doesn't make your OF a mess, though if either starts hot I'd try to trade high on them.
Heyward is not unreliable as long as you didn't draft him expect him to be an elite 5-tool player. He's actually a very reliable "pretty good" 5 tool type with terrific potential upside because he is still only 24 and might yet have a breakout season in him.
That said you should probably try to add a reliable power hitter but I don't think it's your biggest weakness.
- 1 Reply to JK
Wow, I basically agree with everything you said about the outfield. I can't believe Heyward is still only 24!
I think Morneau and Dunn are both droppable - I'm confident that Pujols and Abreu is plenty at 1b, and I just don't see much reason to roster either one in a 12t league anyway. With the two open spots, maybe grab R. Davis for some speed (if he's available) or perhaps Rendon or Miller (again, if either are available) just to have a back up at 2b/3b or ss/2b.
Your weakest area is definitely RP. And you're going to have a hard time with stolen bases.
Adam Dunn will most likely be even less useful than the past few years since he's almost certainly in an official platoon. I'd drop Dunn for the best speedy OF type available post haste. Maybe Rajai Davis is out there.
I wouldn't trade for a closer, at least not right away, just keep a very close eye on closer news and watch the waiver wire.
- 1 Reply to JK
Your OF is a mess...they are all unreliable, and likely to just be plain awful - especially in the case of Heyward. Dunn is going to strike out 200+ times and his BA is going to bury you and you have no speed. The only guy on this roster that has a legit shot at 30HR & 100RBI is Beltre...this offense will struggle big time. See if Ventura or Smyly is available that would upgrade your SP.
Expert Fantasy Advice
Big Board: Ranking Fantasy Football's top 50 assets
Receivers lead the way atop Brandon Funston's initial rankings heading into the start of training camps. … More »
Outfielder Shuffle Up: The ageless Carlos Beltran
There's plenty wrong with the Yankees offense this year, but Carlos Beltran is part of the solution. … More »
Freak Show Podcast: Cardinals pen, Strasburg and Giolito, Steven Wright
Brandon Funston and Scott Pianowski talk MLB news and happenings, starting in St. Louis. … More »
Daily Dime: Hanley Ramirez, Kershaw and Cueto, Coors Field
Hanley Ramirez's bat has come alive this week and he's cheaply priced for Sunday DFS. … More »
Mostly MLB Notes: Talking Encarnacion and a look around the league
Talking Edwin Encarnacion, a look around the league and other random nonsense. … More »


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Family Guy
High five to @SethMacFarlane for his #Emmys nomination! #FamilyGuy
Denial: a father's answer to most problems. #DadQuotes #FamilyGuy
Peter doesn't need a gym membership for #FathersDay — his body is working out just fine. #dadbods #FamilyGuy
The Quahog boys are coming back and they're ready to play. A new season of #FamilyGuy premieres September 25!
Brian falls in love with a tech support worker in India, so he and Stewie travel there to find her.
Is there anything more horrifying than a world without skinny jeans? cc: @onedirection #FamilyGuy


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I need to write a packet sniffer in Linux that detects HTTPS packet that are sent and save the url from the request. I found code for this in security-freak and ran it. This code runs and only sniffs the received packet but I need to get the sent packet in the sniffer. How do I get the sent packet in this code?
I can't use any library like libcap (forbidden). The code is :sniffer.c


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New York - Unit
About Us
Board Members
Board Minutes
Bridge Buff
Electronic Form
Electronic Directory
Welcome to Unit 116, District
5 Home Page
• • •
The School
Youth Bridge
project is underway!
Christy Kellogg will be teaching a bridge class for middle school
students at the Bridge Center of Buffalo this summer.. The class will
be held on Thursday mornings from July 7-August 25…There will be no
charge for the class. Refreshments will be served. We are looking
for students for this class and need your help…neighbors, grand
children, kids of friends….Students who will be attending or have
recently completed middle school will be considered for the class..
Elaine Kurasiewicz and Carol Bedell will be teaching bridge as an
extra-curricular activity at the Tapestry Middle School in Buffalo. The
class will begin in the fall.
Donna Steffan will be teaching bridge to middle school students as an
extra-curricular activity at Transit Middle School which is part of the
Williamsville school system. This class will begin in the fall.
4) If you are interested in
participating in this project, do let us hear from you. Most of you would have loved a chance to learn this
game when you were in middle school so we are
offering this opportunity to our young people now. Questions??? Contact Carol Bedell (firstname.lastname@example.com / phone: 633-5680)
Unit 116 is establishing a Bridge Mentoring Program for beginner / intermediate
players willing to enter open
competitions and achieve their goals.
To be eligible, the "mentee" has to have at least 5 MP and not more than 300 MP.
This is intended to select players with basics and demonstrated
After signing up with the program a Mentor will be found for
you. (Unit 116 will solicit players with 2000+
The pair is required to play 5 times until the end of 2016, at any of the Unit sanctioned clubs
(see a list of clubs with their playing schedules at the unit web site www.unit116.com).
The Mentee pays full fare, and the unit covers the Mentor's
entry fees. (Pair needs to keep track of games they play together for Unit reimbursement
of Mentor's entry fees).
Deadline for Mentee sign-up
is June 15, 2016. After that the Unit will find Mentors for the applicants
and the program will run from July 1 to
December 31, 2016.
For sign-up, details and questions please contact Dian Petrov by email or (716)
Good luck and have fun!
What is the Unit 116 Mentoring Program?
The mentoring program is established to have more experienced
players (Mentors) to help newer /advancing players (Mentees) to improve their
bridge experience and enter Open games at Unit 116 ACBL Sanctioned clubs.
Who can participate?
Unit 116 ACBL members with masterpoints between 5 and 300 willing
to enter open club games, learn, have fun and achieve their bridge goals.
How do I participate?
Mentees need to register by email or phone (leaving a message
is fine) before June 15, 2016 with Dian
Petrov by email or (716)
New York Unit 116
American Picnic and 2 sessions of bridge
July 24, 2016
Starting at 11 AM
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DirecTV's Olympics Closing Ceremonies Feed Goes Dark in Los Angeles
It was bad enough that Angelenos and other Americans had to endure watching key medal events long after the results had been blasted worldwide.
DirecTV subjected its L.A.-area customers to the ultimate fail last night when its feed of NBC's coverage of the closing ceremonies went down during prime time.
Customers complained that ...
... performances by Annie Lennox and the Spice Girls were blacked out before the feed was restored about 10 p.m. or so.
DirecTV appeared to be silent on the matter, but many Twitter users weren't:
@directv thanks for dropping the olympics closing ceremony feed in LA. Job well done.
— Charles Riley (@CRrileyCNN) August 13, 2012
@directv totally loses @nbcolympics feed in Los Angeles!
— Michael Linder (@michaellinder) August 13, 2012
Swear to God, if someone gives me the mobile telephone number of the CEO of Direct TV I will bloody well tweet it
— Guy Adams (@guyadams) August 13, 2012
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Puttin' People On The Moon
We got married on a Monday and I been working ever since
Every week down at the Ford Plant but now they say they're shutting down
God damned Reagan in the White House and no one there gives a damn
Features of This Trackcountry rock leanings
minor key tonality
a dirty electric guitar solo
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text:
The Audi S3 and its Customers
August 28, 2006 Source: Audi AG The concept outwardly identified by the letter S represents an established philosophy at Audi; it has been the embodiment of sports power for over two decades. The S1 from 1985, the legendary final stage in the evolution of the Sport quattro for the Rally World Championship, came to epitomise […] More »
The Audi S3: Interior
August 28, 2006 Source: Audi AG The interior conveys a sporty atmosphere, top-quality materials and painstaking workmanship. Numerous carefully crafted details inside the car likewise serve as pointers to the power of Audi's everyday sports car. In the centre console and rear doors/side sections, the inlays are in Piano finish black, but are also available […] More »
The Audi S3: Exterior Design
August 28, 2006 Source: Audi AG Powerful and athletic two epithets that aptly characterise the exterior design of the new Audi S3. With its muscular, taut outline, the A3 was already considered a decidedly sporty car in the premium compact class. On the S3, special details lend added emphasis to its high-performance character. At […] More »
The Audi A3: Equipment
August 28, 2006 Source: Audi AG It is in the very genes of all Audi S models that they come with highly sophisticated, exclusively sporty equipment. The new S3, which has a starting price of EUR 35,150 in Germany, has a host of features that are taken straight from the luxury car class. These include […] More »
The Audi S3: Drivetrain
August 28, 2006 Source: Audi AG The TFSI engine in the new S3, with a displacement of 1984 cm3, is the logical evolution of the Audi four-cylinder engine that is one of the group's most successful engines ever. Compared with the 1.8-litre power unit of its predecessor, in the new S3 it has gained 29 […] More »


text: The midwives at SGMT want to encourage the Ontario government to support an Aboriginal birth centre in Toronto. You can also help: let your local MPP know you support us too, or send a letter or email to Minister Deb Matthews at the Ministry of Health and Long Term Care. Meegwetch!


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jun 22, 1976
|Filing date
|Jun 21, 1974
|Priority date
|Jun 21, 1974
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Joseph C. Allen
|Original Assignee
|Texaco Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (8), Referenced by (13), Classifications (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention relates to a method for recovering hydrocarbons from a subterranean hydrocarbon-bearing formation containing low gravity viscous oils or bitumens. More particularly, this invention relates to recovery of hydrocarbons from tar sands by thermal means.
The recovery of viscous oils from formations and bituments from tar sands by conventional methods has generally been unsuccessful because of the high viscosity and low mobility of the oil or bitumens. While some success has been realized in stimulating recovery of heavy oils by the use of thermal methods, essentially no success has been realized in recovering bitumens from tar sands. Bitumens can be regarded as highly viscous oils having a gravity in the range of about 5 to 10� API and contained in an essentially unconsolidated sand. These formations containing bitumens are referred to as tar sands. One such deposit is Athabasca tar sands located in Alberta, Canada, which deposit is estimated to contain several hundred billion barrels of oil.
Among the conventional thermal recovery methods applied to produce viscous hydrocarbons from formations and bitumens from the tar sands are steam injection, hot water injection and in-situ combustion. In employing steam and hot water injection the viscous hydrocarbons are heated to a temperature at which their viscosity is sufficiently reduced and their mobility is sufficiently improved so as to enhance their flow through the pores of the formation. In the use of in-situ combustion, much higher temperatures are realized whereby the in-place crude or bitumen also undergoes at least partial thermocracking or visbreaking to increase its mobility.
In operating the conventional in-situ combustion process an oxygen-containing gas such as air is introduced into the formation via a well and combustion of the in-place crude adjacent the wellbore is initiated by one of many accepted means, such as the use of a downhole gas-fired heater or downhole electric heater or chemical means. Thereafter, the injection of the oxygen-containing gas is continued so as to maintain the high temperature combustion front which is formed, and to drive the front through the formation toward the production well.
As the combustion front advances through the formation, a swept area consisting, ideally, of a clean sand matrix, is created behind the front. Ahead of the advancing front various contiguous zones are built up that also are displaced ahead of the combustion front. These zones may be envisioned as a distillation and cracking zone, a condensation and vaporization zone, an oil bank and a virgin, or unaltered zone.
The temperature of the combustion front is generally in the range of 750�-1200� F. The heat generated in this zone is transferred to the distillation and cracking zone ahead of the combustion front where the crude undergoes distillation and cracking. In this zone, a sharp thermal gradient exists wherein the temperature drops from the temperature of the combustion front to about 300�-450� F. As the front progresses and the temperature in the formation rises, the heavier molecular weight hydrocarbons of the oil become carbonized. These coke-like materials are deposited on the matrix and are the potential fuel to sustain the progressive in-situ combustion.
Ahead of the distillation and cracking zone is a condensation and vaporization zone. This zone is a thermal plateau and its temperature is in the range of from about 200� to about 450� F., depending upon the distillation characteristics of the fluids therein. These fluids consist of water and steam and hydrocarbon components of the crude.
Ahead of the condensation and vaporization zone is an oil bank which forms as the in-situ combustion progresses and the formation crude is displaced toward the production well. This zone is high oil saturation contains not only reservoir fluids but also condensate, cracked hydrocarbons and gaseous productions of combustion which eventually reach the production well from which they are produced.
Various improvements relating to in-situ combustion are described in the prior art that relate to the injection of water, either simultaneously or intermittently with the oxygen-containing gas to scavenge the residual heat in the formation behind the combustion front, thereby increasing recovery of oil. Prior art also discloses regulating the amount of water injected so as to improve conformance or sweep and to control the combustion.
Despite the use of these thermal recovery techniques none has been particularly successful since long periods of time and considerable amounts of thermal energy are required to heat up a formation sufficiently to obtain the desired reduction in viscosity and improved mobility.
There is the additional difficulty caused by the fact that heavy oils have a high percent of high molecular weight components. These high molecular weight components are carbonized ahead of the advancing combustion front and form the potential fuel for sustaining in-situ combustion. Because of the high percent of these high molecular weight components, there is an undesirable high fuel requirement and consequent low recovery. A further difficulty that occurs is that because of the low rate of propagation of in-situ combustion, the displaced hydrocarbons are cooled and hence become more immobile, thereby causing blockage of the formation, with the result that the progress of the front is impeded and the combustion cannot be sustained.
The difficulties recited above become compounded when these techniques are applied to the tar sands, because not only do the tar sands have a low gravity, i.e., 6�-8� API and a higher viscosity, i.e., in the millions of centipoises; but also the permeability is so low that difficulty has been experienced in establishing fluid communication within the formation.
The present invention seeks to overcome these difficulties by the application of a combination of thermal techniques that can best exploit the advantages of each technique.
This invention relates to an improved method for recovering low gravity viscous oil and more particularly, to the recovery of bitumen from tar sands by the simultaneous injection of an oxygen-containing gas and steam to control the combustion and improve the gas saturation, after which a conventional in-situ combustion is initiated, followed by water injection.
The object of this invention is accomplished by a combination of controlled combustion and conventional in-situ combustion whereby a gas saturation is developed in the formation prior to the undertaking of a conventional in-situ combustion. By the method of the invention the benefits of improved transmissibility, improved mobility and reduced viscosity are realized.
The invention utilizes a sequence of steps involving first the simultaneous injection of an oxygen-containing gas and steam at a low temperature whereby a gas saturation is established in the formation. Thereafter, the injection of the steam is terminated and a conventional in-situ combustion is carried out to displace the hydrocarbons through the formation to a producing well from which they are produced. Optionally, the formation may thereafter be waterflooded, whereby the residual heat of the formation is scavenged.
In a broad aspect of the invention a hydrocarbonbearing formation containing a heavy crude or bitumen is first traversed by at least an injection well and a production well, and fluid communication and injectivity are established therebetween by methods such as conventional hydraulic fracturing techniques.
Injection of an oxygen-containing gas and steam is then undertaken via the injection well at a temperature at which a controlled low temperature combustion of a portion of the bitumen adjacent the injection wellbore can be effected. The temperature of the injected mixture may be in the range of from about 400� F. to about 800� F. Alternately, a combustion adjacent the injection well may be initiated using known techniques such as the use of an electric downhole heater or a downhole gas burner, or chemical means such as thermite. Once combustion is established, then the said gas and steam mixture is injected so as to effect the low temperature combustion.
After the controlled low temperature combustion is established in the vicinity of the injection well, the simultaneous injection of the oxygen-containing gas and steam is continued for a period of time to establish a gas saturation in the formation between the injection well and the production well, and at a temperature in the range of 400� F. to 800� F.
During the period of the simultaneous injection of oxygen-containing gas and steam mixture, production will occur at the production well by the displacement of the hydrocarbons of the formation that have resulted from visbreaking and mobility improvement. In addition, because of the low temperature oxidation, excessive carbonization or coking in the formation is minimized and the advantages of prevention of blockage due to carbonization are realized. Together with these benefits is the development of improved transmissibility of the formation to the injected gases by the establishment of a gas saturation. Once the gas saturation has been established as evidenced, for example, by gas production at the production well, the injection of the mixture of the oxygen-containing gas and steam is terminated and a conventional in-situ combustion is undertaken.
The conventional in-situ combustion is caused to occur by the cessation of the steam injection since the formation is at a temperature whereby in-situ combustion can be effected without further use of additional ignition techniques. Injection of the oxygen-containing gas is continued so as to develop within the formation the various contiguous zones characteristic of a conventional in-situ combustion as hereinbefore described. The combustion front is thereby moved through the formation and effectively displaces ahead of it the original in-place fluids and also the fluids that have been formed because of the oxidative processes that have occurred within the formation during the injection of the gas and steam mixture. After the combustion front has progressed through the formation to the production well, it is envisioned that water injection may be undertaken to scavenge the residual heat in the formation and to produce the residual hydrocarbons present therein.
To illustrate the invention, a laboratory test was performed using a tar sand from the McMurray formation in Alberta, Canada. Approximately 170 lbs. of tar sands containing approximately 1900 bbl/A-ft. of bitumen was packed in a test cell approximately 15 inches long and 18 inches in diameter. The cell was equipped for operating at controlled temperatures up to 420� F. and pressures of 300 psi, and contained simulated injection and production wells. A communications path of clean 20-40 mesh sand was placed between the simulated wells and fluid communication was established prior to commencement of a test by the injection of nitrogen. In the test the pressure was maintained at 300 psi and simultaneous injection of air and steam was undertaken whereby low temperature combustion was established within the cell. During this run, total recovery was obtained of about 47% and at a high production rate almost double at a recovery of 14% as compared to low rates when steam alone was injected. Furthermore, the results showed that the extraneous energy added to the system was about 600,000 BTU/bbl of produced bitumen as compared with from 1.2 to 1.6 million BTU/bbl that is typical of steam injection projects.
Thereafter, the residue from the above test containing about 1040 bbl/a-ft., was used in a conventional in-situ combustion test employing a low-heat loss cell using a vertical in-situ combustion. An injection air flux 1000 SCFH/ft.2 at a pressure of 300 psig was used. Oil production commenced about 2.5 hours after in-situ combustion had been initiated. Maximum temperature was 1200� F. and was experienced early in the run, which temperature thereafter dropped to 1000� F. The air requirement for the run was about 13.5 MCF/bbl of produced oil or equivalent to a fuel requirement of about 200 bbl/A-ft. The effluent gas, which showed that an in-situ combustion process had occurred, contained 13.5% CO2, 3.9% CO and 0.53% CH4. Production during the conventional in-situ combustion did not occur following initiation, but occurred after a well-defined oil-bank had formed which was displaced to the outlet of the cell. The results showed that substantially all fluids were removed from the sand.
It is believed that the effectiveness of the invention results not only from the visbreaking and thermal effects that are realized, but also from the establishment of the gas saturation. When steam alone is injected into a reservoir that does not contain a gas saturation it is difficult, and sometimes impossible, to obtain adequate transmissibility from the injection to the producing well. The steam has to displace the formation fluid in order to obtain a gas saturation and steam permeability. Unless the wells are very close together saturation cannot be obtained because of the condensation of the steam in the cooler formation. It is postulated that by injecting air with the steam one is able to establish a gas saturation and permeability with a non-condensible gas and gaseous combustion products formed by low temperature oxidation. Production of the upgraded and more mobile fluids of the formation is realized.
Furthermore it is postulated that improved recovery is also realized by the rapid rate of recovery during the first stage of the process. In the conventional in-situ combustion recovery the high temperature zone is narrow and the propagation rate is low. In contrast, by the method of invention up to 50% of the in-place hydrocarbon may be recovered at a high rate, and at the same time minimizing the difficulties recited above.
That improved transmissibility occurs is shown from the analysis of test results. Virgin tar sand is very sticky and tacky. Fracturing is generally employed to obtain adequate fluid injectivity. By the controlled oxidation of the invention the tar sand system is converted from one of a highly impermeable sticky mass to a friable unconsolidated sand-hydrocarbon system that has high permeability resembling conventional heavy oil-unconsolidated systems, and which is thereby amenable to a conventional in-situ combustion recovery method.
Once the transmissibility has been established, the formation may then be further produced by movement of a combustion front through the formation thereby displacing substantially all of the remaining in-place fluids to the production well from which they are produced.
During the low temperature phase of the invention the preferred gas may be air or oxygen-enriched gas or gas consisting substantially of pure oxygen. The steam may be either saturated or superheated dependent upon the desired conditions of operation as to pressure and temperature, and the characteristics of the formation necessary to attain the temperature range desired.
During the conventional in-situ combustion, again the preferred oxygen-containing gas is air, although an oxygen-enriched gas or substantially pure oxygen may be used.
In the preferred embodiment of the invention, the subterranean hydrocarbon-bearing formation is first subjected to controlled low temperature combustion process by injection of a mixture of an oxygen-containing gas and steam. Preferably, high injection rates are employed to obtain high production rates and to establish the desired gas saturation in the formation with attendant heat of the formation. During this phase of the process, the underground formation undergoes a change involving thermal cracking and visbreaking resulting in an improvement in the transmissibility of the formation. Thereafter, the formation is subjected to a conventional in-situ combustion by the injection of an oxygen-containing gas above.
In another embodiment the formation may thereafter be scavenged by the injection of water to effect a waterflood of the formation so as to recover additional hydrocarbons therein and to scavenge residual heat present in the formation.
It is within the scope of the invention to apply this process by exploiting patterns in a field such as an inverted 5-spot or an in-line injection. For example, if an in-situ combustion could be initiated at the center well of an inverted 5-spot, the production would be in the four corner wells. After production has been stimulated, as evidenced by increased recovery at the production wells, water could be injected in the injection well while at the same time a second in-situ combustion could be begun at an adjacent pattern.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Dec 9, 1950
|Nov 23, 1954
|Stanolind Oil & Gas Co
|Method for gasification of subterranean carbonaceous deposits
|Jan 30, 1956
|Jun 17, 1958
|Worthington Corp
|Method for oil recovery with "in situ" combustion
|Dec 24, 1958
|May 29, 1962
|Socony Mobil Oil Co Inc
|Recovery of hydrocarbon materials from earth formations by application of heat
|Sep 14, 1960
|Sep 29, 1964
|Shell Oil Co
|Oil recovery by in situ combustion with water injection
|Jun 30, 1967
|Nov 19, 1968
|Mobil Oil Corp
|Method for producing oil by in situ combustion with optimum steam injection
|Oct 2, 1967
|Sep 9, 1969
|Phillips Petroleum Co
|Thermal oil stimulation process
|Mar 14, 1969
|Feb 16, 1971
|Shell Oil Co
|Method of recovering hydrocarbons from an underground hydrocarbon containing formation
|Title not available
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jun 23, 1976
|May 31, 1977
|Texaco Inc.
|Method of in situ recovery of viscous oils and bitumens
|Jul 30, 1976
|Nov 22, 1977
|Texaco Inc.
|Thermal recovery method
|Mar 4, 1977
|Jul 11, 1978
|Texaco Exploration Canada Ltd.
|Vicous oil recovery method
|Aug 17, 1977
|Nov 28, 1978
|Texaco Inc.
|Method for recovering hydrocarbons
|Jan 17, 1985
|Mar 24, 1987
|Mobil Oil Corporation
|Oil recovery method
|Dec 24, 1986
|Feb 2, 1988
|Mobil Oil Corporation
|Viscous oil recovery method
|Jun 27, 1989
|Apr 9, 1991
|Bernie Fried Racing Enterprises, Inc.
|High performance motorcycle simulator and helmut display
|Jan 5, 2010
|Halliburton Energy Services, Inc.
|Communicating fluids with a heated-fluid generation system
|Aug 10, 2010
|Halliburton Energy Services, Inc.
|Hydrocarbon recovery using fluids
|Jan 13, 2006
|Oct 5, 2010
|Halliburton Energy Services, Inc.
|Real time monitoring and control of thermal recovery operations for heavy oil reservoirs
|Oct 10, 2006
|Nov 16, 2010
|Halliburton Energy Services, Inc.
|Producing resources using steam injection
|Feb 9, 2007
|Aug 16, 2007
|Pfefferle William C
|Method for CAGD recovery of heavy oil
|Sep 27, 2012
|Jul 9, 2014
|Steam flooding with oxygen injection, and cyclic steam stimulation with oxygen injection
|U.S. Classification
|166/261, 166/259
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


text:
JOHANNESBURG, Jan 19 (IPS) - A leading South African economist and investment strategist has warned that national priorities may be a more compelling factor influencing business decisions in the BRICS group of countries – Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa – than the prospects of increased market access through the alliance.
Chris Hart, economist and chief strategist of the Johannesburg-based asset manager, Investment Solutions. Credit: John Fraser/IPS
IPS correspondent John Fraser sat down with Chris Hart, economist and chief strategist of the Johannesburg-based asset manager Investment Solutions, to discuss his visits to two of South Africa's four BRICS partners – Brazil and India.
Hart, together with his colleague and Investment Solution's chief investment officer, Glen Silverman, is planning to visit China and Russia to better assess possibilities for South Africa's membership in this club of the world's leading developing economies.
The experts also plan to gather data on what drives investment among and between the BRICS members.
Excerpts from the interview follow:
Q: What are you trying to achieve from these visits?
A: We are trying to understand the emerging market investment landscape, and we are also trying to understand the relevance of the BRICS in the investment world. Clearly, the investment conditions in each of the BRICS countries needs to be understood, and we want to see what we can learn that is relevant to South Africa.
You won't gain a full insight through desktop research, so our starting point is to explore conditions on the ground. I won't pretend that a single visit can give you a complete insight into a country, but it does give you a glimpse. We talk to business leaders, a number of specific companies, as well as economists, investment strategists and social analysts. And since our trip to India we are also seeing academics and policy makers, with plans to talk to geo-strategists on our visits to China and Russia. We also look at conditions on the ground through slum tours – we don't want a sugarcoated view. We plan to visit China in May, and Russia within a year after that.
Q. What do you do with the information you gather?
A: We advise and feed back into our investment processes – on how to allocate assets. We have already increased our weighting towards emerging markets, from the developed countries. We also share our findings in formal presentations to our client base and to the asset management community in South Africa.
Q: What have you discovered about business attitudes towards the BRICS group?
A: If you ask a Brazilian company, the response is that it is absolutely irrelevant. In Brazil, language is a huge issue. Brazil is self-contained as a country; it's huge. If you live there, you have little reason to speak anything other than Portuguese. Your average Brazilian corporate still doesn't have a full footprint within Brazil, so the complete focus is on (internal issues) – it's very introspective.
It is very difficult for outside companies to compete because of the language and legislative complexity – there are a lot of barriers to entry. BRICS is not relevant from a corporate point of view, with the one exception of the government, because they are involved in the establishment of a BRICS development bank. The key question is: will business follow the political lead?
Q: What about India?
A: India's policy is to move away from development banks, which are not as effective there. India is similar to Brazil with few companies having a full national footprint. An internal focus will keep Brazilian companies busy for decades, whereas in India they are quite open and accessible to global opportunities. They will go where they can leverage their corporate strength in other countries, and in that sense they are much more entrepreneurial. They are more globally aware and focused than the Brazilians.
But when Indian companies look at global opportunities, BRICS is not relevant. They are not trying to follow the political lead. Indian companies are not trying to enter Brazil because of BRICS – they would rather go to Kenya or Ghana, or even the UK. Unlike companies in Brazil, Indian ones are diversified conglomerates, and will go into any business when they see an opportunity.
Q: You talk of the concept of a "national scar". What do you mean by that, and how is it relevant to BRICS?
A: In South Africa, apartheid is our scar, and the redress of apartheid becomes relevant. Brazil's national scar is inflation, and in a way it's parallel to the German experience. Inflation is a fear because of the hyperinflation of the late 1980s and early 1990s.
In India it's more complex. A businessperson's scar is red tape and corruption. However, your older civil servants cite colonialism as the national scar, and blame that for corruption. Academic types would cite poverty and inequality. When it comes to policy makers, you can't just site a business in an urban area without thinking of doing something in a rural area. National scars distort best practice and have an impact on policy making. They may be a more important deterrent to involvement with a BRICS partner than any political (consideration).
© Inter Press Service (2013) — All Rights ReservedOriginal source: Inter Press Service
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