text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Feb 13, 1996
|Filing date
|Feb 18, 1993
|Priority date
|Feb 21, 1992
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Erkki Heinonen, Markku Hyvonen
|Original Assignee
|Instrumentarium Corp.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (16), Referenced by (30), Classifications (9), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an apparatus for the regulation of a gas volume delivered to a patient during a respiratory cycle, said apparatus comprising at least one valve for discharging some of the propellant gas which flows from a propellant gas source into a propellant gas chamber, and said propellant gas chamber being at least partially defined by a wall with a second chamber on the other side thereof and the location of said wall changing as the pressure of propellant gas increases in the propellant gas chamber to increase the volume of said propellant gas chamber, whereby the volume of said second chamber on the other side of the wall diminishes, forcing the gas to be delivered to a patient to flow towards a patient whereafter, in order to perform the exhalation of patient through the valve, the pressure of said propellant gas chamber is allowed to discharge for diminishing the volume of the propellant gas chamber and increasing the volume of the second chamber as a result of the wall displacement. The invention relates also to a method for regulating a gas volume.
A ventilator is a respiratory device for carrying out the ventilation of a patient's lungs when the patient's own respiratory action is insufficient or completely stopped.
The structure of ventilators using a pressurized gas as the propelling force can be divided in three components: a control unit, a bellows unit, and a patient circuit. An object of the control unit is to carry out control parameters characterizing the pulmonary ventilation; such as tidal volume, respiration frequency, the ratio of inhalation and exhalation times as well as an inhalation pause. The bellows unit separates patient circuit unit and the patient loop of a ventilator using a pressurized gas as the propelling force. An object of the bellows unit is to prevent the respiratory gases of a patient and the propellant gas from mixing with each other. An object of the patient circuit is to provide separate passages for inhalation and exhalation gases to and from a patient as well as to remove carbon dioxide from exhalation gases.
2. Description of the Related Art
Traditionally, in ventilators using a pressurized gas as the propelling force, a tidal volume to be delivered into a patient's tube system is determined by means of a propellant gas flow and its duration. In U.S. Pat. No. 4,637,385, a propellant gas flow is regulated by throttling a gas source with a needle valve. The position of the needle valve can be controlled by means of a microprocessor and a motor. The position of the needle valve is indicated by a mechanical signal which is converted into an electric signal. Drawbacks of this solution include sensitivity to calibration errors and needle valve malfunctions.
EP Patent publication No. 282,675 describes a flow control valve intended for a ventilator, to which is delivered a stabilized propelling pressure from a gas source. A patient's respiratory gases are carried through said valve under the control of a stepping motor and a microprocessor. The flow control valve is regulated by a stepping motor with predetermined control data for delivering a tidal volume to a patient. Said valve is opened to match a required inhalation flow and it is kept open for the duration of a tidal volume delivery. A microprocessor is used to compensate for the effect that the flows occurring at the time of opening and closing the valve have on the tidal volume. The control valve operates on an open-loop principle, which is characterized by inaccurate control. The compensation of an opening and closing time requires a high peak flow. If this is to be minimized by using a high-speed valve, the accuracy of ventilation will be impaired even further.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,256,100 discloses an anaesthesia ventilator, wherein a propellant gas flow is controlled by five binary weighted valves. A regulated propellant gas pressure is delivered according to a predetermined flow through one of the valves into a collecting chamber and further to a bellows unit. The maximum temporary flow is achieved when all valves are simultaneously open. A tidal volume is determined in relation to preset respiration frequency, inhalation and exhalation times as well as by means of a flow rate per minute by using a microprocessor. A problem in the cited invention is that the realization of a large dynamic area together with resolution requires a plurality of valves. For example, a peak flow of 100 1/min. and a resolution of 0.1 1/min. require ten valves and, thus, the solution will be expensive, complicated, bulky and demands a lot of power.
An object of the present invention is to eliminate the above problems. An object is to provide a method and an apparatus for regulating a propellant gas flow to be delivered into a bellows unit included in a ventilator so as to match the respiratory needs of a patient. Another object is to provide a reliably operating and simple method and apparatus for regulating as accurately as possible a propellant gas flow to be delivered into a bellows unit included in a ventilator.
The characterizing features of the invention are set forth in the appended claims.
In a solution of the invention, the regulation of a propellant gas for a ventilator is based on the application of a varying propelling pressure in controlling a gas volume to be delivered to a patient during an inhalation period. The regulation of a varying propelling pressure is effected by means of a pressure regulating element. Such an element is often referred to as a pressure regulator relief valve.
A typical propellant gas source is a hospital's pressurized gas supply system, pressure cylinders or a compressor. Typical supply pressures vary within the range of 2.7-8 bars. The initial pressure of a pressure regulating element is adjusted to match a desired propellant gas flow.
Thus, the pressure of a gas flowing from a propellant gas source is varied by means of a pressure regulating element before the flow reaches a propellant gas chamber, which is included in a bellows unit and whose operation determines the volume of a gas delivered into the lungs of a patient. The amount of gas contained in the single inhalation of a patient is usually referred to as the tidal volume. The pressure of a propellant gas, together with the flow resistance of a gas duct, has an effect on the gas flow rate, which in turn has an effect on how rapidly the volume of said propellant gas chamber increases. The rate is set so as to attain a desired tidal volume within a certain time frame. As the volume of the propellant gas chamber increases, the volume of another chamber, included in a patient circuit and located on the other side of the wall of the propellant gas chamber, decreases accordingly as the gas from the chamber flows into the lungs of a patient. In order to avoid pressure-induced lung damage, it is essential that a tidal volume be generated with an intra-pulmonary pressure which is as low as possible. In order to minimize the pressure, the peak flow should preferably be as low as possible. The peak flow is lower, the longer a time used for inspiration. In order to maximize the time, the flow should have a rise and fall time which is as short as possible.
Preferably, the propellant gas flow is adjusted linearly by varying the propelling pressure over a constant throttle, i.e. an effort is made to distribute the propellant gas flow uniformly throughout the entire inhalation cycle.
Thus, a conventional bellows unit comprises a propellant gas chamber, which is at least partially defined by a wall whose location changes as a result of pressure and the volume of a chamber located on the other side of said wall in turn undergoes a change in the reversed direction relative to the volume of said propellant gas chamber. One example of a wall relocating its position as a result of pressure is e.g. a bellows or a bag. A propellant gas chamber is often located outside such bellows or bag and inside it lies a patient loop chamber whereby, as the pressure in the propellant gas side increases, the bellows or bag will be compressed.
During the exhalation of a patient, the pressure prevailing in a patient circuit is allowed to fall. This is preferably effected in a manner that the pressure of a propellant gas bearing effect on the bellows in the side of a control unit is allowed to drop at least to such a degree that the gas contained in the lungs of a patient can escape out.
The inhalation and exhalation cycle requires that between a propellant gas source and a bellows unit on the propellant gas side be preferably located a valve, which can be opened and closed whenever necessary. More preferably, the valve is located between a pressure regulating element and a bellows unit. This valve is herein referred to as an inspiration valve. Thus, by means of this valve it is possible to control the operation of the bellows. When the valve is open, the gas is able to flow into the bellows unit and, thus, the bellows will be compressed. When the bellows is sufficiently compressed, the valve is closed and, thus, pressure applied on the bellows from the direction of the propellant gas chamber can no longer increase.
The inspiration valve is preferably a high-speed on/off-valve which facilitates a short rise and fall time for the flow, said time being preferably less than 40 ms. An inspiration valve is required whenever the rise and fall speed of a pressure regulating valve is not sufficient. If the rise and fall speed of a pressure regulating valve is sufficiently high, preferably less than 50 ms, the inspiration valve can be omitted. Such a pressure regulating valve can be e.g. voltage-controlled.
In order to facilitate the exhalation of a patient, the pressure of a propellant gas chamber is reduced. This is effected by way of a valve. This outlet valve is preferably spaced apart from an inspiration valve but the inspiration valve itself may possess a function, whereby the pressure can be discharged from the propellant gas chamber. The outlet valve is also often referred to as an expiration valve. Preferably, the outlet valve reduces the pressure prevailing between the bellows and the inspiration valve. While the pressure between the valve and the bellows is falling, the bellows strives to reform since the pressure from the other side of the bellows, i.e. from the direction of a patient circuit rises to exceed the former pressure.
In order to facilitate the inhalation of a patient, the outlet valve is closed and an inspiration valve located between a gas source and a bellows unit will be opened. This cycle is repeated as long as necessary.
A solution of the invention does not require a separate flow control valve, such as a needle valve, for the regulation of a propellant gas flow. The solution is capable of reducing the number of easily damaged components as well as the price of the apparatus. Preferably, the regulation of a propellant gas flow can also include a feedback for an improved regulation reliability and tidal volume accuracy. The feedback provides an improved possibility of monitoring the changes occurring in a gas space located between a pressure regulating element and a bellows unit and, on the basis of thus obtained information, the adjustment of a pressure regulating element can be effected to correspond more closely to desired values. A simple feedback can be based e.g. on the visual observation of the position of a bellows. However, the feedback is more preferably effected by means of flow measurement and/or pressure measurement for a safe operation of the apparatus. The solution is also simple in design.
The invention will now be described in more detail with reference made to the accompanying drawings, in which
FIG. 1 shows a schematic view of a ventilator system, illustrating an apparatus of the invention, which apparatus can be used for the application of a method of the invention,
FIG. 2 is a sectional view of one possible pressure regulating element, shown in FIG. 1 and useful in an apparatus and method of the invention,
FIG. 3 shows a longitudinal section of one possible flow measuring element, shown in FIG. 1 and useful in an apparatus and method of the invention,
FIG. 4 shows a longitudinal section of another possible flow measuring element, shown in FIG. 1 and useful in an apparatus and method of the invention.
FIG. 1 shows a preferred ventilator system roughly divided in three sections, i.e. a control unit 1, a bellows unit 2, and a patient circuit 3. The control unit, wherein the gas coming from a propellant gas source 4 is delivered along a duct 5, is provided with a pressure regulating element 6 for regulating the pressure of a propellant gas flow being delivered into bellows unit 2 so as to attain a desired propellant gas flow between element 6 and the bellows unit. The pressure reduction of a propellant gas flowing from propellant gas source 4 effected by means of pressure regulating element 6 decreases the propellant gas flow proceeding from element 6 along a duct 7 as compared to the situation prevailing in duct 5. Furthermore, for opening and closing a gas communication between propellant gas source 4 and bellows unit 2, the control unit is preferably provided with a valve 8, preferably a magnetic valve. Valve 8 is here referred to as an inspiration valve. The reduction of a propellant gas pressure generated in bellows unit 2 requires a valve 9, which is here referred to as an outlet valve and which is preferably a magnetic valve. Instead of two separate valves 8 and 9, there could be just a single valve 8 or 9, which would carry out the functions of both the inspiration and outlet valve. When the outlet valve is closed, the propellant gas pressure in the bellows unit increases if the inspiration valve is open.
Between pressure regulating element 6 and bellows unit 2 is preferably coupled a flow measuring element 10 for the determination of a propellant gas flow, said element being preferably a pressure-difference measuring element. The flow measuring element could also be located between propellant gas source (4) and the pressure regulating element. The measurement of a propellant gas flow can also be effected in some other way. The most preferred embodiment is a solution, wherein the prevailing pressure is also measured between pressure regulating element 6 and the bellows unit. Therefore, said duct 7 extending from element 6 is fitted with a pressure measuring element 11, which preferably compares the pressure downstream of element 6 with the pressure of ambient air. Such conventional pressure measuring elements are commercially available in abundance.
In a preferred solution illustrated in FIG. 1, said pressure measuring element 11 is connected by way of a duct 12 to valve 8, which in turn is further connected by way of a duct 13 to flow measuring element 10. To a duct 14 extending from the flow measuring element to the bellows unit is attached a duct 15, provided with an outlet valve 9. This sequence is preferred but not absolutely necessary in view of the control unit operation.
The bellows unit 2, whose operation is primarily controlled by means of a propellant gas flow under the control of a control unit, and the patient circuit 3 are as such conventional and prior known technology. The bellows unit comprises generally a housing 16, which encloses a propellant gas chamber 18 at least partially defined by a wall 17, whose position changes as a result of the gas pressure. This mobile wall 17 is preferably a bellows or a bag, whereby its condition is easily reformed after a pressure variation.
Thus, from the control unit said propellant gas flows along duct 14 into propellant gas chamber 18 located between housing 16 and wall 17. When the propellant gas pressure in chamber 18 exceeds the pressure prevailing on the other side of the wall, in this case in another chamber 19 located inside the bellows, the bellows strives to compress since the volume of propellant gas chamber 18 increases as that of chamber 19 decreases. The compression continues for as long as inspiration valve 8 is open and said outlet valve 9 for discharging the propellant gas from the control unit is closed. The inspiration valve is closed for bringing the exhalation period of a patient to an end.
The gas contained in chamber 19 located inside the bellows flows along a duct 20 towards the lungs of a patient 21 as the bellows is compressing. The pressure of a gas flowing in duct 20 can possibly be measured by means of a pressure measuring element 60. This is followed by delivering the gas along a duct 22 to a conventional carbon dioxide absorber 23 and therefrom further along a duct 24 to a valve 25, which is preferably a one-way valve only allowing a gas flow towards a patient. From the one-way valve extends a duct 26 to the respiratory tracts of a patient 21. The gas having travelled through carbon dioxide absorber 23 can be supplemented by delivering along a duct 27 some fresh gas, which usually contains oxygen and nitrous oxide and often also some anaesthetic.
A single volume to be delivered to a patient is dependent on a fresh gas flow to be supplied to a patient circuit as well as on the compliance of the ducts included in a ventilator and a patient circuit. The effect of a fresh gas flow on the tidal volume to be delivered to a patient can be preferably compensated by subtracting from a desired tidal volume the volume of a fresh gas flowing during the course of inspiration. The compliance of the ducts included in a ventilator and a patient circuit can be preferably measured at the ventilator preparation stage by delivering a propellant gas to the patient circuit and by measuring the pressure increase in the patient circuit by means of pressure measuring element 60 and the volume delivered to the patient circuit by means of flow measuring element 10.
At the commencement of an exhalation cycle said inspiration valve 8 is closed and outlet valve 9 is opened for allowing the positive pressure prevailing in chamber 18 to discharge preferably to the level of ambient air pressure. During the exhalation of a patient the exhalation gas flows along a duct 28 to a valve 29, which is also preferably a one-way valve preventing a reversed gas flow, and therefrom further along a duct 30, 22 and 20 into chamber 19 inside bellows 17 striving to raise the bellows towards its original condition or, in the case of FIG. 1, towards the top section of housing 16 as a result of the positive pressure level prevailing in the lungs of patient and in the patient circuit. Thus, it is necessary that the pressure prevailing in propellant gas chamber 18 between housing 16 and bellows 17 has fallen below the positive pressure level prevailing in the patient circuit. When the pressure level inside bellows 17 is sufficiently high, which in the case of FIG. 1 takes place as the bellows comes into contact with the top section of housing 16, a valve 31, which can be e.g. a pop-off valve, will be opened for allowing the extra patient gases to escape along a duct 32 out of the patient circuit. To be on the safe side, a duct 33 is used to connect duct 22 to a safety valve 34 for automatically discharging the excess pressure accumulated in the patient circuit.
After the exhalation cycle said outlet valve 9 is closed and inspiration valve 8 is re-opened for commencing the inhalation of a patient. The respiration cycles are successively repeated within this sequence of events. The fresh gas flow along duct 27 continues generally throughout the process.
FIG. 2 illustrates one commercially available pressure regulating element 6, which is conventional but well suitable for use in a control unit as described herein. The propellant gas comes along duct 5 to a supply tube 38 for the pressure regulating element, said tube terminating in a valve disc 39. On the other hand, an outlet tube 40, carrying propellant gas away from pressure regulating element 6 and having one end thereof connected for duct 7, commences from valve disc 39. Thus, the valve disc separates the trailing or discharge end of the supply tube from the leading or inlet end of the outlet tube. The propellant gas pressure strives to push valve disc 39 backwards for allowing the propellant gas to discharge from tube 38 into tube 40. The initial pressure of a propellant gas discharging into tube 40 is adjusted by alteration of the tension of a spring 41 acting on valve disc 39 by means of the position of a set screw 42 in contact with this spring which is altered by means of a guide sleeve 43. The set screw 42 is connected to guide sleeve 43 in a manner that rotation of the guide sleeve around its center axis moves said set screw toward or away from valve disc 39 according to the guide sleeve rotating direction. Rotation of the guide sleeve is preferably effected by means of a stepping motor 44. Stepping motor 44 is connected to guide sleeve 43 by rotor shaft 45.
FIGS. 3 and 4 illustrate longitudinal sections of conventional flow measuring elements 10, which are well suitable for use in the assembly of FIG. 1. The elements shown in both figures and intended for flow measurement are pressure-difference measuring elements. The throttle is preferably maintained constant during the measurements but, if desired, the throttle can be varied according to the measuring requirements. FIG. 3 illustrates a laminar flow restricting element, which is constructed by dividing the interior of propellant gas duct 13 into a plurality of small tubes 46, each of said tubes maintaining a laminar flow within an appropriate measuring range. Thus, said tubes 46 serve as a flow restricting element or a choke.
FIG. 4 illustrates a turbulent flow restricting element, comprising a disc 47, extending around the interior of duct 13 and set against the flow and, thus, serving in this case as a choke or a throttle, and having a hole 48 in the middle for discharging the propellant gas flowing along duct 13. Another conventional solution is a reversed structure, i.e. a flow blocking disc is placed in the middle of a duct for discharging the gas between the disc and the inner wall of a duct. After finding its way around a block placed in its passage, the flow strives to carry on its passage in a turbulent form, as shown in FIG. 4.
FIGS. 3 and 4 illustrate also a measuring element 49, detecting a pressure difference and receiving signals along measuring channels 50 and 51 from both sides of the flow restricting elements.
if a pressure-difference based flow measurement is not effected, the control of a propellant gas pressure is preferably facilitated by placing a flow restricting element or a throttle 46 or 47 between pressure regulating element 6 and propellant gas chamber 18. This provides for a larger regulating range for the propellant pressure and a more accurate control of the flow rate.
The operation of a control unit appearing in a preferred solution of the invention shown in FIG. 1 as well as that of the entire ventilator is electronically controlled. The operation is controlled by a processor 52. Thereby, and along a line 53, the initial pressure of pressure regulating element 6 can be varied to match a desired propellant gas flow. In the case shown in FIG. 1, the correction or feedback is effected on the basis of a signal received from flow measuring element 10 along a line 54. A flow measurement message received from element 10, which is thus preferably an element measuring the pressure difference over a throttle, is transmitted via an amplifier 55 and an A/D-converter 56 to microprocessor 52.
Instead of, or preferably in addition to flow measuring element 10, the initial pressure of pressure regulating element 6 can be monitored by means of pressure measuring element 11. The output voltage of element 11 carried along a line 57 is amplified by amplifier 55 and converted by A/D-converter into a binary form and read by microprocessor 52.
Microprocessor 52 is used to regulate the initial pressure of pressure regulating element 6 by controlling the rotation of stepping motor 44 if the measured flow and/or pressure differs from a desired propellant gas flow rate. In this case, the processor calculates correction terms for the control of a stepping motor. The control of a stepping motor is stopped when a calibration value stored in the microprocessor memory matches a signal received from the flow measuring element or pressure measuring elements 11. The correction of the initial pressure of pressure regulating element 6 can preferably be effected during both an inhalation and exhalation cycle.
Processor 52 is preferably also used for controlling the operation of inspiration valve 8 and outlet valve 9. The opening and closing of the inspiration and outlet valves is determined by means of a preset relationship between respiration frequency and inhalation and exhalation times.
A signal from a pressure measuring element 60 included in the patient circuit is also preferably delivered to processor 52.
The invention is by no means limited to the above embodiments but various details of the invention can be modified within the scope of the appended claims. The drawing only illustrates the construction and operation of just one pressure regulating element 6. It is obvious that other types of pressure regulating elements can be used just as well within the scope of the invention. Neither is the invention by any means limited to the illustrated assembly of a patient circuit and a bellows unit. There is merely described one possible functional and conventional solution for a patient circuit and a bellows unit.
|Cited Patent
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|Procedure and device for the movement and volume measurement of fluids and gases and device for the implementation of a respiration
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|Panina Elena Vladimirovna
|Method of producing a breathing mixture and an apparatus for applying the method
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|Nellcor Puritan Bennett Llc
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|May 19, 2010
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|Art Of Xen Limited
|Ventilator apparatus
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|Ric Investments, Inc.
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|Drager Medical Ag & Co.
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|Jun 15, 2006
|Jorge Bonassa
|Ventilation system for respiratory devices
|Dec 5, 2006
|Jun 28, 2007
|Ric Investments, Llc.
|Ventilator adaptable for use with either a dual-limb circuit or a single-limb circuit
|Dec 6, 2007
|Oct 23, 2008
|Shenzhen Mindray Bio-Medical Electronics Co., Ltd
|Respirator and method for calibrating flow rate measuring component thereof
|Dec 17, 2008
|Jul 2, 2009
|Nellcor Puritan Bennett Llc
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|Feb 4, 2010
|Guy Bourdon
|Pressure-Controlled Breathing Aid
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|U.S. Classification
|128/203.28, 128/205.15, 128/204.21
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Nov 12, 1993
Owner name: INSTRUMENTARIUM CORPORATION, FINLAND
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:HEINONEN, ERKKI;HYVONEN, MARKKU;REEL/FRAME:006757/0875
Effective date: 19930218
|Jun 28, 1999
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Aug 13, 2003
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Aug 20, 2007
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Feb 13, 2008
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Apr 1, 2008
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20080213


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50% OFF! - Globe Trotters
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This was for my son's 4th birthday. I ended up making the face twice. The first one was too big and the second one was too small. Oh well. He loved the cake and I got a lot of attention at Chuck E. Cheese's. lol
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14 reviews | 3.2 out of 5
I picked this desk because I wanted some shelf, but I am not using it for a Desk Top Computer I'm using a lap top. If I had a desk top computer this desk would be my ideal desk! I love the shelves and the slide out shelf! I use it for notes since I dont have a key board there. Its a little tight on stop for a lap top but still very over all happy with the desk! I put it together by myself and had no problems! No need for two people at all! Over I think its a great desk for the style, look, price!
I don't recommend this desk!!! The picture is very decieving. This is very small if you have anything bigger than a 17 inch monitor it won't fit. My keyboard and mouse on the pullout tray are very tight. The sitting space in front of the monitor is almost non-existant but on the plus side the shelves on the left are nice other than that its not worth the price at all!!! I was very disapointed!!!
I love this desk, it fits perfectly in the space where I want it to be. It has all the space that I needed, and it's very easy to put together, and I am a woman. If you are someone who is like me, likes to be organize, this desk is worth buying.
Good product for the money. I am handicapped and this desk with the shelves where they are allows me to keep every thing close at hand. I almost didn't buy this because of the bad review from one customer, that's nothing but sour grapes. Granted my monitor won't slide all the way in, but that gives me a good place to put the speakers, and with the keryboard pulled out how are you going to put your legs under anyway? The only complaint I have is the lack of clarity in the instructions.
Not a very good product for the money. Some items in the box were damaged and had to be altered to make it work. Had to tape some corners that were torn.
Would be a good desk for an 8 year old. Monitor doesn't fit. No leg room.
I bought this for my 8 year old girl for a place to put her computer and do her homework. You get what you pay for. Spit board (that falls apart while trying to put it togather), not very sturdy at all, didn't even get all the right parts and don't even try to call and get help (WAST OF TIME!!). A person will be lucky to get 1 or2 years of service out of this desk. If I would have none I would be more than happy to have spent another several hundred dollars for a better product. DO NOT BUY!!!!!!!!!
It has lots of storage place than my old computer desk. I was able to build it with ease. For the price of this computer desk its really good for it. I was able to build my computer desk just under 2 hour but the manual can be a little confusing. If you are unable to fallow it well it will take you longer then 2 hours. Other then that I like it and its great to have it if you do not have enough space.
Received package with multiple broken or cracked pieces. Was able to use wood glue to fix but was very disappointed as this was a gift for my grandson. Wal-Mart store not close enough to us to be able to quickly return before birthday party. Not a smart purchase for me.
I bought this for my daughter's room. They love it and it meets all expectations. The added on bookshelf was a major plus, which is why I purchased this item! It is excellent for small spaces cause their room is not very big.
If we had actually been able to put it together I am sure it would have been fine but when we opened the box it had 2 broken pieces and we had to return it to the store.
Lots of pieces...a little difficult to assemble. Using a drill is very helpful and makes it much easier. Once together...looks great and has lots of storage space.
not mas big as picture showed but it will dew


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Tech Thursday: 15% off 1+ Yards of Sport Lycra, Performance Knit & Performance Pique Fabrics Through 11:59 P.M. EDT July 28th.
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manufacturing engineer jobs near Delanco, NJ
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Career Development Partners - Philadelphia, PA
Be responsible for implementing these value added proposals on site (can include areas of logistics/inventory management (E-Kanban), global pricing,...
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Manufacturing Test Engineer:. Electrical Manufacturing Test Engineer*. Transition R&D prototypes units into contract manufacturing environment....
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Edmund Optics is seeking a Product Support Engineer. Our competitive salary and benefits package includes matching 401k, dental insurance, medical insurance,...
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Penn Technical Staffing - West Berlin, NJ
Develop, evaluate, and improve manufacturing methods, utilizing knowledge of product design, materials and parts, fabrication processes, tooling and production...
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Generate project engineering turn-over package and manage successful technology transfer to manufacturing group....
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American Custom Drying - Burlington, NJ
Act as the project lead for Lean Manufacturing initiatives. American Custom Drying has an exciting opportunity for a *Process Engineer*....
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Knowledge of lean manufacturing isn't required but would be a plus. The quality control / production support engineer position primary function is to assist...
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We have an exciting new opportunity for *a Sales Engineer*. We provide contract manufacturing and toll processing services for the food and chemical industries....


text:
Ethics Primer of the American Psychiatric Associationby American Psychiatric Association
Pub. Date: 02/28/2001
Publisher: American Psychiatric Publishing, Incorporated
In questions of psychiatric ethics, simple "yes" or "no" answers are rare, yet questions arise frequently in the clinical setting. "Should I accept a patient's invitation to a party?" "Is it OK to tell a patient that I, too, have had a depression?" "Can I release sensitive information about my patient without the patient's consent?" "Can I give a psychiatric
In questions of psychiatric ethics, simple "yes" or "no" answers are rare, yet questions arise frequently in the clinical setting. "Should I accept a patient's invitation to a party?" "Is it OK to tell a patient that I, too, have had a depression?" "Can I release sensitive information about my patient without the patient's consent?" "Can I give a psychiatric opinion about someone I've never examined?"
A shortage of ethics instruction from medical school through residency has left many psychiatrists facing the increasingly complex field of ethics without a clear guide to ethical decision making and conduct…until now.
Informed by some of the formal proceedings of the APA Ethics Committee, Ethics Primer of the American Psychiatric Association presents today's ethical dilemmas in eleven informative chapters -- brought to life by the clinical vignettes based on actual cases seen by this primer's distinguished contributors. • Boundary violations between the doctor -- patient relationship and any other relationship (e.g., social, sexual/romantic, business)• Issues such as informed consent, psychopharmacology, hospitalization, and psychotherapy with children, adolescents, and families• Issues such as confidentiality, competence and consent, quality of life, abuse and neglect, and use of restraints with geriatric populations • Involuntary hospitalization rife with conflict and controversy where many ethical principles clash (e.g., beneficence, autonomy, informed consent)• Reconciling ethical conduct (as delineated in guidelines of the AMA, APA, and Sabin) with managed care's cost containment and rationing of medical services• Confidentiality, how this fundamental ethics principle can clash with the business ethics of managed care and insurance companies• Gifts from patients and industry when and why they are or are not acceptable• The often uncomfortable duty to report colleagues who engage in fraud or deception, from speaking privately with a colleague to referring a concern to a departmental committee, supervisor, or local APA ethics committee (and applicable legal mandates)• Emergency care ethics how to ensure proper treatment for psychiatric patients who come to the emergency room with physical illnesses forensic psychiatry, including codes of ethics, boundary issues, and management of allegations of ethical misconduct• When consultations and second opinions are needed
Including an appendix with selected material from The Principles of Medical Ethics With Annotations Especially Applicable to Psychiatry, this clinical guide and reference is sure to stimulate the discussion so integral to maintaining the dynamic tradition of ethics. As such, it is essential reading for every psychiatrist -- whether in training or in established clinical practice -- who aspires to a richer appreciation for the wisdom and subtleties of the guidelines and principles of medical ethics.
American Psychiatric Publishing
Product Details
- 9780890423172
- Publisher:
- American Psychiatric Publishing, Incorporated
- Publication date:
- 02/28/2001
- Edition description:
- New Edition
- Pages:
- 116
- Product dimensions:
- 6.00(w) x 9.00(h) x 0.24(d)
- Age Range:
- 18 Years
Table of Contents
Introduction: Role of the APA in developing and enforcing psychiatric ethics. Introduction for psychiatric residents. Boundary violations. Children, adolescents, and families. Geriatric populations. Involuntary hospitalization. Managed care. Confidentiality. Gifts. Duty to report colleagues who engage in fraud or deception. Ethics of emergency care. Ethics and forensic psychiatry. Consultations and second opinions. Appendix. Index.
American Psychiatric Publishing
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This 4 inch stainless steel egg ring is a must to ensure consistency when serving breakfast sandwiches.
I had been searching all over Houston for this egg ring and I am very impressed. (glad, I didn't buy the plastic ones in the big box stores) Yes I do add one whole egg and another egg with out the yolk. My breakfast sandwich was perfect.
(Posted on 4/25/2016)
The 4" rings are the best. Heavy duty, Stands up to repeated use. I prefer to use a griddle when cooking eggs. The rings are great for fried eggs. Place the ring on the griddle/pan, spray with a little PAM, then add the eggs. I usually cook 2 eggs per ring. You can do three at a time, but no more than that. One egg comes out thin. Spraying the ring first makes cleanup easy (Posted on 2/20/2014)
This is the larger of the two available. Get the smaller one. 4" dia. eggs do not sit on a hamburger bun or English muffin well. Also, is a bit of a chore to scrub clean every time, but maybe because it needs to be seasoned? The diameter, though not true, (perfectly round), is larger than the largest round in the cutter set. So if you're looking for a really large cutter, this will do nicely. (Posted on 1/15/2010)
I bought the light weight rings with the fold-down handle because they store easily, but there is a small gap at the handle and the egg leaks out. This ring is heavier,which i like, and it does not leak. I am a lot happier with this ring. (Posted on 10/11/2009)
Since switching to egg whites in a carton, these rings are great for egg sandwiches. (Posted on 1/16/2009)
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Apple and other digital music retailers are in discussions with record labels to improve the quality of the song files they sell, reports "CNN" (http://macte.ch/yHNoQ), quoting "executives involved in the talks." This means that online music stores could offer songs that sound truer to their original recordings, though perhaps at a premium price.
Professional music producers generally capture studio recordings in a 24-bit, high-fidelity audio format. Before the originals, or "masters," are pressed onto CDs or distributed to digital sellers like iTunes, they're downgraded to 16-bit files. From there, the audio can be compressed further in order to minimize the time the music will take to download or to allow it to be streamed on-the-fly over the Internet.
Most Macs can play 24-bit sound, and the iTunes program is capable of handling such files. But most portable electronics, and many computers, don't...| Read more »


text:
Elk Country Inn, Jackson Hole (and vicinity)
- Free WiFi in lobby and free parking
Main amenities
- 90 smoke-free guestrooms
- Free ski shuttle
- Spa tub
- Ski passes
- Fitness center
- Business center
- Area shuttle
- Air conditioning
- Daily housekeeping
- Lobby fireplace
- Self-serve laundry
- Concierge services
What's around
- Jackson Hole Historical Society and Museum (0.4 mi / 0.6 km)
- Jackson Town Square (0.4 mi / 0.7 km)
- Snow King Resort (1 mi / 1.5 km)
- National Elk Refuge (1.8 mi / 2.9 km)
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Elk Country Inn, Jackson Hole (and vicinity)
Hotel Info: 866-539-8117from $248
- Settlers Room
- Three Queen Loft
- Cabin, 2 Queen Beds
Also popular with travelers from the USA
At a glance
Key facts
Hotel size
- This hotel has 90 rooms
- This hotel is arranged over 3 floors
- Check-in time 3 PM-11 PM
- Check-out time is 11 AM
Required at check in
- Credit card or cash deposit required
- Government-issued photo ID required
- Minimum check-in age is 18
Travelling with others
- Children (10 years old and younger) stay free when occupying the parent or guardian's room, using existing bedding
- Pets stay free
- Specific rooms only *
- Free WiFi in public areas
- Free self parking
- Area shuttle *
- Free ski shuttle
Other information
- Smoke-free property
Nearby Two Star Jackson Hole (and vicinity) hotels
In the hotel
- Barbeque grills
- Free ski shuttle
- Ski passes available
- Fitness facilities
- Spa tub
- Business center
- Front desk (limited hours)
- Concierge services
- Laundry facilities
- Free newspapers in lobby
- Luggage storage
- Number of buildings/towers - 2
- Picnic area
- Fireplace in lobby
- Accessible bathroom
- In-room accessibility
In the room
- Air conditioning
- Coffee/tea maker
- Iron/ironing board
- Private bathroom
- Shower/tub combination
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- Free local calls
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Recently reviewed hotels in Jackson Hole (and vicinity)
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"Nice place to stay for the price. Basic services. Close to Teton mountains. Nice game room for the evenings. the manager was very accomodating when I had a problem"Jun 16, 2016
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Special features
On Site
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- Free bicycles on site
- Playground on site
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- Hiking/biking trails nearby
- Kayaking nearby
- Mountain biking nearby
- Rafting nearby
- Cross-country skiing nearby
- Downhill skiing nearby
- Snowboarding nearby
- Snowmobiling nearby
- Snowshoeing nearby
Elk Country Inn, Jackson Hole (and vicinity)'s small print
Also known as
- Elk Country Inn
- Elk Country Inn Jackson
- Elk Country
- Elk Inn
- Elk Country Hotel Jackson
- Elk Country Inn Jackson Hole, WY
- Hotel Elk Country
- Elk Country Jackson
Pet-friendly rooms can be requested by contacting the property at the number on the booking confirmation.
Optional extras
Rollaway beds are available for USD 10.00 per night
Area shuttle service is offered for an extra charge
We have included all charges provided to us by this hotel. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.
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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jun 17, 2008
|Filing date
|Jun 24, 2003
|Priority date
|Jun 24, 2003
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Zia Rehman
|Original Assignee
|Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (18), Referenced by (2), Classifications (15), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates generally to ink-jet ink compositions. More particularly, the present invention relates to black ink-jet ink compositions.
Computer printer technology has evolved to a point where very high-resolution images can be transferred to various types of media, including paper. Ink-jet printing involves the placement of small drops of a fluid ink onto a media surface in response to a digital signal. Typically, the fluid ink is placed or jetted onto the surface without physical contact between the printing device and the surface. Within this general technique, the specific method that the ink-jet ink is deposited onto the printing surface varies from system to system, and can include continuous ink deposit and drop-on-demand ink deposit. Regarding drop-on-demand printing systems, the ink-jet inks are typically based upon water and water soluble organic solvents. Essentially, with these systems, ink droplets are propelled from a nozzle by heat or by a pressure wave such that essentially all of the ink droplets ejected are used to form the printed image.
In general, ink-jet inks are either dye- or pigment-based inks. Both are typically prepared in an ink vehicle that contains the dye and/or the pigment. Dye-based ink-jet inks generally use a liquid colorant that is usually water-based to turn the media a specific color. Conversely, pigmented inks typically use a solid or dispersed colorant to achieve color.
There are several reasons that ink-jet printing has become a popular way of recording images on various media surfaces, particularly paper. Some of these reasons include low printer noise, capability of high-speed recording, and multi-color recording. Additionally, these advantages can be obtained at a relatively low price to consumers. However, though there has been great improvement in ink-jet printing, accompanying this improvement are increased demands by consumers in this area, e.g., higher speeds, higher resolution, full color image formation, increased stability, etc. As new ink-jet inks are developed, there have been several traditional characteristics to consider when evaluating the ink in conjunction with a printing surface or substrate. Such characteristics include edge acuity and optical density of the image on the surface, black to color bleed control, dry time of the ink on the substrate, adhesion to the substrate, lack of deviation in ink droplet placement, presence of all dots, resistance of the ink after drying to water and other solvents, long term storage stability, and long term reliability without corrosion or nozzle clogging. Though the above list of characteristics provides a worthy goal to achieve, there are difficulties associated with satisfying all of the above characteristics. Often, the inclusion of an ink component meant to satisfy one of the above characteristics can prevent another characteristic from being met. Thus, most commercial inks for use in ink-jet printers represent a compromise in an attempt to achieve at least an adequate response in meeting all of the above listed requirements.
One characteristic of many ink-jet inks that can be modified to provide improved image quality, particularly with respect to black ink-jet inks, is optical density. As such, investigations continue into developing black ink-jet ink formulations that have improved optical density, and which achieves this improvement without significantly compromising another ink-jetting property.
A black ink-jet ink is provided that can include a liquid vehicle and a black colorant solubilized or dispersed in the liquid vehicle. The liquid vehicle can comprise water, a cosolvent, a solubilized naturally occurring amino acid, and an amphoteric surfactant.
In another embodiment, a method of generating a black image on uncoated paper can comprise the steps of formulating an inkjet ink including a liquid vehicle and a black colorant solubilized or dispersed in the liquid vehicle, and ink-jetting the ink-jet ink onto an uncoated paper. The liquid vehicle for use with the method can comprise water, a cosolvent, a solubilized naturally occurring amino acid, and an amphoteric surfactant.
Additional features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the detailed description which illustrates, by way of example, features of the invention.
Before particular embodiments of the present invention are disclosed and described, it is to be understood that this invention is not limited to the particular process and materials disclosed herein as such may vary to some degree. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is used for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting, as the scope of the present invention will be defined only by the appended claims and equivalents thereof.
In describing and claiming the present invention, the following terminology will be used.
The singular forms "a," "an," and "the" include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to "a dye" includes reference to one or more of such materials.
As used herein, "liquid vehicle" is defined to include liquid compositions that can be used to carry colorants to a substrate. Liquid vehicles are well known in the art, and a wide variety of ink vehicles may be used in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. Such ink vehicles may include a mixture of a variety of different agents, including without limitation, surfactants, solvents, co-solvents, buffers, biocides, viscosity modifiers, sequestering agents, stabilizing agents, and water. In accordance with embodiments of the present invention, the term "liquid vehicle" also includes solubilized naturally occurring amino acids and amphoteric surfactants.
As used herein, "colored," when referring to ink-jet inks, refers to non-black ink-jet ink compositions. For example, typical colored ink compositions can be cyan, magenta, yellow, or mixtures thereof. Colored ink-jet inks of the present invention can be either dye or pigment based inks.
As used herein, the term "non-reactive" when referring to an ink set is a combination of a black ink-jet ink in accordance with embodiments of the present invention and colored ink(s), neither of which is reactive with one another.
The term "bleed" refers to a propensity of a first inkjet ink to run into an adjacently printed second ink-jet ink. Low bleed is typically desired with respect to ink-jet ink printing systems.
"Amphoteric surfactants" are surfactants that bear both positive and negative charges. The amphoteric properties can be related to the pH of the system, and can behave more like anionics (an agent in which the active molecule bears a negative electric charge) or cationics (an agent which possesses a positive electrical charge), depending on the pH. Within certain pH ranges, both a positive and a negative charge can be present simultaneously.
The term "naturally occurring amino acid" includes the twenty or so amino acids derived from proteins. When referring to such amino acids as "solubilized," what is meant is that the amino acid is at least partially solubilized to become part of the liquid vehicle composition.
The term "colorant" includes both dyes and pigments.
The term "uncoated paper" shall mean that the paper is not coated with a swellable polymeric coating, e.g., gelatin, or an inorganic porous coating, e.g., silica. This is not to say that the paper cannot be coated with any substance, as many papermaking processes include coatings of various types. Stated another way, the term "uncoated paper" is meant primarily to exclude photographic media and the like.
Concentrations, amounts, and other numerical data may be presented herein in a range format. It is to be understood that such range format is used merely for convenience and brevity and should be interpreted flexibly to include not only the numerical values explicitly recited as the limits of the range, but also to include all the individual numerical values or sub-ranges encompassed within that range as if each numerical value and sub-range is explicitly recited. For example, a weight range of about 1 wt % to about 20 wt % should be interpreted to include not only the explicitly recited concentration limits of 1 wt % to about 20 wt %, but also to include individual concentrations such as 2 wt %, 3 wt %, 4 wt %, and sub-ranges such as 5 wt % to 15 wt %, 10 wt % to 20 wt %, etc.
In accordance with the present invention, a black ink-jet ink composition can comprise a liquid vehicle and a black colorant solubilized or dispersed in the liquid vehicle. The liquid vehicle can include water, a cosolvent, a naturally occurring amino acid, and an amphoteric surfactant.
In another embodiment, a method of generating a black image on uncoated paper can comprise steps of formulating an ink-jet ink including a liquid vehicle and a black dye solubilized or dispersed in the liquid vehicle, and ink-jetting the ink-jet ink onto an uncoated paper. As with the composition described above, the liquid vehicle can comprise water, a cosolvent, a naturally occurring amino acid, and an amphoteric surfactant. In one embodiment, the dye, the naturally occurring amino acid, and the amphoteric surfactant can be configured to work synergistically to reduce ink-jet ink penetration into the paper.
Maintaining good optical density with black inks, particularly black dye-based ink-jet inks, can be a challenge. Typically, anionic surfactants and other non-amphoteric surfactants are often used to control bleed in non-reactive printing systems. However, surfactants cause dye-based black ink-jet inks to penetrate plain and uncoated papers, thereby affecting optical density negatively. By combining amino acids with amphoteric surfactants in a liquid vehicle, black ink-jet inks prepared therefrom can have good optical density due to decreased plain paper penetration of the ink-jet ink.
Amino acids have multiple sites or moieties that can behave differently from one another, i.e., one as an acid and another as a base, although the molecule as a whole can be more neutral (depending on the pH of the system). This duality of function allows for multiple configurations within an ink-jet ink such that dyes can become more fully dispersed within the ink-jet ink. The naturally occurring amino acid that can be used can be selected from the group consisting of alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, cystine, glutamine, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, hydroxyproline, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, ornithine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, valine, dipeptides, tripeptides, tetrapeptides, and combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the amino acid can be solubilized to become part of the liquid vehicle at from 0.1 wt % to 10 wt %.
In addition to the amino acid, an amphoteric surfactant can be present. It is believed that the presence of the amphoteric surfactant can aid in alleviating bleed between a black inkjet ink of the present invention and a colored ink-jet ink that is non-reactive with the black ink-jet ink. The amphoteric surfactant can be any functional amphoteric surfactant, including those selected from the group consisting of alkyl betaines, alkyl amidopropyl betaines, cocobetaines, cocoamidopropyl betaines, hydroxysulfo betaines, cocohydroxysulfo betaines, cocoamphodipropionates, cocoamphopropionates, sulfobetaines, alkyl amine dicarboxylates, polyglycol ether derivatives, N-alkyl glycinates, N-cocobetaine aminobutyric acids, lecithins and enzyme modified lecithins, hydroxylated lecithins, soy phosphatides, oleyl betaines, lauryl dimethyl amine oxides, alkylimino-dipropionates, alkylampho-propionates, cocoamphodiacetates, cocoamphodiacetates, alkylirminodipropionates, alkylamphodipropionates, alkylamphodiacetates, and combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the amphoteric surfactant can also be present as part of the liquid vehicle at from 0.01 wt % to 2 wt %.
The black colorant can be a dye and/or a pigment colorant. In one embodiment, the black colorant can be a dye selected from the group consisting of pacified Reactive Black 31, Direct Black 168, Acid Black 52, Direct Black 170, Direct Black 22, Direct Black 19, Reactive Black 8, Solvent Black 13, Food Black 2, copper complexed azo black (such as available from Ilford), and combinations thereof. Typically, the black dye can be present in the ink-jet ink at from 0.1 wt % to 10 wt %. If a black pigment is used, such as a carbon black pigment, the pigment can be present in the liquid vehicle at from 0.1 wt % to 8 wt % by solids.
Other properties that are desired for the black ink jet ink compositions include neutral black color, neutral gray scale, and good optical density. Good optical density, or fullness and intensity of color, is desired in order to produce images, which are full in tone and not washed out. Further, as optical density range increases, so does the ability to produce sharp transitions between different shades of black. The shades of black, ranging from black to white, are known as gray scale. Generally, black inks that display a higher optical density are capable of producing a greater number of transitory gray shades between black and white, and therefore produce higher quality images. Compositions of the present invention can be prepared such that improved neutral black and gray scale, as well as improved optical density are achievable.
As mentioned, the ink-jet ink compositions of the present invention are typically prepared in an aqueous formulation or liquid vehicle which can include water, cosolvents, surfactants, buffering agents, biocides, sequestering agents, viscosity modifiers, humectants, binders, and/or other known additives. Also included are one or more of the amino acids and amphoteric surfactants described previously. Typically the ink-jet ink compositions of the present invention have a viscosity of between about 0.8 to about 8 cps. In one aspect of the present invention, the liquid vehicle can comprise from about 70 wt % to about 99.9 wt % by weight of the ink-jet ink composition. In another aspect, other than the colorant, liquid vehicle can also carry polymeric binders, latex particulates, and/or other solids.
As described, cosolvents can be included in the ink-jet ink compositions of the present invention. Suitable cosolvents for use in the present invention include water soluble organic cosolvents, but are not limited to, aliphatic alcohols, aromatic alcohols, diols, glycol ethers, poly(glycol) ethers, lactams, formamides, acetamides, long chain alcohols, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, diethylene glycols, triethylene glycols, glycerine, dipropylene glycols, glycol butyl ethers, polyethylene glycols, polypropylene glycols, amides, ethers, carboxylic acids, esters, organosulfides, organosulfoxides, sulfones, alcohol derivatives, carbitol, butyl carbitol, cellosolve, ether derivatives, amino alcohols, and ketones. For example, cosolvents can include primary aliphatic alcohols of 30 carbons or less, primary aromatic alcohols of 30 carbons or less, secondary aliphatic alcohols of 30 carbons or less, secondary aromatic alcohols of 30 carbons or less, 1,2-diols of 30 carbons or less, 1,3-diols of 30 carbons or less, 1,5-diols of 30 carbons-or less, ethylene glycol alkyl ethers, propylene glycol alkyl ethers, poly(ethylene glycol)alkyl ethers, higher homologs of poly(ethylene glycol) alkyl ethers, poly(propylene glycol) alkyl ethers, higher homologs of poly(propylene glycol) alkyl ethers, lactams, substituted formamides, unsubstituted formamides, substituted acetamides, and unsubstituted acetamides. Specific examples of cosolvents that are preferably employed in the practice of this invention include, but are not limited to, 1,5-pentanediol, 2-pyrrolidone, 1-(2-hydroxylethyl)-2-pyrrolidinone, 2-ethyl-2-hydroxymethyl-1,3-propanediol, diethylene glycol, 3-methoxybutanol, and 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone, 1,2-hexanediol, 1,2-octanediol, 2,5-dimethyl-3-hexyne-2,5-diol, trimethylol propane, 3-hexyne-2, 5-diol, sulfolane, and 3-pyridyl carbinol and other pyridine derivatives. Cosolvents can be added to reduce the rate of evaporation of water in the ink-jet ink in order to minimize clogging or alter other properties of the ink such as viscosity, pH, surface tension, optical density, and print quality. The cosolvent concentration can range from about 0.5 wt % to about 20 wt %, and in one embodiment is from about 2 wt % to about 10 wt %. Multiple cosolvents can also be used, as is known in the art.
Various buffering agents or pH adjusting agents can also be optionally used in the ink-jet ink compositions of the present invention. Typical buffering agents include such pH control solutions as hydroxides of alkali metals and amines, such as lithium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide; citric acid; amines such as triethanolamine, diethanolamine, and dimethylethanolamine; hydrochloric acid; and other basic or acidic components which do not substantially interfere with the bleed control or optical density characteristics of the present invention. If used, buffering agents typically comprise less than about 10 wt % of the ink-jet ink composition.
pH modification can be carried out such that the amphoteric surfactant, and optionally the amino acid, is in a zwitterionic state. Typically, pH balancing can occur such that the formulated ink-jet ink composition has a pH from about 6 to 8. In one embodiment, the pH can be about 7. In other embodiments, the ink-jet ink can include an acid to lower the pH to from 8 to 6, and in another embodiment, the ink-jet ink can include a base to raise the pH to from 6 to 8. However, these ranges are not considered to be the only workable ranges, as some amino acids and amphoteric surfactants can be functional for use at other pH levels, as would be known by those skilled in the art after considering the present invention.
In another aspect of the present invention, various biocides can be used to inhibit growth of undesirable microorganisms. Several non-limiting examples of suitable biocides include benzoate salts, sorbate salts, commercial products such as NUOSEPT (Nudex, Inc., a division of Huls America), UCARCIDE (Union Carbide), VANCIDE (RT Vanderbilt Co.), and PROXEL (ICI Americas) and other known biocides. Typically, such biocides comprise less than about 5 wt % of the ink-jet ink composition and often from about 0.1 wt % to about 0.25 wt %.
In an additional aspect of the present invention, binders can be included which can act to secure colorants on a substrate. Binders suitable for use in the present invention typically have a molecular weight of from about 200 Mw to about 8000 Mw. Non-limiting examples include polyester, polyester-melanine, styrene-acrylic acid copolymers, styrene-acrylic acid-alkyl acrylate copolymers, styrene-maleic acid copolymers, styrene-maleic acid-alkyl acrylate copolymers, styrene-methacrylic acid copolymers, styrene-methacrylic acid-alkyl acrylate copolymers, styrene-maleic half ester copolymers, vinyl naphthalene-acrylic acid copolymers, vinyl naphthalene-maleic acid copolymers, and combinations and salts thereof.
If additional surfactant is used, other than the amphoteric surfactant, then typical water-soluble surfactants such as alkyl polyethylene oxides, alkyl phenyl polyethylene oxides, polyethylene oxide (PEO) block copolymers, acetylenic PEO, PEO esters, PEO amines, PEO amides, dimethicone copolyols, and primary and secondary alchohols can be used. If used, non-amphoteric surfactants can be present at from 0.01% to about 10% by weight of the ink-jet ink composition.
The following examples illustrate the embodiments of the invention that are presently best known. However, it is to be understood that the following are only exemplary or illustrative of the application of the principles of the present invention. Numerous modifications and alternative compositions, methods, and systems may be devised by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. The appended claims are intended to cover such modifications and arrangements. Thus, while the present invention has been described above with particularity, the following Examples provide further detail in connection with what are presently deemed to be the most practical and preferred embodiments of the invention.
Two zwitterionic surfactant-containing black ink-jet inks were prepared, one with an amino acid present and one without. Additionally, a different amount of acid (HCl) was used in each ink-jet ink so that the pH of each ink was approximately the same. Specifically, the inks were prepared according to Table 1 as follows:
Ink 1
Ink 2
black dye
5.5 wt %
5.5 wt %
Substituted pyridine
10.0 wt %
10.0 wt %
0.2 wt %
0.2 wt %
5.0 wt %
5.0 wt %
4.0 wt %
cocobetaine (ULS 35% active)
0.18 wt %
0.18 wt %
0.06 wt %
0.06 wt %
0.1 wt %
0.1 wt %
0.15 wt %
0.1 wt %
Inks 1 and 2 from Example 1 were each loaded into individual ink-jet pens and jetted onto 15 different types of paper. Each printed image was allowed to dry and was tested for optical density. On average, the optical density for Ink 2 (which contained both an amino acid and a zwitterionic surfactant) was better than that of Ink 1 (which did not contain an amino acid). The results are provided in Table 2 as follows:
Ink 1 (OD)
Ink 2 (OD)
Steinbeis/Zweckform Recyconomic
Aussedat Rey-Reymat
Stora Papyrus Natura
Hewlett-Packard Multipurpose Paper
Kymene KymCopy Lux
Hokuetsu Kin-Mari
Oji Sunace PPC
Hewlett-Packard Bright White Paper
Neenah Classic Laid
Hammermill Fore DP (20#)
Stora Papyrus Multicopy
Sabah Forest Industries
Xerox Multipurpose
Union Camp Great White
Gilbert Bond
An ink-jet ink was prepared according to Table 3 as follows:
Ink 3
black dye
5.5 wt %
4.0 wt %
Substituted pyridine
10.0 wt %
0.2 wt %
5.0 wt %
0.1 wt %
3.0 wt %
cocobetaine (ULS 35% active)
0.18 wt %
0.12 wt %
Ink 3 was prepared and divided into nine equal samples (A-I). Sample A remained unaltered as prepared in Table 3. To each samples B, C, D, E, F, G, H, and I was added 4 wt % of eight different amino acids, respectively. The eight amino acids that were added were arginine to sample B, β-alanine to sample C, 10 glutamine to sample D, asparagine to sample E, histidine to sample F, glycine to sample G, proline to sample H, and lysine to sample I.
Each of sample A-I, prepared as in Example 3, were loaded into nine separate ink-jet pens, and each pen was used to print 1 mm lines on two types of paper (HP Printing Paper and PH Bright White Paper). Additionally, similar lines were reprinted on the same two types of paper, the only difference being that the second set of lines was printed in contact with a yellow ink-jet ink that was substantially non-reactive with respect to the nine black ink-jet ink samples. The amount of bleed was determined according to delta width data. In particular, delta width was determined by measuring the increase in line width when printed against the yellow ink-jet ink compared to the line width when printed alone. Numbers closer to 0 indicated less bleed. The data collected is set forth in Table 4 below:
HP Bright White Paper
HP Printing Paper
(delta width)
(delta width)
As can be seen by Table 4 above, Inks B, F, G, H, and I had better delta width properties than Ink A. Inks D and E each performed better on one of the two type of paper, as compared to control Ink A. Only Ink C performed slightly worse on both types of paper, as compared to Ink A. However, the difference between Ink A and Ink C was substantially the same when viewed by the naked eye. As a further note, with proper pH optimization, the bleed performance for all these inks, particularly inks B through I, can be further improved.
The inks prepared and analysis performed in accordance with Examples 1-4 above demonstrates that, generally, optical density can be improved, and generally, bleed can be substantially unaffected or slightly improved by the presence of a zwitterionic surfactant and an amino acid in an ink-jet ink, in accordance with principles of the present invention.
It is to be understood that the above-referenced arrangements are illustrative of the application for the principles of the present invention. Numerous modifications and alternative arrangements can be devised without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention while the present invention has been shown in the drawings and described above in connection with the exemplary embodiments(s) of the invention. It will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that numerous modifications can be made without departing from the principles and concepts of the invention as set forth in the claims.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Aug 28, 1991
|Apr 21, 1992
|Hewlett-Packard Company
|Bleed alleviation using zwitterionic surfactants and cationic dyes
|Jan 18, 1994
|Oct 31, 1995
|Fuji Xerox Co., Ltd.
|Ink-jet ink and method of printing using the same
|Dec 20, 1994
|Apr 16, 1996
|Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation
|Aqueous ink
|Oct 30, 1996
|Oct 21, 1997
|Hewlett-Packard Company
|Bleed alleviation in ink jet inks using acids containing a basic functional group
|Dec 30, 1996
|Apr 7, 1998
|Kao Corporation
|Aqueous ink of pigment type
|Jun 26, 1998
|Mar 21, 2000
|Xerox Corporation
|Inks for ink jet printing with reduced intercolor bleed
|Dec 4, 1997
|Jun 13, 2000
|Zeneca Limited
|Monoazocompounds with an indanyl moiety
|Mar 5, 2001
|Jun 3, 2003
|Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.
|Use of mixtures of organic acids to adjust properties of ink-jet inks
|Mar 5, 2001
|Nov 7, 2002
|Zia Rehman
|Use of mixtures of organic acids to adjust properties of ink-jet inks
|Sep 29, 2003
|Apr 15, 2004
|Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd.
|Black ink for inkjet recording
|Jan 5, 2004
|Jul 15, 2004
|Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd.
|Inkjet ink, production method of inkjet ink, inkjet ink set and inkjet recording method
|Dec 15, 2003
|Jun 16, 2005
|Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc.
|Solubility additive for ink compositions
|May 8, 2000
|Nov 23, 2000
|Bayer Ag
|Solid formulation, e.g. for pigmenting paint, coating, paper, building material, polymer, printing ink or ink-jet ink, contains water-dispersible graft polymer of unsaturated hydrophobic monomer on (modified) natural protective colloid
|Apr 3, 1992
|Oct 21, 1992
|Hewlett-Packard Company
|Bleed alleviation in ink-jet inks
|Dec 19, 1994
|Jun 28, 1995
|Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation
|Aqueous ink for ink-jet recording
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jan 30, 2012
|Jun 24, 2014
|Brother Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha
|Treatment solution for ink-jet recording, water-based ink set for ink-jet recording, ink-jet recording method and ink-jet recording apparatus
|Jan 30, 2012
|Sep 13, 2012
|Brother Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha
|Treatment Solution for Ink-Jet Recording, Water-Based Ink Set for Ink-Jet Recording, Ink-Jet Recording Method and Ink-Jet Recording Apparatus
|U.S. Classification
|106/31.43, 106/31.89, 106/31.75, 347/100, 106/31.86, 106/31.59, 106/31.58
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jul 25, 2003
Owner name: HEWLETT-PACKARD DEVELOPMENT COMPANY, L.P., TEXAS
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:REHMAN, ZIA;REEL/FRAME:014318/0192
Effective date: 20030619
|Sep 28, 2010
|Certificate of correction
|Sep 23, 2011
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Nov 26, 2015
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8


text:
Hello I have a beautiful sweet tempered 2 yr old approx after her teeth were checked Wednesday turns out she is barely 2 just going to be HUGE since she…$1,200
Loco came to our farm as a rescue. We were told he was a Paso Fino, but he does not display the natural gait. He DOES have a smooth walk, trot & lope…$800
Wicked is an untrained yearling filly. Mother is thoroughbred,dad was paint. Would guess her height will be closer to 16 hh! She lunges,but is not broke…$200
This gorgeous girl has come along ways. She was very thin and had just weaned a foal when she came to us. She does not trust new people and takes feed…$900
This cute little filly was part of a rescue take in. She was not handled much and will be a wonderful project for someone wanting to start their own little…$500
I am offering my 10 month old gelding colt to an excellent home only. He is a appendix QH/Arab cross. Rocco is a medicine hat paint with beautiful red…SOLD
I have a 6 yr old grade gaited gelding for sale. He is smaller, standing 13.2 hands. I just do not have enough time to finish him like he needs. He is…SOLD
Dark Demon (AKA. Kingston) 16.2 h. 5yrs Bay from Artie Shiller Injury: He suffered a collateral ligament injury, but with time to heal and conditioning…SOLD


text:
|Showing 1-20
Frank Tyson
'I wanted to stop batsmen from getting on to the front foot'
May 16, 2013: The Typhoon remembers being at his fastest, chopping willow trees to get strong, and the mateship of the 1954-55 English side
Jan 12, 2013: When New Zealand set an unwelcome Test record that still stands almost 60 years later
ICC Hall of Fame
Statham inducted into Hall of Fame
Aug 31, 2009: Statham, who died in 2000 aged 69, represented England in 70 Tests picking up 252 wickets
Nari Contractor
Mar 6, 2008: Once India's youngest Test captain, Contractor took India to a famous Test series victory over England before his career was cut short by a wicked bouncer
January 2006
Jan 1, 2006: Unpretentious and always happy to warn a batsman he was about to bowl a bouncer, Brian Statham's dignity won over Gillian Reynolds
Australia v Sri Lanka, 2nd Test, Cairns, 5th day
Jul 13, 2004: Shane Warne came tantalisingly close to breaking Muttiah Muralitharan's record of 527 Test wickets in the second Test against Sri Lanka at Cairns
Immovable object, irresistible force
Jul 26, 2003: 1998 Mike Atherton v Allan Donald
Glory Lightly Worn - A Tribute to Brian Statham
Sep 3, 2001: Glory Lightly Worn - A Tribute to Brian Statham Edited and compiled by Rev
Jan 24, 2001:
Jan 24, 2001:
Jan 24, 2001:
Jan 24, 2001:
Obituary, 2001
2001: STATHAM, JOHN BRIAN, CBE, died from leukaemia on June 10, 2000, aged 69
Pankaj Roy's memories of Statham
Jun 22, 2000: Pankaj Roy, the former Indian opener and selector took a trip down memory lane on Wednesday while talking about the great English fast bowler Brian Statham
Statham could drop the ball on a coin: Gopinath
Jun 13, 2000: The death of Brian Statham, that by-word for accuracy, roused memories from a distant past in the minds of two former Indian Test batsmen who matched wits with this master bowler
Jun 12, 2000: His Test career lasted from 1951 to 1965, during which he took 252 wickets in 70 Tests at an average of 24.82
Jun 12, 2000:
Jun 12, 2000:
Jun 12, 2000:
Jun 11, 2000:
|Showing 1-20
Loose West Indies succumb to Ashwin's wiles
One after another, the hosts' batsmen attempted questionable flicks and drives in their second innings, disregarding the drift and dip the offspinner was generating
Ashwin emulates Botham with ton and seven-for
Stats highlights from the fourth day's play in Antigua where Ashwin's maiden five-wicket haul outside Asia bowled India to an innings victory
Stats highlights from the first day of the Antigua Test, where Virat Kohli and Shikhar Dhawan stole the show from the hosts
Manjrekar: 'Kohli reminds me of Tendulkar'
Former India batsman Sanjay Manjrekar analyses the various aspects of the first day's play in Antigua
Four double-tons in a day, and a Eddie Redmayne lookalike
Also: the fastest Indian to 50 wickets, and Yasir Shah's unwanted "double-hundred"
The case for four-day Tests (73)
Shorter matches spell good news for spectators and broadcasters. Cricket has a little to lose and a whole lot to gain by truncating its premier format
Standout performers continue to carry England (68)
A crushing victory over Pakistan gave England plenty to be pleased about but familiar concerns remain over the make-up of the side
Loose West Indies succumb to Ashwin's wiles (54)
One after another, the hosts' batsmen attempted questionable flicks and drives in their second innings, disregarding the drift and dip the offspinner was generating
Herath versus the mighty Australians? (45)
Sri Lanka's lead spinner must feel like a bus driver in charge of a spluttering vehicle as the hosts strive to challenge a strong Australian side
Cook braves criticism as England play it safe (39)
There was enough logic in Alastair Cook's decision not to enforce the follow-on to make it understandable at worst and reasonable at best


text:
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There are a lot of old cities in Italy. Rome and Venice, for example.
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- 2014-10-05 00:29
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text:
Comprehensive Comparisons of Rotormap and Blade Element Models
Abstract:This study compares blade element and rotor map models under identical operational conditions to assess the significance of the increased sophistication of the blade element models on simulation fidelity. Comparisons of trim, performance, transient response and frequency response are used to evaluate the models. Finally, the simulation models are integrated with a manned flight simulator and assessed by pilots. For the static analysis, the blade element and rotormap model predictions correlate well with the flight test results. For the time response analysis, the blade element model shows better correlation with the flight test data than the rotormap model. This advantage of the blade element model is more visible in rapid maneuvers. During the piloted tests, the blade element model is evaluated as more representative of the actual helicopter.
Document Type: Research Article
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4050/JAHS.44.42
Affiliations: Advanced Rotorcraft Technology, Inc., 1685 Plymouth St., Mountain View, CA 94043
Publication date: January 1, 1999
The Journal of the American Helicopter Society is the world's only scientific journal dedicated to vertical flight technology. It is a peer-reviewed technical journal published quarterly by AHS International and presents innovative papers covering the state-of-the-art in all disciplines of rotorcraft design, research and development. (Please note that AHS members receive significant discounts on articles and subscriptions.)
Journal subscribers who are AHS members log in here if you are not already logged in.
Authors can find submission guidelines and related information on the AHS website.


text:
603 N. Lamar Blvd Austin, TX 78703 512-472-5050 Open 9AM - 11PM The largest independent bookstore in Texas!
Books On Our Site May Not Be Available In-Store
Is This Book In Stock? Be Savvy! Check availability details beneath the blue "Add to Cart" button.
Wild Justice (Mass Market Paperbound)
Inside a cabin tucked away in the Oregon woods a grisly scene awaits investigating police. Arrested soon after for the heinous crime, Vincent Cardoni a brilliant surgeon with a history of violence and drug abuse hires Portland's top attorney, Frank Jaffe, to defend him against a seemingly insurmountable pile of evidence.
Jaffe's daughter, Amanda a young lawyer getting her first taste of criminal defense wonders whether she's representing an innocent man or using her considerable skills to set a monster free. Then Cardoni disappears under bizarre circumstances.
Four years later the slaughter begins again. But is it Cardoni plying his gruesome trade, or the work of another equally brilliant, equally inspired killer? And can Amanda and policeman Bobby Vasquez hunt the elusive maniac down before they themselves fall victim to a psychopath's terrible hunger?
About the Author
Phillip Margolin has written fifteen "New York Times" bestsellers, including his latest, "Supreme Justice". Each displays a unique, compelling insider's view of criminal behavior, which comes from his long background as a criminal defense attorney who has handled thirty murder cases. He lives in Portland, Oregon.


text:
This is too funny. 25 Austrians Sketch 12 Popular Brand Logos from Memory, an experiment to evaluate how Austrian people recall various popular brand logos from memory by asking them to draw each of the above 12 brand logos. 25 people were given 1 brand each.
monochrom's attempt to evaluate the actual power of brands by making Austrian people draw a total of twelve logos (nine international, three typically European) from memory, 25 people per brand.
Coco-Cola is a tricky one as everyone knows the general form, but trying to sketch or draw the intricate curves of the script IS a real challenge, most get the basic shape and form. Curious to see how many people still thought BP's logo was the old shield style. But you would think that out of the selection, Apple would be a good one to get. Mildly surprised just how some of these Apple sketches turned out. :-0
Visit Monocrom to view the rest. Found on BrandFlakesForBreakfast
But Oh my God, just look at some of these...
Forging Logomarks & Brand Identities of Distinction since 1996.
Famous Logos
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