text:
Viewer Comments: Palpitations - Experience
Patient Comments & Reviews
The eMedicineHealth doctors ask about Palpitations:
Comment from: Shar, 55-64 Female (Patient) Published: March 24
I have had two atrial fibrillation attacks and on April 5 I'm having cardio ablation. I'm a little nervous about it but I think I'm in good hands and hope like crazy that it cuts down the number of palpitations that I get. It seems that I get many palpitations at night. Go figure, I'm not putting any stress on the heart of course but it really jumps around. By morning when I awake, I don't feel the palpitations. It all began with hyperthyroidism. I really want to get off the medicines (metoprolol and digoxin) that I'm on, I'll have to use the blood thinner forever. I'm female, 55.
Comment from: LoriMc, Female (Patient) Published: August 20
I am 46 year old female, recently diagnosed with iron deficiency anemia. I had been having some palpitations once in a while, not a lot. I have also been diagnosed with mild aortic stenosis and mitral valve regurgitation. I had my first iron infusion two weeks ago and see a cardiologist for the first time on Saturday. I had never had the feeling of it in the back of my throat until just the past couple of days. I never really thought anything about it until now. I am interested to hear what my cardiologist has to say about it. I have felt like I was close to passing out but it hasn't actually happened. I sometimes feel very fatigued. Anemia is at least partly the cause of that.
Must Read Articles Related to Palpitations
Anxiety Anxiety as a medical condition is characterized b...learn more >>
Atrial Fibrillation
Atrial fibrillation (AFib) describes a rapid, irregular heart rhythm. The irregular rhythm, or learn more >>
Atrial Flutter
Atrial flutter is a type of arrhyth...learn more >>
Patient Comments & Reviews
The eMedicineHealth doctors ask about Palpitations:
Viewer Comments are not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Never delay or disregard seeking professional medical advice from your physician or other qualified health provider because of something you have read on eMedicineHealth. The opinions expressed in the comments section are of the author and the author alone. eMedicineHealth does not endorse any specific product, service or treatment.
If you think you have a medical emergency, call your doctor or 911 immediately.
Report Problems to the Food and Drug Administration
You are encouraged to report negative side effects of prescription drugs to the FDA. Visit the FDA MedWatch website or call 1-800-FDA-1088.


text:
Originally Posted by philo25uk
hopefully by that time i will have a bigger tank anyway yellow tang can grow upto 8 inch so not that big.
That's the wrong attitude, and you clearly haven't done your research. Though they only get 8 inches, they need room to swim. A 4ft tank is the minimum, 6ft is a better choice.
Forum Rules
I am in the label printing business and I have a
salt water aquarium. I cam up with these labels
and ...
Welcome to Aquarium Home Farm Center, a
professional breeder of the Dragon Fish, the Asian
Red Arowa ...
I am the owner of Custom Acrylic Reef. We can
build your dream custom acrylic aquarium and then
set ...

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Old-Fashioned Police Car
Old-fashioned police car at Kemah Boardwalk, in Kemah, Texas (near Houston) on 7-3-09. This place is a seaside amusement park with rides, restaurants and souvenir shops.
Anyone out there know if this is a '51 Chevy Bel Air?
Submitted to Photo Tuesday's "classic" theme 8-5-10, and Photo Friday's "ride" theme 4-8-11
2,286 views
2 faves
2 comments
Taken on July 3, 2009


text:
OSI-Approved Open Source (104)
- GNU General Public License version 2.0 (39)
- GNU Library or Lesser General Public License version 2.0 (20)
- Apache License V2.0 (17)
- BSD License (10)
- MIT License (9)
- Apache Software License (4)
- Common Public License 1.0 (3)
- Affero GNU Public License (2)
- Artistic License (2)
- Mozilla Public License 1.0 (2)
- Mozilla Public License 1.1 (2)
- PHP License (2)
- Academic Free License (1)
- Common Development and Distribution License (1)
- GNU General Public License version 3.0 (1)
- Public Domain (3)
- Other License (2)
- Windows (100)
- Mac (92)
- Grouping and Descriptive Categories (78)
- Android (33)
- Modern (13)
Frameworks Software
Hot topics in Frameworks Softwarejava ext js 4.2.3 java project with source code asset management java shopping cart aligner pulse convert to xliff drag and drop form builder e commerce java projects
WebHarvest - web data extraction tool
Web data extraction (web data mining, web scraping) tool. It leverages well proved XML and text processing techologies in order to easely extract useful data from arbitrary web pages.181 weekly downloads
Okapi Framework (Old .NET version)
See http://okapi.opentag.com/ for LATES VERSION of the Okapi Framework191 weekly downloads
pulse - Java web app framework / CMS
Built for enterprise level and highly customized websites39 weekly downloads
eLML - eLesson Markup Language
eLML (eLesson Markup Language) is an XML framework for creating structured eLessons based on a pedagogical model. eLML consists of an XMLSchema and XSLT files to create XHTML, PDF, LaTeX, IMS CP and SCORM versions, standards supported by most LMS.7 weekly downloads
FOXopen is a 4GL, feature-rich XML framework which facilitates the rapid development of web-based applications with sophisticated workflows. For more information and help, see http://www.foxopen.net/18 weekly downloads
Toolkit for rapid XML and web application development3 weekly downloads
Pyjamas-Desktop Widget Set
Pyjamas-Desktop is the Desktop version of the Pyjamas Web Widget toolkit. Pyjamas-Desktop can even execute javascript, and embed plugins such as Flash. Pyjamas-Desktop is now part of http://pyjs.org15 weekly downloads
Aukyla Platform
The Aukyla Platform is a platform for creating, managing and deploying web-based PHP5 applications. This project page is no longer active, please visit: http://www.aukyla.nl/?page=Aukyla+Platform10 weekly downloads
"Yet Another Do-It-Yourself (Test) Automation Framework" specification. Use or modify one of the existing software implementations (hosted/referenced here), or implement the framework yourself. Download and read the spec for more details.3 weekly downloads
The goal of this project is to provide an open source framework for building PHP5 enterprise web applications. ZNF encourages application architectures based on the Model 2 approach, a variation of the classic Model-View-Controller (MVC) design paradigm.4 weekly downloads
xWire Framework
The xWire framework is a toolkit used to build Java web applications, but is flexible enough for other uses. It is ideal for building AJAX apps and consists of both client and server components, each of which can be used independently of the other.4 weekly downloads
Improved DOM object for PHP. A transparent integration of DOMDocument, DOMXpath and XSLTProcessor into a single object that also includes rendering functionality and a converter tool to transform PHP data into XML data and attach it to the XML tree.2 weekly downloads
Lemansys LEWS
Lemansys LEWS Alternative Framework for Java Web Applications2 weekly downloads
OpenJean is a cross-platform, extensible, personal information manager. It includes: file manager, RSS aggregator, calendar and appointments diary, mailer, image manager, multimedia manager, favorites, notes, tasks, anniversaries, topics and address book2 weekly downloads
WebWindows is a framework to develop windows in java web application.3 weekly downloads
ePlatform, developed by Logica, is a framework to enable fast and flexible application development and management, with a focus on case management and application integration. It offers concrete functionality for generic administrative case management3 weekly downloads
Biological Modeling Framework
An ontology-centered framework within the Semantic Web infrastructure that aims at standardizing various knowledge involved in the biological modeling processes. Three biological cases have been developed to evaluate the implementation of this framework.1 weekly downloads
Candle App Platform
An unified platform for desktop and Internet apps2 weekly downloads
ManagedFusion was built on the idea of having a single Web-Portal Core, that handles modules, security, themeing, and localization. A CMS, ERP, or CRM can be easily created with this powerful framework. Mono and .Net are supported.2 weekly downloads
TXS : Tiny XML Server
TXS provides a basic HTTP server. Its own XML Script language can produce, via XSL-T, XForms or XHTML pages (tested with FireFox). It can also be used to read and generate CSV, XML or ZIP files. HTML page capture and email generation also available.2 weekly downloads
eGloo Framework (Moved to Github)
https://github.com/egloo/eglooframework1 weekly downloads
openRiverbed - the PHP5 framework. Ajax, TinyMCE, Plugins, XML based configuration, template based, XML2PDF pdf generation, multi-language support for application and content, encrypted sessions, test-driven, oo developed... Hardened by real projects.1 weekly downloads
A framework for creating CRUD based applications utilizing MDA, and a very pluggable architechure. eg: 2-tear / 3-tear. Web based / Rich Swing Client.1 weekly downloads
BXL is a web application development tool. With BXL you can configure forms and also sub forms in html on database queries. BXL uses: PHP, MySQL, XSLT, JQuery and Ajax.1 weekly downloads
XML based PHP5 content management framework1 weekly downloads


text:
Wild Oliva or Oliva Wilde? Darker than the others, sort of a medium dark pattern.
Made by Badhon Ebrahim.
Sketch 3.5GET FOR SKETCH
Photoshop CC 2015GET FOR PS
Download the pattern and manually import it into your Photoshop library.Please wait seconds or Start download now
Get our Photoshop extension and we will automatically sync all the patterns for you.Get the extension
It really is a click & play experience. You click the pattern thumbnail, and boom – it's applied as a layer style to your current layer. 400 patterns at your fingertips for Sketch and Photoshop also ready to export for web.
Wild Oliva or Oliva Wilde? Darker than the others, sort of a medium dark pattern.
Made by Badhon Ebrahim.
We have some linen patterns here, but none that are stressed. Until now.
Made by Jordan Pittman.
It was called Navy Blue, but I made it dark. You know, the way I like it.
Made by Ethan Hamilton.
Little x'es, noise and all the stuff you like. Dark like a Monday, with a hint of blue.
Made by Tom McArdle.
I guess this one is inspired by an office. A dark office.
Made by Andrés Rigo.
Hexagonal dark 3D pattern, what more can you ask for?
Made by Norbert Levajsics.
There are many carbon patterns, but this one is tiny.
Made by Designova.
Trippy little gradients at an angle.
Made by Cary Fleming.
A dark one with geometric shapes and dotted lines.
Made by Mohawk Studios.


text:
FREE Quotes in Gilroy
Denvick Drywall Systems
OPEN NOW. TALK TO US. Just Ask. Get Answers. ➜
Your Home is Your Castle & Deserves Attention. Make Your Home More Awesome. Choose your Service below & Compare Licensed Pros in Gilroy . Get in Touch Now.
Overall Rating
out of
(based on
1605 Dovetail Way
Free Quotes + Expert Advice + Answers to any of Your Questions on
Feel Free to Choose from the Most Popular Services in Gilroy & Compare Licensed Contractor Quotes in a Single Step. Guaranteed Results.
Trusted Licensed Pros are standing by and eager to help today. The easiest way to get your home projects done. Compare Prices + Services Now.
As seen on:
GET FREE Contractor Quotes
in Minutes. Enter your Zip Code and Compare Services in Gilroy and Nearby.
All Home Projects in Gilroy & Nearby. Emergency Work.
Trusted Licensed & Screened Professionals.
100% Free & Easy. No-Obligation.
No Job is too small.
Save Time and Money.
We are standing by and eager to help today.
Compare Free Quotes Now.
GET FREE Remodeling Quotes
in Minutes. Enter your Zip Code and Compare Services in Gilroy and Nearby.
Bathroom / Kitchen / Basement Remodel
Garage/Carport Build
New Home Construction
Home Addition / Attic Remodel
Remodel to Accomodate a Disability
GET FREE Roofing Quotes
in Minutes. Enter your Zip Code and Compare Services in Gilroy and Nearby.
Repair Existing Roof
Completely Replace or Install New Roof
Siding Install or Repair
GET FREE Heating & A/C Quotes
in Minutes. Enter your Zip Code and Compare Services in Gilroy and Nearby.
Furnance / Heating System Install/Replace
Furnance / Heating System Service/Repair
Central A/C New Installation
Central A/C Service/Repair
Boiler or Radiator System Install/Replace
Boiler or Radiator System Service/Repair
Water Heaters
Heat Pump Install/Replace
Heat Pump Service/Repair
Thermostat Install/Replace
Electrical Baseboard or Wall Heater Install/Repair
Ductless A/C Install
Ducts & Vents
GET FREE Electrical Quotes
in Minutes. Enter your Zip Code and Compare Services in Gilroy and Nearby.
Switches, Outlets & Fixtures Install/Repair
Electrical Wiring or Rewiring
Electrical Panel Upgrade / Generators
Electrical for Home Addition or Remodel
Electrical Inspections / Troubleshooting / Attic Fan Install
GET FREE Plumbing Quotes
in Minutes. Enter your Zip Code and Compare Services in Gilroy and Nearby.
Faucets, Fixtures & Pipes Install/Repair
Water Heaters
Drain Clearing - Clog/Blockage
Gas Piping Repair or Install
Sewers & Water Mains, Septic Systems
GET FREE Concrete Quotes
in Minutes. Enter your Zip Code and Compare Services in Gilroy and Nearby.
Driveways or Floors Install/Repair
Pations/Decks/Pavers Install/Repair
Applications Stained, Stamped etc.
Sidewalks, Curbs, Walkways
Walks, Steps, Porch
Concrete Leveling / Lifting (mud-jacking)
Foundations / Garages / Slabs
Concrete Removal
GET FREE Landscaping Quotes
in Minutes. Enter your Zip Code and Compare Services in Gilroy and Nearby.
Lawn Care and Maintenance
Landscape Install for Yard or Garden
Lawn Seeding
Landscape Designer
Landscape Repair
Maintain Garden - Bushes, Flowers etc.
Install Garden - Bushes, Flowers etc.
Sod Installation
Sprinklers or Irrigation System
Tree Removal/Trimming
Landscape Lightning
GET FREE Fencing Quotes
in Minutes. Enter your Zip Code and Compare Services in Gilroy and Nearby.
Wood Fence nstall/Repair
Vinyl or PVC Fence Install/Repair
Chain Link Fence Install/Repair
Wrought Iron Fence Install
Aluminium or Steel Fence Install/Repair
Barbed Wire Fence Install/Repair
GET FREE Painting Quotes
in Minutes. Enter your Zip Code and Compare Services in Gilroy and Nearby.
Interior Painting or Staining
Exterior Painting or Staining
Speciality Painting
GET FREE Carpentry Quotes
in Minutes. Enter your Zip Code and Compare Services in Gilroy and Nearby.
Custom Carpentry / Closets / Built-in-furniture
Finish Carpentry / Trim / Molding
Doors - Install or Repair
Decks / Porches / Ramps
Wood Stairs and Railings Install/Repair
Cabinets / Drawers Install/Repair
Exterior Building, Sheds, Gazebos
GET FREE Flooring Quotes
in Minutes. Enter your Zip Code and Compare Services in Gilroy and Nearby.
Hardwood Floor Install
Wood Floor - Repair or Partially Replace
Wood Floor Refinishing
Laminate Flooring - Install or Repair
Vinyl or Linoleum Flooring Install or Repair
Carpet Install or Repair
Tile Flooring Install or Repair
Concrete Flooring Install or Repair
GET FREE Garage Door Quotes
in Minutes. Enter your Zip Code and Compare Services in Gilroy and Nearby.
Garage Door Installation/Repair
Spring Replacement
Panel Replacement/Repair
Rolling Grille Installation/Repair
Opener or Remote New/Repair
Broken Hinges
Weather Stripping or Insulation
GET FREE Tile Quotes
in Minutes. Enter your Zip Code and Compare Services in Gilroy and Nearby.
Tile Flooring Installation/Repair
Walls / Backsplash / Countertops
Bathroom/Shower Install/Repair
Natural Stone - Granite, Marble, Slate etc.
Grout Repair / Replacement
Cabinets / Drawers Install/Repair
Grout Cleaning
GET FREE Pest Control Quotes
in Minutes. Enter your Zip Code and Compare Services in Gilroy and Nearby.
Bed Bugs, Fleas, Ticks
Termites, Ants, Spiders, Roaches
Bathroom/Shower Install/Repair
Mice, Mites
Stinging Insects
Cabinets / Drawers Install/Repair
Mosquitos, Stinkbugs
Denvick Drywall Systems
1605 Dovetail Way Gilroy, California 95020
Connect Now.
Free Quotes from Licensed
Pros in Gilroy
on July
No job is too small. We are standing by and eager to help today.
Receive Free Expert Advice
Local experts
in Gilroy
answer any of your questions.
Expert Advice
so you can make an informed decision.
Compare No-Obligation Quotes
Your home is your castle, your refuge.
Get the best possible quotes from multiple competing contractors in Gilroy.
Trusted and Licensed Professionals
Receive free quality
expert estimates
from professionals in Gilroy and nearby.
Compare Prices and Services
Compare all Prices and Services
in a Single Step.
Save Time and Money
The contractors in Gilroy and nearby know they are
competing for your attention.
Get the best possible estimates.
Get Free No-Obligation Quotes in Minutes. As seen on:
Aluminum/Steel Fence Install
Aluminum/Steel Fence Repair
Asphalt Paving - Install
Asphalt Paving - Repair
Asphalt Sealing
Attic Remodel
Attic/Whole House Fan Install
Attic/Whole House Fan Repair
Backsplash Installation
Barbed Wire Fence Install
Barbed Wire Fence Repair
Basement Remodel
Basement Water Proofing
Bathroom Remodel
Bathroom/Shower Install
Bathroom/Shower Repair
Bathtub/Shower - Install/Replace
Boiler Install
Boiler Install/Replace
Boiler Repair
Boiler Repair/Service
Broken Hinges
Cabinets/Drawers Installation
Cabinets/Drawers Repair
Ceiling Fan - Install
Ceiling Fan - Repair
Central A/C - Install/Replace
Central A/C - Repair/Service
Chain Link Fence Install
Chain Link Fence Repair/Alter
Closets/Built-in Furniture
Commercial Overhead Doors
Commercial Painting
Commercial Roofing
Concrete - Applications
Concrete Countertops
Concrete Removal
Concrete Repair
Concrete Resurfacing
Concrete Retaining Walls
Concrete Steps
Concrete Walks/Steps/Porch
Concrete Walls/Gates/Fences
Custom Cabinets
Custom Carpentry/Woodworking
Decks/Porches/Ramps - Build
Decks/Porches/Ramps - Repair
Door Install
Door Repair
Drain Clog/Blockage - Clear
Drain Line Break - Camera Locate
Driveways/Floors - Install
Driveways/Floors - Repair
Drywall Installation
Drywall Repair/Patching
Ductless (mini-split) A/C Install
Ducts/Vents - Clean
Ducts/Vents - Install/Replace
Electrical Baseboard/Wall Heater - Install
Electrical Baseboard/Wall Heater - Repair
Electrical for Home Addition/Remodel
Electrical Inspections
Electrical Panel Upgrade
Electrical Wiring/Rewiring
Exhaust Fan - Install
Exterior Painting
Exterior Painting - Whole House
Faucets/Fixtures/Pipes Repair/Replace
Fire Restoration
Fire Sprinkler System
Flies / Mosquitoes
Furnace/Heating System - Install/Replace
Furnace/Heating System - Repair/Service
Garage Build
Garage Door Install
Garage Door Repair
Garage Door Service
Garage Floor Coatings
Garage Remodel
Gardening - Bushes/Flowers/etc
Gas Piping
General Contractors
Generator - Install
Generator Service/Repair
Grout Cleaning
Grout Repair/Replacement
Gutter Cleaning
Gutter Install/Replace
Gutter Repair
Hardwood Floor - Install
Heat Pump Install
Heat Pump Repair
Home Addition
Home Automation Services
Home Restoration
Hot Tubs/Jacuzzi/Spa - Install
Humidifier - Install/Repair
Install or Replace Stucco
Interior Lighting - Install
Interior Painting 3+ rooms
Interior Painting-1 to 2 rooms
Kitchen Remodel
Laminate Flooring - Install
Laminate Flooring - Repair
Landscape Design/Install
Landscape Lighting
Landscape Repair
Lawn Care and Maintenance
Lawn Sprinkler System-Install
Lawn Sprinkler System-Repair
Leak Detection/Repair
Major Renovation - Multiple Rooms
Natural Stone (Granite/Marble/Slate/etc)
New Construction/Additions
New Home Construction
Opener/Remote - Install
Opener/Remote - Repair
Paint Exterior - Trim/Shutters
Paint Removal/Stripping
Paint/Stain - Deck/Fence/Porch
Panel Replacement/Repair
Patios/Decks/Pavers - Install
Patios/Decks/Pavers - Repair
Pergola/Arbor/Trellis - Build
Pest Control
Plumbing for Addition/Remodel
Polishing Concrete
Popcorn Ceiling Removal
Radiant Floor Heating System - Install
Radiant Floor Heating System - Repair
Radiant Floors Install/Service
Remodel or Renovate 1+ Rooms
Remodel to Accommodate a Disability
Repair - Stucco
Rolling Grille Repair
Roof Inspection - Roofing
Roof Install - Asphalt Shingle - Roofing
Roof Install - Flat/Single Ply - Roofing
Roof Install - Metal Roofing
Roof Install - Natural Slate - Roofing
Roof Install - Tile - Roofing
Roof Install-Wood Shake/Comp. - Roofing
Roof Repair - Asphalt Shingle - Roofing
Roof Repair - Metal - Roofing
Roof Repair - Natural Slate - Roofing
Roof Repair - Tile - Roofing
Roof Repair - Wood Shake/Comp. - Roofing
Roof Repair-Flat / SinglePly - Roofing
Roof Replace - Asphalt Shingle - Roofing
Roof Replace - Flat/SinglePly - Roofing
Roof Replace - Metal - Roofing
Roof Replace - Natural Slate - Roofing
Roof Replace - Tile - Roofing
Roof Replace - Wood Shake - Roofing
Roof Snow Removal - Roofing
Septic System Services
Sewer Main - Clear
Sewer Main - Replace/Repair
Shed/Barn/Gazebo Build
Shed/Barn/Gazebo Repair
Siding Install/Replace
Siding Repair
Skylight Install
Skylight Repair/Seal
Smoke Detector - Install
Snow Removal
Sod installation
Solar Panel Install
Specialty Painting/Refinishing
Spring Replacement
Sprinklers/Irrigation System
Storm/Water Restoration
Sump Pump - Repair/Replace
Surv. Cameras-Install/Repair
Switches/Outlets/Fixtures - Install
Switches/Outlets/Fixtures - Repair
Tankless Water Heater - Repair
Tankless Water Heater -Install
Thermostat - Install/Replace
Tile Floor Install
Tile Floor Repair
Tree Removal/Trimming
Vinyl/Linoleum Floor - Install
Vinyl/Linoleum Floor - Repair
Vinyl/PVC Fence Install
Vinyl/PVC Fence Repair
Wallpaper Hanging/Removal
Water Features
Water Heater - Install/Replace
Water Heater - Repair/Service
Water Line
Water Main - Replace/Repair
Water Proofing/Coatings
Water Treatment/Purification
Weather Stripping/Insulation
Window Frame-Repair
Window Glass - Install/Replace
Window Install - Single
Window Repair
Window Repair - Frame & Glass
Windows Install - Multiple
Wood Fence Install
Wood Fence Repair
Wood Floor - Repair or Partially Replace
Wood Floor Refinishing
Wood Stairs/Railings - Install/Replace
Wrought Iron Fence Install
I will Get Free Quotes from Multiple Pros in Gilroy
We guarantee 100% privacy. Your info won't be shared.
Enter a Category
General Contractor
Roofing Contractor
Contractors Nearby:
84 Lumber CO
Abbotts Pro-Power
Home Improvement & Maintenance
ABC Supply Co
Jerry Adcox Roofing Materials-Sale
Accent Manufacturing Inc
Joe Catanzaro Cabinets-Sale
Accent Tile & Marble
Roger Silva Tile-Ceramic-Contractors & Dealers
Access Construction
Builders & Contractors
Ace Hardware of Gilroy
Action Awning
Gerald Matthews Patio Porch & Deck Enclosures
Adept Painting & Plastering
Dorothy Silva Painters
Affordable Roofing
Richard Garcia Roofing Contractors
Alexander Electric
Joe Allred Electric Company
All Around Maintenance
Lesley LloydOwen Maintenance Contractors
All Seasons Pool Svc
Dean Filice Swimming Pool Coping Plastering & Tiling
Alpine Landscapes
Landscape Contractors
American Steel & Stairway Inc
Erecting Contractors
Anthony's Roofing & General
Roofing Contractors
Apex Kitchen & Bath
Contractors & Builders & Developers
Archie Cool's Carpet Cleaning
Contractors & Builders
Architectural Facades Unlimited Inc
Paving Contractors
Arellano Painting
Builders & Contractors
Arrow Electric
Mark Poling Electric Company
ASCO Air Conditioning & Htg
John Jones Air Conditioning Contractors & Systems
Asco Service Inc
Special Trades Contractors
Associated Plumbing Inc
Tim Gorshe Plumbing Contractors
Hardware Stores Nearby:
Ace Hardware of Gilroy
1260 1st Street # B
Category: Home Improvement & Maintenance
Landscaping Services and Garden Centers Nearby:
84 Lumber CO
8284 Murray Avenue
Category: Lumber
Abbotts Pro-Power
110 East Luchessa Avenue
Category: Home Improvement & Maintenance
Ace Hardware of Gilroy
1260 1st Street # B
Category: Hardware
Alpine Landscapes
1565 Calabrese Way
Category: Landscape Contractors
Apex Kitchen & Bath
7412 Monterey
Category: Home Improvement & Maintenance
Bonfante Nurseries Inc
3675 Hecker Pass Hwy
Category: Nurseries
Ewing Irrigation-Golf-Industrial
7170 Forest Street
Category: Lawn & Irrigation Sprinklers Retail
Rosso's Furniture
6881 Monterey Rd
Category: Furniture Stores
SKS Growers
11295 Center Av
Category: Plants & Trees Wholesale & Growers' Nurseries
Movers and Moving Services Nearby:
ATS Transportation Svc
1355 Heritage Way
(408) 937-0590
Category: Moving & Storage
Budget Truck Rental
505 E 10th St
(408) 842-0388
Category: Moving Equipment & Supplies Rental
Marx Towing Inc
5757 Obata Way
(408) 847-8697
Category: Heavy Equipment Movers
Penske Truck Rental
5827 Obata Way
(408) 846-9362
Category: Moving Equipment & Supplies Rental
Download Free Construction eBooks
Visit our construction Blog:
Contracting jobs and the hourly rates
How to use wind power for your home?
Tips for designing and landscaping your swimming pool
How to set a price when selling your home?
Creative ways to use LED lighting
How to paint like a pro: tips for amateurs
How to install a cement board underlayment?
Heating and cooling with passive solar techniques
The green roof concept
Residential membrane roof installation
How to build a gravel driveway? (Project management)
Staining Your Concrete Floors
Mobile Home Roof Leaks: A Quick, Inexpensive Fix
5 Easy Steps to Resealing a Blacktop Driveway
Home Water Treatment: What Are the Options?
Oil Burner Maintenance
How to Pour a Cement Patio in Freezing Weather?
The Importance of Professionally-Installed Electrical Upgrades for Your Home
Laying Tile on an Uneven Floor without Construction Software
How to Improve Energy Efficiency of Existing Homes Using Shading Systems
3 Profitable Home Improvement Projects
Please rate Denvick Drywall Systems.
Customer Service:
Quality of Work:
Get in touch with echo Denvick Drywall Systems. They are listed in the category
Dry Wall Contractors
Update Listing
Contact us
©2016 Local-construction.net


text: I bought a return ticket with Vayama and I have a lot of problems with changing the date of the flight. In my previous post other members suggested that I didn't read terms and conditions. I did read everything that was available on the website at the time of booking. What I want to know if it is normal that at the time of booking only general T&C are available? I cannot change the date as the return flight must be within 6 months of outbound flight. I have never seen that condition and the company still didn't present it to me on my countless requests. How is it with other on-line travel agencies?


text:
Photoshop Touch for iPad – Part 2
Picking up from Part 1 of our Photoshop Touch tutorial (where I covered the organization of the UI, basic layering and selection options, basic tool options, and a simple layered workflow for improving photos), let's take a look at a few of the ways Photoshop Touch allows us to apply more creative effects to our photos! We'll do this by opening an image from Creative Cloud storage, modifying it, then save it directly to our iPad so it's available the next time we use Photoshop Touch. This tutorial covers Photoshop Touch Adjustments, Effects, and additional tips for managing layers.
(Try bumping the res to 720p if the text looks a little fuzzy.)
Recent Posts
- Photoshop Updates June 2016
- HDR in Lightroom
- Wet Plate Collodion Effect in Photoshop
- Using The Lens Flare Filter in Photoshop
- Transform a Photo into an Illustration with Photoshop
- Adding Rim Light with Photoshop
- Scary Selfie Just for Fun with Adobe Photoshop Mix
- How to Make a Cinemagraph in Photoshop
- The Art of the Crop and Photoshop Power Tips
- Quick Tip : Font Preview Sizes in Photoshop


text:
If you already have an avfc.co.uk account (including an AVTV account), you can login below
To create an avfc.co.uk account, simply click the 'register' button below and enter your details. If you're looking to buy an AVTV subscription, you will first need to register
Register using your favourite Social Network
Our system has detected that you already have an avfc.co.uk account with the username/email address shown on screen. By entering your original password and clicking 'link', your existing account and your social account will be linked, so that you can login to the account with either set of credentials
Goalkeeper departs.
Midfielder on Championship campaign.
Details of purchasing information.
Our new goalkeeper sat down with AVTV to chat about his football future in B6.
We sit down with the manager in Austria to chat about preperations ahead of the 2016/17 season.
Shortly after signing for Villa, our new midfielder sat down with AVTV in Austria to chat about his football future in claret and blue.
Come down to Villa Stores
Available now
Club photographer Neville Williams produces hundreds of pictures at each game - and Man City was no exception.
We always bring you the most relevant snaps straight after every clash in our exclusive match gallery.
Now, we will also be producing a follow-up set of shots from his vast library of images.
Check out our extra match picture gallery.
It was a fantastic day in B6 as Villa came from behind twice to beat championship-chasers Man City 3-2 on a gloriously sunny afternoon.
Karim El Ahmadi, Leandro Bacuna and Andreas Weimann scored the goals which earned Paul Lambert's men three points.
El Ahmadi fired home confidently, Bacuna floated one home from a fabulous free-kick while Weimann showed immense bravery to zip in and nudge the ball past Joe Hart.
Other notable performances included Antonio Luna, Nathan Baker, Ciaran Clark, Libor Kozak and Ron Vlaar.
Check out our extra match picture gallery.
Gallic flair in B6


text:
1. You never said "label the quadrilaterals."
2. Technically this is a brief explanation.
3. Maybe you should have said "order these words alphabetically."
4. This prompt was rather presumptuous, wouldn't you say?
5. What? Did you mean geographically?
6. What are you really teaching here?
7. Isn't that the same thing?
8. < just following directions >
9. A cell isn't a cell without iron bars. That is important.
10. Repeat after me…
11. Wise advice.
12. Never say die. Unless you're Warren.
13. This really is the most efficient way.
14. I mean, look at that haircut…
15. Truer words have never been spoken.
16. This is a very legitimate reason to be thankful.
17. You literally just said it!
18. It's not not right.
19. Perhaps you marked this wrong for personal reasons.
20. How clearer can someone be?
21. Only six? Easy…
Preview Your Response
In The News Today
- Luke Aikins just became the first skydiver to successfully jump out of a plane without a parachute 🌎💪
- Bernie Sanders' former press secretary says she experienced repeated incidents of blatant racism while on the campaign trail.
- Sixteen people died after a hot air balloon caught fire and crashed in Texas Saturday.


text:
Anthony Lawrence DeLuca
Position: NT
6-4, 250lb (193cm, 113kg)
Born: November 16, 1960 in Greenwich, CT
Died: April 16, 1999 in Stamford, CT
College: Rhode Island
Weighted Career AV (100-95-...): 0 (15060th overall since 1960)
High School: Greenwich (CT), Milford Academy (CT)
Learn about our new design. Give us your feedback.
The design is optimized for your phone. Give it a try.


text:
User Ratings
Featured Reviews
Highest Rated
# UPDATED May 2015 # Scroll down to see the update of my Review OMV brings to you a network attached storage solution for beginners and avanced users. It has the simplicity, yet is still comprehensive, that is needed for beginners who don't know much about Linux. It is even easier to install than your Windows. OMV takes care of anything itself. You just need to setup your root password. No more interaction is needed from you to install this Distribution. After the installion you can start right away with settup up your shares, configuring plugins and services, creating a raid or filesystem on your new hard disk. All that can be easy done via a simple Webinterface. OMV features a simple Plugin API and comes with a bunch of Plugins developed and maintained by votdev itself. Plugins that are included from the beginning and just need to be installed in the plugin section feature support for clamav (Antivirus), DAAP (itunes media server), netatalk (AppleTalk) and one for USB Backups. There are also some Plugins for Users with needs that go above the usual: LDAP, LVM2, iSCSI Enterprise Target, UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply) and one to manipulate the the IP Route table. Besides that there are already many Plugins made from the community for the Fedaykin (OMV 0.4) version. Available User made Plugins are: autoshutdown, dnsmasq, git, mysql, processlist and transmissionbt. More Plugins, that are not maintained at the moment, but available and working on Fedaykin are: cups, minidlna, openvpn, subversion, virtualbox and a website plugin. Greyhole will be available again in the next OMV version. The upcoming version Sardaukar (OMV 0.5) will feature a better and redifined Plugin API which will make it even easier for Users to devolop Plugins. Other new Features that are coming to OMV are Static IPv6 Support (0.5) and dynamic Support in 0.6. Version 0.6 also takes the step to move from Debian Squeeze to the new stable Debian version Wheezy. Keep in mind that openmediavault just builds up onto a standard minimal Debian installation. So, anything that can run on Debian, will much likely also run on OMV. ## Update ## Since I wrote this review, many things have changed. OpenMediaVault runs on Debian Wheezy for over a year now with the Version 1.0. The upcoming Version 2.0 will make the jump to the latest Version of the Webframework that's used. A couple of months later we well then see the version 3.0 which will make the jump to Debian Jessie. New Features in 1.0 for example: Widgets in the Dashboard, there are even more coming with 2.0, more Plugins than ever before - combining core and third party plugins OMV now has over 65 (!) Plugins. OpenMediaVault is allways enhancing, and it will continue to do so, with its very active community and third party developers.
Lowest Rated
Come out baby in the market. Will teach you a real good lesson.
User Reviews
Outstanding software for a new person to linux and NAS in general. OMV has allowed me to get up and running after a short learning curve. I have tried more complicated open source NAS projects and have gotten lost. Glad I found this one.
After trying several other NAS packages, I settled on OMV. I have never looked back. It's simplicity is misleading...it is a very well-crafted piece of software in all respects. Excellent performance, non-intrusive updating, simple to operate, and lean on resource requirements. Highly recommended!
An excellent NAS project for all that finds FreeBSD based projects diffucult.
I have used FreeNAS, NAS 4 Free, and OpenMediaVault as a method of satisfying my home needs for a personal server. FreeNAS was too technical and too advanced and difficult with the plugin setup. NAS4Free came with some built in programs that i needed to run in order to view my media. OpenMediaVault was so easy to configure. Just download the extraplugins file, upload it, and blam. All necessary plugins are available for installation and configuration. I found OMV the easiest one of them all to configure for my needs. The hardest part about OMV was the initial installation of the OS onto the usb stick. Once you get OMV on the usb stick it is a breeze. This OS is for beginners, intermediate, and advanced users.
Using OpenMediaVault on a HP N54L Microserver as an archive, Mini DLNA server, automatic backup via rsync etc. Never had any serious problems, very customizable, well maintained and free. What more can you ask for?
Love OpenMediaVault, I use it as my OS of choice for my SAN. I am always trying new things and when I break things the formus are VERY helpful. I've tried many NAS OS's and OpenMediaVault it THE best!
I was using openmediavault for about one year and it is really an amazing job. Very simple for anybody that want an efficient way to manage a NAS and more than that. Only some small migration issues from 0.5 to 1.0.
New to Omv, I am very satisfied by this product. Support is reactive and excellent. Keep going guys!
I have used OpenMediaVault for almost one year now. Its the best opensource NAS software on the internet! Its very stable and Wolker is doing a great job. The support is very good through the forum.
most modern media server out there, installed on my debian box w/o breaking anything else, awesome!
Great piece of software, perfect for a NAS or even a fileserver for a small business. Great set of features that are backed up by a great set of plugins. Also great that the developers (mainly plugin developers) talk to people on the forums to resolve issue and add new features etc.
best open source nas software, easy to use, works as expected, good community and rapid development
Excellent free NAS software! :)
Thank you for the Raspberry Pi images !!
I cannot yet "review", but I wanted to congratulate on the September project of the month. I watched the project for the first three years, then lost sight. I am so happy to see the project is alive and finally released and using my favorite distro (Debian). Any chance of an ARM release? Do you think this can be possibly deployed to replace a Synology NAS OS?
After a month of using OMV on my N54L I am amazed by the versatility and performance. Easy to install, easy to update, easy to expand storage, easy to add and remove features. EasyMediaVault would be more a fitting name. I am using it for NFS, MySQL SMB and a few other tasks. The devs and users in the IRC channel (freenode > #openmediavault) are extremely welcoming, helpful along with being very funny at times. Forums are spot on, loads of info available and the wiki pretty comprehensive.
I tried several alternatives and was just not satisfied with their maturity or feature set. This opproach is just what I was looking for easy to use, flexible, stable. Just love it! The chief itself sums it up very well in this interview: news.dice.com/2014/09/03/sourceforge-interview-openmediavault-omv/
I've been using OMV for a couple of years now, on two different boxes, and it's perfect. Well supported, great community and stable. Strikes a perfect balance of abstracting just enough of the complexities of Linux without bubble wrapping and making it hard for experienced users to get what they want done.
Excellent NAS operating system. I have been using for past 2-3 years. Lots of plugins to play with. Only con I can think of is it's very slow in updating to latest stable version of Debian The Debian OS itself is quite slow with its releases Wish Android / ios apps are developed for it
I tried other NAS software, but for me OMV works perfect!
Tried FreeNas and Nas4Free and feel like OpenMediaVault is the best option for those who want software RAID10 without using ZFS. The only thing lacking is good and complete centralized documentation.
Best and easiest home server OS I used so far!!
Easy to use, yet powerful NAS-distribution. The support forum is quite active, and provides helpful answers.
The Best free NAS Software for my Usage.
excellent software, easily configurable for beginners like me. looks great and also works very well. is the best of all that I have tested. I look forward to every day for new updates and improvements. I wish all who are working on the project good luck and the will to get to the top. I'm sorry but I can not English or German, perhaps helped by google translator to express my feelings


text:
Oh tigers, your week in the spotlight felt so short! Thanks for sharing your stripes with us!
My mom is also a boat!
Happy Mother's Day! Click here for more funny momtent!
Howard won't let go of my tail until I admit that I like Justin Bieber. But I DON'T like Justin Bieber! Moooom! Make him stoooop!


text:
This profile was last updated on . .
Is this you? Claim your profile.
SAMAC Engineering Ltd
Direct Phone: (403) ***-****
1258 - 73Rd Ave Se
Calgary, Alberta T2H 2V5
Calgary based SAMAC Engineering has provided failure analysis services to thousands of insurance, legal, and commercial clients across Western Canada since 1992. Our structural group is an integral part of our large multi-disciplinary team and provides th... more
St. Francis Xavier University
Dalhousie University
Mechanical Engineering
mechanical engineering degree
Dalhousie University
SAMAC Engineering Calgary, AB, Canada 403-243-2238
www.samaceng.com [cached]
Forensic Engineers: Failure Analysis Experts & Forensic Engineers
www.samaceng.com [cached]
Saskatoon Blades Hockey | The Place To Be!
www.saskatoonblades.ca [cached]
Failure Analysis Engineers Calgary Alberta Canada SAMAC Engineering
www.samaceng.com [cached]
Forensic & Failure Analysis Engineers Calgary Alberta Canada SAMAC
www.samaceng.com [cached]
Charles Dyck
Wolf Hill Technologies
Van Dyck
Moisand Boutin & Associés
David Dyck
Dyck Forages & Grasses Ltd
Grace Van Dyck
The Carroll Center for the Blind
Wayne Dyck
Cedar Siding


text:
Let's go on a BYOB Trolley Pub Crawl!!
Saturday, March 2nd
7:30-11:00 PM we trolley, 11:00 PM til late we party
SOLD OUT. 108 coming. See ya there!
Announcing our secret crawl stop!!
On the way to our final destination/party, we'll be stopping here to pick up some pizzas (included) and bring em on board! Cool right? :)
What's Included? Trolley Transportation, PIZZA!, Cups, Coolers, Ice, Exclusive Drink Specials, Music & FUN!!
What to bring: BYOB for the trolleys. Cans of beer are easiest. Maybe a bottle of wine or a simple concoction to make on the trolley such as vodka lemonade, rum and coke, whiskey and coke, etc. Try to not bring glass. And bring your ID!
When: Saturday, March 2nd, 7:30-11:00 PM
The Nitty Gritty Details
Check in starts at 6:00 PM at Crossroads Public House (2630 N Clark St). The trolleys LEAVE from here at 7:30 PM SHARP!! Come early, hydrate with a beer and fill your belly with some grub for the night ahead of us! We'll hop on the trolleys and drive around as we have a few drinks and head down to the Shedd Aquarium for a nice view of the Chicago skyline to snap photos of ourselves looking cool in a group of 100 people rocking out 3 trolleys. After this, we'll make a pit stop at Sully's House (an awesome bar that sponsors many of our leagues) to use the little boys and girls rooms and for a drink (maybe shots?) on solid ground. We'll hop back on our moving liquor cabinets to polish off our beverages as we drive around the city scoping out more cool places through the windows, then when the clock strikes 11:00 pm we'll end the night all together up in Wrigley at Beer on Clark and Clark Street Beach (next door to each other at 3419 N Clark St) for exclusive S3 Trolleyer drink specials. At these bars, the party don't start til we walk in! And then out, at closing.
Meeting Place, The Route & Our Destination
6 PM - Check-in starts @ Crossroads Public House (2630 N Clark)
7:30 PM SHARP - Trolleys Depart!!
7:30 PM to 11:00 PM - Trolley around the city, stop at some places (see the nitty gritty details above), dancing and drinking along the way!
11:00 PM - Arrive at Beer on Clark and Clark Street Beach (3419 N Clark)to party the night away!
Exclusive Drink Specials
They'll be printed on your wristbands! How cool is that?
$3.50 CPH Ale, $4 Domestic Bottles and Drafts, $5 Well Drinks, $4 Fireball Shots, $15 Coors Light Buckets
$3 Miller and Coors drafts, $4 well drinks, $4 Smirnoff flavor drinks, $4 fireball shots, $5 bombs (not car)
(they're next door to each other)
11:00 pm til late!
$15 Fish Bowls, $5 Bombs, $1 off everything else! ($3 domestic drafts)
Get your ticket ASAP! This always sells out really fast!
NOTE: We've got 3 trolleys reserved, but this event sells out EVERY TIME. You and your friends will all be able to ride on the same trolley, no matter when you register, as long as you each get a ticket.
DO NOT miss out on this...
See ya there!
S3 Founder
Event & League Coordinator
Meetup members, Log in
By clicking "Sign up" or "Sign up using Facebook", you confirm that you accept our Terms of Service & Privacy Policy


text:
How about Saugus native LJ McKanas, who now has a one in nine shot at winning $1 million after avoiding elimination in last night's episode of "Survivor."
McKanas, a 1997 Saugus High School graduate who splits his time between the Boston area and Florida as a professional horse trainer, started out this season as a member of the "Beauty" tribe squaring off against the "Brains" and "Brawn."
He appeared to be in good shape until last week's episode when the tribes merged and he found himself on a team of five versus six, never a good ratio on a reality show where it's usually all about the numbers.
McKanas and fellow tribe member Tony played Immunity Idols for each other, but the group of six on the team against LJ's alliance cast their votes for his ally Jeffra.
In one of the more suspenseful tribal councils you'll see, it came down to the last vote when Kass flipped against her purported alliance and cast the deciding vote to oust Sarah instead of Jeffra. Good news for supporters of LJ, as his ally Jeffra got to stick around for another week and an "enemy" went home.
There was less drama on this week's episode but the LJ's fans were surely delighted to see him make it through another tribal council.
Tune in to "Survivor" on Wednesdays at 8 p.m. on CBS to see if LJ can keep up the strong performance in his quest for the $1 million winning prize.
Note: First and last names are required for commenting. If you do not provide your first and last name when signing up, you will be banned.


text:
From Our Editors
If you're up for an exhilarating work-out or maybe just a casual skate around rink with the kids, check out Elmsford in Elmsford. Check out the restaurant at this club for a delicious meal. At this club, everyone will find something they love — kids included!
Elmsford provides easy access to an adjacent lot.


text:
Coming up in the next {{countdown}} {{countdownlbl}}
Coming up next:
Skip to this video now
Now Playing:
Play Video
This transcript has been automatically generated and may not be 100% accurate.
Man Who Taught Pistorius to Shoot Takes the Stand
Receipt shows that Sean Rens sold the Blade Runner weapons that include an assault rifle.
Oscar Pistorius Selling House Where He Shot Girlfriend
South African on trial for murder plans to sell the home in order to pay his mounting legal fees.
Now Playing: Man Who Taught Pistorius to Shoot Takes the Stand
Now Playing: Oscar Pistorius Selling House Where He Shot Girlfriend
Now Playing: Pistorius Lawyers Focus on Police Work
Now Playing: ISIS Claims Responsibility for Church Attack in France
Now Playing: Prince Harry Opens Up About Princess Diana's Death
Now Playing: 2 Attackers, 1 Hostage Killed in France
Now Playing: 19 Killed in Stabbing Attack Near Tokyo
Now Playing: Man Kills Woman With Machete in Germany
Now Playing: Woman's Attack by Tiger Caught on Video
Now Playing: IOC Rules Russia Can Compete in Rio Olympic Games
Now Playing: Officials Say Munich Shooter Had Been Planning Attack for Years
Now Playing: Munich Authorities Say 18-Year-Old Shooter 'Obsessed' by Mass Shootings
Now Playing: Olympic Committee Meets to Decide if Russia Should be Banned
Now Playing: Authorities Rule Out Terror in Munich Massacre
Now Playing: Duke University Student Recalls Witnessing Munich Mall Attack
Now Playing: Several Dead and Wounded in Munich Mall Shooting
Now Playing: Shots Fired at Shopping Mall in Munich
Now Playing: 10 Alleged ISIS Recruits Arrested in Rio 2 Weeks Before Olympics
Now Playing: Prince George Turns 3, New Photos Released
Now Playing: NATO: The Basics
Now Playing: {{itm.title}}


text:
Latest / page 4
More thread
More thread for you.
Past time for more thread.
Sorry it's late, I blame the carbon tax!
Do you think the alarmists who predicted doom because of the carbon tax will shut up?
By popular request, Brad Keyes is only permitted to post in this thread.
Matt Ridley's first response to my post about his failed prediction was denial: I did not write for the Globe and Mail in 1993 let alone about climate! Then he moved onto stage 3, bargaining: global av temp (ignoring pinatubo drop) is about 0.2C above 1991 level after 22 yrs – so I was spot…
Matt Ridley, in The Globe and Mail, 31 Dec 1993. Global warming, too, has shot its bolt, now that the scientific consensus has settled down on about a degree of temperature increase over a century-that is, little more than has taken place in the past century. Actually, the scientific consensus at the time, as summarised…


text:
Professional Affilaitions
•Defense Research Institute: Government Liability (Court Reporter Correspondent)
Before joining Goldberg Segalla, Jon served as a confidential clerk for the New York Court of Appeals from 2002 to 2004.
Jon is the editor of Goldberg Segalla's Government Liability, Civil Rights, and Labor and Employment newsletter.
•Upstate New York Super Lawyers, 2013-2015
Civic Activities
•Member, Town of Sand Lake Planning Board
Prior Experience
•New York State Court of Appeals, Confidential Clerk, 2002-2004
•Speaker, Dealing with eDiscovery Motions and Legal Holds on Electronic Records, CASSNY, April 7, 2015
•Co-Author, Government Tort Caps, Immunity, and Liability State-by-State Compendium , Defense Research Institute, 2014
•Co-Author, "Examining the 'Free' in Free Public Services Doctrine, " For the Defense, Defense Research Institute, July 2013
•Author, "Citizens United Explored From A Different Perspective, " The Whisper, Defense Research Institute, May 2010
•Co-Author, "Timeless Guideposts For Effective Corporate Governance, " FDCC Quarterly, Spring 2009
•Author, "School Limiting Student Speech Held Constitutionally Permissible, " The Whisper, Defense Research Institute, March 2009
•Presenter, "Perspectives When Preparing For The Automobile Claim: From Claim Stage Through Discovery And Trial, " NYSBA Keeping Current With Automobile Litigation CLE Seminar, September 2008
•Author, "U.S. Supreme Court Upholds New York's System For Electing Judges, " The Whisper, Defense Research Institute, April 2008
•Co-Author, "Municipal Strip Search Policy And The Law, " For the Defense, Defense Research Institute, June 2007
•Author, "U.S. Supreme Court Limits Remedy Available For Knock-And-Announce Violation, " The Whisper, Defense Research Institute, February 2007
•Co-Author, "New York Court Of Appeals Rejects The Product Line Exception To Successor Corporate Liability, " New York State Bar Association, Torts, Insurance & Compensation Law Section Journal, Winter 2007
•Author, "Government Can Be Held Liable Under FTCA For Postal Employee's Negligence, " The Whisper, Defense Research Institute, June 2006
•Co-Author, "A Practitioner's Guide To Use Of The PLRA In Federal Civil Rights Actions, " For the Defense, Defense Research Institute, April 2006
•Author, "United States Supreme Court Issues Groundbreaking Decision On Government's Use of Eminent Domain, " The Whisper, Defense Research Institute, October 2005
•Goldberg Segalla Attorneys Listed in 2015 Upstate New York Super Lawyers
August 21, 2015
•Forty-Six Goldberg Segalla Attorneys Listed in 2014 Upstate New York Super Lawyers
August 11, 2014
•Super Lawyers Names Nearly Three Quarters of Goldberg Segalla's Upstate New York Attorneys
August 19, 2013
•Goldberg Segalla Announces 2011 Promotions
January 3, 2011


text:
Exchange-traded funds focusing on mortgage-backed securities saw the steepest quarterly decline since the second quarter of 1994, according to data tracked by Thomson Reuters. The 62 ETFs, open-end and close-end funds dropped an average of 1.87% in the second quarter, with only four of the funds seeing positive returns.
Full Story:Reuters


text:
"Words are just a way we communicate. Images are a way we communicate. And I couldn't figure out why they had to be in different baskets."
"The issues that were brought were taboo- of incest, rape- and issues of poisoning in the factories...irreversible damage to human health that, according to some major economic action groups in Tijuana, should not be public to protect the interests of owners of factories and corrupt politicians. Those hidden things came out so abruptly that I realized that this projection was not going to be easy for anybody. This was going to be a blast of truth that would be a shock to those who would like to be entertained."
- Krzysztof Wodiczko


text:
Spend $100 and shipping is free
*Some conditions apply.
Articles from Swim Swam. Click below to read more.Read More
Regarding the pending labour dispute and possible service interruption with Canada Post, we will be taking steps to ensure your purchases are delivered without delay or interruption.
Please click below for more informationRead More
A few articles from our friends at swimswam looking at our athletes heading to Rio. Click below to read moreRead More
Elite Sportswear, the company behind GK Elite, recently announced their acquisition of Dolfin Swimwear to their portfolio of niche sportswear brands. Dolfin designs and manufactures swimwear and accessories for training, competition, and fitness enthusiasts.Read More
Swim club exclusive!
Click below to find out more details regarding your shark card!Read More
Learn to improve your swimming, find some inspiration and motivation from our friends at Vasa. Click below for more detailsRead More
Join us at one of our participating locations!
Where everything is 25% off and blow out items from 50-80% off!
Click below for location details.Read More
TAS is at Olympic Trials in Toronto!
After 3 days 14 swimmers have qualified for the Rio 2016 Olympic games.
Click "READ MORE" below to find some news articles following Trials, our swimmers and results.Read More


text:
Index of content:
Volume 43, Issue 8, August 2016
A new template for referees and guidance on writing high quality papers43(2016); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.4954788View Description Hide Description
- Top
Photon radiotherapy has reached its limit in terms of catching up dosimetrically with proton therapy43(2016); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.4954790View Description Hide Description
- Top
Robert O. Gorson, M.S.43(2016); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.4955458View Description Hide Description
- Top
- Research Articles
Noninvasive microwave ablation zone radii estimation using x-ray CT image analysis43(2016); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.4954843View Description Hide DescriptionPurpose:
The aims of this study were to noninvasively and automatically estimate both the radius of the ablated liver tissue and the radius encircling the treated zone, which also defines where the tissue is definitely untreated during a microwave (MW) thermal ablation procedure.Methods:
Fourteen ex vivo bovine fresh liver specimens were ablated at 40 W using a 14 G microwave antenna, for durations of 3, 6, 8, and 10 min. The tissues were scanned every 5 s during the ablation using an x-ray CT scanner. In order to estimate the radius of the ablation zone, the acquired images were transformed into a polar presentation by displaying the Hounsfield units (HU) as a function of angle and radius. From this polar presentation, the average HU radial profile was analyzed at each time point and the ablation zone radius was estimated. In addition, textural analysis was applied to the original CT images. The proposed algorithm identified high entropy regions and estimated the treated zone radius per time. The estimated ablated zone radii as a function of treatment durations were compared, by means of correlation coefficient and root mean square error (RMSE) to gross pathology measurements taken immediately post-treatment from similarly ablated tissue.Results:
Both the estimated ablation radii and the treated zone radii demonstrated strong correlation with the measured gross pathology values (R 2 ≥ 0.89 and R 2 ≥ 0.86, respectively). The automated ablation radii estimation had an average discrepancy of less than 1 mm (RMSE = 0.65 mm) from the gross pathology measured values, while the treated zone radii showed a slight overestimation of approximately 1.5 mm (RMSE = 1.6 mm).Conclusions:
Noninvasive monitoring of MW ablation using x-ray CT and image analysis is feasible. Automatic estimations of the ablation zone radius and the radius encompassing the treated zone that highly correlate with actual ablation measured values can be obtained. This technique can therefore potentially be used to obtain real time monitoring and improve the clinical outcome.
Validation of a pretreatment delivery quality assurance method for the CyberKnife Synchrony system43(2016); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.4955437View Description Hide DescriptionPurpose:
To evaluate the geometric and dosimetric accuracies of the CyberKnife Synchrony respiratory tracking system (RTS) and to validate a method for pretreatment patient-specific delivery quality assurance (DQA).Methods:
An EasyCube phantom was mounted on the ExacTrac gating phantom, which can move along the superior–inferior (SI) axis of a patient to simulate a moving target. The authors compared dynamic and static measurements. For each case, a Gafchromic EBT3 film was positioned between two slabs of the EasyCube, while a PinPoint ionization chamber was placed in the appropriate space. There were three steps to their evaluation: (1) the field size, the penumbra, and the symmetry of six secondary collimators were measured along the two main orthogonal axes. Dynamic measurements with deliberately simulated errors were also taken. (2) The delivered dose distributions (from step 1) were compared with the planned ones, using the gamma analysis method. The local gamma passing rates were evaluated using three acceptance criteria: 3% local dose difference (LDD)/3 mm, 2%LDD/2 mm, and 3%LDD/1 mm. (3) The DQA plans for six clinical patients were irradiated in different dynamic conditions, to give a total of 19 cases. The measured and planned dose distributions were evaluated with the same gamma-index criteria used in step 2 and the measured chamber doses were compared with the planned mean doses in the sensitive volume of the chamber.Results:
(1) A very slight enlargement of the field size and of the penumbra was observed in the SI direction (on average <1 mm), in line with the overall average CyberKnife system error for tracking treatments. (2) Comparison between the planned and the correctly delivered dose distributions confirmed the dosimetric accuracy of the RTS for simple plans. The multicriteria gamma analysis was able to detect the simulated errors, proving the robustness of their method of analysis. (3) All of the DQA clinical plans passed the tests, both in static and dynamic conditions. No statistically significant differences were found between static and dynamic cases, confirming the high degree of accuracy of the Synchrony RTS.Conclusions:
The presented methods and measurements verified the mechanical and dosimetric accuracy of the Synchrony RTS. Their method confirms the fact that the RTS, if used properly, is able to treat a moving target with great precision. By combining PinPoint ion chamber, EBT3 films, and gamma evaluation of dose distributions, their DQA method robustly validated the effectiveness of CyberKnife and Synchrony system.
An online replanning method using warm start optimization and aperture morphing for flattening-filter-free beams43(2016); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.4955439View Description Hide DescriptionPurpose:
In a situation where a couch shift for patient positioning is not preferred or prohibited (e.g., MR-linac), segment aperture morphing (SAM) can address target dislocation and deformation. For IMRT/VMAT with flattening-filter-free (FFF) beams, however, SAM method would lead to an adverse translational dose effect due to the beam unflattening. Here the authors propose a new two-step process to address both the translational effect of FFF beams and the target deformation.Methods:
The replanning method consists of an offline and an online step. The offline step is to create a series of preshifted-plans (PSPs) obtained by a so-called "warm start" optimization (starting optimization from the original plan, rather than from scratch) at a series of isocenter shifts. The PSPs all have the same number of segments with very similar shapes, since the warm start optimization only adjusts the MLC positions instead of regenerating them. In the online step, a new plan is obtained by picking the closest PSP or linearly interpolating the MLC positions and the monitor units of the closest PSPs for the shift determined from the image of the day. This two-step process is completely automated and almost instantaneous (no optimization or dose calculation needed). The previously developed SAM algorithm is then applied for daily deformation. The authors tested the method on sample prostate and pancreas cases.Results:
The two-step interpolation method can account for the adverse dose effects from FFF beams, while SAM corrects for the target deformation. Plan interpolation method is effective in diminishing the unflat beam effect and may allow reducing the required number of PSPs. The whole process takes the same time as the previously reported SAM process (5–10 min).Conclusions:
The new two-step method plus SAM can address both the translation effects of FFF beams and target deformation, and can be executed in full automation except the delineation of target contour required by the SAM process.
Reconstruction of implanted marker trajectories from cone-beam CT projection images using interdimensional correlation modeling43(2016); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.4958678View Description Hide DescriptionPurpose:
Cone-beam CT (CBCT) is a widely used imaging modality for image-guided radiotherapy. Most vendors provide CBCT systems that are mounted on a linac gantry. Thus, CBCT can be used to estimate the actual 3-dimensional (3D) position of moving respiratory targets in the thoracic/abdominal region using 2D projection images. The authors have developed a method for estimating the 3D trajectory of respiratory-induced target motion from CBCT projection images using interdimensional correlation modeling.Methods:
Because the superior–inferior (SI) motion of a target can be easily analyzed on projection images of a gantry-mounted CBCT system, the authors investigated the interdimensional correlation of the SI motion with left–right and anterior–posterior (AP) movements while the gantry is rotating. A simple linear model and a state-augmented model were implemented and applied to the interdimensional correlation analysis, and their performance was compared. The parameters of the interdimensional correlation models were determined by least-square estimation of the 2D error between the actual and estimated projected target position. The method was validated using 160 3D tumor trajectories from 46 thoracic/abdominal cancer patients obtained during CyberKnife treatment. The authors' simulations assumed two application scenarios: (1) retrospective estimation for the purpose of moving tumor setup used just after volumetric matching with CBCT; and (2) on-the-fly estimation for the purpose of real-time target position estimation during gating or tracking delivery, either for full-rotation volumetric-modulated arc therapy (VMAT) in 60 s or a stationary six-field intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) with a beam delivery time of 20 s.Results:
For the retrospective CBCT simulations, the mean 3D root-mean-square error (RMSE) for all 4893 trajectory segments was 0.41 mm (simple linear model) and 0.35 mm (state-augmented model). In the on-the-fly simulations, prior projections over more than 60° appear to be necessary for reliable estimations. The mean 3D RMSE during beam delivery after the simple linear model had established with a prior 90° projection data was 0.42 mm for VMAT and 0.45 mm for IMRT.Conclusions:
The proposed method does not require any internal/external correlation or statistical modeling to estimate the target trajectory and can be used for both retrospective image-guided radiotherapy with CBCT projection images and real-time target position monitoring for respiratory gating or tracking.
An integrated model-driven method for in-treatment upper airway motion tracking using cine MRI in head and neck radiation therapy43(2016); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.4955118View Description Hide DescriptionPurpose:
For the first time, MRI-guided radiation therapy systems can acquire cine images to dynamically monitor in-treatment internal organ motion. However, the complex head and neck (H&N) structures and low-contrast/resolution of on-board cine MRI images make automatic motion tracking a very challenging task. In this study, the authors proposed an integrated model-driven method to automatically track the in-treatment motion of the H&N upper airway, a complex and highly deformable region wherein internal motion often occurs in an either voluntary or involuntary manner, from cine MRI images for the analysis of H&N motion patterns.Methods:
Considering the complex H&N structures and ensuring automatic and robust upper airway motion tracking, the authors firstly built a set of linked statistical shapes (including face, face-jaw, and face-jaw-palate) using principal component analysis from clinically approved contours delineated on a set of training data. The linked statistical shapes integrate explicit landmarks and implicit shape representation. Then, a hierarchical model-fitting algorithm was developed to align the linked shapes on the first image frame of a to-be-tracked cine sequence and to localize the upper airway region. Finally, a multifeature level set contour propagation scheme was performed to identify the upper airway shape change, frame-by-frame, on the entire image sequence. The multifeature fitting energy, including the information of intensity variations, edge saliency, curve geometry, and temporal shape continuity, was minimized to capture the details of moving airway boundaries. Sagittal cine MR image sequences acquired from three H&N cancer patients were utilized to demonstrate the performance of the proposed motion tracking method.Results:
The tracking accuracy was validated by comparing the results to the average of two manual delineations in 50 randomly selected cine image frames from each patient. The resulting average dice similarity coefficient (93.28% ± 1.46%) and margin error (0.49 ± 0.12 mm) showed good agreement between the automatic and manual results. The comparison with three other deformable model-based segmentation methods illustrated the superior shape tracking performance of the proposed method. Large interpatient variations of swallowing frequency, swallowing duration, and upper airway cross-sectional area were observed from the testing cine image sequences.Conclusions:
The proposed motion tracking method can provide accurate upper airway motion tracking results, and enable automatic and quantitative identification and analysis of in-treatment H&N upper airway motion. By integrating explicit and implicit linked-shape representations within a hierarchical model-fitting process, the proposed tracking method can process complex H&N structures and low-contrast/resolution cine MRI images. Future research will focus on the improvement of method reliability, patient motion pattern analysis for providing more information on patient-specific prediction of structure displacements, and motion effects on dosimetry for better H&N motion management in radiation therapy.
- Technical Notes
Technical Note: Dosimetric effects of couch position variability on treatment plan quality with an MRI-guided Co-60 radiation therapy machine43(2016); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.4955116View Description Hide DescriptionPurpose:
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) guidance in radiation therapy brings real-time imaging and adaptive planning into the treatment vault where it can account for interfraction and intrafraction movement of soft tissue. The only commercially available MRI-guided radiation therapy device is a three-head 60Co and MRI system with an integrated treatment planning system (TPS). Couch attenuation of the beam of up to 20% is well modeled in the TPS. Variations in the patient's day-to-day position introduce discrepancies in the actual couch attenuation as modeled in the treatment plan. For this reason, the authors' institution avoids plans with beams that pass through or near the couch edges. This study investigates the effects of differential beam attenuation by the couch due to couch shifts in order to determine whether couch edge avoidance restrictions can be lifted. Couch shifts were simulated using a Monte Carlo treatment planning system and ion chamber measurements performed for validation.Methods:
A total of 27 plans from 23 patients were investigated. Couch shifts of 1 and 2 cm were introduced in combinations of lateral and vertical directions to simulate patient position variations giving 16 shifted plans per reference plan. The 1 and 2 cm shifts were based on shifts recorded in 320 treatment fractions.Results:
Following TG176 recommendations for measurement methods, couch attenuation measurements agreed with TPS modeled attenuation to within 2.1%. Planning target volume D95 changed less than 1% for 1 and 2 cm couch shifts in only the x-direction and less than 3% for all directions.Conclusions:
Dosimetry of all plans tested was robust to couch shifts up to ±2 cm. In general, couch shifts resulted in clinically insignificant dosimetric deviations. It is conceivable that in certain cases with large systematic couch shifts and plans that are particularly sensitive to shifts, dosimetric changes might rise to a clinically significant level.
Technical Note: A treatment plan comparison between dynamic collimation and a fixed aperture during spot scanning proton therapy for brain treatment43(2016); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.4955117View Description Hide DescriptionPurpose:
To quantitatively assess the advantages of energy-layer specific dynamic collimation system (DCS) versus a per-field fixed aperture for spot scanning proton therapy (SSPT).Methods:
Five brain cancer patients previously planned and treated with SSPT were replanned using an in-house treatment planning system capable of modeling collimated and uncollimated proton beamlets. The uncollimated plans, which served as a baseline for comparison, reproduced the target coverage and organ-at-risk sparing of the clinically delivered plans. The collimator opening for the fixed aperture-based plans was determined from the combined cross sections of the target in the beam's eye view over all energy layers which included an additional margin equivalent to the maximum beamlet displacement for the respective energy of that energy layer. The DCS-based plans were created by selecting appropriate collimator positions for each row of beam spots during a Raster-style scanning pattern which were optimized to maximize the dose contributions to the target and limited the dose delivered to adjacent normal tissue.Results:
The reduction of mean dose to normal tissue adjacent to the target, as defined by a 10 mm ring surrounding the target, averaged 13.65% (range: 11.8%–16.9%) and 5.18% (2.9%–7.1%) for the DCS and fixed aperture plans, respectively. The conformity index, as defined by the ratio of the volume of the 50% isodose line to the target volume, yielded an average improvement of 21.35% (19.4%–22.6%) and 8.38% (4.7%–12.0%) for the DCS and fixed aperture plans, respectively.Conclusions:
The ability of the DCS to provide collimation to each energy layer yielded better conformity in comparison to fixed aperture plans.
- Top
- Research Articles
Impact of bowtie filter and object position on the two-dimensional noise power spectrum of a clinical MDCT system43(2016); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.4954848View Description Hide DescriptionPurpose:
Noise characteristics of clinical multidetector CT (MDCT) systems can be quantified by the noise power spectrum (NPS). Although the NPS of CT has been extensively studied in the past few decades, the joint impact of the bowtie filter and object position on the NPS has not been systematically investigated. This work studies the interplay of these two factors on the two dimensional (2D) local NPS of a clinical CT system that uses the filtered backprojection algorithm for image reconstruction.Methods:
A generalized NPS model was developed to account for the impact of the bowtie filter and image object location in the scan field-of-view (SFOV). For a given bowtie filter, image object, and its location in the SFOV, the shape and rotational symmetries of the 2D local NPS were directly computed from the NPS model without going through the image reconstruction process. The obtained NPS was then compared with the measured NPSs from the reconstructed noise-only CT images in both numerical phantom simulation studies and experimental phantom studies using a clinical MDCT scanner. The shape and the associated symmetry of the 2D NPS were classified by borrowing the well-known atomic spectral symbols s, p, and d, which correspond to circular, dumbbell, and cloverleaf symmetries, respectively, of the wave function of electrons in an atom. Finally, simulated bar patterns were embedded into experimentally acquired noise backgrounds to demonstrate the impact of different NPS symmetries on the visual perception of the object.Results:
(1) For a central region in a centered cylindrical object, an s-wave symmetry was always present in the NPS, no matter whether the bowtie filter was present or not. In contrast, for a peripheral region in a centered object, the symmetry of its NPS was highly dependent on the bowtie filter, and both p-wave symmetry and d-wave symmetry were observed in the NPS. (2) For a centered region-ofinterest (ROI) in an off-centered object, the symmetry of its NPS was found to be different from that of a peripheral ROI in the centered object, even when the physical positions of the two ROIs relative to the isocenter were the same. (3) The potential clinical impact of the highly anisotropic NPS, caused by the interplay of the bowtie filter and position of the image object, was highlighted in images of specific bar patterns oriented at different angles. The visual perception of the bar patterns was found to be strongly dependent on their orientation.Conclusions:
The NPS of CT depends strongly on the bowtie filter and object position. Even if the location of the ROI with respect to the isocenter is fixed, there can be different symmetries in the NPS, which depend on the object position and the size of the bowtie filter. For an isolated off-centered object, the NPS of its CT images cannot be represented by the NPS measured from a centered object.
Multisource inverse-geometry CT. Part I. System concept and development43(2016); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.4954846View Description Hide DescriptionPurpose:
This paper presents an overview of multisource inverse-geometry computed tomography (IGCT) as well as the development of a gantry-based research prototype system. The development of the distributed x-ray source is covered in a companion paper [V. B. Neculaes et al., "Multisource inverse-geometry CT. Part II. X-ray source design and prototype," Med. Phys. 43, 4617–4627 (2016)]. While progress updates of this development have been presented at conferences and in journal papers, this paper is the first comprehensive overview of the multisource inverse-geometry CT concept and prototype. The authors also provide a review of all previous IGCT related publications.Methods:
The authors designed and implemented a gantry-based 32-source IGCT scanner with 22 cm field-of-view, 16 cm z-coverage, 1 s rotation time, 1.09 × 1.024 mm detector cell size, as low as 0.4 × 0.8 mm focal spot size and 80–140 kVp x-ray source voltage. The system is built using commercially available CT components and a custom made distributed x-ray source. The authors developed dedicated controls, calibrations, and reconstruction algorithms and evaluated the system performance using phantoms and small animals.Results:
The authors performed IGCT system experiments and demonstrated tube current up to 125 mA with up to 32 focal spots. The authors measured a spatial resolution of 13 lp/cm at 5% cutoff. The scatter-to-primary ratio is estimated 62% for a 32 cm water phantom at 140 kVp. The authors scanned several phantoms and small animals. The initial images have relatively high noise due to the low x-ray flux levels but minimal artifacts.Conclusions:
IGCT has unique benefits in terms of dose-efficiency and cone-beam artifacts, but comes with challenges in terms of scattered radiation and x-ray flux limits. To the authors' knowledge, their prototype is the first gantry-based IGCT scanner. The authors summarized the design and implementation of the scanner and the authors presented results with phantoms and small animals.
Multisource inverse-geometry CT. Part II. X-ray source design and prototype43(2016); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.4954847View Description Hide DescriptionPurpose:
This paper summarizes the development of a high-power distributed x-ray source, or "multisource," designed for inverse-geometry computed tomography (CT) applications [see B. De Man et al., "Multisource inverse-geometry CT. Part I. System concept and development," Med. Phys. 43, 4607–4616 (2016)]. The paper presents the evolution of the source architecture, component design (anode, emitter, beam optics, control electronics, high voltage insulator), and experimental validation.Methods:
Dispenser cathode emitters were chosen as electron sources. A modular design was adopted, with eight electron emitters (two rows of four emitters) per module, wherein tungsten targets were brazed onto copper anode blocks—one anode block per module. A specialized ceramic connector provided high voltage standoff capability and cooling oil flow to the anode. A matrix topology and low-noise electronic controls provided switching of the emitters.Results:
Four modules (32 x-ray sources in two rows of 16) have been successfully integrated into a single vacuum vessel and operated on an inverse-geometry computed tomography system. Dispenser cathodes provided high beam current (>1000 mA) in pulse mode, and the electrostatic lenses focused the current beam to a small optical focal spot size (0.5 × 1.4 mm). Controlled emitter grid voltage allowed the beam current to be varied for each source, providing the ability to modulate beam current across the fan of the x-ray beam, denoted as a virtual bowtie filter. The custom designed controls achieved x-ray source switching in <1 μs. The cathode-grounded source was operated successfully up to 120 kV.Conclusions:
A high-power, distributed x-ray source for inverse-geometry CT applications was successfully designed, fabricated, and operated. Future embodiments may increase the number of spots and utilize fast read out detectors to increase the x-ray flux magnitude further, while still staying within the stationary target inherent thermal limitations.
Introduction of a novel ultrahigh sensitivity collimator for brain SPECT imaging43(2016); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.4958962View Description Hide DescriptionPurpose:
Noise levels of brain SPECT images are highest in central regions, due to preferential attenuation of photons emitted from deep structures. To address this problem, the authors have designed a novel collimator for brain SPECT imaging that yields greatly increased sensitivity near the center of the brain without loss of resolution. This hybrid collimator consisted of ultrashort cone-beam holes in the central regions and slant-holes in the periphery (USCB). We evaluated this collimator for quantitative brain imaging tasks.Methods:
Owing to the uniqueness of the USCB collimation, the hole pattern required substantial variations in collimator parameters. To utilize the lead-casting technique, the authors designed two supporting plates to position about 37 000 hexagonal, slightly tapered pins. The holes in the supporting plates were modeled to yield the desired focal length, hole length, and septal thickness. To determine the properties of the manufactured collimator and to compute the system matrix, the authors prepared an array of point sources that covered the entire detector area. Each point source contained 32 μCi of Tc-99m at the first scan time. The array was imaged for 5 min at each of the 64 shifted locations to yield a 2-mm sampling distance, and hole parameters were calculated. The sensitivity was also measured using a point source placed along the central ray at several distances from the collimator face. High-count projection data from a five-compartment brain phantom were acquired with the three collimators on a dual-head SPECT/CT system. The authors calculated Cramer-Rao bounds on the precision of estimates of striatal and background activity concentration. In order to assess the new collimation system to detect changes in striatal activity, the authors evaluated the precision of measuring a 5% decrease in right putamen activity. The authors also reconstructed images of projection data obtained by summing data from the individual phantom compartments.Results:
The sensitivity of the novel cone-beam collimator varied with distance from the detector face; it was higher than that of the fan-beam collimator by factors ranging from 2.7 to 162. Examination of the projections of the point sources revealed that only a few holes were distorted or partially blocked, indicating that the intensive manual fabrication process was very successful. Better reconstructed phantom images were obtained from the USCB+FAN collimator pair than from either LEHR or FAN collimation. For the left caudate, located near the center of the brain, the detected counts were 9.8 (8.3) times higher for UCSB compared with LEHR (FAN), averaged over 60 views. The task-specific SNR for detecting a 5% decrease in putamen uptake was 7.4 for USCB and 3.2 for LEHR.Conclusions:
The authors have designed and manufactured a novel collimator for brain SPECT imaging. The sensitivity is much higher than that of a fan-beam collimator. Because of differences between the manufactured collimator and its design, reconstruction of the data requires a measured system matrix. The authors have demonstrated the potential of USCB collimation for improved precision in estimating striatal uptake. The novel collimator may be useful for early detection of Parkinson's disease, and for monitoring therapy response and disease progression.
- Top
- Research Articles
Generic and robust method for automatic segmentation of PET images using an active contour model43(2016); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.4954844View Description Hide DescriptionPurpose:
Although positron emission tomography (PET) images have shown potential to improve the accuracy of targeting in radiation therapy planning and assessment of response to treatment, the boundaries of tumors are not easily distinguishable from surrounding normal tissue owing to the low spatial resolution and inherent noisy characteristics of PET images. The objective of this study is to develop a generic and robust method for automatic delineation of tumor volumes using an active contour model and to evaluate its performance using phantom and clinical studies.Methods:
MASAC, a method for automatic segmentation using an active contour model, incorporates the histogram fuzzy C-means clustering, and localized and textural information to constrain the active contour to detect boundaries in an accurate and robust manner. Moreover, the lattice Boltzmann method is used as an alternative approach for solving the level set equation to make it faster and suitable for parallel programming. Twenty simulated phantom studies and 16 clinical studies, including six cases of pharyngolaryngeal squamous cell carcinoma and ten cases of nonsmall cell lung cancer, were included to evaluate its performance. Besides, the proposed method was also compared with the contourlet-based active contour algorithm (CAC) and Schaefer's thresholding method (ST). The relative volume error (RE), Dice similarity coefficient (DSC), and classification error (CE) metrics were used to analyze the results quantitatively.Results:
For the simulated phantom studies (PSs), MASAC and CAC provide similar segmentations of the different lesions, while ST fails to achieve reliable results. For the clinical datasets (2 cases with connected high-uptake regions excluded) (CSs), CAC provides for the lowest mean RE (−8.38% ± 27.49%), while MASAC achieves the best mean DSC (0.71 ± 0.09) and mean CE (53.92% ± 12.65%), respectively. MASAC could reliably quantify different types of lesions assessed in this work with good accuracy, resulting in a mean RE of −13.35% ± 11.87% and −11.15% ± 23.66%, a mean DSC of 0.89 ± 0.05 and 0.71 ± 0.09, and a mean CE of 19.19% ± 7.89% and 53.92% ± 12.65%, for PSs and CSs, respectively.Conclusions:
The authors' results demonstrate that the developed novel PET segmentation algorithm is applicable to various types of lesions in the authors' study and is capable of producing accurate and consistent target volume delineations, potentially resulting in reduced intraobserver and interobserver variabilities observed when using manual delineation and improved accuracy in treatment planning and outcome evaluation.
Library based x-ray scatter correction for dedicated cone beam breast CT43(2016); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.4955121View Description Hide DescriptionPurpose:
The image quality of dedicated cone beam breast CT (CBBCT) is limited by substantial scatter contamination, resulting in cupping artifacts and contrast-loss in reconstructed images. Such effects obscure the visibility of soft-tissue lesions and calcifications, which hinders breast cancer detection and diagnosis. In this work, we propose a library-based software approach to suppress scatter on CBBCT images with high efficiency, accuracy, and reliability.Methods:
The authors precompute a scatter library on simplified breast models with different sizes using the geant4-based Monte Carlo (MC) toolkit. The breast is approximated as a semiellipsoid with homogeneous glandular/adipose tissue mixture. For scatter correction on real clinical data, the authors estimate the breast size from a first-pass breast CT reconstruction and then select the corresponding scatter distribution from the library. The selected scatter distribution from simplified breast models is spatially translated to match the projection data from the clinical scan and is subtracted from the measured projection for effective scatter correction. The method performance was evaluated using 15 sets of patient data, with a wide range of breast sizes representing about 95% of general population. Spatial nonuniformity (SNU) and contrast to signal deviation ratio (CDR) were used as metrics for evaluation.Results:
Since the time-consuming MC simulation for library generation is precomputed, the authors' method efficiently corrects for scatter with minimal processing time. Furthermore, the authors find that a scatter library on a simple breast model with only one input parameter, i.e., the breast diameter, sufficiently guarantees improvements in SNU and CDR. For the 15 clinical datasets, the authors' method reduces the average SNU from 7.14% to 2.47% in coronal views and from 10.14% to 3.02% in sagittal views. On average, the CDR is improved by a factor of 1.49 in coronal views and 2.12 in sagittal views.Conclusions:
The library-based scatter correction does not require increase in radiation dose or hardware modifications, and it improves over the existing methods on implementation simplicity and computational efficiency. As demonstrated through patient studies, the authors' approach is effective and stable, and is therefore clinically attractive for CBBCT imaging.
Interobserver variability in identification of breast tumors in MRI and its implications for prognostic biomarkers and radiogenomics43(2016); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.4955435View Description Hide DescriptionPurpose:
To assess the interobserver variability of readers when outlining breast tumors in MRI, study the reasons behind the variability, and quantify the effect of the variability on algorithmic imaging features extracted from breast MRI.Methods:
Four readers annotated breast tumors from the MRI examinations of 50 patients from one institution using a bounding box to indicate a tumor. All of the annotated tumors were biopsy proven cancers. The similarity of bounding boxes was analyzed using Dice coefficients. An automatic tumor segmentation algorithm was used to segment tumors from the readers' annotations. The segmented tumors were then compared between readers using Dice coefficients as the similarity metric. Cases showing high interobserver variability (average Dice coefficient <0.8) after segmentation were analyzed by a panel of radiologists to identify the reasons causing the low level of agreement. Furthermore, an imaging feature, quantifying tumor and breast tissue enhancement dynamics, was extracted from each segmented tumor for a patient. Pearson's correlation coefficients were computed between the features for each pair of readers to assess the effect of the annotation on the feature values. Finally, the authors quantified the extent of variation in feature values caused by each of the individual reasons for low agreement.Results:
The average agreement between readers in terms of the overlap (Dice coefficient) of the bounding box was 0.60. Automatic segmentation of tumor improved the average Dice coefficient for 92% of the cases to the average value of 0.77. The mean agreement between readers expressed by the correlation coefficient for the imaging feature was 0.96.Conclusions:
There is a moderate variability between readers when identifying the rectangular outline of breast tumors on MRI. This variability is alleviated by the automatic segmentation of the tumors. Furthermore, the moderate interobserver variability in terms of the bounding box does not translate into a considerable variability in terms of assessment of enhancement dynamics. The authors propose some additional ways to further reduce the interobserver variability.
Texture analyses of quantitative susceptibility maps to differentiate Alzheimer's disease from cognitive normal and mild cognitive impairment43(2016); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.4958959View Description Hide DescriptionPurpose:
Although a number of studies have focused on finding anatomical regions in which iron concentrations are high, no study has been conducted to examine the overall variations in susceptibility maps of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The objective of this study, therefore, was to differentiate AD from cognitive normal (CN) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) using a texture analysis of quantitative susceptibility maps (QSMs).Methods:
The study was approved by the local institutional review board, and informed consent was obtained from all subjects. In each participant group—CN, MCI, and AD—18 elderly subjects were enrolled. A fully first-order flow-compensated 3D gradient-echo sequence was run to obtain axial magnitudes and phase images and to produce QSM data. Sagittal structural 3D T1-weighted (3DT1W) images were also obtained with the magnetization-prepared rapid acquisition of gradient-echo sequence to obtain brain tissue images. The first- and second-order texture parameters of the QSMs and 3DT1W images were obtained to evaluate group differences using a one-way analysis of covariance.Results:
For the first-order QSM analysis, mean, standard deviation, and covariance of signal intensity separated the subject groups (F = 5.191, p = 0.009). For the second-order analysis, angular second moment, contrast, and correlation separated the subject groups (F = 6.896, p = 0.002). Finally, a receiver operating characteristic curve analysis differentiated MCI from CN in white matter on the QSMs (z = 3.092, p = 0.0020).Conclusions:
This was the first study to evaluate the textures of QSM in AD, which overcame the limitations of voxel-based analyses. The QSM texture analysis successfully distinguished both AD and MCI from CN and outperformed the voxel-based analysis using 3DT1-weighed images in separating MCI from CN. The first-order textures were more efficient in differentiating MCI from CN than did the second-order.
- Top
- Research Articles
Robotic path-finding in inverse treatment planning for stereotactic radiosurgery with continuous dose delivery43(2016); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.4955177View Description Hide DescriptionPurpose:
Continuous dose delivery in radiation therapy treatments has been shown to decrease total treatment time while improving the dose conformity and distribution homogeneity over the conventional step-and-shoot approach. The authors develop an inverse treatment planning method for Gamma Knife® Perfexion™ that continuously delivers dose along a path in the target.Methods:
The authors' method is comprised of two steps: find a path within the target, then solve a mixed integer optimization model to find the optimal collimator configurations and durations along the selected path. Robotic path-finding techniques, specifically, simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) using an extended Kalman filter, are used to obtain a path that travels sufficiently close to selected isocentre locations. SLAM is novelly extended to explore a 3D, discrete environment, which is the target discretized into voxels. Further novel extensions are incorporated into the steering mechanism to account for target geometry.Results:
The SLAM method was tested on seven clinical cases and compared to clinical, Hamiltonian path continuous delivery, and inverse step-and-shoot treatment plans. The SLAM approach improved dose metrics compared to the clinical plans and Hamiltonian path continuous delivery plans. Beam-on times improved over clinical plans, and had mixed performance compared to Hamiltonian path continuous plans. The SLAM method is also shown to be robust to path selection inaccuracies, isocentre selection, and dose distribution.Conclusions:
The SLAM method for continuous delivery provides decreased total treatment time and increased treatment quality compared to both clinical and inverse step-and-shoot plans, and outperforms existing path methods in treatment quality. It also accounts for uncertainty in treatment planning by accommodating inaccuracies.
First evaluation of the feasibility of MLC tracking using ultrasound motion estimation43(2016); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.4955440View Description Hide DescriptionPurpose:
To quantify the performance of the Clarity ultrasound (US) imaging system (Elekta AB, Stockholm, Sweden) for real-time dynamic multileaf collimator (MLC) tracking.Methods:
The Clarity calibration and quality assurance phantom was mounted on a motion platform moving with a periodic sine wave trajectory. The detected position of a 30 mm hypoechogenic sphere within the phantom was continuously reported via Clarity's real-time streaming interface to an in-house tracking and delivery software and subsequently used to adapt the MLC aperture. A portal imager measured MV treatment field/MLC apertures and motion platform positions throughout each experiment to independently quantify system latency and geometric error. Based on the measured range of latency values, a prostate stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) delivery was performed with three realistic motion trajectories. The dosimetric impact of system latency on MLC tracking was directly measured using a 3D dosimeter mounted on the motion platform.Results:
For 2D US imaging, the overall system latency, including all delay times from the imaging and delivery chain, ranged from 392 to 424 ms depending on the lateral sector size. For 3D US imaging, the latency ranged from 566 to 1031 ms depending on the elevational sweep. The latency-corrected geometric root-mean squared error was below 0.75 mm (2D US) and below 1.75 mm (3D US). For the prostate SBRT delivery, the impact of a range of system latencies (400–1000 ms) on the MLC tracking performance was minimal in terms of gamma failure rate.Conclusions:
Real-time MLC tracking based on a noninvasive US input is technologically feasible. Current system latencies are higher than those for x-ray imaging systems, but US can provide full volumetric image data and the impact of system latency was measured to be small for a prostate SBRT case when using a US-like motion input.