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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jul 30, 1991
|Filing date
|Feb 9, 1990
|Priority date
|Feb 9, 1990
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Chris Del Rosario
|Original Assignee
|Ames Rubber Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (6), Referenced by (60), Classifications (16), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The invention relates generally to a heat fusing member and more particularly to a fuser roll having a fluoroelastomer surface for applying heat and pressure to fix toner to recording paper. The fluoroelastomer surface permits toners to be fixed to the recording paper without offset and can withstand continuous exposure to high temperature, silicone oils, toners, toner additives and paper product residue without unacceptable physical degradation.
In general, when forming images by xerographic processes, an image formed of a heat fusible powdered toner is selectively disposed on a web-like surface of a recording medium, such as paper by electrostatic forces. The toner is fixed to the paper by applying heat and pressure by a fuser member such as a heated roller during a fusing process. The toner powders are commonly a mixture of thermoplastic and thermosetting resins having amorphous carbon and magnetic particles incorporated therein and are conventionally fused by direct contact with a fuser roll to temperatures between about 200� to 400� F.
The actual temperature range suitable is referred to as the "fusing window." Fusing window, TW=Toff -Tmin, wherein Toff is the Hot Offset temperature and Tmin is the minimum fusing temperature. Hot Offset is the temperature at which coercive forces within the molten toner layer are less than the adhesive forces between the toner and roller surface. Tmin is the minimum temperature at which toner can be acceptably fixed to the recording paper. This temperature range is dependent on the roll materials, the type of toner, release agents and the pressure. What is important is that the toner be fixed without "offset" occurring. For commercial application a fusing window of at least 30� F. is utilized in some machines, but the larger the better. Thus, a 60� F. fusing window is ideal and 100� F. is particularly desirable.
The toner image is fused to the recording paper by heating above its softening point and applying pressure to force the softened toner into the interstices of the paper fibers. As thermoplastic resin toner cools, it becomes fixed to the recording paper. Thermosetting resin toners fix to the recording paper by a cross-linking mechanism.
The fusing process is conventionally performed by feeding a recording medium having the toner thereon between the nip where two mated rollers meet. One or both of the rollers are heated internally so that the surface temperature of the rollers will be above the softening point of the resinous carrier of the toner. The recording medium with the toner image thereon is fed between the two rollers which press towards each other to apply direct heat and pressure to the toner image. The amount of pressure and the length of time that the toner is heated determine the degree of fusing.
Conventional fuser roller systems have drawbacks. Softened toner generally has an affinity for the surface of the fuser roll it contacts. When toner adheres to the surface of the fuser roll, it can be unintentionally deposited on an unselected portion of the recording medium during the next rotation of the roller. This phenomenon is referred to as offset.
To prevent offset, a thin coating of a release agent such as a polysiloxane fluid is commonly spread over the surface of the fuser roll which contacts the surface with the toner image. The polysiloxane fluid reduces the surface free energy of the roller surface and decreases the affinity of the toner for the roller. However, the release agent is transferred to the surface of the recording medium during fusing of the image. This can interfere with the ability to write on the surface of the recording medium. Furthermore, polysiloxane fluid causes premature failure of certain types of roll covering materials, because it is absorbed into the surface of the roll covering. This reduces fuser roll wear resistance and causes swelling of the roll covering which can lead to an uneven pressure distribution between the two rollers and non-uniform fusing resulting in poorer printing quality.
Fuser rolls are commonly made with a surface material of one of three classes of materials: polyfluorocarbon resins, polysiloxane elastomer and polyfluorocarbon elastomers. Each of these three classes of materials exhibit certain inadequacies although each have an appropriate level of heat resistance and thermal stability.
Polyfluorocarbon resins have drawbacks because they lack sufficient flexibility and elasticity. This adversely affects copy quality because the surface of the fuser roll is harder than the softened toner and is not deformed by the toner. It therefore can displace the toner image and lead to a non-uniform image loss and reduced image purity.
Polysiloxane elastomers are adequately flexible and elastic and lead to high quality fused images. However, after an unacceptably low number of copies are produced, the self release properties of the roll degrade and offset begins to occur. Using a polysiloxane fluid in connection with polysiloxane elastomer rollers enhances the ability of the rollers to release toner, but shortens the roller life due to silicone oil absorption.
Polyfluorocarbon elastomers commonly have unacceptable toner
release properties resulting from their high surface tension of 35-37 nMn. Release agent fluid is necessary. Surface tension values for several fuser roll materials are set forth below in Table I.
TABLE I______________________________________Surface Tension of Fuser Roll MaterialsMaterial Surface Tension nMn______________________________________Polyfluorocarbon ResinsPolyhexafluoropropylene (PHFP) 16.2-17.1Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) 18.0-18.5Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVF2) 21-22Polysiloxane Oil 28-29Polyfluorocarbon Elastomer 35-37______________________________________
U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,257,699, 4,264,181 and 4,272,179 describe various fuser roll constructions designed to solve many of the aforementioned inadequacies. These fuser rolls have a core and at least two elastomer layers disposed on the core. Preferred elastomers are fluoroelastomers containing residual metal compounds with at least the outer elastomer layer including additional metal-containing filler dispersed therein. A polymeric release agent having mercapto functional groups is applied to the surface of the fuser roll. The metal-containing filler in the outer elastomer layer must be present in an amount sufficient to interact with the polymeric release agent upon the working surface of the fuser roll to yield a release "film". This film prevents the thermoplastic resin toner from contacting the elastomer material itself. The film must have surface energy that is less than the surface energy of the toner at operating temperatures. While this construction is satisfactory, it has drawbacks. The silicone fluid having mercapto functional groups polymeric release agents described therein are expensive and interfere with the ability to write on the paper after fusing. They present an unpleasant odor in the office environment, are significantly more expensive and frequently contaminate internal and external surfaces of the copying equipment and the copier office environment.
Accordingly, it is desirable to provide an improved fuser system which overcomes the shortcomings of the conventional fuser systems described above.
Generally speaking, in accordance with the invention a fuser member for applying heat and pressure to fuse toner to a recording includes a fluoroelastomer material surface which does not require use of mercapto functional release agent compounds to prevent offset. The fluoroelastomer material includes a copolymer of vinylidene fluoride and at least about 23.4 mole percent hexafluoropropylene, preferably at least about 30.0 mole percent and most preferably 38.1 mole percent. When the elastomer is a copolymer, it has a fluorine content of about 69-71%. The fluoroelastomer material can also include curing additives such as hexafluoropropylidene diphenol, triphenol benzyl phosphonium chloride/bromide and acid acceptor. Such a fluoroelastomer material will prevent offset without requiring reaction between metal oxides included in the fluoroelastomer and mercapto functional polysiloxane release agent and can be stably used alone or with polysiloxane fluid release agents that do not include mercapto terminated compounds.
Accordingly, it is an object of the invention to provide an improved fuser roll for fixing toner to a recording medium.
Another object of the invention is to provide an improved fuser roll that is not subject to degradation from exposure to high temperature, silicone oil, toner, toner additives and paper product residue.
A further object of the invention is to provide a fuser roll system that does not require the interaction between metal oxides and mercapto functional release agent compounds.
Still another object of the invention is to provide a fuser roll that will fuse toner to paper without interfering with the ability to write on the paper after fusing.
Still other objects and advantages of the invention will in part be obvious and will in part be apparent from the specification and drawings.
The invention accordingly comprises a construction possessing the features, properties, and the relation of elements which will be exemplified in the article hereinafter described, and the scope of the invention will be indicated in the claims.
For a fuller understanding of the invention, reference is had to the following description taken in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a fuser roll test assembly;
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of a single layer fuser roll constructed in accordance with an embodiment of the invention; and
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of a multi-layer fuser roll constructed in accordance with another embodiment of the invention.
A fuser member constructed in accordance with the invention includes a fluoroelastomer material surface. The fuser member can be a belt, a flat surface or another substrate having suitable shape for fixing thermoplastic resin powder images to a recording medium, such as paper, at elevated temperatures under pressure. The fuser member is preferably a roll having a hollow metal core covered with the fluoroelastomer material. A heating element can be included inside the core to heat the fluoroelastomer surface. The fuser roll can be used to fix thermoplastic resin powder images to a recording medium such as paper without offset and without relying on metal oxides/mercapto functional release agent interaction.
Preferred fluoroelastomer material for the fuser roll surface includes a greater molar content of HFP than conventional fluoroelastomer used in fuser rolls. The molar content of HFP is above about 23.4 mole %, preferably above about 30.0 mole %, and most preferably above about 38.1 mole %. A copolymer of vinylidene fluoride (VF2) and hexafluoropropylene (HFP), including more than 69% to about 71% total fluorine by weight. The fluoroelastomer preferably includes more hexafluoropropylene monomer than vinylidene fluoride monomer so that the weight ratio of vinylidene fluoride to hexafluoropropylene (VF2 /HFP) is less than about 1.40. Preferably, the VF2 /HFP ratio is less than 1.2 and above 0.7 with the most preferred range between about 0.70 and 0.80. The elastomer material can also include cure additives, hexafluoropropylidene diphenol, triphenyl benzyl phosphonium chloride/bromide and acid acceptor. The effectiveness of higher amounts of hexafluoropropylene are believed to relate to the surface energy. Polyhexafluoropropylene has a surface energy of 16.2-17.1 mNm compared to 18.5 mNm for polytetrafluoroethylene and polyvinylidene fluoride.
The compositions of the elastomer surface of two comparison metal oxide filled fuser rolls designated compositions A and B, two metal oxide filled fuser roll surfaces materials designated compositions C and D and a non-metal oxide fluoroelastomer fuser roll surface material designated composition E are set forth below in Table II. The designation "non-metal oxide filled" refers to elastomers containing no more than sufficient residual metal oxide to act as an activator and acid acceptor, which are necessary and conventionally used for crosslinking the composition and insufficient in amount to react with a mercaptofunctional release agent compound to enhance toner release qualities.
TABLE II__________________________________________________________________________Fuser Roll Surface Material Compositions__________________________________________________________________________ Comparison Metal Oxide Filled Metal Oxide Filled Non-metal OxideCOMPOSITION A B C D E__________________________________________________________________________INGREDIENTSTerpolymer VF2, 100 X X X XHFP & TPECopolymer of X 100 X 100 XVF2 and TPETerpolymer VF2, X X 100 X XHFP & TPE & CureSite MonomerCopolymer VF2 X X X X 100& TPECupric Oxide X X 15 15 XLead Oxide 15 15 X X XMagnesium Oxide X X 2.0 3 3Calcium Hydroxide X X 1.0 6 6CURATIVE 20 2.5 1.4 X 1.4 XCURATIVE 30 3.5 2.8 X 2.8 XCURATIVE 50 X X 5.0 X XPolymer Data Terpolymer of VF2, Copolymer of VF2 Tetrapolymer of Copolymer of Copolymer of VF2 HFP and TFE and HFP VF2, HFP, TFE and VF2 and HFP and HFP cure site monomerTotal Fluorine 68.5% 65.9% 69.0% 65.9% 69.6%HFP Content 31.2 38.5 35 39.5 58VF2 Content 44.5 60.5 38 60.5 42TFE Content 24.3 X 25 X XVF2 /HFP Ratio 1.426 1.532 1.09 1.532 0.724UK: Unknown__________________________________________________________________________Ingredient DataChemical Composition Trade Name Manufacturer__________________________________________________________________________Terpolymer of VF2, HFP and TPE VITON B-50, FLUOREL, FT 2430 DuPont, 3Mwith 68.5% fluorine.Copolymer of VF2 and HFP with VITON E-45, FLUOREL, FC 2145 DuPont, 3M65.9% fluorine.Copolymer of VF2 and HFP with 66% VITON E-60, FLUOREL, FC 2230 DuPont, 3Mfluorine.Tetrapolymer of VF2, HFP, TFE and VITON GF, FLUOREL FLS 2690 DuPont, 3Mcure site monomer with 69%fluorine.Copolymer of VF2 and HFP FC 2530 3Mcontaining phosphonium saltaccelerator and bisphenolcrosslinker with 69.6% fluorine.33% dispersion of CURATIVE 20 DuPontorganophosphonium salt in VitonE-45.50% dispersion of bisphenol CURATIVE 30 DuPont(dihydroxy aromatic compound) inViton E-45.Proprietary accelerator and CURATIVE 50 DuPontbisphenol curative system.__________________________________________________________________________
The five compositions A-E were prepared by mixing the components with a two roll mixing mill. The polymer was loaded between the two mill rolls to obtain a "bank". Cross-blending was obtained by cutting the sheet off the mill roll until a uniform viscosity was achieved. The powdered ingredients were then added over the polymer bank and dispersed therein by cutting and cross-blending. The curatives are then added and the composition was cut and cross-blended to obtain thorough and uniform dispersion of all ingredients. The resulting material was cooled in the air, compound tested, then used to cover a fuser roller.
The components can also be mixed with an internal mixer known in the trade as a Banbury. When the fuser roller material is formed using a liquid state composition, the composition can be effectively prepared by "in-situ" mixing techniques. In-situ mixing involves dissolving the polymer in a solvent then adding the powdered ingredients including the activator and curatives. In compositions having a tendency to gel rapidly, it is preferable to employ a two or three component system to isolate the calcium hydroxide and/or the accelerator.
Examples of fuser rolls formed in accordance with the invention will be described with reference to the following examples. The examples are presented for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to be construed in a limiting sense.
FIG. 2 illustrates a portion of a single layer fuser roll 200 including an insert 201 covered with a top coat 202. Roll 200 was prepared by covering a 1.5 inch diameter aluminum core with a 0.020 inch thick top coat of non-metal oxide filled fluoroelastomer E of composition listed in Table II. Sample fuser roll 200 was prepared by mixing the composition listed in Table II in a two roll mill, preforming a sheet and laminating the sheet to the aluminum insert with epoxy adhesive (Thixon (300-301). The sample was placed in a mold and cured for 30 minutes at 350� F. It was post cured in an air circulating oven for up to 24 hours at 450� F. The cured fluoroelastomer surface was subjected to final surface grinding to obtain the desired thickness and diameter of top coat 202.
Fuser roll 200 was installed in a fuser test assembly 100 as shown in FIG. 1 which applies heat and pressure to fuse a quantity of toner particles 12 on a sheet of paper 13 between a fuser roll 20 and a pressure roll 30. Fuser test assembly 100 also includes a release agent application unit 11 including a wick 15 for applying release agent to the surface of fuser roll 20. A stripper finger 16 cleans roll 20 prior to deposition of a release agent at wick 15.
Fusing tests were carried out by passing an 8.5�11.5 inch 75 g/m2 sheet of paper having toner particles thereon between fuser roll 200 and pressure roll 30 to fuse toner 12 to paper 13. The surface temperature of fuser roll 200 was adjusted from a starting surface temperature of 300� F. to a temperature at which hot offset became evident.
Fuser roll tests were conducted both without polysiloxane oil release agent and with polysiloxane oil release agent fluid. The fluid was mercapto functional polysiloxane oil identified as Xerox fuser agent 1065-8200, 8700-V/9210, 9500/9700-V and 9900. The results obtained using the mercapto functional polysiloxane oil were compared to non-mercapto functional polysiloxane oil identified as Dow Corning DC 200. The results are summarized below in Table III.
TABLE III______________________________________FUSING TEST DATAComposition E, Single Layer Non-Metal Oxide Filled Fuser RollXeroxToner Non-wicked Wickedtype No Oil Std. Oil Mercapto Oil______________________________________1055 X 300-350� F. X2830 300-400� F. X X9200 X 300-390� F. 300-380� F.______________________________________
The results of the fuser roll test showed that composition E, a non-metal oxide filled composition prepared in accordance with the invention, provided a fusing window of 90� F. with non-mercapto functional fluid and an 80� F. window with mercapto functional polysiloxane fluid. Accordingly, the release of toner particles did not depend on mercapto-metal oxide interaction. When Xerox 2830 toner was employed, a 100� F. window was obtained without using polysiloxane mercapto functional fluid.
A multi-layer fuser roll 300 of FIG. 3 was also tested. Roll 300 includes an insert 302 covered with a base coat 303 having a tie coat 304 disposed thereon and a top coat 302 on tie coat 304 prepared by covering a 1.5 inch diameter aluminum insert 301 with a 35 mil thick silicone compound base layer 303. A 1-2 mil thick fluoroelastomer compound tie coat was disposed thereon and a 5 mil thick top coat 302 formed of composition E was disposed on tie coat 304. The multi-layer construction can provide greater conformability, thermal conductivity, flexibility in design/part fabrication and lowered product cost. It is preferable to load the silicone base layer with heat conducting filler such as metal oxide powder.
The silicone compound for base layer 303 was prepared by mixing 100 parts silicone base (SE 6035), 200 parts of 5 micron aluminum oxide, 100 parts red pigment (K6270) 4 parts process additive (S880) and 1.5 parts of cure agent (Varox) using a two roll mill. After mixing, aluminum insert 301 was coated with an adhesive (primer 18) and the silicone compound was applied thereon by compression molding in accordance with the procedure set forth in Example 1. The sample was postcured for 4 hours at 400� F. then surface ground. The surface of silicone base layer 303 was washed with solvent and a primer was applied and allowed to dry.
Fluoroelastomer tie coat 304 was applied by spraying a 15% solid solution formed by dissolving the fluoroelastomer compound in a 50:50 blend of methylethyl ketone (MEK) and methylisobutyl ketone (MIBK) solvents onto the primer. The ketone mixture is not critical as it merely affects the solvent drying rate. Top coat 302 of composition E was sprayed onto tie coat 304 to attain a finished 5 mil thickness. Fuser roll 300 was maintained at room temperature for 24 hours and cured in a circulating hot air oven for up to 24 hours at 450� F. Cured fuser roll 300 was subjected to final surface grinding to obtain a desired surface thickness and diameter.
Multi-layer fuser roll 300 was installed in fuser test assembly 100 shown in FIG. 1 and fusing tests were performed as described in Example 1. The test results show that composition E provided a fusing window of 70� to 100� F. with a non-mercapto functional polysiloxane release fluid and 50� F. using the Xerox mercapto functional oil. Accordingly, the ability to release toner did not depend on metal oxide-mercapto interaction. Fuser roll 300 exhibited toner release without use of polysiloxane oil when Xerox toner 2830 was applied to the paper. The test results are summarized below in Table IV.
TABLE IV______________________________________Composition "E", Multi-layer Non-Metal Oxide Filled Fuser RollXeroxToner Non-wicked Wickedtype No Oil Std. Oil Mercapto Oil______________________________________1055 Offset 300-400� F. X2830 300-400� F. X X9200 300-340� F. 200-370� F. 300-350� F.______________________________________
A sample fuser roll was formed by covering a 3 inch diameter aluminum insert with a 4 mil thick fluoroelastomer base coat covered by a 2 mil thick coating of Composition E. The sample fuser roll was prepared by first mixing the base coat material and top coat compound in two roll mixing mills. The base coat compound was formed of 100 parts Viton E60 fluoroelastomer, 30 parts thermal carbon black filler, 12 parts magnesium oxide as an activator/acid acceptor, 5 parts pigment (Ferro V 1106 red) and 5.5 parts blended curatives (curative 20 and 30).
The mixed starting materials were dissolved in a 50:50 blend MIBK and MEK solvents to yield approximately a 15% solid concentration. The aluminum insert was precoated with a (Thixon 300/301) adhesive and sprayed with the base coat solution to a thickness of 5-6 mils. The coated sample was maintained at room temperature to permit residual solvent to evaporate and then cured in a circulating air oven up to 24 hours at 150� F. The sample was ground to a base coat thickness of 4-4.5 mils. After washing the sample with solvent, it was oversprayed with the 15% solid top coat solution to yield a coating having a thickness of 4-4.5 mils. Residual solvent was permitted to evaporate and the sample was subjected to a final curing in a hot air circulating oven for up to 24 hours at 450� C. and the top coat was ground to a thickness of 1.5-2.0 mils.
The sample fuser roll was installed in a Xerox 9500 copier and tested with mercapto terminated polydimethysiloxane oil having an average viscosity of 275 cstks and having a mercapto reactivity of 0.070% and Xerox toner (8200/9210/9500/9900) supplied by Pelican, Inc. A copy test was performed and the roller provided excellent copy quality with no offset. The roll was removed after 350,000 copies were made due to a mechanical damage induced to the roll surface by an operator. The roll surface was examined and there was no evidence of toner build-up or wear. This demonstrated the ability of fluoroelastomer Composition E to provide excellent copies without offset and without dependency on recapto-metal oxide interaction. The top coat composition included no metal oxide filler and includes only residual metal oxide required for cure and activation and insufficient metal oxide to lead to mercapto-metal oxide interaction.
Cure or crosslinking is attained by subjecting the fuser roll materials to a heat source, and this can be accomplished by different processes. Examples are molding using a press with heated plates, open steam vulcanizer where rubber parts are put in a vessel pressurized by introducing steam, hot air oven, microwave, etc. The selection of the cure process is dictated by part shape and rubber thickness. Typically, a thickness of between 0 to 10 mils is sprayed and hot air cured, whereas a thickness over 10 mils is either extruded, steam cured or preformed (molded).
Nucleophic addition cure to crosslink a fluoroelastomer resin is an alternative cure process to free radical polymeritation and is discussed generally in U.S. Pat. No. 4,257,699 at columns 9-11. This route is suitable to cure fluoroelastomer composition E following the same general mechanism discussed therein. Polymer FC 2530 contains bisphenol crosslinking and phosphium salt accelerator agents, known as incorporated cure polymers.
The presence of acid acceptor residue metal oxide (MgO, PbO, CaO, ZnO etc.) is required to attain practical vulcanized properties, particularly with respect to high temperature resistance. The MgO is generally classified as an acid acceptor and the Ca(OH)2 is classified as an activator or co-accelerator. These levels of metal oxide typifies a general purpose system where balance processing and vulcanizate properties are attained. Thus, Composition E contains 3 parts magnesium oxide and 6 parts calcium hydroxide, but no additional metal oxide filler.
After cure or crosslinking, MgO remains unchanged, except that traces of hydrogen fluoride (HF) and water may be absorbed. The significance is that Composition E demonstrates good release properties (no offset) without using a mercapto functional oil compared to Compositions A, B and D.
A metal-oxide filled multi-layer fuser roll was formed as described in Example 2, except that the top coat composition was a fluoroelastomer Composition A of Table II. A fuser test was performed as described in Example 1 and immediate offset was evident when copying with Xerox toner 1055 when a non-mercapto functional polysiloxane fluid was employed. However, a fusing window of 300� to 400� F. (100� F.) was attained with use of a mercapto functional polysiloxane fuser agent (Xerox 1065/8200, 8700-V/9210, 9500/9700-V, 9900).
TABLE V______________________________________FUSING TEST DATAMetal Oxide Filled CompositionsComposition "A"XeroxToner Non-wicked Wickedtype No Oil Std. Oil Mercapto Oil______________________________________1055 Offset X 300-400� F.2830 300-370� F. X 300-400� F.9200 300-330� F. 300-330� F. 300-380� F.______________________________________
Based on the results, it is concluded that Composition A is dependent on mercapto-metal oxide interaction to prevent offset from occurring. When Xerox 9200 toner was tested with non-mercapto polysiloxane oil, a fusing window of 300� to 330� F. (30� F.) was observed, but when the mercapto functional Xerox fuser agent was employed, the observed fusing window was 300� to 400� F. (100� F.) demonstrating the dependency of composition A on mercapto-metal oxide interaction to prevent offset.
A sample multi-layer metal-oxide filled fuser roll was prepared as described in Example 2, except that the fluoroelastomer top coat was formed with metal oxide filled fluoroelastomer of Composition B from Table II. The fuser test was performed as described in Example 1. When Xerox toners 1055 and 9200 were used, immediate offset was evident with a non-mercapto functional polysiloxane Xerox fuser agent (1065/8200, 8700-V/9210, 9500/9700-V and 9900). With mercapto oil, the window was 50� F.
Based on these results, it is concluded that proper performance with Composition B top coat is dependent on the mercapto-metal oxide interaction. The test results with composition B are summarized below in Table VI.
TABLE VI______________________________________Metal Oxide Filled CompositionsComposition "B"Xerox Non-wicked WickedToner type No Oil Std. Oil Mercapto Oil______________________________________1055 Offset Offset 300-350� F.2830 Offset X X9200 Offset Offset X______________________________________
A metal oxide filled multi-layer fuser roll was prepared as described in Example 2, except that the fluoroelastomer top coat was of Composition D identified in Table II. The fuser test was performed with Xerox toner 1055 and 9200. Immediate offset occurred when non-mercapto functional polysiloxane fuser agent was used. A fusing window of 300� to 380� F. was attained when a mercapto functional polysiloxane Xerox fuser oil (1065/8200, 8700-V/9210, 9700 and 9900).
Based on these results, it is concluded that proper performance with composition D is dependent on mercapto-metal oxide interaction. The test results with composition D are summarized below in Table VII.
TABLE VII______________________________________Metal Oxide Filled CompositionsComposition "D"Xerox Non-wicked WickedToner type No Oil Std. Oil Mercapto Oil______________________________________1055 Offset Offset X2830 Offset Offset X9200 Offset Offset 300-380� F.______________________________________
A metal oxide filled multi-layer fuser roller was prepared as described in Example 2, except that the fluoroelastomer top coat material was that of Composition C identified in Table II. The fuser test was performed as described in Example 1 and the test results showed that when Xerox toner Nos. 1055 and 9200 were utilized, a fusing window of 300� to 390� F. and 300� to 380� F. was observed with a non-mercapto functional polysiloxane Xerox fuser oil (1065/8200, 8700-V9210, 9500/9700=V and 9900).
Fluoroelastomer Composition C, which includes Viton having a 69% fluorine demonstrated a lesser dependency of mercapto-metal oxide interaction to avoid offset than did fluoroelastomer Compositions A and B. It is believed that this lesser dependency is due to the high fluorine content of 69% compared to Viton B-50 and Viton E-45 of Compositions A and B which contain 68% and 66% fluorine, respectively. The results of the tests with composition C are summarized below in Table VIII.
TABLE VIII______________________________________Metal Oxide Filled CompositionsComposition "C"XeroxToner Non-wicked WickedType No Oil Std. Oil Mercapto Oil______________________________________1055 Offset 300-390� F. 300-400� F.2830 300-400� F. 300-400� F. X9200 Offset 300-380� F. X______________________________________
A fuser roll was prepared by coating a 1.5 inch diameter aluminum insert with adhesive (Chemlok 608) and covering the aluminum insert with a 0.020 inch thick silicone compound (SWS 832) in a tubular steel mold. Steel spiders were used to center the coated insert. The silicone compound was prepared by mixing 100 parts SWS 832 and 10 parts of a cure agent (KL catalyst). This mixture was mixed with an air driven stirrer and degassed in a vacuum for 5 minutes to remove entrapped gases. The mixture was pumped into the mold-insert assembly and subjected to cross-linking by heating the assembly in a hot air circulating oven for 1.5 hours at 212� F. followed by post curing for 4 hours at 400� F.
The fuser roll was tested on assembly 100 both with and without the use of non-mercapto functional polysiloxane oil. When the polysiloxane oil was not used, the silicone compound demonstrated a fusing window of 300� to 330� F. with Xerox toner 9200; immediate offset with Xerox toner 1055 and a fusing window of 300� to 400� F. with Xerox toner 2830 which contains release additive. When the polysiloxane release agent was used, the SWS 832 compound exhibited a fusing window of 300� to 400� F. with Xerox toner Nos. 1055, 2830 and 9200 demonstrating a lack of dependency on mercapto-metal oxide interaction to prevent offset and showed a high degree of compatibility with polysiloxane oil.
When the silicone composition is continuously exposed to polysiloxane oil, it tends to swell and it detrimentally changes the fusing characteristics of the fuser roll. However, fluoroelastomer compositions are typically essentially inert to polysiloxane oil and the fusing performance will remain unchanged. Accordingly, a top coat of fluoroelastomer Composition E demonstrated acceptable wetting properties with respect to polysiloxane oil and is impervious thereto. Thus, it should provide consistent long copier life and is not dependent on the mercapto-metal oxide interaction.
A fuser roll was prepared as described in Example 8, except that the covering material was LIM 2700, a silicone class of material which differs from SWS 832 in that it has a different type of filler, molecular weight of polysiloxane and type of crosslinking mechanism. SWS 832 is a condensation cure formed by a silanol-alkoxy condensation reaction in the presence of a stannous soap catalyst with an alcohol reaction by-product. LIM 2700 is an addition cure vinyl group-hydride mechanism in the presence of platinum salt catalyst provides no reaction by-products. Test results are summarized below in Table IX.
TABLE IX__________________________________________________________________________FUSING TEST DATASilicone Covering MaterialsRTV# LIMSmooth Finished Ground Smooth Finished GroundToner Wicked Non-wicked Wicked Non-wicked Wicked Non-wicked Wicked Non-wicked__________________________________________________________________________1055 X Offset 300-400 300-330 300-400 Offset 300-400 Offset2830 X 300-400 300-400 300-330 300-400 Offset 300-400 Offset9200 X 300-330 300-400 300-330 300-400 Offset 300-380 Offset__________________________________________________________________________ # Room Temperature Vulcanized Silicone Rubber
Early studies suggest that condensation reaction systems provide better release properties than do addition reaction systems. Fusing tests supported this early finding wherein samples showed immediate offset with Xerox toners 1055, 2830 and 9200 in a non-polysiloxane aided test matrix. The significance lies in comparing LIM 2700 samples to non-metal filled fluoroelastomer compositions in which the silicone compound will be degraded by the polysiloxane oil whereas the fluoroelastomer will be adequately wetted by the polysiloxane oil but will remain impervious to the oil.
A fuser roll was prepared by coating a 1.5 inch diameter aluminum insert with a silicone compound as described in Example 8 and covering the coating with a 0.010 inch thick layer of PFA tubing. The PFA tubing was laminated over the silicone coated insert by inserting the silicone coated insert into the tubing and heating the assembly to 600� F. to heat shrink the tubing around the silicone coated insert.
A fusing test as described above was performed without the use of non-mercapto polysiloxane release agents. The test demonstrated a fusing window of 300� to 340� F., but only after the surface of the PFA roll was sanded and when Xerox 2830 toner which includes release additive was used. During the polysiloxane aided test, a fusing window of 300� to 400� F. was attained. Accordingly, the non-metal filled fluoroelastomer composition is equivalent to fluorocarbon resin in its ability to be wetted by polysiloxane oil and provide offset free release properties while additionally providing conformability and therefore, improved copy quality. Test results of the PFA sleeve are summarized below in Table X.
TABLE X______________________________________FLUOROCARBON RESIN(PFA Sleeve)Smooth Finished GroundToner Wicked Non-wicked Wicked Non-wicked______________________________________1055 300-400 Offset 300-400 Offset ?2830 300-400 Offset 300-400 300-3409200 300-400 Offset 300-400 Offset ?______________________________________
A fuser member having a surface composition including a fluoroelastomer containing 69 to 71% total fluorine such as FX 2530 from the 3M company can allow thermoplastic and thermoset toner powders to be fixed to a substrate with acceptable or satisfactory fusing latitude and without dependency on metal-metaloxide interaction with the mercapto functional group of polysiloxane release agent. The ability of the composition to prevent offset is believed to be depend on the high total fluorine content and higher hexafluoropropylene monomer content and the resultant vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene ratio that allows the surface of the composition to be wetted and maintained as an effective, impervious low surface energy PDMS release layer by standard non-reactive polysiloxane release agents.
Such a fluoroelastomer composition has appropriate elasticity and has a Shore "A" hardness of 55 to 65 compared with fluorocarbon resin which as a Shore "D" hardness of 40 to 80. 1 to 5 mil thick coatings provide particularly desirable conformability characteristics which result in improved copy quality. The fuser roll construction in accordance with the invention is also advantageous due to the compositions ability to be bonded to a metal substrate with either epoxy or silane based adhesives.
It will thus be seen that the objects set forth above, among those made apparent from the preceding description, are efficiently attained and, since certain changes may be made in the above constructions without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, it is intended that all matter contained in the above description and shown in the accompanying drawings shall be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense.
It is also to be understood that the following claims are intended to cover all of the generic and specific features of the invention herein described and all statements of the scope of the invention which, as a matter of language, might be said to fall therebetween.
Particularly it is to be understood that in said claims, ingredients or compounds recited in the singular are intended to include compatible mixtures of such ingredients wherever the sense permits.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Apr 4, 1979
|Mar 24, 1981
|Xerox Corporation
|Metal filled, multi-layered elastomer fuser member
|Apr 4, 1979
|Apr 28, 1981
|Xerox Corporation
|Metal-filled nucleophilic addition cured elastomer fuser member
|Apr 4, 1979
|Jun 9, 1981
|Xerox Corporation
|Metal-filled elastomer fuser member
|Sep 11, 1987
|Aug 9, 1988
|Xerox Corporation
|Boron nitride filled fuser rolls
|May 31, 1988
|Aug 1, 1989
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Roll useful in electrostatography
|Dec 5, 1988
|Jun 19, 1990
|Xerox Corporation
|Electrophotographic fuser roll and fusing process
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Dec 21, 1990
|Aug 25, 1992
|Xerox Corporation
|Fuser member
|Jul 29, 1992
|Jul 12, 1994
|Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd.
|Process for producing fixing roller
|Apr 6, 1994
|Jan 3, 1995
|Canon Kabushiki Kaisha
|Elastic member for electrophotography
|Jun 30, 1994
|Dec 12, 1995
|Ames Rubber Corporation
|Metal oxide free fluoroelastomer fusing member containing same
|Mar 4, 1992
|May 7, 1996
|Xerox Corporation
|Materials and structure for tape with enhanced release
|May 27, 1994
|Jul 9, 1996
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Fusing roll having a fluorocarbon-silicone barrier layer
|Nov 14, 1994
|Jul 16, 1996
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Methods of making centrifugally cast parts
|Jul 11, 1994
|Oct 1, 1996
|Canon Kabushiki Kaisha
|Releasing elastic roller and fixing device utlizing the same
|Sep 16, 1993
|Dec 10, 1996
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Fluorocarbon-silicone coated articles useful as toner fusing members
|Mar 8, 1995
|Feb 4, 1997
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Fluorinated elastomer/fluorinated resin compositions for toner fusing members
|Aug 14, 1995
|Sep 16, 1997
|Kabushiki Kaisha Tec
|Roller transfer device and transfer roller manufacturing method
|Dec 5, 1996
|Oct 14, 1997
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Electrostatographic roller mask
|Jun 28, 1996
|Oct 14, 1997
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Transparency feed with amorphous fluoropolymer coated pressure roll
|Jun 6, 1997
|Feb 10, 1998
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Low wrinkle performance fuser member
|Jun 6, 1996
|Feb 10, 1998
|Canon Kabushiki Kaisha
|Fixing rotor having an offset prevention layer containing a hollow double shell conductive substance
|Aug 4, 1995
|Jul 14, 1998
|W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc.
|Low surface energy fluid metering and coating device
|Mar 8, 1996
|Oct 20, 1998
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Fuser member having fluoroelastomer layer
|Apr 19, 1996
|Dec 15, 1998
|Xerox Corporation
|Bias transfer members with fluorinated carbon filled fluoroelastomer outer layer
|Feb 25, 1997
|Dec 22, 1998
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Toner fuser member having a metal oxide filled fluoroelastomer outer layer with improved toner release
|Jun 28, 1996
|Dec 29, 1998
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Amorphous fluoropolymer coated fusing belt
|Feb 25, 1997
|Dec 29, 1998
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Toner fuser member having a metal oxide filled fluoroelastomer outer layer with improved toner release
|Dec 12, 1995
|Jul 13, 1999
|Ames Rubber Corporation
|Method for fabricating metal oxide free fluoroelastomer fusing member
|Mar 24, 1997
|Aug 31, 1999
|Xerox Corporation
|Flow coating solution and fuser member layers prepared therewith
|Dec 3, 1998
|Sep 28, 1999
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Oil swell controlling fuser member having a silicone T-resin
|Jan 23, 1998
|Dec 7, 1999
|Ames Rubber Corporation
|Multilayer fuser rolls having fluoropolymer coating on a complaint baselayer
|Sep 18, 1998
|May 23, 2000
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Fuser member with fluoro-silicone IPN network as functional release agent donor roller
|Dec 3, 1998
|Oct 3, 2000
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Fuser member having composite material including silicone T-resin
|Jun 28, 1996
|Oct 31, 2000
|Xerox Corporation
|Fluorinated carbon filled fluoroelastomer outer layer
|Sep 21, 1999
|Nov 14, 2000
|Illbruck Gmbh
|Fuser roller having a thick wearable release layer
|Dec 3, 1998
|Jan 2, 2001
|Nexpress Solutions Llc
|Outer layer for fuser member having an aryl silane crosslinking agent
|Aug 13, 1999
|Mar 20, 2001
|Xerox Corporation
|Process for preparing nonbleeding fluorinated carbon and zinc oxide filler layer for bias charging member
|Jun 12, 1998
|May 29, 2001
|Chemfab Corporation
|Fluoropolymeric composition
|Jun 12, 1997
|Sep 18, 2001
|Xerox Corporation
|Method to renew a spent fuser member
|Sep 21, 1999
|Oct 2, 2001
|Ten Cate Enbi, Inc.
|Image transfer device incorporating a fuser roller having a thick wearable silicone rubber surface
|Dec 1, 1999
|Oct 16, 2001
|Nexpress Solutions Llc
|Polysiloxane based fuser member containing zirconium silicate and a silicon T-resin
|Apr 6, 2001
|Jul 9, 2002
|Chemfab Corporation
|Fluoropolymeric composition
|Dec 16, 1998
|Sep 10, 2002
|Nexpress Solutions Llc
|Fuser member having composite material including polyalkyl siloxane
|Apr 24, 2000
|Apr 29, 2003
|Nexpress Solutions Llc
|Fluorocarbon-silicone random copolymer for use in toner release layer
|Jan 22, 1999
|Jul 22, 2003
|Ames Rubber Corporation
|Multilayer fuser rolls having fluoropolymer coating on a compliant baselayer and method of forming
|Aug 13, 1999
|Sep 16, 2003
|Xerox Corporation
|Nonbleeding fluorinated carbon and zinc oxide filled layer for bias charging member
|Sep 7, 2001
|May 11, 2004
|Xerox Corporation
|Pressure belt having polyimide outer layer
|Apr 24, 2000
|Sep 28, 2004
|Nexpress Solutions Llc
|Fuser member overcoated with fluorocarbon-silicone random copolymer containing aluminum oxide
|May 28, 2003
|Aug 9, 2005
|Xerox Corporation
|Fuser member having fluorocarbon outer layer
|May 30, 2002
|Aug 8, 2006
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Fuser member with tunable gloss level and methods and apparatus for using the same to fuse toner images
|Oct 27, 2004
|May 1, 2007
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Fuser member with tunable gloss level and methods and apparatus for using the same to fuse toner images
|Dec 14, 2005
|Oct 7, 2008
|Fuji Xerox Co., Ltd.
|Fixing member, fixing device and image forming device with metal layers having different specific resistances
|Aug 28, 2009
|Jul 23, 2013
|Xerox Corporation
|Pressure rolls, apparatuses useful in printing and methods of making pressure rolls
|May 28, 2003
|Nov 6, 2003
|Xerox Corporation
|Fuser member having fluorocarbon outer layer
|May 30, 2002
|Dec 4, 2003
|Nexpress Solutions Llc
|Fuser member with tunable gloss level and methods and apparatus for using the same to fuse toner images
|Oct 27, 2004
|May 26, 2005
|Jiann-Hsing Chen
|Fuser member with tunable gloss level and methods and apparatus for using the same to fuse toner images
|May 10, 2004
|Nov 10, 2005
|Phonak Ag
|Ear-plug device, method for manufacturing the same and use of such an ear-plug device
|Dec 14, 2005
|Sep 28, 2006
|Fuji Xerox Co., Ltd.
|Fixing member, fixing device and image forming device
|Nov 2, 2005
|Nov 9, 2006
|Wheland Robert C
|Fluoropolymer coatings containing telomers
|Apr 26, 2007
|Mar 20, 2008
|Xerox Corporation
|Fluoroelastomer fuser members having fluoropolymer filler
|Sep 19, 2006
|Mar 20, 2008
|Xerox Corporation
|Fuser member having blended fluoroelastomer outer layer
|Aug 28, 2009
|Mar 3, 2011
|Xerox Corporation
|Pressure rolls, apparatuses useful in printing and methods of making pressure rolls
|Nov 2, 2005
|Mar 25, 2009
|E.I. Dupont De Nemours And Company
|Fluorpolymer coatings containing telomers
|Oct 13, 1998
|May 14, 1999
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Fuser member with chemically modified elastomer/fillers and functionalized release fluids
|Nov 2, 2005
|May 11, 2006
|E.I. Dupont De Nemours And Company
|Fluoropolymer coatings containing telomers
|Dec 14, 2010
|Jul 7, 2011
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Fuser member with fluoropolymer outer layer
|U.S. Classification
|428/421, 428/906, 219/216, 428/447, 428/448, 428/457
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Apr 6, 1990
Owner name: AMES RUBBER CORPORATION,, NEW JERSEY
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:DEL ROSARIO, CHRIS;REEL/FRAME:005275/0469
Effective date: 19900319
|Jan 27, 1995
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jan 25, 1999
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Jan 15, 2003
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


text:
Quilted Amalia MM Bag
Product Actions
Ultra-soft quilted lambskin leather top zip bag with front zipper pocket. Gold-tone chain link adjustable shoulder straps with contrast leather shoulder rests and grosgrain ribbon embellishment. Lanvin jacquard fabric lined interior with zipper pocket and two organizational pockets.
The oldest existing French couture house was founded in 1889 by designer Jeanne Lanvin after the birth of her daughter, whose likeness is featured in the label's emblem of mother and child. Celebrated for a refined sense of Parisian elegance, the women's ready-to-wear and accessories lines focus on monochrome colors, luxurious fabrics, and fluid silhouettes. For more than a decade, Lucas Ossendrijver has been designing the brand's menswear collection, bringing his sportswear sensibility to impeccably tailored suits and separates.
Need Help? Have Questions? Contact Us.
Please call 1.888.222.7639 to speak with a Customer Service Representative.
We're here to help you:
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text:
Brilliant Davis hat-trick sinks Barbados
PORT OF SPAIN, Trinidad, CMC – A spectacular Derone Davis hat-trick triggered yet another humiliating Barbados batting meltdown as Combined Campuses and Colleges hauled themselves off the bottom of the Caribbean Twenty20 standings with a sensational win here Friday night.
In an extraordinary start to Barbados' pursuit of a measly 112 for victory, the left-arm spinner claimed his victims off the first three balls of the innings to leave Barbados in disarray and set up a 12-run victory at Queen's Park Oval.
The 20-year-old finished with remarkable figures of four wickets for five runs from four overs in a Man-of-the-Match display as Barbados failed to recover from a terminal position of 12 for five and meandered to 99 for nine from their 20 overs in the end.
Kyle Mayers resisted with 34 and Ashley Nurse chipped in with an unbeaten 21 down the order to give Barbados a glimmer of hope but the early damage proved too much to overcome.
CCC owed the world of debt to veteran campaigner Floyd Reifer who had earlier top scored with 37 to help push the students to 111 for eight after they opted to bat first.
They were floundering at 25 for four in the eighth over following a lethal opening burst from pacer Tino Best (4-18) until Reifer arrived to take control of matters and steer them past the 100-run mark.
The result condemned Barbados to a second straight loss following their demise at the hands of Guyana on Thursday night, when they also collapsed while chasing a paltry total.
In contrast, the victory was a welcome boost for a CCC team that has lost its previous three matches, and gave them some momentum heading into the final preliminary round contests in St Lucia next week.
What unfolded could hardly have been envisioned, when Best scythed through the top order knocking over Raymon Reifer (0), Chadwick Walton (6) and Wayne Morgan (0) with just 13 runs on the board in the third over.
Further crisis ensued when captain Kyle Corbin was brilliantly taken at midwicket by Ryan Hinds off seamer Carlos Brathwaite at 25 for four in the eighth over, and when Jason Holder (2) and Akeem Dewar (14) fell to Nurse's off-spin in successive overs, the CCC were tottering on 57 for six in the 13th over and in need of several minor miracles.
Reifer combined with Ryan Wiggins to provide the first, in a crucial 38-run, eighth wicket stand which handed CCC a precious lifeline.
The left-handed Reifer faced 35 balls and struck a four and two sixes while Ryan Wiggins weighed in with a valuable 28 off 23 balls with an identical boundary count.
Though Reifer was bowled by left-arm spinner Sulieman Benn in the penultimate over, Wiggins stayed until the end, perishing off the last delivery of the innings, lbw to Best.
Davis then provided CCC's second miracle in the form of a hat-trick. Captain Dwayne Smith slashed at the first ball of the innings and was taken on the second attempt by Corbin at slip and the left-handed Hinds edged the very next delivery for Corbin to take a catch low to his left.
Shamarh provided Davis with his hat-trick, struck plumb in front as he pushed forward defensively. Davis was not finished, however, has he had Jonathan Carter caught by Wiggins running around to point as the left-hander hit out.
After soaking up 12 deliveries and scoring only four, opener Justin Brathwaite swung wildly at seamer Holder but only succeeded in nicking a catch behind, to leave Barbados on 12 for five in the sixth over.
Mayers and wicketkeeper Shane Dowrich (13) combined in a 39-run, sixth wicket stand to stem the fall of wickets. The left-handed Mayers faced 35 balls and hit two fours and two sixes while Dowrich played the supporting role in 32 balls at the crease.
They were rebuilding patiently when disaster struck, with Dowrich run out after Mayers left him stranded in a mix-up over a short single.
Carlos Brathwaite (6) stayed around long enough to help Mayers add 15 runs for the next wicket before both batsmen lost the plot.
Inexplicably, Brathwaite lofted left-arm spinner Kristopher Ramsaran to long on and Mayers followed off the next ball, finding Davis at long-off as he unsuccessfully tried to clear the ropes.
Nurse and Benn (10) staged Barbados' last desperate stand, adding 25 off 18 balls but CCC remained focussed in the late stages to see the victory through.
Aussie Lynn upstages Munro as Amazon Warriors remain unbeaten
PORT OF SPAIN, Trinidad, CMC – Colin Munro smashed a sensational maiden Twenty20 hundred but it proved in vain as Guyana Amazon Warriors produced an audacious run chase to shock Trinbago Knight Riders by six wickets here Saturday night.
Will it be third time lucky for RCB?
The Indian Premier League will have a new champion either one of Royal Challengers Bangalore or Sunrisers Hyderabad, who will come up against each other in the Final of VIVO IPL 2016, will be crowned champions tonight.
Captain Smith takes Australia to victory with ton
(Reuters) – Steven Smith maintained his purple patch to hit a brilliant unbeaten 102 to secure Australia's three-wicket victory against England in a high-scoring tri-series match at Hobart on Friday.
Chanderpaul sparkles for Floodlights in win over Bel Air Rubis
Playing with a leather ball might be his forte but Guyana and West Indies middle order batsman Shivnarine Chanderpaul is also very adept at playing with a ball of a much softer variety.
Griffith hits maiden Inter County century
A maiden unbeaten century by Demerara opener Trevon Griffith left opponents Berbice facing a daunting 378 more runs for victory heading into today's fourth and final day in round one of the Guyana Cricket Board (GCB) Inter-County four-day tournament.
Development Team in six-wicket defeat of Essequibo
By Delvon Mc Ewan A dominant all-round performance by Steven Jacobs led his side to a convincing victory over Essequibo as the Guyana Cricket Board (GCB) Development Team got off to a winning start in their GCB Senior inter-county four-day campaign yesterday at the Demerara Cricket Club (DCC) ground.


text:
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|#36 - Get on it bruh. You can buy the entire trilogy for $30. Forget… [+] (1 new reply)
|07/25/2016 on We're All Spectres Now
#40 - bouazizforever (07/25/2016) [-]
Thanks for the advice I don't live in America tho
I will try to find it on discount cause that's a game I really want to play, I probably won't get the whole trilogy and stuff for about 80 euros cause I dont have enough money lol but I think I'll begin with 2 or some shit
|#72 - Shepard doesn't necessarily canonically die. If you choose Des…
|07/24/2016 on Android waifu is best waifu
|#55 - First video out of all these comps to get me.
|07/20/2016 on YLYL Compilation (pt.5)
|#111 - See, you're veering into "Why don't we just END ALL RACIS…
|07/20/2016 on Dapla Vivapel Kamowodup
|#43 - Hey, put that away, if you knew another place that song was us… [+] (1 new reply)
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#46 - darealmcfanyt (07/19/2016) [-]
|#11 - I named my Hypno "DrPackinwood." If anyone gets the …
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|#28 - He doesn't want his old buddies back, his entire motivation is…
|07/18/2016 on Time is irrelevant
|#36 - That isn't true, the app needs to be open. [+] (3 new replies)
|07/16/2016 on goof proof
#58 - epicalania (07/17/2016) [-]
First comment If you meant it has to be the primary app Actually it is, I've tested this myself and corroborated it with others who've tested it.
The app runs in the background, but it won't give you any notifications [spoiler] both literal notifications or things like sound and vibration unless it's the focus app and the screens on. [/spoiler]
Second comment If you didn't I've already said it has to be open to count distance, but it doesn't have to be the primary app. As long as the app is open it performs all it's background functions like tracking distance and checking if pokemon, pokestops or gyms are in range, it just doesn't notify you of anything unless it's the primary app
#59 - amuzen (07/17/2016) [-]
That's weird because unless I have it as my focus app it doesn't update my position until I make it the focus app again then it has to spend a couple minutes 'aquiring GPS location' then it snaps me to position. I tried going for a walk with music on and had it turned on in the background and I didn't get any distance for my egg. Conversely just a couple hours ago I went for a drive to the store turned it on and left it in my passenger seat and I got 2.1 KM for both my eggs.
The results of those tests is that I still got some decent distance from driving (Given I drove about 10 kilometers total, still 2.1 is pretty good) and I got absolutely no distance while running it as a background app even while I was just walking.
And yet for some reason I'm the one getting thumbed down?
#60 - epicalania (07/18/2016) [-]
The app itself registers distance, but your phone settings might be preventing it from updating. Most modern phones accept background requests, although you can block them, but some older ones don't.
There's also the GPS signal itself, if you lose signal for a bit it can get a bit wacky when re-registering it.
I have found that my phone only accepts background requests from the focus app while it's locked unless I do some root fuckery to allow an app specifically, could it be that?
Otherwise, it could be something to do with different versions or something? Are you using the proper version or an apk? Do you have the most recent update?
|#57 - We've reached the point where people have become more annoyed … [+] (1 new reply)
|07/15/2016 on drink man
#65 - containlettersonly (07/15/2016) [-]
Well the language police (I.E. retards who don't know what cuck means) don't help either.


text:
My other thought was to just actually stick some kind of reinforcing rods down into the ribs ( like some small dowels / carbon rods / peices of coat hanger wire or something) 'cuz it seems like if I could stiffen them up they would be great fins with the nice soft foot pocket...
\nI will have to check that shop out next time I'm in Gansett
Results 1 to 10 of 14
Thread: Makapuu Fins Too Floppy/Bendy
Nov 7, 2013, 02:59 PM
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'; pd[199816] = '
Nov 7, 2013, 03:06 PM
I have a really weird pair of fins called H20 Wavegripper. very soft pocket, very stiff blade. They are lower end fins, but very functional, I use them to bodysurf all the time ebodyboarding.com has them
\nalso dafin is known to be good too
'; pd[199896] = '
Nov 7, 2013, 10:54 PM
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'; pd[199820] = '
Nov 7, 2013, 03:12 PM
I just had the same problem and I need new fins because they dont fit over my winter socks so now I know not to get makapuus and to get another pair of hydros
'; pd[199898] = '
Nov 7, 2013, 11:01 PM
I have used the L and XL Makapuus a lot. The XL are a bit floppier but I think it is balanced thrustwise with the L because the surface area is much greater. The XL is floppy and big, they even can get a bend in them that will not straighten out which is very different than the board like stiffness of the L. They just take a little getting used to but they are good fins, just different.
Again it is perfectly normal, that is just how the XL is.
'; pd[200053] = '
Nov 8, 2013, 05:01 PM
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Nov 8, 2013, 01:35 PM
I was a Churchill guy for many years, but Vipers were a game changer. But I use them for bodysurfing only... not bodyboarding.
'; pd[200011] = '
Nov 8, 2013, 01:44 PM
I still favor my hydros
'; pd[200095] = '
Nov 8, 2013, 05:32 PM
epictetus, if you make the rods and insert them take pics and let us know step by step how it goes, seems like a 5 dollar solution to a 1 dollar problem, but creativity and DIY spirit are great.
'; pd[200128] = '
Nov 8, 2013, 08:22 PM
No problem, happy to see my Churchill knowledge of sizes finally was a help. It was strange for me too at first, then I found I needed to use my entire leg and keep my knees straight to get thrust. I found I actually got more thrust from the XL's due to the large surface area. They are floppy though and hard to walk in. The best pair I ever had was a lime green and black colored pair, they were perfectly rigid. The blue and grey pairs always seemed to be floppier. I have never used XL's for bodyboarding but I would imagine the biggest problem would be steering and using the fins as a rudder. There might be some spray on adhesives that you could spray over the fin surface area that would harden them up a bit, rather than trying to add rods. Maybe some stiff hair gel? I am not sure. Maybe If you sprayed them and then stacked some heavy stuff on top to keep them flat?
\nOne thing is for sure your legs might be a little sore from using the XL because they are different, but they will strengthen. Every year when I switched from XL to L or vice-versa I would be sore for about a week.
\nI worked as an ocean survey swimmer for a few years we swimmers used churchill fins.
'; pd[221827] = '
Feb 27, 2014, 01:21 AM
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So I reinforced one of XLs and tested them out but I still hated them, adding a reinforcing rod along the side helped a little but they were just still really floppy -' + '- I can see how they are good for long-distance swimming but they are not suitable for quick changes of direction / explosive takeoffs (i.e. bodyboarding) in my opinion. A lot of the time when catching a steep wave I may just need to make one single decisive kick which I just can't do very well with the big floppy fins.
\nSwitched back to some other XL fins that came free with my apartment
'; // next/previous post info pn[199809] = "221827,199810"; pn[0] = ",199809"; pn[199810] = "199809,199811"; pn[199811] = "199810,199812"; pn[199812] = "199811,199816"; pn[199816] = "199812,199896"; pn[199896] = "199816,199820"; pn[199820] = "199896,199898"; pn[199898] = "199820,200053"; pn[200053] = "199898,200008"; pn[200008] = "200053,200011"; pn[200011] = "200008,200095"; pn[200095] = "200011,200128"; pn[200128] = "200095,221827"; pn[221827] = "200128,199809"; // cached usernames pu[0] = guestphrase; pu[37859] = "epictetus"; pu[35278] = "RIsurfer"; pu[33579] = "seldom seen"; pu[39007] = " HARDCORESHARTHUFFER-RI"; pu[37218] = "livesurfish"; pu[38462] = "ajhay"; pu[17352] = "bubs"; pu[12449] = "LBCrew"; // -->
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Nov 8, 2013, 05:01 PM #9Senior Member
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DEFINITION of 'Leverage Build Up'
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i am prescribed this medication and would like to no what i am takeing that is why i would like to no what the op means on oxycontin could you please tell me what it means and why did they do this.thank you for any answer you can give me
This question has also been asked and answered here: What's the difference between Oxycontin OC 40 and OP 40?
Answers (1)
Good answer and valuable help my dear.-
maso my chile pepper, all I did was quote chris, so she wouldn't have to answer this one!
This question need its own web site.
OC is now OP so you can't OD
chrisineATU, OMG! You finally said it!!!
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Forum - View topicSword Art Online (TV).
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Posts: 13959
Location: NZL
All of which has no bearing on the Anime which doesn't have any of that.
Maybe the novel doesn't have that particular plot hole, but the Anime most certainly does.
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Posts: 251
Location: Anchorage, AK
Ah, that's what I thought. It's only been a week since I've finished the first light novel, so I guess my memory is just awful. :/
And as addendum to the big spoiler quoted here: spoiler[ I'm sure the anime will address this in the end when Kirito wakes up in his hospital bed, though it does seem kind of late to address something that important.]
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Posts: 449
Location: Bozeman, Montana
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Posts: 13959
Location: NZL
Think about the situation from the families' point of view. They want their loved ones back, and some of them would rather leave the players in comas and hope the authorities can jailbreak the nerve gear than subject the players to being part of a literal game of death. The players are unable to make their opinions known to the authorities, so they don't have a say in the decision-making process. I don't know what laws Japan has about power of attorney. But, if it is anything like other countries, the decision of whether to hook the players back up to the game or not would have rested with the families.
Is it better for the players to live out their lives in Aincrad rather than peacefully dreaming for several years? Depends on the player. Some like Asuna and Kirito have found happiness inside the game, but still want to leave. Others have fully adapted to the game, made a life for themselves and would be worse off going back to their old lives. Still more people hate SAO and (if given the choice) would rather sleep the game off than live in constant fear. But all that doesn't matter. If a family member doesn't want their beloved (some of whom are children) in the game, then I don't see how the authorities could hook them back up. Could you imagine the lawsuits if a person was hooked back up against the family's wishes and then died in the game? This whole saga is going to keep every lawyer in Japan well-fed for years.
Funnily enough, the first source actually has a definition of "missing element". Even more hilariously, the third source is Wikipedia, the exact same one I already used.
The second (TVTropes) is the only one of the three that doesn't specifically use the definition that I employed.
Better luck next time.
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Posts: 449
Location: Bozeman, Montana
|The key words here are "blatant" and "relevant." As I already said, I don't consider the information particularly important given that a)the characters themselves have no way of knowing whats going on outside of Aincrad, and b) that information would do nothing to help establish the themes being used, insofar as I can tell. Right now, the main themes of this show, IMO, are isolation, and that time spent outside of the conventional "real world" isn't wasteful, and can in fact be productive. The information you're whining about would be detrimental to the former, and do nothing to reinforce the latter. This argument's cause is simple; your ability to suspend your disbeliefe isn't as "strong" as ours. I put strong in quotes because this really isn't a bad thing; what's bad is that you're being so aggressive about it, and implying that we are dolts for having missed these allegedly "glaring plot holes." The information simply isn't vital to our enjoyment of the show, so we didn't give it's abscence much thought. If it's absolutely critical to your enjoyment though, simply say so and move on. There is no need to get so worked up about it, or insult our inteligence; it really is just a show. For the record, that last part can be directed towards the rest of y'all too.
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Posts: 13959
Location: NZL
Well, they are glaring plot holes. If they don't bother you then fine by me, just say "it doesn't bother me" and move on. But don't pretend they don't exist.
Oh, I can suspend my disbelief fairly well. After all, I am a fan of Anime; being a master at suspending disbelief is not just useful but practically a health and safety requirement. If a person watched Midori Days without strongly suspending disbelief their head would explode.
But. I choose not to suspend disbelief too much. After all, why should I? The better the story, the less disbelief needs to be suspended, and insisting that a story meets me halfway is called having standards. Plus, I always make sure that part of me is analysing the show as objectively as possible even when I'm watching it. That's why even though I quite like Future Boy Conan and The Big O (both of which I'm currently watching), I'm constantly picking out the many, many flaws in them. Same goes with Sword Art Online.
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Posts: 449
Location: Bozeman, Montana
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Posts: 925
|Ever think it's bad writing? It's not like this show is all that complex. If this was a mystery then sure, but its a a stupid fun anime and to take it serious in anyway is pointless. If it is a plot hole so be it. MOVE ON already!
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It...it's not like I post for you or anything!
Posts: 10607
Location: Brisbane, Australia
|To me knowing how they were moved seems to be of as much importance as: Find out the recipe of Akiko's jam, how is a Death Note and Shinigami made, how can someone play The World using a mobile phone, and what is the actual method for creating weapons in Angel Beats. All things relativly important to their plots and not explained, but would they count as plot holes?
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Posts: 2308
I thoroughly enjoyed this episode. For me it was absolutely the best episode to date. I actually liked the fact that it transitioned from the fishing story to some action about 2/3 of the way through. I felt like there was just enough development of Kirito/Asuna's relationship during the down time surrounding the fishing part. The only negative i'd have about that is that I felt like spoiler[Asuna's speech to the fisherman right before they left went on a little too long and was a bit overly sentimental], but other than that I thought it was done well.
This episode was good overall for Asuna's development. spoiler[I liked the fact that she was talking about her concerns for what was happening to their bodies in the real world.] I also like the fact that she was showing some measure of independence from Kirito, as opposed to the submissive stuff we've seen in the past. Sure, there could have been more about her real life identity, but I felt like there was appropriate development for her in the context of the general plot of this episode. As far as Kirito's development, he is still very much an enigma. I can't say this episode did much for him.
The action part of the episode was also a lot of fun. I had been wanting to see the side character utilized in some way in battle for a long time. I do think it would have been more cool if each of them had some kind of special skill which made them particularly useful in the battle, but at least they were there and seemed strong enough to not die instantly. I really really hope this show doesn't kill one of them off in the next episode and have some extremely over sentimental monologue by Kirito about them. I would see that as very cheap.
As for dtm's comment about the plot holes. I agree that the whole situation withspoiler[ their bodies being moved to hospitals was a big plot hole in the anime.] Perhaps the LNs explained this better, but I was really confused about it when it was introduced in the episode. It didn't totally kill the episode or anything, but it was definitely something that should have been written in better.
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Team Gurren
Posts: 2803
Location: Bellevue, WA
Thanks, CTB. Not only does this greatly clarify the situation, but it also shows that Akihiko did everything possible to prevent anyone from dying due to his actions... while still doing what he did. From a strictly utilitarian point of view, I would guess he did it so as to ensure the largest number of subjects possible remained in the game. But at any rate, it is clear that the author did take this into consideration, even if it wasn't very well handled by the anime writers.
So we now know a bit more about the setup with the NerveGears: Akihiko set up a one-time deal where they could remain out of contact with SAO while the victims were being moved, but after that they would need to be in contact. Presumably there are timers still in place for momentary interruptions, but not for long time periods.
It is interesting that by adding this new part of The Speech that Akihiko is placing yet more emphisis on clearing the game. He seems to really want people to focus on beating the game, as opposed to simply living in the world. If he just wanted to lord it over everyone, then why not make clearing the game something almost impossibly difficult, or something that would take a decade or longer to finish? I wonder how long he calculated it would take to accomplish and why he wanted it to take that long? Is it for reasons similar to what Asura stated to Kirito (that beyond a certain length of time, people's minds would begin to break down regardless of how much medical treatment they received)? Or are there other reasons as well? I guess we'll have to wait and see. I don't think Akihiko's true reasons have been revealed yet.
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It...it's not like I post for you or anything!
Posts: 16097
Location: Toronto, Canada
|I remember after watching episode 1 that I was hoping the show would deal with the mechanics of people "trapped" in a virtual game in a somewhat credible fashion, even though the premise itself was so incredible. As the episodes went by, it became clear to me that the show was either going to basically ignore the mechanics, or just gloss over them. I was disappointed, but I made my peace with the situation. Which is why I don't go bug eff crazy when that aspect isn't dealt with to my satisfaction. It was painfully obvious to me from early on that the show was most invested in servicing the fantasy setting, with some game details thrown in here and there for a bit of color, I guess. Wouldn't have been my choice if I had had a creative say, but still interesting enough for me to want to follow it.
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Posts: 36
I see! You are one of [...let's not start with attacks and accusations. Counter their points, but let's not start making it personal.]
The novel has direct bearing on the Anime, which is it 100% based on, for the limitation of the Anime to fit within the current format, there are obvious details going to be not included from the novel, as any movie/video that are based on a novel will also do that same.
In the Anime Kayaba Akihiko told the trapped players he already released to the medias the info along with the warning of forcibly removing the Nerve Gear will cause death to the person wearing it. Further more he also said 213 people die as the result of not believe in his warnings by trying to remove it and therefore people outside is now taking his action/warning seriously and the danger of the current player's Nerve Gear being remove is now minimal.
Reasonable thinking would be one can assume Kayaba Akihiko's released info includes the method for the authorities to treat the comatose player's body for the longer term and the list of players and their home addresses.
Also spoiler[ the time line of the last episode is not just a few weeks into the game but ~2 years into it. Which I think is the reason for what concerns Asuna.]
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Posts: 251
Location: Anchorage, AK
|Is there going to be a second seasons of this show? I'm curious as to how much novel material they plan to cover.
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Posts: 8000
Location: Cheshire, CT
|well, preorders are astronomically high, so right now a second season seems very possible.
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So I'm writing a post on my wall and type a URL into the main body of the post. As soon as I finish the URL, Facebook creates a little section underneath which has the title, description, and an image from the url I typed.
Without getting too indepth, how is this done and what is the best way of make something similar myself?


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PADRES: Gonzalez an asset that needs protection
Lacking lineup support, slugger led NL in walks last season
PEORIA, Ariz. -- No heavy research is needed to discover the key to the Padres' offensive success this season.
Protect Adrian Gonzalez, or else.
It's that simple. Otherwise, teams will continue to pitch around the slugger accordingly.
Avoiding Gonzalez in crucial situations has been the modus operandi of opposing pitchers since early in the 2008 season. Without a legitimate power hitter to protect him in the lineup, pitchers would rather walk Gonzalez than let him beat them.
Last season, Gonzalez -- who homered every 13.8 at-bats -- walked a National League-high 119 times, including 22 of the intentional variety. Though he led the Padres in plate appearances with runners in scoring position, Gonzalez had 33 fewer at-bats in those situations than Kevin Kouzmanoff and 29 fewer than Chase Headley, because he walked 52 times.
"Usually when I do a scouting report, there's going to be one guy in that lineup that's not going to beat me in any situation," said new Padres pitcher Jon Garland, who walked Gonzalez in five of 15 matchups last season. "If I'm pitching to the Padres, and he's up with the bases loaded, I don't care if I walk him because I would rather give up one (run) than four."
With 5 1/2 weeks left before opening day, manager Bud Black isn't willing to commit to one player consistently batting behind Gonzalez. Instead, he named four -- Headley, Kyle Blanks, Will Venable and Scott Hairston -- as candidates for what will be a fluid spot in the lineup.
Headley knows how important the role is after sharing the duty with Kouzmanoff last season; he batted fourth or fifth 109 times.
"There is pressure," said Headley, who hit .265 with 43 RBIs with runners in scoring position. "For us to be successful, we need Adrian to get chances. He's never going to get those chances if guys don't perform. You can look at it as pressure or as an opportunity. The good thing about it is you're going to get a lot of chances with runners on base because they're going to put him on base when there are runners in scoring position with a base open."
Gonzalez thinks that another form of protection will come from the hitters in front of him in the lineup. He traced a big part of the Padres' late success to an offense that littered the bases with runners and created many RBI opportunities.
"We've got more of an on-base factor, which I think is going to be more of my protection than anything else," said Gonzalez, who has 106 home runs over the last three seasons. "Just having people on base more often will be more important. It makes the pitchers throw more fastballs. It makes them concentrate more on the runner, and they leave their good slider hanging. Pitchers are scared to give up that run. Once you've got guys on, it makes it harder."
Garland might disagree, however. He wants to see the hitters around Gonzalez prove they're worthy.
"Most people think if the bases are loaded, you have to attack that guy, and you don't," Garland said. "If you're up a couple (runs) and you believe in your guys, I'd rather walk him and the next guy get me and give up the one than letting him get me."
Go to sportsblogs.nctimes.com for more Padres news and notes.


text:
"If you establish a democracy, you must in due time reap the fruits of a democracy. You will in due season have great impatience of the public burdens, combined in due season with great increase of the public expenditure. You will in due season have wars entered into from passion and not from reason; and you will in due season submit to peace ignominiously sought and ignominiously obtained, which will diminish your authority and perhaps endanger your independence. You will in due season find your property is less valueable, and your freedom less complete." ~ Benjamin Disraeli
What Does Democracy Look Like, Actually?
Submitted by Westernerd on Sat, 2011-12-03 04:00
"So, the most democratic society is the society which anarchists champion: A society in which all individuals are empowered to prevent others from exerting authoritarian power over them, where power relations are flattened and people interact voluntarily as unique individuals with equal liberties."
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Dublin a.k.a J-Dub is a rapper out of Woonsocket, Rhode Island.. His music is controversial but very lyrical as he brings the real to the world.
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