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pr jobs near Vernon Hills, IL
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Marketing Coordinator
Wunderland Group - Lincolnshire, IL
JOB TITLE: Marketing Coordinator LOCATION: Vernon Hills, IL (not accessible by public transportation) RATE: $17/hr-$22/hr, depending on level of experience
Marketing Brand Manager
Confidential-Manufacturing - Lake Zurich, IL
Develop and implement commercialization plans for product launches through Marketing elements including, advertising, promotions, PR, user experience, events,...
Marketing Manager
TalentAssist - Buffalo Grove, IL
Agency, print supplier and PR firm management. Profile Products LLC is seeking a Marketing Manager to join a fast-paced sales & marketing communications team...
Senior Manager, Global Public Relations, HCV & Specialty
AbbVie - Lake County, IL
Product PR Program Management:. Oversee the development of PR plans (annual and/or project) to support business growth....
Accounting (3 years req.), Payroll, HR Generalist
Marketing - Buffalo Grove, IL
Reconcile all Payroll, PR Tax, Withholding, Flexpay, Loans, and related GL accounts. Accounting, Payroll, HR Generalist with strong accounting background and...
Harper College Job Fair-PR
Northwest Community Healthcare - Arlington Heights, IL
Job Fair Requisition - Harper Qualifications Job Fair Requisition - Harper Northwest Community Healthcare is an award-winning organization, with nationally
Marketing Operations Manager
Claire's - Hoffman Estates, IL
Claire's.com and digital teams, PR & Events team, creative, in-store presentation, store communications. MARKETING OPERATIONS MANAGER....
Part Time Chess Teacher
Chess Wizards - Park Ridge, IL
PR:. Chess Wizards is looking for energetic people to teach chess in an elementary classroom setting....
June JV Application-PR
Northwest Community Healthcare - Arlington Heights, IL
Test Requisition Qualifications Test Requisition Northwest Community Healthcare is an award-winning organization, with nationally recognized physicians,
Unarmed Healthcare Security Officer-PR
Northwest Community Healthcare - Arlington Heights, IL
Please note that these positions are contracted through ODS Security for NCH. If you are interested in applying please click on the following link: ODS


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Another Lil Wayne seizure?! Lil Wanye was back in the hospital last night after suffering another seizure. According to TMZ, Lil Wayne was taken to Cedars-Sinai in L.A. late Tuesday night by his bodyguards, after suffering another horrible seizure. He was released early this morning.
The 30-year-old rapper spent six days in the ICU after suffering multiple seizures earlier this year. Wayne has admitted to having epilepsy and says hes suffered seizures since he was a kid.
Lil Wayne Downplays Seizures, Hypes Tour With T.I. [VIDEO]
Lil Wayne, His Cup + 7 Other Celebs With Bad Habits
Gettin Tricky With It! Trick Daddy And Lil Wayne Strip Club Beef!
Lil Wayne Gives Interview To Power 106 About His Hospitalization!
The Steamiest Moments In 'High School' Between Lil Wayne & Nicki Minaj [PHOTOS]
11 photos Launch gallery
The Steamiest Moments In 'High School' Between Lil Wayne & Nicki Minaj [PHOTOS]
1. Nicki Minaj & Lil Wayne1 of 11
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Lil Wayne Fight [PHOTOS]
16 photos Launch gallery

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To have to deal with somone that will never be happy with what you do for them, and try and get it for less next time.
You would think she is jewish the way she was sheldoning me.
de ima cheepskate 12 August 2007
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The House of the Rising Sun - Nimue Smit is laid-back and casual in designs from Diesel's resort 2012 collection for the latest edition of Twin Magazine. Photographed by Nick Dorey with styling by Celestine Cooney, Nimue soaks up the sun in buttoned-up tees, denim and comfy knits. … [Read more...]
Tati Cotliar by Jason Kibbler for Twin #5
Love is the Drug - Tati Cotliar and Yuri Pleskun play the role of rock and roll lovers for the fall-winter edition of Twin Magazine photographed by Jason Kibbler. In seventies inspired outfits selected by fashion editor Celestine Cooney, the pair goes from the streets of Brooklyn to the back of a car in luxe pieces from Alexander Wang, Rodarte, Prada, Chanel and others. … [Read more...]
Agyness Deyn by Ben Weller for Twin #5
Great Deyn - For the latest edition of Twin Magazine, cover star Agyness Deyn takes on an androgynous western look in images photographed by Ben Weller. Donning a Stetson hat, Deyn wears pared down ensembles with a rugged touch styled by Celestine Cooney. Selects from the likes of Alexander McQueen, Jil Sander, JW Anderso and Prada give the model turned actress a romantic look … [Read more...]
Kori Richardson by Amy Troost for Warehouse Fall 2011 Campaign
Air House - Kori Richardson reprises her role as the face of UK fashion retailer Warehouse's latest campaign. For fall 2011, photographer Amy Troost captures looks styled by Celestine Cooney complete with warm layers in a rich Autumn palette. / Hair by James Pecis. Make-up by Sally Branka. … [Read more...]
Sara Blomqvist in Rodarte for Twin #4 by Ben Toms
The Hills Have Eyes - The latest issue of Twin highlights Rodarte's spring 2011 collection with a relaxed outdoor feature starring Sara Blomqvist. Styled by fashion editor Celestine Cooney and lensed by Ben Toms, Sara gets in touch with nature as she poses alongside an owl companion in the California redwood inspired designs. … [Read more...]
Ann & Kirby Kenny by Beau Grealy for Twin #3
The Kenny sisters, Ann and Kirby, team up for the the latest issue of Twin. Lensed by Beau Grealy, the twins take to the streets and explore a gritty urban setting in cool looks styled by Celestine Cooney. … [Read more...]
Christina Kruse for Twin #2 by Paul Wetherell
Airy and feminine frocks paired with heavy boots and jackets transform Christina Kruse from girlish beauty to a woman with fortitude for Twin Magazine's latest issue. Photographed by Paul Wetherell and styled by Celestine Cooney, the German model has never looked better as she sports designs from the likes of Anne Valérie Hash. Lanvin and Ann Demeulemeester in Use Your … [Read more...]


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Young Vito, the upstart rapper who was accused of killing fellow Atlanta MC Slim Dunkin, has been indicted yesterday (March 21) for the crime.
Last December, it was reported that Slim Dunkin was killed at an Atlanta studio after he and Young Vito came to blows. Dunkin, born Mario Hamilton, was shot in the chest and pronounced dead later that night.
It was originally reported that the fight was over a piece of candy. But in a recent statement released by the Fulton County District Attorney's Office, a different version of the story emerged. Their initial fight, according to the statement, had more to do with studio time than candy. Dunkin was in the recording booth when Young Vito, born Vinson Hardimon, entered the booth and began punching Dunkin.
Dunkin was an affilate of Waka Flocka Flame's Brick Squad. The rising rapper made a mark on Waka Flock's debut album Flockaveli as a featured artist on "F**k The Club Up," "Karma," and "Bang." Most recently, he could be seen on the video for "She Be Puttin On" with Waka Flocka and Gucci Mane.
A trial date has not yet been set.
–E. Parker, CBS Local
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For Better and Worse: Social Influences on Coronary Heart Disease Risk
Version of Record online: 23 APR 2008
DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-9004.2008.00108.x
© 2008 The Authors. Journal Compilation © 2008 Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Social and Personality Psychology Compass
Volume 2, Issue 3, pages 1400–1414, May 2008
Additional Information
How to Cite
Ruiz, J. M., Hutchinson, J. G. and Terrill, A. L. (2008), For Better and Worse: Social Influences on Coronary Heart Disease Risk. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2: 1400–1414. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-9004.2008.00108.x
Publication History
- Issue online: 23 APR 2008
- Version of Record online: 23 APR 2008
- Social and Personality Psychology Compass 2/3 (2008): 1400–1414, 10.1111/j.1751-9004.2008.00108.x
- Abstract
- Article
- References
- Cited By
From the neighborhoods we live in to those we marry, other people are a part of our everyday lives. Mounting evidence suggests that these social factors constitute risk and resilience influences for coronary heart disease (CHD). The current aim is to summarize the literature into four representative categories relating to CHD risk: social environments, social roles, social resources, and close relationships. The argument is made that these factors moderate and mediate stress and associated physiological responses constituting a psychosomatic pathway to disease.


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Louis van Gaal
Dutch Footballer and Manager
Louis van Gaal is a Dutch football manager who is the current manager of the Dutch national team. He was formerly coach for Ajax, Barcelona, AZ and Bayern Munich. Before his career as coach van Gaal played as a midfielder for Royal Antwerp, Telstar, Sparta… Read More
News + Updates
Browse recent news and stories about Louis van Gaal.
Spain, 2014 World CupYahoo News - Jul 09, 2016
Middlesbrough Sign Up Goalkeeper ValdesYahoo News - Jul 07, 2016
Bastian SchweinsteigerYahoo News - Jun 25, 2016
Soccer Man Utd's Memphis Vows To Return Stronger Next SeasonYahoo News - Jun 01, 2016
Learn about the memorable moments in the evolution of Louis van Gaal.
1951 Birth Born on August 8, 1951.
1986 34 Years Old Van Gaal later joined AZ, where he also became assistant coach in 1986. … Read More
1991 39 Years Old 1 More Event
When Beenhakker left in 1991, Van Gaal took over as manager.
1996 44 Years Old Ajax were also Champions League runners-up in 1996 after losing to Juventus on penalties. … Read More
1997 45 Years Old He moved to Barcelona in 1997, taking over from Bobby Robson and helped the team win two league championships (1997–98, 1998–99) and the Spanish Cup once. … Read More
2000 48 Years Old Van Gaal eventually left the Catalan side on 20 May 2000, uttering the immortal line: "Amigos de la prensa. … Read More
2002 50 Years Old 1 More Event
Congratulations.) He returned to the Netherlands to manage the Dutch national team in preparation for the 2002 FIFA World Cup.
2007 55 Years Old 1 More Event
2008 56 Years Old 1 More Event
… After having won the Dutch championship with AZ in 2008–09, he was hired by Bayern Munich on 1 July 2009. … Read More
2009 57 Years Old 1 More Event
2010 58 Years Old 3 More Events
On 8 May 2010, FC Bayern were finally crowned champions of the Bundesliga following a 3–1 win at Hertha Berlin. … Read More
2011 59 Years Old On 7 March 2011, Bayern Munich declared that van Gaal's contract was to be cancelled after the end of the 2010–11 season, nevertheless he was sacked on 10 April 2011 after losing the third place in the Bundesliga.
2012 60 Years Old On 6 July 2012, Van Gaal was presented as the new Netherlands coach. "I am happy that the KNVB approached me," said Van Gaal, who will be assisted by former Dutch internationals Danny Blind and Patrick Kluivert, both part of his successful Ajax squad from 1995. "This is the challenge which I have been waiting for." … Read More
Original Authors of this text are noted on http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_van_Gaal.
Text is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.
Text is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.


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she fits her name as she has a very smooth trot, she has excellant confirmation, with a big hip, baby doll head, loves people, quite, trailers, ties,shoes…$2,800
Three month old foal with nice bloodlines. He has beautiful color and conformation. He is a registered Tovero! He has two blue eyes that are lined with…$6,500
CATS COMMANCHE MOON - 2 year old sorrel mare by Cats Full Moon (LTE 187k) and out of a Somebody Smart X Cal Bar mare. "Sophie" has been started under saddle…$6,500
2 year old sorrel gelding by Cats Full Moon (LTE 187k) and out of a Freckles Playboy mare. "Radar" has been started under saddle and is tracking cattle…$7,500
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Check Please AKA Carson is super flashy, brains, athleticism, ability, willingness, enthusiasm and an uncomplicated. This boy has a lot of curiosity in…$11,000


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A Monthly Mani Subscription Box? Yes Please!
We have to say a quick thank you to Scratch for brightening up our Tuesday afternoon with the announcement that they are entering the beauty subscription game. One of our fave nail wrap brands, Scratch will be spreading the nail-art love starting next month with their Monthly Mani Box.
Delivered on the first Tuesday of every month, the box will contain three limited-edition nail wraps from a featured artist, nail art tools and accents, step-by-step tutorials, and a gift from that month's artist. The brand is launching the subscription service with Natalie Minerva of Nail Swag as the first featured artist.
The first box is $25, with each subsequent box at $30 a pop. Considering the brand's nail wraps usually go for $12 each, it's definitely a money-saver for the true nail-art fanatics out there. But, for those of you who aren't quite as invested in decking out your digits on the reg, you might be better off sticking to buying the individual wraps. Either way, we're excited to see how what the brand and their insanely creative partners come up with month after month.
Scratch Monthly Mani Box, $25, available at Scratch.
Like this post? There's more. Get tons of beauty tips, tutorials, and news on the Refinery29 Beauty Facebook page!
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For a relaxing and memorable lakefront vacation there's no place better than Edinboro Lake Resort. As the only destination on Edinboro Lake where you can find charming lakefront accommodations and dining, you're guaranteed an experience unlike any other. Their log cabins can host six people and are equipped with flat-screen televisions and a... more
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Our peaceful, park-like property is located on the shoreline of Lake Erie. In fact, of the 50 or so miles of Lake Erie coastline in Pennsylvania, we offer the only lodging right on the lake. To get to the lake, descend the grand solid wood staircase and scale the last few feet of shale. Relax along the way on the built-in seats overlooking the lush... more
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- You'll save an extra 5% on Books purchased from Amazon.ca, now through July 29th. No code necessary, discount applied at checkout. Here's how (restrictions apply)
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Yeh-Shen Paperback – May 7 1996
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Product Description
From Publishers Weekly
Misty, jewel-like illustrations evoke the mythic past in this Chinese Cinderella story. Ages 4-8.
Copyright 1988 Reed Business Information, Inc. --This text refers to an out of print or unavailable edition of this title.
About the Author
Born in New York City, AI-LING LOUIE graduated from Sarah Lawrence College and received her graduate degree from Wheelock College. After teaching school near Boston, she returned to the New York area, moving to New Jersey. The tale of Yeh-Shen had been told in her family for three generations when, to her surprise, a research trail led Ms. Louie to the Cinderella of her grandmother's story as recorded in an ancient Chinese manuscript, which is reproduced in this book. Further research confirmed that the story had been told in China since the days of the T'ang dynasty (618-907 A.D.), whereas the earliest known European version is an Italian tale dating from 1634.
ED YOUNG was born in Tientsin, China, grew up in Shanghai, and came to the United States when he was in his late teens. A graduate of the University of Illinois and the Los Angeles Art Center, he has illustrated many beautiful books for young people, among them The Emperor and the Kite, a Coldecott Honor Book (written by Jane Yolen); Chinese Mother Goose Rhymes (translated by Robert Wyndham); The Terrible Mung Gwama: A Chinese Folktale; Bo Rabbit Smart for True: Folktales from the Gullah (by Priscilla Jaquith); and High on a Hill: A Book of Chinese Riddles. The artwork for Yeh-Shen was more than two years in the making, and Mr. Young made two trips to China to do his careful research into the traditional costumes and customs of the people in the area in which this tale is set.
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"Yeh-Shen," a Chinese version of the tale almost a thousand years older than the earliest known European version, contains many familiar details - a poor over-worked girl, a wicked stepmother and stepsister, a magical helper, a king in search of a wife, and a lost shoe. But while Cinderella is simply handed gifts from her fairy godmother, Yeh-Shen earns her wishes through kindness to a magic fish. This one change makes a big difference in the ethical tone of the book. It also makes the reader feel much more sympathetic toward Yeh-Shen, who seems to deserve every bit of good fortune she gets.
The illustrations greatly add to the book's charm. Ed Young's style is striking and unique. There's a misty, ethereal quality to his art that makes everything look as if it were taking place in a dream - which is just perfect for the book.
Enjoy this version, along with Shirley Chimo's Egyptian and Korean Cinderellas, The Turkey Girl, The Rough Face Girl, Sootface, and of course, the old classic versions.
This book is an excellent addition to your multicultural children's collection!
Most recent customer reviews
The children enjoyed comparing this classic to the more familiar version they have heard many times before.Published 20 months ago by Mrs.C


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The "common meaning" field for this character has translations for the Japanese readings, ie not the common meanings. A common meaning is one that would more or less apply in Chinese, Japanese, and Korean, regardless of reading.
In fact I'm pretty sure even the translations for the japanese readings are not for this character. "shite" does mean "do" but I've always seen it written in hiragana so I doubt it's actually for this character but I'm not expert enough. Hippietrail 04:43, 13 Feb 2004 (UTC)
Well "Random page" has brought me here again. Is there a page where I can list damaged pages like this? Or maybe a category is better these days?
- I think the only way to really fix this is by introducing a page template for these 字 that looks more like the other language words, especially as many of these 字 are words in their own right and deserve "proper" entries. (Information specific to the character and not the language can be put in its own section; I put an example up at User:Muke/字 — ignore the romanization table though)
- Any case. The "common meaning" field isn't particularly broken: it gets its information from the same place as all the other 字 did, from the Unihan database (for this 字, the entry is at [1]). The fact that the meaning of this character is only given in Japanese is probably related to the fact that this character is kokuji (only appearing in Japanese), but it doesn't explain the ugliness of the definition compared to other 字.
- Any case, for other sources for the meaning of this word, I have found [2] "し.める して to find a place to dwell; sum; measurement of paper; to do; adding up; bundle; 8.5 lb; (kokuji)", and [3] "An ancient form of the number five. 五" (apparently someone did confuse it with 〤, the aforementioned numeral). —Muke Tever 04:27, 24 Jun 2004 (UTC)
hi! I would liek to put my 50 cents this character has explanation on Japanese wikipedia! 〆、乄(しめ)は文字のひとつであり、漢字(国字)である。部首は丿部1画。卍(まんじ)などとともに特殊な漢字とされる。
主な使用方法としては、手紙などを封書で相手方に送る際、しっかりと封書の口を「閉め」たことを強調する時など。また「締め」、「絞め」、「占め」の意味で使用されることがある。(例:締切→〆切、昆布締め→昆布〆め、羽交い絞め→羽交い〆) it is used in letter as a symbol of closing !


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Tight competition: Enterprises will continue declining as offshoring becomes more popular
The Hosiery Mills market research report provides key industry analysis and industry statistics, measures market size, analyzes current and future industry trends and shows market share for the industry's largest companies. IBISWorld publishes the largest collection of industry reports so you can see an industry's supply chain, economic drivers and key buyers and markets.
The rise in offshoring activity in the Hosiery Mills industry has driven industry globalization and downstream demand from consumers that demand quality products at low prices. As a result, many operators have offshored a large portion of their manufacturing capabilities in an attempt to reduce costs and remain competitive. In the coming years, improvements in downstream demand, driven by increased consumer spending, are anticipated to somwhat increase sales of domestically produced hosiery and socks... purchase to read more
The Hosiery Mills industry has a medium level of capital intensity. IBISWorld estimates that for every dollar spent of wages, industry operators will spend $0.17 in capital investment. Capital investment is mainly in machinery and equipment. Industry operators are also increasing usage of leasing arrangements to finance capital expenditures. Over the past five years, growth in capital intensity has stagnated; in 2010, for every dollar spent on wages, industry operators spent about $0.17 in capital investment. However, expenditure on wages accounts for a significantly larger proportion of revenue than for capital.
Over the five years to 2015, manufacturers have invested heavily in automated processes that cut down on wage expenses and produce greater production efficiencies... purchase to read more
This industry comprises establishments that primarily manufacture hosiery and sock products. In company-owned and leased facilities, producers form raw materials (like cotton and polyester) into hosiery and socks. Products are then sold to wholesalers and retailers for resale to consumers.
Industry Definition
Main Activities
Similar Industries
Additional Resources
Executive Summary
Key External Drivers
Current Performance
Industry Outlook
Industry Life Cycle
Supply Chain
Products & Services
Major Markets
Business Locations
Competitive Landscape
Market Share Concentration
Key Success Factors
Cost Structure Benchmarks
Barriers to Entry
Capital Intensity
Industry Data
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Add some diversity to your fitness program with these butt and hip exercises from the American Council on Exercise. We'll help you tone up those glutes and get that butt into shape. Choose from a wide variety of hip flexibility and strengthening exercises including glute bridges, BOSU lateral jumps and more. These exercises come with detailed instructions, step-by-step guidance and tutorials on proper equipment use. For full workout routines featuring butt and hip exercises, be sure to visit our Workouts section.
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Change means pushing ourselves beyond our comfort zone and entering into unfamiliar territory. Let's explore five tools for breaking a major life change down into smaller, more manageable, parts.
It can feel daunting trying to squeeze in one more thing into an already overcrowded schedule, but establishing and committing to a yoga practice does not have to require a lot of time each day. Learn how you can reap the many benefits of a yoga practice, even if you only...
If you enjoy running and want to maximize the enjoyment of your workouts, this workout can help improve the strength of the core muscles that are responsible for controlling stability of the body during the impact of running. These exercises can also be used as an effective...


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So I'm parking the 110 for a while and I want to get a mountain bike for exercise and I need some suggestions... Full suspension and disk brakes are a must. Im an intermediate level mx'er and could handle myself on a BMX bike back in the day,and I plan ... more »
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Ha, if you think that is bad, in NYC at LaGuardia airport, they just built 2 new parking garages. Well, before they started the construction, they knew that one would need to be torn down for the terminal renovation program in the next couple years. ... more »
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No, its just nimbys like you who are proceduring this country into the shitter. Those fuckers need a good dose of old school southern justice, a baton across the windpipe as they wheelie by. Cue the idiots who will soon be saying that a group of black ... more »
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When you go to the promotocross live streaming page, it redirects you to nbcsn, requiring cable provider login creds. Ugh. Anyone streaming first motos for us to watch this year?
Added reply in a thread Cone pipe lovers check this out 6/15/2016 10:13 AM
I used to have a cone pipe on my KX60 back in 1991... I believe it was by either PSI or WORKS. Probably PSI.
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Hands down the best sequence in ANY MX video (aside from On Any SUnday).
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THis would be a better option... some parents are all punishment and no motivation. But for all we know this was the last straw from a total fuckup kid. Most parents these days are worthless.
Added reply in a thread Cool Helmets 5/27/2016 10:40 AM
He was such a great airbrush artist. The RC helmet I'm talking about had this big purple monster on the side with huge muscles, kinda looked like THE MAXX... the other side had tentacles all over it. I'm an artist myself and the first time I saw RC wearing ... more »
Added reply in a thread Cool Helmets 5/19/2016 9:05 PM
Ugh sorry but I'm of the opposite opinion. The work is derivative, proportioned entirely wrong, and generally not even a good imitation.
Added reply in a thread Cool Helmets 5/19/2016 9:04 PM
DUDE, WHERE DID YOU GET THE NO LIMIT HELMET? Do you have a contact for him? He painted a helmet for RC back in the 90s that was the sickest shit I've ever seen. Been trying to find him for years. The Ren Stimpy one is great too.
Added reply in a thread Wil Hahn injury news? 5/19/2016 8:53 PM
He just got that bike too!
Added reply in a thread How to properly protect graphics on your bike? 5/12/2016 5:13 PM
Good post... My biggest pet peeve about graphics companies is, when someone comes on here and asks about one specific company, everyone replies with the recomendation of a DIFFERENT company. So many shit design companies out there, so few good.
Added reply in a thread How to properly protect graphics on your bike? 5/11/2016 12:40 PM
Hands down without question the stuff that is going to last the longest will be sub-surface printed...NOT laminated. Now 99% of custom graphics companies out there laminate because, well, I have no idea why but that's just the way they choose to do it.
Added reply in a thread Marijuana at the track 3/15/2016 3:52 PM
FUCK THAT. Call the cops? Are you fucking serious? I don't even smoke bud and still think this is ridiculous. THis entire thread is stupid. I know guys who were significantly faster stoned.
Added reply in a thread Heath Voss 3/2/2016 10:34 PM
I spoke to Heath last year for an article I was writing... he's doing well with his crop dusting business. He also takes hog hunters up in the helicopter for hog shooting sessions. Super nice guy.
Added reply in a thread Full GoPro moto from the GP of Qatar 2/29/2016 1:16 PM
I was thinking the same thing. YS has ruined its relationships with the owners of the classic GP tracks, so now they are manmade infield garbage piles.
Added reply in a thread Need Mountain Bike Advice 2/29/2016 1:06 PM
How do you know my name good Sir?
Added reply in a thread Need Mountain Bike Advice 2/28/2016 2:18 PM
So I went with a 2015 Giant Trance 27.5 2 Guys kid rode it down the driveway, turned around, and said I want a BMX bike. Basically got a brand new bike for 600 off retail. I'm checking into some equipment on BTO... anyone have experience with the FLY ... more »
Added reply in a thread Need Mountain Bike Advice 2/17/2016 12:27 PM
I live in Oklahoma, but I work for the airlines and am based in Detroit. Ill check out this pinkbike... You guys are referring to the 26er and 29er...what brand is that? And to the helpful guy who referred me to vitalmtb... Thanks for taking the time ... more »
Started new thread Need Mountain Bike Advice 2/17/2016 11:13 AM
This forum thread has 67 replies
Added reply in a thread what font is ? help me 2/10/2016 11:26 AM
Honestly it looks custom made. THose speed points are WAY overdone these days. Everyone is using them. The world needs to be culled of 95% of graphics companies and 99.999% of fonts.


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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Apr 14, 1981
|Filing date
|May 15, 1978
|Priority date
|May 25, 1977
|Publication number
|Akimichi Tamaoki, Shinichiro Tanaka, Susumu Tomioka, Kohichi Kunimune
|Original Assignee
|The Japan Tobacco & Salt Public Corp., Chisso Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (8), Referenced by (27), Classifications (10)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention relates to a method for producing molding tobacco filters having a variety of cross-sections. More particularly, it relates to a method for producing molding tobacco filters having a variety of cross-sections in which fiber-bundles are stabilized by forming them into a variety of cross-sections by way of the inter-fibrous self-adhesion of heat-adhesive composite fibers.
Among conventional tobacco filters, those having a rod-form which is uniform throughout the entire body, have been the leading type. Those in which adsorption of smoke component has been adjusted to an appropriate value by the selection of materials and shapes such as thickness, crimp, etc., have been manufactured.
Various attempts have been made recently to improve cigarette taste by providing rod-form filters with non-uniform effects such as local difference of looseness or compactness, vacant portions, disposition of various shapes of different kinds of materials to change the direction and flow speed of the smoke passing through filters, and further to improve the pressure drop which increases with the progress of adsorption and further to effect balanced adsorption of smoke component. Hereinafter, "molding tobacco filters" or "molding tobacco filters having a variety of cross-sections" used herein means the molding tobacco filters having a variety of cross-sections in which the above-mentioned effects of non-uniformity have been made. However, there have been only a few of such molding tobacco filters which can be put into practical use and moreover, it is the present status of art that there is a problem in the point how such a tobacco filter can be manufactured easily. The present invention has solved the above-mentioned problem.
The present invention resides in a method for producing molding tobacco filters which is characterized by using fiber bundles of composite fibers consisting of a first and a second component alone or a mixture of at least 20 % by weight (based upon the total fiber mixture) of said composite fibers and another kind of fibers which fiber bundles of composite fibers have been formed so as to give a variety of cross-sections to said fiber bundles; and subjecting said fiber bundles to heat-treatment at a temperature lower than the melting point of the first component but higher than the melting point of the second component to stabilize the structure by the self-adhesion of the second component; the first component of a fiber-forming polymer and the second component consisting of one or more kinds of polymers having a melting point lower than that of the first component by 10° C. or more, being disposed in side-by-side or sheath and core relationship so as to give a circumferential ratio of 50-100% of the fiber cross-section.
According to the method of the present invention, the production of tobacco filters having a variety of cross-sections is extremely easy.
Firstly, a method for producing the composite fibers used in the present invention will be described.
As the first component i.e. higher melting component, a fiber-forming polymer is used. Since relatively fine denier fibers are used for tobacco filters, the use of a fiber-forming polymer having good spinnability is preferable. Even in case of a polymer which cannot be called to be the one which provides good cigarette taste, its influence can be suppressed by making the circumferential ratio of fiber cross-section of the first component smaller and in some case by using it as a core of sheath and core structure.
Illustrative polymers used as the first component, include polyolefins, mainly polypropylene type polymers such as crystalline polypropylene, propylene-ethylene copolymer, propylene-butene-1 copolymer, propylene-ethylene-butene-1 copolymer, etc., polyamide such as nylon 6, nylon 66, nylon 610, nylon 11, nylon 16, etc., and polyester such as polyethylene terephthalate, polytrimethylene terephthalate, polytetramethylene terephthalate, polyethylene oxybenzoate, etc. These polymers can be used not only solely but also in the form of a mixture if it is possible.
As crystalline polypropylene, those which are used for common fibers can be used.
As for melt-flow rate (often abbreviated to MFR) [ASTM D-1238(L)] of polypropylene, those which are to the extent used in common spinning, are useful, and those having MFR of 1˜50, preferably 4˜20, are preferably used from the viewpoint of spinnability.
As polyolefins, beside the above-mentioned polypropylene type polymers, particularly, medium and low pressure polyethylenes can be used as a first component, but in this case it is preferable to combine therewith, particularly lower melting point polymer e.g. ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, saponified product thereof, etc. as a second component.
As the second component i.e. lower melting point component, a polymer having a melting point lower than that of the first component by at least 10° C., preferably more than 20° C. and most preferably more than 30° C. is used.
Illustrative useful second components include ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (often abbreviated herein to EVA), saponified products of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (often abbreviated herein to saponified EVA) having an arbitrary saponification degree, polyethylene, ethylene-propylene copolymer, ethylene-butene-1-copolymer, ethylene-butene-1-propylene ternary copolymer, lower polymer of propylene, etc. These are used not only soley but also as a mixture. Since the second component occupies 50% or more of the surface of composite fibers and contacts the smoke of tobacco, the smoke component-adsorbing property thereof gives influence upon this cigarette taste. In this regard, polyethylene, EVA or saponified EVA having higher content of ethylene has preferable adsorption property. If the melting point of the second component is lower, it is possible to lower heat-treatment temperature that much, and so long as there is no obstacle, forming and stabilization by way of a variety of cross-sections of fiber bundles become easier and reduction in production cost can be achieved. From the above-mentioned point, it is particularly preferable that the melting point of the second component be 130° C. or lower. In this regard, EVA and saponified EVA are preferable and polyethylene is also likewise preferable. Particularly, EVA and saponified EVA have strong adhesive power, and adhesion with different kinds of fibers in case of tobacco filters made by mixing composite fibers with other fibers is also strong. From the above-mentioned various points, those particularly preferable as the second component include EVA, saponified EVA and polyethylene which are used solely and a mixture of EVA or saponified EVA and polyethylene.
Hereinafter, properties of each component of composite fibers and a production method of composite fibers in which, as a representative example, a crystalline polypropylene is used as a first component and EVA, saponified EVA or a mixture of these with polyethylene is used as a second component, will be described.
As the EVA used as a second component, those having a vinyl acetate content of 0.5 mol % (corresponding to about 1.5% by weight) or higher is preferable and those having a vinyl acetate content of 1 mol % or higher is most preferably used. From the points of the reduction in the melting point of the second component and the increase in the adhesive power, those having a higher content of vinyl acetate component are preferable, but if it is too high, the melting point of EVA is too low, and the adhesive property increases, which makes difficult the handling and use as a material for forming fiber surface. Thus those having 18 mol % (corresponding to about 40% by weight) or lower, preferably those having 10 mol % or lower, are used. By adjusting the vinyl acetate component in the above-mentioned range, the melting point of EVA can be varied in the range of about 50° C. to about 110° C.
If the melt-index [often abbreviated to MI, and according to ASTM D1238 (E)] of EVA is lower than 1, blending property thereof with polyethylene becomes poorer. If the melt-index is higher than 50, the creation of material like gum in the corner of eye (deposit of degraded resin), decomposition and the like are liable to occur. Accordingly it is preferable to avoid those in such a range.
The EVA used in the present invention, can be used as it is without being saponified, but those which have been saponified to an optional proportion in the range of 0˜100 including the case of 100% are preferably used in similar manner.
The above-mentioned EVA or saponified EVA mixed with polyethylene can also be preferably used as a second component. As such a polyethylene, any kinds thereof such as high, medium and low density polyethylenes can be used. It is possible to control the physical properties of objective composite fibers such as melting point, hardness, handle or the like by selecting such polyethylenes properly.
With regard to the mixing ratio of EVA or saponified EVA with polyethylene, so long as the total monomer content of vinyl acetate component and vinyl alcohol component (these two components are often referred to as vinyl monomer component) in the mixed polymer is set to be 0.5 mol % or more or preferably 1% or more based upon the total amount of the monomer constituting the mixed polymer i.e. the sum of the monomer components constituting EVA or saponified EVA and polyethylene, the adhesive power is sufficient. Thus the melting point of the second component can be controlled in the range from about 50° C. which is a lowest melting point of EVA to about 130° C. which is close to the melting point of high density polyethylene. It does not matter even if a small amount of titanium oxide, silica gel or the like is admixed in the composite component, irrespective of whatever the kind of composite component is.
The MI of the second composite component is preferably in the range of 1˜50, preferably 10˜30 from the spinnability of composite fibers even in case of a mixture with polyethylene similarily as in case of 100% copolymer.
For producing the composite fibers of the present invention, a composite spinning apparatus commonly known, can be used. The melt-spinning temperature is preferably in the range of 200°˜350° C. preferably in the range of 230°˜300° C. on the first component side and in the range of 160°˜280° C. preferably in the range of 180°˜250° C. on the second component side. Extruded polymer is wound up at a draft ratio of 100˜300 and resulting unstretched composite fibers are stretched to 2˜6 times the original length at a temperature of environmental temperature to c.a. 100° C. When a polypropylene having a Q value (Q=Mw/Mn, wherein Mw is a weight average molecular weight and Mn is a number average molecular weight) of 3.5 or lower is used, it is possible to set a draft ratio in the range of 600˜3000 at the time of take-up of spinning, and stretching step can be omitted.
When a stretching step is further carried out, the production of fine denier product such as those having a denier to an extent of 1.5 which is preferable for tobacco filters, is easy.
The production of composite fibers consisting of the combinations of first components and second components other than the combination of polypropylene and EVA or the like as illustrated above can be carried out by a composite fiber spinning manner at a spinning temperature depending upon the characteristic properties of individual components and under stretching condition.
The composite ratio of the first component to the second component of the composite fibers used in the present invention is preferably in the range of 30:70˜70:30 in order to keep the spinnability and the circumferential ratio of the second component in proper range. As a composite structure, the circumferential ratio of the second component is at least 50%, preferably 60% or higher, most preferably 70% or higher. In case of less than 50%, adhesive power is insufficient because of shortage of contact area of the second component at inter-fiber contact points.
The degree of stability and whether the state is soft or hard, of the fiber bundles stabilized by heat-treatment into a variety of cross-sections, depend mainly upon the distribution and melt-adhesion state of interfiber adhesion points. Accordingly, they vary depending upon the content of composite fibers in fiber bundles, the extent of heat-treatment temperature as well as the circumferential ratio of fiber cross-section of the second component of composite fibers, and hence it is possible to obtain filter having proper hardness and elasticity by adjusting the above-mentioned factors.
When a stretching step is carried out, resultant fibers have crimps in general and crimping degree can be controlled according to stretching condition. Further when stretching step is not carried out, resultant fibers substantially do not have crimps. If necessary, mechanical crimp can be given to either of the fibers. Usually crimps of about 15 ˜40 waves per 25 mm are preferably used but the number of crimps can be less proportionally to the decrease of mixing ratio of composite fibers.
As for denier, 0.1 ˜10 denier is used but a denier in the range of 0.5 ˜5 is particularly preferable.
Composite long fibers thus obtained are used after being cut to a length of 36 ˜102, or are used in the form of multifilaments or tows as they are.
The composite fibers thus obtained are made into fiber bundles by themselves or in the form of a mixture with other fibers, in many cases after once made into small fiber bundles. The mixing ratio of the composite fibers must be at least 20% by weight. When the mixing ratio is smaller, the stability attained by adhesion becomes insufficient. Even in case small fiber bundles are combined, there is no trouble in the point of stability so long as composite fibers occupy 20% or more of the total fiber bundles but it is preferable to have composite fibers occupy 20% or more in each of the small fiber bundles. As other fibers, in addition to acetate fibers which have been heretofore used broadly, polyolefin fibers such as polypropylene fibers having a good adsorptivity of nicotine and tar, etc. and other kinds of synthetic fibers, rayons, etc. can be used. Such other fibers are used in the form cut to 36˜102 mm length or in the form of tow or multifilaments of long fibers as they are.
In mixing composite fibers with other fibers, when both are used in the state of staple fibers, uniform mixing can be easily carried out by using various kinds of conventional blenders for staple fiber or by passing through a carding machine once or preferably twice or more. When both are used in the state of multifilaments or tows, they are passed through a tow-opener and both the opened fibers are laid one upon another. Uniform mixing can be easily carried out by repeating the above-mentioned operation.
Then methods for stabilizing the fiber bundles thus obtained as above-mentioned by constituting into a variety of cross-sections and subjecting to heat-treatment, will be described. Generally speaking, various methods such as a method in which fiber bundles having been formed into a variety of cross-sections are subjected to heat treatment; a method in which fiber bundles having been heat-treated in advance are formed into a variety of cross-sections; a method in which fiber bundles are stabilized once into a variety of cross-sections, then further constituted into a variety of cross-sections and subjected to heat-treatment; etc., can be used. Further as for a method for constituting a variety of cross-sections any of various methods can be used. Concrete description will be made hereinafter about the method. For example, two or more small fiber bundles consisting of composite fibers alone or of composite fibers and other fibers, are collected into fiber bundles and after heat-treatment, they are formed into filter plugs. As such small fiber bundles, spun yarns of woolen yarns, worsted yarns, cotton spinning yarns, twisted multifilament yarns, (hereinafter these may be referred to as small twisted fiber bundles). Multifilament yarns, slivers, tows, etc. which have practically no twist (e.g. less than about 5 turns/meter in case of 1000 d) (hereinafter these may be referred to as small fiber bundles having no twist) can be used.
Small fiber bundles or collected fiber bundles thereof may be subjected to preliminary heat treatment before completion of a variety of cross-sections if it is necessary. With regard to the embodiments of such a variety of cross-sections formed by combining the above-mentioned small fiber bundles, followings can be illustrated for example (i) fiber bundles formed by collecting only small twisted fiber bundles, (ii) fiber bundles having a structure in which a plurality of untwisted small fiber bundles encircle the above-mentioned fiber bundles (i), and (iii) fiber bundles having a structure in which one or more untwisted small fiber bundles are collected and encircled by twisted small fiber bundles. The cross-sections of tobacco filters thus obtained contain the structure in which small fiber bundles are disposed so as to contact with each other while holding small gaps included therebetween, forming a kind of a variety of cross-sections and are stabilized by heat adhesion.
Further by collecting various kinds of small fiber bundles having different constitutional fibers into one bigger fiber bundle, it is easy to prepare products abundant in variations. Even when such small fiber bundles are collected, a kind of a variety of cross-sections is formed by itself, but in other method for turning into a variety of cross-sections hereinafter described, it is easy to prepare filters much abundant in variations by using small fiber bundles. For example, for forming the configuration of cross-section of a whole tobacco filter into various kinds of shape, fiber bundles are passed through a tube having an aimed cross-sectional shape at the time of collecting fiber bundles while subjecting to heat treatment. For forming one part of cross-section of tobacco filter into various shapes, that part is processed in advance as above-mentioned and subjected to heat treatment and then to bundle collection to form an objective cross-sectional shape. Thereafter other parts are incorporated and heat-treatment, bundle collection and paper wrapping are furthercarried out. The inner and outer layers are formed by using two or more kinds of untwisted small fiber bundles having different finenesses and subjected to heat treatment to obtain tobacco filters having porosities different in inner and outer layers. For holding additives such as various kinds of powdered or granular inorganic or organic material, for example, activated charcoal or the like in tobacco to improve cigarette taste or the like, these additives will be easily fixed by holding the additives in a definite manner in the fiber bundles or small fiber bundles, followed by collecting while heat-treating at the time of forming these bundles.
Although the preparation of tobacco filters having such a variety of cross-section is extremely difficult when an adhesive agent is used, it is easily carried out according to the method of the present invention.
Several methods for collecting bundles by heat-treatment will be described further in detail. In a state appropriate for heating fiber bundles sufficiently according to the constitution of fiber bundles, for example, in various states such as the one wherein the whole fiber bundles are loosened to keep the gaps between fibers or the one wherein each of the small portions constituting fiber bundles is separated from each other or the one wherein each of the small bundles is separated from each other, fiber bundles are passed through a heating zone e.g. a hot wind heater to subject to heat treatment at a temperature higher than the melting point of the second composite component but lower than the melting point of the first component and then through a bundle collecting tube such as a metal tube, a glass tube or the like which has a definite configuration of cross-section to collect the bundles while cooling is carried out at the same time and thus they are stabilized in that shape by forming interfiber self-adhesion points by heat melting. When one part of a bundle-collecting tube is kept in the heated state, it is possible to turn the inside of the tube to a heating zone, or it is possible to adhere the outer circumferential surface of the fiber bundles further firmly by melting, but such a heated state of bundle-collecting tube is not always necessary, and by providing a part of tube which is not in the heated state, subsequently to the heating and bundle-collecting part of the tube, it is possible to carry out the function of cooling in addition to shaping. If necessary, it is possible to add solid powder such as activated charcoal, casein powder, silica gel or the like to fiber bundles in advance in order to fix it to the second component at the time of heat treatment. Thus obtained stabilized fiber bundles formed to have a variety of cross-sections can be used as they are or can be incorporated with other fibers to be wrapped with papers to give tobacco filters.
According to the method of the present invention, the stabilization of the constitution of a variety of cross-sections can be carried out only by heat treatment, and even by this stabilization, the fibrous shape is maintained as it is and since the adhesion is made only by point adhesion, the clearances are not clogged. Thus, according to the method of the present invention, it is extremely easy to constitute the cross-section of tobacco filters in a variety of cross-sections and provision of various kinds of tobacco filters improved in the cigarette taste, percentage removal of nicotine and tar, pressure drop, etc. and abundant in the variety thereof can be made. Particularly, such an embodiment as the tobacco filters in which fiber bundles are constituted with small fiber bundle are interesting on account of their special feature. Further since a plug itself maintains its stabilized shape by heat-adhesion, it is economical that the use of plug paper is unnecessary.
When such composite fibers as those in which ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer type polymer, or polyethylene having a lower melting point is used as a composite second component are used, processing is extremely easy on account of relatively low heat-treatment temperature and strong adhesive power.
Hereinafter, specific examples and comparative examples are presented which are by no means intended to limit the scope of claim.
The shaping apparatus of tobacco filters used in example 1˜7 and methods for using it will be described by referring to the attached drawings.
FIG. 1 is the schematic perspective view of the whole shaping apparatus.
FIG. 2 is a cross sectional view of the tobacco filter of example 2.
FIG. 3 is a cross sectional view of the tobacco filter of example 3.
FIG. 4 is a cross sectional view of the exit tube used in the method of example 6.
FIG. 5 is a cross sectonal view of the tobacco filter of example 7.
In FIG. 1, 1 is a trumpet shaped guide; 2 is a group of a number of trumpet shaped guides arranged in circular form; 3 is a trumpet-shaped inlet; 4 is a heating pipe; 5 is an inlet for heating fluid; 6 is an exit for heating fluid; 7 is an exit tube. The group of guides is used to force fibers to take the arrangement at the peripheral part of the cross-section of the filter. The exit tube 7 is freely exchangeagle and those having various kinds of inside diameter and cross-section shape can be provided. When a fiber bundle of various kinds of constitution has an already completed constitution, it enters the trumpet-shaped inlet 3 as it is alone, or when the fiber bundle is to be in the inside of the filter cross-section, it enters the trumpet-shaped inlet 3 while completing the constitution with other fibers by having other fiber bundles 9 having passed through the trumpet-shaped guides 1 disposed, on the peripheral part of the bundle 8, and then it is heated in a heating tube 4 and the diameter and shape are controlled by the exit tube 7 while completing the heat-adhesion at the same time. If necessary, fiber bundles can be subjected to a preliminary shaping at a relatively low temperature before main shaping but in such a case, 2 shaping apparatuses are used in series to effect shaping continuously. After shaping, they are cut, as they are, or after warpped with a plug paper, to a definite length of filter plug. In the following examples, preparation of filter plugs is described at first, and performance test of the filter plugs of each of the examples will be shown in summarized form.
Employing as a first component. a crystalline polypropylene (MFR6), and as a second component, a 1:1 (by weight) mixture (content of vinyl monomer based on the total monomers: 3.54% by mol) of EVA (vinyl acetate content, 7.5% by mol; MI, 20; m.p., 90° C.) with a high pressure process polyethylene, composite spinning was carried out by melting the first component at 300° C. and the second component at 180° C. in side-by-side relationship and in a composite ratio of 50:50. The resulting unstretched filament yarns were stretched to 3 times the original length to obtain composite fibers having a filament fineness of 2 d, and a circumferential ratio of fiber cross section of the second component of 85%. The resulting yarns were cut into staples having a length of 64 mm. The resultant staple fibers in an amount of 50% (this % means % by weight unless otherwise indicated) and acetate staple fibers of 3.5 d×64 mm (cross-section shape: Y type) in an amount of 50% were applied to a woolen spinning machine to obtain woolen-spun yarns of 4 metric count (number of times of twists: 3 times/25 mm). Separately, the above-mentioned staple fibers of composite fibers in an amount of 30% and the above-mentioned acetate staple fibers in an amount of 70% were mixed together and passed through a flat-card to obtain silvers of 3 g/m (weight/unit area=Metsuke). Thirty six ends of the above-mentioned woolen yarns in the state held by the two ends of the above-mentioned silver from both the sides thereof were led to a tobacco filter-shaping apparatus to which an exit tube having a length of 20 mm (this length was hereinafter employed unless otherwise indicated), a circular cross-section and an inner diameter of 7.9 mmφ was attached and , through which they were passed at a rate of 70 m/minute while being heated with heated steam at 130° to effect shaping, followed by paper wrapping by means of a plug machine and cutting to prepare filter plugs. The cross-section of the filters had such a structure that woolen yarns having a comparatively high density were arranged in the state contacting with each other forming a nearly circular shape, and slivers enclosed the yarns with a comparatively rough density, and the whole of the filter was stabilized by the heat adhesion of the composite fibers. The cross-section thereof is shown in FIG. 2.
From composite fibers of Example 1 (but having different length of 15 mm) in an amount of 30% and the acetate fibers (but having different length of 10 mm) of the same Example in an amount of 70% was obtained a wet process non-woven fabric of 70 g/m2 (Metsuke).
Thirty six ends of the woolen yarns of Example 1 were led to the tobacco filter-shaping apparatus, where they were heated with heated steam at 115° C. and preliminarily shaped by means of an exit tube having a circular cross-section and an inner diameter of 5.9 mmφ.
The resulting material was wrapped by the above mentioned wet process non-woven fabric, and again led to the tobacco filter-shaping apparatus, where it was heated with heated steam at 130 °C., and passed through an exit tube having a circular cross-section and an inner diameter of 7.9 mmφ, at a rate of 100m/minute to effect shaping, followed by wrapping with paper and cutting to prepare filter plugs. The cross-section of the filter had a nearly similar structure to that of the product of Example 1. According to this method, it is possible to bring about a variety of tobacco filters by employing non-woven fabrics having various weight per unit area or prepared in various processing manners.
A sliver having 12 g/m (Metsuke) and the same fiber structure as in Example 1 was led to the tobacco filtershaping apparatus to which an exit tube having a circular cross-section and an inner diameter of 6.5 mmφ, where it was preliminarily shaped into a rod form at 115° C. The resulting material was again led to the tobacco filtershaping apparatus, where 20 ends of the woolen yarns of Example 1 were uniformly arranged around the outer peripheral surface of the rod without any clearance, by passing the rod through trumpet-shaped guides and the resulting material was passed, on heating at 130° C., through an exit tube having a circular cross-section and an inner diameter of 7.9 mmφ, at a rate of 70 m/minute to effect shaping, followed by cutting as they are to prepare filter plugs. The cross-section thereof is shown in FIG. 3.
Seven ends of multifilament yarns (2,500 d) of a heatmelt adhesive composite fiber (the first component, polypropylene (MFR 10); the second component, EVA (vinyl content, 15% by mol; MI, 20); composite ratio, 60 (first component): 40 (second component); fineness of 3 d; crimps (spiral), 20 waves/25 mm), and 14 ends of tow (3,000 d) of acetate (15 waves/25 mm), were arranged so as to give a uniform distribution, and while vibration was imparted to each of the mulitifilament yarns or tows in the lateral direction thereof, the fibers of different kinds were blended and collected into bundles, which were then led to the taobacco filter-shaping apparatus, where it was preliminarily shaped into a rod form in the same manner as in Example 3. Except that resultant preliminarily shaped material was substituted for the preliminarily shaped material of slivers, Example 3 was repeated to prepare filter plugs. The cross-sectional structure of the filters was similar to that of the product of Example 3.
Employing as a first component, a crystalline polypropylene (MFR, 7; Q value, 2.6) and as a second component, a saponified EVA (saponification degree, 80%; content of vinyl component, 12.2% by mol; MI, 17; m.p., 105° C.), composite spinning was carried out by melting the former at 300° C. and the latter at 190° C. in a side-by-side manner in a composite ratio of 50:50 to obtain unstretched yarns of two kinds of fineness of 9 d and 4.5 d. The unstretched yarns of 9 d were collected and stretched to two times the original length at room temperature to obtain multifilament yarns (filament fineness, 4.5 d; number of crimps, 38 waves/25 mm; total denier, 990 d). On the other hand, the unstretched yarns of 4.5 d were collected and stretched to 3 times the original length at 80° C. to obtain multifilaments (filament fineness, 1.5 d; number of crimps, 12 waves/25 mm; total denier, 1,100 d). Twenty ends of the above-mentioned multifilament of 1,100 d were led to a tobacco filter-shaping apparatus to which an exit tube having a circular cross-section and an inner diameter of 5.2 mmφ was attached, where they were preliminarily shaped into a rod form at 120° C., and the resulting material was again led to the tobacco filter-shaping apparatus, where 20 ends of the above-mentioned multifilaments yarns of 990 d were uniformly arranged around the outer peripheral surface of the rod by passing them through a guide, and the resulting material was passed through an exit tube having a circular cross-section and an inner diameter of 7.9 mm at a rate of 130 m/minute, on heating at 135° C., to effect shaping, followed by cutting as they are to prepare filter plugs, which had a rough, peripheral part (porosity: 90%) and a dense, inner part (porosity: 86%).
Example 5 was repeated except that the tobacco filter-shaping apparatus to which an exit tube having a cross-section (pitch of threads, about 1 mm; depth, 1 mm; root-to-root diameter, 7.9 mm) as shown in FIG. 4 and a length of 30 mm was attached, was employed, to obtain filter plugs which had a cross-section of zigzag circumference similar to a corrugated type.
Filter plugs were prepared according to the same procedure with that of Example 1 except that an outlet pipe same with that of Example 6 was used. The filter plugs were a unique tobacco filter in the point that the cross-section thereof had, as shown in FIG. 5, a structure of compactness or loosensess same with that of Example 1 and their circumference was similar to that of corrugated type filters.
Compostie fibers (4d; 12 waves/25 mm; circumferential ratio of cross-section of second component, 80%) consisting of a crystalline polypropylene (MFR 6) and a high density polyethylene (MI 20) and arranged in side-by-side manner were cut to a length of 64 mm and applied to a woolen spinning machine to obtain woolen spun yarns (number of times of twists, 3 times/25 mm) of 4 metric count (corresponding to 2,250 denier). A given number of ends of the yarns (30 ends and 40 ends in the order of Examples 8, 9, and 10), each of the yarns being spaced enough to allow the contact with hot air, was passed through a hot air heating machine (length of heating zone: 3 m) maintained at 145° C., at a rate of 20 m/minute. Thereafrter they were collected and drawn in and passed through a glass tube having a trumpet-shaped inlet having a length of 20 cm, followed by collecting into bundles, shaping, paper-wrapping by means of a plug machine and cutting to prepare filter plugs, which had such a cross-section that a large number of woolen yarns having a comparatively dense texture were arrnged in the state contacting with each other and uncontacted parts formed adequately fine clearances which allowed communication in the longitudinal direction of the filters.
The production of the tobacco filters in any of the above-mentioned Examples could be very easily carried out in any of the cases.
The performance test of the tobacco filters obtained in each of the Examples was carried out according to the following method:
A filter plug was cut to a length of 17 mm to obtain filter tips. One of them were bonded to a tobacco portion obtained by removing a filter tip from "hi-lite" (a trade name of a tobacco cigarette made by Japan Tobacco & Salt Public Corporation), and the resulting material was subjected to smoking by means of a constant-flow automatic machine of a stationary flow amount, under the following standard conditions;
Flow amount: 17.5 ml/sec.
Smoking time: 2 sec./one time
Smoking frequency: One time/min.
Smoking length: 50 mm
The percentages removal of nicotine and tar in the smoke were measured by means of a spectrophotometer and Karl Fischer's moisture titration apparatus, respectively. In addition, pressure drop shown in Table 3 is a value expressed in terms of water column, of pressure drop resistance obtained when air of 17.5 ml/sec. was passed through a filter tip alone.
Further, as for the smoking taste, employing a sample filter tobacco obtained by bonding a filter of the present invention to "hi-lite" according to the above-mentioned method, estimation was carried out by a functional inspection panel of 10 persons.
As for the estimation standard, estimation was carried out so as to give five classes which were converted in marks, as shown in Table 1, and the marks of 10 persons were totaled, and the resulting totals were ranked so as to give five grades, which were expressed by symbols, to give the estimation of smoking taste of the filter, as shown in Table 2.
TABLE 1______________________________________Marks Contents of estimation______________________________________5 Considerably better than conventional products4 Better than conventional products3 Same grade with those of conventional products2 Worse than conventional products1 Considerably worse than conventional products______________________________________
TABLE 2______________________________________Total of marks Symbol of estimate ofof 10 persons cigarette taste______________________________________45-50 ⊚30-44 ○25-34 Δ15-24 X14 or less X X______________________________________
The results of the tobacco filter performance tests on the tobacco filters prepared in each of the Examples are shown in Table 3. For comparison, those on a filter on sale made from acetate are also shown.
TABLE 3______________________________________ Percen- tage Pressure removal Cig- drop (mm (%) ar- Weight water nico- ette (g/17 mm) column) tine tar taste______________________________________Example 1 0.218 57 39 48 ⊚Example 2 0.216 60 40 50 ○Example 3 0.200 57 34 42 ⊚Example 4 0.203 56 41 45 ○Example 5 0.115 50 47 55 ⊚Example 6 0.117 49 50 57 ⊚Example 7 0.217 53 44 52 ⊚Example 8 0.154 42 45 48 ⊚Example 9 0.173 60 51 53 ⊚Example 10 0.192 54 49 51 ⊚Comparative example(commercial acetatefilter) 0.123 48 29 36 ○______________________________________
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jul 13, 1951
|Sep 7, 1954
|American Viscose Corp
|Filter cartridge
|Apr 25, 1960
|Aug 11, 1964
|Reeves Bros Inc
|Tobacco smoke filters
|Aug 10, 1962
|Dec 1, 1964
|Lindsay Wire Weaving Co
|Porous fabric or structure and the method of making the same
|Oct 24, 1965
|Jul 23, 1968
|Eastman Kodak Co
|Self-crimping, self-bonding fibrous polyolefin tobacco smoke filter
|Jun 27, 1966
|Jan 26, 1971
|Gillette Co
|Process for the continuous manufacture of porous writing tips
|Mar 13, 1968
|Feb 29, 1972
|Toray Industries
|Method for manufacturing synthetic multicore elements
|Jul 14, 1971
|Nov 20, 1973
|Molins Ltd
|Preparing cigarette filters
|Dec 27, 1977
|Nov 6, 1979
|Chisso Corporation
|Method for producing tobacco filters
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Dec 22, 1983
|Apr 1, 1986
|Shell Oil Company
|Tobacco filters and method for producing same
|Jul 29, 1985
|Sep 6, 1988
|R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company
|Tobacco smoke filters
|May 4, 1990
|Oct 1, 1991
|Hassenboehler Charles B
|Nonwoven filter and method of manufacture
|Dec 1, 1989
|Feb 11, 1992
|Kuraray Company Limited
|Ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer composite fiber and production thereof
|Jan 19, 1993
|Nov 22, 1994
|Philip Morris Incorporated
|Concentric smoking filter having cellulose acetate tow periphery and carbon-particle-loaded web filter core
|May 31, 1995
|May 5, 1998
|Philip Morris Incorporated
|Concentric smoking filter having discrete tow and web filter media
|Dec 31, 1996
|Oct 6, 1998
|Cahill; Scott A.
|Filter with interpenetrating polymer network that biodegrades
|Jun 23, 1998
|Dec 7, 1999
|Cahill; Scott A.
|Method of making a filter with interpenetrating polymer network that biodegrades
|Feb 11, 1999
|Dec 19, 2000
|Clemson University Research Foundation
|Filled cut-resistant fibers
|Apr 3, 1996
|May 15, 2001
|Chisso Corporation
|Microfine fiber product and process for producing the same
|May 31, 2011
|Monroe Elkin
|Mouthguard formed of propylene/alpha-olefin polymer elastomer
|May 27, 2011
|Apr 8, 2014
|Monroe Elkin
|Mouthguard formed of propylene/alpha-olefin polymer elastomer
|Apr 1, 2013
|May 12, 2015
|Celanese Acetate Llc
|Apparatuses, systems, and associated methods for forming porous masses for smoke filter
|Oct 10, 2012
|Sep 1, 2015
|R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company
|Filter material for a filter element of a smoking article, and associated system and method
|Oct 14, 2011
|Sep 22, 2015
|Celanese Acetate Llc
|Apparatuses, systems, and associated methods for forming porous masses for smoke filter
|Apr 1, 2013
|Oct 6, 2015
|Celanese Acetate Llc
|Apparatuses, systems, and associated methods for forming porous masses for smoke filter
|Apr 1, 2013
|Nov 10, 2015
|Celanese Acetate Llc
|Apparatuses, systems, and associated methods for forming porous masses for smoke filter
|Feb 23, 2010
|Jul 5, 2016
|British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited
|Rod for a smoking article and method and apparatus for manufacture
|Apr 11, 2002
|Dec 2, 2004
|Rudiger Dollhopf
|Filter tow
|May 4, 2004
|Jun 16, 2005
|Rhodia Acetow Gmbh
|Filter tow
|May 13, 2005
|Nov 17, 2005
|Monroe Elkin
|Dental appliance and mouthguard formed of polyolefin elastomer
|Feb 23, 2010
|May 10, 2012
|Andy Davis
|Rod for a Smoking Article and Method and Apparatus for Manufacture
|Feb 7, 2013
|Garrett Thomas S
|Apparatuses, Systems, and Associated Methods for Forming Porous Masses for Smoke Filters
|Jul 3, 2012
|Oct 3, 2012
|Slot carding filter stick
|Dec 10, 1987
|Jun 15, 1989
|American Filtrona Corporation
|Ink reservoir having continuous random sliver with stretch yarn
|Jan 26, 2012
|Aug 2, 2012
|R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company
|Polymeric materials derived from tobacco
|Aug 25, 2011
|Oct 18, 2012
|Dare Technology Co., Ltd
|Charcoal-containing polypropylene tow for cigarette and preparation method thereof
|U.S. Classification
|131/332, 131/344, 156/180, 131/340, 493/43
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


text:
Survey Engineering
SGC's survey engineering capabilities include topographic, construction and boundary surveys, GIS design and implementation, including relational database creation. SGC delivers responsive, accurate,…Read more
Oil & Gas Pipeline
SGC offers a full range of services to address the wide range of client needs in the pipeline industry, including…Read more
GIS\Data Management
SGC provides a proven, client centric approach to GIS and data management needs through our solutions-based GIS support services. SGC's…Read more
Electric Utilities
SGC offers expertise in the planning and design of high-voltage electrical transmission lines, substations and associated electrical distribution facilities. We understand…Read more
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SGC offers expertise in the planning and design of wind, tidal, and hydro power projects. Applying our extensive electrical engineering expertise, we…Read more
Civil Engineering
Civil engineering services at SGC span a wide range of activities and have a vital and integral role in most site…Read more
Recent Work
On Saturday, May 14th, 2016, SGC's Gary Volta was inducted into the University of Maine's Francis Crowe Society (FCS) as a Distinguished Member. Each year, the Francis Crowe Society recognizes an individual who has made major contributions to advancing the art, science or practice of engineering. Gary was recognized for the significant contributions that he has made to the Survey Engineering and GIS fields. Other members of the FCS from SGC include Timothy Patch (2010), Scot Macdonald (2013), and Shawn St. Jean (2015). For more information on the Francis Crowe Society, please visit: https://engineering.umaine.edu/fcs/
In response to increasing project work in the Southeastern region of the US, SGC has set up office locations in Atlanta, GA and Beaufort, SC. In addition to supporting its large pipeline projects from these office locations, SGC is providing survey services to the commercial and residential marketplace including boundary surveys, subdivisions, utility, ALTA and as-built surveys. This regional footprint allows SGC to be responsive to local needs.


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Sounds Like:
Depeche Mode, New Order, The Vaselines, The Velvet Underground, Madness
One man band.
No genre can be attributed.
Message me with questions, comments, or loving notes.
Fletcher Gallawa
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Gov. Terry Branstad said Monday that state officials need to remain vigilant in their defense of modern agriculture, but he believes there is room for farmers and citizens to co-exist.
"We want to grow the economy and good jobs throughout the State of Iowa. We need to be careful about these outside groups that have little knowledge of agriculture leveling attacks against an important economic driver of our state's economy," Branstad said.
The Republican governor, who grew up on a farm in northern Iowa, was asked at his weekly news briefing about increasing reports of conflicts between Iowa hog farmers and suburban residents, and a push in Missouri for a state constitutional amendment allowing a "right to farm."
Branstad said he wasn't familiar with the Missouri proposal, but he added that he is concerned about attacks on agriculture. He also noted that Iowa is cooperating with the Missouri attorney general and several other states to protect Iowa's egg industry.
Missouri has launched a court challenge against a California egg law regulating the living conditions of chickens. Missouri officials say many of the state's hens are raised in tight cages and that compliance with the legislation would require farmers to spend $120 million to remodel their facilities or to quit selling eggs to California.
California, Branstad said, is acting "in clear violation" of the Interstate Commerce Clause of the U.S. Constitution, which gives Congress exclusive power over trade activities among the states and with foreign countries and Indian tribes.
Another example, Branstad said, is attacks on lean, finely textured beef, which he described as a "smear campaign" not based on facts. The product, which was described by critics as "pink slime," was the subject of news reports two years ago that resulted in a public backlash against it. However, the product – which is made of beef trimmings treated with ammonia – has been making a comeback as beef prices have been soaring.
Branstad also cited attacks against genetically modified food and other modern agriculture, including the ethanol industry, which he said is opposed by the petroleum producing interests.
The governor noted that Iowa lawmakers acted in 2012 to approve legislation, which he signed, that creates the crime of "agricultural production facility fraud". A person is guilty of this crime if, for example, he or she obtains a job at a farm or other agricultural production facility"by making a false statement or representation with the intent to "commit an act not authorized by the owner." Critics have said the legislation is aimed at blocking investigations of animal abuse at large-scale animal production facilities.
"Iowa is an agricultural state and we see a threat to agriculture and I intend to defend it -- as I have the Renewable Fuels Standard; as I have lean finely textured beef," Branstad said. " We want to work with agriculture but we also want to work with our citizens to makes sure that our methods of production are safe; that we protect the environment and quality of life for our citizens who live in rural Iowa as well."
Branstad is opposed in November's general election by state Sen. Jack Hatch, D-Des Moines, whose campaign declined to comment on Monday.


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data posting themes into wordpress -
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Small synth sounds, similar to those produced by r2d2 in the star wars saga. Federico Manuti
A talking or at least communicating robot. But a very cheap one.
Roaring robot, think Chewbacca crossed with R2D2 :-) A request … http://www.freesound.org/forum/viewtopic.php?p=24316#24316
an emulation of R2D2 speaking. From a roland Juno 6 analogue synth. all oscillators switched off, I'm just playing back ...
This sound is part of a fx mini pack of 35 sounds
I don't remember what I did to make this thump
A distorted bang made in Logic using compressors and orchestral instruments.
The sound of a Canon EF camera lens with autofocus turned on, being turned. It sounds like mechanics.
A USB robotic arm moving
Several sounds edited together into that of a door opening or closing. Sources: http://www.freesound.org/people/swelk/sounds/12906/ http://www.freesound.org/people/swelk/sounds/12907/ http://www.freesound.org/people/Sruddi1/sounds/34880/ http://www.freesound.org/people/ReWired/sounds/48693/ http://www.freesound.org/people/daveincamas/sounds/25709/
Several sounds edited together into that of a door opening or closing. Sources: http://www.freesound.org/people/Sruddi1/sounds/34880/ http://www.freesound.org/people/swelk/sounds/12907/ http://www.freesound.org/people/swelk/sounds/12906/
Mix of several sources to create the sound of an electric door closing and latching. Sources: http://www.freesound.org/people/hanstimm/sounds/6900/ http://www.freesound.org/people/jenc/sounds/523/ http://www.freesound.org/people/swelk/sounds/12907/
An office chair being lowered. Recorded with an AT4021 into a modified Marantz PMD661.
This is a bullet impacting into dirt/rocks. made by hitting an axe into dirt and rocks. LOL part of a ...


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Crazy Substitute Teachers
Enjoy, NG4.03 / 5.00 2,656 Views
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This dude and his Megazord vacuum cleaner4.01 / 5.00 2,915 Views
Markiplier Animated | Mark Of The Survey Corps
This took far too long to make...3.96 / 5.00 7,590 Views
Yes.....Nyan cat does that to you....
its a fluid flash, random scenes that confuse you and leaves you psychologically damaged at the end........ AWESOME FLASH!, keep on rocking !
some efects of the 24 hrs nyan i think
Nyan Dialation
A most impressive combatting of the omnipotency of NYANNYANNYANNYANNYANNYANNYANNYANNYANN YANNYANNYANNYANNYANNYANNYANNYANNYANNY ANNYANNYANNYANNYANNYANNYANNYANNYANNYA N!!!! Anywho, loved the the Max Status RPG Octogas and the tipping point of the Cenbytic puzzle box! Though, I do wonder the level of time dialation experience by a NYANNER and how comparable it is to the twin singularity rotation of the black holes at the center of Galaxy M83? Wonders never cease; just like NYAN! OCTBURAMENER!!
I just.... I don't know. high five.
It just is


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Kenny Chesney's Headed to Country Jam Colorado in 2017
The biggest country touring artist on the planet will be coming to western Colorado in 2017. Kenny Chesney has just been announced as the headliner for Country Jam in Grand Junction, Colo.
The biggest country touring artist on the planet will be coming to western Colorado in 2017. Kenny Chesney has just been announced as the headliner for Country Jam in Grand Junction, Colo.
Old Dominion are currently spending their summer on the road with Kenny Chesney on his Spread the Love Tour. So what do Chesney fans not know about him?
Two dozen country artists played to more than 50,000 country-loving fans during the three-day Taste of Country Music Festival over the weekend weekend.
Kenny Chesney was one of the most-anticipated acts on the entire bill at the 2016 Taste of Country Music Festival, and he didn't disappoint his legions of fans one bit.
Kenny Chesney is one of country's brightest stars, but before he went on to tour the world and sell millions of records, he had to get a day job. And that day job took a nosedive because of a pesky clown.
During a stop at AT&T Stadium in Arlington, Texas over the weekend for his Spread the Love Tour, Chesney brought Lambert out to share the stage for a cover of George Strait's "The Fireman."
The Boot's readers voted Kenny Chesney Live Act of the Year in the 2016 Golden Boot Awards.
More than 46,000 fans filled the AT&T Stadium in Arlington, Texas, on Saturday night (June 4) to see Kenny Chesney live in concert — including Randy Travis.
Country music is known for its ability to create some outstanding songs about America. From patriotic anthems to protest tunes, country artists know how to sing about their home sweet home.
Kenny Chesney usually plays the biggest concert venues in the world, but a lucky group of fans got to see him up close and personal during a gig at the legendary Stone Pony in Asbury Park, N.J.
Kenny Chesney sits at No. 2 on Billboard's list of the year's highest-paid musicians.
Kenny Chesney has released the music video for his song "Noise."


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Take a look back at what our ESPN.com college football experts had to say as they examined the top 25, the Heisman darkhorses, conference power rankings and what to watch this opening weekend of college football.
Derek Mason has a Vandy team talking winning, not building
3hEdward Aschoff
Scout's Take: ATH Tray Bishop to Auburn
3hTom Luginbill
Scout's Take: CB Kary Vincent to LSU
5hBilly Tucker
For Arkansas DL Deatrich Wise, third down is his 'time to shine'
5hGreg Ostendorf
The biggest trending teams in summer recruiting
8hRecruitingNation staff
Gators land ESPN 300 running back Adarius Lemons
1dDerek Tyson
Auburn DE Carl Lawson 'smarter' about offseason approach
3dGreg Ostendorf
No. 4 among SEC running backs in popularity, No. 1 at being overlooked
4dAlex Scarborough
Another year, another slow-developing Alabama QB battle
5dAlex Scarborough


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Comments Thread For: Adonis Stevenson vs. Boone Early Fight Results
In the broadcast opener on WealthTV, bantamweight prospect Marc Pagcaliwangan defeated Jose Adan Fernandez when Fernandez quit after the first round due to what looked to be a hurt right hand.
Fernandez appeared to suffer the injury after landing a right hook on Pagcaliwangan, wincing on more than one occasion throughout the remainder of the stanza. Sure enough, Fernandez opted to call it a night once he made it back to his corner.
Pagcaliwangan, 22, of London, Ontario, is now 4-0 (4 KOs). Fernandez, 21, of the Dominican Republic, suffered his first pro defeat and is now 2-1 (zero KOs). [Click Here To Read More]
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Quoted: 3 Post(s)
Rep Power: 25
Points: 415,882.33
Bank: 26,954,749,969,594.72
Total Points: 26,954,750,385,477.05
I hope Stevenson gets sparked the **** out.
Undisputed Champion
Join Date: Apr 2011
Location: Streets of Pyongyang
Age: 23
Posts: 2,306
Quoted: 21 Post(s)
Rep Power: 14
Points: 5,064,069.06
Bank: 0.00
Total Points: 5,064,069.06
Good for him. Big fan of Adonis. He has some serious power but it's probably too late for him to be a real success.
Cuckmaster General
Join Date: Nov 2009
Posts: 20,266
Quoted: 1033 Post(s)
Rep Power: 115
Points: 388,953.89
Bank: 6,597,075,100,909,911,040.00
Total Points: 6,597,075,100,910,301,184.00
I ho0e Stevenson gets seriously damaged in the ring.
Join Date: Oct 2012
Posts: 173
Quoted: 0 Post(s)
Rep Power: 4
Points: 3,509.37
Bank: 0.00
Total Points: 3,509.37
Good start for Fury hope it continues and he becomes a force in the division
Undisputed Champion
Join Date: Nov 2007
Posts: 12,246
Quoted: 611 Post(s)
Rep Power: 39
Points: 1,005,201,508.02
Bank: 0.00
Total Points: 1,005,201,508.02
Undisputed Champion
Join Date: Nov 2008
Posts: 5,017
Quoted: 6 Post(s)
Rep Power: 22
Points: 90,354,519.77
Bank: 0.00
Total Points: 90,354,519.77
don't go far and be blind for the bad stuff your country men are guilty of
Undisputed Champion
Join Date: Nov 2007
Posts: 12,246
Quoted: 611 Post(s)
Rep Power: 39
Points: 1,005,201,508.02
Bank: 0.00
Total Points: 1,005,201,508.02
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