text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Publication date
|Oct 24, 1939
|Filing date
|Sep 21, 1938
|Priority date
|Sep 21, 1938
|Publication number
|William M Frame
|Original Assignee
|Nat Supply Co
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Referenced by (36), Classifications (11)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
0.24,'1939. w. M. FRAME 2,177,100
LEAK-RES ISTING PIPE THREAD Filed Sept. 21, 1938 2 Sheets-Sheet 1 w n/565; I INVENTOR.
' BY ,(vMM
Patented Oct. 24, 1939 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE LEAK-RESISTING PIPE THREAD Application September 21, 1938, Serial No. 230,968
4 Claims (01. 285-146) This invention relates to leak-resisting and I leak-proof threads, and more particularly is concerned with leak-resisting threads in pipe and oil well casing and tubing joints.
5 The usual type of thread forvconnecting pipe,
. and particularly oil well casing, has been a Briggs or V-thread having flanks positioned substantially at 60 to the axis of the joints and with the crests and roots of the thread being slightly n truncated. This type of thread even when carefully machined to close tolerances is open to the objection that it often leaks under high internal gas pressure. I have found that this leakage occurs as cross leakage rather than helical leakage. In other words, the fiuid leaks across the threads passing from root to crest to root and does not follow the much longer path of the thread helix,
Another objection to the V or Briggs type of thread is that it tends to wedge apart under heavy tensional loads. The considerably inclined flanks of the thread are positioned at an angle greater than the frictional angle or angle of repose so that the threads act as wedges or inclined planes under a heavy pull. This wedging or inclined plane action acts-to expand the coupling or female pipe end and contract the male pipe end until-the threaded ends are forced apart.
radially a sufiicient distance for pull-out to occur. On some sizes failure occurs at tensional loads which arr ,quite low with respect to the loads that wou cause failure of the section .at the roots of the threads.
To obtain high thread strength in tension with 5 out having to use excessively large sections at the thread roots it is quite desirable to use an Acme or a modified Acme type of thread. A modified Acme-type thread can be satisfactorily cut with modern threading taps and dies with flank angles 40 as low as 6 on a side, which is well below the frictional angle, 1. e., lies well within the angle of repose. However, an Acme-type or a modified Acme-type thread has not been used for pipe joints where high fiuid pressures have been involved because it has not been considered practical to obtain a sufficiently accurate thread form to prevent leakage. There are four different surfaces to an Acme thread and only two to a Briggs or V-thread. It has been considered more '50 diflicult to fit these four surfacesjsogether in a mating thread than the two surfaces of a V- thread. Even with accurate well fitting threads of the Acme type or a modification thereof it is very difiicult to prevent leakage asactual tests 65 will prove.
It is the-general object of my invention to avoid and overcome the foregoing and other difiiculties of known thread forms by the provision of a thread particularly adapted to. withstand tensile pull which at the same time mide s a veryex- 5 7 cellentsealfor fluid pressures,
Another object of my invention is the provision of a modified Acme or square type thread having flank angles well within the angle of repose, and wherein the thread form is particularly con- 10 structed to resist cross leakage, and in which the long helical path of possible leakage is sealed with a suitable thread lubricant.
Another object of my invention is to provide a thread form particularly adapted to connect oil 15 well casing or other pipe joints and in which each individual thread is provided with a plurality of line seals with the adjacent thread, the line seals extending coincident with the surface of the thread and helically of the joint so that any pos- 20 sible leakage through the thread must take a relatively long path helically of the thread.
Another object of my invention is the provision of a thread for connecting pipe or like tubular members together in which the roots or other 215' surfaces of the threads are provided with a plurality of raised ribs which are adapted to engage f with opposed fiat surfaces on mating threads to thereby'form a plurality of line "seals between each pair of mating threads. L 80 The foregoing and other objects of my invention are achieved by the provision of a leakproof thread for threaded pipe joints or the like which comprises a threaded female member, a complementary threaded male member engaging $5 in threaded relation with the female member, means providing a plurality of helically extending line seals between each of the mating threads of the members, and a lubricant between the threads.
More particularly, in accordance with the present invention, I provide an oil well casing or tubing joint comprising complementary male and female end portions both of which may be upset but which may also comprise one plain end and 45 one upset or belled end. Complementary helical threads are provided on the male and female end portions, and a plurality of helically extending raised ribs are formed on each root surface of the threads of the male and female end portions, the plurality of raised ribs on each root surface being defined cross sectionally by a relatively sharp radius whereby a plurality of line seals are provided between the raised ribs on each root surface and the opposed substantially fiat surface 35 formed with a tapered female portion l4. Re-
of each thread crest. The line seals extend helicallythrough the joint, and a lubricant is provided in the joint to close the long helical path of possible leakage.
For a better understanding of my invention reference should be had to the accompanying drawings wherein Fig. 1 is a side elevation partly in cross section of an oil well casing joint embodying the principle of my invention; Fig. 2 is an enlarged cross sectional view through the mating threads shown in Fig. l; and Figs. 3 to 7 are views similar to Fig. 2 but are of modifications of the threaded structure shown in Fig. 2.
While the principles of my invention broadly 5 are applicable to the construction, of any leakpressures without leakag' or collapse. Therefore,
since my invention is not only particularly adapted for use in conjunction with oil well casing, but
. also because such use represents the most severe conditions of which I am aware, I have particularly illustrated and will describe my invention in conjunction with oil well casing.
Having particular reference to Fig. 1, the numoral It) indicates a length of oil well casing which has been belled,asat l2, at one end and ceived in the female portion M is a tapered male end l6 which is formed on the plain end of another length of oil well casing 20. The female end It and the male end l6 are provided with complementary interengaging threads which have been indicated by the numerals 22 on the female member and 24 on the male member, respectively. It should be noted here that in making my improved joint one or both of the pipe ends may be upset or one end left plain and the other belled, as specifically illustrated. The thread form shown generally irnEig l and more specifically in Figs. 2 to 5, is a modified Acme-type of thread.
In an Acme thread the included flank angle is 29, whereas in my improved thread the included flank angle is usually between about 8 and about and preferably is about 12. Also the height of my improved thread is much less than that of an Acme thread.
Now having reference to Fig. 2, which illustrates the form of the threads of Fig. 1 but in greater detail, it will be seen that in accordance with my invention 1 have formed the roots of both the threads 22 and 24 with a, plurality of raised ribs, indicated at 26. The raised ribs 26 on each root surface extend helically of the thread in spaced relation to each other and to the flanks of the threads so that the raised ribs thereby form a plurality of line seals with the opposed fiat surfaces ofthe crests of the threads 22 and 24. The line seals formed by the ribs 26 extend helically through the joint over the length of perfect thread engagement therein, and I have found eliminate cross leakage from crest to root to crest of the threads. Instead, the only possible path of leakage is'helically of the threaded joint and the relatively small space for helical leakage is readily filled by the use, of any of a plurality of the usual lubricants used in forming ing the makeup of the joint.
up a joint. Thus,,it will be understood that in making up a joint, such as shown in Fig. 1, any of the common zinc-base thread lubricants, indicated by the numeral 28, is positioned between the threads and this lubricant effectively and positively closes the joint against any possible helical leakage. These lubricants are well known in the oil well casing art and comprise a grease into which finely powdered zinc up to and. over per cent by weight is mixed. Although lubricants of the. stated type have been found particularly satisfactory for use with my improved thread, it should be understood that I may use other lubricants and retain many of the advantages of my invention.
In the construction of a thread form such as shown in Fig. 2 some tolerance must be permitted on thread height. Thus, if the nominal thread height dimensions ofthe thread shown in Fig. 2 are the same for both mating threads, then first contact may occur-either between the rootsof the male and the crests of the female, as shown, or it may occur between the crests of the male and the roots of the female. In either case the high contact pressure between the crests and the roots during the makeup of the joint deforms the relatively narrow surfaces of the ribs 26 so that the clearance is reduced between the crests and roots that do not make first contact. In other words, the height of one thread is adjusted or altered during the makeup of the joint to more nearly conform to that of the other thread. Cross sectionally the ribs 26 aredefined by curves of relatively small radius so that the ribs are quite narrow. Because they are narrow they can be deformed elastically and also plastically during the makeup of the joint to achieve the action just described. Moreover,-the space between the ribs 26 and the clearance between the flanks of the threads, as shown, provide spaces into which dirt or other foreign matter can be forced during the makeup of the joint so that galling of the joint is thereby reduced. Likewise, these same clearances provide. for the elastic, and in some cases the plastic, deformation of the ribs 26 dur- It should be understood that the particular cross sectional contour of the ribs 26 can be varied within relatively wide limits without departing from the spirit of my invention. Thus, the ribs 26 need not be defined by smoothly curved surfaces struck on short radii but instead may bethe result merely of nicks or notches in the thread-cutting tool. Furthermore, the ribs 26 may be of triangular shape rather than curved so long as a plurality of line or point contacts are provided between each thread root and complementary thread crests. Incidentally, the thread crests need not be flat in all cases but need only be comple entary to the surface of the ribs 26 with which they seal.
In the form of my invention shown in Fig. 3, the flanks of the female threads 22a are formed with a plurality of ribs26a which engage with the opposed flat flank surfaces of the threads 24a of the male member. Again in Fig. 4 I- have shown the female thread 221) as'belng formed with ribs 26b on both flank surfaces. It should be understood in conjunction with the form of my invention shown in Figs. 3 and 4 that I provide joint lubricants 28a and 28b and that'I may form the ribs 26a and 26b on the male threads instead of on the female threads or part/on one in which thefemale threads 220 are formed with ribs 260 on their root and one flank surface, all of which engage with opposed flat or substantially flat surfaces on the male thread 240. Joint lubricant is shown at 280. In this embodiment of my invention the ribs 280 may be formed on the male threads instead of the female, as will be evident.
While my invention is best adapted to a modified Acme or square-type thread as heretofore explained, I may also employ it in conjunction with a Briggs or V-type thread, as shown in Fig. 6. In this figure of the drawings the female thread 22d is formed with a plurality of ribs 26d on one flank surface which engage in the makeup of the joint with the opposed fiat face on the male thread 24d of the joint. In Fig. 7 I have shown still another modification of the thread form shown in Fig. 6. In Fig. 7 the female thread Me has been formed with a plurality of ribs 26c on both flank surfaces which engage with opposed flat-or substantially fiat surfaces on male threads 24c. Instead of putting the ribs 26d or 26c on the female. threads they may be placed on the male threads or on both the male and female as will be recognized bythoseskilled in the art when practicing my invention. Joint also to Figs. 3 to 7. All of the joints shown in the last-mentioned. figures are usually .made up with any of the standard thread lubricants and achieve a sealing action by preventing crossleakage of the threads and confining any possible leakage to a relatively long helicalpath which is readily sealed by the usual lubricant.
. hl rg miheeforego ing it will be recognized that the objects of my inventiofiave'been'achieved;
by the provision of an improved thread form particularly adapted to connect oil well casing or other pipe joints and which is leakproof even under high internal or external pressures, and in 1 which the strength of the joint in tensile pull is relatively high. The principles of my invention can be applied to substantially any type of thread 55 form and'is subject to considerable modification,
at least certain examples of which have been illustrated. It will be recognized, further, that. while I have explained my invention in conjunced joint can be made up repeatedly and to full sealing position without sailing of the thread for the reason that clearance spaces are provided between the sealing surfaces into which foreign matter, and even the metal of the threads, can be forced.
While in accordance with the patent statutes I have particularly illustrated and described my invention, it should be appreciated that my invention is not limited thereto or thereby but is defined in the appended claims.
I claim: a
l. A leakproof thread for threaded pipe joints or the like, comprising a threaded female member, a complementary threaded male member engaging in threaded relation with the female member.
and means providing a plurality of helically extending'line seals between substantially each of the mating threads of the members.
2. An oil well casing or tubing joint comprising complementary male and female end portions, the male end being plain and the female end being belled, complementary modified Acme-type helical-threads on the male and female end portions', a plurality of helicallyextending raised ribs on each root surface of the threads of themale and female end portions, said plurality of raised ribs on each root surface each being defined cross sectionally by a relatively sharp radius whereby lubricant is shown at 28d and 28e in Figs. 6 and '7,
a pluRlity of line seals are provided between the raised ribs on' each root surface and the opposed substantially flat surface of'each thread crest which line seals extend helically through the joint, and a grease and powdered metal lubricant in the joint and closing the long helical path of possible leakage.
, 3. An oil well casing 'or tubing joint comprising complementary male and female members, complementary modified 'Acme-type helical threads on the male and female members. having an included flank angle of between about 8 and about 20, a helically extending raised rib on each root surface of the threads of the male and female members, said raised rib on each root surface being defined cross sectionally by a radius less than the height of the thread whereby a relatively narrow line seal is provided between the raised rib on each root surface and the opposed substantially flat surface of each thread crestwhich" line seal extends helically through the joint, and a lubricant in the joint and 0W the long helical path of possible leakage.
4. An oil well casing joint comprising complementary male and female members, complemen tary helical threads on the male and female members, and a helically extending raised rib on one surface of substantially each thread convolution of the male and female members, said raised rib being cross sectionally considerably narrower than the thread surface on which it is formed whereby a line seal is provided between the raised rib and the opposed substantially flat surface of each thread convolution which line seal extends helically through the joint.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Apr 15, 1950
|Apr 10, 1956
|Kenneth L Johnson
|Thread root elastic lock means
|Apr 22, 1952
|Nov 27, 1956
|United States Steel Corp
|Sealed threaded pipe joint
|Sep 30, 1952
|Apr 9, 1957
|Joseph Rosan
|Method of converting standard threads into locking threads
|Oct 6, 1952
|Apr 9, 1957
|Rosan Joseph
|Conventional truncated screw threads with small locking thread bonded therebetween
|Dec 15, 1952
|Apr 9, 1957
|Rosan Joseph
|Screw thread construction comprising conventional truncated threads with integral locking thread interposed therebetween
|Nov 1, 1954
|Mar 18, 1958
|Republic Steel Corp
|Sealing compound holding pipe thread
|Apr 5, 1954
|Feb 17, 1959
|Lock Thread Corp
|Screw with cutter to change female thread shape
|Aug 9, 1965
|Nov 28, 1967
|Drilco Oil Tools Inc
|Threaded connections
|Nov 8, 1985
|Nov 3, 1987
|Hydril Company
|Threaded pipe connection having wedge threads
|Feb 10, 1986
|Nov 3, 1987
|Hydril Company
|Threaded pipe connection with compressible seal ring
|Sep 12, 1986
|May 9, 1989
|Threaded joint for steel pipes containing a sealing device located at the level of the threading
|Dec 5, 1986
|May 9, 1989
|Steel tube threaded joint having an impervious device at the level of the threading
|Mar 1, 1984
|Jul 11, 1989
|George B. Geary
|Casing connector
|Dec 29, 1988
|Jan 29, 1991
|Cartensen Kenneth J
|Threaded tubing and casing joint
|Mar 13, 1992
|Oct 25, 1994
|Nkk Corporation
|Buttress-threaded tubular connection
|Apr 20, 1992
|Nov 1, 1994
|Antares Marketing, S.A.
|Threaded tubular connection
|Feb 6, 1998
|Apr 18, 2000
|Hydril Company
|Stress reduction groove for tubular connection
|Jan 2, 2003
|Jun 14, 2005
|Grant Prideco, L.P.
|Pressure relieved thread connection
|Jan 3, 2005
|Apr 1, 2008
|Grant Prideco, L.P.
|Pressure relieved thread connection
|Dec 30, 2004
|Dec 2, 2008
|Hydril Company
|Threads with perturbations
|May 23, 2007
|Oct 12, 2010
|Hydril Company Lp
|Threads with perturbations
|Nov 9, 2010
|Hydril Company Lp
|Threaded connection with wedge segments
|Dec 21, 2006
|Mar 11, 2014
|Hydril Company
|Threaded connection with perturbed flanks
|Sep 22, 2011
|Jun 23, 2015
|Tianjin Pipe (Group) Corporation
|Threaded connector
|Jan 2, 2003
|Jul 8, 2004
|Delange Richard W.
|Pressure relieved thread connection
|Dec 30, 2004
|Jul 6, 2006
|Reynolds Harris A Jr
|Threads with perturbations
|Feb 23, 2007
|Jun 14, 2007
|Reynolds Harris A Jr
|Threaded connection with wedge segments
|Dec 21, 2006
|Jul 12, 2007
|Hydril Company Lp
|Threaded connection with perturbed flanks
|May 23, 2007
|Sep 20, 2007
|Reynolds Harris A Jr
|Threads with perturbations
|Jan 19, 2012
|Tianjin Pipe (Group) Corporation
|Threaded connector
|Feb 8, 2012
|Aug 16, 2012
|Gebr. Brasseler Gmbh & Co. Kg
|Dental instrument
|Apr 16, 1992
|Dec 7, 1993
|The Hydril Company
|Tubular connection
|Dec 8, 1994
|Jun 15, 1995
|John Dawson Watts
|High-strength, low-torque threaded tubular connection
|May 20, 1998
|Nov 26, 1998
|Hydril Company
|Stress reduction groove for tubular connection
|Dec 15, 2003
|Jul 22, 2004
|Grant Prideco, L.P.
|Pressure relieved thread connection
|Dec 15, 2003
|Oct 21, 2004
|Grant Prideco Lp
|Pressure relieved thread connection
|U.S. Classification
|285/334, 411/938
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


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43 reviews | 4.7 out of 5
I am the owner of a Panasonic TC-L37X2 and I love it. I've had it for about 3 or 4 years now and I haven't had a problem with the TV. The colors are just as good as they were when we bought the TV. The sound is very good for this type of TV. It was very easy to set up and connect to cable/DVD players/etc. Although it's a little on the bulker side, it's a good TV for anyone who wants a TV that can last a long time and has good colors. If you are an intense movie goer or gamer, this may not be the TV but if you just want a good TV to watch TV, then this is a great pick!
I thought I thoroughly read the features of this tv before purchasing but it came as quite a surprise there is no on/off switch or volume control on the actual tv! I myself am not a lover of remotes, partly because someone in this family if always misplacing it and I need the ability to use it without the search party and partly because I grew up in the 80s when we actually got off our ... to get up and change the tv so I am not happy it did not come with this feature. I was willing to keep it because my husbad did not want to go through the return hassle. Now he is also not enthused about the picuture and color quality despite several attempts to tweak it. I had done my homework a little about the pixels and what I read stated that the size and specs of this tv should have delivered decent family tv quality ( I wasn't looking for the best, just decent) Just looking for the best I could get for the price. Turns out the information did not pan out on this one.
Watching tv could not be more enjoyable! I love my new Viera and its features.
Needed a new TV with specific measurements to fit into an existing wall unit that was 37 inches wide and this fit the bill........great that it is Panasonic as my last TV that this replaces was the same brand and lasted over 15 yrs! I had it delivered to my home for an extremely reasonable charge......it was delivered only a few days after placing the order and arrived in excellent condition. The TV was extremely easy to attach to the base and easy to connect and use (I am 65 and had no problem with it). The picture and sound is fabulous. Does everything I need and more! Fantastic value for this size and quality product.
Would recommend to anyone!
I bought this TV for 2 weeks ago and I'm very satisfied. It is used for TV only. And it looks great with DISH NETWORK HD, using HDMI. I couldn't beat the price. After a lot of shopping around, I decided on this one. The best 37" for $429 out there. Very easy setup too. The remote is very basic and easy to use as well.
This is my very first flat screen HDTV and I am very happy with everything. The picture is awesome, the iPod dock is incredibly useful and it was easy to set up. I love it! I'm a big Apple/music person and the iPod dock was the big buying point for me. I'm very satisfied with the TV.
I like Panasonic TVs so when my Toshiba 27" TV started not to power on occasionally I decided to buy another Panasonic. I like the TV very much and the size is perfect for my bedroom. It took a little adjusting to get the picture quality the way I want it (I have it set on Vivid) but everything is fine. This is my first LCD TV. I like using the iPod Dock because it charges my iTouch even when the TV is off and I can watch videos and music stored on my iTouch on the TV. Only music and video can be used on the TV with an iTouch. I also purchased a 10' and 15' HDMI cable from Wal-Mart to use with my Roku and Dell laptop and it all works beautifully. I can lay in my bed and use the laptop and the TV is a big monitor.
Avoid Panasonic products at all costs. Initially their products appear nice, but after time you will regret your purchase! I have now had two Panasonic products TV and DVD player, which had known manufacture issues. Turns out that Panasonic would fix them, but then decided to stop repairing them at no charge. As they put it, "We no longer can accommodate the repair". Basically, they tell you that it is up to the consumer to fix "their defect". Which BTW cost more than the units are worth. Buyer beware!
We were looking to upgrade from the old tube TV! And not wanting to spend a fortune on a new one! We are very pleased with the quality and look of this TV! Panasonic knows how to make a great TV! The sound is not as good as our old TV but we are going to connect the new TV to a couple speakers and we should be good to go!
This tv was very afforadable compared to oher tv's of this size sold at other stores. It was easy to set up. It has great picture quality, and I dont even pay for HD cable service. I love the iPod feature as well as the photo card feature. I definately would suggest this tv to friend and family.
Along with the amazing picture quality I was blown away by the sound that comes from this set. I have two other LCD TV by other manufacturers and have to enhance the sound through a seperate sound system just to hear movies the way I want; but not with the Panasonic Viera 37" LCD
I owned a 32 inch Viera Panasonic TV but wanted a slightly larger screen. This 37 inch TV is great. I have no cable or dish but use a HD antennae. Reception is very good. This TV is a wonderful bargain in many ways. And I love Walmart!
The best 37 inch t.v. for the price. Picture quality rates as good as the best rated brands that I have seen.Very easy to set up and operate. User friendly remote. Only negative comment would be no ear phone jack.
I was looking for a flat screen that would fit in my armoire and the 37" was the largest. I purchased this one because of its high rating and great reviews. I am not disappointed!
This flat panel is great. It has a universal dock for my iPod, and the look that's sure to stand out; not to mention its picure quality which is superb!
This TV is featuers galore! SD card slot, iPod dock to name a couple. I am so very happy with the quality of its picture and sound as well.
I have had 3 of these sets for almost 5 years. It is rare when one is not running in my house. Picture and sound quality is great.
I shopped around for a 37" and finally found this one. It works great and the price was real good. I'm very happy with this TV
Jet black frame around this beautiful LCD panel that has qualityb picture. The pix are so clear and colors are so sharp!
A wonderful addition to my just remodeled spare bed room. The qulality of picture and sound are way above average!


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text:
Crytek GmbHEnvision. Enable. Achieve.
- Computer Games, Software Development
- 501-1,000 employees
- Private
- Founded 1999
Who we are
Crytek GmbH ("Crytek") is an independent company at the forefront of the interactive entertainment industry, and is dedicated to pushing the boundaries of gaming by creating standout experiences for consoles, PC, mobile devices and games-as-service using their cutting-edge 3D-Game-Technology, CRYENGINE®.
The company's headquarters are in Frankfurt am Main (Germany). Crytek also has studios in Kiev (Ukraine), Budapest (Hungary), Sofia (Bulgaria), Seoul (South Korea), Shanghai (China) and Istanbul (Turkey).
Since its foundation in 1999, Crytek has consistently been recognized for excellence in its field, earning accolades such as the 2011 Develop Award for Best Independent Studio, and two Red Dot Design Awards (in 2010 and 2013). Its multi-award winning games include Far Cry®, Crysis® (awarded best PC Game of E3 2007 and Best Technology at the 2008 Game Developers Choice Awards), Crysis Warhead® (awarded Best Graphics Technology at IGN Best of 2008 Awards), Crysis® 2 (awarded Best Shooter of E3 2010 and Gamescom 2010), Crysis® 3 and Warface (awarded Best Social/Casual/Online Game of Gamescom 2012).
Be a part of the team
Every great team needs great players. At Crytek we have star performers sitting at each desk, working together for true success. And we're always on the lookout for the very best talent in the industry. So if you want to share the passion, excitement and enthusiasm that we feel for creating great games, we might have a job for you.
What we do
Since our establishment in 1999, we have consistently been recognized for our work – earning accolades such as the 2011 Develop Award for Best Independent Studio and a 2010 Red Dot Design Award. Our award-winning games include Far Cry, Fibble – Flick 'n' Roll, Warface and, of course, the Crysis series. We are committed to creating high-quality products powered by our CryENGINE technology, and in CryENGINE 3 we offer the first game development platform for PC (DX9/DX10/DX11), Xbox 360 and PlayStation®3 that is next-gen ready.
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*Crytek Germany *Full-stack Web Developer - Web department
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24 Thanksgiving Dinner Recipes and Fall Craft Projects
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Whether you call it autumn or fall, you will find tons of fall craft ideas to decorate your home. These easy autumn crafts, like DIY fall wreaths, are perfect to make once the first leaf drops.
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The relic of an old Sorcerer, the Glyph of Tarnos Krae is a window into the past.
They will serve up the Light to appease their dark gods.
They should have spoken up sooner and saved poor Harold from certain embarrassment.
A curious man with no past or desire beyond that of his art.
The story of an old gnome who makes an exceptional living off of designing and building unique strongholds.
Once the source of power for a cult now scattered, this item acts as both sacrificial altar and food grill.
A sampling of 30 gods, separated into pantheons.
Hailing from the giant swamp planet of Acadia, the Leech Lords rule with a mighty will. And slimy green tentacles.
An item revered by the Serenia and reviled by the Fasceti.
The world was ripped apart in a great cataclysm 3,000 years ago. This is a Codex of the pocket realms created by that great sundering.
Nightmares upon the battlefield. Once thought defeated, rumors of their return have begun to spread.
Three cities that come and go, yet never see the shining sun.
A Five Room Dungeon about finding the Imperial city of The Lost Empire.
The Imperial city has been sucked into hell and the rest of the world has been ripped apart. And tying it all together is the Crystal Tower. The Tower lives in all realms, a needle piercing the fabric of each reality and threading them all together.
Inspired by #35 from 30 Benefits to owning a pet crocodile.
Because somebody had to.
How much hatred does it take to buy revenge?
His faithful will devour the world
Its old and battered exterior hides a subtle, and finicky, magic.
For a futuristic grim gory setting. Probably powered by some kind of dilithium battery or something similarly awesome. Anyways, basicly a big drill sticking up from a hilt that you primarily use for skewering enemies painfully and drilling through armor.


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Regular Article
The point prevalence of bulimic disorders from 1990 to 2004
Version of Record online: 23 APR 2008
DOI: 10.1002/eat.20537
Copyright © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
International Journal of Eating Disorders
Volume 41, Issue 6, pages 491–497, September 2008
Additional Information
How to Cite
Crowther, J. H., Armey, M., Luce, K. H., Dalton, G. R. and Leahey, T. (2008), The point prevalence of bulimic disorders from 1990 to 2004. Int. J. Eat. Disord., 41: 491–497. doi: 10.1002/eat.20537
Publication History
- Issue online: 8 AUG 2008
- Version of Record online: 23 APR 2008
- Manuscript Accepted: 10 MAR 2008
- Abstract
- References
- Cited By
- bulimia nervosa;
- point prevalence;
This study investigated the point prevalence of probable cases of bulimia nervosa (BN), eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS), and specific eating disorder symptomatology among 6,844 undergraduate women at a single site, examining changes across five 3-year time periods and on a yearly basis from 1990 to 2004.
Participants completed a self-report checklist that assessed the diagnostic criteria for BN (American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 1994) and the Bulimia Test (Smith and Thelen, J Consult Clin Psychol, 52, 863–872, 1984) (BULIT) or Bulimia Test-Revised (Thelen et al., Psychol Assess, 3, 119–124, 1991) (BULIT-R).
Chi-square analyses comparing the percentages of probable cases of BN and EDNOS and the percentages of women who reported frequent binge eating and most compensatory weight control strategies were nonsignificant. Only the percentages of women who endorsed overconcern with weight and shape and diuretic use and excessive exercise as compensatory weight control strategies changed over time.
Consistent with Keel et al.'s (Keel et al., Psychol Med, 36, 119–127, 2006) findings regarding the point prevalence rates of BN from 1992 to 2002, results indicated that probable cases of eating disorders remained relatively stable. Methodologically, this research illustrates the importance of examining multiple data points when investigating stability or change in behavior. © 2008 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2008


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30 hand picked films. A new one every day
James Bond battles the forces of black magic that hurtles him from the streets of New York City to Louisiana's bayou country. With charm, wit and deadly assurance, James takes on a powerful drug lord with a diabolical scheme to conquer the world.
Moore's entry into the series resulted in fresh breath for the Bond series with the best entry since 'Goldfinger'. Moore makes the role his own enabled by a good story, excellent stunt work, a memorable villian and a more than memorable 'Bond Girl' the film debut of the beautiful Jane Seymour as Solitaire. Though very much a product of the early seventies the film stands out more than some of the earlier outings.
Roger Moore's only good Bond movie. Jane Seymour is ridiculously hot and Yaphet Kotto is the boss of all bosses, which goes without saying.
Much is to be liked and maligned in Roger Moore's debut. He would eventually become far too old for the role, but he exudes charisma without having to channel Connery, and makes a very good Bond in his first few outings. This one has some memorable villains and one of the best Bond girls in Solitaire, but it is an incredibly reactionary film in style, borrowing from blaxploitation and car chase flicks from the era
There are some fun moments in Live and Let Die, but it is not one of the better entries in the series.
Bond blaxsploitation, it's a strange debut for Moore who didn't really settle into the Bond shoes proper until THE SPY WHO LOVED ME, but this one is a favorite because it's so crazy, with some voodoo weirdness, an awesome boat chase, alligator shenanigans, and a great song by Paul McCartney, whose band was being disparaged by Bond in GOLDFINGER. A new era indeed.
Roger Moore didn't get off to the best start. Seeing a posh, effete James Bond walking around 70's-era, poverty-stricken Harlem kinda robs the film of any entertainment value.
Live and Let Die is a solid debut for Roger Moore and the best of the Bond films written by Tom Mankiewicz, with great villains, a memorable leading lady, and enough stuntwork and suspense to compensate for what was generally missing in Diamonds Are Forever. Hands down, it also contains one of the greatest boat chases in history.
Its Bond... On the Bayou again a bad b-movie bond.


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Posted by ESPN.com's Matt Mosley
Defensive ends Justin Tuck and Osi Umenyiora get a lot of attention, but the mainstay of the Giants' defensive line since '06 has been defensive tackle Barry Cofield. He was taken in the fourth round out of Northwestern in '06 and he immediately became a starter. In his four years with the club, he's started all but one game. On Friday, the Beast had an opportunity to spend about 15 minutes on the phone with Cofield.
Barry, you guys aren't used to two-game losing streaks. What's this feel like?
Cofield: There are certain expectations around here and we don't handle losing too well. It's not a normal thing to be dealing with, and on top of that, we're going to Philly. I know you've written about last season's phone incident [with Donovan McNabb] and it's not like that's the most respectable thing a guy can do. But it's not like we need that for motivation. We're always going to want to kill Donovan McNabb -- even if he's the nicest guy in the world.
Because of your close proximity to the Eagles, does this rivalry mean even more to you?
Cofield: I think [the defensive line] puts the Cowboys and the Eagles in the same category. I've played against the Eagles eight times in three years, so I'm pretty familiar with them. We know each other's schemes really well so you can just go out and play.
The Eagles have added some weapons to their offense. Do you see Andy Reid doing anything different than in the past?
Cofield: Andy Reid's still the braintrust. We'll see a lot of different formations and it's a team that has a lot of gadgets. But you're right, they have some new faces. They're exceptionally fast and they've also made a lot of changes up front. Jon Runyan and Tra Thomas were nasty guys. They were the cornerstones of that offense. Runyan was a mauler and some people thought he was dirty. Now they have a smaller guy in [Winston] Justice and converted tight end in Jason Peters on the left side.
How important will it be to get Chris Canty and Michael Boley back on the field?
Cofield: We look really forward to getting those guys back, but I really don't know when it will happen. [Tom] Coughlin doesn't tell us because he probably doesn't want me to leak it to guys like you.
Have you spent a lot of time preparing for the Eagles' Wildcat formation?
Cofield: They ran it with [Brian] Westbrook last year, so we've seen some of it before. We've gone back and studies some of the plays they ran in the preseason. If they don't use [the Wildcat] this week, they're not saving it for anyone else. This is the game you'd want to do it all.
What's the most important thing in mind when facing a quarterback like Donovan McNabb?
Cofield: With McNabb, you have to get him to the ground. You pretty much have to treat him like a running back and it's important to wrap up his legs and drag him to the ground. If you don't, he's strong enough to shake tackles.
Have you guys gone back and looked at that '07 game where Winston Justice had so much trouble against Umenyiora?
Cofield: Definitely. Our position coach Mike Waufle had breakdowns that go all the way back to '04. They have a new wrinkle here and there, but they still have their bread and butter. We don't focus so much on entire games. We look back at a lot of plays. But to get back to Justice, he's definitely come into his own since that '07 game.
What do you make of the Eagles' fans?
Cofield: They are some of the rudest fans that you'll meet. But they're almost some of the most passionate. We've had our team bus egged, we've been flipped off and we've seen some bare [rears]. It's a different kind of atmosphere, that's for sure.
Mosley: I know you think the Beast spends too much time praising Tuck, so I'm glad you were able to join us for a few minutes.


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Magali Amadei (born November 30, 1974) is a French fashion model living in New York City. She was featured regularly during the '90s on the covers of Vogue, ELLE, and Marie Claire, as well as several other top magazines with global distribution. In a...ddition, Amadei has appeared in several nationally run TV commercials as well as interviews for documentaries and exposés on the modeling industry.
Connect any celebrity with Magali Amadei to see how closely they are linked... romantically!
Simply said, this lady brings excitement and new meaning to the word "beautiful!"
She's fabulous!Love her!Compelling- approachable- fun - she's grand.
Such an underrated super model.. What a pity..
she did a cover of magazine with tommy lee. did they date or not.
how is the finger,i hope all is will,i can`t beleive it`s you,are you still making Art out of shopping Cart hahah ,do you still remember me from Kirkwood,drop me a note ,BEST Meedo


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this has become as its the only stock I own in the RED and red is not my favorite color. So for all you Richardheads over at Xin...................................pick up the slack and put out some PR and I dont mean peoples republic you commie lovers.
Why not try to take your giant ego out of the equation and look at the stock objectively?? At the current price it's undervalued.
Sentiment: Strong Buy
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looks like someone heard me!
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Electrical problem
1997 Pontiac Bonneville 6 cyl Front Wheel Drive Automatic 130000 miles
my car won" t start electric windows or seats won" t work. Turn switch on the dome l ight go out. The rear defrost switch come on the dome light go out.
Tuesday, January 13th, 2009 AT 2:47 PM


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I currently use Chromium on a Windows XP desktop. When I click on a link prefixed with ssh:// I'd like it to run Putty, but nothing happens. How can I configure Chromium to execute Putty for such links?
Chrome/Chromium does not handle unknown protocol://s by itself, instead it handles it to OS/DE running on parent system, so you just need to register ssh:// protocol for PuTTY.
As PuTTY original developer does not want to implement this feature, there is a modified version that supports this feature. Note that you'll need to run the installer from that page in order for protocol handler to be registered.
PuttyTray supports URL handling.


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The Rev. Peter W. Gray could be forgiven if he felt overwhelmed by his ancestral lineage.
The Rev. Peter W. Gray could be forgiven if he felt overwhelmed by his ancestral lineage.
James Runcie • British Survey • Bones at Westminster • Bishop Mallally Ordains Deacons
More than 500 people are expected at Mission Together, New Zealand's decennial mission conference set for Oct. 6-9.
SEPTA mass transit will help thousands reach the Mass that concludes Pope Francis's visit to the United States.
'In the Image and Likeness of God: A Hope-Filled Anthropology' reflects six years of ecumenical dialogue.
Legal transfer of PEARUSA to the ACNA to occur by June.
Assistant Bishop Tim Harris has asked Australian churches to ponder "how you might step up at such a time as this."
If anyone in New York City is stunned by a brush with Pope Francis, Fr. Joe Parrish is ready to help.
Canon Sally Bingham: The pope's message on the environment "has given us a tremendous boost."
Time to stop "trying to keep people in the boat and never actually rowing it anywhere."


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QWHO Magazine
User Stats
Profile Images
User Bio
QWHO Magazine is a London based menswear, music & culture title made and published in east London - our home.
Published four times per year in both print and digital edition [obtinable on tablets and mobile devices] we aim to bring a new and fresh prespective into the industry's we work with and to the life's of our readers, by giving a stage to upcoming designers, artists, photographers and filmmakers, and also by working with well established names in a new and groundbreaking way.
This Chanel is comprised of the work of the amazing people we work with, and we hope you'll like it!
Visit our website for some more QWHO stuff - QWHO-MAGAZINE.COM


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Contact Us
In just a few quick steps, customize your own box of Crayola Crayons, create an Art Case, or draw your own Stuffed Animal. It's easy and fun!
or get started by choosing a product.
Don't scream for ice cream— make your own! The fun won't melt away as you create this double-scoop ice cream cone.
Add To Favorites
Color online
Penguins are loads of fun! Create cool penguin fact cards with Crayola Twistables® Slick Stix™ Crayons that you can trade, display or ever make up your own game.
Get your sunglasses ready for the bright colors in the Crayola Neon Color Explosion® system! Draw fun monkeys with curvy arms, legs, and tails, and then make a large chain of chimp...
Stomp around your room with Monster or Animal feet. Color your favorite type of feet on your socks and have fun!
Explore opposites with a lion of a project that kids and parents greet with a roar of approval. Through art, young children learn letter recognition, too.
Your children will leap into this life-size frog and dragonfly project. Make an even bigger splash by planning a family trip to discover local pond life!
Hunt in the library for kids' books about lions. Then create this mane character to act out stories or go on safari.
If a tea cup was suddenly made from fur could you use it in traditional ways? Creative and unexpected use of textures w...
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From pandas to penguins, as many as 6,000 plant and animal species become extinct each year. How can you help to erase t...
Take action! Create a book of facts to identify endangered animals, threats to their survival, and ways people can help.
Make learning about state facts fun! Hold a classroom pageant of state birds dressed up like you have never them seen be...


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Not sure what career to choose? Contact us
Kingscliff TAFE Campus plays an important role in the local community and welcomes students from all over the globe through international exchange programs.
We provide students with modern, leading edge facilities to meet growth in local demand for training in commercial cookery, hospitality, tourism, aviation, events, automotive, and the hair and beauty industries. The campus features a purpose built bakery kitchen, wine cellar and the refurbished Caldera Restaurant, as well as a functioning hair and beauty salon, a new automotive transport and logistics facility, a fully equipped gymnasium and a simulated hospital facility.
Our campus is located just two minutes from the sparkling sand and surf in the quiet coastal town of Kingscliff in the Bundjalung Aboriginal nation.
If you're looking to enter the workforce armed with invaluable experience and practical skills, check out the courses available at our Kingscliff TAFE Campus.
To locate a disability consultant for the Kingscliff campus, visit the Disability Support Services page.
currently enrolled students
qualified staff providing quality education
years industry experience to teach at North Coast TAFE
View all key dates and events
Take the next step with North Coast TAFE at Kingscliff
Now here's a great opportunity for North Coast TAFE hospitality students and budding chefs- the 2016 Nestlé GOLDEN CHEF'S HAT AWARD will now be holding regional NSW heats.
A culinary trip to North America is up for grabs and entries are open until Friday 6 May. For more info: http://ow.ly/4mNhQ7
The Student Central Team, India, Louise and Jemma, are here to help.
Kingscliff and Murwillumbah TAFE students were honoured for their outstanding achievements last night in the presence of family and friends, at the Awards of Excellence held in the state of the art Automotive Centre at Kingscliff TAFE.
Institute Director of North Coast TAFE, Elizabeth McGregor asked student nominees' to take a moment to reflect back to the day they decided to 'go for it, enrolling in the course they have just finished.
"Did you imagine then, you would be here tonight celebrating the achievements you have made?
You are now in – or about to enter – a world of higher study or work that will require you to keep making these choices, to keep learning, so that your future self stays just as relevant and skilled as you are right now." says Ms McGregor.
Ms McGregor went onto say that, every year we hear surprising, powerful and inspiring stories about our students, with this year being no exception.
Major award recipient Rebecca Paulson, was shocked when announced as the overall winner of Student of the Year, for the Tweed Campuses for her studies of Diploma of Early Childhood Education and Care.
Come along to the Connect to Your Future Careers Expo 11 May 3.30pm - 7.00pm in the Automotive Centre at Kingscliff TAFE.
Event highlights include; informative presentations, employer precinct and the ever popular a try-a-trade section which allows a hands-on experience in careers including hairdressing, nursing, specialist makeup, fitness, commercial cookery, information technology animal sciences and automotive.
Due to unforeseen circumstances the Balance is the Key to Life workshop has been postponed until next term.
This valuable session will be running in July 2016.
In the meantime Student Central is organising the following workshops to assist you with the end of term madness!
Get a Grip on Assessments
Clarity and advice on report writing
Breathe Easy & Stay on Track
Tips for tackling stress , managing emotions
Stay tuned for more information….
Job Link 16th May, 2016
Student Central and Education, Employment & Support would like to invite you to our "Steps to Success" workshop next week:
'Find Your Info' Explore key researching skills
Wednesday May 25th from 12.30pm -1.30pm in D block, room DG43.
Finger food will be provided to energise your mind!!
Myths related to weight training of bulking up and sterotypes such as Hulk like creatures are being debunked!
Read the article below and check out our Fitness courses on offer at NCTAFE here http://bit.ly/1NBhWx3
#NCTAFE #thankyourself #Fitness #Health
Library & Information Week
2016 Kingscliff campus
23-29 May 2016 is Australia's Library & Information Week
Come and join us to discover More ways your library can help you complete your assignments & pass your course!
Help & guidance with
Finding the right information
Connect Wi-Fi & campus computers, or your own device
Word processing, Spreadsheets, PowerPoints
Accurate referencing
Plagiarism – what you need to know
Upload your assignments online
Student Central and Education, Employment & Support would like to invite you to our "Steps to Success" workshop next week:
'Find Your Info' Explore key researching skills
TOMORROW May 25th from 12.30pm -1.30pm in D block, room DG43.
Finger food will be provided to energise your mind!!
Please welcome Paul Craft to our campus in recognition of Reconciliation Week 2016.
Paul will be discussing Aboriginal culture and history, telling local dreamtime stories and talking about pedagogy of place (connection to country through totemic beliefs) and playing traditional music. We hope Paul will also be demonstrating boomerang, hunting stick and woomera throwing!!
See you there
Term 3 STEPS FOR SUCCESS WORKSHOPS - Please visit Student Central (A block) for more information.


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2915 Wilson Boulevard Arlington, VA 22201
We like coming back to Ri Ra because of its convenient location (two blocks from Clarendon metro), good food, music (live band starts playing at 10:00pm.) and the private room with patio reserved just for our group. The room & patio are located upstairs, behind the stage (to the left of the main entrance). If you are on Facebook and you are coming, please RSVP, so we can communicate with Ri Ra to provide a better head count! Click here: http://goo.gl/p9Cjiv
The PGV Happy Hour brings together those who hold any interest in Poland, Polish culture, Polish history and contemporary affairs, even Poland-related business. Whether Polish is your native language or you know just a few phrases in Polish, you are welcome to join us! We meet every second Friday of the month. The aim of this event is to provide yet another networking venue for Polish professionals of all ages, students, au pairs, recent university graduates as well as happily retired folks looking to meet new people. You are all welcome to join! Yes, bring your non-Polish speaking significant others.
If you are interested in co-organizing future PGV Happy Hour events, please write to Agnieszka Miarka at [masked], Anna Buczkowska at [masked], Kamila Lipowska-Torrez at [masked].
Meetup members, Log in
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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jul 19, 1988
|Filing date
|Oct 15, 1984
|Priority date
|Oct 15, 1984
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|David Yeung, Eugene Gans, Sergio Nacht
|Original Assignee
|Richardson-Vicks Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (4), Non-Patent Citations (1), Referenced by (5), Classifications (17), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention relates to the discovery that candelilla wax and a certain fraction thereof affords an effective topical treatment for certain inflammatory skin conditions.
Candelilla wax is the wax obtained from the Candelilla plant and consists largely of hydrocarbons. It has now been found that candelilla wax and a certain fraction of the wax possess substantial vasoconstrictive activity suitable for topically treating inflammation in humans or animals. Said fraction consists essentially of a mixture of saturated straight chain C29-33 hydrocarbons, as represented by the formula: CH3 --(CH2)n --CH3, wherein n is an integer from 27 to 31, with the predominant hydrocarbon, about 80-85 percent by weight of the mixture, having a total of 31 carbons.
Both Candelilla wax itself and the aforementioned hydrocarbon fraction have been found to be therapeutically effective in treating inflammation of the skin, including acne. For purposes of this disclosure, the term "treating acne" is used to mean the temporary alleviation of the inflammation of the affected skin and other inflammatory signs and symptoms associated with acne.
In addition to treating acne, the superior vasoconstrictor activity of candelilla wax itself and the subject hydrocarbon fraction afford the usage thereof in an effective anti-inflammatory treatment for the following skin disorders: atopic dermatitis, atopic eczema, herpes simplex, shingles, poison ivy, poison oak, poison sumac and other skin allergic reactions, psoriasis, dandruff, and the like. As with acne, the term "anti-inflammatory treatment" or its equivalent is used to mean the temporary alleviation of the inflammation of the affected skin and other inflammatory signs and symptoms associated with the particular skin disorder.
Suitable pharmaceutical carriers for the topical administration of candelilla wax and the subject hydrocarbon fraction are non-polar pharmaceutical vehicles in conventional forms such as solutions, lotions, emulsions, ointments, gels, etc., in which the pharmaceutical carrier merely provides a physical form for the effective topical application of the active component to the skin. The therapeutic composition is prepared by simply mixing the desired therapeutically effective amount of the candelilla wax or the hydrocarbon fraction with the particular carrier according to conventional pharmaceutical compounding techniques.
By a "therapeutically effective amount" is meant an amount which is effective to alleviate the inflammation of the dermatological condition and yet cause substantially no undesirable side effects (at a reasonable benefit/risk ratio). In general, the candelilla wax and the subject hydrocarbon fraction are each therapeutically effective from about 0.1 to about 10 percent by weight, based on the composition weight, with from about 0.5 to about 5 percent by weight being preferred, and from about 2 to about 5 percent by weight being most preferred.
The isolation of the subject hydrocarbon fraction from candelilla wax is illustrated in the following example using column chromatography on silica gel with hexane as the elution solvent:
A glass column 50 cm in length and 3 cm in diameter is dry-packed with Silica Gel 60 of particle size 0.063-0.200 mm (70-230 mesh ASTM); purchased from E. Merck Chemical Co. The Silica Gel is oven-dried at 120� C. for 4 to 6 hours prior to use. 50 Grams of candelilla wax is dissolved in 500 mls of warm hexane and the mixture is passed through the column at ambient temperature. The eluent is collected in a suitable glass vessel. The column is then eluted with an additional 1000 mls of hexane. The eluents are pooled and evaporated to dryness under vacuum using a rotoevaporator, affording the hydrocarbon fraction of this invention a off-white crystals, m.p.=67� C.
In addition to hexane, which is preferred, other non-polar organic solvents may be used to extract the hydrocarbon fraction from candelilla wax such as, for example, an aliphatic alkane such as pentane, heptane and the like; an aromatic hydrocarbon such as benzene, toluene, xylene and the like; an ether such as diethyl ether, dioxane and the like; tetrahydrofuran; and the like aprotic solvents. With such aprotic solvents as eluents, it is preferred to use a polar stationary phase such as, for example, silica gel, in the chromatographic separation step.
Accordingly, the subject hydrocarbon fraction may be derived from candelilla wax by:
(a) dissolving candelilla wax in an organic aprotic solvent;
(b) chromatographically separating out of said candelilla wax solution the polar constituents of candelilla wax;
(c) collecting the chromatographic eluent containing the saturated hydrocarbon fraction; and
(d) evaporating the organic solvent from said eluent to yield the saturated hydrocarbon fraction.
The chemical analysis of the hydrocarbon fraction obtained from Example 1 is demonstrated in the following two examples.
Thin Layer Chromotography (TLC): 5 microliters of chloroform containing 10 to 20 ug of the material to be tested is spotted on a 20�20 cm, 250 micron silica gel G plate. The plate is developed in toluene once, air dried and sprayed with 50% sulfuric acid. The plate is then charred on a hot plate at 220� C. All carbon containing materials appear as dark brown to black spots and the amount of carbon containing materials correlates with the intensity of the spot. Identification of compounds is accomplished by comparing the mobility of compounds to that of authentic standards. Analysis of the hydrocarbon fraction obtained from Example 1 by this TLC technique revealed the presence of saturated hydrocarbons.
Gas Liquid Chromatography (GLC): GLC analysis was performed on a column packed with 3% SE-30 (80/100 mesh). Temperature programming was from 120� C.-300� C. at a rate of 5� C./minute. 2 Microliters of the sample was injected and detection was accomplished by flame ionization. Identification of the chain length distribution of the candelilla wax derived hydrocarbon was accomplished by direct comparison of its chromatogram with that of a series of normal paraffins of even carbon number C14 through C34 and the plotting or retention times against the carbon number. Analysis of the hydrocarbon fraction obtained from Example 1 by this GLC technique shows a content of saturated straight chain hydrocarbons with chain length ranging from C29 to C33. The percentage of each hydrocarbon is as follows:
______________________________________C29 about 3.3% w/wC30 about 1.1% w/wC31 about 83.9% w/wC32 about 1.8% w/wC33 about 9.9% w/wTotal 100.0%______________________________________
The instant invention thus provides a pharmaceutical composition for alleviating inflammation associated with skin disorders comprising a therapeutically effective anti-inflammatory amount of candelilla wax or a substantially non-polar hydrocarbon fraction derived from candelilla wax and a pharmaceutical carrier suitable for topical administration, said candelilla wax fraction consisting essentially of a mixture of saturated straight chain hydrocarbons, wherein the chain length of said hydrocarbons is from C29 to C33 and about 80-85 percent by weight of said mixture is the C31 hydrocarbon.
For purposes of this invention, the amount of each hydrocarbon in the aforementioned hydrocarbon mixture, depending upon the particular natural source of the candelilla wax, may range from about to about the following indicated percentages by weight:
In view of the rather non-complex makeup of the subject hydrocarbon mixture, it is obvious that said mixture may be readily formulated by simple admixture of the indicated percentages of the individual hydrocarbons. Accordingly, such formulated mixtures, which are equivalent to those extracted from the naturally occurring candelilla wax, are deemed to be included within the term "derived from candelilla wax" as used herein.
It is also quite evident that the C31 hydrocarbon itself provides, as the predominant component of the mixture, and as exemplified hereinafter, a substantial part of the vasoconstrictive activity attributable to the subject hydrocarbon mixture, and, as such, can be used alone, thereby providing another aspect of this invention. The C31 hydrocarbon itself may be utilized in the same manner and in the same amounts as herein described for candelilla wax itself or the hydrocarbon fraction derived therefrom, although from about 1 to about 10 percent by weight of the C31 hydrocarbon is preferred when used by itself in the method and composition of this invention.
A particularly suitable pharmaceutical carrier in ointment form for purposes of this invention is Hydrophilic Ointment U.S.P., an oil-in-water emulsion ointment base having the formulation:
______________________________________Methylparaben 0.25 gPropylparaben 0.15 gSodium lauryl sulfate 10 gPropylene glycol 120 gStearyl alcohol 250 gWhite petrolatum 250 gPurified water 370 gTo make about 1000 g______________________________________
The stearyl alcohol and the white petrolatum are melted on a steam bath and warmed to about 75� C. The other ingredients are dissolved in the purified water and also heated to 75� C. The petrolatum phase is then added to the water phase with mixing until the mixture congeals. The resultant ointment is cooled to room temperature.
The vasoconstriction activity of candelilla wax, the subject hydrocarbon fraction and the C31 hydrocarbon itself is demonstrated in the following invivo vasoconstrictor assay, which is a modification of the McKenzie-Stoughton Vasoconstrictor Assay described in "Method for Comparing Percutaneous Absorption of Steroids", Arch. Derm. 86:608-610, 1962.
The test was performed on a defined area of the volar aspect of the forearm in 5 subjects. The test formulations are applied under semi-occlusion to maximize differences in activity. Thus, test formulations are saturated on the absorbent cushion pad of 3/4 inch bandages (Curity Curad Sheer Bandages) and the bandages taped to the forearm with no more than 7 bandages per forearm. The bandages are left on the forearm for 24 hours and then removed. The treatment sites are washed with soap and water to remove any excess material still on the skin surface. After 1 hour, the resulting blanching or whitening of the skin is then scored by two judges using the following scoring system:
0=No blanching
1=Barely perceptible blanching
2=Distinct blanching with well defined outline
3=Strong blanching
An increase in blanching reflects a corresponding increase in vasoconstriction activity.
The experimental results on the activity of candelilla wax, the subject hydrocarbon fraction and the C31 hydrocarbon itself in the foregoing vasoconstruction assay are set forth below. For comparative purposes, a potent commercially available steroid anti-inflammatory product, LIDEX Cream (Syntex Laboratories, Inc.), containing 0.05% of the active anti-inflammatory compound, fluocinonide, was used as a positive control. The results tabulated below are averages of at least five subjects. Products B through E were tested at the indicated % w/w concentration in the previously described Hydrophilic Ointment U.S.P.
______________________________________Product Blanching______________________________________A. LIDEX Cream 0.05% 3.0B. 1% Hydrocarbon fraction obtained 2.5 from Example 1C. 5% Candelilla wax 3.0D. 2% Candelilla wax 2.8E. 1% C31 Hydrocarbon 1.5F. Hydrophilic Ointment U.S.P. 1.0______________________________________
As the results indicate, LIDEX Cream 0.05% induced a very high vasoconstrictive effect with a maximum score of 3.0. The hydrocarbon fraction from candelilla wax scored 2.5 in the blanching scale, slightly lower than that of LIDEX Cream 0.05%. Both candelilla wax preparations were substantially comparable to LIDEX Cream 0.05%. Although of lesser potency, the C31 hydrocarbon itself had a demonstrable score of 1.5 even at the low 1% concentration. The hydrophilic ointment vehicle induced a slight blanching effect with a score of 1.0.
In view of their marked vasoconstrictor activity, both candelilla wax and the subject hydrocarbon fraction are each deemed to be of value as a therapeutic agent for treatment of inflammatory skin disorders. When the compositions of the present invention are used in the treatment of such disorders, the amount of composition typically applied and treatment regimen will vary, depending upon, for example, the particular disorder being treated and its severity, the frequency of application and the area of the body which is afflicted.
For example, when the compositions of this invention are used in the topical treatment of acne, the preferred treatment will comprise applying a therapeutically effective amount of the composition to the afflicted situs on the skin. Generally, a therapeutically effective amount would be from about 1 mg/cm2 to about 10 mg/cm2, and preferably about 2-5 mg/cm2, of the composition per day. It is preferred to cleanse the skin prior to treatment. The treatment is more effective if topical applications are made 2 to 4 times daily.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jul 26, 1978
|Jun 24, 1980
|Aluminum tris-(N-oxypyridine-2-thiolate); cosmetic or pharmaceutical compositions containing the same and the use of said compositions
|Jul 26, 1979
|Jun 30, 1981
|The Procter & Gamble Company
|Analgesic and anti-inflammatory compounds and compositions containing same
|Mar 18, 1982
|Jan 3, 1984
|The Procter & Gamble Company
|Hydroxyphenylacetamides having analgesic and anti-irritant activity
|Sep 28, 1981
|Feb 14, 1984
|Revlon, Inc.
|Cosmetic compositions
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Feb 6, 1990
|Oct 15, 1991
|Walsh William E
|Composition and topical and systemic treatments of conditions caused by heavy, oily or greasy secretions
|May 27, 2004
|Aug 4, 2005
|Munisekhar Medasani
|Using organic and / or inorganic potassium and its salts to treat autoimmune and other health disorders and methods of administering the same
|Jan 12, 2012
|Lifoam Industries
|Expandable Beads of a Compostable or Biobased Thermoplastic Polymer
|Dec 22, 2010
|Feb 14, 2013
|Leo Pharma A/S
|Calcipotriol monohydrate nanocrystals
|Mar 20, 2014
|Oct 30, 2014
|Leo Pharma A/S
|Calcipotriol monohydrate nanocrystals
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Apr 28, 1988
Owner name: RICHARDSON-VICKS INC., TEN WESTPORT ROAD, WILTON,
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:YEUNG, DAVID;GANS, EUGENE;NACHT, SERGIO;REEL/FRAME:004858/0492
Effective date: 19841008
Owner name: RICHARDSON-VICKS INC., A CORP. OF DE, CONNECTICUT
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:YEUNG, DAVID;GANS, EUGENE;NACHT, SERGIO;REEL/FRAME:004858/0492
Effective date: 19841008
|Sep 30, 1991
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jan 11, 1996
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Feb 8, 2000
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Jul 16, 2000
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Sep 26, 2000
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20000719


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I have a picture in the very same place... ;)
Like 1!
Cheers, Boettner
The colours of my picture are a little funnier! Life is improving in Asuncion:)
Best regards! Andrew
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Photo taken in Dr. Ricardo Brugada, Asuncion, Paraguay
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