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Skip to comments.Eucharistic Miracle: 2009?
Posted on 10/16/2009 2:11:04 PM PDT by NYer
If reports from Poland are true, an alleged Eucharistic miracle that took place a year ago may have merit.
According to a Polish blog, the Metropolitan Curia of Bialystok has announced the results of the investigation of an Ecclesial Commission appointed by Archbishop Edward Ozorowski on March 30, 2009. The original post (in Polish) can be found here.
Father Andrzej Kakareko, Chancellor, writes that on October 12, 2008, a consecrated Host fell out of the hands of the priest distributing Holy Communion. The priest had it picked up and placed in the vasculum in the Tabernacle. After Mass, the vasculum and its contents were transferred to the safe in the sacristy.
Seven days later, after opening the safe, a red stain was seen on the Host. Ten days afer that, the vessel with the Host was transferred to the Tabernacle in the chapel of the rectory. The next day, the Host was removed from the water and placed on the corporal in the Tabernacle.
On January 7, 2009 a sample from the host was sent to the University in Bialystok for analysis. According to two medical professionals, professor Maria Sobaniec-Lotowska and professor Stanislaw Sulkowski, the sample, in their opinion, most resembled the myocardial (heart) tissue of a living organism.
As part of its investigation, the Commission interviewed witnesses and pathomorphology experts. The Commission determined that there was no third-party intervention. The case has been forwarded to the Apostolic Nunciature in Warsaw.
While unusual in this day and age, the Church has a long history of Eucharistic miracles. The Vatican International Exhibitions Eucharistic Miracles of the World documents more than 130 worldwide miracles of the Eucharist, demonstrating that Jesus Christ in the Eucharist Body, Blood, Soul and Divinity continues to make his presence manifest at unique times and places in history.
Perhaps the most famous and well-known, is the Miracle of Lanciano, which occurred about 750 A.D. It bears repeating as it closely resembles the alleged Polish miracle. During Mass, the celebrant doubted the Real Presence of Christ in the Eucharist. During the consecration, the Host transformed into flesh and blood. Subsequent investigations confirmed the authenticity of the human tissue. An investigation, as late as 1970, found the flesh to be cardiac tissue and the blood to be type AB.
Simple test:
Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence.
Ancient Anxanum, the city of the Frentanese, has contained for over twelve centuries the first and greatest Eucharistic Miracle of the Catholic Church. This wondrous Event took place in the 8th century A.D. in the little Church of St. Legontian, as a divine response to a Basilian monk's doubt about Jesus' Real Presence in the Eucharist.
During Holy Mass, after the two-fold consecration, the host was changed into live Flesh and the wine was changed into live Blood, which coagulated into five globules, irregular and differing in shape and size.
The Host-Flesh, as can be very distinctly observed today, has the same dimensions as the large host used today in the Latin church; it is light brown and appears rose-colored when lighted from the back.
The Blood is coagulated and has an earthy color resembling the yellow of ochre.
Various ecclesiastical investigation ("Recognitions") were conducted since 1574.
In 1970-'71 and taken up again partly in 1981 there took place a scientific investigation by the most illustrious scientist Prof. Odoardo Linoli, eminent Professor in Anatomy and Pathological Histology and in Chemistry and Clinical Microscopy. He was assisted by Prof. Ruggero Bertelli of the University of Siena.
The analyses were conducted with absolute and unquestionable scientific precision and they were documented with a series of microscopic photographs.
These analyses sustained the following conclusions:
|Fig. 1 - Eosine x 200. Overall histological aspect of a Flesh sample with fibers collected in bundles with longitudinal orientation as it occurs in the outer surface layers of the heart.
|Fig. 2 - Miracle Heart in Lanciano. Mallory x 250. An artery and, very close, a branch of the vagal nerve.
|Fig. 3 - Miracle Heart in Lanciano. Mallory x 400. Evidence of the "Rough" aspect of the endocardium; the syncytoid structure of the myocardial tissue
|Fig. 4 - Elution-absorption test x 80. Above: Hemagglutination test on blood sample in Lanciano: on the left, anti A serum used; on the right, anti-B serum. Below: hemoagglutination test on a Flesh sample in Lanciano: left, with anti-A serum, right,with anti-B serum. It appears thus that the Flesh and the Blood in Lanciano belong to AB blood group.
|Fig. 5 - Electro-phoretic pattern of Blood proteins (Cromoscan photometer). The profile of serum fractions is normal and superimposable to that of a fresh serum sample.
In conclusion, it may be said that Science, when called upon to testify, has given a certain and thorough response as regards the authenticity of the Eucharistic Miracle of Lanciano.
We need Jesus now more than ever.
This world is going to Hell in a handbasket.
News you won't see in the mainstream media. I pray for Christians to hear about this and use it to strengthen their faith.
Translation issue?
"This is from the Diocese of Pittsburg: " Mishaps: If a particle of the Eucharistic bread should fall, it is picked up reverently and consumed or allowed to dissolve completely in water and then poured into the sacrarium. If any of the Precious Blood spills, the area of the spill should be covered if necessary. As soon as possible, the spot should be washed and the water poured into the sacrarium."
It sounds like maybe they didn't handle it right. One I remember happened when the priest had doubts; another happened when the altar was wood, can't remember about some of the others I've read about.
See post #4.
I hope this doesn't sound ignorant, but is there anything wrong with a wooden altar?
As humans, we are often deceived by our 5 senses. In the Apostles Creed, we affirm our faith "in all that is seen and unseen". By faith, we believe the words of our Lord "This is my Body" while, on a human level, our senses cry out for proof. We trust in Christ who promised that He is the way, the truth and the life.
To be honest, I'm not sure. This one I read about in that "Eucharistic Miracles" book and happened a couple hundred years ago.
I thought the altar was supposed to be stone or marble.
Obviously there are other sacrileges where nothing happens (that I know about).
How blessed we Catholics are to be able to partake of this beautiful and extraordinary sacrament!! God is so good to us!
>>By faith, we believe the words of our Lord "This is my Body" while, on a human level, our senses cry out for proof.
Very true. What I meant was that I pray that Christians hear of this and immediately say, "This must be real", rather than taking the cynical view of "Show me the proof".
I don't care about the proof in this case. When I read it, I felt the Holy Spirit very strongly.
The next paragraph reads:
On January 7, 2009 a sample from the host was sent to the University in Bialystok for analysis. According to two medical professionals, professor Maria Sobaniec-Lotowska and professor Stanislaw Sulkowski, the sample, in their opinion, most resembled the myocardial (heart) tissue of a living organism.
Improper handling? Even after 10 days in water, the host did not dissolve.
Yes! Wood is temporary. The Vatican is asking all Catholic Churches to replace their wooden altars with a more permanent material such as marble. Why? Because the altar represents Christ.
As I commented on an earlier post, we humans are too often prey to our 5 senses. We are challenged to believe what we cannot "see, smell, hear, taste".
I didn't know that. That explains "wyjęto z wody", "taken from the water". Thanks.
There is a second, more urgent reason. Wood is porous. If the blood is spilled on it, recovery becomes an issue. I know in highly polished or sealed wood that becomes less of an issue, and I also know that marble and the like are also somewhat porous, but, imagine an unsealed piece of wood soaking up the precious blood like a sponge. No way to recover it and it could be open to descecration....
That post inspires more questions than answers. "Extraordinary" would be an "end to end" proof. If that exact same post was the evidence offered for a UFO encounter from the same period, it would not be nearly enough for me to be convinced. I'm not saying the event did or didn't happen. I'm just saying it is not enough evidence to convince.
Thank you for that additional information. It only makes good sense.
I recall that period post VCII. Many churches, in their haste to erect an altar "facing the congregation", opted for wood which could be quickly assembled. Now, 40+ years later, the Vatican has issued a reminder to replace those altars with more permanent ones.
A wooden altar will have an altar stone imbedded in it. It may not be visible, though, if it is covered by the alter cloth. From Wiki, but accurate, "To provide for other circumstancesfor chaplains of everything from military to Boy Scout units, for priests traveling alone, for missionaries, or for large outdoor celebrations of Mass on pilgrimagesportable altars, popularly called "altar stones," were used. These were usually blocks of marble, often about 6 inches by 9 inches and an inch thick, consecrated as described above. A priest with a field kit could simply place this stone on any available surface (a tailgate, or a stump or log) to celebrate Mass, or it could be inserted in a flat frame built into the surface of a wooden altar. Many Roman Catholic schools had a full-sized, decoratively carved wooden altar (which, being wood, could not be consecrated) in their gym or auditorium that could be taken out and prepared for Mass, with an altar stone placed in the 'mensa' space."
Good question.
Even (can't remember his name, memory is getting bad), the priest who sneaked into England and got into trouble during that bad time when the throne went back and forth. You will know who I mean. He even had proper vessels hidden away to celebrate mass in the Tower, was eventually martyred. I looked it up, think it was St. Edmund Campion.
I may still have that book, but one other case comes to mind. And I don't necessarily blame the priest, but he put a consecrated host I think it was in his breviary to take it to a sick person, and it started bleeding. I think they were supposed to use a special container, some will know what that is called. The book didn't make my point, and I might be wrong, but I kind of put 2 and 2 together later when we used to discuss all the liturgical abuses.
But most times considering all the accidents and other liturgical abuses, it doesn't happen. I may still have that book and IIRC the wooden altar was used temporarily when they were doing something with the main one or work in the church.
Maybe we need to look where all it has happened, don't recall any cases in the Americas, a hoax one that was pretty disgusting in Keene, NH.
Good, I'm glad the Vatican finally issued an order about the altars, hope they obey it. Some things we just can't know the reason for sure. Good points, all of it.
Good points. I thought I might have seen a stone embedded in wood, but didn't consider so long as a piece of marble was consecrated (another important detail), that was interesting.
If the chalice spills after the consecration, the wood would absorb the precious blood. Yes the small dish they use to hold the host is the paten, but that would not prevent a spill by accident of the chalice, which is what I was referencing.
As to the small Eucharist holder to bring communion to the sick, it is called a pyx. I only know this because my son is an EM, and he has one :)
Yes they can use the altars of wood temporarily, but not permanently. I have seen photos of chaplins using the hood of a jeep or a rock out in the field. Jesus knows whats going on in all realms, and a rock is as good a representation of Him and His Church during consecration as any in the battlefield, but in his Church, the permanent altar needs to be permanent........
Thanks for your input!
They may have taken it as a sign that God was on their side . . . .but maybe it meant something else!
Disobedience is a big, big deal in the scriptures starting in the garden . . . . .by that I mean knowingly. Sometimes things just happen.
Jesus was obedient unto death. That is also such a big deal there are no proper words to describe it.
I'll never forget the mass where the priest lost his place and said the words of consecration twice! Since I didn't blame him, I just decided maybe we'd get twice as many graces ;-).
But as a brand new convert, when the deacon, now I can't remember who said that mass, but they used "altar bread". If I didn't know any better, I wouldn't have throught anything about it, maybe I didn't know then but knew I was going to have to chew the host. I got that notion from an unapproved apparition, so think I'm past that although I never or seldom would do it, kind of hung up on that.
You people might find this interesting. I was reading this am on the local paper website about precautions the various churches were taking about the swine flu, handwipes, no holding hands during the Lord's prayer, no touching in the greeting, cough into your elbow. Without looking it up again, and I only remember their mentioning one Lutheran and one particular Catholic church, but I think there were instructions to priests when communion was being served under both (another special word), they were to use intinction!
I'll never forget the mass where the priest lost his place and said the words of consecration twice! Since I didn't blame him, I just decided maybe we'd get twice as many graces ;-).
But as a brand new convert, when the deacon, now I can't remember who said that mass, but they used "altar bread". If I didn't know any better, I wouldn't have throught anything about it, maybe I didn't know then but knew I was going to have to chew the host. I got that notion from an unapproved apparition, so think I'm past that although I never or seldom would do it, kind of hung up on that.
You people might find this interesting. I was reading this am on the local paper website about precautions the various churches were taking about the swine flu, handwipes, no holding hands during the Lord's prayer, no touching in the greeting, cough into your elbow. Without looking it up again, and I only remember their mentioning one Lutheran and one particular Catholic church, but I think there were instructions to priests when communion was being served under both (another special word), they were to use intinction!
Sorry for the double post, thought it hadn't taken but see it did.
Your welcome, and welcome home!
I have a little more insight than many; my son is going into seminary next fall :)
Keep learning, it will only reinforce what you already know.
Thank you, and congratulations on your son. He will be a fine priest I feel certain. May God bless all and may He bless your son and all the lives he encounters in his ministry.
Thanks. Keep him in your prayers. The entrance paperwork and scrutinies are overwhelming. God bless you!
I find this the most compelling:
The Flesh consists of the muscular tissue of the heart.
The Flesh is a "HEART" complete in its essential structure.
The Flesh and the Blood have the same blood-type: AB (Blood-type which Prof. Baima Bollone uncovered in the Holy Shroud of Turin).
I never knew those three facts. Thank you!
It would be great to have a weekly Catholic discussion group here. Don't know if it's already being done or not.
I cannot until my first "marriage" is annulled, but I do ask Jesus to come into my heart spiritually.
We were instructed to receive our Lord by hand because of the threat of H1N1.
I have it drilled into my son to receive it on the tongue because it is more sacred that way, I think.
Hah, the Lord's blood type was AB like yours...congratulations. :)
You're welcome! And now, here is a 4th interesting fact. The blood (stain symmetry, type and other indicators) on the Sudarium of Oviedo, matches the blood on the Shroud of Turin. Read more.
Sadly, my blood type is A+; so the Lord and I are not a match. Isn't AB the rarest type?
Still, I've always been pleased to be A+. It sounds nice.
I have AB+ which is rare but not as rare as some of the negative types.
I'm A+ too. :)
I believe AB is the rarest type, with AB- being the rarest of the ABs.
So, you're in good company!
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I don't think it will have anything to do with the canvas and bark, any adverse effects wouldn't be that quick.
How wet is wet? I don't grow this tree but I've never seen it growing in a very wet place.
My guess is that it hadn't settled into its new home as well as you'd hoped.
I fear it's dead, once brown most conifers don't recover
There area llium species that make bulblets at the top of the stem. I didn't know neopolitanum did.
Wasp nest killer. Use it late evening when they're at home, it will tell you on the can.
I only kill them when they're somewhere likely to give problems. Like a shed.
I'll keep my rosebay willowherb, I wouldn't want to e without these
Nor with me Bee
I do answer to Nut, Lesley.
It fits
I heard one 2 or 3 weeks ago. Just once or twice on one day, and not since
Am I right with the phytolacca Dove and fidget?
It would be good to know the outcome of some of the projects that pass through the forum


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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Oct 20, 2009
|Priority date
|Dec 1, 2006
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|Publication number
|Alok Mani Srivastava
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|General Electric Company
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|Patent Citations (7), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (3), Classifications (5), Legal Events (4)
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In a general sense, this invention relates to materials and devices used in the detection of ionizing radiation. More specifically, it relates to scintillator compositions which are especially useful for detecting gamma-rays and X-rays under a variety of conditions.
Many techniques are available for detecting high-energy radiation. Scintillators are of special interest, in view of their simplicity and accuracy. Thus, scintillator crystals are widely used in detectors for gamma-rays, X-rays, cosmic rays, and particles characterized by an energy level of greater than about 1 keV. From such crystals, it is possible to manufacture detectors, in which the crystal is coupled with a light-detection means, i.e., a photodetector. When photons from a radionuclide source impact the crystal, the crystal emits light. The photodetector produces an electrical signal proportional to the number of light pulses received, and to their intensity. Scintillator crystals are in common use for many applications. Examples include medical imaging equipment, e.g., positron emission tomography (PET) devices; well-logging for the oil and gas industry, and various digital imaging applications.
As those skilled in the art understand, the composition of the scintillator is critical to the performance of the radiation detection equipment. The scintillator must be responsive to X-ray and gamma ray excitation. Moreover, the scintillator should possess a number of characteristics which enhance radiation detection. For example, most scintillator materials must possess high light output, short decay time, reduced afterglow, high "stopping power", and acceptable energy resolution. (Other properties can also be very significant, depending on how the scintillator is used, as mentioned below).
Those skilled in the art are familiar with all of these properties. In brief, "light output" is the quantity of visible light emitted by the scintillator after being excited by a pulse of the x-ray or gamma ray. High light output is desirable because it enhances the radiation detector's ability to convert the light into an electric pulse. (The size of the pulse usually indicates the amount of radiation energy).
The term "decay time" refers to the time required for the intensity of the light emitted by the scintillator to decrease to a specified fraction of the light intensity at the time when the radiation excitation ceases. For many applications, such as the PET devices, shorter decay times are preferred because they allow efficient coincidence-counting of gamma rays. Consequently, scan times are reduced, and the device can be used more efficiently.
"Stopping power" is the ability of a material to absorb radiation, and is sometimes referred to as the material's "X-ray absorption" or "X-ray attenuation". Stopping power is directly related to the density of the scintillator material. Scintillator materials which have high stopping power allow little or no radiation to pass through, and this is a distinct advantage in efficiently capturing the radiation.
The "energy resolution" of a radiation detector refers to its ability to distinguish between energy rays (e.g., gamma rays) having very similar energy levels. Energy resolution is usually reported as a percentage value, after measurements are taken at a standard radiation emission energy for a given energy source. Lower energy resolution values are very desirable, because they usually result in a higher quality radiation detector.
A variety of scintillator materials which possess most or all of these properties have been in use over the years. For example, thallium-activated sodium iodide (NaI(Tl)) has been widely employed as a scintillator for decades. Crystals of this type are relatively large and fairly inexpensive. Moreover, NaI(Tl) crystals are characterized by a very high light output.
Examples of other common scintillator materials include bismuth germanate (BGO), cerium-doped gadolinium orthosilicate (GSO), and cerium-doped lutetium orthosilicate (LSO). Each of these materials has some good properties which are very suitable for certain applications.
As those familiar with scintillator technology understand, all of the conventional materials possess one or more deficiencies, along with their attributes. For example, thallium-activated sodium iodide is a very soft, hygroscopic material, readily absorbing oxygen and moisture. Moreover, such a material produces a large and persistent after-glow, which can interfere with the intensity-counting system. Furthermore, the decay time of NaI(Tl), about 230 nanoseconds, is too slow for many applications. The thallium component may also require special handling procedures, in view of health and environmental issues.
BGO, on the other hand, is non-hygroscopic. However, the light yield of this material (15 percent of NaI(Tl)), is too low for many applications. The material also has a slow decay time. Moreover, it has a high refractive index, which results in light loss due to internal reflection.
It is thus clear that new scintillator materials would be very welcome in the art, if they could satisfy the ever-increasing demands for commercial and industrial use. The materials should exhibit excellent light output, as well as relatively fast decay times. They should also possess good energy resolution characteristics, especially in the case of gamma rays. Moreover, the new scintillators should be readily transformable into monocrystalline materials or other transparent solid bodies. Furthermore, they should be capable of being produced efficiently, at reasonable cost and acceptable crystal size. The scintillators should also be compatible with a variety of high-energy radiation detectors. Methods for determining the most favorable conditions under which multiple activator ions cooperatively function in the host matrix of a scintillator composition would also be of considerable interest.
One embodiment of the invention is directed to a scintillator composition. The composition includes a lutetium phosphate matrix; a cerium activator ion, and a praseodymium activator ion for the matrix; and any reaction products thereof.
Another embodiment of the invention is directed to a radiation detector for detecting high-energy radiation. The detector includes a crystal scintillator which includes the following composition, and any reaction products thereof. The composition comprises lutetium phosphate, and a combination of cerium and praseodymium activator ions. The detector further includes a photodetector optically coupled to the scintillator, so as to be capable of producing an electrical signal in response to the emission of a light pulse produced by the scintillator.
Yet another embodiment of the invention is directed to a method for detecting high-energy radiation with a scintillation detector. The method includes receiving radiation by a cerium and praseodymium activated, lutetium phosphate-based scintillator crystal, so as to produce photons which are characteristic of the radiation. The method further includes detecting the photons with a photon detector coupled to the scintillator crystal.
Another embodiment of the invention is directed to a method for producing an activated, lutetium phosphate-based scintillator crystal. The scintillator crystal includes a lutetium phosphate matrix material, and a combination of a cerium and praseodymium activators for the matrix material. The method comprises supplying at least one lutetium-containing reactant, at least one activator-containing reactant, and at least one phosphate-containing reactant; according to proportions which satisfy the stoichiometric requirements for the scintillator crystal. The method further comprises melting the reactants at a temperature sufficient to form a molten composition; and crystallizing a crystal from the molten composition.
Another embodiment of the invention is directed to a method of determining the conditions under which the praseodymium ion excites the luminescnence of a cerium ion in the presence of a host matrix of a scintillator composition. The method comprises the steps of determining if the praseodymium ion is incorporated in a host matrix, such that the ground state of the praseodymium ion is located within a forbidden gap of cerium, determining if the praseodymium ion is dominated by a 4f15d1 to 4f2 transition, and determining that an emission band of cerium ion does not overlap with 4f2 excited states of the praseodymium ion.
Further details regarding the various features of this invention are found in the remainder of the specification.
As mentioned above, the present invention includes a lutetium phosphate matrix material for a scintillator composition. The scintillator composition further includes a combination of cerium and praseodymium activator ions. The activator ions may be in the form of a solid solution. As used herein, the term "solid solution" refers to a mixture of the oxides in solid, crystalline form, which may include a single phase, or multiple phases. (Those skilled in the art understand that phase transitions may occur within a crystal after formation of the crystal, e.g., after subsequent processing steps like sintering or densification).
A portion of lutetium in the lutetium phosphate matrix material may be substituted by one or more other lanthanides. The other lanthanides may be any of the rare earth elements, i.e., lanthanum, yttrium, gadolinium, lutetium, scandium, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, and ytterbium. Mixtures of two or more of the lanthanides are also possible. For the purpose of this disclosure, yttrium is also considered to be a part of the lanthanide family. (Those skilled in the art understand that yttrium is closely associated with the rare earth group). Preferred lanthanides are selected from the group consisting of lanthanum, yttrium, gadolinium, scandium, terbium, and mixtures thereof.
In some embodiments, the amount of lutetium replaced by the other lanthanide(s) is up to about 20 mole percent of the total amount of the matrix material. In other embodiments, the amount of lutetium replaced by the other lanthanide is in a range from about 10 mole percent to about 20 mole percent. In these embodiments, the portion of the lutetium may be either replaced by a single lanthanide or a combination of two or more lanthanides. In an exemplary embodiment, where a 10 mole percent of lutetium is replaced by yttrium, the scintillator composition may be represented by (Lu0.90Y0.10):Ce, Pr, where cerium and praseodymium are activator ions.
The amount of the activator ions present in the scintillator composition will depend on various factors, such as the matrix material being used; the desired emission properties and decay time; and the type of detection device into which the scintillator is being incorporated. Usually, the activator ions are employed at a level in the range of about 0.1 mole percent to about 20 mole percent, based on total moles of the activator ions and the lutetium phosphate matrix material. In many preferred embodiments, the total amount of the cerium and praseodymium activator ions is in the range of about 1 mole percent to about 10 mole percent. In some embodiments, the cerium activator ion is present in a range of from about 1 mole percent to about 10 mole percent, and the praseodymium activator ion is present in a range of from about 0.5 mole percent to about 5 mole percent.
As will be described in detail below, the praseodymium activator ion is employed to transfer energy to the cerium activator ion. The amount of praseodymium is less than the amount of cerium, depending on the solid solubility of praseodymium in the matrix material. The specific ratio of cerium and praseodymium activator ions will depend on various factors, such as the desired properties mentioned above, e.g., light output and energy resolution. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of cerium to praseodymium is in a range of from about 99:1 to about 90:10.
The addition of praseodymium in the lutetium phosphate matrix having cerium activator ion improves the light yield of the cerium activator ion. Reference to
In a lutetium phosphate host lattice, the luminescence of the praseodymium activator ion is dominated by the spin and parity-allowed transitions of 4f15d1 to 4f2 interconfigurational optical transitions. In such transitions, the quantum efficiency is about 100 percent, and the decay time is in the range of about 10 ns to about 20 ns. As used herein, the term "quantum efficiency" refers to the photon-to-electron conversion efficiency of a scintillator composition. With the incorporation of the cerium activator ion in the same host lattice, the emitted energy from the praseodymium activator ion, as it returns to the ground state, may be utilized to excite the characteristic cerium activator ion luminescence, via an efficient energy transfer process. In other words, after capturing the hole 14, the praseodymium ion emits via the allowed 4f15d1 level 32 to 4f2 level 16 (ground state of the praseodymium) optical transition represented by the arrow 22. The cerium activator ion does not transfer its energy to the 4f2 levels of the praseodymium ion. Therefore, the light yield from the cerium activator ion is expected to increase via the praseodymium to cerium energy transfer step. The 4f15d1 to 4f2 interconfigurational emission 22 that arises due to the recombination of electron-hole pair on the praseodymium ion may be transferred to the cerium ion as illustrated by the arrow 26, since the praseodymium emission 22 overlaps with the cerium absorption 34, due to their respective electronic energy level structures. In this way, efficient sensitization of the cerium emission takes place under band gap excitation. This sensitization process increases the light yield from the cerium ion. The praseodymium plays an intermediate role in the transport of excitation energy from the host lattice to the cerium ion.
For the praseodymium ion to act as a sensitizer for the cerium activator ion, in terms of emission under excitation by high-energy radiation (e.g., X-ray, or gamma ray), the following conditions need to be satisfied: (1) The ground state 16 of the praseodymium ion must be located within the forbidden gap 20 of the cerium ion. As used herein, the term "forbidden gap" is an energy difference between the top of a valence band and the bottom of a conduction band. (2) The emission 22 by the praseodymium ion must be dominated by the 4f15d1 to 4f2 interconfigurational optical transition; which takes place by a combination of electron 28 from the bottom of the conduction band 30 with the hole 14 of the valence band 12 at the 4f15d1 level 32 of praseodymium. Also, the probability of non-radiative relaxation of the 4f15d1 level 32 into the 4f2 level 16 must be small relative to the radiative decay time of the praseodymium ion. (3) The emission band 24 which occurs between 4f15d1 level 36 and 4f1 level 10 of the cerium ion should not overlap with the 4f2 excited states the praseodymium ion; to avoid back energy transfer from the cerium ion to the praseodymium ion. (4) In general, the quantum efficiency of both cerium and praseodymium should be high. For example, the quantum efficiency of both cerium and praseodymium may be in a range of about 80 percent to about 100 percent.
The composition of this invention may be prepared in several different forms. In some preferred embodiments, the composition is in monocrystalline (i.e., "single crystal") form. Monocrystalline scintillation crystals have a greater tendency for transparency. They are especially useful for high-energy radiation detectors, e.g., those used for gamma rays. In one embodiment, the scintillator composition may be in the form of a detector element.
However, the composition can be in other forms as well, depending on its intended end use. For example, it can be in powder form. It can also be prepared in the form of a polycrystalline ceramic. It should also be understood that the scintillator compositions may contain small amounts of impurities. These impurities usually originate with the starting materials, and typically constitute less than about 0.1 percent by weight of the scintillator composition. Very often, they constitute less than about 0.01 percent by weight of the composition. The composition may also include parasite phases, whose volume percentage is usually less than about 1 percent. Moreover, minor amounts of other materials may be purposefully included in the scintillator compositions, as taught in U.S. Pat. No. 6,585,913 (Lyons et al), which is incorporated herein by reference. For example, praseodymium oxide and/or terbium oxide can be added to reduce afterglow. Calcium and/or dysprosium can be added to reduce the likelihood of radiation damage.
Methods for preparing the scintillator materials are generally known in the art. The compositions can usually be prepared by wet or dry processes. (It should be understood that the scintillator compositions may contain a variety of reaction products of these processes). Some exemplary techniques for preparing the polycrystalline materials are described in the above-mentioned Lyons patent, as well as in U.S. Pat. No. 5,213,712 (Dole), and U.S. Pat. No. 5,882,547 (Lynch et al), which are incorporated herein by reference. Usually, a suitable powder containing the desired materials in the correct proportions is first prepared, followed by such operations as calcination, die forming, sintering, and/or hot isostatic pressing. The powder can be prepared by mixing various forms of the reactants (e.g., salts, oxides, halides, oxalates, carbonates, nitrates, or mixtures thereof). For example, lutetium oxide, cerium oxide and praseodymium oxide may be mixed with a phosphate source, such as ammonium hydrogen phosphate. Mixing can be carried out in the presence of a liquid such as water, an alcohol, or a hydrocarbon.
In one illustrative dry process, the appropriate reactants are usually supplied in powder form. For example, one or more lutetium-containing reactants can be mixed with one or more phosphate-containing reactants, and cerium and praseodymium-containing reactants, in proportions which satisfy the stoichiometric requirements for the scintillator crystal. (At least two activator-containing reactants are used for cerium and praseodymium). The lutetium reactants and the activator reactants are often oxygen-containing compounds, e.g., oxides, nitrates, acetates, oxalates, sulfates, phosphates, or combinations of any of the foregoing. Under specified conditions, many of these compounds decompose to a form of the desired compounds, e.g., phosphates of lutetium, cerium and praseodymium. A calcining step is sometimes required to obtain the corresponding compounds.
The mixing of the reactants can be carried out by any suitable means which ensures thorough, uniform blending. For example, mixing can be carried out in an agate mortar and pestle. Alternatively, a blender or pulverization apparatus can be used, such as a ball mill, a bowl mill, a hammer mill, or a jet mill. The mixture can also contain various additives, such as fluxing compounds and binders. Depending on compatibility and/or solubility, water, heptane, or an alcohol such as ethyl alcohol can sometimes be used as a liquid vehicle during milling. Suitable milling media should be used, e.g., material that would not be contaminating to the scintillator, since such contamination could reduce its light-emitting capability.
After being blended, the mixture is fired under temperature and time conditions sufficient to convert the mixture into a solid solution. These conditions will depend in part on the specific type of matrix material and activator being used. Usually, firing will be carried out in a furnace, at a temperature in the range of about 1000� C. to about 1500� C. A preferred range is about 1200� C. to about 1400� C. The firing time will typically range from about 15 minutes to about 10 hours.
Firing may be carried out in an inert atmosphere. Examples include gases, such as hydrogen, nitrogen, helium, neon, argon, krypton, and xenon. After firing is complete, the resulting material can be pulverized, to put the scintillator into powder form. Conventional techniques can then be used to process the powder into radiation detector elements.
Methods for making the single crystal materials are also well-known in the art. A non-limiting, exemplary reference is "Luminescent Materials", by G. Blasse et al, Springer-Verlag (1994). Usually, the appropriate reactants are melted at a temperature sufficient to form a congruent, molten composition. The melting temperature will depend on the identity of the reactants themselves, but is usually in the range of about 650� C. to about 2500� C.
In most embodiments where a single crystal is desired, the crystal is formed from the molten composition by a suitable technique. A variety of techniques can be employed. They are described in many references, such as U.S. Pat. No. 6,437,336 (Pauwels et al); "Crystal Growth Processes", by J. C. Brice, Blackie & Son Ltd (1986); and the "Encyclopedia Americana", Volume 8, Grolier Incorporated (1981), pages 286-293. These descriptions are incorporated herein by reference. Non-limiting examples of the crystal-growing techniques are the Bridgman-Stockbarger method; the Czochralski method, the zone-melting method (or "floating zone" method), and the temperature gradient method. Those skilled in the art are familiar with the necessary details regarding each of these processes.
One non-limiting illustration can be provided for producing a scintillator in single crystal form, based in part on the teachings of the Lyons et al patent mentioned above. In this method, a seed crystal of the desired composition (described above) is introduced into a saturated solution. The solution is contained in a suitable crucible, and contains appropriate precursors for the scintillator material. The new crystalline material is allowed to grow and add to the single crystal, using one of the growing techniques mentioned above. The size of the crystal will depend in part on its desired end use, e.g., the type of radiation detector in which it will be incorporated.
Methods for preparing the scintillator material in other forms are also known in the art. For example, in the case of the polycrystalline ceramic form mentioned above, the scintillator material is first produced in powder form (or converted to powder form), as described previously. The material is then sintered to transparency by conventional techniques (e.g., in a furnace), at a temperature which is typically about 65 percent to 85 percent of the melting point of the powder. The sintering can be carried out under atmospheric conditions, or under pressure.
Yet another embodiment of the invention is directed to a method for detecting high-energy radiation with a scintillation detector. The detector includes one or more crystals, formed from the scintillator composition described herein. Scintillation detectors are well-known in the art, and need not be described in detail here. Several references (of many) which discuss such devices are U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,585,913 and 6,437,336, mentioned above, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,624,420 (Chai et al), which is also incorporated herein by reference. In general, the scintillator crystals in these devices receive radiation from a source being investigated, and produce photons which are characteristic of the radiation. The photons are detected with some type of a photodetector. (The photodetector is connected to the scintillator crystal by conventional electronic and mechanical attachment systems). The photodetector is optically coupled to the scintillator, so as to be capable of producing an electrical signal in response to the emission of a light pulse produced by the scintillator.
As mentioned above, the photodetector can be a variety of devices, all well-known in the art. Non-limiting examples include photomultiplier tubes, photodiodes, CCD sensors, and image intensifiers. Choice of a particular photodetector will depend in part on the type of radiation detector being fabricated, and on its intended use.
The radiation detectors themselves, which include the scintillator and the photodetector, can be connected to a variety of tools and devices, as mentioned previously. Non-limiting examples include well-logging tools and nuclear medicine devices (e.g., PET). The radiation detectors may also be connected to digital imaging equipment, e.g., pixilated flat panel devices. Moreover, the scintillator may serve as a component of a screen scintillator. For example, powdered scintillator material could be formed into a relatively flat plate which is attached to a film, e.g., photographic film. High energy radiation, e.g., X-rays, originating from some source, would contact the scintillator and be converted into light photons which are developed on the film.
Several of the preferred end use applications should also be briefly discussed. Well-logging devices were mentioned previously, and represent an important application for these radiation detectors. The technology for operably connecting the radiation detector to a well-logging tube is well-known in the art. The general concepts are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,869,836 (Linden et al), which is incorporated herein by reference. The crystal package containing the scintillator usually includes an optical window at one end of the enclosure-casing. The window permits radiation-induced scintillation light to pass out of the crystal package for measurement by the light-sensing device (e.g., the photomultiplier tube), which is coupled to the package. The light-sensing device converts the light photons emitted from the crystal into electrical pulses that are shaped and digitized by the associated electronics. By this general process, gamma rays can be detected, which in turn provides an analysis of the rock strata surrounding the drilling bore holes.
Medical imaging equipment, such as the PET devices mentioned above, represent another important application for these radiation detectors. The technology for operably connecting the radiation detector (containing the scintillator) to a PET device is also well-known in the art. The general concepts are described in many references, such as U.S. Pat. No. 6,624,422 (Williams et al), incorporated herein by reference. In brief, a radiopharmaceutical is usually injected into a patient, and becomes concentrated within an organ of interest. Radionuclides from the compound decay and emit positrons. When the positrons encounter electrons, they are annihilated and converted into photons, or gamma rays. The PET scanner can locate these "annihilations" in three dimensions, and thereby reconstruct the shape of the organ of interest for observation. The detector modules in the scanner usually include a number of "detector blocks", along with the associated circuitry. Each detector block may contain an array of the scintillator crystals, in a specified arrangement, along with photomultiplier tubes.
In both the well-logging and PET technologies, the light output of the scintillator is critical. The present invention provides scintillator materials which can provide the desired light output for demanding applications of the technologies. Moreover, the crystals can simultaneously exhibit the other important properties noted above, e.g., short decay time, reduced afterglow, high "stopping power", and acceptable energy resolution. Furthermore, the scintillator materials can be manufactured economically, and can also be employed in a variety of other devices which require radiation detection.
This invention has been described according to specific embodiments and examples. However, various modifications, adaptations, and alternatives may occur to one skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the claimed inventive concept. All of the patents, articles, and texts which are mentioned above are incorporated herein by reference.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Oct 22, 1992
|May 17, 1994
|David B. Merrill
|Neutron and photon monitor for subsurface surveying
|Jun 25, 1996
|Mar 10, 1998
|Rhone-Poulenc Chimie
|Use of a compound based on a rare-earth phosphate as a luminophor in plasma systems
|Feb 28, 1997
|Aug 4, 1998
|General Electric Company
|Determination process for determining if quantum splitting phosphors are obtained and novel compositions
|Apr 9, 2003
|Feb 7, 2006
|Photonic Materials Limited
|Single crystal scintillators
|Oct 17, 2003
|Apr 21, 2005
|Srivastava Alok M.
|Scintillator compositions, and related processes and articles of manufacture
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|General Electric Company
|Scintillator compositions, related processes, and articles of manufacture
|Aug 1, 2006
|Feb 7, 2008
|Osram Sylvania Inc.
|Ce,Pr-coactivated Yttrium Phosphate Phosphor and Lamp Containing Same
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|A.J. Wojtowicz et al., "Optical Spectroscopy and Scintillation Mechanisms of CexLa1-xF3," Physical Review B, vol. 49, No. 21, The American Physical Society, Jun. 1, 1994, pp. 14880-14895.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Dec 5, 2008
|Jan 11, 2011
|Schott Ag
|Method and apparatus for making a highly uniform low-stress single crystal by drawing from a melt and uses of said crystal
|Dec 5, 2008
|Jul 9, 2009
|Gunther Wehrhan
|Method and apparatus for making a highly uniform low-stress single crystal by drawing from a melt and uses of said crystal
|Nov 21, 2008
|May 27, 2010
|General Electric Company
|Scintillator materials which absorb high-energy, and related methods and devices
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Dec 5, 2006
Owner name: GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY, NEW YORK
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:SRIVASTAVA, ALOK MANI;REEL/FRAME:018585/0814
Effective date: 20061130
|May 31, 2013
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Oct 20, 2013
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Dec 10, 2013
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20131020


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Fujifilm FinePix JV100
Ilse Jurriën : February 3th 2010 - 01:00 CET
Fujifilm FinePix JV100 digital camera :
Fujifilm America announces the introduction of its ultra-compact J-Series family of digital cameras. The new Fujifilm FinePix JV100 offers consumers the most complete choice and provides them with the perfect fit for their individual budget and feature set needs. The Fujifilm FinePix JV100 has a 12-Megapixel CCD, a 2.7" High-Resolution LCD and a Fujinon 3x optical zoom lens. The shell of the Fujifilm FinePix JV100 has been upgraded to a high-quality metal and its soft, curved edges give it a sculpted, sophisticated look. The Fujifilm FinePix JV100 has had its overall thickness reduced to a tiny 18.5mm. The Fujifilm JV100 will be available in black or blue.
Fujifilm FinePix JV100 digital camera
Encased in a high-grade brushed metal body, the Fujifilm JV100 is not only well protected from bumps and scrapes, but give a simple, yet elegant design. The Fujifilm FinePix JV100 also has a new mode dial for additional convenience and functionality.
Fujifilm FinePix JV100 HD videos
The new Fujifilm FinePix JV100 offers stunning HD videos in 720p with sound and high quality stills at 1920 x 1080. Many consumers are happy to enjoy HD movies on their PC, but with the new HD Player (optional extra), which comes equipped with a remote control, families can gather around their home HDTV to enjoy amazingly detailed stills and high resolution movie playback.
Fujifilm JV100 budget digital camera
"With an overwhelming consumer response to the first generation of J-Series cameras, we wanted to give our customers an even greater range of options when it comes to price point and feature set," said David Troy, marketing manager, Consumer Digital Cameras, Electronic Imaging Division, Fujifilm North America Corporation. "With the Fujifilm FinePix JV100, there is now an ultra-compact digital camera model at a very affordable price."
Tracking Auto Focus on the Fujifilm JV100 camera
Previously featured on Fujifilm's D-SLR styled FinePix S1500, the new FinePix JV100 camera features Tracking Auto Focus which is perfect for when you need to take a picture of a moving subject and can't keep your subject in the frame. Just switch Tracking Auto Focus on and it will track your subject and ensure that you achieve a crisp picture with you subject in the center of the frame in perfect focus.
Fujifilm FinePix JV100 camera equipped with Smile & Blink Detection
Photos are all too often spoiled by people blinking or grimacing. Smile Detection works with Fujifilm's highly-acclaimed Face Detection technology to detect smiles on faces: it will not take a picture until it detects a smile, so you're guaranteed happy shots! Another new feature is Blink Detection which warns you if you have captured an image with people blinking, so you can re-shoot if necessary.
Fujifilm FinePix JV100 digital camera features
The Fujifilm FinePix JV100 also offers these additional features:
• Scene Recognition Auto (SR AUTO) (all models): This mode intelligently detects the scene type you are shooting and optimizes the camera's focus, exposure and white balance, so whether you're photographing flowers or a landscape, you will get flawless photos at the press of a button.
• Digital Image Stabilization : Digital Image Stabilization reduces image blur automatically and offers creative adaptability and excellent picture quality.
• Face Detection and Automatic Red-eye Removal (all models): To provide perfectly exposed and focused portrait shots, each J-Series model is fitted with Fujifilm's latest Face Detection technology which is able to track up to 10 faces simultaneously, at almost any angle to the camera. The system instantly corrects red-eye and then saves both the original and the corrected image file automatically.
Fujifilm FinePix JV100 review, price & availability
The Fujifilm JV100 will be available in February 2010 at a suggested retail price of $129.95. As soon as we receive a Fujifilm FinePix JV100 test sample, we will publish a photo gallery with high resolution pictures, followed by an extensive Fujifilm FinePix JV100 review.
Fujifilm FinePix JV100
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Container gardening is a great way to grow vegetables if you have limited space. Tomatoes are a good choice for this style of gardening. There are a few easy steps you can take to have a successful gardening experience. This is a guide about growing tomatoes in containers.
Plant from sibling as early as possible in large flower pot. When the temperature is nice set the plant outside. Bring it in before evening. A week after blossoms appear, sprinkle with a little fertilizer (do not sprinkle close to the stem) and give a lot of water. Check plants in early morning for insects and bad leaves, pinch them off. Always cut in the morning, plants can easily get diseases, early morning dew heals the cut.
The picture was taken 3 weeks ago. I have these two growing on my balcony, it's just enough for the family.
Ideas for growing tomatoes in container gardens from the ThriftyFun community.
By LI Roe
By Atascosa, TX
A great fertilizer for tomatoes is fish emulsion because it has a high nitrogen content. The down side of using it is that it stinks so much. I imagine that yellow pear tomatoes would do well in a container; they are incredibly hardy.
The main thing to remember about tomatoes is that they are very temperature sensitive, so they won't do well in cool weather. Even if you plan to put them in a pot, I would leave them outside during the day to harden them off before letting them stay outside for good.
By Skbeal
By Laura
My daughter planted one of the patio tomatoes in a 5 gallon bucket last year. She put some corn cobs in the bottom and all soil was from our compost pile. The plant grew to about 8 feet tall, and so many tomatoes they out lasted the growning season. It was a cherry tomato plant, must have gotten thousands from one plant. A lot were still trying when the first frost came! Needless to say, we lost the rest.
By RosaI have planted some in 5 gallon paint bucket and flower pots, they turn out great. Tomatoes and mint were my very best plants.
By Elva
By Sandy
By Vicky Hunt
By Marsbar
I have been planting Tiny Tim cherry tomatoes in my patio planters for the last few years with much success. They are so delicious. I live in a short summer season area. If they grow well here, they will grow well anywhere. I plant them in balcony planters available at any department store.
By Marlene
By Skbeal
"Square Foot Gardening" by Bartholemew is a very good resource.
By Denise
By Ann
By Sammy
By Bernie
By Jen
I used plastic cat litter buckets in my garden. My small raised bed is not deep or big enough to grow tomatoes. I drilled a few drain holes along the bottom, plus used a circular saw bit and cut a large 4" hole in the middle. I raised the soil depth and allowed the roots to extend out the bottom into the raised bed soil.
This is a guide about growing tomatoes in hanging planters. We have seen the upside down planters for growing tomatoes, but you can also grow them in normal hanging planters.
I am planning on planting in five gallon containers. Before planting my tomato plants in plastic containers should I cut holes in bottom for drainage?
Hardiness Zone: 6b
By Elena from White Plains
The foal ice chests are a wonderful idea. You can also mix in styrofoam "peanuts" to make the weight less...
First make sure you know that tomatoes have fairly large root systems and about the size of a 5 gallon bucket is the smallest size to use. Yes the coffee filter, single piece of newspaper, or a thin piece of material over the holes keeps the soil from pouring out with the water. Which brings us to size holes, make them at least l/2 inch and at least 4 if you need more you can do so later (come up about 1 inch at least on the container to drill the holes (this makes you a water reservoir) and you will have to add liquid fertilizer regularly at the rate of 1/4 tsp. to a gallon of water.
If your container seems to get too hot then wrap it in newspaper & tie it with a string.
I am going to try the lady's idea with the match and so forth next spring has anyone else tried this I wonder I live in zone 8 deep south and this summer was murder for plants in containers.
When I go to the blood doctor or dentist I ask them for the styrofoam coolers they get their drugs in and sometimes I even get the icepacks with them and the bigger ones work great for the tomatoes and I root fresh tomatoes all summer in the little ones, just cut the suckers off and stick them in potting soil or water and root new ones all summer. Cut at least 1 one inch hole near the bottom for drainage. keeps plants roots warm in winter and cool in summer.
I used an old bench that no one could sit on and sat my potted tomato plants on and around the bench. As they grow, I can tie them to the bench for support. I have red, yellow and black cherry plants, so I am hoping for a little color also.
By Wanda from Climax, NC
The new tomato plants were out today, and I couldn't resist, thinking surely, I had some large planters at my apartment. You guessed it, no planters, but I do have a cat. He's particular about the cat sand he uses, and fortunately for me, I had several of the "plastic" bags in the recycle bins. They're wide and fairly tall. When filled with soil and a plant is about the same size and a large planter. It looks kinda funky, but hey, the cat wasn't going to use them, and they was free.
By debit4857 from Vancouver, WA
What size container and how much soil will I need?
By Wendy M.
I have planted tomatos in five gallon buckets with holes punched in the bottom for drainage. I fill them to within about six inches from the top with soil. I use regular black dirt in the bottom half and potting soil in the top half. The reason I use black dirt in the bottom is that is heavier and therefore the buckets aren't as apt to be blown over in a storm or knocked over by some of the overly zealous wild critters around here or by unsupervised little kids, that don't know enough to stay off my patio.
I have tried several times to grow Tomatoes in 5 gallon buckets with garden soil in the bottom and Potting soil on top, Miracle Grow brand with watering, but they do not do well for me. I find that if I plant them in the ground it works better.
How often do you have to change the potting soil used to grow tomatoes in large pots on a patio?
By Bob
I would do it every year. I have always been told that when you plant a garden you shouldn't plant the different veggies in the same spot every year.
A: Poopsey,
Tomatoes grown in containers need the same amount of sunshine as those cultivated in the ground-at least 6-8 hours per day. They also need even amounts of water, so make sure to check the container's moisture levels daily, especially in hot weather. As for your plant getting spindly, all tomato plants benefit from regular pruning. Snap off the suckers (shoots that appear between the main stem of the plant and the petioles (stems of the leaves). Proper pruning will help channel the plants energy into producing fruit rather than leaves and improve the air circulation around the fruits. Fertilizing with too much nitrogen can also result in spindly plants.
Sounds like you need more nitrogen in the soil. Tomatoes are heavy feeders and expect supplementary fertilizer during the growing season. Be sure to provide lots of water in hot weather. Tomatoes use a lot of moisture.
Containers dry out quickly. Keep well watered and much top of container. Also fertilize often because if you are watering correctly (by watering till water is coming out of the bottom or side drain holes ). The fertilizer gets washed out. Also if you are growing a determinate variety (growth is pre determined ) you do not need to prune suckers or any other pruning other than removing dead leaves.
I have Big Boy tomato plants that I am growing in smart pots on my deck. I went through some bottom end rot, and added tomato-tone feedings. I lost about 15 tomatoes. Now I have some curling leaves on the bottom of the plants which I believe is over watering so I will wait and see how that goes.
But my question is that so much growth has gone into leaves and stalks (over 4 feet tall) that the fruit is in a forest of leaves and stalks and I don't know how to get sunlight to them to have them turn red? I have cages around the plants to keep them from falling over. Any ideas?
Hardiness Zone: 5a
By Vickie from Chicago, IL
I have the same species of tomatoes in five gallon buckets on my patio, my plants are really tall too, I do have some tomatoes on them. I have three tomatoes that have been on the plants for about two months and they aren't anywhere near the size that they should be. If they ever ripen they won't be anywhere near the 1-2 pounds the stake that was in the plants said the tomatoes would be. I used to have really good luck with this species when I had an actual garden. I think my problem might be that they don't get near enough sunlight, and besides that we have had a horrible amount of rain this summer. (08/05/2010)
By redhatterb
My tomato plant, grown in a clear plastic storage bin with plenty of sunlight, is about 6' tall, staked everywhere I can put a stake. I stopped by our local cooperative extension office and they told me too much watering will cause excessive growth and leaf wilt. My tomatoes also have catface, a condition where the blossom petals on the tomato top attracts excess water. The tomatoes themselves are edible below the catface and very watery.
I was told too much watering as this leads to excess branch growth and a smaller crop of tomatoes, but in containers, tomatoes need to be watered daily. It is too late to do anything about mine, but I have learned a good lesson for next year. I shall reduce the amount of watering next year, and as advised, quit feeding after the middle of July.
In the meantime, we will enjoy the tomatoes we have, and next year we will implement the right way of growing tomatoes. (08/07/2010)
By pcgranny
Firstly it looks like your tomatoes have what's called blossom end rot. This is caused by inconsistent watering. Once the vine has fruited you must water and feed at regular intervals, re: too much greenery. Once the fruit has set it is recommended that all non fruiting side shoots be removed. This is so that the sun can get to the fruit to ripen them. Hope this helps. Good luck.
Jan UK (08/07/2010)
By blackbess
Your plants cannot absorb from the soil below so you need to add some iron to their mix. You can get this at any Menards, Lowe's, etc. Also, you need to add Epsom salts, directions on package, but it is 2 tsp per foot of plant, every 2 weeks. Mix in water is best, or make sure to water good. In your case of container planting, mix ahead of time and schedule.
I used to do container gardening and found my stuff was much better with big beds off the ground. The planters were 4x8 by 15 inches. They can be anywhere in the yard. Mix with sterile soil, mulch, sand, peat. I have a mini tiller for flowerbeds and so mix with that. Before planting, add Epsom salts (directions for bulk mixing on the bag) and Miracle Gro. Then till under. Then plant. Tomatoes/peppers, etc also need bone meal or blood meal in their planting systems to avoid the blossom end rot.
These are so tried and true from master gardeners, green house owners and then tried by me over the last years. Wow. My Romas are baseball sized already. I water daily here in MN.
Consistent watering is a must Another thing, keep the plant trimmed 10 inches from the bottom of the plant for air to move and also set the limit of how tall you will let it grow, then trim it back to that length. Makes for a bigger and better, healthier crop of tomatoes, peppers, etc. (08/07/2010)
By T&T Grandma
Is it okay to plant a Roma tomato plant with a dwarf citrus tree in a wine barrel? Do tomatoes have to be planted all by themselves? I live in San Luis Obispo where everything seems to grow great.
Hardiness Zone: 9a
By Kerrie from San Luis Obispo, CA
Citrus have numerous fibrous roots close to the surface and resent competition from other plants. The tomato would grow OK, but at the expense of the citrus. (05/25/2010)
By John
I just bought a tomato plant in a 3 gallon container, it is about 2 1/2 ft tall. Should I transfer it to a larger container? It's almost ready to spring tomatoes.
How do I grow tomatoes in containers?
We needed a different place to grow our tomatoes where they would get more sun and be accessible to water.
What size container does a tomato plant need to produce tomatoes? I have very little room outside to put 3 containers with a tomato plant in each one.
I am growing tomatoes in planters. The containers are 2 1/2 to 3 gallons. I just transplanted the plants. They are about 8-10 inches tall.


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Jerry 'The King' Lawler, Girlfriend Arrested After Domestic IncidentPolice in Tennessee say wrestler Jerry "The King" Lawler and his girlfriend have been arrested on charges of domestic violence.
Brock Lesnar to Face Mark Hunt at UFC 200UFC and WWE fans can now rejoice. UFC 200 now has a co-main event that will mark the return of former Heavyweight Champion Brock Lesnar, 38 (5-3).
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Brian Shields Knows As Much About WrestleMania As Vince McMahonTurnbuckle Weekly grapples with Brian Shields, who wrote the just-released book "30 Years of WrestleMania."


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text: ON THE CHANGE OF EEFRANGIBILITY OF LIGHT. 355 the effects of acids and alkalies on a weak solution of a sensitive substance, employing sunlight which had been merely reflected through a small lens, I met with a beam which had every appearance of having been only falsely dispersed, but on viewing it from above through a doubly refracting prism I was surprised at first by finding it unpolarized. It soon occurred to me that the beam must have been due, not to solid motes, but to excessively small bubbles of carbonic acid gas, the existence of which was thus revealed, though they were too small to be seen directly. The light being incident on these bubbles at an angle of about 45�, which is very little less than the angle of total reflexion, the reflected light would be almost perfectly unpolarized*. 172. Water which had been merely boiled in a test tube gave a similar result. The unpolarized beam of falsely dispersed light was of course due in this case to the air which had been held in solution. This shows why long-continued boiling should be necessary, in order to free water from air. It is not that the affinity of water for air is so great as to be only gradually overcome, but that the air, immediately expelled from solution when the temperature rises sufficiently, is still retained in a state of mechanical mixture, forming excessively minute bubbles, the terminal velocity of which is insensible. Accordingly it is not till larger bubbles are formed, by the casual meeting of a number of these small bubbles, that the air rises to the surface and escapes. 173. With respect to the test of true dispersion depending on the change of refrangibility, it has been already remarked that in some cases the change is so slight, that if this test alone were applied, the observer might mistake true dispersion for false. However, it is only in rare cases that there is any danger of being deceived in this manner in the application of the test; but on the other hand, in observing a muddy fluid or a translucent solid by the fourth method, the observer, if not on his guard, might easily be deceived by the effect of scattered light, and be led to mistake false dispersion for true. Thus suppose the medium to be water holding in suspension particles of an insensible water colour, and the small lens to be placed a little beyond the commencement of the violet. Two beams of light would enter the lens, namely, a See note E. 23�2


text: Hi. I agree that loads of if's in code is not desirable. However, is there a build time way of doing this? At my time at Nokia, we had an absolute nightmare time with phone variants. There are dozens for each carrier and country. Same problem. You don't want your runtime cluttered up with "If a US AT&T do this, if a German Vodafone do this" etc. The solution was to have the packge build system generate the final packages by parsing #ifdefs in the code. Each variant only then contained it's specific blocks of #ifdef code. The even manage to achieve the same approach with the java build system. Is the git/PHP build system capable of doing something similar? This would also go some way to solving your problem of creating definitive tarballs for each version of MW. Cheers Neill. On 25/02/13 23:59, James HK wrote: > Hi, > >>> Just to clarify: are you saying that the need to support older versions of MediaWiki, and specifically 1.19, makes certain features in SMW impossible? > I'm not saying it is impossible but as soon as you start using "if" > statements to accommodate releases you introduce dependencies which > will invite bugs to appear because the underlying method that is > executed can act differently depending on the "if" release used. > >>> adding them more difficult, because of the need to add in a bunch of "if" statement > I would say, release dependant "if" statements are always a bad design > choice and should be avoided at all costs (see above, you can't > predict a methods outcome due to an exogenous variable (namely an > introduced release dependency)). > > PS: For example [1](it could be worst but haven't found any other > example) which only carries a minor incision in how to get to the page > content but it is still an "if" statement too many and bloating the > code from its core purpose. > > [1] https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/gitweb?p=mediawiki/extensions/SemanticMediaWiki.git;a=blob;f=includes/queryprinters/FeedResultPrinter.php#l259 > > Cheers > > On 2/26/13, Yaron Koren <yaron@...> wrote: >> Hi James, >> >> Just to clarify: are you saying that the need to support older versions of >> MediaWiki, and specifically 1.19, makes certain features in SMW impossible? >> Or are you saying that it just makes adding them more difficult, because of >> the need to add in a bunch of "if" statements and the like? That's actually >> a big distinction - I wanted to make sure I understood. >> >> -Yaron >> >> >> On Mon, Feb 25, 2013 at 6:04 PM, James HK >> <jamesin.hongkong.1@...>wrote: >> >>> Hi, >>> >>>> SMW 1.9 (15/03/2013) -> MW 1.19 (09/02/2012): 1.1 years >>> On a site note, in two or three occasions when I was adding something >>> to SMW 1.9 I had to back down because suddenly the approach preferred >>> didn't work in MW 1.19 (I think it is one hook, two methods when >>> testing against MW 1.19) which means I had to find a workaround just >>> to make sure it works with MW 1.19. >>> >>> This sort of thing drains motivation (at least mine) while doing a >>> change having the need to dance around a few more blocks just to >>> satisfy the need of supporting MW 1.19. >>> >>>> SMW 1.10 (15/08/2013) -> MW 1.19 (09/02/2012): 1.5 years >>> This proposal would take developers hostage to accommodate MW 1.19 and >>> negate any possibility to use new classes introduced in MW 1.21 >>> (prominently Content class etc.). >>> >>>> They should also think about if a bug or feature is important enough to >>> be backported. >>> >>> Well, if I find something to fix I'll do it for the current master and >>> anyone who finds the time can make a backport but I'll stopped doing >>> extra interventions some time ago. This also means that when SMW 1.10 >>> is in master fixes are applied to that master and any other branch has >>> to find a maintainer if he/she wants to have those fixes applied. >>> >>> PS: When I started this thread, I thought I ask some tangible >>> questions about how and why .. but somehow I have the feeling this >>> discussion is going to be less tangible in its outcome because it is >>> more about SemanticBundle or SemanticForms than it is about SMW and >>> LTS. Of course if the discussion is shifting in favour of >>> SemanticBundle being the main LTS release holder than this is fine as >>> well but than we should shift the topic as well. >>> >>> Cheers >>> >>> >>> ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ >>> Everyone hates slow websites. So do we. >>> Make your web apps faster with AppDynamics >>> Download AppDynamics Lite for free today: >>> http://p.sf.net/sfu/appdyn_d2d_feb >>> _______________________________________________ >>> Semediawiki-devel mailing list >>> Semediawiki-devel@... >>> https://lists.sourceforge.net/lists/listinfo/semediawiki-devel >>> >> >> >> -- >> WikiWorks · MediaWiki Consulting · http://wikiworks.com >> > ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ > Everyone hates slow websites. So do we. > Make your web apps faster with AppDynamics > Download AppDynamics Lite for free today: > http://p.sf.net/sfu/appdyn_d2d_feb > _______________________________________________ > Semediawiki-devel mailing list > Semediawiki-devel@... > https://lists.sourceforge.net/lists/listinfo/semediawiki-devel


text:
Katherine StoneShared publicly -
For women who are already being treated for #depression #anxiety #ocd #bipolardisorder - do you need to skip having kids? Can you continue your treatment during #pregnancy Here are some answers from an expert.
Should you have a baby if you have a history of serious mental illness, like severe depression or bipolar disorder? Can you, safely? We've got answers.
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