text:
Association of American Railroads President and CEO Edward R. Hamberger expressed how the rail industry's position, which remains unchanged, claims forced access is an ill-conceived approach that compromises the efficiency of the entire network.
The Panama Canal Authority said it is confident in the process it uses to move ships through the new locks at the canal, following an accident last week that damaged the Xin Fei Zhou after it made contact with one of the walls at the Agua Clara Locks.
The TMS provider was acquired by fellow logistics software firm Kewill in April, and the companies are progressing on merging products and organizations, Lean executives said in a briefing.
Registration takes less than 1 minute.
With spot rates at historic lows, carriers "can ill-afford to flood the market with excess capacity," the London-based maritime consulting firm said in the latest issue of Container Insight Weekly.
Ocean procurement software provider Xeneta reported freight rates may further decline as carriers seek to fill larger ships that are now capable of transiting the expanded Panama Canal.
Ocean carrier Hyundai Merchant Marine joining the 2M Alliance - comprised of Maersk Line and MSC - has fueled speculation about Maersk's ultimate motives, but the short term impact is a larger share on the transpacific trade, especially from Korea.


text:
MacPorts Portfiles
The MacPorts Project currently distributes 21074 ports, organized across 83 different categories and available below for viewing. This form allows you to search the MacPorts software index, last updated on 2016-07-24 at 19:00:31 America/Los_Angeles.
Or view the complete ports list (21074 ports).
Query Results
1 Portfile Selected
- py27-pynds 0.7.2
- Network Data Server Client Python Wrapper
Licenses: unknown
Maintained by: aronnax
Categories: python science
Platforms: darwin
Dependencies: nds2-client py27-numpy python27

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Glendale Glitters comes to final close?
Saturday is the final night of 2012's Glendale Glitters display, but 2013 may be left in the dark.
Outgoing Glendale Mayor Elaine Scruggs said last year that the city's approval of a $320 million arena lease agreement with the Phoenix Coyotes means the city may not be able to afford Glendale Glitters and an annual Chocolate festival.
It'll be up to the new mayor and city council to find money in the budget to keep the popular festival going. Glendale Public Information Officer Kim Larson said they could take up the issue when a budget is presented in March.
"Once they are in office and get to know the city a little bit more and the operations and what's going on, they'll have the opportunity, as we start our budget process, to have input on it," she said. "We'll see what happens."
As of right now, Larson said it's business as usual.
"Right now, we are proceeding with planning next year's lineup of festivals including Glendale Glitters and the Chocolate Affair," she said. "As we speak, that's the plan. I can't tell what will happen in the future."
Larson said the city is hosting a Glitter and Glow Block Party on Saturday from 4 p.m. to 10 p.m. to mark the closing of Glendale Glitter 2012.
The annual event features 1.5 million holiday lights in downtown Glendale.
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text:
A little about HVORRA...
The Hunter Valley Off Road Racing Association (HVORRA) was formed to promote the sport of Off Road Racing in Australia.
HVORRA presents two events annually, The Milbrodale Mountain Classic and an exclusive 'Ride Day' raising much needed funds for Witmore Enterprises & CanTeen.
HVORRA is proud of the success of these events and the benefits these weekends bring to the Singleton area and in particular the Bulga and Milbrodale communities.
Milbrodale Mountain Classic
2nd & 3rd July 2016
The Milbrodale Mountain Classic (MMC) is an off road racing event that has been successfully conducted annually on private property at Milbrodale NSW for the past 30 years.
The event has become a premier event on the Australian Off Road Racing calendar with many competitors seeking the Man of the Mountain title awarded to the fastest single lap of the long course heat. The event has not only attracted a wide field of Australian Off Road Racers but has also contested some of Australia's V8 supercar drivers such as Dick Johnson, Mark Skaife, George Fury, Colin Bond, Glenn Seton, Andrew Meidecke, Kevin Waldock and Tony Longhurst testing their skills in the dirt at Milbrodale.
It is a great family sport with many second generation teams now competing. The friendly atmosphere amongst all the competitors is something that is not seen in other facets of motor sport with everyone helping on another even if it is their rival team.
The Milbrodale venue offers a great spectator area ensuring some spectator action for all those wishing to enjoy the racing. The event provides activities for the children including jumping castles, amusement rides etc. The event, facilities, organization and atmosphere rate this event as one of the best off road racing events in the country.
Exclusive Ride Day
Date TBC
HVORRA conduct an event annually to raise funds for CanTeen and Witmore Enterprises Inc.
This charity event is a chance to give CanTeen and Witmore Enterprise children (over 12 years of age) and their families a chance to ride in an off road race vehicle. It is a great chance for these families to get away from their day to day routine of medical treatments and hospitalization to enjoy a fun filled day of Off Road Racing.
We have been organizing this event for the past five years and feedback indicates that the weekend is a huge success and enjoyed by all involved. It is a positive and rewarding event that puts smiles on faces all while raising some much needed funds for these charities.
Next Working Bee: TBA
Next Club Meeting: 29th June 2016, Singleton Diggers Club at 7:30pm
This site is proudly sponsored by


text:
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text:
Definition of mental deficiency in English:
mental deficiency
Entry from British & World English dictionary
noun[mass noun] dated or offensive
The condition of having a mental disability.
Example sentences
- Were some of the figures in black meant to be portraying dishonesty or just mental deficiency?
- If the treatment starts in the first month, most children will not have mental deficiency; 75 per cent of sick children may recover if the treatment is taken within three months, Tian said.
- Apart from comparisons of races or groups, and medical assessments of profound mental deficiency, intelligence as a personal and differential characteristic elicited little concern until the later nineteenth century.
For editors and proofreaders
Line breaks: men¦tal de|fi¦ciency
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed.
= trending


text:
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Client Management Houston, TX, United States The Client Services Manager is responsible for the financial success of aligned clients in support of the Client Service Group financial goals. From a people management perspective, the Client Services Manager directly manages6/18/2016 Houston, TX Save This Job
Job ID 2016-3398 Job Location US-TX-Austin Category Client Success Type Full-Time More information about this job About Bazaarvoice Bazaarvoice is a network that connects brands and retailers to the authentic voices of people where they shop. Each month, more than 500 million5/22/2016 Austin, TX Save This Job
Job ID 2016-3400 Job Location US-TX-Austin Category Client Success Type Full-Time More information about this job About Bazaarvoice Bazaarvoice is a network that connects brands and retailers to the authentic voices of people where they shop. Each month, more than 500 million5/22/2016 Austin, TX Save This Job
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The Director of Strategic Accounts, Healthcare will lead the development of client objectives of clients in the healthcare vertical. Director focuses on leading and developing positive client relationships and overall client satisfaction. Responsibl7/8/2016 Chicago, IL Save This Job
Job Function:Client Services Department:Client Services Location:Boston, MA Date Posted:6/20/2016 Share Email this job Lux Research advises corporations on strategy in emerging technologies, with practices in areas including Internet of Things, green buildings, electric vehicles,6/29/2016 Boston, MA Save This Job
Description DIRECTOR OF BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE, ANTI-PIRACY (SF) MarkMonitor?the world leader in brand protection and a Thomson Reuters Intellectual Property & Science business?is looking for a Business Intelligence Director to provide the leadership, guidance, and the vision7/7/2016 San Francisco, CA Save This Job
Denver, CO Sales/Marketing Job#:301809 Apply Now !Return to Job ListShare Job Link CrownPeak provides web content management Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) to large global enterprises. Web content management enables digital marketers and e-business teams to create and manage web7/12/2016 Denver, CO Save This Job
Product Pasadena, CA The Director, Programmatic Direct & Ad Server is a general management role focused on supporting sales teams, meeting and exceeding revenue goals, contributing to product and marketing strategy, improving operational efficiency and effectiveness, and acting5/28/2016 Pasadena, CA Save This Job
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Arlington, Virginia, United States Client Services DESCRIPTION The Client Services Project Manager will help support the growth of the relationship between Voxiva and our health plan clients. The successful candidate will report directly to the Client Services Director and will5/31/2016 Arlington, VA Save This Job
Director ? Service Delivery - Total vacancies: 1 Expert In: Client Relationship And Client Executives Regarding Project Specifications And Goals. Experience Required: 2 Years Other Skills Required: Mail resumes to: Xavient, Attn: HR Job Posting #1600, 2125 Madera Rd. Suite B,7/22/2016 Herndon, VA Save This Job
Program Management Alameda, California APPLY Description Position at 24/7 Director Engagement Management ABOUT THE POSITION As part of the Platform Solutions Group (PSG), the Director of Engagement Management is responsible for leading a team of Engagement and Senior6/30/2016 Alameda, CA Save This Job
The Company Passenger is an LA-based company with a SaaS platform for sophisticated marketers who want to do more with their community. FUEL, powered by Passenger, is the most advanced community platform that helps brands rapidly build, engage and interact with customers for4/12/2016 Los Angeles, CA Save This Job
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Location: Altamonte Springs, FLDepartment: Call Center, OperationsType: Full TimeMin. Experience: Senior Manager/Supervisor Assistant Director of Client Relations, Operations, Call Center, Contact Center Summary: We are looking for a passionate Assistant Director of Client6/28/2016 Los Angeles, CA Save This Job
Customer Service San Luis Obispo, CA APPLY NOW Send Jobvite Summary: The Client Care Specialist is responsible for providing our clients with assistance in managing their subscriptions. This may be a software subscription transfer, cancellation, or a suspension of the clients6/20/2016 San Luis Obispo, CA Save This Job
We are looking for: We are looking for an ambitious, innovative and charismatic self-starter to join our team full-time as Studio Director. The Studio Director is responsible for managing all aspects of the J.Hilburn Studio, including sales, staff, merchandising and client6/4/2016 Dallas, TX Save This Job


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Nov 17, 1998
|Filing date
|May 12, 1994
|Priority date
|Feb 1, 1989
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Robert L. Byer, Martin M. Fejer, Eric J. Lim
|Original Assignee
|The Board Of Trustees Of Leland Stanford, Jr., University
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (4), Referenced by (15), Classifications (18), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention was made with government support under contracts N0014-84-K-0327 and AFOSR-88-0354 respectively awarded by the U.S. Navy and the U.S. Air Force. The U.S. government has certain rights to the invention.
This is a division of application Ser. No. 07/305,215 filed Feb. 1, 1989 now abandoned. It is entitled to this filing date by reason of being filed during the pendency of patent application Ser. No. 08/225,500 which is entitled to such filing date.
The present invention relates to a method of forming an optical device which utilizes regions of differing states of electrical polarization in a waveguide to enhance harmonic generation and other sum or difference-frequency conversion processes of electromagnetic (EM) radiation, and the control of such regions in a solid state body.
Optical radiation converters, i.e., apparatuses which convert one form of energy into optical EM radiation, have long been known. One type receiving much attention is the combination of a laser diode(s) as a pumping source with a nonlinear material which converts the radiation emanating from the diode(s) to optical radiation of a desired frequency. It is often desirable to optimize the power and efficiency of nonlinear frequency conversion and to increase the operating bandwidth of such arrangements.
The present invention provides forming or controlling regions of desired ferroelectric polarization directions (poling) within a solid state body. By poling is meant aligning in a region, the dominant direction of ferroelectric polarizations in certain polar and piezoelectric crystals.)
A nonlinear converter formed by the invention includes, from the broad standpoint, a source of electromagnetic radiation having one or more frequencies which are different than the desired optical frequency, and a solid state body within or upon which a waveguide is defined for confining electromagnetic radiation from the source and/or electromagnetic radiation having the desired frequency. The waveguide is provided with two or more regions (domains) of different states of ferroelectric polarization transverse to the path of the radiation guided by the same, so as to convert the radiation from the source to output radiation having the desired optical frequency. (As used herein, a state, domain, or region of ferroelectric polarization is meant to be a state, domain, or region in which there is a direction of ferroelectric polarization that is dominant over others. This phenomenon often is referred to in the art as "spontaneous" polarization. The term "optical" as used herein to identify EM radiation or EM radiation properties, is meant to define and encompass electromagnetic radiation in the visible wavelength spectrum and in other adjacent wavelength spectrums, - - - typically radiation having a wavelength in the range of between 1 and 15,000 nanometers.)
Most desirably, each of the regions has a length along the path which provides quasi-phasematching (QPM) between the source radiation and the generated radiation. It has been found that quasi-phasematching can provide nonlinear conversion of EM radiation relatively efficiently to a desired optical wavelength in certain situations. For example, use of quasi-phasematching enables one to take advantage of nonlinear coefficients which are not available for use with birefringent phasematching. In some situations it also enables one to obtain desired operating temperatures, to increase bandwidth, or even to obtain nonlinear conversion with many materials with which birefringent phasematching is not practiced.
The most desirable radiation is coherent and the regions have lengths along the radiation path which is generally equal to an odd integer multiple of the coherence length of the nonlinear interaction. (By "coherence length" is meant the distance over which the phase of the source EM field and the generated EM slip by a phase factor of 180�. The paper authored by J. D. McMullin entitled "Optical Parametric Interactions in Isotropic Materials Using a Phase-Corrected Stack of Nonlinear Dielectric Plates" appearing in the Journal of Applied Physics, Volume 46, No. 7 (July 1975) provides a mathematical definition and treatment of coherence length.) Such a construction optimizes conversion of the power from the incoming radiation to the outgoing radiation.
The optical converter is most desirably used to generate "blue" optical radiation, i.e., radiation having a wavelength in the range of about 390-492 nanometers, a range which encompasses visible light said to be violet in color. Radiation in this wavelength range has many applications.
The invention includes various ways of forming a region of desired ferroelectric polarization within a solid state body already having ferroelectric polarization. Changing of polarization to provide the region can be achieved by applying electric fields to such a solid state body. Electrodiffusion, i.e., movement within the body of materials more toward one of the electrodes than the other, often results. This is particularly true when the electric fields are applied to the body by contacting surfaces of the same with electrodes. Electrodes can act as a source of contaminating material, and the potential applied thereto can cause its migration. The introduction of contaminants in this manner into a solid state body can be particularly deleterious when the body is designed to interact with electromagnetic radiation. As one aspect of the invention, electrodiffusion from the electrodes is either avoided or taken advantage of by selecting the electrodes and the value of the potential to be applied thereto, relative to the material of the solid state body, to produce the desired electrical polarization regions. In another aspect, the electrodes of differing potential values used to create the electric field(s) within the body are placed respectively on different surfaces of the body, at least one of which is spaced sufficiently far from the path of EM radiation in the body to prevent material from such electrode(s) on such surface from migrating to the radiation path. Moreover, a region of a desired ferroelectric polarization can be provided by altering the composition of the solid state body at a region, and applying an electric field to the body at such region, which field has a potential value selected to form a desired dominant ferroelectric polarization in the altered composition.
It should be noted that the broad concept of applying electrodes to a solid state body to create regions of electrical polarization has been described previously - - - see, for example, the paper authored by Nakamura, et al. entitled "Poling of Ferroelectric Crystals by Using Interdigital Electrodes and its Application to Bulk-Wave Transducers" appearing in the volume entitled Proceedings of 1983 IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium. However, this polarization was for an ultrasonic transducer designed to propagate mechanical waves, rather than an integrated optic device designed to interact with or generate EM radiation. Also, liquid within a waveguide has been periodically poled and the second harmonic of incoming radiation has been generated therefrom - - - note the paper entitled "Phase-Matched Second Harmonic Generation in a Liquid Filled Waveguide" authored by Levine, et al. appearing in Volume 26, No. 7, of Applied Physics Letters (April 1975). It will be recognized, though, that poling within a liquid is both transitory in nature (it disappears as soon as the electric field or other mechanism responsible for the poling is removed) and is an impractical means of providing desired optical frequencies in most applications. Moreover, while it has been suggested that there be domain reversals in ferroelectric crystal waveguides, no one has been able to reduce this concept to practice. Some have obtained the domain reversals by stacking crystalline thin plates, each of which has a dominant polarization. These plates have been stacked in appropriate orientations relative to one another. An example is described in the paper by Rustagi, et al. entitled "Optical Frequency Conversion in Quasi-Phasematched Stacks of Non-Linear Crystals" appearing in the IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, Volume QE-18, No. 6 (June 1982). This approach has significant problems associated with manufacturing - - - the thin plates have to be quite thin (in the micron range) and their relative orientation in the stack is critical. Moreover, it is difficult to achieve the necessary overall optical quality that is needed for a meaningful construction. Others have suggested growing crystals while controlling the formation of domains therein to provide periodic laminar domains. Attention is directed to the Feng, et al. paper entitled "Enhancement of Second-Harmonic Generation in LiNbO3 Crystals with Periodic Laminar Ferroelectric Domains" which appears in Applied Physics Letters, Volume 37, No. 7 (Oct. 1, 1980). This approach is impractical, primarily because of the necessity of having regions of dominant ferroelectric polarization which have critical lengths in the micron range.
The invention includes many other features and advantages which will become apparent or will be described in connection with the following description.
FIG. 1 is a generally schematic isometric view of a preferred embodiment of a nonlinear optical generator of the invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of an optical generator;
FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of electrical poling;
FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration of a different embodiment of electrical poling of the instant invention;
FIGS. 5 and 6 are graphical representations included to facilitate an understanding of phasematching.
Reference is first made to FIGS. 1 and 2 which schematically illustrate a nonlinear optical generator. Such generator, generally referred to by the reference numeral 11, comprises a source of incident coherent electromagnetic (EM) radiation having a frequency to be converted to the desired optical frequency. While the source could be one or more different devices such as a gas or solid state laser, in this embodiment it is provided by a laser diode 12. Such laser diode is tuned and otherwise controlled in a conventional manner to provide coherent EM radiation having the frequency to be converted. Such radiation is fed to a waveguide 13 formed within a solid state body 14. Such waveguide is most desirably formed at one surface, surface 16, of the solid state body since it is simpler to make the modifications necessary to provide a waveguide, e.g., change the composition of the body and, hence, its index of refraction, at a surface. The body 14 most desirably is a ferroelectric crystalline body, and the waveguide is formed as a channel. Body 14 can be a crystal of lithium niobate (LiNbO3) having its spontaneous ferroelectric polarization made dominant, such as the single ferroelectric domain crystal available from Crystal Technology, Inc. of Palo Alto, Calif. under the designation Z-cut LiNbO3 integrated optics substrate, and the waveguide 13 formed in the same by proton-exchange. It should be noted that the waveguide could be other kinds, such as strip loaded or ridge waveguides. Moreover, from the broad standpoint it could be formed deep within the body of the crystal, such as by post-diffusion, or on a surface of the body, such as by judicious coating.
The output of the laser diode 12 is directed to the channel waveguide by means of an optical fiber 17. It is desirable in some instances to abut a laser diode directly to a surface of the solid state body to provide coupling of its output to the waveguide defined by the same. It will be recognized that in such instances, the means for directing the output into the waveguide simply will be the mounting structure which provides such abutment in the appropriate alignment. The polarization of the incident radiation is controlled to optimize the nonlinear interaction.
The channel waveguide is provided with a plurality of regions of differing states of dominant ferroelectric polarizations transverse to the path of the radiation guided by the same. While this plurality of regions is represented in FIG. 1 by broken lines 18, they are more easily seen in the schematic representation provided by FIG. 2. Body 14 is represented at 14' having the waveguide 13 defined therein represented at 13'. Diode laser 12 is represented at 12' having its output focused as represented by lens 19, in an optimum manner to the entry end of the waveguide 13'. The radiation emanating from the waveguide is focused as represented by lens 20 for the desired application. It should be noted that although the waveguide 13 preferably is a channel, such waveguide configuration is not necessary from the broad standpoint. For example, it could have the configuration of a plane adjacent the surface 16.
The states of normal polarization within the body are represented by the arrows 21. It can be seen that the body 14' normally has a dominant state of polarization in the direction represented by such arrows. It will be recognized, however, that from the broad standpoint it is not necessary that there be a dominant state of polarization in the body itself. However, because the body 14 was originally poled or provided with a dominant electrical polarization, adjacent regions of different dominant polarization can be provided simply by changing the dominant polarization of the regions 22. That is, those regions between the regions 22 act as regions of different polarization. It is not necessary that there be complete reversals in polarization between adjacent regions. That is, power can be transferred to the desired frequency by suitably selecting the length and placement of the regions having dominant polarization. It is important, though, that if the waveguide includes regions of polarization that extract power from the radiation of the desired outgoing frequency, the number of total domain reversals which result in the addition of power to such frequency be greater than the number which remove power.
The regions which are formed within the body at the waveguide are delineated by broken lines and are indicated in FIG. 2 by the reference numeral 22. As illustrated, each of such regions extends for the full depth and width (see FIG. 1) of the waveguide While such an arrangement is preferred so that the interaction between such regions and the radiation will be optimized, it is not necessary from the broad standpoint. The regions could be adjacent to the waveguide, as long as there is interaction between the radiation in the waveguide and the differently poled regions. Such an arrangement is meant to be included when it is stated in the claims that the EM radiation confined by the waveguide will traverse the regions which are formed. It should be noted that the body should be maintained below its Curie temperature in order to assure that the regions of dominant ferroelectric polarization remain in the same. (This is assuming that no external force is applied to the body to retain the polarization orientation.) It should be noted that when the domain reversal is in a liquid, there is no temperature at which one can be assured of discrete regions being provided when no external force is applied to the liquid.
Each of the regions 22 has a length selected to provide quasi-phasematching between the frequencies of the incoming and outgoing EM radiation. Most desirably, the input EM radiation is coherent and such length is generally equal to an odd integer multiple of the coherence length of the nonlinear interaction. This will optimize transfer of the power from the incoming frequency(ies) to the desired optical frequency. Although the length of the poled/counter-poled regions are shown equal in FIG. 2, it may be advantageous in certain situations to provide domains having different lengths or in which the domain periodicity varies in order to optimize the nonlinear interactions.
The simplest form is one in which the body acts as a frequency doubler, i.e., the output frequency is the second harmonic of an input frequency. It has been found that with quasi-phasematching as discussed below, a lithium niobate crystal having a waveguide for input radiation having a wavelength of 0.86 microns acts to provide an output radiation of 0.43 microns, radiation having an optical frequency within the blue light range mentioned above.
From the broad standpoint, the solid state body 14 may have other features. For example, it may be desired to provide reflective surfaces to resonate one or more frequencies of the radiation in the waveguide to enhance the conversion. Moreover, such body itself could be a lasant material and act to provide lasing to increase the power output. In such an arrangement, the regions of dominant polarity could be either inside or outside a laser cavity. In such a situation, it is not necessary that the material having the regions be a lasant material. It also should be noted that the invention is applicable to use for the solid state body of rare-earth doped ferroelectric materials.
It should be noted that as used herein, second harmonic generation (SHG) is considered simply to be a special case of sum frequency conversion. It is recognized, though, that SHG is treated mathematically differently than other sum and difference frequency conversions of EM radiation. Moreover, while the invention is described specifically in connection with the formation of enhanced SHG from a single frequency incoming radiation, it is applicable to more than one frequency of EM radiation being inputted for the generation of output radiation having the desired optical frequency.
There are various ways in which the regions of electrical polarization can be formed. One is by altering the composition of the base material at those locations at which different electrical polarizations are desired. Such composition altering is described in some detail in applicants' commonly owned U.S. Pat. No. 5,036,220 and co-pending patent application Ser. No. 08/225,500 filed Apr. 15, 1994. Regions of desired polarization also can be achieved by applying electric fields to a solid state body. FIGS. 3 and 4 illustrate two approaches in which electrodes contact a solid state body to provide such regions transverse to a waveguide in the same. The body is represented in such figures by the reference numeral 14" and the waveguide is indicated at 13". In some instances, a waveguide can be omitted to allow freely propagating radiation as opposed to guided radiation to interact within a nonlinear body.
With reference to FIG. 3, electrodes are patterned on the surface of the solid state body adjacent the waveguide, to coincide with the length and spacing between the desired regions. For the formation of such regions, the body with the electrodes is heated above the Curie temperature of the same. An electric field is applied to the electrodes, with the electrodes alternating spatially between more positive and more negative potentials, while the construction is cooled to below the Curie temperature. The electrodes are then removed from the body. The desired regions are thus formed, with their pattern being determined by the pattern of the electrodes. It should be noted that the regions will retain their dominant polarizations as long as the body is not heated to near the Curie temperature.
In keeping with the invention, the materials of the electrodes are selected relative to the material of the solid state body and the potential intended to be applied thereto, to inhibit diffusion of the electrode materials into the body when potential is applied to the electrodes. Migration of contaminating material into the waveguide is thus inhibited. The solid state body is selected to be a lithium tantalate body in view of its relatively low Curie temperature. With such a body, the electrodes to which a positive potential is to be applied is chrome with a gold covering, whereas the material of the electrodes selected to have the other potential applied thereto is gold. As indicated by the arrows 21" in FIG. 5, the solid state body within which the polarization is controlled does not have an original state of polarization. This means that the region in the waveguide adjacent each of the regions 22" has no selected dominant polarization.
FIG. 4 illustrates another approach to preventing contaminating diffusion from being present in a waveguide. In such an arrangement, all of the electrodes which define the pattern of the regions are designed for one potential, whereas the other electrode(s) designed for another potential, e.g., a more negative potential, are on a differing surface to be spaced away from the waveguide. Because of such spacing, it will be seen that migration into the waveguide of the material from the electrode on the differing surface will be minimized.
It should be noted that both of the approaches illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 4 can be used at the same time. That is, a careful selection of the materials for the electrodes can be made to inhibit migration, in addition to placement of the electrodes on differing surfaces of the solid state body to inhibit migration.
There are variations applicable to both arrangements. For example, the electric field can be applied below the Curie temperature of the solid state body and the body can be maintained below such temperature during the poling process. A periodic electric field also can be thermoelectrically generated at the surface of the body by creating a gradient of temperature variation through, for example, the interference of two laser beams at the surface of the crystal. Moreover, chemical poling and electric poling can be used together. That is, one can alter the composition of a material which may not in-of-itself result in the desired polarization and then apply an appropriate electric field to complete the polarization in the regions so defined.
As mentioned previously, the transference of power from the incoming radiation to outgoing radiation at the desired optical frequency is most simply achieved in this specific embodiment by quasi-phasematching (QPM). While quasi-phasematching is not new per se, the following discussion will aid in an understanding of its application in the instant invention. It is believed that it will be helpful to first consider standard birefringent phasematching.
Optical second harmonic generation is possible in a medium which possesses a nonzero second-order nonlinear susceptibility. An incident fundamental wave will generate a forced wave at the second harmonic frequency via this nonlinear susceptibility which travels at the same velocity as the fundamental. If k1 is the fundamental wavevector, then the forced wave will have wavevector 2k1. Boundary conditions imposed by Maxwell's equations require that a free second-harmonic wave with wavevector k2, generated at the surface, also be present in the crystal. The second harmonic intensity in the crystal is the result of interference between these two waves. Because of dispersion in the medium, the free and forced waves will not in general travel with the same velocity - - - they will beat against each other, resulting in a second harmonic intensity which varies sinusoidally with distance in the crystal as power is alternately transferred from the fundamental to the second harmonic and back, with a half-period equal to the coherence length, 1c. This situation is illustrated by curve C in FIG. 5(a). The coherence length is given by 1c =π/Δk, where Δk≡|2k1 -k2 |. (In waveguides the wavevectors are replaced by mode propagation constants, but otherwise the description is qualitatively identical.) The second harmonic intensity at z=L is given by
I2ω ∝I2 ωd2 L2 sin 2 (ΔkL/2)/(ΔkL/2)2 !, A-1!
where d is the relevant effective nonlinear coefficient, which is proportional to the second-order nonlinear susceptibility. It can be seen from Eq. A-1! that the peak intensity of the oscillating second harmonic is smaller for larger wavevector mismatch Δk. For this reason, it is desirable to arrange for Δk to be exactly zero, a process called phasematching. Under phasematched conditions, the second harmonic intensity grows monotonically with the square of the distance in the crystal, as indicated by curve A in FIG. 5(a). This condition can be met in birefringent crystals by polarizing the fundamental wave appropriately and propagating in such a direction that the orthogonally polarized second harmonic wave sees the same refractive index as the fundamental. This technique is called angle-tuned or critical phasematching. If the crystal has the right amount of birefringence which can be varied sufficiently with temperature, so-called noncritical phasematching can be accomplished by temperature tuning with propagation 90� to the optical axis of the crystal.
Quasi-phasematching, as an alternative to the birefringent phasematching just discussed, is illustrated by the curves labeled B in FIGS. 5(a) and 5(b). If Δk≠0, then the free and forced second harmonic waves accumulate a relative phase shift of π every coherence length 1c. If the phase of the forced polarization wave is flipped by π at a point where second harmonic power is beginning to get transferred to the fundamental, then instead power will continue to be coupled into the second harmonic. This can be accomplished by flipping the sign of the nonlinear coefficient d, which can occur by changing the crystal orientation abruptly. In ferroelectric LiNbO3, this flipping of the crystal axes can be done by changing the sign of the polarization Ps within the same crystal. Maximum efficiency is obtained by changing the direction of Ps every coherence length. This situation, which we shall call first-order quasi-phasematching, is shown by curve B1 in FIG. 5(a). It can be shown that the second harmonic power in the quasi-phasematched case still grows with the square of the distance, but with a smaller effective nonlinear coefficient given by 2d/πm, where d is the usual nonlinear coefficient, and m is the order of the period poling grating whose domain lengths are 1=mlc. Continual growth of the second harmonic is only obtained for odd m. Third-order quasi-phasematching is illustrated by curve 3 in FIG. 5(b), which grows on the average only one-ninth as rapidly as in the first-order quasi-phasematched case, which in turn grows only (2/π)2 =0.4 times as rapidly as for perfect phasematching. There are at least four reasons for using quasi-phasematching in spite of this apparent reduction in efficiency. One may wish to use it: (1) to operate at wavelengths or in geometries or materials in which angle- or temperature-tuned birefringent phasematching is impossible; (2) to make an interaction phasematch at a desirable temperature, like room temperature; (3) to use a nonlinear coefficient which cannot be birefringently phasematched, e.g., a coefficient which couples the same polarization of fundamental and harmonic; or (4) to increase bandwidth.
Lithium niobate has three different nonlinear coefficients. In deciding which coefficient to use for second harmonic generation (SHG), it is helpful to refer to the following table.
TABLE______________________________________Nonlinear Coefficients of LiNbO3Relative 1c in μm at T = 25� C.Coefficient Magnitude λ = 1.32 μm λ = 1.06 μm λ =0.86 μm______________________________________d15 (≡d31) 1.0 14.5 ˜130 4.3d32 7.0 6.4 3.4 1.7d22 0.5 5.5 2.9 1.4______________________________________
The most commonly used coefficient is d15, which can be birefringently phasematched for wavelengths near 1 μm. This can be seen from the long coherence length for SHG at 1.06 μm. Since this coefficient is closer to being phasematched than the other two, the coherence length is longer at other wavelengths as well, making formation of periodic domain structures of the required spacing similar for quasi-phasematching d15.
Since d33 is the largest coefficient, it is desirable to use it to obtain the highest conversion efficiencies. It must be quasi-phasematched since it couples waves with the same polarization; for first-order quasi-phasematching a factor of 20 in conversion efficiency is gained over birefringently phasematched d15. (Since, as mentioned above, the efficiency goes as 1/m2, a third-order interaction offers a gain of 2.2.)
The coefficient d22, is the smallest and exhibits the shortest coherence lengths for SHG. In spite of this, one may wish to use such coeffient since propagation of radiation in LiNbO3 polarized no does not suffer from photo induced refractive effects.
In one experiment utilizing quasi-phasematching in a lithium niobate crystal having oppositely polarized regions in a waveguide formed as above, input and output coupling to the same was accomplished with rutile prisms. An 8 cm focal length cylindrical lens at the input focused the beam onto the waveguide. With 1 mW of CW power at 1.06 μm measured at the output of the waveguide, 0.5 nW of 532 nm radiation was generated. Both the fundamental and harmonic waves had the proper polarization for operation using d33. The conversion efficiency of the device was about 5% per W-cm2.
The waveguide was modeled as a step-index guide with a refractive index increase of 0.003. Estimating the depth of the waveguide to be in the range of 4-7 μm, conversion efficiencies were calculated to range from 7 to 10% per W-cm2. (This is in reasonable agreement with the actual values obtained above.) It was calculated from these values that the observed second harmonic power is roughly 1500 times larger than what one would see if the interaction were not quasi-phasematched.
It should be noted that just as the solid state body could be of materials other than crystalline lithium niobate, the material which is diffused therein could be different. For example, other materials which may be diffused into lithium niobate to alter its composition include chromium and yttrium.
The invention has been described in connection with preferred embodiments and variations thereof, in keeping with the patent laws. For example, the chemical and electric poling of a solid state body described above is useful for many optical integrated devices, such as an optical parametric oscillators or optical parametric amplifiers, as well as for an optical generator as described. It therefore is intended that the scope of the invention be defined only by the claims and their equivalents.
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|U.S. Classification
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Acquia retrospective 2012
For Acquia, 2012 was a great year. In many ways, it's been our best year.
Last year, we saw more evidence of Drupal continuing to become a growing part of the mainstream. While this trend has been apparent for some time, in 2012 we were being adopted at a faster rate by more and more enterprise businesses and government agencies. Acquia, in many ways, has risen on the tide of this acceptance. Maybe we helped build this momentum. And along the way, as we've grown, we have worked to keep the philosophy of open source as the guiding philosophy of Acquia.
The Open Source Way
The concept of being guided by the philosophy of open source, which I call the Open Source Way, is reflected in Acquia's approach to our products and services. For example, we believe it is important to provide the capability to easily transfer data from one platform or solution to another, and not be shackled to proprietary vendors' platforms. The solutions we offer, whether PaaS or SaaS, allow innovation and agility by following the open source way, eliminating lock-in. We've coined the terms OpenSaaS and OpenPaas to refer to this.
This approach has resonated with enterprise business. This is reflected in our growth metrics for 2012. Our growth was reflected in our sales bookings, which grew at a record rate. We finished the year with 15 consecutive quarters of revenue growth, surpassing even our own aggressive goals.
Acquia grew by more than 160 employees last year, and now totals about 280 staff. In addition to Acquia's base in Burlington (Boston, MA), we have 28 employees in the UK office, 14 in our new Portland office, and 82 working remotely. Success poses many challenges. Hiring so many people is difficult. On one recent Monday, we have about 20 new staff undergoing orientation in our Burlington office. We've met the challenge of hiring, though, and we've assembled a staff of talented, passionate people. They are the reason for Acquia's success.
Our core strength is our ability to accomplish the aggressive goals we set for ourselves. This ability is the result of both the collaboration and the passion the Acquia staff brings to everything we do. Acquia's culture, in which collaboration and passion are key, also reflect the Open Source Way. We bring this passion and collaboration to our customers as well, and we work hard to ensure every customer's success. In 2012, the number of customers renewing with us was up, returning that commitment and loyalty.
Landmarks and trends
As we moved through 2012, we saw the growing acceptance of cloud computing. No longer was it "should we be on the cloud", but businesses asked "how best to move to the cloud". More often, the open, elastic cloud computing offered by Acquia was the answer. Platform as a Service (PaaS) and Software as a Service (SaaS) both continue to gain further acceptance and grow, again providing that ability to react to business needs rapidly, putting a larger portion of resources into building exactly what is needed when it is needed, rather than investing in expensive infrastructure and maintenance. The success of our cloud products means that Acquia will continue to invest and expand in this area in 2013, especially as we saw the trend last year that having many microsites, often one for each product or service, is quickly becoming the rule rather than the exception.
Other landmarks in 2012 were the growing number of health/pharma businesses moving to Drupal and the cloud, joining financial services companies and government agencies also making the move. Until recently, these industries were wary of open source and cloud-based services, fearing that these solutions weren't secure or reliable enough. The reality that the cloud can also be fault-tolerant and highly available, and that security and government compliance requirements can be met with confidence, opened up the cloud to more and more enterprise businesses in 2012. Their move to the cloud in 2012 reinforced the fact that freedom of innovation and agility of open solutions are driving factors for large-scale business as well as smaller organizations.
As the public moves rapidly to mobile platforms of all kinds, including smart phones and tablets, the need to provide a great user experience on these platforms is becoming increasingly important. UX also became important in 2012 as marketing rather than IT became the driving force behind more and more websites. Acquia responded with the creation of our Spark team, which took shape as a five-person team made up of some of the world's best Drupal experts.
Also in 2012, Acquia acquired Mollom, a company I created to address the challenge of managing social spam on websites. With the tremendous growth of user-generated content as part of the social media explosion, unwanted content has become a more important issue to take on. As a SaaS tool, Mollom fits in with Acquia's existing services.
Drupal community
In 2012, Acquia continued to invest in the worldwide Drupal community in a number of important ways. First, we sponsored over 82 Drupal events around the world in 2012. These events brought new people into Drupal and helped existing Drupal users learn new techniques. We employ more than 110 Drupal specialists, most of whom are significant contributors to the larger community. We've sent our Drupalists to more than 30 of these events (as well as hosted sprints ourselves at Acquia) to collaborate with others in the community on important problems for Drupal.
We also grew Acquia's Office of the Chief Technical Officer, or OCTO, in 2012. OCTO includes a dedicated team who work on Drupal full-time, on projects that include:
- Drupal core architecture issues.
- Authoring experience improvements via Spark.
- Spearheading process changes that help the community work better together.
- Forming the Large Scale Drupal program, which helps pool resources of numerous enterprises to provide solutions the benefit the entire community.
And finally, Acquia has sponsored other key contributors in the community to take on critical work, including the configuration management initiative, web services, and "Views in Core".
Looking forward
This year, like 2012, will be a key year for Acquia as we continue to develop products and services built on the open source philosophy.
Life-cyle management applications will be an increasing focus for Acquia in 2013. These applications will help craft great digital experiences by providing the tools to monitor and optimize digital content.
Of course, we'll continue to nurture and expand our vision of OpenSaaS and OpenPaaS. We'll continue to make the move to PaaS even easier, providing solutions that offer all of the functionality needed, but in a simplified package. We'll accomplish this by combining PaaS, Drupal services and Application Performance Management to produce comprehensive solutions that continue to make Acquia a no brainer when it comes to choosing a PaaS provider. PaaS platforms that embrace an open ecosystem provide faster business value, as many of our customers have discovered. We are working with our growing number of partners to help them build customer solutions on our open cloud platform.
As we start down the road of 2013, we enter the year just having raised $30 million in Series E financing, the single largest financing we have done to date. As we have grown and matured during 2012, these funds will assure sustained growth and success in 2013. No matter how rapidly we grow, or how large the Drupal community becomes, Acquia will put its open source philosophy at the core of all the work it does. In the end, the people of Acquia and the Drupal community, following this philosophy, are building the future of the digital experience. The Open Source way.
Acquia raises $30 million series E
Today, we announced that Acquia raised $30 million, our single largest financing we have done to date. The investors include Investor Growth Capital, Goldman Sachs, Accolade Partners and our existing investors; North Bridge Venture Partners, Sigma Partners and Tenaya Capital. The new funding will bring Acquia's total fund-raising to $68.5 million.
It's a lot of money but we're on a big mission. We believe that Drupal is uniquely positioned to provide a single, unified platform for content, community and commerce applications. We believe an Open Source platform like Drupal is the best way to keep up with the evolving web. We believe we can take on a large variety of proprietary competitors across different industries. We know it is true because we've seen Drupal invade enterprises and overturn their established web technologies. We believe Acquia is breaking new ground with our combination of cloud products and business models.
We've made good strides towards this mission. Drupal continues to grow faster than proprietary competitors. And as Acquia, we have grown to 250 employees and are well on our way to posting around $44 million in annual revenue this year on $60 million in bookings. Specifically, Acquia's revenue has grown at 250% CAGR over the past 3 years, making us the fastest growing software company in the US according to Inc. We added more than 100 employees in the past 12 months. We've seen some incredible growth across the board.
But we also believe we are just getting started. We are in the middle of a big technological and economic shift in how large organizations build and maintain web sites. We believe that Drupal and Acquia are poised to come out as the dominant player.
We'll use the additional funding to continue to go after our mission. We're set out to build a successful, high-margin, highly defensible software company. Expect to see us use the money to accelerate our sales and marketing efforts, to continue our international expansion across Europe and Asia Pacific, to grow each of our product teams, and even to build more products. Part of our funding is also to make Drupal more relevant and easier to use by digital marketers and site builders - and things like Project Spark are a critical element of this. As Acquia builds products, we're committed to contributing to the Drupal project - to drive adoption of Drupal and make it more competitive with proprietary CMS players.
Press coverage:
- Acquia press release: Acquia completes $30 million financing
- Techcrunch: Acquia lands $30 million Series E to scale out its enterprise Drupal development platform (video interview)
- Venture beat: With $30 million in funding, Acquia edges closer to an IPO
- Forbes: Acquia looks to 2014 IPO with new $30 million round
- The Next Web: Open-source Drupal software startup Acquia bags $30 million to fuel expansion in Europe and Asia
- Reuters: Open source software firm Acquia raises $30 million
- Boston Business Journal: Acquia raises $30 million, foresees IPO as soon as next year
- Xconomy: Pre-IPO Acquia lands another $30 million, sees sales topping $56 million
- Wall Street Journal: Acquia funded for expansion of content-management technology
- De Tijd (Dutch): IT-Belg Buytaert haalt 30 miljoen dollar op
- Datanews (Dutch): Acquia haalt 30 miljoen dollar op
How does it feel to sell your company?
I've acquired other companies, but the sale of Mollom to Acquia, was the first time I sold a company of my own. Being the seller felt quite different. It's a interesting mixture of satisfaction tinged with loss. During the negotiation phase you feel joy and excitement. Then you feel frustration as you go through the due diligence process. It's a lot of work. Eventually, the day you hand over the keys you feel like you sold your baby. At the same time, you feel a sense of achievement.
Selling Mollom was a life-changing moment. Not because it was a big financial transaction (it wasn't), but because it proves that I was able to bootstrap and grow a company, steer it to profitability, and successfully exit. It was a great experience, because I know that at some point, I'll have the desire to do that again.
Acquia fastest growing software company in US
Today it was announced that Acquia is the eighth company on the Inc 500. This means we are the eight fastest growing private company in the United States. With nearly 7 million private companies in the US, being honored as number eight is an enormous accolade. In addition, we are the first software company on the list, making Acquia the fastest growing software company in the US. The current print edition of Inc Magazine also has a two page profile on Acquia.
This honor is attributed to each and every Acquian. I'm so proud to be part of such a hardworking and dedicated team! Go Acquia! Go Drupal!
Mollom acquired by Acquia
We're excited to announce that Mollom has been acquired by Acquia.
For the foreseeable future, Mollom will continue to be offered as it is today. I will continue my role as general manager of Mollom, Ben will continue to lead the development of our products and the Mollom team will remain unchanged. If you are a user or customer of either Mollom or Acquia, everything will remain exactly the same.
When Ben and I started Mollom almost 5 years ago, we wanted to do something important. While most people were trying to figure out the social web, we were paddling out ahead of the wave, knowing that many websites would soon have to deal with increasing amounts of spam and content moderation. In the past five years, we have helped tens of thousands of people fight spammers on their websites, including some of the world's leading organizations.
We have blocked almost a billion spam messages since we started. It has been very rewarding for us to see that we have helped make the web a slightly better place. At the same time, we also built a healthy business. We successfully bootstrapped Mollom, and organically grew a team of 6 people.
The social wave keeps on growing; we're helping more and more people and organizations every day. But now that social wave has grown so big, we can't rest on our laurels. There are more business opportunities to explore, some of which we have been working on for a while.
At the business level, it made a lot of sense to merge Mollom into Acquia. Ben and I were looking to raise capital for Mollom to help fund future product development and expand our operations. It was clear that it would require a long-term commitment of my time – just at the point when I wanted to focus more on promoting Drupal globally and driving Acquia's growth and expansion. By having Acquia acquire Mollom, I can still be a part of Mollom, and Mollom could receive the resources to accelerate our efforts and create an even more exciting future for Mollom. It also allows me to double down on Drupal and Acquia. In short, I'm really excited to have Mollom as part of the Acquia family.
Keep an eye on us!


text:
899 search results for Hobbit
Headcanon Accepted! Bard the Bowman and Thranduil are star-crossed Disney princesses
Type: Post | Date: Monday, Feb 23, 2015Someone set this to music, IMMEDIATELY.
Peter Jackson promises the biggest of big finishes in 'Hobbit: Battle of Five Armies' teaser
Type: Post | Date: Monday, Jul 28, 2014Could Peter Jackson stick the biggest landing of his life?
The 'Battle of the Five Armies' begins in the final 'Hobbit' trailer
Type: Article | Date: Thursday, Nov 6, 2014As Gandalf says, 'this was the last move in a master plan...long in the making'
How Weta Digital pushed the FX envelope over the 13-year Middle Earth saga
Type: Post | Date: Thursday, Dec 25, 2014'Hobbit' VFX supervisors Joe Letteri and Eric Saindon reflect on an evolution
'Rings' star will sing 'The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies' credits song
Type: Post | Date: Monday, Oct 20, 2014Actor wrote the tune with series writers Philippa Boyens and Fran Walsh
Evangeline Lilly goes from 'hired help' on 'Lost' to star treatment in 'The Hobbit'
Type: Post | Date: Thursday, Oct 17, 2013An epic conversation on big elf ears and fighting for stunts
Someone forgot to finish Thranduil's 'The Hobbit: Five Armies' poster, so I fixed it
Type: Article | Date: Tuesday, Oct 14, 2014Long live the Elven Party King!
'The Hobbit' tops 2013 most-pirated movies list
Type: Article | Date: Tuesday, Dec 31, 2013'Django Unchained', 'Fast & Furious 6' round out the most shared films of the year
A 'Hobbit' recap from someone who knows nothing about 'Lord of the Rings'
Type: Article | Date: Thursday, Dec 12, 2013The desolation of who now?
'The Hobbit: Battle of the Five Armies' posters were begging to be turned into fanfic
Type: Article | Date: Tuesday, Sep 16, 2014So obviously I had to write something worthy of their dramatic overtures.


text:
Anti-Spam Measures : Analysis and Design
You save US$0.02
Free delivery worldwide
Dispatched from the UK in 4 business days
This book examines anti-spam measures in terms of their potentials, limitations, advantages, and drawbacks. These factors determine to which extent the measures can contribute to the reduction of spam in the long run. It examines legislative, organizational, behavioral, and technological anti-spam measures, including an insight into their effectiveness. In addition, it presents the conceptual development and analysis of an infrastructural e-mail framework, which features such a complementary application, and considers deployment issues.show more
Product details
- Paperback | 229 pages
- 154 x 236 x 14mm | 358.34g
- 15 Oct 2010
- Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. KG
- Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. K
- Berlin, Germany
- English
- 1st ed. Softcover of orig. ed. 2007
- 50 black & white illustrations, 23 black & white tables, biography
- 3642090877
- 9783642090875
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Review quote
From the reviews: "Schryen's book basically contains his German habilitation dissertation. ... This work is a methodical analysis of the potential, limitations, advantages, and drawbacks of antispam measures. ... In summary, Schryen provides a comprehensive overview of the state of the art of the antispam field. An excellent work for those working in this field. Summing Up: Highly recommended. Faculty; researchers; professionals." (C. Tappert, CHOICE, Vol. 45 (6), 2008) "This book investigates the problem of email spam ... . It is well written and important concepts ... are exhaustively outlined along with relevant code headers and sensible discussions. I was actually very impressed with the work here and once I started to delve into the contents of this book, I did discover a lot more about this field ... . a tour de force of anti-spam measures and I would hope that this book will become a bedtime read for researchers in the field." (Kevin Curran, Informer, Issue 26, Spring, 2008) "This book ... reviews the history of spam, assesses the current situation and the economic significance of spam, analyzes current anti-spam measures, and proposes changes to the email infrastructure framework to address spam. ... Anyone frustrated by spam will find the book to be an excellent reference ... . The book is a timely review of the current state of spam email on the Internet. It contains thorough references, several appendices, and a good index." (David B. Henderson, ACM Computing Reviews, January, 2009)show more
Back cover copy
The primary goal of this work is the methodical analysis of the potential, limitations, advantages, and drawbacks of anti-spam measures. These determine to which extent the measures can contribute to the reduction of spam in the long run. The range of considered anti-spam measures includes legislative, organizational, behavioral and technological ones. Furthermore, the conceptual development and analysis of an infrastructural email framework that features such a complementary application, is pointed out. After the presentation of the technological and organizational facets, the framework is analyzed twofold: its theoretical effectiveness is assessed with the aid of the formal model mentioned above, its storage and traffic requirements are analyzed quantitatively. The author further considers deployment issues, as the framework will have to be integrated in both the technological and the organizational Internet infrastructure. About the author: Guido Schryen graduated from the RWTH Aachen University (Germany) with a Master s degree in Computer Science and a Master s degree in Operations Research. He obtained his PhD from the Faculty of Business Administration and Economics at the RWTH Aachen University, where he now holds a postdoc position at the Institute of Information Systems. His current research activities focus on Internet security and anti-spam measures. Features & Benefits: It provides a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art of the anti-spam field. It includes a description and a methodical analysis of a broad range of technological, organizational, behavioral, and legislative anti-spam measures. It empirically shows how email addresses on the Internet are harvested and used for spamming. Presents a technological and organizational email infrastructure framework for long-term prevention of email spam. "show more
Table of contents
Spam and its economic significance.- The e-mail delivery process and its susceptibility to spam.- Anti-spam measures.- A model-driven analysis of the effectiveness of technological anti-spam measures.- An infrastructure framework for addressing spam.- The empirical analysis of the abuse of e-mail addresses placed on the Internet.- Summary and outlook.show more


text:
Hotels in Washington
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Hover above the icons to see hotel photo and details.
Click the hotel to go to the main hotel page.
The Embassy Row Hotel Washington4 star hotel
Fairmont Washington Georgetown Hotel4 star hotel
Jw Marriott Washington Dc Hotel4 star hotel
The Mayflower Renaissance Washington, Dc Hotel4 star hotel
St. Gregory Luxury Hotel And Suites Washington4 star hotel
Churchill Hotel Washington4 star hotel
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Hilton Garden Inn Washington Dc/Georgetown Area3 star hotel
Renaissance Washington Dc Downtown Hotel4 star hotel
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Washington Marriott At Metro C Hotel4 star hotel
Ritz Carlton Washington D.C. Hotel5 star hotel
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One Washington Circle Hotel3 star hotel
- 4300 Military Road Nw, Washington, DC, United States, 20015 (Map)
The Jefferson Hotel Washington5 star hotel
Beacon Hotel Washington4 star hotel
Park Hyatt Washington Hotel5 star hotel
Embassy Suites Washington D.C.3 star hotel
Courtyard Washington Dc Us Capitol Hotel3 star hotel
Hampton Inn Washington, D.C./White House3 star hotel
Hotels near Washington
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City Guide: Washington
Home to national monuments that mark the development of the United States, Washington DC is a capital built on an epic scale.
Dominated by marble, monuments and museums in the shadow of the Capitol dome and leading to the nation's gathering place the National Mall, the seat of United State's Government and the world's first planned capital is, in short, impressive.Read more
City Guide: Washington
Home to national monuments that mark the development of the United States, Washington DC is a capital built on an epic scale.
Dominated by marble, monuments and museums in the shadow of the Capitol dome and leading to the nation's gathering place the National Mall, the seat of United State's Government and the world's first planned capital is, in short, impressive.
The cityscape of Washington DC represents a marriage of art and geometry, the skyscrapers that dominate other large cities are absent here. From the Capitol, to the White House, politics is this city's business.
So take a walk through Washington DC's corridors of power with Booked.net.
Booked.net can place you in a Washington hotel from cheap to luxury accommodation as close or a far from the center of power as you like. As well as a comprehensive selection of hotels in Washington DC we provide information on hotel facilities, photos, maps, and secure reservation forms.
For first-timers to Washington the White House is a must. Home to every president but George Washington, it is a structure at the center of world history.
From the home of some of the most powerful men in the world other attractions include;
- The Capitol - Home of the Senate and the House of Representatives
- The towering obelisk that is the Washington Monument is visible from nearly everywhere in Washington DC
- The Lincoln, Jefferson and FDR (Franklin D Roosevelt) Memorials
- National Cathedral built like a traditional European cathedral, this example has Darth Vader as a gargoyle.
- Smithsonian Museums - the national archive of everything American, 16 in all, from the Freer Gallery to the American History Museum, all clustered around the National Mall
Beyond politics Washington DC owes its birth to Pierre-Charles L'Enfant who created a draft of the city. The newborn city saw fast growth immediately as its importance on the world stage grew.
In line with that tourism in the city has steadily grown and it is not always possible to find cheap hotels in Washington at short notice.
Plan ahead with Booked.net.
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|Cities nearby


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Play Dates for Grownups
If you're pushing through those 20s or maybe into your early 30s, obviously you're not looking to join a knitting circle or a shuffleboard league yet. But, yeah, it's time to put away some childish things and walk among the adults. You're calling yourself a professional now. You should meet like-minded individuals -- people calling themselves professionals as well -- and leave the buddy who sits at the bar 24 hours a day right there, at the bar all day. If you'd like to test these new social waters, a casual Meet and Greet with Emerge Broward is just the thing to do this Thursday from 6:30 to 8 p.m. at Chima Brazilian Steakhouse (2400 E. Las Olas Blvd., Fort Lauderdale). Emerge Broward is a group of young professionals, age 21 to 35. The clan "promotes leadership and personal development through networking, community involvement, and educational opportunities." Translated, that means you get to attend fun social events in chic locations, and with more than 500 registered members, you're bound to make some new friends. And most likely they enjoy drinking cocktails too. The event is free for current EB members, $10 for nonmembers, or you can pay $25 and get a year membership. Visit emergebroward.org, or check out the Facebook page.
Thu., Jan. 26, 2012
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Nova Southeastern University Sharks Volleyball
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text:
I've got a
data.table that looks like this:
DT <- data.table(Feature1 = c("yes", "yes", "yes", "no", "no"),
Feature2 = c("yes", "yes", "yes", "yes", "no"),
Feature3 = c("yes", "yes", "yes", "yes", "no"),
Var1 = c("yes", "yes", "no", "yes", "no"),
Var2 = c("yes", "yes", "yes", "yes", "yes"))
## Feature1 Feature2 Feature3 Var1 Var2
##1: no no no no yes
##2: no yes yes yes yes
##3: yes yes yes yes yes
##4: yes yes yes yes yes
##5: yes yes yes no yes
Now I'd like to count the occurrence and the proportion of "Var1" being "yes" for all possible combinations of the features, "Var2" being "yes" by these combinations etc. I need a count as well as the proportion of "yes"-answers again by each combination.
Getting count for one variable is easy. As I don't want to drop any combinations, I use
CJ rather than
DT[,`:=`(Feature1 = as.factor(Feature1),
Feature2 = as.factor(Feature2),
Feature3 = as.factor(Feature3))]
(Btw, is there a nicer way to set a number of columns as factors at once?)
setkeyv(DT, c("Feature1", "Feature2", "Feature3", "Var1"))
DT2 <- DT[CJ(levels(Feature1), levels(Feature2), levels(Feature3), "yes"),
list(Var1.count = .N)]
DT2[, Var1 := NULL]
However, using
CJ means that I have to set a new key for each variable. What if I have 100 of them? Is there a nicer way to do this rather than setting up a
for-loop? Also, how do I get the proportions out of here? E.g., for the combination of features "yes, yes, yes", Var1 is "yes" twice and "no" once, so I'd like to get another column called
Var1.prop with the value 0.66 in the corresponding row.
In essence, this is what I aim for:
Feature1 Feature2 Feature3 Var1 Var1.count Var1.prop Var2.count Var2.prop
1: no no no yes 0 NA 1 1.00
2: no no yes yes 0 NA 0 NA
3: no yes no yes 0 NA 0 NA
4: no yes yes yes 1 1.00 1 1.00
5: yes no no yes 0 NA 0 NA
6: yes no yes yes 0 NA 0 NA
7: yes yes no yes 0 NA 0 NA
8: yes yes yes yes 2 0.66 3 1.00
The solution should be scalable for a high number of varying features and variables. I prefer using
data.table because it's much faster than normal
data.frame operations and because I found it to be easier to use in functions compared to
dplyr. Having said that, I would also accept a neat and not too inefficient solution with
Update after @Arun's answer. That's really neat, but it isn't well extensible to, let's say, 100 variables. I've been trying to build upon Arun's answer this way, but it only returns an empty
data.table along with a warning:
vars <- c("Var1", "Var2")
tmps <- paste0(vars, ".tmp")
ans <- DTn[, { for (var in vars){
assign(paste0(var, ".tmp"), sum(var == "yes", na.rm = TRUE));
list(assign(paste0(var, ".count"), get(paste0(var, ".tmp"))),
assign(paste0(var, ".prop"), get(paste0(var, ".tmp"))/.N)
}}, by = key(DT), with = FALSE]
What's going wrong here?


text:
Gustafson Family History & Genealogy
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Pargus/Parinen, Finland
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- William 1.1%
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- Harold 1.0%
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The men in the saw mill would feed the cubs and they became friendly. A few weeks later one of the cubs met the same fate as its mother. This left only the one cub and Andy had become enamored of it. He would play with the cub on his way home from work. The bear started playing hide and seek with him. As he would walk down the road at night towards home the bear would hide behind a tree. As Andy came closer the bear would circle around the tree. Finally sneaking up on Andy. then the bear and Andy would wrestle!