text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Dec 12, 1978
|Filing date
|Apr 7, 1976
|Priority date
|Apr 7, 1976
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Joseph A. Cogliano, Clifton L. Kehr
|Original Assignee
|W. R. Grace & Co.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (12), Referenced by (8), Classifications (17), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention relates to a new fabric softener polyurethane foam and method for softening textile fabrics in either clothes drying or automatic clothes washing operations.
Numerous attempts have been made in the prior art seeking solutions to improving fabric softening.
Certain chemical compounds have been known in the art to possess the desired quality of imparting softness to textile fabrics. The quality of softness is well defined in the art, and means that a treated fabric is smooth, pliable, and fluffy.
Additionally many of these compounds act to reduce static cling of the treated fabrics. Static cling is, generally, the pheonmenon of fabric adhering as a result of static electrical charges located in the surface of the fabric. By softening and reducing the static cling of a fabric, it is more comfortable when worn. Such treated fabrics additionally are easier to iron, and have fewer hard-to-iron wrinkles.
Softening agents are usually employed in liquid formulations, and powder, tablet and granular formulations. However, such softening compositions have in common their limitation to use in the laundry or fabric washing or rinsing process. Use of these compositions results in many inconveniences.
The prior art suggests coating or impregnation of cellulosic materials with a softening agent with the objective of softening or otherwise treating the cellulosic material itself. Recently suggested is the use of substantially larger amounts of a softening agent coated onto paper for use as a dryer-added softening composition. However, this composition has the serious disadvantage of causing marked staining of the treated fabrics due to its too rapid release of the softener from the paper substrate. The prior art has failed to recognize the importance of controlling release of softener from the substrate by controlling the absorbency of the material used as a substrate.
It has now been found by practice of this invention that a new and useful urethane foam is provided which contains a novel softening composition which can be used in a standard automatic clothes dryer and which need not be limited to use in the rinse cycle of an automatic washer.
The present composition also can be used to impart anti-static qualities to a variety of fabric materials.
By the present invention, fabric softening polyurethane foam is prepared by reacting a particular isocyanate capped polyoxyethylene polyol with large amounts of an aqueous reactant in the presence of a fabric softener. The thus generated polyurethane having fabric softener uniformly disposed throughout is found to have improved fabric softening and static electricity eliminating features.
Generally, the present polyurethane composition includes a hydrophilic polyurethane structure having uniformly dispersed therein a fabric softener.
Practice of the present invention is achieved by means of a softening composition consisting essentially of a fabric softener impregnated into polyurethane foam. Large amounts, generally in excess of 200% by weight of the dry foam of the softening agent are required.
The softening compositions while effective when used to soften fabrics in rinse water, particularly in the rinse cycle of a standard automatic clothes washer, find particular application in effectively softening fabrics in a standard, automatic clothes dryer.
Preferably, the softening composition comprises a softening agent disposed in polyurethane foam and configurated into a tubular roll or individual sheets. A desired length of the treated foam is removed from its package and placed into the clothes dryer wherein the fabrics to be treated have been loaded. The dryer is then operated in customary fashion, and softening occurs as the fabrics directly contact the treated foam, whereby the softening agent is transferred from the foam substrate to the fabric.
If the softening composition is used in a washer, a sheet is placed into the rinse water, e.g., of the final rinse cycle. The softening agent disperses into the rinse water and is then absorbed by the fabrics.
Because the fabric softeners employed herein must be uniformly dispersed in the polyurethane structure, it is advantageous to use a hydrophilic polyurethane prepared by using relatively large amounts of water or aqueous reactant. In this manner, the present additives can be introduced during the reaction step and therby insure uniform distribution. One group of polyurethanes useful herein is disclosed in co-pending, commonly assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 404,823 filed Oct. 9, 1973 (now abandoned), effective portions of which are incorporated herein by reference. Generally, these foams are crosslinked polyurethane foams prepared by using a capped polyoxyethylene glycol reactant and massive amounts of water.
The polyoxyethylene polyols used are water soluble reaction products derived from the polymerization of ethylene oxide in the presence of a polyfunctional starter compound such as water, ethylene glycol, glycerol, pentaerythritol, sucrose and the like. The molecular weights may be varied over a wide range by adjusting the relative ratios of ethylene oxide monomer to starter compound. The preferred molecular weight ranges are described subsequently.
It is possible and sometimes desirable to incorporate various amounts of a relatively hydrophobic comonomer into the ethylene oxide based polymerization products. Thus, comonomers such as propylene oxide or butylene oxide may be copolymerized as a random copolymer, block copolymer, or both, such that the copolymers remain hydrophilic while having other desirable features for certain applications, namely improved low temperature flexibility, resistance to compression set, resiliency and the like. Up to about 40-60 mole percent but desirably about 25-45 mole percent of the relatively hydrophobic comonomer may be copolymerized with the ethylene oxide monomer and still yield hydrophilic crosslinked network foams when those products are used as polyol intermediates in practicing the present invention. Thus, polyoxyethylene polyol is intended to include not only homopolymers of ethylene oxide, but also hydrophilic copolymers of ethylene oxide such as those described above, wherein all of these polyol derivatives have a hydroxyl functionality of about two or greater and an ethylene oxide content ranging from about 40 mole percent to about 100 mole percent, and preferably greater than about 55 mole percent.
Particularly useful foams may be prepared by first capping a polyoxyethylene polyol with a polyisocyanate such that the capped product has a reaction functionality greater than two. Thereafter, the resin is reacted by combining with water such that a crosslinked foam result. It is also possible to use a capped polyoxyethylene polyol having a functionality approximating 2 in which case a polyfunctional reactive member such as one having three, or up to about 8 reactive amine, hydroxy, thiol, or carboxylate sites per average molecule is included to form a three dimensional crosslinked product. Useful polyfunctional reactive members include materials such as diethylenetriamine, triethylene-tetramine, tetraethylene-pentamine, polyethyleneimine, glycerol, trimethylolpropane, pentaerythritol, tolylene-2,4,6-triamine, ethylenediamine, trimethylenediamine, tetramethylenediamine, pentamethylenediamine, hexamethylenediamine, aminoethanol, diethanolamine, hydrazine, triethanolamine, benzene-1,2,4- tricarboxylic acid, nitrilotriacetic acid, citric acid,4,4',-methylenebis (p-chloraniline), and the like.
Polyoxyethylene polyol used as a reactant in preparing the capped product to be foamed may have a weight average molecular weight of about 200 to about 20,000, and preferably between about 600 to about 6,000, with a hydroxyl functionality of about 2 or greater, preferably from about 2 to about 8.
Polyoxyethylene polyol is capped by reaction with a polyisocyanate or polyisothiocyanates. The capping materials include PAPI (a polyaryl polyisocyanate as defined in U.S. Pat. No. 2,683,730), tolylene diisocyanate, triphenylmethane-4,4',4",-triisocyanate, benzene-1,3,5-triisocyanate, toluene-2,4,6-triisocyanate,diphenyl-2,3,3'-triisocyanate, hexamethylene diisocyanate, xylene diisocyanate, naphthalene-1, 5-diisocyanate, xylene-alpha, alpha' diisothiocyanate, 3,3'-dimethyl-4,4'-biphenylene diisocyanate, 3,3'-dimethoxy-4,4'-biphenylene diisocyanate, 2,2' 5,5'-tetramethyl-4,4'-biphenylene diisocyanate, 4,4'-methylenebis (phenylisocyanate), 4,4'-sulfonylbis (phenylisocyanate), 4,4'-methylene diortho-tolylisocyanate, ethylene diisocyanate, ethylene diisothiocyanate, trimethylenediisocyanate and the like.
Capping of the polyoxyethylene polyol may be effected using either about stoichometric amounts of reactants or an excess of isocyanate to insure complete capping of the polyol.
To effect foaming and preparation of the crosslinked network polymer, the component including the isocyanate capped polyoxyethylene polyol having a functionality about 2 or greater is simply combined with water by most any suitable means such that a crosslinked hydrophilic foam results.
Although foaming of the present resin reaction is effected simply, it is also possible to add, although not necessary, supplemental foaming materials such as those well known to the artificial sponge foaming art.
To effect foaming and preparation of the crosslinked network polymer, the component including the isocyanate capped polyoxyethylene polyol having a functionality about 2 or greater is simply combined with a particular aqueous component. For simplicity, this isocyanate capped reaction component will herein be referred to as resin reactant.
The aqueous component may appear as water, a water slurry or suspension, a water emulsion, or a water solution having water soluble materials disposed therein. For convenience, the aqueous component is referred to herein as an aqueous reactant.
In contrast to typical polyurethane reactions such as those using catalyst or like promoters where one mole of --NCO is reacted with one-half mole water, the present reaction proceeds simply with a large but controlled excess of water.
In typical polyurethane reactions known to the art, it is known to employ an excess of water in prepolymer foaming formulations to obtain improved properties. It is further known that if less than stoichiometric amounts of water are used, the foam is more crosslinked, firmer, has lower elongation and higher density. A large excess of water will use up the free isocyanate groups, leaving insufficient isocyanate available for effective crosslinking and resulting in the formation of many free amino end groups. As water content increases, the foam density decreases and above 30-50% excess water over stoichiometry results in a marked decrease in physical properties.
The dramatic way in which the addition of water influences practice of the present invention is seen by consideration of the Water Index Value defined as equivalents of H2 O � 100 divided by equivalents of NCO. In polyurethane foaming reactions one mole of water ultimately consumes two NCO groups, i.e. 1.0 mole H2 O = 2 equivalents --OH which react with 2 equivalents of NCO. A Water Index Value of 100 indicates the equivalents of water and equivalents of isocyanate are balanced. An Index of 95 indicates that there is a 5% shortage of water equivalents while an Index of 105 indicates a 5% surplus of water equivalents. A slight shortage of water equivalents (i.e. a slight excess of isocyanate), usually 3-5%, is common practice in the prior art, particularly with flexible foams.
Using the present resin reactant and water in amounts from about 0.5 mole H2 O/mole NCO groups (H2 O Index Value of 100) up to about 2 moles H2 O/mole NCO groups (H2 O Index Value of 400) results in poor foaming unless materials such as surfactants and catalysts or the like are included. Amounts up to about 2 moles H2 O/mole NCO (H2 O Index Value of 400) require a catalyst. When using about 6.5 moles H2 O mole/NCO groups (H2 O Index Value of 1300) up to about 390 moles H2 O/mole NCO groups, (H2 O Index Vlaue 78,000) surprisingly good foams result which improve in characteristics with added amounts of molar water. Thus, the available water content in the aqueous reactant is from about 6.5 to about 390 moles H2 O/NCO groups in the resin reactant, i.e. an H2 O Index Value of about 1300 to about 78,000 and desirably from about 4,000 to about 40,000, i.e. about 20 to about 200 moles H2 O/NCO groups.
"Available water" in the aqueous reactant is that water accessible for reaction with the resin reactant, and which is exclusive of water which may layer during reaction or supplemental water which may be necessary because of further water-absorbtive or water-binding components or additives present in and forming the aqueous reactant.
The use of large molar excesses of water in the aqueous reactant leads to several important advantages and improvements over the conventional polyurethane foam compositions. For example, in conventional polyurethane foam compositions, the water concentration must be carefully controlled to near the theoretical amount, usually an amount much less than about an H2 O Index Value of 400 (2.0 moles H2 O/NCO groups in the polyurethane reaction components) and the fabric softeners must be separately included. This low concentration dictates the use of a catalyst to promote the rate of the polymerization foaming reaction, and requires an intensive mixing step to achieve good mixing of reactants and catalyst so as to insure a controllable and uniform cellular product, other additives are avoided. In contrast, the present polyurethane foam requires very large but controlled excess of water, e.g., typically about an H2 O Index Value of about 1300 to about 78,000. Using this technique, the product quality and uniformity is not highly sensitive to accuracy of metering or mixing of the aqueous reactant and the use of a polymerization catalyst or promoter is optional. Thus, the fabric softeners are included in the polyurethane structure at the time of foaming.
The hydrophilic foams of the present invention may be formulated so as to be flexible, semi-rigid or rigid in nature and to be of primarily open cell or primarily closed cell structure as desired.
Fabric softeners can be used singly or, in admixture with compatible fabric softeners. The fabric softeners which contain at least one long chain group includes cationic quaternary ammonium salts including quaternary imidazolinium salts; nonionic compounds, such as tertiary phosphine oxides, tertiary amine oxides and ethoxylated alcohols and alkylphenols; anionic soaps, sulfates and sulfonates, e.g., fatty acid soaps, ethoxylated alcohol sulfates and sodium alkyl sulfates, alkyl sulfonates, sodium alkylbenzenesulfonates, and sodium or potassium alkylglycerylethersulfonates; Zwitterionic quaternary ammonium compounds; ampholytic tertiary ammonium compounds; and compatible mixtures of one or more compounds of these classes.
Desirably, the fabric softener exhibits a softening point below a temperature of about 170� F., i.e. the temperature at which the fabric softener becomes sufficiently liquefied to adhere to fabrics contacting the softener-impregnated polyurethane foam.
To insure adequate softening of fabrics in a dryer, the fabric softener must have a softening point within the temperature ranges of a standard, automatic clothes dryer. Dryer temperatures start at 75� F. and reach up to about 170� F.
Many fabric softeners have softening points above the previously indicated ranges. These fabric softeners can be lowered to a desired temperature by the addition of ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, or an isoproply alcohol/water mixture or less volatile compounds.
Because of their known softening efficacy, the most preferred cationic softening agents are dialkyl dimethyl ammonium chloride or alkyl trimethyl ammonium chloride wherein the alkyl contains from 12 to 20 carbon atoms and are derived from long chain fatty acids, especially from hydrogenated tallow. The tallow and tallowalkyl are intended to mean alkyls containing from 16 to 18 carbon atoms. Specific examples of the particularly preferred cationic softening agents include tallowtrimethyl ammonium chloride, tallowdimethyl (3-tallowalkoxypropyl) ammonium chloride, ditallow dimethyl ammonium chloride, ditallow dimethyl ammonium methyl sulfate, eicosyltrimethyl ammonium chloride, and dieicosyldimethyl ammonium chloride.
Examples of other preferred cationic softening agents suitable for use in the invention herein include dodecyltrimethyl ammonium chloride, didodecyldimethyl ammonium chloride, tetradecyltrimethyl ammonium chloride, ditetradecyldimethyl ammonium chloride, pentadecyltrimethyl ammonium chloride, dipentadecyldimethyl ammonium chloride, didodecyldiethyl ammonium chloride, didodecyldipropyl ammonium chloride, ditetradecyldiethyl ammonium chloride ditetradecyldipropyl ammonium chloride, ditallowdiethyl ammonium chloride, ditallowdipropyl ammonium chloride, tallowdimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride, tallowdiethyl benzyl ammonium chloride, dodecyltrimethyl ammonium methyl sulfate, didodecyldiethyl ammonium acetate tallowtrimethyl ammonium acetate, tallowdimethyl benzyl ammonium nitrite, and ditallowdipropyl ammonium phosphate.
Other cationic softening agents are known and include variables wherein R and R1 can also represent a phenyl radical or a hydroxy substituted alkyl of from 1 to 3 carbon atoms.
Cationic quaternary imidazolinium compounds are also preferred as softening agents. These compounds conform to the formula ##STR1## wherein R5 is an alkyl containing from 1 to 4, preferably from 1 to 2, carbon atoms, R6 is an alkyl containing from 1 to 4 carbon atoms or a hydrogen radical, R7 is an alkyl containing from 8 to 25, preferably at least 15 carbon atoms, R4 is hydrogen or an alkyl containing from 8 to 25 preferably at least 15, carbon atoms, and X is an anion, preferably menthyl sulfate or chloride ions. Particularly preferred are those compounds in which both R4 and R7 are alkyls of from 16 to 25, especially 16 to 18 and 20 to 22, carbon atoms.
Many other cationic quaternary ammonium softening agents, which are useful herein, are known; for example, alkyl [C12 to C20 ] - pyridinium chlorides, alkyl [C12 to C20 ]-alkyl [C1 to C3 ]-morpholinium chlorides, and quaternary derivatives of amino acids and amino esters.
Other preferred softening agents include Zwitterionic quaternary ammonium compounds which have the formula ##STR2## wherein R9 and R10 are each methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, 2-hydroxyethyl or 2-hydroxypropyl, R8 is 20 to 30 carbon atom alkyl or alkenyl and wherein said alkyl or alkenyl contains from 0 to 2 hydroxyl substitutnts, from 0 to 5 ether linkages, and from 0 to 1 amide linkage, and R11 is an alkylene group containing from 1 to 4 carbon atoms with from 0 to 1 kydroxyl substituents; particularly preferred are compounds wherein R8 is a carbon chain containing from 20 to 26 carbon atoms selected from the group consisting of alkyls and alkenyls and wherein said alkyls and alkenyls contain 0 to 2 hydroxyl substituents. Specific examples of the particularly preferred compounds of this class include 3-N-eicosyl-N,N-dimethylammonio)-2-hydroxypropane-1-sulfonate, 3-(N-eicosyl-N,N-dimethylammonio)-propane-1-sulfonate, 3-[N-eicosyl-N,N-di(2-hydroxyethyl) ammonio]-2-hydroxypropane-1-sulfonate 3-(N-docosyl-N,N-dimethylammonio)-2-hydroxypropane-1-sulfonate, 3-(N-docosyl-N,N-dimethylammonio)-propane- 1-sulfonate, 3-[N-docosyl-N,N-bis-(2-hydroxyethyl)ammonio] 2-hydroxypropane-1-1sulfonate, 3-(N-tetracosyl-N,N-dimethylammonio)-2-hydroxypropane-1-sulfonate, 3-(N-tetracosyl-N,N-dimethylammonio)-propane-1-sulfonate, 3-[N-tetracosyl-N,N-bis-(2-hydroxyethyl) ammonio]-2-hydroxypropane-1-sulfonate, 3-[N-tetracosyl-N,N-bis-(2-hydroxyethyl) ammonio]-2-hydroxypropane-1-sulfonate, 3-(N-hexacysyl-N,N-diemthylammonio)-2-hydroxypropane-1-sulfonate, 3-(N-hexacosyl-N,N-dimethy-ammonio)-propane-1-sulfonate.
Examples of other preferred compounds of this case are 3-(N-eicosyl-N-ethyl-Nmethylammonio)-2-hydroxypropane-1-sulfonate, 3-N-dicosyl-N-ethyl-N-methylammonio)-2-hydroxypropane-1-sulfonate, 3-(N-tetracosyl-N-ethyl-N-methylammonio)-2-hydroxypropane-1-sulfonate, 3-(N-heneicosyl-N,N-dimethylammonio)-2-hydroxypropane-1-sulfonate, 3-(N-tricosyl-N,N-dimethylammonio)-2-hydroxypropane-1-sulfonate, 3-(N-tricosyl-N-ethyl-N-methylammonio)-2-hydroxypropane-1-sulfonate, 3-(N-tricosyl-N,N-dimethylammonio)-propane-1-sulfonate, 3-(N-pentacosyl-N,N-dimethyl ammonio)-2-hydroxypropane-1-sulfonate, 3-[N-(2-methoxydoscosyl)-N,N-dimethylammonio]-2-hydroxypropane-1-sulfonate, 3-(N-heptacosyl-N,N-dimethylammonio)propane-1-sulfonate, 3-(N-ocatacosyl-N,N-dimethylammonio)-2-hydroxypropane-1-sulfonate, 3-N-noncosyl-N,N-dimethylammonio)-2-hydroxypropane-1-sulfonate, 3-(N-1-triacontyl-N,N-dimethylammonio) propane-1-sulfonate, 3-[N-(3,5-dioxatetracosyl)-N,N-dimethylammonio]-2-hydroxy propane-1-sulfonate.
Other Zwitterionic known compounds include Zwitterionic synthetic detergents as represented by derivatives of aliphatic quaternary ammonium compounds wherein one of the four aliphatic groups has about 8 to 20 carbon atoms, another contains a water-solubilizing group such as carboxy, sulfato or sulfo groups any of which are straight or branched.
Nonionic tertiary phosphine oxide compounds have the generic formula:
wherein R12 is alkyl, alkenyl, or monohydroxy alkyl having a chain length of from 20 to 30 carbon atoms, and wherein R13 and R14 are each alkyl or monohydroxyl alkyl containing from 1 to 4 carbon atoms; particularly preferred are tertiary phosphone oxides in which R12 is alkyl, alkenyl and monohydroxy alkyl having a chain length of from 20 to 36 carbon atoms and wherein R13 and R14 are each menthyl, ethyl or ethanol.
Specific examples of particularly softeners of this class include eicosyldimethylphosphine oxide, eicosyldi (2-hydroxyethyl) phosphine oxide, docosyldimethylphosphine oxide, docosyldi(2-hydroxyethyl) phosphine oxide tetracosyldimethylphosphine oxide, hexacosyldimethylphosphine oxide, eicosyldiethylphosphine oxide, docosyldiethylphosphine oxide, and tetracosyldi(2-hydroxyethyl) phosphine oxide.
Examples of other tertiary phosphine oxides of this class include eicosylmethylethylphosphine oxide, heneicosyldimethylphosphine oxide, β-hydroxyeicosyldimethylphosphine oxide, β-hydroxydocosyldimethylphosphine oxide, heneicosylmethylethylphosphine oxide, docosylmethylethylphosphine oxide, tricosyldiethylphosphine oxide, tricosyldimethylphosphine oxide, tetracosyldi (2-hydroxyethyl) phosphine oxide, pentacosyldimethylphosphine oxide, eicosylmethyl-2-hydroxybutylphosphine oxide, eicosyldibutylphosphine oxide- docosylmethyl-3-hydroxybutylphosphine oxide, hexacosyldiethylphosphine oxide, heptacosyldimethylphosphine oxide, octacosyldiethylphosphine oxide, and triacontyldimethylphosphine oxide.
Other nonionic tertiary phosphine oxides useful herein include nonionic synthetic detergents having the same formula immediately above wherein R12 is an alkyl, alkenyl, or monohydroxylakyl of from 10 to 20 carbon atoms and wherein R13 and R14 are each alkyl or monohydroxyalkyl of from 1 to 3 carbon atoms.
Nonionic tertiary amine oxides can be utilized in the compositions of the present invention. These nonionic compounds have the formula
wherein R15 represents a straight or branched chain alkyl or alkenyl containing from 20 to 30 carbon atoms and from 0 to 2 hydroxyl substituents, from 0 to 5 ether linkages, there being at least one moiety of at least 20 carbon atoms containing no ether linkages, and 0 to 1 amide linkage, and wherein R16 and R17 are each alkyl or monohydroxy alkyl groups containing from 1 to 4 carbon atoms and wherein R16 and R17 can be joined to form a heterocyclic group containing from 4 to 6 carbon atoms; particularly preferred are those wherein R15 is a straight or branched alkyl, alkenyl, or monohydroxy alkyl containing 20 to 26 carbon atoms and wherein R16 and R17 are each methyl, ethyl or ethanol.
Specific examples of compounds of this class include eicocyl-bis-(β-hydroxyethyl) amine oxide, eicosyldimethylamine oxide, docosyldimethylamine oxide, docosyl-bis-(β-hydroxyethyl) amino oxide, tetracosyldimethylamine oxide, tetracosyl-bis-(β-hydroxyethyl) amine oxide, hexacosyldimethylamine oxide, and hexacosyl-bis-(β-hydroxytheyl) amine oxide.
Examples of other tertiary amine oxides of this class include 2-hydroxyeicosyldimethylamine oxide, eicosylmethylethylamine oxide, eicosyldiethylamine oxide, 2-hydroxyeicosyldiethylamine oxide, heneicosyldimethylamine oxide, heneicosyldiethylamine oxide, docosyldiethylamine oxide, tricosyldimethylamine oxide, tricosylidiethylamine oxide, tetracosyldiethylamine oxide, β-hydroxytetracosyldimethylamine oxide, pentacosyldimethylamine oxide, hexacosyldiethylamine oxide, eicosylmethyl(2-hydroxypropyl) amine oxide, docosylbutylmethylamine oxide, 2-docosenyldimethylamine oxide, 2-methoxydocosyldimethylamine oxide, heptacosyldimethylamine oxide, octacosylmethylethylamine oxide, octacosyldiethylamine oxide, nonacosyldimethylamine oxide, triacontyldiethylamine oxide, 3,6-dioxaoctacosyldimethylamine oxide, 2-hydroxy-4-oxatetracosyldimethylamine oxide, 6-stearamidohexyldimethylamine oxide.
Other tertiary amine oxides useful herein are known and include compounds corresponding to the formula immediately above wherein R15 is an alkyl of 8 to 20, particularly 16 to 18, carbon atoms, and R16 and R17 are methyl or ethyl radicals.
Nonionic ethoxylated alcohol compounds are also known softening agents and have the generic formula
R18 --O(C2 H4 O)x H
wherein R18 represents an alkyl of from 20 to 30 carbon atoms, and X is an integer of from 3 to 45.
The preferred ethoxylated alcohol compounds of this class are condensation products of reacting from 3 moles to 45 moles of ethylene oxide with one mole of eicosyl alcohol, heneicosyl alcohol, tricosyl alcohol, tetracosyl alcohol, pentacosyl alcohol, or hexacosyl alcohol. Specific examples of the preferred ethoxylated alcohols include products of 3 moles ehtylene oxide and 1 mole of heneicosyl alcohol; 9 moles ethylene oxide and 1 mole eicosyl alcohol; 12 moles ethylene oxide and 1 mole hexacosyl alcohol; 15 moles of ethylene oxide and 1 mole pentacosyl alcohol; and 30 moles of ethylene oxide and 1 mole tricosyl alcohol. Other ethoxylated alcohols are the condenstion products of 3 moles to 45 moles of ethylene oxide with one mole of heptacosyl, octacosyl, nonacosyl, or triacontyl alcohols. Specific examples include 5 moles of ethylene oxide and 1 mole of nonacosyl alcohol; 6 moles of ethylene oxide and 1 mole of heptacosyl alcohol, 9 moles of ethylene oxide and 1 mole of octacosyl alcohol; 20 moles of ethylene oxide and 1 mole of heptacosyl alcohol; 30 moles of ethylene oxide and 1 mole of triacontyl alcohol; and 40 moles of ethylene oxide and 1 mole of nonacosyl alcohol.
Also suitable for use as softening agents are nonionic synthetic detergents as represented by the polyethylene oxide condensates of aliphatic alcohols containing from 8 to 20 carbon atoms and alkylphenols wherein the alkyl contains from 8 to 20 carbon atoms. Particularly preferred are the condensation products of 1 mole of tallow alcohol with 20 moles and with 30 moles of ethylene oxide.
Also preferred as softening agents are anionic ethoxylated alcohol sulfates and anionic sulfonates.
The preferred ethoxylated alcohol sulfates have the generic formula
R19 --O(C2 H4 O)x SO3 --M+
wherein X is an integer of from 1 to 20, M is an alkali metal (e.g., Na, K, Li), ammonium or substituted ammonium cations, and wherein R19 is an alkyl containing from 20 to 30 carbon atoms.
The preferred anionic ethoxylated alcohol sulfate softening compounds are the sodium and potassium salts or the monoethanol, diethanol, or triethanol ammonium salts of the sulfated condensation product of from 1 to about 20 moles of ethylene oxide and one mole of eicosyl alcohol, heneicosyl alcohol, tricosyl alcohol, tetracosyl alcohol, pentacosyl alcohol, or hexacosyl alcohol. Specific examples of these particularly preferred anionic softening compounds include the salts of the sulfated condensation products of 1 mole of ethylene oxide and 1 mole of tetracosyl alcohol; 3 moles of ethylene oxide and 1 mole of hexacosyl alcohol; 9 moles of ethylene oxide and 1 mole of tricosyl alcohol; 12 moles of ethylene oxide and 1 mole of eicosyl alcohol; 16 moles of ethylene oxide and 1 mole of pentacosyl alcohol; and 29 moles of ethylene oxide and 1 mole of heneicosyl alcohol.
Other anionic ethoxylated sulfate compounds are sodium or potassium salts or monoethanol, diethanol, or triethanol ammonium cations of the sulfated condensation products of from 1 to 20 moles of ethylene oxide with one mole of heptacosyl alcohol, octacosyl alcohol, nonacosyl alcohol and triacontyl alcohol.
Anionic synthetic detergents are replaced by alkyl sulfates of the formula:
wherein M is an alkali metal and R is an alkyl of from 8 to 20 carbon atoms are also useful as softening agents herein.
The anionic sulfates have the general formula: ##STR3## wherein M is an alkali metal or a substituted ammonium cation, and R21 is an alkyl containing from 20 to 30 carbon atoms. The particularly preferred anionic sulfonates are those in which R21 is an alkyl containing from 20 to 26 carbon atoms. Examples of the particularly preferred compounds include sodium or potassium 2-acetoxydocosylsulfonate, ammonium 2-acetoxydocosylsulfonate, diethanolammonium 2-acetoxydocosylsulfonate sodium or potassium 2-acetoxytricosylsulfonate, sodium or potassium 2-acetoxytertracosylsulfonate, sodium or potassium 2-acetoxypentacosylsulfonate, sodium or porassium 2 acetoxyhexacosylsulfonate, sodium or potassium 2 acetoxyhepatacosylsulfonate, and sodium or potassium 2-acetoxyoctacosylsulfonate.
Other anionic sulfonates include sodium or potassium 2-acetoxynonacosylsulfonate, 2-acetoxytriacontylsulfonate, 2-acetoxyheneitriacontylsulfonate, and 2-acetoxydotriacontysulfonate.
Other anionic sulfonates useful as softening agents are synthetic detergents of sodium or potassium alkylbenzenenesulfonates and sodium alkyl-gylcerylethersulfonates wherein the alkyl containing from 10 to 20 carbon atoms.
Additionally, ampholytic synthetic detergents of the formula:
wherein R22 is an alkyl of from 8 to 18 carbon atoms, A is R22 or hydrogen and B is a water-solubilizing group (particularly SO3 --), can be used as softening agents.
Admixture of one or more softening agents can be used. Examples of Admixtures suitable for use herein include the following, wherein all percentages are by weight of the admixture:
______________________________________INGREDIENT PERCENT______________________________________Ditallowdimethyl ammonium chloride 65Tallowdimethylphosphine oxide 35Eicosyltrimethyl ammonium chloride 30Hexacosyldimethylamine oxide 70Eicosyltrimethyl ammonium chloride 60TAE30 40Ditallowdimethyl ammonium chloride 453-(N-eicosyl-N,N dimethylammonio)-2-hydroxy-propane-1-sulfonate 55Ditallowdimethyl ammonium chloride 60Eicosyldimethylamine oxide 40Ditallowdimethyl ammonium chloride 503 - (N-eicosyl-N,N-dimethylammonio)-propane-1-sulfonate 50Eicosyltrimethyl ammonium chloride 503 - (N-docosyl-N-ethyl-N-methylammonio)-2-hydroxy propane-sulfonate 50Sulfated condensation product of 9 moles ofethylene oxide+mole of eicosyl alcohol 50Condensation product of 9 moles ofethylene oxide 1 mole eicosyl alcohol 50Sodium 2-acetoxydocosylsulfonate 40TAE20 60sodium 2-acetoxydocosylsulfonate 60Tetracosyldimethylphosphine oxide 40Diethanolammonium 2-acetoxydocosylsulfonate 75Dodecyldimethylamine oxide 25Dodecylbenzenesulfonate 45TAE20 553 - (N-eicosyl-N,N-dimethylammonio)-2-hydroxypropropane-1-sulfonate 70Condensation product of 30 moles ofethylene oxide+1 mole tricosylalcohol 303 - (N-docosyl-N,N-dimethylammonio)-2-hydroxypropane-1-sulfonate 65TAE30 353 - (N-tetracosyl-N,N-dimethylammonio)-2-hydroxy propane-1-sulfonate 45Tetracosyldimethyl phosphine oxide 553 - (N-tetracosyl)-N,N-dimethylammonio)-2-hydroxypropane-1-sulfonate 75Tallowdimethylamine oxide 25______________________________________
Anionic soaps, i.e., the sodium salts of long-chain fatty acids, such as lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic, and arachiodonic acids, can also be used as a softening agent herein and many such compounds are known in the art.
Other additives can also be used in combination with the softening agent. Although not essential, certain of these additives are particularly desirable and useful, such as perfumes and brightening agents; shrinkage controllers, anti-static agents, and spotting agents are also useful.
While not essential, liquids which serve as a carrier for the softening agent can be employed. Such liquids aid is releasing the softening agent from the absorbent substrate and in promoting adherence of the softener to the fabric contacting the softener-impregnated substrate. Isopropyl alcohol or isopropyl alcohol-water mixtures are the preferred liquid carriers of these purposes; methanol, ethanol, or acetone can also be used.
Other additives can include anti-creasing agents, finishing agents, fumigants, lubricants, fugicides, and sizing agents.
The amounts of additives that can be used in combination with a softening agent are generally small, being in the range of from 0.01% to 3% by weight of the softening agent.
As previously related, it is immaterial what the conditioning agent is, as long as it is substantive to the fabric upon which it is deposited, and will transfer under the flow of drying air and steam generated from the washed fabric as it is being dried.
In all examples, the compositions and softening formulations are expressed as parts or percentages by weight, unless otherwise noted.
A prepolymer is prepared from 2 moles of polyethylene glycol 1000, one mole of trimethylolpropane and 7.7 moles of the commercial 80/20 mixture of 2,4 and 2,6-tolyldiisocyanate. 200 Grams of the prepolymer, 2 grams of silicone surfactant L-520 by Union Carbide were mixed. To this was next added 200 grams of water in a dispersion of 60 grams of dimethyl, di(hydrogenated tallow), ammonium chloride (a quaternary ammonium compound known as "Arquad 2HD-75" by Armour Chemical Company) and 1.5 gm. of isopropanol, prepared at 18� C. After all the liquid had been absorbed, and the foam which generated was drid at ambient temperature. The dry substrate carrying the agent was then introduced into a conventional household clothes dryer with an approximate 8 lb. load of damp fabrics which has been spin-dried by centrifugation in the washer. During a conventional drying cycle of about 50 minutes under conventional drying temperature of about 150� f., the substrate was thoroughly tumbled around with the fabric by the drying agitator.
During such treatment, sufficient of the agent transferred from the substrate into the heated air and steam generated from the fabric, and deposited on the fabric pieces rendering them noticeably softer, antistatic and fluffier. In the dryer, the imparted lubricating effect and the freedom from static reduced knotting and binding, thereby substantially reducing wrinkling. The antistatic qualities remained with the fabric pieces until they were rewashed, thus rendering them more comfortable to wear; and because of the softening the need for ironing was minimized and ironing was made easier.
An equivalent composition was achieved when "Arquad 2HT-75" was substituted by "Adogen 448", a substantially solid formulation of 75 parts cationic fabric softener, ditallodimethyl ammonium chloride, 18 parts isopropyl alcohol and 7 parts water.
The following softening compositions were made by substituting the fabric softeners described below, using the procedure and substrate of Example 1. A softening formulation consisting of 98% "Aliquat- 264" and 2% perfume was used. Aliquat-264 is a liquid formulation of 18 parts isopropyl alcohol, 6 parts water and 76 parts cationic fabric softener, di-tall oil dimethyl ammonium chloride wherein the tall oil is unsaturated and has mostly C18, some C16 and C14 carbon chain lengths.
150 Grams of tallowdimethyl (3-tallowalkoxypropyl) ammonium chloride was solvent-treated with about 50 grams of 2-propanol. 2 grams of perfume was added to the softener/alcohol formulation. The composition combined with the substrate of Example 1 and after foaming was dried for 24 hours, during which time nearly all of the alcohol evaporated, leaving a substantially solid softening composition; disposed in a foam substrate.
A softening formulation comprising 58% C20 -C22 alkyl-dimethyl amine oxide, about 21% isopropanol, and about 20% water, was heated to about 150� F. on a steam bath. 100 grams of the formulation was solvent-treated with 100 grams of isopropanol. 2 Grams of perfume was added to the softener/alcohol and water formulation and the formulation was then reacted with the prepolymer. The generated foam was dried and was found to have fabric softening characteristics.
60 Grams of the fabric softener, 2-heptadecyl-1-methyl-1-[(2-stearoylamido)ethyl]-imidazolinium methyl sulfate was added to the water reactant and reacted with the prepolymer. After the generated foam was dried, it was found to have fabric softening characteristics.
It is understood that the foregoing detailed description is given merely by way of illustration and that many variations may be made therein without departing from the spirit of this invention.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jan 17, 1950
|Aug 26, 1952
|Westinghouse Electric Corp
|Cellular resins
|Jun 21, 1955
|Apr 25, 1961
|Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co
|Preparation of cellular polyurethane resins
|Jan 25, 1955
|Oct 3, 1961
|Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co
|Polyester - urethane foam containing synthetic detergent and method of preparing same
|Sep 26, 1958
|Jul 16, 1963
|Ind Biology Lab Inc
|Detergent polyurethane products
|Jan 4, 1967
|Mar 18, 1969
|Us Agriculture
|Process for preparing rigid polyurethane foams of open cell structure
|Dec 27, 1972
|Apr 23, 1974
|Princeton Polymer Sponge Corp
|Hydrophilic polyester urethane foam
|Mar 31, 1972
|May 14, 1974
|American Cyanamid Co
|Soap impregnated resilient polyurethane foams
|Feb 13, 1973
|Jun 17, 1975
|Grace W R & Co
|Method of reticulating urethane foam and product
|Apr 17, 1974
|Jul 29, 1975
|Grace W R & Co
|Smoke-flame retardant hydrophilic urethane and method
|Feb 19, 1974
|Sep 2, 1975
|Grace W R & Co
|Dental and biomedical foams and method
|Feb 26, 1974
|Sep 9, 1975
|Grace W R & Co
|Method for production of a multicolored urethane sponge
|Title not available
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Nov 13, 1978
|Oct 7, 1980
|Tenneco Chemicals, Inc.
|Process for a polyurethane foam containing fragrance
|Jan 16, 1980
|Sep 29, 1981
|W. R. Grace & Co.
|Hydrophilic, fabric softener foam compositions and method of making
|Sep 20, 1989
|Oct 23, 1990
|Unilever Patent Holdings B.V.
|Conditioning of fabrics
|Apr 5, 1989
|Jan 8, 1991
|Takemoto Yushi Kabushiki Kaisha
|Lubricants for cotton spinning
|May 23, 2006
|May 1, 2012
|The Sun Products Corporation
|Fabric softening composition comprising a polymeric viscosity modifier
|Apr 25, 2003
|Oct 28, 2004
|John Billman
|Foamy composition for pretreatment of stains on fabrics
|May 23, 2006
|Nov 26, 2009
|Paul William Blanco
|Fabric Softening Composition
|Mar 25, 2002
|Oct 17, 2002
|Ciba Specialty Chemicals Holding Inc.
|Fabric softener compositions
|U.S. Classification
|521/107, 521/128, 521/121, 521/905, 521/118, 521/116, 521/125, 427/242, 521/108, 521/159
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Aug 5, 1988
Owner name: W.R. GRACE & CO.-CONN.
Free format text: MERGER;ASSIGNORS:W.R. GRACE & CO., A CORP. OF CONN. (MERGED INTO);GRACE MERGER CORP., A CORP. OF CONN. (CHANGED TO);REEL/FRAME:004937/0001
Effective date: 19880525
|Mar 8, 1993
Owner name: CHASE MANHATTAN BANK (NATIONAL ASSOCIATION), AS CO
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:HAMPSHIRE CHEMICAL CORP.;REEL/FRAME:006621/0379
Effective date: 19921229
|Mar 22, 1993
Owner name: HAMPSHIRE CHEMICAL CORP., MASSACHUSETTS
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:W.R. GRACE & CO.-CONN.;REEL/FRAME:006467/0595
Effective date: 19921229
|Oct 2, 1995
Owner name: CHEMICAL BANK, NEW YORK
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT FOR SECURITY;ASSIGNOR:HAMPSHIRE CHEMICAL CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:007662/0410
Effective date: 19950908
Owner name: HAMPSHIRE CHEMICAL CORPORATION, MASSACHUSETTS
Free format text: PATENT RELEASE;ASSIGNOR:CHASE MANHATTAN BANK, THE;REEL/FRAME:007677/0852
Effective date: 19950831
|May 26, 1998
Owner name: HAMPSHIRE CHEMICAL CORP., MAINE
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:CHASE MANHATTAN BANK, THE;REEL/FRAME:009227/0565
Effective date: 19980330


text:
The recall affects vehicles manufactured between Dec. 15, 2009, and Feb. 3, 2010, and equipped with front seat manual recliners. The recliner gear plate teeth for the head restraint may have improper dimensions and could result in "limited pawl to gear plate tooth engagement." This means during a crash the seatback and head restraint may slip backward, which could increase the risk of injury.
Dealers will replace the manual recliners for power or manual seats. The fix will be free of charge.
Owners may contact Ford at 866-436-7332 or NHTSA's hot line at 888-327-4236.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
UB's Licata on Manning Award watch list
UB's Joe Licata is one of 30 quarterbacks on the Manning Award watch list, an honor given to the top collegiate quarterback in the nation.
UB's Joe Licata is one of 30 quarterbacks on the Manning Award watch list, an honor given to the top collegiate quarterback in the nation.
Officials with the U.S. Attorney's Office say Michael O'Neill, 45, stands charged with possession of an unregistered destructive device.
The data says Erie County residents have contracted roughly 6,000 cases of Chlamydia, Syphilis and Gonorrhea
On much of the stretch of Hutton Road in Oakfield, shoes have been nailed to every pole.
The Buffalo Sabres continue boosting depth at the minor league level, bringing back restricted free agent Jerry D'Amigo on a one-year, two-w…
The owner of the farm said the bison may be returned to their enclosure tonight, and hopefully fully by tomorrow.
"He's unique. There's nothing else like him. There's nobody else like him," said Kenny Petet.
On Thursday, Swift apologized in a tweet saying that she thought she was "being called out" by Minaj.
Police stopped Christina M. Mack, a 38-year-old Amherst native, after they say they observed her swerving between lanes on Niagara Falls Bou…
Police say during the investigation, they found a quantity of crack cocaine, hallucinogenic mushrooms and marijuana.
Have you tried a re-manufactured cartridge lately?
Janice Rovner, a retired teacher, has played the same lottery numbers for 20 years but received a shocking piece of news when she learned he…
The family and friends of Bill Sager Jr. gathered at the Iraq and Afghanistan Memorial in Buffalo's Naval and Military park Thursday morning…
Clarence grad Cat Peters got a taste of the LPGA Thursday, playing in her first tournament with the professionals.
The original film came out in 1996 – and starred Michael Jordan alongside Looney Toons characters, including Bugs Bunny.
The lobsters cooked in the brewing process were later eaten
July 23 is National Hot Dog Day. Here are eight photos of historic figures enjoying hot dogs over the years.


text:
Book your room at Anaheim Executive Inn & Suites
Get an overview of this hotelMotel in Anaheim with outdoor pool and 24-hour front desk
Situated near the airport, this motel is 0.6 mi (1 km) from Southern California Institute of Technology and within 3 mi (5 km) of Disneyland® and Disney California Adventure® Park. Downtown Disney® District is 2.7 mi (4.3 km) away.
Property Features
An outdoor pool, dry cleaning, and laundry facilities are available at this motel. Free WiFi in public areas and free self parking are also provided. Additionally, a 24-hour front desk, express check-in, and express check-out are onsite.
Room Amenities
All 52 rooms provide conveniences like washers/dryers and refrigerators, plus free WiFi and flat-screen TVs with cable channels. Microwaves, coffee makers, and free local calls are among the other amenities available to guests.Would you like to give us feedback? Share it! Opens in a new window
Anaheim Executive Inn & Suites1800 W Lincoln Ave Anaheim CA 92801
Hotel Amenities
Hotel Amenities
Anaheim Executive Inn & Suites features an outdoor pool, laundry facilities, and dry cleaning/laundry services. High-speed wireless Internet access is complimentary. This Anaheim motel also offers express check-in, express check-out, and a television in a common area. Onsite self parking is complimentary.
- Outdoor pool
- Express check-out
- Express check-in
- Laundry facilities
- 24-hour front desk
- Total number of rooms - 52
- Number of floors - 2
- Free self parking
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Free WiFi
- Year Built 1982
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
- Television in common areas
Family Friendly Amenities
- Family Hotel
- Outdoor pool
- Free Wi-Fi
- Laundry facilities
- Washer/dryer
- Refrigerator
- Microwave
Available in all rooms: Free WiFi
Available in some public areas: Free WiFi
Free self parking
Room Amenities
- Premium TV channels
- Refrigerator
- Coffee/tea maker
- Microwave
- Free toiletries
- Hair dryer
- Air conditioning
- Phone
- Free local calls
- Flat-panel TV
- Daily housekeeping
- Private bathroom
- Shower/tub combination
- Desk
- Iron/ironing board
- In-room safe
- Washer/dryer
- Cable TV service
- Free WiFi
Nearby Things to Do
The recreational activities listed below are available either on site or nearby; fees may apply.
- Golfing nearby
- Surfing/boogie boarding nearby
To make requests for specific accessibility needs, complete the "Special or Accessibility Requests" section of "Trip Preferences" when you book your hotel.
- Accessible bathroom
- In-room accessibility
Hotel Policies
Minimum check-in age is 18
Check-in time ends at 5:30 AM
Check-in time starts at 3 PM
Check-out time is 11 AM
Payment types
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
- The name on the credit card used at check-in to pay for incidentals must be the primary name on the guestroom reservation.
Debit cards not accepted
No rollaway/extra beds available
No cribs (infant beds) available
No elevators
Hotel Name
- Anaheim Executive
- Anaheim Executive Inn
- Executive Inn Anaheim
- Anaheim Executive Hotel Anaheim
- Anaheim Executive Inn And Suites


text:
Ken Burn's The Civil War
Dec 26
Dec 26
Oct 16
Regarding the upcoming Federal election this Monday, it is crucial that Canadians opposed to Harper and his Federal Conservatives avoid vote splitting. This means that they should look to which of the non-Conservative candidate in the voter's riding has a better chance of defeating the Conservative candidate. This link helps voters determine whether their riding is a swing riding, i.e., in a competitive race where, if the liberal and NDP voters coordinated, they could defeat the Conservative candidate. This document also dispels much of the confusion that surrounds strategic voting in the GTA, and is directed specifically toward the concerns of Muslim voters in the GTA.Read More
Aug 03
Anyone who is a student of early Islamic history is familiar with the numerous controversies surrounding the rise of Islam and whether Muslim accounts of early Islamic history can be deemed to be generally reliable or whether Muslim histories of the early community should be dismissed as little more than pious accounts of sacred history. The recently deceased Patricia Crone was probably the most famous of the "revisionist" historians who adopted an extremely skeptical stance toward the early Muslim sources.Read More
Jul 20
Shaykh Hamza Yusuf has a short and valuable blog post entitled "The Lunacy of Lunar Sightings" in which he defends a middle position between naked-eye sightings and the use of astronomical calculations to determine the beginning and end of Islamic months. He argues for the need to establish Islamic dates based on a combination of the best-available scientific evidence along with naked-eye observation. I still think, however, it does not make the case for continuing with naked-eye observation rather than simply using calculations to determine the beginning and end of Islamic lunar months. Here, the decisive question is whether what is required is certainty or probability. The very fact that in traditional fiqh, the beginning and end of months could be established by the testimony of individual witnesses, and not the kind of corroborated testimony that Shaykh Hamza seems to demand in this essay, shows that certainty is not required in this matter. And, when this is combined with the element of practicality — something Shaykh Hamza dismisses too easily, I believe — it seems that simply using astronomical calculations, regardless of the fact of the naked-eye observation, makes sense. As far as an official public calendar, sure, that does require certainty, and perhaps there should be a specialized astronomical institute that can maintain an "official" Islamic calendar, but as Shaykh Hamza knows, one of the great disputes in fiqh on this matter is the debate between ikhtlilaf al-matali` and ittihad al-matali', basically, whether the lunar calendar is the same in all places of the world, or differs according to one's location on the planet. I believe that, if the standard is naked-eye observation, we must adopt the principle of ikhtilaf al-matali', which renders the possibility of a unified Islamic calendar impossible. But in any case, at least for Muslims in the west, none of this is really relevant because we don't use the hijri calendar for administrative purposes, only for religious ones, and from that perspective, having a sound basis to believe that the month has started or ended is sufficient. (There is also another fundamental point of disagreement with respect to how to interpret the Prophetic hadith on this topic: did the Prophet (S) tell his companions either to observe the moon or to count the days because that was a ritual command, or because that was the means that was easily available to his people to calculate the month? Shaykh Hamza's position is that the means the Prophet (S) communicated to his companions were themselves a part of the ritual. There is certainly support for that position from the tradition, but why should we reject what seems to me an equally plausible view that it was simply the most convenient means available for them to calculate the month? After all, the Prophet (S) did not tell his companions to fast based upon the government's declaration that the month has begun, nor did he tell them to cease fasting based upon the government's declaration that the month has ended, but the jurists all concluded that a judge, based on competent testimony, can declare the beginning and ends of months. It seems bizarre to then say that we can't use astronomical calculations to determine the beginning and ends of months because they do not correspond perfectly with naked-eye observation.Read More
Jul 07
I finally got a chance to read Obergefell. The majority's reliance on the due process clause and not equal protection is a bit of surprise to me (indeed, according to the Roberts' dissent, even the Solicitor General disclaimed the due process argument), but perhaps is justified by what might be the sheer volume of litigation that would have resulted if the majority rested its decision on equal protection grounds rather than due process: had it held on equal protection without also finding a violation of due process, that would mean that each instance of a law according a benefit to an opposite-sex couple would have to be challenged from the perspective of the proper standard of constitutional review, i.e., rational basis — intermediate scrutiny — strict scrutiny. By simply declaring that the right to marry another person, regardless of that person's sex, is an inherent part of liberty, there is simply no need now to challenge the rationality of gender-based restrictions found throughout the law to determine whether they satisfy constitutional demands of rationality. This clean solution to what might otherwise have been a rather large practical problem in implementing a commitment to marriage equality, however, raises problems of conceptual clarity insofar as it seems to recognize a fundamental positive liberty to marry. I don't know whether in the case of US constitutional law, there are any other commitments to positive liberty, but there now seems to be a conception of liberty that requires the states to recognize marriage, and since this is now an inalienable kind of liberty, states must organize laws of marriage on a basis that does not discriminate on the basis of gender. I wonder, however, whether this positive liberty to marry also carries in its wake other positive liberties associated with families, like the right to pass on an estate to heirs? I also doubt the majority that endorsed a positive liberty to marry is likely to find a positive liberty to economic rights, e.g., a living wage for example. In any case, the chance that states could exit the marriage business, as some liberals hope for, seems to be extremely implausible in light of the majority's language describing marriage as a freedom that is a necessary condition for individuals to obtain a host of goods that are required to live a good life. It does not seem to contemplate the possibility that a state could simply choose not to recognize the importance of these relationships — whatever called — because it is only by virtue of the public recognition of those relationships that it becomes possible to secure those other goods. Private ordering, it seems, cannot do the same job in securing these ends, at least according to the majority's reasoning.Read More
May 08
Brookings' 2015 US-Islamic World Forum invited me recently to contribute to Will McCants' series of discussions regarding ISIS's relationship to the Islamic tradition which he initiated in response to the now (in)famous Atlantic piece by Graeme Wood, "What ISIS Really Wants". I wrote about ISIS's appropriation of classical concepts such as dar al-islam and dar al-harb to justify their actions against their enemies, domestic and foreign, while ignoring over 1200 years of the concepts' evolution, including, in the post-World War II era where leading Muslim jurists have concluded that the distinction is irrelevant in the modern world.Read More
Apr 08
I'm not quite sure who this Islam al-Buhayri fellow is, or why he has suddenly become controversial in Egypt. His facebook page describes him modestly as a an "A Reforming [lit.: "correcting", musahhih] Islamic Researcher." One issue that seems to have stirred the pot is his claim that it is impossible to describe the People of the Book, i.e., Jews and Christians, as kuffar, i.e., non-Muslims, from the perspective of the Quran. Here is a link to a very interesting fatwa by Yusuf al-Qaradawi on this question. Qaradawi's basic position is that kafir — disbeliever or non-Muslim — has two meanings in Islam. The first is a legal category, and applies to anyone who has not affirmatively embraced Islam. The second is a theological category, and applies for purposes of reward and punishment in the next life. In the second case, a person is only a kafir and subject to divine punishment if the person, despite subjectively recognizing the truth of Islam, refuses to become a Muslim out of obstinacy and spite. As for this life, Muslims and non-Muslims according to him are supposed to cooperate on the basis of justice, not whether they have the same belief. This view itself grew out of a series of theological debates that took place in the Azhar in the second-half of the twentieth-century. I have written on this debate in a paper titled, "No Salvation Outside Islam: Muslim Modernists, Democratic Politics, and Islamic Theological Exclusivism." That paper was one chapter in the larger book. "Between Heaven and Hell: Islam, Salvation and the Fate of Others," edited by Mohammad Hassan Khalil.Read More
Mar 26
It was my distinct honor to have been invited to give the 2015 Noel Coulson Memorial Lecture at the SOAS School of Law. Noel Coulson was one of the most prominent British scholars of Islamic law in the 20th century, and he was a canonical author for those of us who studied Islamic law in the west. As I mentioned in the introduction to my lecture, much of my own work in Islamic law — despite my numerous differences with Coulson in specifics — is motivated by similar concerns: how to reconcile fidelity to revealed law with the legitimate needs of human society, without giving in to either utopian textualism or secular absolutism. The topic of my talk was "Islamic Reform: Democracy or Reinterpretation?"Read More
Mar 14
Qays b. Mulawwih was an early Islamic Arab poet who gained fame for his absolute, unqualified, and all-consuming love for Layla. So complete was his obsession with her that people assumed he was mad, thus earning him the sobriquet in the poetic literature of Majnun (the madman) of Layla (Majnun Layla).
Two of Majnun's more famous lines about his love for Layla go like this:
أمر على الديــــــار ديار ليـلى … أقبل ذا الـــــــجدار وذا الجـدارا
وما حب الديار شـــــغفن قلبي … ولكن حب من ســـــــكن الديارا
"I pass through the lands of Laila, kissing this wall and that one;
it is not the love of the land that has filled my heart, but love for the one who dwelt there."
Many people in Egypt today speak of patriotism, but it is a false patriotism, a patriotism not devoted to the love of the people of Egypt, with all their virtues, and vices, but for an abstract idea of Egypt that is little more than a reflection of their own fantasies, nightmares, or both. The great president Sisi, for example, recently accused the Muslim Brotherhood of wanting to empty Egypt of its Pharaonic heritage by destroying the pyramids and destroying ancient temples. Aside from the sheer absurdity of the statement, this is from the spokesman of a regime that has, from a practical perspective, been a complete failure in preserving Egypt's cultural heritage, even allowing the Great Pyramids, through years of neglect, to turn into an urban slum.
Like Qays b. Mulawwih, we Egyptians should reject the false patriotism which is based on love of an abstract place — perhaps best exemplified in the absurd plans announced yesterday for the construction of a new capital — for the complete, absolute and unconditional love of the people, embracing them completely, even with their faults. That is what democracy is about: letting the people govern themselves, knowing that in the long run, they will get things right. This kind of patriotic love for the people — not the contempt for them which is the only thing that unites Egypt's elites — might lead us out of this dark tunnel. But, for many reasons, I doubt any one will listen to Qays b. Mulawwih. After all, he was crazy.Read More
Feb 19
Fight Bill C-51! It's about you, not terrorism!Read More


text:
Friday Harbor House gift certificates are a unique gift, allowing recipients to enjoy a romantic or rejuvenating getaway. Friday Harbor House gift certificates can also be redeemed at the restaurant.
Call 360.378.8455 or 866.722.7356 to purchase your gift certificates.
Retreat to Friday Harbor House this October and save 20% off the Best Available Rate when you stay two or more nights.
Get ready for an adventure like no other with Black Fish Whale & Wildlife Tours that lets you explore the San Juans by land and sea!
Last Minute Deals are back! Receive incredible room rates on selected dates for a limited time only.
Escape and unwind with an island spa getaway! Relax with massages at Lavendera Day Spa before a soak in your jetted tub.


text:
- Campus Living Home
- Housing Selection
- Parents/Guardian Portal
- Summer Housing
- Health and Facilities Info
- Emergencies
- Staff
- Annual Security Report and Clery Statistics
Thanks for being curious about our residence halls at SUNY Geneseo! To learn more information about a particular residential community, simply click on the name of the residence hall. The residence halls are ordered alphabetically by geographic location.
| North Village
| Central Village
| South Village
| Allegany Hall
| Jones Hall
(Arts Community)
| Erie Hall
| Livingston Hall
| Niagara Hall
(Gender Inclusive Housing)
(Tesla House and EcoHouse
| Onondaga Hall
| Ontario Hall
| Saratoga Terrace
| Suffolk Hall
(Gender Inclusive Housing)
(Medical Interest Floor)
| Wayne Hall/Dante House
| Seneca Hall/Writers House
(Global House)
Geneseo's living and learning facilities include several styles of residence halls: corridor, suite, and townhouse. Among their residential choices, students may elect to live in an all first-year building, a transfer student community, or a residential college house. All residences are open to both men and women. In corridor-style halls, men and women are assigned in clusters close to shared men's or women's bathrooms. This means that most halls house both men and women on each floor. In most suite buildings (in which students share a double bedroom and a common room), students choose a 4, 5, 6, or 8-person suite with a same-gender group. In Genesee Hall and in the Saratoga Townhouses, groups may be mixed-gender, including (in double rooms) roommates selected by each other regardless of gender. No student is assigned to a gender inclusive suite or townhouse, however, without requesting this option.
Allegany, Erie, Genesee, Ontario, Putnam, Seneca, and Wyoming halls are suite-style buildings in the North Village, predominantly housing upper-level residents (sophomores, juniors, and seniors). These halls include kitchens in each quadrangle and additional quiet study space on each floor. The average capacity for suite-style buildings is 200 students, but Putnam and Seneca, homes of EcoHouse and Writers House, provide a more intimate environment for about 85 students who apply to live in each house. Writers House includes a classroom where academic courses may be taught. Genesee Hall offers gender inclusive housing. Wyoming accommodates international students who need housing over Thanksgiving, Winter, and Spring breaks.
Livingston, Steuben, and Jones are corridor-style buildings in the Central Village. Monroe Hall, which will re-open after renovations in January 2013, will have a few suites and junior suites in addition to traditional corridor-style double rooms. Monroe includes a classroom where academic courses may be taught. Monroe will also offer single rooms for any student whose medical need for a single room has been documented through the Office of Disability Services. Monroe will be home to EcoHouse and Tesla House. Steuben is a corridor style hall.
Nassau, Niagara, Onondaga, Suffolk, and Wayne halls are located in the South Village. Nassau and Suffolk halls are suite-style and accommodate first-year students, transfer students, and upper-level residents. Niagara, Wayne and Onondaga are corridor-style buildings. Onondaga and Wayne house first-year students exclusively. Wayne Hall is also the home to Dante House, a residential college house for first-year students, including first-year Edgar Fellows, international students, and students who prefer a smaller community of committed scholars. While most South Village halls accommodate 200 residents each, Onondaga houses 350 first-year students and Dante House has only 100 residents. Dante House also accommodates international students who need housing over Thanksgiving, Winter, and Spring breaks.
Saratoga Terrace, which opened in 2001, consists of 4 and 5-person townhouse units. The townhouses are the only residence halls that offer private bedrooms to the general residential population. Each townhouse unit has a shared living room, full kitchen, and two full baths. The townhouses accommodate returning upper-level (primarily senior and junior) students.


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Wait a second, boars shoot projectile gel out of their cocks when they're fucking humans? That's badass.
Ladies and gentlemen, we have our first case of "back in time to fuck the family dog" in response to the "if you had a time machine..." question.
Bark once for "yes I want you to anally rape me" or stare at me and wag your tail for "yes I want you to anally rape me"
A very special thanks to forums duck-rapists TonTon, BoyG, Chuckels, Red Harvest, King Lou, Man of Steel Wool, Rocket Baby Dolls, PezMaster, Linx, Grapplejack, duggimon, and SPop6 for their hard work in image contribution. Feel free to email me any suggestions that you might have for future Weekend Webs.
I was betrayed by the bernio bros, the cougars, and this guy from back page I hired to keep me from jumping out a window at the DNC.
TOTAL WRECK - crazy-eyed hound is covered in cobwebs, has a vespiary on back, graffiti on side and savage thirst for boat fuel. Frankly, I'm in over my head. He's in room 115 at Motel 6, yours free. 555-2851
Hillary Clinton has a new book! Here are some photo-shops of her, for you to enjoy.
Thirty games and a novel piece of hardware for sixty dollars? This is an insult to my honor.
Selling objects to the past, lighters, weed, etc. Pretty intriguing stuff.
There are hundreds of stories happening on the World Wide Web. Let me tell you, that's a very wide web. Our goal at Weekend Web is to bring you the latest headlines from around the Internet. We go into the very bowels of message boards everywhere and find out what millions of online citizens have to say.
Copyright ©2016 Rich "Lowtax" Kyanka & Something Awful LLC.


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OSI-Approved Open Source (85)
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- MIT License (5)
- GNU Library or Lesser General Public License version 3.0 (3)
- Affero GNU Public License (1)
- Artistic License 2.0 (1)
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Top Apps
- Audio & Video
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Geographic library773 weekly downloads
Biosignal Tools
BioSig is a software library for processing of biomedical signals (EEG, ECG, etc.) with Matlab, Octave, C/C++ and Python. A standalone signal viewer supporting more than 30 different data formats is also provided.285 weekly downloads
Static and Dynamic Structural Analysis of 2D and 3D frames.219 weekly downloads
ERP PCA Toolkit
A Matlab toolkit for analyzing EEG/ERP datasets, especially PCA. If you run into a problem, please send me a note and I'll fix it. The tutorial is in the documentation folder and the tutorial data is a separate download (tutorial data.zip).61 weekly downloads
face recognition
Face recognition using BPNN. Contains 1.Face recognition using Back propagation neural network (customize code) code using matlab. 2. Face recognition using Back propagation network (builtin) code using matlab.Project closed for now,Adeel Raza Azeemi160 weekly downloads
An open source software-defined GNSS receiver91 weekly downloads
Yet Another Audio Feature Extractor is a toolbox for audio analysis. Easy to use and efficient at extracting a large number of audio features simultaneously. WAV and MP3 files supported, or embedding in C++, Python or Matlab applications.76 weekly downloads
DVB-T2 Common Simulation Platform
This is a MATLAB model of an end-to-end chain compliant to the DVB-T2 standard (ETSI EN 302 755 available from www.etsi.org). It was originally developed within the DVB consortium (www.dvb.org) by AICIA, BBC, Pace, Panasonic and SIDSA.21 weekly downloads
GLPKMEX - a Matlab MEX interface for the GLPK library Note: GLPKMEX is not currently compatible with glpk-4.49, or later. please use with glpk 4.40 - 4.48.44 weekly downloads
PopED (Population Experimental Design) is a software tool for computing optimal experimental designs. The software has been developed with an emphasis on drug trials based on population models (non-linear mixed effects models).16 weekly downloads
psignifit is a toolbox to fit psychometric functions and test hypotheses on psychometric data. This is version 3 which will now predominantly support python.49 weekly downloads
Cross platform electromagnetics finite element analyisis based on FEMM13 weekly downloads
SDE Toolbox
A MATLAB package to simulate sample paths of the solution of a Itô or Stratonovich stochastic differential equation (SDE), compute statistics and estimate the parameters from data. A note of caution: SDE Toolbox is no more developed but it's still downloadable. Its inferential capabilities can be considered surpassed (at best). Actually the parameter estimation methods were already far from the state-of-art when the project began in 2007 (!). The considered implemented parametric and non-parametric Monte Carlo likelihood methods were chosen for their ability to treat both one-dimensional and multivariate SDE systems, although the quality of the inferential results can't match those obtained using more advanced techniques. Nevertheless the toolbox capabilities to simulate numerical solutions of SDE systems are still valid and can serve as a useful starting point to those willing to simulate stochastic dynamical models easily.17 weekly downloads
Open Source Implementations for 3D-Surface Characterisation Algorithms according to ISO 25178 (Geometric Product Specification) in verifiable pseudocode (MATLAB). Implementation of an XML-based file exchange format according to upcoming ISO 25178-72.17 weekly downloads
Fast and multi platform reader of network traces, have possible to shared date in screen, file or Matlab5 weekly downloads
MATLAB Batch System
A framework to run MATLAB programs as batch jobs. Features a structured input description, integrity constraints and GUI.Independent parts of a job can execute in parallel on a cluster computer. Developed at Freiburg Brain Imaging (FBI) - http://fbi.uniklinik-freiburg.de/13 weekly downloads
The Sound Description Interchange Format (SDIF) is an established standard for the interchange of sound descriptions and analysis data. This project provides libraries, SDIF (in C) and Easdif (in C++), tools, and wrappers to read and write SDIF files.13 weekly downloads
Matlab/Octave implementation of the 2D Rigorous Coupled Wave Analysis13 weekly downloads
approximate Bayesian computation for stochastic differential equations10 weekly downloads
Library of Approximate Adders9 weekly downloads
HOT: Thermodynamic tools for Matlab
HOT is a package of Matlab and Octave compatible functions that manage thermodynamic data for a wide range of species. Functions calculate almost all the most common thermodynamic quantities of mixtures. Python users may also want to look at PYro at http://pyro.sourceforge.net9 weekly downloads
The Simple SVM toolbox
The simpleSVM project contains Machine Learning codes for algorithms based on the SimpleSVM. It provides methods for Support Vector Machines and related methods, such as One-Clas SVM, nu-SVM...7 weekly downloads
Different LDPC Libraries for DVB-T2/S26 weekly downloads
gvpp - Velocity Prediction Program
VPP - Velocity Prediction Program6 weekly downloads
Gene-Environment iNteraction Simulator 2
A tool able to simulate gene-environment and gene-gene interactions.3 weekly downloads


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Theater, at its best, can and sometimes *must* be unsettling. We need more plays like Clybourne Park, A Raisin in the Sun, and other works produced in Milwaukee of the kind in which The Rep, particularly in recent years, has excelled, plays that make us think--and inspire us to act for the good of all.
Provocative 'Clybourne Park' takes its cues from 'A Raisin in the Sun'
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Especially in Milwaukee, which, even in 2013, still grapples with its legacy of racial segregation--and *even more so for us Milwaukeeans who remember firsthand the struggles of the 1950s and 1960s for such basic rights as what was then called "open housing" *--Clybourne Park and A Raisin in the Sun are much-needed spurs to sometimes suppressed conversations that still (and always) need to take place--not just with each other, but sometimes, as Mark Clements's comments remind us, within each of us.
Theater, at its best, can and sometimes *must* be unsettling. We need more plays like Clybourne Park, A Raisin in the Sun, and other works produced in Milwaukee of the kind in which The Rep, particularly in recent years, has excelled, plays that make us think--and inspire us to act for the good of all.
"even good people with quite liberal views will be challenged"
Wow. So it's only good liberals who are offended by racism?
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Film Interview
Martin Sheen and Emilio Estevez
How The Wizard of Oz, a Christian pilgrimage and a chance marriage sent father-and-son filmmakers along The Way
By Devin D. O'Leary
Whether they go by the name Sheen or Estevez, they're part of a Hollywood dynasty. Father Martin Sheen has appeared in legendary films (Badlands, Apocalypse Now) and Emmy-winning television shows ("The West Wing") and is a well-known liberal activist. Son Emilio Estevez is a popular actor (The Breakfast Club, Repo Man, Young Guns), a journeyman director (Bobby) and a former member of the notorious '80s Brat Pack.
Idiot Box
Why Sci Fi?
"Terra Nova" on FOX
By Devin D. O'Leary
Science-fiction lovers cringe, caught somewhere between anticipation and dread, whenever a major network announces the debut of a new sci-fi-oriented series. The anxiety is doubled when that network is FOX. Broadcast television doesn't have a solid track record for supporting science-fiction shows, and FOX has cultivated a reputation for killing fan-faves like Firefly, Dollhouse and Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles. So when it was announced that Steven Spielberg would be teaming up with René Echevarria ("Star Trek: Deep Space Nine," "The 4400") and Brannon Braga ("Star Trek: Voyager," "Star Trek: Enterprise") to produce a dinosaur-centric time travel adventure for FOX, the jubilation of sci-fi lovers was mixed with a heavy dose of angst.
Reel World
By Devin D. O'Leary
SFFF Returns
Following a drastically reduced 2010 schedule, the Santa Fe Film Festival is experiencing a rebuilding year. The 12-year-old festival has stumbled a bit, accruing debt and losing sponsorships since the departure of founding director Jon Bowman. But this year, the festival is expanding to three venues (The Screen, the Center for Contemporary Arts and The Lensic) and has locked in an impressive schedule of some 30 features, documentaries and short film blocks.
Week in Sloth
The Week in Sloth
Highlights from around the dial. Except no one has dials anymore.
EVENT HORIZON (Tuesday, Jul 26)
You had me at Shalom
Third Annual Jewish Film Festival
By Devin O'Leary
The Midnight Orchestra, the story of the son of a once famous Jewish musician, Marcel Botbol. Directed by Jérôme Cohen Olivar.
Today's Events
Third Annual Jewish Film Festival at Jewish Community Center
The Midnight Orchestra, the story of the son of a once famous Jewish musician, Marcel Botbol. Directed by Jérôme Cohen Olivar.
The Best 48 Hour Films 2016 at KiMo Theatre
Movies in the Park: The Force Awakens at Los Duranes Community Center ParkMore Recommended Events ››
Low Life Vids'n'Vinyl • 8.11.2016
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GS 3 (he'll be FOUR next month)
GD 15 months today
GD 5 months today
This is it. The darkest day. The blackest hour. Chin up, shoulders back. Let's see what we're made of, you and I.
― The Doctor
Now look... he's a KID!!!
They are all adorable!!!
Please tell me the 15m and 5m are from different kids!
Yes. GD 15 mos is DD25's; GD 5 mos is DD 29's. They are 10 months apart to the day.
My brother and I, however, are 10.5 months apart - Irish twins...and my mom was very tired!
[This message edited by Lalagirl at 5:56 PM, May 3rd (Friday)]
When you walk through a storm, hold your head up high - you'll never walk alone.
I can't believe how grown your GS has grown... I remember him as a tiny baby...
I know - I remember his birth as if it were yesterday. Very bittersweet. So cool to watch him grow into the sweet young man that he is, but sad to see it happening so quickly.


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In Windows 7, the "Pin to Taskbar" option is not available when I open CHM files, is there any way I can add a file of this type to the taskbar?
YES!! Absolutely you can. In fact, you can pin any type of document. Here's how:
Here's an example that links to the PHP Manual I have stored in My Documents: In the "Target:" box: %WINDIR%\hh.exe "%USERPROFILE%\My Documents\php_manual_en.chm"
I don't know if this would work since I don't have a win 7 install handy but you could try creating a shortcut to the helpfile then dragging that into the %APPDATA%\Microsoft\Internet Explorer\Quick Launch\User Pinned\TaskBar.
I came here because I too could not get a CHM to pin to the Win7 taskbar. None of the above suggestions worked for me, but I kept trying, even writing a program that would pin and all it did was open the CHM file. While doing that, I discovered that if the name of my program included the word 'HELP' Win7 refused to allow pinning.
With that in mind, I renamed the shortcut for a CHM that would not pin to NOT contain the word 'help', and now it pins easily, and even with the good old' drag and drop method!
Just to be clear, the 'Target' line of my pinned shortcut is
In summary, the ONLY thing that needs to be done out of the ordinary to pin a CHM is to NOT use the word HELP in the shortcut filename.
I don't think this is possible. Pinned taskbar program shortcuts are stored in the folder
To expand on JLM's post, if the "Pin to Taskbar" option is not available even after following Travis's instructions, it might be because the name of the shortcut file or executable has DISALLOWED TEXT. (This was my experience even after creating a separate shortcut. I.e., I had the word "Help" in the name of the shortcut's file name, so there was still no "Pin to Taskbar" option.) As James Rankin states here, ...
Microsoft maintain a "blacklist" of disallowed names for shortcuts and executables in the Registry. Bizarre though it sounds, if any of the following strings - regardless of case - are present in the name of a shortcut or executable, they are automatically disallowed from being Pinned


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Training , Boarding
We sell English and Western horse tack
If You can consider one horse a farm then i guess we have one, but i would never sell Bobbi she's my baby.
small farm with 12 horses
Breeding and training farm
We are a small back yard barn with a little over 4 acres. Our riding instructor/trainer/barn manager is a graduate of SUNY Cobleskill from thier…
A small upstate miniature horse farm that shows and breeds this beautiful breed.


text:
Written on: 03/03/2008
Bad Points
General Comments
Powerful engine, easy to start. A good even cut. No problem for my 100 ft garden.
A good all round mower.
As rated by our community of reviewers
" Great Product " Read More
" Do not buy this rubbish " Read More
" Very pleased with this mower " Read More
" Utter rubbish " Read More
" Very dissappointing " Read More


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- Capital Cube•4 days agoETF's with exposure to Ballard Power Systems, Inc. : July 20, 2016
Click here to see latest analysis*Disclaimer : This is as of previous day's closeETF's with exposure to Ballard Power Systems, Inc.Here are 5 ETF's with the largest exposure to BLDP-US. Comparing the performance and risk of Ballard Power Systems, Inc. with the ETF's that have exposure to it gives us some ETF choices that could […] (Read more...) The post ETF's with exposure to Ballard Power Systems, Inc. : July 20, 2016 appeared first on CapitalCube.
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Trade Stocks & ETFs. Get exclusive tools. And pay $7.95 for online U.S. equity trades—less than TD Ameritrade, Schwab, and E*Trade. Open an account.
- Motley Fool•5 days agoWhy Ballard Power Systems, Tile Shop Holdings, and Guess? Slumped Today
These stocks helped lead the broader market lower. Find out why.
Ballard Power Systems Inc.NasdaqGM
Add to watchlist
|Prev Close
|1.76 x 100
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As of 4:00 PM EDT. Market closed.


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The Koorana Difference
Luke's Story
"The Home-based program opened up a whole new world for us. We were shown so many achievable ways in which to help our special boy and we were informed of helpful workshops and events being held that may be of interest. The beautiful educators and speech therapists always listened to our many concerns. They picked us up emotionally."
- Jan, Luke's Grandmother and Debbie, Luke's Mother
Free First Aid Course for Parents and Carers with Children under 12yrs
PDF - Wed 08 Jun 2016
My Time Lakemba Term 2
PDF - Tue 03 May 2016
Latest from the blog
What is Occupational Therapy in Early Intervention?
Posted Thu 30 Jun 2016
Koorana's SIBs Club
Posted Tue 29 Mar 2016


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Check under the Schools Tab for each building and look for 16-17 Supply List.
Go to Staff, Joni Scott and click on Senior Videos. Or follow the link: http://wellpinit.org/page/509
Wellpinit School District seeking full-time Para educator and substitute ALE teacher/Para educator in our Alternative High School located on the Fort Simcoe Job Corps site. Look under the employment tab for information.
Volleyball Head Coach Position Open for both Middle and High School Girl's Teams for the 2016-17 seasons. Look under the Employment tab for more information.
Assistant High School Boys Basketball Coach Position Open for the 2016-17 season.
See Employment Tab for more information.


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A Natural History of Rape: Biological Bases of Sexual Coercionby Randy Thornhill, Craig T. Palmer
View All Available Formats & Editions
Pub. Date: 05/01/2001
Publisher: MIT Press
In this controversial book, Randy Thornhill and Craig Palmer use evolutionary biology to explain the causes of rape and to recommend new approaches to its prevention. According to Thornhill and Palmer, evolved adaptation of some sort gives rise to rape; the main evolutionary question is whether rape is an adaptation itself or a by-product of other adaptations.
In this controversial book, Randy Thornhill and Craig Palmer use evolutionary biology to explain the causes of rape and to recommend new approaches to its prevention. According to Thornhill and Palmer, evolved adaptation of some sort gives rise to rape; the main evolutionary question is whether rape is an adaptation itself or a by-product of other adaptations. Thornhill and Palmer address, and claim to demolish scientifically, many myths about rape bred by social science theory over the past 25 years. The popular contention that rapists are not motivated by sexual desire is, they argue, scientifically inaccurate. The book also includes a useful summary of evolutionary theory and a comparison of evolutionary biology's and social science's explanations of human behavior.
Product Details
- 9780262700832
- Publisher:
- MIT Press
- Publication date:
- 05/01/2001
- Series:
- Bradford Books Series
- Edition description:
- New Edition
- Pages:
- 272
- Sales rank:
- 1,267,752
- Product dimensions:
- 6.00(w) x 9.00(h) x 0.50(d)
- Age Range:
- 18 Years
Table of Contents
|Rape and Evolutionary Theory
|The Evolution of Sex Differences
|Why Do Men Rape?
|The Pain and Anguish of Rape
|Why Have Social Scientists Failed to Darwinize?
|The Social Science Explanation of Rape
|Law and Punishment
|Social Influences on Male Sexuality
|Educational Programs
|Treatment and Recovery
Customer Reviews
Average Review:
and post it to your social network
Most Helpful Customer Reviews
See all customer reviews >
My professors absolutely hate this book, which is perhaps part of the reason I like it. As a feminist who's also interested in evolution, I have no choice but to take this book seriously. As a woman, I must say that I recommended it to a friend who's been raped, and she told me that this book helped her a lot more than any of the counseling she's went to. Perhaps that's the only recommendation needed.
¿The ultimate causes of human rape are clearly to be found in the distinctive evolution of male and female sexuality. The evidence demonstrates that rape has evolved as a response to the evolved psychological mechanisms regulating female sexuality, which enabled women to discriminate among potential sex partners. If human females had been selected to be willing to mate with any male under any circumstances, rape would not occur.¿ 'pg. 84' These few sentences accurately describe what the authors take 200 pages trying to argue and prove. Could they not just have easily stated that if human males had been selected to not need to reproduce with as many partners as possible and be able to control themselves that rape would not occur? In short, they argue that men want to reproduce as much as possible and women want an investment. They could make this argument persuasive had they given more credible evidence than basing it on their studies of other animals that rape. Their solutions are fairly simple and quite sexist: create ¿programs educating women on attractiveness, how to dress, and put on makeup to decrease their likelihood of being the victim of rape¿ and ¿be made aware of the costs associated with attractiveness.¿ I do not care if a girl/woman is walking around practically naked, that does not give anyone the right to rape her nor should it be her fault. This book is very well written and clearly presents ¿evidence¿ to support their theory on the causes of rape. However, it is very obvious that they only chose evidence that supported their theory and failed to address ¿evidence¿ of the contrary. While humans are technically animals, it is not accurate to use animals to explain our current behavior. Humans have something all other animals do not: a complex brain. The authors also fail to address the many instances of rape that do not align with their theory. They do not explain men raping men. If men really evolved to reproduce as much as possible, why do many rapists use condoms? They also do not explain why some men rape woman too old to have kids, nor do they explain pedophilia which clearly is not going to produce offspring. Randy Thornhill and Craig T. Palmer blatantly show that they are sexist and bigoted. Throughout this book, they distinctly put all of the blame on women. Why should women have to make themselves less attractive just because men can¿t control themselves? Why is the way that women evolved the cause of rape, when it could just as easily be the way men evolved? They even claim that ¿women tell more lies, false stories and gossip, calling the credibility of their allegations into question.¿ So not only are women the one¿s to blame for rape occurring in the first place, but they are also chronic liars and story tellers. The worst part of this book is that it ultimately supports and perpetuates an ongoing problem in the United States concerning rape cases. Study any criminal justice or law material and you will find what most of us know through common sense: all too often in rape cases the women are on trial for whether or not they are lying, rather than the man being on trial for whether or not he is guilty. Essentially, the victim is on trial and not the defendant. If you are sexist and chauvinistic, then you will love this book. If you want to read some absolutely unbelievable material, then I recommend this book just for the shock value. Otherwise, don¿t bother.
The title of my review should be the battle-cry for the majority of the critics of this book. I'm an undergraduate who has read this book and taken the accompanying course taught by one of the authors. I signed up for it with a skeptical attitude and went in to it doubting everything that was presented and expecting an explanation. The course followed the text very closely and I got the explanation that I had wanted. I realize that this is a sensitive topic for many people and that most who criticize the book strongly have probably either never read it or have preexisting biases due to some life experience and thus read it with a closed mind. That is unfortunate and sets back the entire field of science. To call this a 'sales pitch for evolutionary biology' is a severely misguided attack. Those who would put forth such a view might as well join the hardline religious camp that spouts that the earth is only 4,000 years old and evolution is a myth proposed by satan. All new ideas must spurn discussion and debate to be successful, even if they are not well liked. By the many vehement reviews and public discussion this book has caused I believe it has been a smashing success. I will not say that it is a flawless work, nor that all the ideas put forth in it must be 100% correct. It is, however, a different perspective on rape and one that will hopefully make people consider the topic in depth. How to prevent rape is a difficult question but at least the authors are promoting some ideas and applying scientific reasoning where others have failed.


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Carmel, IN 46032 (317) 873-0123 Hours M-F 6:30am-6pm facebook-icon
Our teachers and caregivers are chosen for their passion for helping children achieve their full potential. We invite you to visit and see our Balanced Learning® approach in action.
Find out how our time-tested Balanced Learning approach makes the difference.
Mrs. Nadi Weeradokky is the "Apple of Our Eye" for the month of July. Mrs. Weeradokky is one of our wonderful Young Toddler and Early Preschool 2 teachers. Mrs. Weeradokky is always kind, compassionate, and willing to help. These traits are a few reasons why she is a wonderful member of our Primrose team!
Congratulations to the Blankenship family, our July family of the month! Tom and Abby are the proud parents of Jack. Jack is currently is our Pre-Kindergarten 2 classroom. The Blankenships have been very helpful with our Spring Fling charity event the past couple of years. We are so glad they are a part of our Primrose family!
It's a fact: children learn better when they are engaged. That's why purposeful play and nurturing guidance from teachers are key components of Balanced Learning. See how this time-tested approach with a strong emphasis on life skills and character development can help your child develop and excel.


text: "Our security teams are laser focused on protecting the integrity of our community's Uber accounts," Uber said in a statement to Motherboard. "We use technical measures to detect any issues and are always enhancing the measures we deploy to protect our users' accounts. We also encourage all of our users to choose strong and unique usernames and passwords and to avoid reusing the same credentials across multiple sites and services."


text:
In a project which target framework is 3.5 the following line compiles with MsBuild 4.0:
But MsBuild 3.5 requires me to write:
aEnumerable.Select(item => aMethod(item));
Will both binaries will run a machine without .NET Framework 4.0, but with .NET 3.5?
PS: While i showed an example using "method overload inference" the same happens with other "4.0" features (eg. "named parameters").
another title for this question could be: What C# 4.0/Visual Studio 2010 features are .NET 3.5 compatible?


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Back to the Future: The Game - Episode V: OUTATIME PlayStation 3
- Publisher: Telltale Games
- Release Date: Jul 26, 2011
- Also On: iPhone/iPad, PC
User Score
Mixed or average reviews- based on 10 Ratings
User score distribution:
Positive: 5 out of 10
Mixed: 2 out of 10
Negative: 3 out of 10
Review this game
- User score
- By date
- Most helpful
Nov 7, 2011Excellent game. Great story. Nice time wasting with adventure like this, especially for "Back To The Future" fans. Thanks a lot Talltale - it's exactly what I wanted.
Jul 27, 2011It's funny, it clever, and it answers a lot of questions I had. I enjoyed playing it, but I didn't love it.


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