text:
Currently we are fully SOLD out!
Congratulations to Debbie of Lake County, Ca!
Brand NEW video!
Free School At Liberty:
"Panama GHA":
True 15.1hh, 9 year old, milk chocolate bay, registered & royally bred AHA gelding.
Located and in full training at Clarity Performance Horse Training Center in Petaluma, Ca.
Panama's bloodlines include such greats as: "Padrones Psyche" and "Desperado V".
National Champion "TF Psymreekhe" is his sire, who's sire line goes back to Padron.
His Dam: "Crystals Fortune", is a Desperado V daughter!
Panama has been in the Halter and Western Pleasure show arena.
He checks "all the boxes" if you are looking for a tall, beautiful, well bred, sweet, safe and athletic purebred Arabian that will excel and win in the Dressage, Western/Dressage, English Pleasure, and/or Hunter Pleasure world.
He is extremely fancy & flashy!
Panama will definitely get great scores in competition, and will certainly catch the eye of the judge!
He is mega refined and "willowy".
Gorgeous "dolphin" face.
3 excellent gaits, and an absolutely divine, "rocking horse" canter, so unbelievably comfortable to sit on.
Panama is very fun to ride and to be around.
Charming, super sweet character and personality, with a touch of goofyness.
Panama will definitively be your new best friend!
He is safe and NOT SPOOKY!
No vices!
No buck, rear, bolt!
Panama gets along great with other horses.
He will be lots of fun to "pal around" with your riding buddies.
He has very good feet, and comfortably goes barefoot.
100% sound.
Zero history of health or soundness issues.
Priced reasonably at $5000.
Hurry, his boy definitely will not last long!
Schooling Western under Saddle:
Below are horses recently SOLD!
Please click on the SOLD page Link:
for the full list of successfully Sold horses!
Congratulations to Pixie of Carmel Valley, Ca!
"Gold on my Asset"
7 year old, 16+hh, Palomino, APHA (has a spot of white on his belly, white on his chin, and socks over his knees) gelding.
APHA Registration #: 947,481
Sire: Pep San Freckletin, by: Tin Man
Well, here he is!
Dam: Sheeza Ruling Asset, by: Justan Asset
Looking for the complete package?
Trigger won stuff as a yearling in Halter, and was trained for Western Pleasure as a 2 and 3 year old.
Trigger is a bonified marvel.
He is "The Real McCoy".
In my opinion, if you are looking for a horse like him, it doesn't get any better.
Someone is going to be extremely lucky to get this one!
This boy checks ALL the boxes!
Mega flashy-check
Gorgeous color-check
Tons of chrome-check
Sweet as a pea-check
Incredibly well behaved around the barn-check
Delightful and very easy to ride-check
Good with other horses-check
Super smooth canter-check
Fantastic back up-check
Happy to go Western or English-check
Wonderful disposition-check
Tall and stout-check
White legs but black feet-Hallelujah!-check
Very brave and easy on the trail and in the arena-check
NO SPOOK, buck, rear, bolt!-check
7 years old, the perfect age!-check
No history of health or soundness issues-check
Priced accordingly at $13,500-check (the pocketbook)
Under saddle in Western tack:
On the Trails:
Free School Rigged:
Trigger under saddle in English tack:
Congratulations to John of Hercules, Ca.!
And congratulations to Clover for finding such a wonderful home!
CPHS Proudly Presents:
9 year old, 16hh, chestnut, branded Appendix gelding.
Absolutely NO Spook!
Super brave and bold.
Extremely forward thinking and moving.
No buck, rear, bolt, balk!
Unbelievably sweet and easy on the ground.
A completely charming, puppy dog personality.
Wonderful just to hang out with.
Clover will definitely be your new best friend.
Adjusts easily to new environments.
Strolls right in and out of a trailer.
Perfectly fine with water.
Excellent on the trails.
Super sensitive, you will never need a whip or spur with this guy.
Will stand quietly, as long as you like.
Sound and healthy.
Good feet.
Up To Date on everything! (shots, teeth, & shoes)
Would make a fantastic Search and Rescue horse.
Would also be very well suited as a Police horse.
Price 100% negotiable to the perfect home.
Cruzing around the property:
SOLD before we could get him advertised!
Congratulations to Angel & her wonderful family of Penngrove, Ca.!
9 year old, 14.3hh, buckskin AQHA gelding
SOLD before we could get him advertised!
Congratulations to Carol of Cotati, Ca!
We are delighted that Carol was able to 'grab' this wonderful boy!
"Mahoganys Sparkle" aka "Sparky":
9 year old, 15.2hh, mahogany bay, AQHA gelding.
Sparks was "in training to sell" with Clare, who realized he was the perfect match for Carol!
He is a delightful, wonderful gelding.
Extremely sweet and willing.
Excellent gaits!
Sparks came to the Sales Program as a trail horse, but will now be embarking on his dressage career.
We look forward to lots of fantastic time spent with Carol and Sparks.
Stay tuned for updates and photos!
Currently, Carol is the proud owner of Welty, also a member of The Clarity Herd @ Clarity Performance Horse Training Center.
Welty will be for sale within approximately 3 months.
Sparks is his replacement.
Welty will be looking for an exceedingly serious, driven, advanced, competitive Dressage rider.
He will be in intensive work with Clare for the next few months, at which time he will be schooling 2nd and 3rd level movements, and will be prepared to connect with his new owner and dance partner.
Stay tuned for a full advertising campaign for Weltprinz aka Welty!
Congratulations Mary on the purchase of her Dream horse: "Blitz"!Mary found her Dreamhorse!
And with her dreamhorse, her equestrian 'calling': Reining!
Over the last few years, we have been looking for the perfect horse, and the right riding discipline for Mary.
Turns out, the perfect horse was Blitz, and the perfect discipline was Reining.
Blitz is a 9 year old, 14.3hh, Dun AQHA gelding.
And wow is he a sweetheart!
Mary is 'head over heels' in love!
Blitz, of course, will stay forever at Strong Stables-Home of: Clarity Performance Horse Training Center.
It is our distinct pleasure and privilege to have him with us.
Thank you Jean, for giving us this extraordinary opportunity, with this fantastic horse!
Stay tuned for updates on Mary and Blitz progress!
Pistol has been successfully placed!
Thank you for your tremendous response!Congratulations to Shane and Sierra of Flournoy, Ca.
And congratulations to Pistol for finding such a wonderful 'forever' home!
"Dun It Gun" aka "Pistol":
6 year old:
Born March 9th, 2009
Perfect size for getting on and off, and looks great with a smaller or larger rider!
TONS of amazing frosting in mane and tail!
Does have striping on legs, but no dorsal stripe!
Registration #: 5258119
Extremely well bred for the reining horse world!
Sire is "Colonels Smoking Gun" by "Colonelfourfreckle".
Dam is "Dun It The Hard Way" by the world famous "Hollywood Dun It".
Nominated for the National Reining Horse Association (NRHA).
Nomination # Pending: 91221
And we all know the geldings rule (but don't tell the mares!).
This boy is absolutely fabulous!
He is the cutest thing ever.
His coloring is spectacular!
He is incredibly user friendly to work with on the ground and under saddle.
Easy, easy, easy!
Unbelievably fun to ride.
Reining stuff super straight forward and a blast!
100% uncomplicated!
Perfect for the Junior or Adult Amateur who wants to learn, enjoy, and win in the Reining horse world.
Fun, fun, fun!
So beyond sweet and adorable.
Absolutely a barn favorite (Obviously, I mean, just look at him!).
Safe, safe, safe!
Zero vices, Zero buck, rear, or bolt.
No history of health or soundness issues.
Excellent feet.
Ready to "Rock and Roll"!
You will want to move quickly with this one, he won't be around for long.
Must go to the perfect home.
Free School in Tack:
Schooling under saddle at Spin City Reiners:
Playing around Under Saddle with Clare-Showing how sweet, safe & easy he is!:
About CPHS >


text:
The Menzies Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Higher Education experts agree, that the key to successful adaptation to the major upcoming changes to funding and higher education policy will be:- to effectively plan for income diversification by evolving diverse revenue models.
By attending the Higher Education Revenue Models forum you will gain the necessary tools to develop your strategic road-map for change whilst generating strong sources of revenue for your place of higher learning in both the short and long term. Download the full agenda here for information on all the speakers and sessions.
The Higher Education Revenue Models forum will also provide crucial information and key solutions to assist you to successfully overcome the pricing challenge. Drive your competitiveness and commercial potential by learning from leading Higher Education senior professionals and pricing experts. By attending you will understand the needs and trends of current and future students in order to ensure your pricing strategies are closely aligned with student demand.
Navigate the imminent disruption and secure your place today at this higher education sector leaders event!
Download the Agenda
Learn more about sponsor & exhibit opportunities
Follow us on Higher Ed IQ for the latest event updates and content from the Higher Education sector!
Mark Your Calendar
Tell a Colleague
Questions? Contact us on +61 (2) 9229 1000 or email email@example.com now!

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Teaching and Learning Center
Established in 2006, the Teaching and Learning Center (TLC) facilitates student learning by providing the professional development resources that lead to the growth and success of Clark faculty and staff. We support Clark College's mission, vision and core themes by promoting a learning-centered community that supports teaching and service excellence in a collaborative environment.
Upcoming Events
August 16 - 17, 2016
Teaching & Learning Days - Staff
The second annual conference for all classified and administrative/exempt employees of Clark College. Although classes are in session, all business offices close to the public to give as many people as possible the chance to participate.
September 12, 2016
Opening Day - All Employees
A Clark College tradition. All employees gather to celebrate the beginning of the 2016-2017 academic year.
September 12 - 16, 2016
Fall Orientation - Faculty
Clark faculty are back on campus for five days of unit and department meetings, training and curriculum planning before the start of fall quarter.
October 7, 2016
Outcomes Assessment Work Day -- Faculty
Learning & Assessment Day -- Staff
Classes are not in session and business offices are closed for all Clark employees to participate in employee development and outcomes assessment projects.If you need accommodation due to a disability in order to fully participate in any of these events, you should contact Clark College's Disability Support Services Office at (360) 992-2314 or (360) 991-0901 (VP), or visit PUB 013 as soon as possible.
For more information on any of these upcoming events, contact the Teaching & Learning Center at email@example.com or 360-992-2069.
Partners in Professional Development
The Teaching and Learning Center supports the professional development work of many departments at Clark College:
- Human Resources provides training related to workplace policies and procedures, performance development, benefits, and employee relations to attract, develop, motivate, and retain a diverse workforce that contributes to student learning.
- The Office of Diversity and Equity provides training and educational resources for all members of the college community around diversity, inclusion, power, privilege, inequity, and social justice.
- eLearning offers online learning opportunities for employees as well as students. Faculty members, in particular, are encouraged to take advantage of the many training opportunities for Canvas, Quality Matters, and other certified courses.
- Information Technology Services provides IT infrastructure, equipment, on-campus trainings, and support services for students and employees to help them meet their educational and work objectives.
- Environmental Health & Safety (EHS) offers safety training, ergonomic consultations, recycling, and composting resources.
Contact Information:
Teaching and Learning Center
1933 Fort Vancouver Way
Vancouver, WA 98663


text:
Redrawing a dotted line
Coaches aim to improve on unit that yielded 22 sacks
Green Bay — When the Green Bay Packers last made major changes in the offensive line, they nosedived to 4-12 and the head coach was fired.
That was in 2005, after Ted Thompson allowed guards Mike Wahle and Marco Rivera to depart. Then he had the chutzpah to tell Mike Sherman and line coach Larry Beightol to go ahead and try replacing them with Adrian Klemm, Will Whitticker, Matt O'Dwyer, Junius Coston and Atlas Herrion.
That situation is analogous to 2009, when the fifth-year general manager made up his mind to go forward without right tackle Mark Tauscher and set up a competition among three players with a combined one snap of NFL experience at the position.
Not only that but center Scott Wells, the well-compensated replacement for Mike Flanagan since 2006, is in danger of losing his job. If, in fact, Wells is displaced by Jason Spitz, the berth at right guard previously held by Spitz most likely would go to Josh Sitton, another untested young player.
Left tackle Chad Clifton, the fifth member of the Packers' elite line from 2001-'04, is entering the final year of his contract and could well find himself on the chopping block next spring.
"There's some growing left to be done and some positions to be earned yet," offensive coordinator Joe Philbin said. "I'm sure we will prepare these guys well and, when the dust settles in camp, I'll feel fine about them."
The situation doesn't seem to be as dire as it was four year ago, when the coaches had almost no chance. Thompson signed the competent Duke Preston, a guard-center from Buffalo; drafted a pair of tackle-guards in the mid-rounds; and brought back Tony Moll, a snap-eater everywhere except center.
Besides, the Packers aren't exactly breaking up a powerhouse; the unit yielded 22 sacks last season, its most since 1996. Neither Tauscher nor Clifton played to previously high standards, Spitz was no more than a workmanlike starter at guard and Wells came in either third or fourth from 2006-'08 on the Journal Sentinel's all-NFC North team .
Thus, when targeted tackle Andre Smith of Alabama went three slots before Green Bay's selection in the first round, Thompson essentially put right tackle in the lap of line coaches James Campen and Jerry Fontenot.
Pending further developments, the plan is to let converted guard Allen Barbre, rookie T.J. Lang and unknown Breno Giacomini try to become the next Tauscher.
"The fact we're unproven, I guess it would be a concern," Campen said. "But it's not. Allen has done a very good job, T.J. Lang has shown he can play and Giacomini hasn't practiced yet."
The transition from an injured Earl Dotson to Tauscher in 2000 was remarkably seamless. The switch from an injured Tootie Robbins to Joe Sims early in the Ron Wolf era led to 1½ years of sloppy play before Dotson came of age in 1995.
Prospects such as Barbre, a fourth-round choice from a small college, often never get even one opportunity to start. This will be No. 2 for Barbre, who 12 months ago was aligned ahead of Daryn Colledge at left guard before playing himself back to the bench.
Barbre's challenge is to gain the trust of the staff. Last year, he was a bit like a bull in a china shop, going for the throat on run blocks (good) but missing in protection (bad) and constantly getting in altercations (unprofessional).
There's much to like about his speed, hip thrust and enthusiasm. One reason that Barbre didn't succeed at guard, however, was his inability to make rapid adjustments. The Packers hope the more one-on-one nature of tackle better suits him mentally.
"Sometimes at tackle he's on his own and he can focus on one thing and not worry about the linebacker cheating up or working with this guy or that guy," Philbin said. "He's acting more mature. It is his third year, and I think he feels better about his performance, which he should."
Lang is on the short side as well for tackle and was drafted more as a guard. But with Giacomini out the entire off-season after ankle surgery Feb. 11, Lang spent most of his time at tackle and convinced Campen that he's athletic enough to play there.
"He's really done a nice job where he's come from," Philbin said. "I'm impressed."
Giacomini supposedly practiced a lot better in November and December than he did in July and August, then went down Dec. 26 and hasn't been on the field since. He is tall and does play with attitude, but his one snap in the regular season (kneel-down) doesn't offer much to go by.
Another player behind the eight-ball is Wells, who underwent shoulder surgery in mid-January and sat out all offseason. It's unclear whether the Packers would have put Spitz ahead of Wells, anyway, but if their intention all along has been to make a change, his operation came at a convenient time.
"Spitz is playing center right now," Campen said. "I like him at center. Scott will be in competition. His weight's up, too."
Spitz is neither as quick nor as smart as Wells, but he's adequate in both areas and is the bigger man. A year or two ago Campen said he wouldn't trade Wells for any center in the league to fit the Packers' system, but now that could happen.
Campen broached the possibility of Wells playing guard, which he did the last half of '05 for an injured Klemm. But at his height that would be a move of desperation.
After Tauscher blew out his knee in Week 13, and the Packers made the decision that he wouldn't be re-signed, their safest bet at right tackle probably would have been Colledge. But coach Mike McCarthy turned thumbs down, hoping that by staying put Colledge can become a top guard.
"Just a very fundamentally sound football player," Campen said. "He made another jump in the weight room like he did last year. He was (a solid NFL starter) last year."
In fact, Philbin said the Packers received slightly better performance in 2008 from their inside players than they did the tackles.
Clifton gave up career-highs in sacks (6½) and "pressures" (25). He admitted that injuries dogged him more than in any of his nine seasons. With Moll not starting-caliber and rookie Jamon Meredith more of a project, the Packers are praying for one more acceptable year from Clifton.
"Chad will be the first to say he had a disappointing season for him," Campen said. "But he will come back stronger and his weight's down."
Just as Thompson might be asking too much of Barbre, he almost might be asking too much of Sitton. Despite Sitton's inexperience, McCarthy probably would like him to start because he has always wanted a truly physical right side of the line.
Sitton seems mature beyond his years, has added some definition to his big body and is a tough guy. But if his feet just aren't good enough for pass-blocking, the Packers might end up returning Spitz to right guard and going back to Wells.
With 1,463 snaps spaced over four seasons in Buffalo, Preston knows how to play. He's heavy-legged and lacks quickness, but has held up well against bulk.
Bob McGinn Archive
- May 6, 2016 | Ted Thompson made right choice not drafting Myles Jack
- May 1, 2016 | Assessing the potential impact of the Packers' draft picks
- Apr 29, 2016 | Packers' plans line up on Day 2 of draft
- Apr 28, 2016 | Packers beef up defensive line with UCLA's Kenny Clark in first round
- Apr 27, 2016 | UCLA nose tackle Kenny Clark makes sense for Packers at No. 27
- Apr 27, 2016 | Florida State's Roberto Aguayo could be rare high pick at kicker
- Apr 26, 2016 | Safety-linebacker hybrid could be new model in NFL
- Apr 25, 2016 | Nerve injury clouds draft prospects of Notre Dame's Jaylon Smith
- Apr 24, 2016 | Mississippi's Robert Nkemdiche flashes talent, but most likely to bust
- Apr 23, 2016 | Packers GM Ted Thompson focused on retaining top executives
- Apr 23, 2016 | Ezekiel Elliott, Derrick Henry both have impact potential
- Apr 22, 2016 | First round could be historic for Big Ten offensive linemen
- Apr 21, 2016 | Later-round gems can be found at receiver, even in 'down' years
- Apr 20, 2016 | Scouts' perceptions flipped on Carson Wentz, Connor Cook
- Mar 15, 2016 | Ranking the 2016 NFL free agents
- Feb 27, 2016 | 2016 NFL Draft Outlook
Packers Blog
The Journal Sentinel's beat writers provide the latest news, notes and analysis on the Packers.
- Nelson, Cook among handful of key players to begin camp on PUP list (7)
- Greg Jennings announces retirement from NFL (16)
- NFL clears Manning, puts pressure on Matthews, Peppers to interview (6)
- Murphy offers little detail on NFL investigation of Peppers, Matthews (5)
- Packers place bids to host NFL draft (3)
"Old School Packers" reprises a notable game or event in franchise history with the original newspaper accounts from the Milwaukee Journal and Sentinel.


text:
I create a loop like this one:
for (p in 1:nrow(outcomes)) {
id <- apply(regulationtable, 1, function(i)
sum(i[1:length(regulationtable)] != outcomes[p,])==0)
idd <- as.matrix(id)
test2 = subset(idd, idd[,1]==TRUE)
result <- as.data.frame(rownames(test2))
filename = paste("file", p, ".txt")
write.table(result, filename)
The results of every loop will be saved as a file. I want to combine this results and create one file with all the results.
Can anyone help me with this?


text:
Hours before the first Republican debate of 2016 on Thursday, NBC's Today and ABC's Good Morning America both eagerly hyped a report in The New York Times that Ted Cruz failed to disclose a loan from Goldman Sachs to help fund his 2012 Senate campaign.
Kyle Drennen is the Media Research Center's Senior News Analyst and a Contributing Editor to NewsBusters. He is the co-author of the 2014 Media Reality Check study, TV News Blacks Out This Year's Bad Election News for Democrats.
In 2009, he captured the infamous comment from then-Newsweek editor Evan Thomas comparing President Obama to God. Later that same year, he exposed for MSNBC deceptively editing video footage of a Tea Party rally to conceal the racial identity of an African American participant, forcing the liberal network to respond to criticism and explain its actions.
His media analysis has been cited by nationally syndicated radio hosts Rush Limbaugh and Mark Levin, as well as media outlets including Fox News, The Washington Post, The Wall Street Journal's WSJ.com, The Washington Times, Washington Examiner, Politico, National Review, among others.
Kyle joined the MRC in 2007 after graduating from Providence College with a Bachelor of Arts degree in history and political science. He lives in Northern Virginia and can be contacted via email at firstname.lastname@example.com.
In an interview conducted with House Speaker Paul Ryan on Tuesday and aired on Wednesday's NBC Today, co-host Matt Lauer derided Republican attempts to repeal ObamaCare: "The House and the Senate last week passed a bill that would have repealed the Affordable Care Act. I think it's the 62nd time that's happened, and obviously the President vetoed it. Did you put out what you consider to be any kind of alternative?"
On Wednesday, all three network morning shows offered rave reviews of President Obama's final State of the Union address, applauding the "passionate defense of his record" and his repeated attacks on Republicans. Leading off NBC's Today, co-host Matt Lauer announced: "Return to hope and change....President Obama uses his last State of the Union address to tout his accomplishments, set some lofty goals, and take a veiled shot at Donald Trump."
Despite most of South Carolina Governor Nikki Haley's response to the State of the Union being a takedown of President Obama, during interviews with the Republican on Wednesday, NBC's Today and CBS This Morning focused exclusively on her warning against the "angriest voices" in the GOP.
During Tuesday's fawning Today show special at the White House, President Obama's chief digital officer Jason Goldman appeared on the broadcast and congratulated the hosts for serving as a propaganda tool for the administration: "I think you guys do this really well with the Today show. You know, the stuff you've been doing this morning, showing stuff behind the scenes is really great...and I think it's the kind of thing that people look for."
During a lengthy interview with President Obama conducted on Monday and aired on Tuesday's NBC Today, co-host Matt Lauer worried about Republican presidential candidates playing on the "fear" of the American people: "That fear, though, is still incredibly real....And in some ways, it's driving the current presidential campaign. You've got a guy like Donald Trump and others who have recognized and identified that fear....And in some ways, they're running on it."
On Tuesday's NBC Today – aired live from the White House to promote President Obama's final State of the Union – the morning shows hosts could not contain their glee at being there. At the top of the show, co-host Savannah Guthrie proclaimed: "And a morning show first....an unprecedented morning live at the White House....a moment of history for us, for this show, and where so much history has been made."
On her MSNBC show on Monday, host Andrea Mitchell derided the film 13 Hours, opening in theaters nationwide on Friday: "That new film about Benghazi coming out this week could give wider circulation to conspiracy theories, despite denials, that CIA operatives were told to stand down and not rescue four Americans, including an ambassador, who died in that assault."
Just weeks before the Iowa Caucus, talk show host Ellen DeGeneres again gave Democratic frontrunner Hillary Clinton a softball platform to promote her candidacy. At one point, DeGeneres reiterated her endorsement of Clinton: "And you know what a supporter I am. I think that you're as smart as can be, I think you are qualified, I think you stand for everything that I want in a president."
Wrapping up an interview with left-wing music mogul Russell Simmons on Monday's CBS This Morning, co-host Charlie Rose wondered: "Are you ready for President Trump?" Simmons sarcastically replied: "No. I think I'm ready for him to win the Republican primary. That'd be good."
The latest gushing edition of Politico Magazine released on Wednesday entitled "The Obama Issue: A Special Report on a Historic Presidency," was loaded with one article after another largely celebrating the impact of President Obama's waning administration.
In an interview with House Speaker Paul Ryan on Thursday, Yahoo! News anchor Katie Couric grilled the Republican leader on gun control: "Let's talk about President Obama's executive action on guns. What did you think when the President cried?...Were you affected by it?" Couric demanded Ryan put "aside" the Constitution: "And I know you vehemently oppose the President's use of executive actions, but Constitutional issues aside, Mr. Speaker, do you still believe closing the gun show loophole is reasonable?"
On Friday, all three network morning shows promoted CNN's Thursday night gun control town hall event with President Obama and highlighted the commander-in-chief smearing gun rights supporters as conspiracy theorists. In a news brief on ABC's Good Morning America, anchor Amy Robach declared: "President Obama is defending his executive actions on gun control. During a town hall meeting in Virginia, he denied any suggestion of a conspiracy against gun owners' rights and he said he's willing to meet with the NRA."
On Thursday, NBC's Today and CBS This Morning joined ABC's Good Morning America in promoting Donald Trump questioning Ted Cruz being a natural born U.S. citizen. On Today, co-host Savannah Guthrie proclaimed: "Donald Trump is escalating his attacks on Republican rival Ted Cruz, reiterating questions about the Texas senator's eligibility to run for president. And now another prominent Republican is suggesting the issue is worth looking into."
At the top of Wednesday's NBC Today, co-host Matt Lauer teased an "exciting" announcement about the morning show preparing to broadcast from a new location far from its New York studio. Fellow co-host Savannah Guthrie added: "Yeah, the whole show is headed somewhere. We'll have more on that in a minute."
All three network morning shows on Wednesday were in awe of President Obama tearing up during his White House gun control address on Tuesday. On NBC's Today, co-host Matt Lauer used the "rare display of emotion" to tee-up a four-minute segment on "The Politics of Tears" and Obama being the "Latest in Long Line of Emotional Politicians."
During special coverage of President Obama's announcement of gun control executive orders on Tuesday, NBC Nightly News anchor Lester Holt and senior White House correspondent Chris Jansing applauded the commander-in-chief playing on people's emotions to win support for his unilateral action. Holt began: "President Obama in an emotional over-half-hour-long address announcing executive actions to further his goal toward gun control, working essentially around Congress.... at one point fighting back tears, the tears actually flowing..."
In an interview with actor John Krasinski about his role in the new movie 13 Hours: The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi on ABC's Good Morning America on Tuesday, co-host Lara Spencer fretted over the political impact of the film set to be released on January 15: "Do you feel like this movie will re-open the wound, the debate of what happened in Benghazi?"
In a stunning contrast displayed in back-to-back reports on Tuesday's Today show, NBC correspondents portrayed chaos in the Republican presidential race while hailing Hillary Clinton as having all but won the White House.
On Monday, MSNBC's Andrea Mitchell hosted her 12 p.m. ET hour show live from a Hillary Clinton campaign event, happily announcing: "I'm Andrea Mitchell live on the trail in Nashua, New Hampshire for President Clinton's first official public campaign event for his wife Hillary. Speaking moments ago here in Nashua, New Hampshire, a state that has been very good to the Clintons."


text:
I need to reuplad file to repositary, but I need last modification time to be set to other value, then the contemporary time. Is there a way to: 1) Change the date of already commited file? 2) Commit file with date of my choice?
I have already tried to change it, but i get error message: "DAV request failed; its possible that the repositorys pre-revprop-change hook either failed or is non-existent. At least one property failed; repository is unchanged. Error setting property: 'date': Revprop change blocked by pre-revprop-change hook (exit code 1) with output: Changing revision properties other than svn:log is prohibited"
Am I right, that I just don´t have permission to edit properties of file? Is there a way to change this?
Thanx for answers


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Oct 3, 2000
|Filing date
|Mar 8, 1999
|Priority date
|May 26, 1998
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Charles E. Stutz
|Original Assignee
|The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Air Force
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (4), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (5), Classifications (7), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The invention described herein may be manufactured and used by or for the Government of the United States for all governmental purposes without the payment of any royalty.
The present application is related to and claims priority on prior provisional Application No. 60/087,369, filed May 26, 1998, entitled PHOTOELECTROCHEMICAL CAPACITANCE VOLTAGE MEASUREMENTS OF WIDE BANDGAP SEMICONDUCTORS.
The present invention relates generally to methods of testing semiconductor devices, and more specifically to a method of determining the carrier concentration depth profile of wide bandgap semiconductors using photoelectrochemical capacitance-voltage measurements.
Testing a wafer sample in order to determine carrier concentration depth profiles using a capacitance-voltage (C-V) technique is well known. This technique includes placing a metal Schottky contact on the sample to be measured and applying a voltage such that a depletion region (region of no carriers) is manifested under the Schottky. Increasing the voltage causes the front of the depletion region to move. At each voltage, a capacitance measurement is made which is used with mathematical manipulation to determine a carrier concentration at an associated depth from the Schottky contact. A shortcoming of this method is that the material being measured can accept only a limited amount of applied voltage before the electric field becomes so high it goes into a breakdown mode. When breakdown occurs the measurement cannot be made. The depth of most materials used for devices is much deeper than can be probed using this technique.
One improved variation on the C-V technique includes etching a sample to a certain depth with a liquid electrolyte that doubles as a Schottky and then making the C-V measurement at each etch point. This method needs to be computer controlled so that the system takes a C-V measurement, then etches to a predetermined depth, then takes another C-V measurement, so that the system cycles down through the material. This allows one to see the carrier depth profile down to an unlimited depth by negating the problem of voltage breakdown.
In order to prevent uncontrolled etching, a photoelectrochemical method was developed so that the Schottky electrolyte would only etch the material when it is exposed to a light source whose energy was larger than the energy bandgap of the material being measured. In the past, this method has been limited to materials with energy bandgaps of about 1.5 eV or less at room temperature.
It is known that wide bandgap semiconductors, by their very nature, are quite promising at high temperatures and recently, much effort has been expended in the development of widebandgap semiconductor materials such as gallium nitride for use in high temperature transistors and blue lasers.
But, a significant problem in the widespread, commercial utilization of wide bandgap materials such as gallium nitride or silicon carbide is the aforesaid 1.5 eV bandgap limitation. More specifically, the 1.5 eV bandgap of the known photoelectrochemical capacitance-voltage method is insufficient to reliably etch wide bandgap materials.
A need exists therefore for an improved photoelectrochemical capacitance-voltage measurement method. Such a method would be useful for reliably determining carrier concentration profiles in wide bandgap semiconductor materials such as gallium nitride and silicon carbide.
It is therefore a primary object of the present invention to provide a method of making photoelectrochemical capacitance-voltage measurements of wide bandgap semiconductors overcoming the limitations and disadvantages of the prior art.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a method of making photoelectrochemical capacitance-voltage measurements providing an accurate carrier concentration depth profile in wide bandgap semiconductor materials.
These and other objects of the invention will become apparent as the description of the representative embodiments proceeds.
In accordance with the foregoing principles and objects of the invention, a method of making photoelectrochemical capacitance-voltage measurements of wide bandgap semiconductors is described.
In the preferred embodiment, the method of the present invention includes placing a semiconductor wafer in the test cell of a photoelectrochemical capacitance-voltage measurement system. Photoelectrochemical capacitance-voltage measurement systems are known in the art and are commercially available.
A 0.05 M electrolyte solution of potassium hydroxide is placed in contact with the wafer. This electrolyte solution performs the dual function of etching the surface at a controlled rate as well as providing the Schottky barrier contact suitable for measurement of carrier concentration.
Advantageously and according to an important aspect of the present invention, the quartz halogen light source of the typical photoelectrochemical capacitance-voltage system has been replaced with a high energy ultra-violet (UV) light source. The UV light has a much higher energy bandgap than the quartz halogen standard and is therefore suitable for etching wide bandgap semiconductor materials. In the preferred embodiment, the UV light source is a high energy mercury lamp. Other sources of UV light such as a UV laser, deuterium lamp or Xenon lamp also provide satisfactory results, at higher power levels.
According to the method of the present invention, the UV light is directed through a lens arrangement to the electrolyte solution to impinge upon the surface of the semiconductor wafer. The combination of the high energy UV light and the potassium hydroxide electrolyte solution etches the surface of the wafer at room temperature. The etch is allowed to continue for a time sufficient to etch the wafer to a predetermined depth. When the desired depth is obtained, the carrier concentration is measured. The impingement of the light is controlled by the operation of a shutter.
The steps of etching the wafer and determining the carrier concentration are repeated until the carrier concentration throughout the wafer is determined. In this manner, multiple carrier concentration steps can be seen and the carrier concentration depth profile can be reliably determined.
The accompanying drawing incorporated in and forming a part of the specification, illustrates several aspects of the present invention and together with the description serves to explain the principles of the invention. In the drawing:
FIG. 1 is a sectional view of a photoelectrochemical capacitance-voltage test cell suitable for use in performing the method of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a graph illustrating the results of a carrier concentration versus depth profile of n-type GaN made according to the method of the present invention.
Reference is now made to FIG. 1 showing a photoelectrochemical capacitance-voltage test cell 10 suitable for use in performing the method of the present invention. While photoelectrochemical capacitance-voltage test cells can be readily made for performing the steps of the present invention, one suitable commercial test apparatus is the Bio-Rad 4200 ECV Profiler available from Bio-Rad Laboratories.
As shown, the cell 10 includes a set of electrodes 12 for performing the carrier concentration depth profile analysis. As will be described in more detail below, the direct current measured through the cell is utilized to provide an indication of the etch depth. The depletion depth and carrier concentration analyses are determined as a result of measurements of capacitance upon application of a modulated or AC voltage within the cell.
Pursuant to the above, the electrodes 12 include a saturated calomel electrode 14 to provide a voltage reference value. A counter electrode 16 is utilized as a current collector. A platinum electrode 18 is utilized to provide AC signals into the cell 10. A DC bias is provided to the sample electrode with respect to the calomel electrode 14 by electrodes 20. As is known in the art, these electrodes 20 can also provide a check for good sample surface contact.
A wafer sample 21 is sealed to the test cell 10 via a sealing ring 22. A spring loaded plunger 23 may be utilized in order to urge the sample 21 against the sealing ring in order to enhance sealing. An electrolyte solution 24 is placed within the test cell 10. The electrolyte solution 24 performs the dual function of etching the surface at a controlled rate as well as providing the Schottky barrier contact suitable for measurement of carrier concentration. In the preferred embodiment of the present invention, the electrolyte solution 24 is a 0.05 M concentration of potassium hydroxide. Other electrolytic solutions can also be used such as sodium hydroxide or sulfuric acid.
According to an important aspect of the present invention, a small quantity of surfactant (not shown) is applied at the edges of the sealing ring 22 in order to reduce bubbling of the electrolyte solution 24 during etch. An example of a surfactant providing satisfactory results is Triton X-100, available from Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo.
Applying the surfactant only to the edges of the sealing ring eliminates the possibility of contaminating the electrolyte solution 24 while maximizing the effectiveness of the etch by eliminating undesirable bubbling.
Advantageously and according to another important aspect of the present invention, the standard quartz-lamp of the photoelectrochemical capacitance-voltage systems known in the art has been replaced by an ultraviolet (UV) light source 26. It has been determined that UV light having a wavelength of 325 nanometers (energy of 3.8 eV) has sufficient energy to etch the widebandgap semiconductor materials such as gallium nitride and silicon carbide. The preferred diameter of the light source is 1-3 mm. In the preferred embodiment, the UV light source 26 having the desirable high energy characteristics is a mercury lamp. It is desirable to pass the light from the light source 26 through an optical filter 27. The filter 27 allows only UV light in the range of 280-400 nm to pass into the cell 10, onto the surface of the wafer sample 21. An example of a suitable filter 27 is Dichroic Mirror, Part Number 66216, available from Oriel Instruments, Stratford, Conn. Other sources of UV light such as a UV laser, deuterium lamp or Xenon lamp also provide satisfactory results, at high power levels. The power of the lamp depends, to a degree, upon the optical quality of the filter 27 as well as the cell window described below. However, it has been determined that power levels ranging from at least 100 Watts to 500 Watts or more, will provide satisfactory results. As can be appreciated, if a UV laser is used as the UV light source, the optical filter 27 is not required due to the coherent nature of laser light.
According to the method of the present invention, the UV light generated by the source 26, passes through the filter 27, through a Sapphire cell window 28, through the electrolyte solution 24, to impinge upon the surface of the semiconductor wafer sample 21. The application of the light is controlled by opening and closing a shutter 30. The combination of the high energy UV light and the potassium hydroxide electrolyte solution 24 etches the surface of the wafer at room temperature. The etch is allowed to continue for a time sufficient to etch the wafer to a predetermined depth.
The etch depth We is the integration of the measured DC etch current over time ##EQU1## where M is the molecular weight of the semiconductor, z is the semiconductor valence, (3 for GaN), F is the Faraday constant, ρ is the density of the semiconductor, I is the measured etch current, and dt is an increment of time.
The carrier concentration is measured by the application of an AC signal and then mathematically manipulating the results obtained. This calculation modulates a small voltage <<1 V and uses the following equations to determine a depletion depth Wd and carrier concentration N: ##EQU2## where the dielectric constant ε=9.5*ε0 for GaN, A is the Schottky area, Cm is the measured capacitance, q=1.6�10-19, and V is the modulated voltage. The total depth in a profile is equal to the sum of We +Wd.
The steps of etching the wafer sample 21 and determining the carrier concentration are repeated until the carrier concentration throughout the wafer is determined. Plotting depth versus carrier concentration provides the desired carrier concentration depth profile. See, for example, FIG. 2 where a representative carrier concentration depth profile obtained from utilizing the steps of the present invention is shown. Note, further, the high correlation between the carrier concentration versus depth profile obtained by utilization of the method of the present invention versus that obtained by use of the secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) method. This shows the ability to determine multiple levels of concentrations.
In summary, numerous benefits have been described from employing the principles of the present invention. The method of measuring carrier concentration depth profile of the present invention advantageously can be used to reliably determine the carrier concentration characteristics of wide bandgap semiconductor materials. By substituting the standard quartz halogen light source with a high energy UV light source, sufficient energy can be imparted to the Schottky electrolyte solution so as to cause reliable etching of wide bandgap semiconductors.
The foregoing description of the preferred embodiment has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed. Obvious modifications or variations are possible in light of the above teachings. The embodiment was chosen and described to provide the best illustration of the principles of the invention and its practical application to thereby enable one of ordinary skill in the art to utilize the inventions in various embodiments and with various modifications as are suited to the particular scope of the invention as determined by the appended claims when interpreted in accordance with the breadth to which they are fairly, legally and equitably entitled.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Apr 25, 1978
|Sep 18, 1979
|The Post Office
|Determining semiconductor characteristic
|Mar 27, 1990
|Nov 12, 1991
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Scanning capacitance - voltage microscopy
|Feb 26, 1991
|Apr 6, 1993
|Cornell Research Foundation, Inc.
|Method for determining characteristics of pn semiconductor structures
|Dec 16, 1992
|Dec 3, 1996
|Semiconductor Physics Laboratory Rt
|Method for chemical surface passivation for in-situ bulk lifetime measurement of silicon semiconductor material
|"Electrochemical CV Profiling of Group III--Nitrides" Compound Semiconductor May 23, 1997.
|Electrochemical CV Profiling of Group III Nitrides Compound Semiconductor May 23, 1997.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Oct 24, 2003
|Apr 11, 2006
|Thomas Wolff
|Method and device for photo-electrochemically etching a semiconductor sample, especially gallium nitride
|Apr 8, 2005
|Oct 14, 2008
|Sandia Corporation
|Molten-salt-based growth of group III nitrides
|Oct 24, 2003
|Jun 10, 2004
|Thomas Wolff
|Method and device for photo-electrochemically etching a semiconductor sample, especially gallium nitride
|Dec 2, 2002
|Jun 17, 2004
|Technische Universit�t Carolo-Wilhelmina Zu Braunschweig
|Structuring surface of electrically conducting semiconductor material comprises applying metal mask on surface of semiconductor material, anodically oxidizing regions not protected, and further processing
|Apr 28, 2006
|Nov 8, 2007
|Infineon Technologies Ag
|Trench wall surface`s surface area determining method for producing trench capacitor of memory cell, involves wetting surface of conductive layer of wall with aqueous conductive liquid, where electrodes are positioned in conductive liquid
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|Apr 7, 1999
Owner name: AIR FORCE, UNITED STATES, OHIO
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:STUTZ, CHARLES E.;REEL/FRAME:009874/0007
Effective date: 19990302
|Dec 11, 2003
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Apr 14, 2008
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Oct 3, 2008
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Nov 25, 2008
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20081003


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Recovery Partition corrupted by a virus[ Edited ]
12-29-2010 01:43 AM - last edited on 12-29-2010 11:18 AM by MrMatthew
My Recovery Partition is corrupted by a virus while i was reinstalling my anti-virus, and after i finished reinstalling, a message saying:___________________________________________
| Virus Vault Files corrupted by virus : D:/preload |
| A virus was detected ! Virus name : ???-??? ??????(Unidentified)|
| What would you like to do?:
| |Move to Vault| |Ignore|
And i didn't find anything online to download!!
What should i do to get a new one, the virus is still on the computer and is getting my computer to crash!!
[Subject Edited as new thread was created] - moderator
Re: Factory Image Damaged
You jumped into another parties post. It would be better to re-post as a "new post".
Please do not reply to this message, but here are some tips for when you re-post the message.
1) How did you corrupt your Recovery partition ( likely the D: partition), when you should have been installing the anti-virus software to the C: partition?
2) Did you create a set of Recovery DVD's when you bought the computer?
3) Get Malwarebytes (free). Boot into safemode with networking, and install it. Update it. Run it.
Please click Accept as Solution, if your problem is solved. To say THANK YOU, press the "thumbs up symbol" to render a KUDO. You can render both Solution and KUDO..
Loaner: Envy Omen Windows 10 Home 64 4th Gen Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-4720HQ Processor + NVIDIA GeForce GTX 960M 2GB Discrete Graphics (8GB memory) 128GB SSD
Loaner: HP ENVY 8 Tablet
(2) HP DV7t i7 3160QM 2.3Ghz 8GB
HP m9200t E8400,Win7 Pro 32 bit. 4GB RAM, ASUS 550Ti 2GB, Rosewill 630W. 1T HD SATA 3Gb/s
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Custom Asus P8P77, I7-3770k, 16GB RAM, WIN7 Pro 64bit, EVGA GTX660 2GB, 1T HD SATA 6Gb/s
Custom Asus P8Z67, I7-2600k, 8GB RAM, WIN7 Pro 64bit, EVGA GTX660 2GB, 1T HD SATA 6Gb/s
All Customs use Rosewill Blackhawk case and OCZ 750W.
Printer -- HP OfficeJet Pro 8600 Plus
Re: Factory Image Damaged
Dear Whoever sent me a reply,
Thank you for the tips, but anyway my antivirus took care of the virus and deleted it, but the only problem, the virus didn't just delete half of the recovery files, it also executed viruses online, while my anti-virus db was having errors, because the re-installation wasn't successful, but after thinking i reinstalled my (OS) using the Genuine Windows 7 DVD, but i still want my hp system back.
I'd be pleased if you send me a link to download my hp recovery files, and a link to download "Recovery Manager".
Note: To give a clue, my computer Full Name is "HP G62 Notebook-PC" with windows 7 installed.
Another clue that my recovery manager as i remember had the Cyberlink Corp' Sign at the right bottom of the manager.
Re: Factory Image Damaged
Please contact HP support for recovery disks. HP's support number is 800-474-6836 or 800-HPINVENT or online here.
HP DV9700, t9300, Nvidia 8600, 4GB, Crucial C300 128GB SSD
HP ENVY 17t Touch,i7-6500u,6GB, 256 GB SSD (on loan)
HP Photosmart 6520
HP Touchpad, HP Chromebook 11
Custom i7-4790k, Z97, 16GB 2400 MHz DDR3, Intel 750 PCI-E SSD, (2)Samsung EVO 840 SSD, Corsair HX650, GTX 980TI, Corsair H75 water cooler
Windows 10 Pro in UEFI mode - production system
Windows 7 and 8 in UEFI mode - test systems


text:
Championship Manager 4 Cheats
Before you're next game, when the screen comes up that tells you all the fixture for that day, save the game. Then, play the match. If you win, great! If you lose, draw, or aren't happy with the result, then quit the game and load it again, then you get another chance! Doing this, I won the treble with Switzerland team FC Basle!
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You have searched for: Formula 4
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Professor Emery is an ARC Professor of Rheumatology.
Research Article
The "enthesis organ" concept: Why enthesopathies may not present as focal insertional disorders
Version of Record online: 8 OCT 2004
DOI: 10.1002/art.20566
Copyright © 2004 by the American College of Rheumatology
Arthritis & Rheumatism
Volume 50, Issue 10, pages 3306–3313, October 2004
Additional Information
How to Cite
Benjamin, M., Moriggl, B., Brenner, E., Emery, P., McGonagle, D. and Redman, S. (2004), The "enthesis organ" concept: Why enthesopathies may not present as focal insertional disorders. Arthritis & Rheumatism, 50: 3306–3313. doi: 10.1002/art.20566
Publication History
- Issue online: 8 OCT 2004
- Version of Record online: 8 OCT 2004
- Manuscript Accepted: 30 JUN 2004
- Manuscript Received: 2 APR 2004
Funded by
- Action Medical Research and Search, Horsham, UK
- Abstract
- Article
- References
- Cited By
The Achilles tendon insertion is associated with a complex of adjacent fibrocartilages, a bursa, and a fat-pad, and is functionally much more than a focal insertion. This has important implications for a better understanding of the spondylarthropathies (SpA). However, the degree to which other insertions form comparable "enthesis organs" has not been established. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the applicability of the enthesis organ concept to other insertion sites.
Both joint-related (articular) and extraarticular entheses were removed from 28 sites in the limbs of formalin-fixed cadavers (age at death 70–101 years) that had been donated for anatomic study. The samples were prepared for paraffin histologic analysis and sectioned longitudinally. The presence and extent of enthesis organs was evaluated at each site in serial sections stained with Masson's trichrome and toluidine blue.
Articular enthesis organs were found at 14 entheses, including the attachments of the digital extensor tendons and collateral ligaments, the cruciate ligaments, tibialis anterior, the lateral collateral ligament of the knee, and the popliteal tendon. Extraarticular enthesis organs were seen at 2 sites, the biceps brachii and patellar tendon insertions. In all enthesis organs, sesamoid and/or periosteal fibrocartilage was present in close association with synovium.
The concept of an enthesis organ is of general significance in understanding attachment sites and may explain the diverse pathologic changes, including synovitis, bursitis, and extracapsular changes, seen adjacent to tendon/ligament entheses in SpA. These findings may provide insight into the reason the target tissues in SpA are apparently so diverse.
The enthesis is the region in which a tendon, ligament, or joint capsule attaches to bone, and much of the pathology in the spondylarthropathies (SpA) can be directly attributed to disease at that site. Although enthesopathies are traditionally viewed as focal, insertional disorders, findings on magnetic resonance and ultrasound imaging suggest the presence of more diffuse changes with involvement of the adjacent bone and soft tissue. Thus, in SpA, inflammatory changes may occur some distance from the insertion site (1–4), and lateral epicondylitis is linked to degenerative changes not only at the entheses associated with the common extensor origin, but also in adjacent ligaments (5–8). We believe such findings are best understood by viewing insertion sites not merely as focal attachments, but as parts of an "enthesis organ complex" that may dissipate stress concentration at the bony interface away from the attachment site itself (9).
The archetypal enthesis organ is that of the Achilles tendon, which Canoso has aptly described as having the "première enthesis" (10). Here, stress is dissipated away from the osteotendinous junction by contact between the adjacent parts of the tendon and bone in a dorsiflexed foot (9–11). The enthesis organ comprises not only the enthesis itself, but also fibrocartilages in the walls of the adjacent retrocalcaneal bursa, together with the bursal cavity and its associated synovium-covered fat-pad (9, 11). The fibrocartilages include a sesamoid fibrocartilage in the deep part of the tendon and a periosteal fibrocartilage on the opposing superior tuberosity of the calcaneus. They replace the synovial membrane that lines the bursa more proximally, and it would be difficult to envisage disease of these structures in SpA without adjacent synovitis, since they are so intimately linked (9).
While the "enthesis organ" concept is clearly relevant for understanding Achilles insertional tendinopathies, the extent to which it applies to other attachment sites is less clear. From a clinical perspective, the changes in SpA may include synovitis, bursitis, and diffuse, fusiform, synovial joint swelling. Such changes attest to the fact that the enthesis-related pathology is more than insertion-point inflammation. The purpose of this study was to determine the general applicability of the enthesis organ concept, by evaluating a wide range of entheses including those within joints, adjacent to joints, and at extraarticular sites. We demonstrated that insertions at many sites frequently form part of enthesis organs that are intimately associated with a synovial cavity and thus with synovial membrane. These findings may be central to elucidation of the relationship between enthesitis and synovitis and for recognition of the diverse clinical presentations of SpA. They thus have implications with regard to a better understanding of the disease mechanisms.
A wide range of entheses from 28 different sites were obtained from the upper and lower limbs of cadavers (both sexes; age at death 70–101 years) at the University of Cardiff and the University of Innsbruck. The cadavers had been donated for anatomic study (medical histories were not available) and had been perfused with a solution containing formaldehyde and alcohol; details have been reported previously (11). Between 2 and 11 specimens were examined for each enthesis. The attachment sites chosen are listed in Table 1. The rationale for the selection of sites was 1) the inclusion of "articular" entheses that attached within a synovial joint (e.g., the cruciate ligaments [which are entirely intraarticular, yet extrasynovial] and the popliteal tendon/lateral collateral ligament complex) or replaced part of the joint capsule (e.g., digital extensor tendons, interphalangeal joint collateral ligaments, and the insertional tendons of tibialis anterior and fibularis brevis) and were thus intimately juxtaposed with its synovium, 2) the inclusion of extraarticular entheses that were close to joints and associated with subtendinous bursae (e.g., the pes anserinus and biceps brachii insertional tendons), and 3) the inclusion of entheses from regions in which periostitis occurs.
|Type of enthesis organ
|Upper limb
|Biceps brachii insertion
|SF and PF conspicuous where the area of the enthesis attachment is small; closely related to synovium
|Extensor pollicis longus insertion
|Prominent SF in the deep surface of the tendon; articular cartilage acts as a PF; closely related to synovium
|Extensor digitorum communis insertion
|Prominent SF in the deep surface of the tendon; articular cartilage acts as a PF; closely related to synovium
|Collateral ligament of proximal interphalangeal joint
|SF in the deep surface of the ligament; articular cartilage acts as a PF; closely related to synovium
|Triceps insertion
|Blends with adjacent fascia as well as attaching to olecranon
|Abductor pollicis brevis and abductor pollicis longus insertion
|The tendon fuses with the joint capsule which contains SF, is closely related to synovium, and is juxtaposed to articular cartilage, which acts as a PF
|Flexor carpi ulnaris insertion
|Continuous with attachment of ligaments to pisiform
|Flexor digitorum profundus insertion
|The tendon fuses with the volar plate, which is fibrocartilaginous; articular cartilage acts as a PF for the volar plate; closely related to synovium
|Lower limb
|Tibialis anterior insertion
|One slip of the tendon contributes to forming an enthesis organ for the other; closely related to synovium
|Patellar tendon insertion
|A PF of variable prominence is present, depending on the shape of the bone near the enthesis; closely related to synovium and fat-pad
|Patellar tendon origin
|Superficial fibers are continuous with those of the quadriceps tendon; closely related to Hoffa's fat-pad
|Quadriceps tendon insertion
|Superficial fibers are continuous with those of the quadriceps tendon
|Fibularis brevis insertion
|The tendon fuses with the joint capsule, which in turn is closely related to synovium; no SF or PF
|Fibularis longus insertion
|Fat present in abundance near enthesis, but no other evidence of an enthesis organ; separate tendon slips to medial cuneiform and first metatarsal bone
|Popliteal tendon (femoral attachment + lateral collateral ligament)
|Forms a complex enthesis organ; SF sometimes present in deep surface; articular cartilage acts as a PF; closely related to synovium
|Anterior cruciate ligament (tibial attachment)
|The tibial spine is covered with articular cartilage, which acts as a PF; No SF; closely related to synovium
|Anterior cruciate ligament (femoral attachment)
|Also attached to the lateral meniscus
|Posterior cruciate ligament (tibial attachment)
|No SF, but lies close to the horn of the posterior meniscus, which acts as a PF; closely related to synovium
|Posterior cruciate ligament (femoral attachment)
|Also attached to the lateral meniscus
|Lateral head of gastrocnemius
|Tendon also arises from the knee joint capsule
|Iliopsoas insertion
|Some fibers extend beyond the lesser trochanter to the adjacent part of the femur
|Pes anserinus insertion
|Subtendinous bursa present; no SF or PF, but thick periosteum
|Adductor longus origin
|Fuses with tendons of rectus abdominis and gracilis
|Extensor hallucis longus insertion
|Prominent SF in the deep surface of the tendon; articular cartilage acts as a PF; closely related to synovium
|Flexor hallucis longus insertion
|Fuses with fibrocartilaginous volar plate and articular cartilage acts as a PF for this; closely related to synovium
|Extensor digitorum longus
|SF in the deep surface of the tendon; articular cartilage acts as a PF; closely related to synovium
In sampling the entheses, 2 fine saw cuts were made into the bone, parallel to the long axis of the tendon, and 2 further cuts were made at right angles to the long axis, proximal and distal to the enthesis itself. Because of the size of the patellar tendon enthesis, only the central third of the attachment site was sampled. In accordance with our previously described protocol (12), all specimens were further fixed for at least 1 week in 10% neutral buffered formol saline before being decalcified in 5% nitric acid, dehydrated with graded alcohol, cleared with chloroform, and embedded in 58° C paraffin wax. Longitudinal sections of the enthesis and adjacent structures were cut at 8 μm, at 1-mm intervals throughout the block.
At each sample point, 16 sections were collected and mounted on 8 slides. Adjacent slides were stained with toluidine blue (to highlight the presence of fibrocartilage by its metachromasia) and Masson's trichrome (to illustrate the general architecture of the whole enthesis organ in the context of neighboring structures).
Enthesis organs can be broadly classified as joint related (hereinafter called "articular") or extraarticular, according to whether the enthesis lies internal or external to the capsule of a synovial joint. We found that many entheses formed part of an enthesis organ—some simple, but others complex (see Table 1). In articular enthesis organs, the synovial membrane with which the enthesis is associated was a joint cavity. In extraarticular enthesis organs, it was that of a subtendinous bursa.
Articular enthesis organs.
The lateral collateral ligament and the popliteal tendon were shown to contribute to the formation of one of the most elaborate of articular enthesis organs (Figure 1). Their entheses were directly continuous with one another (Figure 1a), and the adjacent tendon pressed against the cartilage-lined, popliteal groove on the femur (Figure 1b). Occasionally, there was a hint of a sesamoid fibrocartilage on the deep aspect of the tendon within the popliteal groove (Figure 1c). There could also be a synovial, meniscoid fold in the interval between tendon and bone (Figure 1b). Such folds occasionally showed slight evidence of fibrocartilage differentiation (Figure 1d). Although part of the tendon was lined with synovium, this was absent where the tendon was in contact with the groove. However, detached fragments of synovium may be present in the joint cavity.
Another complex articular enthesis organ was that of the tibialis anterior (Figure 2). The tendon lay in a furrow on the medial side of the medial cuneiform, where it normally bifurcated into 2 slips—a deeper cuneiform slip and a more superficial, metatarsal slip (Figure 2a). At such attachments, the enthesis fibrocartilage of the cuneiform slip also served as a periosteal fibrocartilage for the metatarsal slip—this latter slip passed over the former. Indeed, adjacent to the cuneiform attachment site, the enthesis fibrocartilage was directly continuous with a periosteal cartilage/fibrocartilage covering a small bony elevation (Figure 2b). As a consequence of this complex arrangement, the deep aspect of the metatarsal slip showed some evidence of sesamoid fibrocartilage differentiation where it passed over the cuneiform enthesis (Figure 2a). Distal to that attachment site, the metatarsal slip replaced the joint capsule and thus contacted the cuneiform–metatarsal joint cavity directly. In this region, meniscoid synovial folds protruded into the joint space from the deep surface of the tendon (Figures 2b and c). Occasionally, the joint cavity extended between the 2 tendon slips as a bursal space (Figure 2a), and in some specimens, a bursa (not lined by synovium) extended into the narrow interval between the cuneiform slip and the bone; in others the region was filled with vascular, adipose tissue.
Where a tendon merged with a joint capsule, there was often a fairly simple articular enthesis organ. This consisted of the enthesis itself, a sesamoid fibrocartilage in the tendon adjacent to the attachment site, articular fibrocartilage covering a neighboring bone, and a joint cavity that allowed movement between sesamoid and articular fibrocartilages—the latter being functionally equivalent to periosteal fibrocartilage typical of that seen in the Achilles enthesis organ. Such a definition covers the enthesis organs of the digital extensor tendons (Figures 3a and b) and the collateral ligaments of the interphalangeal joints (Figures 3c and d). However, there may also be a meniscoid synovial fold extending into the joint cavity from the deep surface of the tendons, immediately distal to the sesamoid fibrocartilage (Figures 3a and b). In all such tendons, analogous to the retrocalcaneal bursa in the Achilles region, synovium was absent from the opposing surfaces of tendon and bone where these contact one another. A related type of enthesis organ is that where tendons reinforced, rather than replaced, joint capsules. This was exemplified by the insertion of abductor pollicis longus. Near this enthesis, a sesamoid fibrocartilage can be a prominent feature of the joint capsule. Stress can thus be dissipated from the tendinous to the capsular enthesis (and vice versa) by the continuity of the attachment sites. The relationship between enthesis and synovium is maintained because the latter lines the inside of the joint capsule.
The tibial attachment of the anterior cruciate ligament also formed part of a simple articular enthesis organ (Figure 4). It consisted of the enthesis itself, an articular cartilage/fibrocartilage that covered the lateral tubercle of the intercondylar eminence of the tibia ("tibial spine"), and the intervening cavity of the knee joint. There was no sesamoid fibrocartilage in the ligament where it passes over the tibial spine, but neither was there a synovial membrane covering the ligament in this region.
Extraarticular enthesis organs.
Extraarticular enthesis organs were exemplified by those associated with the biceps brachii and patellar insertional tendons (Figures 5a–c). A subtendinous bursa occupied the insertional angle between the tendon and the bone, and there was periosteal fibrocartilage of variable thickness near the attachment sites (Figures 6a and b). Although some fat was visible in association with both the biceps and the patellar tendon entheses (Figures 5a and c), much of Hoffa's fat-pad lay proximal to the level at which the specimens were removed from the cadavers for histologic processing. Despite the presence of a subtendinous bursa and a thick periosteum adjacent to the pes anserinus enthesis, no enthesis organ was present at this site (Figures 5d and 6c). There was no cartilage differentiation within the periosteum, and blood vessels were conspicuous (Figure 6c). Where both periosteal and sesamoid fibrocartilages were prominent at the insertion of the biceps brachii tendon, they largely replaced the synovial membrane of the intervening bursa in this region (Figure 6b). In the pes anserinus tendon, where neither fibrocartilage was present, the synovium was still visible (Figure 6c). At the insertion of biceps brachii, the fatty subsynovial tissue occasionally contained a small number of skeletal muscle fibers, together with associated "microtendons" (Figure 5b).
Sesamoid fibrocartilage was restricted to biceps brachii–and then only to specimens in which the periosteal fibrocartilage was also conspicuous (Figure 5a). Cadavers in which sesamoid and periosteal fibrocartilages were most prominent were those with a small area of tendon–bone attachment.
The Achilles insertion is a common site of disease in SpA and has rightly been described as the "première enthesis" (10). It forms part of a complex enthesis organ that comprises not only the insertion itself, but also adjacent tendon and bone fibrocartilage, together with a fat-pad, bursa, and synovium. The purpose of the present work was to investigate the extent to which other enthesis organs exist at diverse articular and extraarticular sites. We have shown that the concept of an "enthesis organ" can be applied to many (but not all) tendon and ligament attachments, and we thus argue that the concept is central to understanding of the spondylarthropathies. If stress is dissipated away from a bony insertion because of the existence of an enthesis organ, this can explain why pathologic changes are seen adjacent to entheses as well as at them, why subtendinous bursae are often affected in the disease (1, 2, 4, 13), and why bursitis can mimic enthesitis (14). It also illuminates the observation that periostitis is a common feature of SpA (15)—fibrocartilaginous periostea are a typical feature of many enthesis organs. Finally, the complexity of enthesis organs that are intimately associated with a synovial cavity may have implications regarding the mechanisms of synovitis in SpA.
We have described enthesis organs as being articular or extraarticular. All have in common the presence of sesamoid and/or periosteal cartilage or fibrocartilage juxtaposed to a synovial cavity and thus close to a synovial membrane. This either lines the joint cavity or forms part of a subtendinous bursa at the attachment site. Articular enthesis organs include those where the tendon/ligament fuses with a joint capsule (e.g., digital extensor tendons) or attaches inside a joint cavity (e.g., the tibial attachment of the anterior cruciate ligament and the insertion of popliteus). The presence of elaborate enthesis organs in direct association with synovial cavities, especially in joints such as the knee, enables better understanding of the anatomic basis of entheseal-related diseases, including SpA. We have shown, for example, that the femoral enthesis of the lateral collateral ligament merges imperceptibly with that of the popliteal tendon. This was also evident in the magnetic resonance imaging studies reported by Recondo et al (16). Consequently, the 2 structures, together with the associated synovium, form an enthesis organ as complex as that of the tibialis posterior (12). Evidently, stress could be dissipated between the ligament and the tendon enthesis, and thus what may seem to be a pathologic process restricted to an extrasynovial structure (the lateral collateral ligament enthesis) could affect the inside of the joint as well.
We have reported here that cartilage-covered, bony pulleys lie immediately adjacent to many entheses and often contribute to the formation of enthesis organs. Either the enthesis itself lies in a shallow depression below the level of the adjacent bone (i.e., so that the adjacent bone acts as a pulley) or there is a small bony protuberance next to the attachment site. The former is exemplified by the insertion of popliteus, and the latter by the tibial spine (intercondylar eminence) that contributes to the tibial enthesis organ of the anterior cruciate ligament, the radial tuberosity near the insertion of biceps brachii, and the unnamed tubercle near the attachment of the tibialis anterior. All such pulleys dissipate stress concentration so that the risk of wear and tear at entheses is reduced.
It has been proposed that the fundamental difference between rheumatoid arthritis and SpA is that synovitis in the former is primarily an immunologically mediated event, whereas in the latter it is secondary to liberation of proinflammatory mediators from sites of enthesitis. However, this hypothesis was proposed at a time when the enthesis organ concept had not yet been developed, and it was difficult to explain how focal insertional inflammation caused synovitis. Our results highlight the contribution of synovium to many enthesis organs, and we thus suggest that synovitis would be an anticipated consequence of enthesis organ inflammation. This applies to both articular and extraarticular enthesis organs. This is especially the case since the synovium, unlike the enthesis, contains macrophages. Like the Achilles enthesis organ, those described here in association with the insertions of the biceps brachii and patellar tendons lack a synovial lining in part of the bursa. This is not surprising since the tendon presses against the bone, and compression would occlude synovial vessels. It is exactly for this reason that synovium is absent over articular cartilage and at functional entheses (wrap-around regions of tendons [9]). Indeed, the local absence of synovium reinforces the similarities between many subtendinous bursae and typical synovial joints (9, 10). Consequently, deep infrapatellar bursitis and bicipital bursitis may involve fibrocartilage degeneration in the bursal walls, as well as synovitis.
In conclusion, this study shows that the concept of the enthesis organ is not unique to the Achilles insertion, but is more general: enthesis organs are present at many articular and extraarticular sites. The intimate relationship between enthesis organs and synovial cavities and the presence of enthesis organ components in joint capsules may have important implications for understanding the clinical pattern of SpA, including synovitis and extracapsular changes. It is important to acknowledge, however, that entheses do not always form parts of archetypal enthesis organs like that of the Achilles tendon, and this probably reflects local biomechanical factors that influence stress dissipation. Significantly, however, stress dissipation away from a single focused attachment site is virtually universal, because most tendons and ligaments fuse with adjacent structures or attach at more than one bony point.
We are grateful to E. Richter for technical assistance.
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