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Supernovae—stellar explosions—are incredibly energetic, dynamic events. It is easy to imagine that they are uncommon, but the universe is a big place and supernovae are actually fairly routine. The problem with observing supernovae is knowing just when and where one is occurring and being able to point a world-class telescope at it in the hours immediately afterward, when precious data about the supernova's progenitor star is available. Fortunately the intermediate Palomar Transient Factory (iPTF) operated by Caltech scans the sky constantly in search of dramatic astrophysical events. In 2013, it caught a star in the act of exploding.
The iPTF is a robotic observing system mounted on the 48-inch Samuel Oschin Telescope on Palomar Mountain. It has been scanning the sky since February 2013. The iPTF (and its predecessor experiment, the Palomar Transient Factory [PTF], which operated between 2009 and 2012) regularly observes a wide swath of the night sky looking for astronomical objects that are moving and developing quickly, such as comets, asteroids, gamma-ray bursts, and supernovae. Both the earlier PTF and the current iPTF collaborations are led by Shrinivas Kulkarni, the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Professor of Astronomy and Planetary Science and director of the Caltech Optical Observatories.
Last year the iPTF discovered an object of special interest: a supernova with a spectral signature suggesting that its progenitor star was a Wolf-Rayet star. Massive stars are typically structured like an onion, with the heaviest elements in the core, while lighter elements are layered over them and then frosted, if you will, by a layer of hydrogen gas on the stellar surface. Wolf-Rayet stars, which are unusually large and hot, are exceptions to this rule, being relatively deficient in hydrogen and characterized by strong stellar winds. Astronomers have long wondered if Wolf-Rayet stars are the progenitors of certain types of supernovae, and according to a recent paper published in Nature this is just what the iPTF found in May 2013.
This supernova, SN2013cu, was picked up on a routine sky scan by the iPTF. The on-duty iPTF team member in Israel promptly sounded an alert, asking colleagues at the W. M. Keck Observatory on Mauna Kea to take a spectral image of the supernova before the sun rose in Hawaii.
When supernovae explode, they briefly ionize the sky immediately around them. The ionized materials rapidly recombine, producing unique spectral features that enable astronomers to get a full picture of the ambient material of a supernova event. This process lasts from minutes to a few days and hence is called a "flash spectrum" of the event. Flash spectrography is a novel observational method developed by Avishay Gal-Yam of the Weizmann Institute of Science in Israel, leader of the team that published the Nature paper.
In the case of SN2013cu, the flash spectrum showed relatively less hydrogen and relatively more nitrogen, suggesting that perhaps the progenitor of the supernova was a nitrogen-rich Wolf-Rayet star. This finding will enable astronomers to better understand the evolution of massive stars and identify potential progenitors of supernovae.
"I could not believe my eyes when I saw those high-ionization features perfectly matching emission lines from a Wolf-Rayet star," says Yi Cao, a graduate student from Caltech who works with Kulkarni. "Our software pipeline efforts were paying off. Now we are working even harder so that we can get flash spectra of many more supernova flavors to probe their progenitor stars."
Above all, the observation of SN2013cu highlights the success of the intermediate Palomar Transient Factory at catching the universe in the act of doing something interesting, something that might merit a second look. Though especially intriguing, SN2013cu is only one of over 2,000 supernovae that PTF/iPTF has detected during its four and a half years of observations. As Kulkarni remarks, "I am proud of how the global iPTF network is working together to invent new techniques enabling entirely new science."
The iPTF is a collaboration between Caltech, Los Alamos National Laboratory, the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, the Oskar Klein Centre, the Weizmann Institute of Science, the TANGO Program of the University System of Taiwan, and the Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe.
Coauthors on the paper, "A Wolf-Rayet-like progenitor of supernova SN 2013cu from spectral observations of a wind," include Kulkarni, Cao, Mansi Kasliwal, Daniel Perley, and Assaf Horesh of Caltech; Gal-Yam, I. Arcavi, E. O. Ofek, S. Ben-Ami, A. De Cia, D. Tal, P. M. Vreeswijk, and O. Yaron of the Weizmann Institute of Science; S. B. Cenko of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center; J. C. Wheeler and J. M. Silverman of the University of Texas at Austin; F. Taddia and J. Sollerman of Stockholm University; P. E. Nugent of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; and A. V. Filippenko of UC Berkeley.
Caltech researchers have found a way to make measurements that go beyond the limits imposed by quantum physics.
Today, we are capable of measuring the position of an object with unprecedented accuracy, but quantum physics and the Heisenberg uncertainty principle place fundamental limits on our ability to measure. Noise that arises as a result of the quantum nature of the fields used to make those measurements imposes what is called the "standard quantum limit." This same limit influences both the ultrasensitive measurements in nanoscale devices and the kilometer-scale gravitational wave detector at LIGO. Because of this troublesome background noise, we can never know an object's exact location, but a recent study provides a solution for rerouting some of that noise away from the measurement.
The findings were published online in the May 15 issue of Science Express.
"If you want to know where something is, you have to scatter something off of it," explains Professor of Applied Physics Keith Schwab, who led the study. "For example, if you shine light at an object, the photons that scatter off provide information about the object. But the photons don't all hit and scatter at the same time, and the random pattern of scattering creates quantum fluctuations"—that is, noise. "If you shine more light, you have increased sensitivity, but you also have more noise. Here we were looking for a way to beat the uncertainty principle—to increase sensitivity but not noise."
Schwab and his colleagues began by developing a way to actually detect the noise produced during the scattering of microwaves—electromagnetic radiation that has a wavelength longer than that of visible light. To do this, they delivered microwaves of a specific frequency to a superconducting electronic circuit, or resonator, that vibrates at 5 gigahertz—or 5 billion times per second. The electronic circuit was then coupled to a mechanical device formed of two metal plates that vibrate at around 4 megahertz—or 4 million times per second. The researchers observed that the quantum noise of the microwave field, due to the impact of individual photons, made the mechanical device shake randomly with an amplitude of 10-15 meters, about the diameter of a proton.
"Our mechanical device is a tiny square of aluminum—only 40 microns long, or about the diameter of a hair. We think of quantum mechanics as a good description for the behaviors of atoms and electrons and protons and all of that, but normally you don't think of these sorts of quantum effects manifesting themselves on somewhat macroscopic objects," Schwab says. "This is a physical manifestation of the uncertainty principle, seen in single photons impacting a somewhat macroscopic thing."
Once the researchers had a reliable mechanism for detecting the forces generated by the quantum fluctuations of microwaves on a macroscopic object, they could modify their electronic resonator, mechanical device, and mathematical approach to exclude the noise of the position and motion of the vibrating metal plates from their measurement.
The experiment shows that a) the noise is present and can be picked up by a detector, and b) it can be pushed to someplace that won't affect the measurement. "It's a way of tricking the uncertainty principle so that you can dial up the sensitivity of a detector without increasing the noise," Schwab says.
Although this experiment is mostly a fundamental exploration of the quantum nature of microwaves in mechanical devices, Schwab says that this line of research could one day lead to the observation of quantum mechanical effects in much larger mechanical structures. And that, he notes, could allow the demonstration of strange quantum mechanical properties like superposition and entanglement in large objects—for example, allowing a macroscopic object to exist in two places at once.
"Subatomic particles act in quantum ways—they have a wave-like nature—and so can atoms, and so can whole molecules since they're collections of atoms," Schwab says. "So the question then is: Can you make bigger and bigger objects behave in these weird wave-like ways? Why not? Right now we're just trying to figure out where the boundary of quantum physics is, but you never know."
This work was published in an article titled "Mechanically Detecting and Avoiding the Quantum Fluctuations of a Microwave Field." Other Caltech coauthors include senior researcher Junho Suh; graduate students Aaron J. Weinstein, Chan U. Lei, and Emma E. Wollman; and Steven K. Steinke, visitor in applied physics and materials science. The work was funded by the Institute for Quantum Information and Matter, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, and the National Science Foundation. The device was fabricated in Caltech's Kavli Nanoscience Institute, of which Schwab is a codirector.
Building on their prior work (see "Bridging the Gap"), a team of neuroscientists at Caltech now report that rare patients who are missing connections between the left and right sides of their brain—a condition known as agenesis of the corpus callosum (AgCC)—show a strikingly high incidence of autism. The study is the first to show a link between the two disorders.
The findings are reported in a paper published April 22, 2014, in the journal Brain.
The corpus callosum is the largest connection in the human brain, connecting the left and right brain hemispheres via about 200 million fibers. In very rare cases it is surgically cut to treat epilepsy—causing the famous "split-brain" syndrome, for whose discovery the late Caltech professor Roger Sperry received the Nobel Prize. People with AgCC are like split-brain patients in that they are missing their corpus callosum—except they are born this way. In spite of this significant brain malformation, many of these individuals are relatively high-functioning individuals, with jobs and families, but they tend to have difficulty interacting with other people, among other symptoms such as memory deficits and developmental delays. These difficulties in social behavior bear a strong resemblance to those faced by high-functioning people with autism spectrum disorder.
"We and others had noted this resemblance between AgCC and autism before," explains Lynn Paul, lead author of the study and a lecturer in psychology at Caltech. But no one had directly compared the two groups of patients. This was a challenge that the Caltech team was uniquely positioned to do, she says, since it had studied patients from both groups over the years and had tested them on the same tasks.
"When we made detailed comparisons, we found that about a third of people with AgCC would meet diagnostic criteria for an autism spectrum disorder in terms of their current symptoms," says Paul, who was the founding president of the National Organization for Disorders of the Corpus Callosum.
The research was done in the laboratory of Ralph Adolphs, Bren Professor of Psychology and Neuroscience and professor of biology at Caltech and a coauthor of the study. The team looked at a range of different tasks performed by both sets of patients. Some of the exercises that involved certain social behaviors were videotaped and analyzed by the researchers to assess for autism. The team also gave the individuals questionnaires to fill out that measured factors like intelligence and social functioning.
"Comparing different clinical groups on exactly the same tasks within the same lab is very rare, and it took us about a decade to accrue all of the data," Adolphs notes.
One important difference between the two sets of patients did emerge in the comparison. People with autism spectrum disorder showed autism-like behaviors in infancy and early childhood, but the same type of behaviors did not seem to emerge in individuals with AgCC until later in childhood or the teen years.
"Around ages 9 through 12, a normally formed corpus callosum goes through a developmental 'growth spurt' which contributes to rapid advances in social skills and abstract thinking during those years," notes Paul. "Because they don't have a corpus callosum, teens with AgCC become more socially awkward at the age when social skills are most important."
According to Adolphs, it is important to note that AgCC can now be diagnosed before a baby is born, using high-resolution ultrasound imaging during pregnancy. This latest development also opens the door for some exciting future directions in research.
"If we can identify people with AgCC already before birth, we should be in a much better position to provide interventions like social skills training before problems arise," Paul points out. "And of course from a research perspective it would be tremendously valuable to begin studying such individuals early in life, since we still know so little both about autism and about AgCC."
For example, the team would like to discern at what age subtle difficulties first appear in AgCC individuals, and at what point they start looking similar to autism, as well as what happens in the brain during these changes.
"If we could follow a baby with AgCC as it grows up, and visualize its brain with MRI each year, we would gain such a wealth of knowledge," Adolphs says.
The Brain paper, "Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum and Autism: A Comprehensive Comparison," also includes as coauthors Daniel Kennedy, assistant professor of psychology at Indiana University, and Christina Corsello, a member of the research staff at Rady Children's Hospital–San Diego. The research was funded by the Simons Foundation, Autism Speaks, and the Brain and Behavior Research Foundation.
An experiment just launched into orbit by a team of Caltech researchers could be an important step toward understanding a devastating neurodegenerative disease.
Huntington's disease is a grim diagnosis. A hereditary disorder with debilitating physical and cognitive symptoms, the disease usually robs adult patients of their ability to walk, balance, and speak. More than 15 years ago, researchers revealed the disorder's likely cause—an abnormal version of the protein huntingtin; however, the mutant protein's mechanism is poorly understood, and the disease remains untreatable.
Now, a new project led by Pamela Bjorkman, Max Delbrück Professor of Biology, will investigate whether the huntingtin protein can form crystals in microgravity aboard the International Space Station (ISS)—crystals that are crucial for understanding the molecular structure of the protein. The experiment was launched from Cape Canaveral in Florida on Friday, April 18 aboard the SpaceX CRS-3 cargo resupply mission to the ISS. On Sunday, April 20 the station's robotic arm captured the mission's payload, which included the proteins for Bjorkman's experiment—which is the first Caltech experiment to take place aboard the ISS.
In the experiment, the researchers hope to grow a crystal of the huntingtin protein—the crystal would be an organized, latticelike arrangement of the protein's molecules—which is needed to determine the molecular structure of the protein. However, molecules of the huntingtin protein tend to aggregate, or clump together, in Earth's gravity. And this disordered arrangement makes it incredibly hard to parse the protein's structure, says Gwen Owens, a graduate student in Bjorkman's lab and a researcher who helped design the study.
"We need crystals for X-ray crystallography, the technique we use to study the protein, in which we shoot an X-ray through the protein crystal and analyze the organized pattern of radiation that scatters off of it," Owens says. "That pattern is what we depend on to identify the location of every carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur atom within the protein; if we shoot an X-ray beam at a clumped, aggregate protein—like huntingtin often is—we can't get any data from it," she says.
Researchers have previously studied small fragments of crystallized huntingtin, but because of its large size and propensity to clumping, no one has ever successfully grown a crystal of the full-length protein large enough to analyze with X-ray crystallography. To understand what the protein does—and how defects in it lead to the symptoms of Huntington's disease—the researchers need to study the full-length protein.
Looking for a solution to this problem, Owens was inspired by a few previous studies of protein formation on space shuttles and the ISS—studies suggesting that proteins can form crystals more readily in a condition of near-weightlessness called microgravity. "The previous studies looked at much simpler proteins, but we thought we could make a pretty good case that huntingtin would be an excellent candidate to study on the ISS," Owens says.
They proposed such an experiment to the Center for the Advancement of Science in Space (CASIS), which manages U.S. research on the ISS, and it was accepted, becoming part of the first Advancing Research Knowledge, or ARK1, mission.
Because Owens and Bjorkman cannot travel with their proteins, and staff and resources are limited aboard the ISS, the crystal will be grown with a Handheld High-Density Protein Crystal Growth device—an apparatus that will allow astronauts to initiate growth of normal and mutant huntingtin protein crystals from a solution of protein molecules with just the flip of a switch.
As the crystals grow larger over a period of several months, samples will come back to Earth via the SpaceX CRS-4 return mission. The results of the experiment are scheduled to drop into the ocean just off the coast of Southern California—along with the rest of the return cargo—sometime this fall. At that point, Owens will finally be able to analyze the proteins.
"Our ideal result would be to have large crystals of the normal and mutant huntingtin proteins right away—on the first try," she says. After analyzing crystals of the full-length protein with X-ray crystallography, the researchers could finally determine huntingtin's structure—information that will be crucial to developing treatments for Huntington's disease.
Owens, a joint MD/PhD student at Caltech and UCLA's David Geffen School of Medicine, has also had the opportunity to work with Huntington's disease patients in the clinic, adding a human connection to her experiment in the sky. "The patients and families I have met who are affected by Huntington's disease are excited to see something big like this. It's inspiring for them—and hopefully it will inspire new research, too."
Cutting-edge mathematics today, at least to the uninitiated, often sounds as if it bears no relation to the arithmetic we all learned in grade school. What do topology and combinatorics and n-dimensional space have to do with addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division? Yet there remains within mathematics one vibrant field of study that makes constant reference to basic arithmetic: number theory. Number theory—the "queen of mathematics," according to the famous 19th century mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss—takes integers as its starting point. Begin counting 1, 2, 3, and you enter the domain of number theory.
Number theorists are particularly interested in prime numbers (those integers that cannot be divided by any number other than itself and 1) and Diophantine equations. Diophantine equations are polynomial equations (those with two or more variables) in which the coefficients are all integers.
It is these equations that are the inspiration for a recent proof offered by Dinakar Ramakrishnan, Caltech's Taussky-Todd-Lonergan Professor of Mathematics and executive officer for mathematics, and his coauthor, Mladen Dimitrov, formerly an Olga Taussky and John Todd Instructor in Mathematics at Caltech and now professor of mathematics at the University of Lille in France. This proof involves homogeneous equations: equations in which all the terms have the same degree. For example, the polynomial xy + z2 has degree 2, and x2yz + xy3 has degree 4. If we take an equation like xy = z2, one solution for (x, y, z) would be (1, 4, 2). Multiplying that solution by any rational number will give infinitely many rational solutions, but this is a trivial way to get solutions achieved simply by "scaling." These are not the type of answers Ramakrishnan and Dimitrov were searching for.
What Ramakrishnan and Dimitrov showed is that a specific collection of systems of homogeneous equations with six variables has only a finite number of rational solutions (up to scaling). Usually people look for integer solutions of Diophantine equations, but the first approach is to find solutions in rational numbers—those that can be expressed as a fraction of two integers.
Diophantus, after whom the Diophantine equations are named, is best known for his Arithmetica, which Ramakrishnan describes as "a collection of intriguing mathematical problems, some of them original to Diophantus, others an assemblage of earlier work, some of it possibly going back to the Babylonians." Diophantus lived in the city of Alexandria, in what is now Egypt, during the third century CE. What makes the Arithmetica unusual is that it continues to serve as the basis for some very interesting mathematics more than 1,700 years later.
Diophantus was interested primarily in positive integers. He was aware of the existence of rational numbers, since he knew integers could divide one another, but he seemed to regard negative numbers (which are also rational numbers and can be integers) as absurd and unreal. Present-day number theorists have no such discomfort with negative numbers, but they continue to be as fascinated by integers as Diophantus was. "Integers are very special," says Ramakrishnan. "They are kind of like musical notes on a clavier. If you change a note even slightly, you'll hear a dissonance. In a sense, integers can be thought of as the well-tempered states of mathematics. They are quite beautiful."
Diophantus was especially interested in integer solutions for homogeneous polynomial equations: those in which each term of the equation has the same degree (for example, x7 + y7 = z7 or x2y3z = w6). The classic example of a homogeneous polynomial equation is the Pythagorean theorem—x2 + y2 = z2—which defines the hypotenuse, z, the longest side of a right triangle, with respect to the perpendicular sides x and y. As early as 1600 BCE, the ancient Babylonians knew that there were many integer solutions to this equation (beginning with 32 + 42 = 52), though it was Pythagoras, a Greek mathematician living in the sixth century BCE, who gave his name to the formula, and Euclid who two centuries later proved that this equation has an infinite number of positive integer solutions, known as "Pythagorean triples" (such as 3, 4, 5; 5, 12, 13; or 39, 80, 89).
In 1637, French mathematician Pierre de Fermat famously wrote in the margin of Diophantus's Arithmetica that he had a "truly marvelous proof" showing that although there were an infinite number of positive integer solutions for x2 + y2 = z2, there were no positive integer solutions at all when the variables were raised to the power of three or higher (x3 + y3 = z3; x4 + y4 = z4 ; . . . ; xn + yn = zn). Fermat did not provide the actual proof; he claimed that the margin of Diophantus's book was too small to contain it. Fermat's conjecture (it was not yet a proof, though Fermat apparently believed he had one in his mind) remained unsolved until the early 1990s, when British mathematician Andrew Wiles created a complicated and unexpected proof that made use of previously unrelated mathematical principles.
In geometric terms, Fermat's conjecture and Wiles's proof, with their three variables, operate in three-dimensional space and can be described as points on a curve on the projective plane, drawn with x, y, z coordinates up to scaling. By moving to a greater number of variables, Ramakrishnan and Dimitrov are interested in identifying points on so-called hyperbolic surfaces. A hyperbolic surface is a negatively curved space, like a saddle—as opposed to a positively curved space like a sphere—in which the rules of Euclidean geometry no longer apply. A simple example of a hyperbolic surface is given by the simultaneous solution (where the values of the variables are held constant) of three equations: x15 + y5 = z5; x25 + w5 = z5; and x35 + w5 = y5. In the 1980s, German mathematician Gerd Faltings did pioneering work on the mathematics of hyperbolic curves, work that inspired Ramakrishnan and Dimitrov.
Ramakrishnan and Dimitrov's recent finding considers rational-number solutions for several systems of homogeneous polynomial equations describing hyperbolic surfaces. One solution is to set all the variables to zero. This solution is considered trivial; but are there any nontrivial solutions?
There are at least a few nontrivial solutions that Ramakrishnan and Dimitrov use as examples. Their challenge was to determine if there are finitely many or infinitely many rational solutions. They demonstrated—in a proof-by-contradiction that took nearly two years to complete—that the hyperbolic case they consider has only a finite number of solutions.
But, as Ramakrishnan remarks, there is no rest for number theorists, because "even if we solve another bunch of equations, there are still many more that are unsolved, enough for our descendants five hundred years from now."
For Ramakrishnan, this is not a counsel of despair. He continues to find mathematics exciting, especially the concept of the mathematical proof. As he points out, "In other ancient civilizations in the Middle East or India or China, they did some very complicated math, but it was more algorithmic, more related to computer science in my opinion than to philosophy. Whereas the Greeks emphasized proofs, rigorously establishing mathematical truths. There's nothing vague about it."
Apart from the inherent joy of pushing number theory forward through another generation, Ramakrishnan points out that this field has interesting applications in both science and everyday life. "Quite often in science, you are counting. Think of balancing chemical equations such as wCH4 + xO2 —> yCO2 + zH2O, in which methane oxidizes to produce carbon dioxide and water. This is a linear Diophantine equation."
Number theory also plays an important role in encryption. "Every time one visits a website with an https:// address," says Ramakrishnan, "it is likely that the website browser is using an encryption system that validates the certificate for the remote server to which one is trying to connect. The security keys that are exchanged point to a number-theoretic solution. Most people prefer equations with simple solutions, but in some situations, such as encryption, you actually want integer equations that are hard to solve without the key. This is where number theory comes in."
Ramakrishnan and Dimitrov's paper, "Compact arithmetic quotients of the complex 2-ball and a conjecture of Lang," is posted on the math arXiv, a Cornell University Library open e-print archive for papers in physics, mathematics, computer science, quantitative biology, and quantitative finance and statistics.
As reported in a paper published online today in the journal Nature, Caltech biologist David J. Anderson and his colleagues have genetically identified neurons that control aggressive behavior in the mouse hypothalamus, a structure that lies deep in the brain (orange circle in the image at right). Researchers have long known that innate social behaviors like mating and aggression are closely related, but the specific neurons in the brain that control these behaviors had not been identified until now.
The interdisciplinary team of graduate students and postdocs, led by Caltech senior research fellow Hyosang Lee, found that if these neurons are strongly activated by pulses of light, using a method called optogenetics, a male mouse will attack another male or even a female. However, weaker activation of the same neurons will trigger sniffing and mounting: mating behaviors. In fact, the researchers could switch the behavior of a single animal from mounting to attack by gradually increasing the strength of neuronal stimulation during a social encounter (inhibiting the neurons, in contrast, stops these behaviors dead in their tracks).
These results suggest that the level of activity within the population of neurons may control the decision between mating and fighting.
The neurons initially were identified because they express a protein receptor for the hormone estrogen, reinforcing the view that estrogen plays an important role in the control of male aggression, contrary to popular opinion. Because the human brain contains a hypothalamus that is structurally similar to that in the mouse, these results may be relevant to human behavior as well.
The results of the study were published in journal Nature on April 16. David J. Anderson is the Seymour Benzer Professor of Biology and an investigator with the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
From far away, the top of a leaf looks like one seamless surface; however, up close, that smooth exterior is actually made up of a patchwork of cells in a variety of shapes and sizes. Interested in how these cells individually take on their own unique forms, Caltech biologist Elliot Meyerowitz, postdoctoral scholar Arun Sampathkumar, and colleagues sought to pinpoint the shape-controlling factors in pavement cells, which are puzzle-piece-shaped epithelial cells found on the leaves of flowering plants. They found that these unusual shapes were the cell's response to mechanical stress on the microtubule cytoskeleton—protein tubes that act as a scaffolding inside the cells. These microtubules guide oriented deposition of cell-wall components, thus providing structural support.
The researchers studied this supportive microtubule arrangement in the tissue of pavement cells from the first leaves—or cotyledons—of a young Arabidopsis thaliana plant (right). By fluorescently marking the cells' microtubules (yellow, top surface of cell; purple, bottom surface of cell), the researchers could image the cell's structural arrangement—and watch how this arrangement changed over time. They could also watch the microtubule modifications that occurred due to changes in the mechanical forces experienced by the cells.
Microtubules strengthen a cell's structure by lining up in the direction of stress or pressure experienced by the cell and guiding the deposition of new cell-wall material, providing a supportive scaffold for the cell's shape. However, Meyerowitz and colleagues found that this internal stress is also influenced by the cell's shape. The result is a feedback loop: the cell's shape influences the microtubule arrangement; this arrangement, in turn, affects the cell's shape, which modulates the microtubules, and so on. Therefore, the unusual shape of the pavement cell represents a state of balance—an individual cell's tug-of-war to maintain structural integrity while also dynamically responding to the pushes and pulls of mechanical stress.
The results of the study were published in the journal eLife on April 16. Elliot Meyerowitz is George W. Beadle Professor of Biology and an investigator with the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
Due to its well-studied genome and small size, the humble fruit fly has been used as a model to study hundreds of human health issues ranging from Alzheimer's to obesity. However, Michael Dickinson, Esther M. and Abe M. Zarem Professor of Bioengineering at Caltech, is more interested in the flies themselves—and how such tiny insects are capable of something we humans can only dream of: autonomous flight. In a report on a recent study that combined bursts of air, digital video cameras, and a variety of software and sensors, Dickinson and his team explain a mechanism for the insect's "cruise control" in flight—revealing a relationship between a fly's vision and its wind-sensing antennae.
The results were recently published in an early online edition of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
Inspired by a previous experiment from the 1980s, Dickinson's former graduate student Sawyer Fuller (PhD '11) wanted to learn more about how fruit flies maintain their speed in flight. "In the old study, the researchers simulated natural wind for flies in a wind tunnel and found that flies maintain the same groundspeed—even in a steady wind," Fuller says.
Because the previous experiment had only examined the flies' cruise control in gentle steady winds, Fuller decided to test the limits of the insect's abilities by delivering powerful blasts of air from an air piston in a wind tunnel. The brief gusts—which reached about half a meter per second and moved through the tunnel at the speed of sound—were meant to probe how the fly copes if the wind is rapidly changing.
The flies' response to this dynamic stimulus was then tracked automatically by a set of five digital video cameras that recorded the fly's position from five different perspectives. A host of computers then combined information from the cameras and instantly determined the fly's trajectory and acceleration.
To their surprise, the Caltech team found that the flies in their experiments, unlike those in the previous studies, accelerated when the wind was pushing them from behind and decelerated when flying into a headwind. In both cases the flies eventually recovered to maintain their original groundspeed, but the initial response was puzzling, Fuller says. "This response was basically the opposite of what the fly would need to do to maintain a consistent groundspeed in the wind," he says.
In the past, researchers assumed that flies—like humans and most other animals—used their vision to measure their speed in wind, accelerating and decelerating their flight based on the groundspeed their vision detected. But Fuller and his colleagues were also curious about the in-flight role of the fly's wind-sensing organs: the antennae.
Using the fly's initial response to strong wind gusts as a marker, the researchers tested the response of each sensory mode individually. To investigate the role of wind sensation on the fly's cruise control, they delivered strong gusts of wind to normal flies, as well as flies whose antennae had been removed. The flies without antenna still increased their speed in the same direction as the wind gust, but they only accelerated about half as much as the flies whose antennae were still intact. In addition, the flies without antennae were unable to maintain a constant speed, dramatically alternating between acceleration and deceleration. Together, these results suggested that the antennae were indeed providing wind information that was important for speed regulation.
In order to test the response of the eyes separately from that of the antennae, Fuller and his colleagues projected an animation on the walls of the fly-tracking arena that would trick the eyes into thinking there was no speed increase, even though the antenna could feel the increased windspeed. When the researchers delivered strong headwinds to flies in this environment, the flies decelerated and were unable to recover to their original speed.
"We know that vision is important for flying insects, and we know that flies have one of the fastest visual systems on the planet," Dickinson says, "But this response showed us that as fast as their vision is, if they're flying too fast or the wind is blowing them around too quickly, their visual system reaches its limit and the world starts getting blurry." That is when the antennae kick in, he says.
The results suggest that the antennae are responsible for quickly sensing changes in windspeed—and therefore are responsible for the fly's initial deceleration in a headwind. The information received from the fly's eyes—which is processed much more slowly than information from the wind sensors on the antenna—is responsible for helping the fly regain its cruising speed.
"Sawyer's study showed that the fly can take another sensor—this little tiny antenna, which doesn't require nearly the amount of processing area within the brain as the eyes—and the fly is able to use that information to compensate for the fact that the information coming out of the eyes is a bit delayed," Dickinson says. "It's kind of a neat trick, using a cheap little sensor to compensate for the limitations of a big, heavy, expensive sensor."
Beyond learning more about the fly's wind-sensing capabilities, Fuller says that this information will also help engineers design small flying robots—creating a sort of man-made fly. "Tiny flying robots will take a lot of inspiration from flies. Like flies, they will probably have to rely heavily on vision to regulate groundspeed," he says.
"A challenge here is that vision typically takes a lot of computation to get right, just like in flies, but it's impossible to carry a powerful processor to do that quickly on a tiny robot. So they'll instead carry tiny cameras and do the visual processing on a tiny processor, but it will just take longer. Our results suggest that little flying vehicles would also do well to have fast wind sensors to compensate for this delay."
The work was published in a study titled "Flying Drosophila stabilize their vision-based velocity controller by sensing wind with their antennae." Other coauthors include former Caltech senior postdoc Andrew D. Straw, Martin Y. Peek (BS '06), and Richard Murray, Thomas E. and Doris Everhart Professor of Control and Dynamical Systems and Bioengineering at Caltech, who coadvised Fuller's graduate work. The study was supported by the Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies through funding from the U.S. Army Research Office and by a National Science Foundation Graduate Fellowship.
A lot can happen to a rock over the course of two and a half billion years. It can get buried and heated; fluids remove some of its minerals and precipitate others; its chemistry changes. So if you want to use that rock to learn about the conditions on the early Earth, you have to do some geologic sleuthing: You have to figure out which parts of the rock are original and which came later. That is a tricky task, but now a team of Caltech researchers has developed and applied a unique technique that removes much of the guesswork.
"We want to know what Earth looked like when these ancient rocks were deposited. That's a giant challenge because a number of processes have scrambled and erased the original history," says Woodward Fischer, an assistant professor of geobiology at Caltech. "This is a first big effort to try to wrestle with that."
Fischer is the lead author on a paper that describes the new technique and findings in the current issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
Using the new method, Fischer and his colleagues have examined ancient rocks dating to an age before the rise of oxygen. Today, water feeds the biosphere, providing the electrons needed to support life. But before the evolution of photosynthesis and the accumulation of oxygen in the atmosphere, elements such as iron and sulfur were the source of electrons. Researchers interested in the early Earth would like to determine how and when life figured out how to use these elements. The Caltech team has identified clear evidence that 2.5 billion years ago, sulfate-reducing microbes were already at work.
The researchers studied drill core samples collected in South Africa from sedimentary rocks that are slightly older than 2.5 billion years old. They focused on small features within the rocks, called nodules, made of the mineral pyrite. Also known as fool's gold, pyrite can be made in a number of ways, including as a product of respiratory metabolism: sulfate-reducing microbes reduce sulfate, which is present in seawater, yielding hydrogen sulfide, and when that hydrogen sulfide mingles with iron, pyrite is produced.
Today, sulfate-reducing microbes are often found in anoxic environments such as marine sediments where the oxygen has been consumed by aerobes but where there is still plenty of organic matter. It is logical, then, to suspect that these microbes would have been important players on the early Earth, when oxygen was scarce. Comparative genomics studies of sulfate reducers that are living today also suggest that these microbes should have been present 2.5 billion years ago. But this has been difficult to confirm in the rock record.
From current studies, scientists know that sulfate reducers metabolize the various stable isotopes of sulfur in a predictable way: producing light sulfur isotopes first before moving on to produce heavier ones as they run out of substrate. This provides a chemical thumbprint that researchers can look for as they examine pyrite nodules. The nodules crystalize early within the sediments, with the material at their core forming before the material at their edges. Therefore, to check whether sulfur-reducing organisms were active when a particular pyrite-containing rock formed, a geobiologist should be able to measure the ratios of a nodule's sulfur isotopes at different points—both near the core and closer to the edges—to see how those ratios changed as the nodule grew. But the nodules are only about a millimeter in diameter, so researchers have not been able to collect the fine-grained measurements they need in order to identify the isotopic thumbprint. Instead, they often grind up an entire rock sample, measure its isotopic composition, and then compare it to another rock.
Muddying the interpretation even more, these ancient rocks have all been deeply complicated by the wrinkles of time. All of the events and circumstances that have affected them since their deposition have left their chemical marks, by carving away old materials and precipitating new ones. A geologist can use some of the textures—the marks left in the fabric of the rock—to unravel some of a rock's history, but only if those textures clearly crosscut or overlap one another. Some of the visual cues can also be misleading. So it can be difficult just to identify which parts of a rock are original and can therefore provide insight about the early Earth.
Fischer's new technique changes all that. It allows researchers to untangle a rock's history and to then zoom in and measure the isotopic ratios at a number of points within a single pyrite nodule.
He begins as any geologist would—by looking at a sample with light and electron microscopy to identify the different textures within the rock. Doing that, he might identify a number of pyrite nodules that "look good"—that appear to date to the rock's original deposition.
He then uses a technique called scanning SQUID (superconducting quantum interference device) microscopy, which uses a quantum detector to produce a magnetic map of the sample at a very small scale. Pyrite itself is not magnetic, but when it is later altered, it forms a mineral called pyrrhotite, which is magnetic. Using scanning SQUID microscopy, Fischer has been able to rule out a number of nodules that had appeared to be original but that were in fact magnetic, meaning that they included pyrrhotite. In his South African samples, those deceptive features dated to a volcanic event 500 million years after the rocks were deposited, which sent chemistry-altering fluids through all the layers of sediment and rock that were present at the time.
"If you weren't using this technique, you'd miss the later alteration," Fischer says. "Those textures looked good. They would have passed naive tests."
The final step in the process is to measure the isotopic composition of the nodules using an analytical method called secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). This specialized technique is used to measure the chemistry of thin films and solids with very fine spatial resolution. Materials scientists use it to analyze silicon wafers, for example, and planetary scientists have used it to study bits of rock from the moon. Fischer's group is one of the few in the world that uses it to study ancient rocks.
In SIMS, a sample under very strong vacuum is bombarded with a beam of cesium ions, which displaces ions from the surface of the sample. A mass spectrometer can measure those so-called secondary ions, providing a count of the sample's sulfur isotopes. Since the beam can be focused very precisely, the method allows researchers to sample many points within a single nodule, measuring a 13 x 5 grid within a millimeter, for example. The product is essentially a map of the sample's isotopic composition.
"It's one thing to say, 'Wow, rocks are really complicated. There's just going to be information lost.' It's another thing to be able to go back in and say, 'I know how to piece together the history of this rock and learn something about the early Earth that I didn't know previously.'"
Using the new technique, Fischer and his colleagues were able to identify which parts of their drill core samples were truly ancient and to then measure the sulfur isotopic composition of those nodules as they grew. And indeed they found the isotopic signature expected as a result of the activity of sulfur-reducing microbes.
"This work supports the hypothesis that microbial sulfate reduction was an important metabolism in organic-rich environments on the early Earth," Fischer says. "What's more, we now know how we can ask better questions about ancient rocks. That, for me, is incredibly exciting."
The paper is titled "SQUID-SIMS is a useful approach to uncover primary signals in the Archean sulfur cycle." Along with Fischer, additional Caltech coauthors are John Eiler, the Robert P. Sharp Professor of Geology and professor of geochemistry; Joseph Kirschvink, the Nico and Marilyn Van Wingen Professor of Geobiology; Jena Johnson, a graduate student in geobiology; and Yunbin Guan, director of the Center for Microanalysis. David Fike of Washington University in St. Louis and Timothy Raub of the University of St. Andrews are also coauthors. Scanning SQUID microscopy is a technique that was developed by researchers at Caltech and Vanderbilt University. The work was supported by the Agouron Institute and by a NASA Exobiology Award.
In 2005, NASA's Cassini spacecraft sent pictures back to Earth depicting an icy Saturnian moon spewing water vapor and ice from fractures, known as "tiger stripes," in its frozen surface. It was big news that tiny Enceladus—a mere 500 kilometers in diameter—was such an active place. Since then, scientists have hypothesized that a large reservoir of water lies beneath that icy surface, possibly fueling the plumes. Now, using gravity measurements collected by Cassini, scientists have confirmed that Enceladus does in fact harbor a large subsurface ocean near its south pole, beneath those tiger stripes.
"For the first time, we have used a geophysical method to determine the internal structure of Enceladus, and the data suggest that indeed there is a large, possibly regional ocean about 50 kilometers below the surface of the south pole," says David Stevenson, the Marvin L. Goldberger Professor of Planetary Science at Caltech and an expert in studies of the interior of planetary bodies. "This then provides one possible story to explain why water is gushing out of these fractures we see at the south pole."
Stevenson is one of the authors on a paper that describes the finding in the current issue of the journal Science. Luciano Iess of Sapienza University of Rome is the paper's lead author.
During three flybys of Enceladus, between April 2010 and May 2012, the scientists collected extremely precise measurements of Cassini's trajectory by tracking the spacecraft's microwave carrier signal with NASA's Deep Space Network. The gravitational tug of a planetary body, such as Enceladus, alters a spacecraft's flight path ever so slightly. By measuring the effect of such deflections on the frequency of Cassini's signal as the orbiter traveled past Enceladus, the scientists were able to learn about the moon's gravitational field. This, in turn, revealed details about the distribution of mass within the moon.
"This is really the only way to learn about internal structure from remote sensing," Stevenson says. In fact, more precise measurements would require the placement of seismometers on Enceladus's surface—something that is certainly not going to happen anytime soon.
The key feature in the gravity data was a so-called negative mass anomaly at Enceladus's south pole. Put simply, such an anomaly exists when there is less mass in a particular location than would be expected in the case of a uniform spherical body. Since there is a known depression in the surface of Enceladus's south pole, the scientists expected to find a negative mass anomaly. However, the anomaly was quite a bit smaller than would be predicted by the depression alone.
"So, you say, 'Aha! This is compensated at depth,'" Stevenson says.
Such compensation for mass is commonly found on planetary bodies, including on Earth. In some cases, the absence of material at the surface is compensated at depth by the presence of denser material. In other cases, the presence of extra material at the surface is compensated by the existence of less dense material at depth. In fact, when the first gravity measurements were made in India, people were struck by the fact that Mount Everest did not seem to produce much of an effect. Today we know that, like most mountains on Earth, Mount Everest is compensated by a low-density root that extends many tens of kilometers below the surface. In other words, the material protruding above the surface is compensated by a reduction of density at depth.
In the case of Enceladus, the opposite is true. The absence of material at the surface is compensated at depth by the presence of material that is denser than ice. "The only sensible candidate for that material is water," Stevenson says. "So if I have this depression at the south pole, and I have beneath the surface 50 kilometers down a layer of water or an ocean, that layer of water at depth is a positive mass anomaly. Together the two anomalies account for our measurements."
Although no one can say for certain whether the subsurface ocean supplies the water that has been seen spraying out of the tiger stripes on Enceladus's surface, the scientists say that it is possible. The suspicion is that the fractures—in some way that is not yet fully understood—connect down to a part of the moon that is being tidally heated by the globe's repeated flexing as it traces its eccentric orbit. "Presumably the tidal heating is also replenishing the ocean," Stevenson says, "so it is possible that some of that water is making its way up through the tiger stripes."
The paper is titled "The Gravity Field and Interior Structure of Enceladus." Additional coauthors are Marzia Parisi, Douglas Hemingway, Robert A. Jacobson, Jonathan I. Lunine, Francis Nimmo, John W. Armstrong, Sami W. Asmar, Maria Ducci, and Paolo Tortora. The work was supported by the Italian Space Agency and by NASA through the Cassini project. The Cassini-Huygens mission is a cooperative project of NASA, the European Space Agency, and the Italian Space Agency. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory manages the mission for NASA's Science Mission Directorate.


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Renowned urdu poet and lyricist Nida Fazli passed away on Monday at his residence in Mumbai. He was 78 and is survived by his wife and a daughter. "He complained of breathlessness this morning at around 11 AM at his residence. When we reached the hospital we were informed that he is no mor
KUMAR SANU Anuradha - Tara Ra Ra Ra
KUMAR SANU Anuradha - Tara Ra Ra Ra Film: Gharwali Baharwali Music: Anu Malik [email protected]
Anu Malik
urThe India International Jewelerry Week 2015 kick-started in Mumbai where celebrities Sania Mirza, Juhi Chawla and Chitrangada Singh walked the ramp as showstoppers for different jewellery brands on the first day. The IIJW this year was inaugurated by Bollywood fashionista Sonam Kapoor on Monday
This is for those who do not know, Deepika Padukone is playing 'Leela' in Sanjay Leela Bhansali's 'Ram Leela' starring Ranveer Singh in the lead and the actress dressed up like the character 'Leela' and came to wish the birthday boy Sanjay Leela Bhansali on his 50th birthday. She wore
Latest Bollywood News
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- Shahrukh Khan and Rohit Shetty's friendship gone sour
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subset: commoncrawl


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The Doubletree in Breckenridge was great - we loved it. The location is prime - it's not technically ski-in/ski-out, but it's just a short walk to the slopes on pretty flat ground (less than 4 minutes I'd guess, from the front door). The room itself was HUGE, too - we had a king bed, with a small kitchenette and a small alcove at the window with a nice chair to curl up in after skiing. Compared to other resorts in the area, it was definitely on the nicer side, but really the biggest draw is the location!
So what put my rating to "5?" The staff. The bellstaff was extremely helpful when we arrived, and when we were getting directions to the slopes on day one. Always smiling and willing to assist - very nice! The front-desk staff was stellar as well - very polite, efficient, and helpful. I'd definitely stay here again.
- Official Description (provided by the hotel):
- The DoubleTree by Hilton Hotel Breckenridge is a true mountain experience offering views of the majestic Rocky Mountains. Our full service hotel is directly across the street from Peak 9 of the world renowned Breckenridge ski resort. The chair lift is within walking distance from the hotel. We are also only a 10-minute walk to historical Main Street where you can find a variety of shops, dining options and exciting Gold Rush history! ... more less
- Reservation Options:
- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Booking.com, Hilton Hotels, Expedia, Hotels.com, getaroom.com, Priceline, Odigeo, Hotwire and Travelocity so you can book your DoubleTree by Hilton Breckenridge reservations with confidence. We help millions of travelers each month to find the perfect hotel for both vacation and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.
- Also Known As:
- Doubletree By Hilton Breckenridge Hotel Breckenridge
- Great Divide Hotel
- Great Divide Breckenridge


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Published: Sunday, June 21, 2009 at 3:15 a.m.
Last Modified: Friday, June 19, 2009 at 3:17 p.m.
Mr. and Mrs. Harry Manson Coggins of Inman celebrated their 50th wedding anniversary June 14, 2009. Mrs. Coggins is the former Willyne Seay.
The couple has two children: Craig Coggins of Inman and Jennifer Coggins Reese and husband Glenn Reese, Jr. of Boiling Springs. They have five grandchildren.
The couple's children and grandchildren hosted a barbecue in their honor June 19, 2009 at Rainbow Lake Pavilion.
Reader comments posted to this article may be published in our print edition. All rights reserved. This copyrighted material may not be re-published without permission. Links are encouraged.
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Park Rhythms, July 4, And More!
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2016 Adult Coed Softball Schedule - Monday, May 16, 2016
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The Black Mountain community places a strong emphasis on the provision of quality recreation and parks services. The beautiful natural environment of the surrounding mountains provide the perfect backdrop for the year-round recreational opportunities. In an effort to carry out their mission and to provide for the enhancement of mountain living, the Black Mountain Recreation and Parks Department provides a variety of recreation and leisure activities, special events, facilities and parks that contribute to health, fitness, relaxation, enjoyment and community fellowship for the citizens of the Town of Black Mountain, neighboring communities and visitors to our town. Recreational pursuits are important to our community's quality of life. With a staff of five full-time employees and a number of seasonal employees/volunteers, we endeavor to provide recreational opportunities that are second to none. We hope you enjoy our parks and facilities!
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Bill Bergesch, Executive for Yankees and Mets, Dies at Age 89
Bill Bergesch, who held a series of front-office jobs for the New York Yankees in four decades, died two days ago at a retirement home in Stamford, Connecticut, at the age of 89, the team said.
Bergesch was traveling secretary and stadium manager from 1964 until 1967 and returned to the Major League Baseball team in 1978 as director of scouting. Two years later, he became vice president of baseball operations until he resigned in 1984.
From 1991-92, Bergesch was assistant general manager under Gene Michael and then became a senior adviser in baseball operations until 1994.
Bergesch, who graduated from Washington University in 1946, began his baseball career with the St. Louis Cardinals in 1947 as general manager for farm teams.
He was assistant general manager of the Kansas City Athletics before joining the New York Mets organization in 1961, establishing the team's farm system and hiring scouts before the club's inaugural 1962 season.
Bergesch was general manager of the Cincinnati Reds in 1984-87.


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Jonathan's Archive
Ashley Olsen in Textile Elizabeth and James Johnny in Onyx
Ashley Olsen was spotted leaving her hotel in Paris, France earlier this month. The designer wore her favorite Textile Elizabeth and James Johnny Jeans in Onyx with her trusty espadrilles.
I find this look to be the Fall/Winter equivalent to the previous sighting we got of her. It is amazing how just a simple change of color in a jacket can really change the overall vibe of a look. You can click here to purchase Textile from Shopbop.
Image Courtesy of WENN.com
Cara Delevingne in Rag & Bone Skinny Tuxedo in Khaki
Cara Delevingne was spotted in between shows during Paris Fashion Week. The model wore her trusty pair of Rag & Bone Skinny Tuxedo Jeans in Khaki with a pair of Chanel Sneakers.
One thing that I like about Cara's style is that she knows how to dress down designer pieces, much like Rihanna. Though I do find her to be more on the casual side than Rihanna. We have yet to see her wear a pair of heels out on a regular day out, which I don't mind not seeing her don. You can click here to purchase Rag & Bone from SSENSE.
Images Courtesy of INFDaily.com
James Franco in Joe's Jeans Brixton in Daumier
James Franco was spotted outside the Claridge's Hotel in London. The actor wore a pair of Joe's Brixton in Daumier with a burgundy leather jacket. Here is an interesting fact about these jeans. They are actually made of chambray. Being lighter weight would make these jeans perfect for when the weather warms up, especially if you cannot part with dark denim.
Are you readers interested in seeing OZ: The Great and Powerful? It is one that has been on top of my list since they announced the making of it. I will admit that I have never been a huge fan of the classic starring Judy Garland, but the melancholic feel of this one has grabbed my attention. You can click here to purchase these jeans from the Joe's website.
Images Courtesy of WENN & Joe's Jeans
Miroslava Duma in Chanel Spring 2013 Denim Dress
Miroslava Duma was spotted in-between shows during Paris Fashion Week. The fashion writer wore a dress from the recent Chanel Spring 2013 collection (Cara Delevingne's look) with some thigh-high boots and a military jacket. She finished the look off with a denim jacket.
This is definitely a dress that can be pulled off by some such as Miroslava or as an editorial piece. It is very bold and the way she styled it here is even bolder. What do you think of the look?


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Eating a lot of fruit during pregnancy may result in having a smarter baby
Most of us tell our kids to eat lots of fresh fruit to get strong, healthy, and smart. According to a new study, we should be taking that advice ourselves while pregnant. A study published in


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L'auberge Roof Top constitue une base idéale pour votre visite de Melaka. Elle se trouve à Jalan Kampong Pantai, la... Plus d'info »
We are a new guest house in the heart of Melaka's historic China Town. Steps away from Dutch Square, Little India,... Plus d'info »
Melaka is a beautiful town with stunning architecture, dating back to the 18th century. It has historical influences... Plus d'info »
We are one of the latest backpacker's joint in Melaka. Located in the city center of all historical sites and just... Plus d'info »
Our gh is a three-story building located in the old part of Melaka. Town square, chinatown, historical sites, are... Plus d'info »
GPS : (Lat 2 deg 11' 34' N, 102 deg 15' 15' E) Situated in the UNESCO Zone & is one of the last few heritage... Plus d'info »
Located right at the centre of Malacca historic Chinatown, Cheng Ho Sayang Guesthouse overlooks the Malacca River. It... Plus d'info »
Voyage Guest House located right in the heart of Chinatown. Building is typical Malacca Chinatown house with a... Plus d'info »
We are a small friendly guest house in the centre of old Malacca. We are a short walk from the A.Famosa Plus d'info »
Layang Layang Guest House is located at Blacksmith Street, which is known today as Jalan Tukang Besi. It is only... Plus d'info »
River One Residence is strategically located within UNESCO World Heritage of Melaka, overlooking Melaka River and... Plus d'info »
Fernloft Malacca (The Heritage Hostel) is located within the UNESCO World Heritage City of Malacca. The kaleidoscopic... Plus d'info »
Hallmark Crown Hôtel est à distance de marche de nombreux grands centres commerciaux et les points chauds de... Plus d'info »
Centrally Located in the heart of the Chinese Quarter, Bala's Place offers good clean budget accommodation with... Plus d'info »
Troka is an abstract sanctuary in the hub of Malacca's historical precinct. It was built in 1914 and is one of the... Plus d'info »
Offering complimentary WiFi access, EcoTree Hotel, Melaka houses a fitness centre, a coffee house and large outdoor... Plus d'info »
The "Oriental Residence" is a charming "Chinese Home Conception" set in an elegantly restored pre-war building,... Plus d'info »
The hostel is conveniently located in Melaka Downtown near the Megamall. Surrounded by restaurants, bars, clubs and... Plus d'info »
Hallmark View Hotel (Melaka) is the latest masterpiece of ultimate comfort and elegance. The bold and vibrant... Plus d'info »
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Adventure & Fantasy
Maturity Ratings
Each Second Life destination has a maturity rating of General, Moderate, or Adult. You can choose to show or hide destinations based on their maturity rating.
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Escape into these virtual world locations filled with adventure and fantasy.
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SL Mining
Mining is a miner simulation MMORPG where players can mine up resources and Lindens by picking rocks, chopping trees, smelting, crafting, trading and more. More at workwithaccess.com/faq.View this destination »
Temporia Prime
Visit Temporia Prime, a world where you can explore an exotic, alien landscape in Second Life. Stroll the streets of the city levels and fly to the outer atmosphere. From the forests and rivers of the exotic surface to the depths of space, there's lots to explore!View this destination »
A post-apocalypse compound cut off from civilization after a nuclear fallout. There is much to explore. Hang-out in the container yard with friends while playing games or traversing the ropes. Listen to music at the open stage. Lots of photography opportunities and hidden places to discover.View this destination »
Telrunya - Forest of Dreams
Enter a world straight out of a fairytale where you can find magical creatures around every corner. This is a haven for those who look for a tranquil environment, a home for fairies, fauns, elves and those who love to be lost in a dreamworld. Walk, fly or ride a boat to explore all the beauty this sim has to offer.View this destination »
Disturbia Rage of Mystery
Disturbia is a mysterious and inaccessible island that has been abandoned, neglected and forgotten by society. It is a lovely little place, really...if you don't think about all the people who mysteriously vanish here.View this destination »
Sirena Mountain
Here lies the ruins of a what was once a beautiful village. A village of mosaic floors and stone walls unknowingly built above a siren shoal. In retaliation, the sirens rose the tide and destroyed what rested just above the shore. Only the brave dare sail or fly to Sirena Mountain in hopes to claim the treasures left behind.View this destination »
Fairy Tales Castle
Explore the castle, tunnels and mysteries of Fairy Tales Castle. Find the flying key and grab your magic wand as you go deeper and deeper into the castle. Be wary of the dragon - he's not to be trusted. Find the treasures...and have fun.View this destination »
Hestium I...Where Stories Begin
Perched above a sparkling sea, built from ancient weathered stone, this tiny village lies basking in the soft, warm light of a perpetual 'Indian Summer'. But who lives here? And why? What are the stories of these unseen people who have left fragments of the lives for you to find?View this destination »
Mysts of Eyr
The Isle of Eyr welcomes imaginative people and inventive storylines. Come play in this immersive RP community on an untamed rainforest island shrouded in mysts and magic.View this destination »
Kukulkan II: The Seeker of Knowledge
Kukulkan, the feathered serpent, is present in most cultures of Mesoamerica. Mesopotamia knew a feathered serpent, the Egyptian Caduceus and winged globe. The Ascended Ancients await you in Kukulkan. Their mysteries are embedded in the spacial fabric of this sim. They must be sought for they do not seek you. A path lies in Kukulkan, through Hermes' Scepter to Aset. Can you discover it and ascend?View this destination »
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OverviewA chart may be used to measure and compare a child's growth to a standard range. The parameters to be measured and charted are height, weight, and head circumference.
Update Date 7/10/2015
Updated by: Neil K. Kaneshiro, MD, MHA, Clinical Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Isla Ogilvie, PhD, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.


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Comment Special powers? (Score 1) 359
The Jedi and the Sith don't have any special powers in their blood. Midichlorians, you say? Sorry I can't hear you, LA LA LA LA LA LA LA...
The Jedi and the Sith don't have any special powers in their blood. Midichlorians, you say? Sorry I can't hear you, LA LA LA LA LA LA LA...
It's all about money, man.
You think you're free?
Try going somewhere without money.
Bill Hicks
Damned martens keep eating my car, too! A couple of months back, one ate the rubber pipe of the break assist and the battery cables. Cost about 200 euros. They are a real problem in middle Europe...
In ten years? I've had my Ford for 4 years and I've only opened the hood for adding windshield wiper fluid. The air pressure (and a bunch of other things) is checked at the dealer's where I drive it to get the tyres replaced twice a year (in November they take the summer tyres off, put them in storage and bolt on the winter tyres on, vice versa in May).
You have to adjust for Switzerland. The cost of living is so high money almost evaporates as soon as you touch them. After adjustment you would land close to your $14k.
Get Gatling guns on one ship, the next pirate crew will show up with an RPG. If I was a sailor on one of those ships, there would be no chance in frozen hell I would fire back on a pirate to protect some rich dude's shit on board that's probably insured anyway. You can be as gun-ho about this as you want from your armchair, I'm throwing my hands in the air and letting the pirates go with the cargo.
Good idea. The disagree mod should then be positive. In this way, the controversial (but not trolling) comments will be upvoted for discussion.
I'm afraid I have to agree. This search engine needs to receive as much publicity as possible, not get swept under the rug. Only then, I hope, will the people become aware of how orwellian the IoT really is.
For the record, hydroelectric plants come at the bottom of the hills, not on top.
As another already commented, the devil is in the details. He briefly mentioned longevity, but I'd like to elaborate on that. Some materials, like silicon, can carry 4 times tge charge of regular batteries, but they tend to swell when they take up the charge and shrink when they lose it. Apart from the mechanical problems, this is a major limitation of the amount of cycles that the battery can withstand. After a few cycles the material is so worn that you lose all the benefits. A material may look so awesome on paper or in the lab so that it causes press releases and hype, but all that vanishes the closer you get to production.
Also, it's hard to get a "perfect" material that can cary more charge, for longer time, last more cycles, is cheap, non-toxic, non-explosive or a fire hazard, does not overheat, compact (in terms of weight and/or volume), easy to process and manufacture into an actual battery... you see where this is going... Everyone's looking for this elusive material, and everyone wants to show they are making progress in order to raise more research funds, thus the press releases and the stirr.
Aren't supercooled materials actually cooled below their freezing point, but kept in a liquid state? Oxygen "just above its freezing point" is damned cold, but not supercooled. So, which one is it?
This will not only produce a finer grid, but it will also be identical to D&D squares. This will make live action soooo much more convenient.
Correction: 100 % of our food comes from crops. What do you think that steak was eating before landing on your plate? Also, inefficient as hell, but steak does taste nice.
That would be the Stallman edition.
For what is worth, movies are not shot in one go (except Russian Ark), but are composed out of several "takes". This is an axample where a technical limitation will actually teach you better cinematography skills. But then again you wouldn't be using your phone for shooting a movie. Unless you are recording your kid's shool play, in which case you should go out and buy a camcorder already.
Those who can, do; those who can't, write. Those who can't write work for the Bell Labs Record.


text:
I am parsing pages for email data . How would I get a hidden email - which is generated using JavaScript .This is the page I am parsing a page If you would take a look on the html source(using firebug or something else) you would see that it is a link tag generated inside div named sobi2Details_field_email and set to be display:none . This is my code for now , but the problem is with email
doc = Jsoup.connect(strLine).get();
Element e5=doc.getElementById("sobi2Details_field_email");
System.out.println (emaildata);


text:
Vous voulez voir cette page en français ? Cliquez ici.
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Transformers: Infiltration Manga Paperback – Dec 12 2006
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The only thing preventing a 5 star rating is the rather poor binding on this edition of the first Transformers story-arc from IDW. If handled with care, this volume should hold up fine, but if treated like the Manga it is described as (that is, carried around in a pocket or backpack, read on the train or in a cafe, etc), it stands a good chance of falling apart.
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35 New Uses For Old Newspapers And Magazines
Don't worry, these are less offensive than DIY book projects…
1. Starburst Clock
Who needs numbers on their clocks? Instructions here.
2. Trashcan
OR an even better recycling bin, because you know, you're recycling the materials. See the tutorial here.
3. Envelopes
White envelopes are just sooo boring. Directions here.
4. 3D Butterfly Art
More ideas and tutorial here.
5. Subscription Card Bracelet
Hey, subscription inserts have to have their use too. Learn how to make this bangle here.
6. Award Ribbons
Because you're #1! (In the crafting world, that is.) Click here for directions.
7. Mini Basket
That underwater basket weaving class is coming in handy. Instructions here.
8. Wallpaper
From artist Andrea Zittel.
9. Notebooks
Cool journal, bro. Additional steps here.
10. Pop Art
Make your janky apartment fancy with this eye-catching project.
11. Origami Bows
These will make any gift pop! Perfect your bow here.
12. Hanging Triangle Banner
Get your party started the right way with this banner.
13. Cutout Art
WALL-E!!! Directions here.
14. Newspaper Dress
NEW TREND??? Instructions here.
15. Sculptures
You better get started…
This piece is by artist Yun-Woo Choi, and you can view more of the collection here.
16. Placemats
Tutorial here.
17. Suitcase Pattern
Don't buy a new duffel Ever. Again. Step-by-step guide here.
18. Wedding Bouquet
A cheap, but creative arrangement for the DIY bride. Check it out here.
19. Silhouettes
Forget the bear, you need to make one of your cat, ASAP. Click here for directions.
20. Side Tables
For the "I'm too lazy to get real tables" part of you. Furnish your home with this tutorial.
21. News Nails
If you don't have rubbing alcohol, any drinking alcohol like vodka and whiskey will work. Simple steps here.
22. Enhanced Leaves
Nature meets journalism. Follow these instructions.
23. Frames
Directions here.
24. Confetti Magazine Bowls
Can I put cereal in this bowl?
25. Wreaths
This craft is proven to get more knocks on your door.
27. Coasters
29. Hair Bow
So. Cute. See the tutorial here.
30. Small Bags
Perfect for little knickknacks. Tutorial here.
31. Garland
Directions here.
32. Trivet
A trivet protects the countertop from hot pans and dishes — so why not make this cute one?
33. Soil Pots
The inexpensive way to grow plants from scratch.
34. Beads
People won't even know these beads are made from paper.
35. Sailor Hats
DUH. Make a classic with this step-by-step guide.
- Athletes probably won't break records at the Rio Olympics. In most events, top performers have already reached the limits of human biology, scientists say.
- Some Bernie-or-Busters protested Hillary Clinton's DNC speech, but a tightly organized plan — from chants to secret allies — kept heckling off TV.
- Sixteen people died after a hot air balloon caught fire and crashed in Texas Saturday.


text:
Ready in 10 minutes
Very easy. Goes great with pork.
3 people want to try | 5 have favorited
Pulse first 6 ingredients in a blender 2-3 times until blended. With blender running, pour oil through food chute in a slow steady stream; process until smooth.
Add dressing to lettuce, spinach, noodles, almonds, cheese and berries. Toss well.
Carolynschorr 7y ago[I posted this recipe.]


text:
The influential centre-back saw red during Tuesday's disappointing 4-1 Johnstone's Paint Trophy defeat at Dagenham and will now miss games against the Sky Blues, Bradford and Crawley.
Boss Joe Dunne also has several injury concerns as captain Brian Wilson (calf), Gavin Massey (hamstring) and Ryan Dickson (sickness) all struggled in midweek.
He will also assess forwards Sanchez Watt and Freddie Sears as well as winger Drey Wright after they missed out altogether against the Daggers due to injury.
- Sports & Recreation
- Disease & Medical Conditions
- Gavin Massey


text:
Military Discount: International shipping is available with your online purchase. Glamorous Versace Sunglasses for an elegant look. Excellent quality, leading edge shades design and style for the discerning wearer. Change your image and outlook with Versace Sunglasses.
Use your armed forces, veteran, law enforcement, police officer, firefighter or EMS discount benefit and save on Versace Sunglasses!
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Military Sunglasses
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Top 10 Sunglasses
Mountain Bike Sunglasses


text:
Affluent Lifestyle Guide
As if Greece's Amanzoe wasn't swoon-worthy enough, they went ahead and introduced a new standalone villa (alongside its already 38 free-standing pavilions) to make us crush even harder. The new residence, Villa 20, sprawls across four acres on a hillside overlooking The Aegean Sea and unfolds across six levels.
Athens has long been known for its history and gastronomic expertise, but the emerging importance of the local wine industry adds an exciting new dimension. Vintners are rediscovering indigenous grapes (like Assyrtiko, Moschofilero, Savatiano and Xinomavro), meaning that discerning wine connoisseurs are getting a whole lot more to sip than the usual international staples of Cabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay and Pinot Noir.
It is quite fitting that such a radiant venue would be located in Athens, especially when one considers the theory that all of Western drama can be traced back to ancient Greece.... Read More
Having a huge collection of historic sites makes Athens one of the most intriguing locations in the world to spend a vacation.... Read More
The stylish Arion Resort and Spa is right where you want to be during a vacation in Athens. Within walking distance to the Acropolis and a short walk from the metro station, this resort provides guests with a great central location to see all the great sights of this magnificent city.... Read More


text:
Does alka seltzer cold plus contain any alcohol???
Aspirin/Chlorpheniramine/Phenylpropanolamine - Does this product contain alcohol?
- Posted:
- 13 Oct 2009 by baseball15
- Topics:
- aspirin, chlorpheniramine, phenylpropanolamine, alcohol
Responses (1)
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text:
Louis A. Godey, New York, 1850
Contributed by Brick Store Museum
Louis Antoine Godey (1804-1878) was a French immigrant who learned printing and publishing by working for newspapers.
In 1839, he began publishing Godey's Lady's Book, one of a number of magazines aimed at women. It featured literature, domestic and social advice, and fashion and was highly influential.
Other Information
- Title: Louis A. Godey, New York, 1850
- Creator: Godey's Lady's Book
- Creation Date: 1850
- Object Type: Image
For more information about this item, contact:
Brick Store Museum
117 Main Street, Kennebunk, ME 04043
(207) 985-4802
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text:
I don't even like cookies.
So, incase you're wondering… I, Megan Seling, have been defeated. While I knew my goal was quite ambitious, I honestly thought I could make all 106 kinds of cookies in Martha Stewart's Holiday Cookies magazine in 55 days. Truth be told, though, I only made it to #86.
But, for the record, I am still going to make all the cookies. I just didn't get it done by New Year's like I had hoped. When will I finish? I dunno. Hopefully very soon because I never want to cream together butter and sugar again for as long as I live. I feel like such a failure…


text:
I wrote the following function for use in a collection of socket utilities I use for testing. (Using Python 2.7.3, if that's important.) The main reason I pulled the
select library into it was so I could implement a timeout instead of just waiting forever for a response. The problem I've found though is that the response is getting truncated at 2048 characters, despite using 64K as the maximum size for the
.recv() method on the socket. This truncation didn't happen before I involved
select. It happily pulled through 64K and even more when I set the maximum size higher.
I've looked through some online resources on
select and I find any information on this apparent cap on the size of the received data. I.e. no information that it exists, let alone how to modify it. Can anyone point me to a way to overcome this 2K limit?
import socket,select MAXSIZE = 65535 TIMEOUT = 10 def transientConnect(host,port,sendData): error,response = False,'' try: sendSocket = socket.socket() sendSocket.connect((host,port)) sendSocket.send(sendData) gotData = select.select([sendSocket],[],[],TIMEOUT) if (gotData[0]): response = sendSocket.recv(MAXSIZE) else: error = True response = '*** TIMEOUT ***\nNo response from host.' sendSocket.close() except Exception, errText: error,response = True,'*** SOCKET ERROR ***\n'+str(errText) return (error,response)


text:
I've had to come here because there is simply no way of letting wordpress.com know about the problem I'm having.
I've had to change my password so many times it's getting tedious and I still can't log into sites and use my wordpress.com pw and username.
I've been registered on wordpress.com for several years now and I have no problem logging into wordpress.com but if I want to leave a comment for example on a wordpress site, when I enter the correct password, it's not recognized! So I use the 'lost password' option, generate a new password, go back to site, try and log in and go thru the same old crap all over again.
What is going on? I've looked everywhere on wordpress.com to try and find a solution but to no avail, so here I am using wordpress.org in the hopefully not vain attempt to get this sorted out.


text:
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