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Skip to comments.The Institutes Book 1, Chapter 7
Posted on 02/06/2003 8:52:14 AM PST by ksen
Institutes of the Christian Religion
Book I: The Knowledge of God the Creator
Chapter 7: THE TESTIMONY OF THE SPIRIT NECESSARY TO GIVE FULL AUTHORITY TO SCRIPTURE. THE IMPIETY OF PRETENDING THAT THE CREDIBILITY OF SCRIPTURE DEPENDS ON THE JUDGEMENT OF THE CHURCH.
1. The authority of Scripture derived not from men, but from the Spirit of God. Objection, That Scripture depends on the decision of the Church. Refutation,
I. The truth of God would thus be subjected to the will of man.
II. It is insulting to the Holy Spirit.
III. It establishes a tyranny in the Church.
IV. It forms a mass of errors.
V. It subverts conscience.
VI. It exposes our faith to the scoffs of the profane.
2. Another reply to the objection drawn from the words of the Apostle Paul. Solution of the difficulties started by opponents. A second objection refuted.
3. A third objection founded on a sentiment of Augustine considered.
4. Conclusion, That the authority of Scripture is founded on its being spoken by God. This confirmed by the conscience of the godly, and the consent of all men of the least candour. A fourth objection common in the mouths of the profane. Refutation.
5. Last and necessary conclusion, That the authority of Scripture is sealed on the hearts of believers by the testimony of the Holy Spirit. The certainty of this testimony. Confirmation of it from a passage of Isaiah, and the experience of believers. Also, fromanother passage of Isaiah.
1.Scripture has its authority from God, not from the church
Before proceeding farther, it seems proper to make some observations on the authority of Scripture, in order that our minds may not only be prepared to receive it with reverence, but be divested of all doubt. When that which professes to be the Word of God is acknowledged to be so, no person, unless devoid of common sense and the feelings of a man, will have the desperate hardihood to refuse credit to the speaker. But since no daily responses are given from heaven, and the Scriptures are the only records in which God has been pleased to consign his truth to perpetual remembrance, the full authority which they ought to possess with the faithful is not recognised, unless they are believed to have come from heaven, as directly as if God had been heard giving utterance to them. This subject well deserves to be treated more at large, and pondered more accurately. But my readers will pardon me for having more regard to what my plan admits than to what the extent of this topic requires.
A most pernicious error has very generally prevailed; viz.,that Scripture is of importance only in so far as conceded to it by the suffrage of the Church; as if the eternal and inviolable truth of God could depend on the will of men. With great insult to the Holy Spirit, it is asked, who can assure us that the Scriptures proceeded from God; who guarantee that they have come down safe and unimpaired to our times; who persuade us that this book is to be received with reverence, and that one expunged from the list, did not the Church regulate all these things with certainty? On the determination of the Church, therefore, it is said, depend both the reverence which is due to Scripture, and the books which are to be admitted into the canon. Thus profane men, seeking, under the pretext of the Church, to introduce unbridled tyranny, care not in what absurdities they entangle themselves and others, provided they extort from the simple this one acknowledgement, viz., that there is nothing which the Church cannot do. But what is to become of miserable consciences in quest of some solid assurance of eternal life, if all the promises with regard to it have no better support than man's judgement? On being told so, will they cease to doubt and tremble? On the other hand, to what jeers of the wicked is our faith subjected - into how great suspicion is it brought with all, if believed to have only a precarious authority lent to it by the goodwill of men?
2.The church is itself grounded upon Scripture
These ravings are admirably refuted by a single expression of an apostle. Paul testifies that the Church is "built on the foundation of the apostles and prophets," (Eph. 2: 20.) If the doctrine of the apostles and prophets is the foundation of the Church, the former must have had its certainty before the latter began to exist. Nor is there any room for the cavil, that though the Church derives her first beginning from thence, it still remains doubtful what writings are to be attributed to the apostles and prophets, until her judgement is interposed. For if the Christian Church was founded at first on the writings of the prophets, and the preaching of the apostles, that doctrine, wheresoever it may be found, was certainly ascertained and sanctioned antecedently to the Church, since, but for this, the Church herself never could have existed. Nothings therefore can be more absurd than the fiction, that the power of judging Scripture is in the Church, and that on her nod its certainty depends. When the Church receives it, and gives it the stamp of her authority, she does not make that authentic which was otherwise doubtful or controverted but, acknowledging it as the truth of God, she, as in duty bounds shows her reverence by an unhesitating assent. As to the question, How shall we be persuaded that it came from God without recurring to a decree of the Church? it is just the same as if it were asked, How shall we learn to distinguish light from darkness, white from black, sweet from bitter? Scripture bears upon the face of it as clear evidence of its truth, as white and black do of their colour, sweet and bitter of their taste.
3.Augustine cannot be cited as counterevidence
I am aware it is usual to quote a sentence of Augustine in which he says that he would not believe the gospel, were he not moved by the authority of the Church, (Aug. Cont. Epist. Fundament.c. 5.) But it is easy to discover from the context, how inaccurate and unfair it is to give it such a meaning. He was reasoning against the Manichees, who insisted on being implicitly believed, alleging that they had the truth, though they did not show they had. But as they pretended to appeal to the gospel in support of Manes, he asks what they would do if they fell in with a man who did not even believe the gospel - what kind of argument they would use to bring him over to their opinion. He afterwards adds, "But I would not believe the gospel," &c.; meaning, that were he a stranger to the faith, the only thing which could induce him to embrace the gospel would be the authority of the Church. And is it any thing wonderful,that one who does not know Christ should pay respect to men?
Augustine, therefore, does not here say that the faith of the godly is founded on the authority of the Church; nor does he mean that the certainty of the gospel depends upon it; he merely says that unbelievers would have no certainty of the gospel, so as thereby to win Christ, were they not influenced by the consent of the Church. And he clearly shows this to be his meaning, by thus expressing himself a little before: "When I have praised my own creed, and ridiculed yours, who do you suppose is to judge between us; or what more is to be done than to quit those who, inviting us to certainty, afterwards command us to believe uncertainty, and follow those who invite us, in the first instance, to believe what we are not yet able to comprehend, that waxing stronger through faith itself, we may become able to understand what we believe - no longer men, but God himself internally strengthening and illuminating our minds?"
These unquestionably are the words of Augustine, (August. Cont. Epist. Fundament. cap. 4;) and the obvious inference from them is, that this holy man had no intention to suspend our faith in Scripture on the nod or decision of the Church, but only to intimate (what we too admit to be true) that those who are not yet enlightened by the Spirit of God, become teachable by reverence for the Church, and thus submit to learn the faith of Christ from the gospel. In this way, though the authority of the Church leads us on, and prepares us to believe in the gospel, it is plain that Augustine would have the certainty of the godly to rest on a very different foundation. At the same time, I deny not that he often presses the Manichees with the consent of the whole Church, while arguing in support of the Scriptures, which they rejected. Hence he upbraids Faustus (lib. 32) for not submitting to evangelical truth - truth so well founded, so firmly established, so gloriously renowned, and handed down by sure succession from the days of the apostles. But he nowhere insinuates that the authority which we give to the Scriptures depends on the definitions or devices of men. He only brings forward the universal judgement of the Church, as a point most pertinent to the cause, and one, moreover, in which he had the advantage of his opponents. Any one who desires to see this morefully proved may read his short treatises De Utilitate Credendi,(The Advantages of Believing,) where it will be found that the only facility of believing which he recommends is that which affords an introduction, and forms a fit commencement to inquiry; while he declares that we ought not to be satisfied with opinion, but to strive after substantial truth.
4. The witness of the Holy Spirit: this is stronger than all proof
It is necessary to attend to what I lately said, that our faith in doctrine is not established until we have a perfect conviction that God is its author. Hence, the highest proof of Scripture is uniformly taken from the character of him whose Word it is. The prophets and apostles boast not their own acuteness or any qualities which win credit to speakers, nor do they dwell on reasons; but they appeal to the sacred name of God, in order that the whole world may be compelled to submission. The next thing to be considered is, how it appears not probable merely, but certain, tha tthe name of God is neither rashly nor cunningly pretended. If, then, we would consult most effectually for our consciences, and save them from being driven about in a whirl of uncertainty, from wavering, and even stumbling at the smallest obstacle, our conviction of the truth of Scripture must be derived from a higher source than human conjectures, judgements, or reasons; namely, the secret testimony of the Spirit. It is true, indeed, that if we choose to proceed in the way of arguments it is easy to establish, by evidence of various kinds, that if there is a God in heaven, the Law, the Prophecies, and the Gospel, proceeded from him. Nay, although learned men, and men of the greatest talent, should take the opposite side, summoning and ostentatiously displaying all the powers of their genius in the discussion; if they are not possessed of shameless effrontery, they will be compelled to confess that the Scripture exhibits clear evidence of its being spoken by God, and, consequently, of its containing his heavenly doctrine. We shall see a little farther on, that the volume of sacred Scripture very far surpasses all other writings. Nay, if we look at it with clear eyes, and unblessed judgement, it will forthwith present itself with a divine majesty which will subdue our presumptuous opposition, and force us to do it homage.
Still, however, it is preposterous to attempt, by discussion, to rear up a full faith in Scripture. True, were I called to contend with the craftiest despisers of God, I trust, though I am not possessed of the highest ability or eloquence, I should not find it difficult to stop their obstreperous mouths; I could, without muchado, put down the boastings which they mutter in corners, were anything to be gained by refuting their cavils. But although we may maintain the sacred Word of God against gainsayers, it does not follow that we shall forthwith implant the certainty which faith requires in their hearts. Profane men think that religion rests only on opinion, and, therefore, that they may not believe foolishly, or on slight grounds, desire and insist to have it proved by reason that Moses and the prophets were divinely inspired. But I answer,that the testimony of the Spirit is superior to reason. For as God alone can properly bear witness to his own words, so these words will not obtain full credit in the hearts of men, until they are sealed by the inward testimony of the Spirit. The same Spirit, therefore, who spoke by the mouth of the prophets, must penetrate our hearts, in order to convince us that they faithfully delivered the message with which they were divinely entrusted. This connection is most aptly expressed by Isaiah in these words, "My Spirit that is upon thee, and my words which I have put in thy mouth, shall not depart out of thy mouth, nor out of the mouth of thy seed, nor out of the mouth of thy seed's seed, saith the Lord, from henceforth and for ever," (Isa. 59: 21.) Some worthy persons feel disconcerted, because, while the wicked murmur with impunity at the Word of God,they have not a clear proof at hand to silence them, forgetting that the Spirit is called an earnest and seal to confirm the faith of the godly, for this very reason, that, until he enlightens their minds, they are tossed to and fro in a sea of doubts.
5. Scripture bears its own authentication
Let it therefore be held as fixed, that those who are inwardly taught by the Holy Spirit acquiesce implicitly in Scripture; that Scripture carrying its own evidence along with it, deigns not to submit to proofs and arguments, but owes the full conviction with which we ought to receive it to the testimony of the Spirit. Enlightened by him, we no longer believe, either on our own judgement or that of others, that the Scriptures are from God; but, in a way superior to human judgement, feel perfectly assured - as much so as if we beheld the divine image visibly impressed on it -that it came to us, by the instrumentality of men, from the very mouth of God. We ask not for proofs or probabilities on which torest our judgement, but we subject our intellect and judgement to it as too transcendent for us to estimate. This, however, we do, not in the manner in which some are wont to fasten on an unknown object, which, as soon as known, displeases, but because we have a thorough conviction that, in holding it, we hold unassailable truth; not like miserable men, whose minds are enslaved by superstition, but because we feel a divine energy living and breathing in it - an energy by which we are drawn and animated to obey it, willingly indeed, and knowingly, but more vividly and effectually than could be done by human will or knowledge.
Hence, God most justly exclaims by the mouth of Isaiah, "Ye are my witnesses, saith the Lord, and my servant whom I have chosen, that ye may know and believe me, and understand that I am he," (Isa. 43: 10.)Such, then, is a conviction which asks not for reasons; such, aknowledge which accords with the highest reason, namely knowledge in which the mind rests more firmly and securely than in any reasons; such in fine, the conviction which revelation from heaven alone can produce. I say nothing more than every believer experiences in himself, though my words fall far short of the reality.
I do not dwell on this subject at present, because we will return to it again: only let us now understand that the only true faith is that which the Spirit of God seals on our hearts. Nay, the modest and teachable reader will find a sufficient reason in the promise contained in Isaiah, that all the children of the renovated Church "shall be taught of the Lord," (Isaiah 54: 13.) This singular privilege God bestows on his elect only, whom he separates from the rest of mankind. For what is the beginning of true doctrine but prompt alacrity to hear the Word of God? And God, by the mouth of Moses, thus demands to be heard: "It is not in heavens that thous houldest say, Who shall go up for us to heaven, and bring it unto us, that we may hear and do it? But the word is very nigh unto thee,in thy mouth and in thy heart," (Deut. 30: 12, 14.) God having been pleased to reserve the treasure of intelligence for his children, no wonder that so much ignorance and stupidity is seen in the generality of mankind. In the generality, I include even those specially chosen, until they are ingrafted into the body of the Church. Isaiah, moreover, while reminding us that the prophetical doctrine would prove incredible not only to strangers, but also to the Jews, who were desirous to be thought of the household of God, subjoins the reason, when he asks, "To whom has the arm of the Lord been revealed?" (Isaiah 53: 1.) If at any time, then we are troubled at the small number of those who believe, let us, on the other hand, call to mind, that none comprehend the mysteries of God save those to whom it is given.
Get better.
Thanks Woody.
A logical progression has been postulated so far in the writings.
1)God gave revelation of Himself to all meni wonder just what Calvin means by the term "refuse credit".
A) Directly in the mind (immediate imputation)
B) Through the media of the Creation
2) Some men can and do suppress the knowlege that they have, and are therefore condemned for rejecting what they know to be true
3) Other men accept the recieved knowlege of God, yet still stand condemned, because this knowlege is not sufficient for the purpose of salvation.
4) This class of men who accept the implanted knowledge need further revelation from God for the purpose of salvation.
5) Man must acknowlege that the bible is that further revelation of God.
6) When or After it is acknowleged as God's revelation, men do not reject it unless they are mentally or emotionally unstable.
A most pernicious error has very generally prevailed; viz.,that Scripture is of importance only in so far as conceded to it by the suffrage of the Church; as if the eternal and inviolable truth of God could depend on the will of men.
Here it is:
1. There is a valid general revelation to which all men are accountable (Ro 1:18ff)
a. There is in Man's nature a general revelation of God
i. Man has a sense of Diety
(1) It is the witness of God within the creature
(2) A continuous reflection of the Divine Majesty upon the consciousness of Man (Ro 1:19;2:15)
ii. This sense of Diety creates in man the seed of religion
iii. If the seed of religion is allowed to flourish without interference then there issues true religion
iv. Several of Man's characteristics are revelational
(1) Talents or gifts point to a Giver
(2) Intelligence - "unfailing signs of divinity within us
(3) Moral sense - Moral experience is meaningless unless there is a Judge in Heaven
(4) Existence - A witness to the existence of God
(5) Depravity - "Purity of righteousness rests in the Lord alone"
b. There is in creation a general revelation of God (Ps 19:1;Ro 1:20)
c. There is a general revelation of God in God's providential care of Man
i. In nature (Ge 9:1-4;Ac 14:17;17:24-26)
ii. In history (I Co 10:1-10)
a. Even though Man is depraved he is without excuse (Ro 1:20)
b. Intense philosophical thought cannot remedy the darkness occasioned by our depravity (Ro 8:6-7;Col 2:8)
c. There will always be corrupted religion. There is no natural theology.
a. The emphasis on revelation as redemptive is very important and very strong
b. Calvin discusses Soteric Revelation in Principle before he discusses Sacred Scripture
c. For all practical purposes the written Word is the Word of Special Revelation to Calvin
a. Calvin places the Church and human reason beneath the Scriptures and as inferior to the witness of the Spirit
b. Calvin believed that there are substantial reasons or evidences which in themselves manifest the Divine Origin of the Scriptures and the Christian faith
c. However, these evidences are no match for human depravity
d. It is the witness of the Spirit which is the match for human depravity
e. Christian evidences play a confirming role AFTER the Spirit has sealed His witness in our hearts
So far our study has pretty much paralled this outline.
Institutes ping
I wonder how many of us, here and in RL, forget this? We argue with our own reason and mental abilities and forget that it is the Spirit which convicts and convinces the Unbeliever, not our cleverness with words or ability to phrase an argument.
I wonder if Calvin was looking for a reason why so few people were "saved"? I know when I was first saved I wanted to tell everyone I knew and loved about Jesus and the Gospel. I told them, but they didn't respond as I did. How could someone hear about Jesus and what He did and NOT respond?
I wonder if that is why Calvin taught Absolute Predestination and Election. Just a thought.
Sounds as if your apologetics Prof. needs to do a serious study of the language of Romans 1:17-32. The fact is that most Theologians since Kant have denied (to one extent or another) the existence of natural theology. Barth was most vehement against it. The difficulty with the position is that God's general revelation does not fail to accomplish it's purpose. There is a second difficulty. God in His special revelation, the bible claims that there is a natural theology. There is a clear crisis of authority: If God, Speaking through Paul to the Romans, claims a natural theology, and Kant -> Barth claims that there is not, either Paul (hence, God) or Immanuel Kant must be wrong...there are no other logical alternatives to this statement.
Would you mind giving me a definition of "Natural Theology"? Doesn't Natural Theology say that we can know everything we need to know about God from the things around us using reason?
No, not at all! Natural Theology is a body of truth that can be grasped by the reason of man aided by the revelation of God given to all men. It is not an exhaustive body of truth, neither is it sufficient for Salvation.
Advocates of Natural Theology define it as follows:
"Simply stated, natural theology refers to knowledge of God acquired through nature. Classically, natural theology does not stand in contradiction to divine revelation nor does it exclude such revelation. In fact, natural theology is dependent upon divine revelation for its content. To be usre, there have been philosophical attempts to achieve a natural theology in isolation from and as a substitute for natural revelation. That we call naturalism. Contrary to naturalism, Christian approaches to natural theology are established upon the foundation of a prior divine revelation. For the Christian, natural theology does not mean that humans, in their natural state, have the intrinsic ability to rise to a knowledge of God by the sheer force of intellect unaided by divine revelation. Such a view is repudiated by Protestants and Roman Catholics alike,..."
I wonder if that is why Calvin taught Absolute Predestination and Election. Just a thought."
Your wording seems to infer that Calvin "made up" Predestination and Election.
On the contrary, these are thoroughly Biblical Ideas. Just ~how~ does one define Predestination and Election is the heart of the matter.
In reality, Calvin's statements you quoted are simply a good summary of 1 Corinthians 1-3:
1 Corinthians 1
18 For the preaching of the cross is to them that perish foolishness; but unto us which are saved it is the power of God.
21 For after that in the wisdom of God the world by wisdom knew not God, it pleased God by the foolishness of preaching to save them that believe.
1 Corinthians 2
1 And I, brethren, when I came to you, came not with excellency of speech or of wisdom, declaring unto you the testimony of God.
4 And my speech and my preaching was not with enticing words of man's wisdom, but in demonstration of the Spirit and of power:
(This sounds extremely similar to the line you quoted above: "True, were I called to contend with the craftiest despisers of God, I trust, though I am not possessed of the highest ability or eloquence, I should not find it difficult to stop their obstreperous mouths; I could, without much ado, put down the boastings which they mutter in corners, were anything to be gained by refuting their cavils. But although we may maintain the sacred Word of God against gainsayers, it does not follow that we shall forthwith implant the certainty which faith requires in their hearts." See also Matthew 7:13,14.)
10 But God hath revealed them unto us by his Spirit: for the Spirit searcheth all things, yea, the deep things of God.
11 For what man knoweth the things of a man, save the spirit of man which is in him? even so the things of God knoweth no man, but the Spirit of God.
12 Now we have received, not the spirit of the world, but the spirit which is of God; that we might know the things that are freely given to us of God.
13 Which things also we speak, not in the words which man's wisdom teacheth, but which the Holy Ghost teacheth; comparing spiritual things with spiritual.
14 But the natural man receiveth not the things of the Spirit of God: for they are foolishness unto him: neither can he know them, because they are spiritually discerned.
1 Corinthians 3
6 I have planted, Apollos watered; but God gave the increase.
7 So then neither is he that planteth any thing, neither he that watereth; but God that giveth the increase.
No, I think Calvin taught Absolute Predestination and Election because that is what he read in the Scriptures.
More than one freeper here has come to the same conclusion as Calvin apart from reading Calvin but from reading and studying the Scriptures alone
It wasn't a mere invention of him to explain why so few were saved. It is simply the teaching of the Scriptures!
I would be interested in hearing what our Catholic FRiends have to say about this chapter, especially the second paragraph of the first section:
Are you sure about that? :-)
Calvin here sets up a false dichotomy -- that the Canon is either protected and defined by God, or it is protected and defined by the Church.
Of course, the answer is that God guides the Church in the protecting and definition of the Canon.
As with so many other things, the Protestant refuses to contemplate the Incarnation and how God works through man to accomplish His goals.
(For what it's worth, I have never heard a Cahtolic say the Bible depends on the "suffrage" of the Church, or that it depended on the will of man. Instead, as I have said, it is the Holy Spirit working through man.)
For Thomists, Natural Theology is the study of what can be known about God apart from revelation.
Well, I have heard Catholics say that there would be no Bible if it wasn't for the Catholic Church.
The Catholic Theologians, and Calvin are pretty unified on this idea. Natural Theology is something that crosses Catholic-Protestant lines. BTW, the source was the link you gave to me, thanks,...it does seem to read like Calvin.
And what did you take it to mean? To me, the statement is that the Church is God's Instrument in the world. Not that the Church is making decisions in opposition to God.
I know the types of debate that bring about statements like that. It is usually thrown out to demonstrate that the Church precedes the New Testament. That the Bible came from the Church, not the other way around.
Calvin aptly refuted the claims of RC ownership of Scripture
I have an interest in the above quote for I ~think~ it show the heart of Calvin for the Word and work of God..great reverence for the word of God and the Holy Spirit's work in giving us eyes to see and ears to hear
Calvin is very firm in arguing that the truth of the Scriptures comes only when one embraces the Scriptures as having "sprung from heaven" and "whole and intact to this very day" AND when combined with the witness of the Holy Spirit.
In other words, the truth will not be gained if one were simply to read the Bible: "For the preaching of the cross is to them that perish foolishness;" (1 Cor 1:18)
Madelyne Murray O'Hair knew the scriptures far better than the vast majority of Christians. But that didn't bring her to the truth.
This is also why emphasizing simply relying on a specific Bible translation is vain.
The words of Scripture are "foolishness" to the natural man.
Furthermore, the truth will not be gained if we rely ONLY on the "witness of the Holy Spirit" apart from the Scriptures. This tendency, as we often see in charismatic circles, leads to much confusion and unbiblical doctrines taking root.
No, as Calvin says, we need both the Scriptures AND the "witness of the Holy Spirit" to bring us to the truth in those Scriptures. (1 Cor 1-3)
Is it that man looking around him can see, through nature, a revelation of God that He combines with his reason to come to a general (not saving) understanding of God??
Maybe I'm just dense (no comments please), but it sounds like Aquinas makes the case that a man could reason himself to God apart from Revelation. Thus he says "by reason alone."
You and me both Mom. I always thought Natural Theology was man using only his reason and philosophy to seek out the things of God. Let's see what CDL and the others have to tell us.
You do have to wonder why so many refuse the "good news"
They joke about hell ..and disregard and are indifferernt to the gospel.
You are missing the implication of this clause. If God has not revealed these things fallen man cannot by reason discover them. The individual is still dependent on God to provide revelation, even though it is apprehended through the process of reason.
Agreed My 1st Bible was a "Good News for Modern Man " a terrible translation and it made my heart leap for joy....
Heh, I remember that one. Wasn't that the paperback one with the hideous yellow cover? ;^)
This is what we get when we depend on lawyers-turned-theologians. ;^)
Well, I don't think that the Greek Orthodox would agree with such an equivalence.
It may be correct to use the term "the Catholic Church" to describe the first couple of centuries of The Church as it encompassed all the lands from Britain to Mesopotamia and Ethipoia (and beyond) -- and perhaps the term "the Church Catholic" might be an even better term, or simply "the Church" -- but not the "Roman Catholic Church".
At any rate, Calvin's usage of the term "The Church" generally assumes the Roman and Greek Churches together with some of the smaller churches as constituting "The Church". His localized frame of personal reference is to the French Catholic Church in particular, of course, but generally his larger frame of reference includes all orthodox Nicene Christians, not just the RCC.
Does that clarify Johnny's usage at all?
Best, OP
YES..I still have it on my Book Case..LOL I think only you and I would know it on sight..LOL
i looked up the reference to Aquinas, even he did not think that knowlege of God could be gained by reason alone. As mentioned by Sproul, et al, Such a view is called naturalism and it is universally rejected by historical Christianity.
Augustine did a treatus on the role of reason, that Aquinas modified, that teaches that once reason determines that a specific revelation is from God, that reason must submit to that revelation (i.e., scripture).
Gerstner, in his book on Jonathan Edwards, lists Edwards' teaching on the role of reason, and it is probably clearer, but we would be drifting far off the topic of the thread, and as a result i hesitate on that.
Icky! I should have proof read a little better!
"This is also why emphasizing and relying on a specific Bible translation is useless"
There, that conveys my thought a bit better.
"Agreed My 1st Bible was a "Good News for Modern Man " a terrible translation and it made my heart leap for joy...."
Yes, we had that translation read at the end of dinner when I was a kid. It made it far easier to understand and grasp the basics as opposed to the difficulty I would have had at 5 if I continually heard from the KJV or the ASV.
As I mentioned before, I do some work with "disadvantaged youth" -many who can hardly read. These kids have a difficult time with the NIV -imagine how hard it is for them to read from the KJV that some of the church groups bring in for them. You wouldn't believe how exceited these kids are when I bring in a NIrV (New International Readers Version) which is written for children aged 6-10 and for older kids who have difficulty reading. These kids aren't ready to enter into a superlapsarian or infralapsarian discussion and they don't need they meaty better translations. Give them the milk that they can handle at present -then bring on the meat.
After all, it's not simply the words themselves which bring people to the truth. It's the work of the Holy Spirit through those words.
I have no doubt that the Holy Spirit can work through a weaker translation such as the NIrV.
I'm assuming this is meant to have meaning towards Calvin as well.
You need to remember that Calvin never practiced law. His father determined for him to study for the priesthood initially. When he had some personall issues with his local church and when he saw that there was much demand for lawyers (i.e. better pay), he then changed little Johnny's course study to law.
However, Calvin always held to his love of languages and the classics. His interest was not in law studies.
I suppose that Calvin would say that reason CANNOT submit to the Revelation unless it is sealed by the Spirit.
From the article:
But I answer,that the testimony of the Spirit is superior to reason. For as God alone can properly bear witness to his own words, so these words will not obtain full credit in the hearts of men, until they are sealed by the inward testimony of the Spirit.
So unless one is sealed by the Spirit, then Reason will not avail them.
Gerstner, in his book on Jonathan Edwards, lists Edwards' teaching on the role of reason, and it is probably clearer, but we would be drifting far off the topic of the thread, and as a result i hesitate on that.
I don't think it would be that far-off topic since Calvin here is addressing Reason and Revelation. So be my guest and post it if you want.
Oh, you caught that? ;^)
Yes, "thinly" veiled as it was, LOL!
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RE: North Coast in November??« on: August 23 2005 04:08:00 »
Markysharky, I havent surf DR before but a few mates have. They said there are some excellent breaks specially at that time of year but it is worth gooing lookingf away from the named spots around caberete/encentureo.
RE: North Coast in November??« Reply #1 on: August 29 2005 20:08:00 »
Surf Spot Characteristics El Canal
wave quality Regional classic, don't miss it
experience All surfers
frequency Regular
type Reef-coral
direction Left
power Hollow, fast, powerful,
normal length Normal (50 to 150m)
good day Long (150 to 300 m)
bottom Reef (coral, sharp rocks etc..)
RE: North Coast in November??« Reply #2 on: August 29 2005 20:08:00 »
Tide & Swell
tide position All tides
tide movement Rising and Falling Tides
swell size Starts working at less than 1m - 3ft and holds up to 4m+ / 12ft+
swell direction North, NorthEast,
wind SouthWest, South,
7 kilometers west of Sosua.
Will need to park on main road and walk ~ 500meters. or if staying at The bresses resot or at the sea horse ranch(private community) the walk is ~50 meters.
distance A little drive
walk A good walk (15-30mn)
easy to find? OK
public access? Private access
More Details
week crowd Empty
week-end crowd Empty
hazards Urchin, rips, rocks
RE: North Coast in November??« Reply #3 on: September 01 2005 15:09:00 »
Sosu is maybe 20 minutes from cabarete where Ali's surf camp is located. Oubee the surf guide leaves from the camp each morning at 7 am and heads to Equentro - a great surf spot just outside cabarete. Its good for all levels of surfers and Oubee is also an instructor who can give you the sus on the place. There are no real breaks around Sosu suitable for beginners as they only work on a big swell - not for beginners. Oube can be contacted at Ali' surf camp in Cabarete. Enjoy your holiday and check out Bamboo bar for a few scoops.

subset: commoncrawl


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Kendallville, IN – Congratulations to East Noble High School, the newest member of the Conn-Selmer School Program! Located in Kendallville, Indiana, East Noble draws students from Rome City, Brimfield, Avilla, LaOtto, and other neighboring towns to make up its over 1,200-student population. Band Director Bryan Munoz joined East Noble 3 years ago and has been working hard to build up the school's music program despite budgetary constraints: "As I spoke to our administration it became clear their ability to contribute would be drastically limited as our school had undergone a $500,000 budget cut. Our administration knew the importance of this endeavor so they were willing to help but outside resources would be an absolute necessity. This is where grant writing came in. Through a grant proposal and many subsequent interviews, we were awarded $100,000 to participate in the Conn-Selmer School Program."
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The Conn-Selmer Division of Education, led by Vice President of Education, Dr. Tim Lautzenheiser, is dedicated to providing resources for and support to music educators worldwide. These goals are accomplished through teacher in-service support, Conn-Selmer Institute, Conn-Selmer VIP Program, the Music Administration Collaborative, and the Conn-Selmer School Program. For more information go to www.conn-selmer.com or contact the Division of Education at firstname.lastname@example.com or 574-523-0644
Conn-Selmer is the leading manufacturer and distributor of musical instruments for student, amateur and professional use under the brand portfolio of Vincent Bach, C.G. Conn, King, Holton, Selmer, Armstrong, Leblanc, Ludwig, Musser, Prelude, Glaesel, Soloist, William Lewis & Son, Scherl & Roth. With a focus on quality craftsmanship, innovation and superior musical performance, Conn-Selmer operates U.S.A. production facilities.
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For more information on the complete line of instruments, services and support available contact Conn-Selmer at P.O. Box 310, Elkhart, IN 46515-0310 U.S.A. or visit www.conn-selmer.com.


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A plate from The magic lantern; or, Les ombres patriotiques... London: Printed for J. Owen, No.168, Picadilly, opposite Bond-street, 1794.
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What is the 'Fair Credit Billing Act - FCBA'
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Cycle BillingThe practice of billing different customers based on a scheduled ...
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text:
30 Lies about Ellen White
Posted in the Seventh-day Adventist Forum
Since: Jul 09
St. Paul
#1 Jul 3, 2010
We now know that the following claims are false:
1. That Ellen White was a plagiarist.
2. That she plagiarized by paraphrasing.
3. That she was a millionaire.
4. That she was accumulating property while telling everyone else not to.
5. That Fannie Bolton wrote Steps to Christ.
6. That Ellen White engaged in "wholesale plagiarism" of Conybeare and Howson.
7. That she was threatened with a lawsuit over her alleged plagiarism.
8. That she took a dozen servants with her to Australia.
9. That she plagiarized 80-90%("and possibly more" according to some web sites).
10. That she predicted the San Francisco earthquake after it happened.
11. That she said only vegetarians will be saved.
12. That she said only sabbatarians will be saved.
13. That the Library of Congress wouldn't allow EGW's book The Great Controversy into the library because of the plagiarisms involved.
14. That an entire chapter of Sketches from the Life of Paul was "taken entirely" from a sermon by Melvill.
15. That the claim that "there is no point in the entire chapter that had not already come to Mevill before" her.
16. That she saw people on Jupiter.
17. That she made repeated claims that Jesus was coming in specific years.
18. That she asked Washburn and Crisler to undertake a research of the Life of Christ and then appropriated it and published it as Desire of Ages.
19. That she contradicted Scripture (53, or 75, or "much more than 75") times.
20. That she contradicted herself.
21. That she predicted that England would enter into the American Civil War.
22. That she copied her first vision from Foy; out of 6 examples listed that Foy said the claimant got one right.
23. or, did she copy it from Joseph Smith? Even the Mormon scholar who have looked at it don't believe it.
24. That she predicted that someone would be healed (and yet he died).
25. That SDA's "worship" Ellen White.
26. That Dr. Veltman proved she plagiarized.
27. That her visions were the result of a head injury during childhood.
28. That she was a follower of Joseph Smith.
29. That she wrote that "The Civil War is a sign that Jesus is about to return."
30. That she called Jesus "Michael the Archangel" (Desire of Ages pp. 99, 379; Spiritual Gifts Vol. 1, p. 158; Prophets & Kings p. 572)
1) There's no reference to Michael the archangel in DA on page 379.
2) There's no equation between Christ & Michael in Spiritual Gifts Vol. 1, p. 158 or Prophets & Kings p. 572.
None of the critics on this forum have ever admitted that any of these are in fact a lie.
They don't care which lie you buy into as long as you believe one.
Since: Jul 09
#2 Jul 3, 2010
Thanks Dave for that banner.
Don't let it get buried under that hyper-drive procedure of Jesuit spam cover up.
#3 Jul 3, 2010
David believes EGW was a prophet, as well as being a
' continuing and authoritative source of truth' yet
she made no such claim.
Who do we believe David or Sr White?
Since: Jul 09
#4 Jul 3, 2010
Doesn't matter whether she made the claim or not the fruit of the tree is the gift of the spirit of prophecy for any of God's children.
Here sample the fruit on this tree.. It might improve your perception.
And I fell at his feet to worship him. And he said unto me, See [thou do it] not: I am thy fellowservant, and of thy brethren that have the testimony of Jesus: worship God: >>>for the testimony of Jesus is the spirit of prophecy<<<
Sydney, Australia
#5 Jul 3, 2010
ellen never plagiarise anything at all?
Since: Jul 09
#6 Jul 3, 2010
Satan charges plagarism with the standard gospel message.
We call it
>>>for the testimony of Jesus is the spirit of prophecy<<<
Same testimony spoken through different people passed down in written and verbal testimony.
Because God commissioned it.
Mat 24v14
And this gospel of the kingdom shall be preached in all the world for a witness unto all nations; and then shall the end come.
It really chaps satans hiny when alot of believers in God have the same message.
1st Cor 1v10
Now I beseech you, brethren, by the name of our Lord Jesus Christ, that ye all speak the same thing, and [that] there be no divisions among you; but [that] ye be perfectly joined together in the same mind and in the same judgment.
Since: Jul 09
St. Paul
#7 Jul 3, 2010
>David believes EGW was a prophet
I don't. You lied.
Since: Jul 09
St. Paul
#8 Jul 3, 2010
>ellen never plagiarise anything at all?
From my bibliography (114 pages, about 690 sources):
537. Robinson, B. A. "Seventh-day Adventist Church Its origin, beliefs, practices, etc.," Retrieved Feb. 22, 2008, from http://www.religioustolerance.org/sda.htm .
He concluded (without seeing the type of study recommended by Dr. Veltman) that I had already "demonstrate[d] that there is no proof of Ellen White's plagiarism."
That was based on what I showed here:
The type of study Dr. Veltman recommened was published in a scholarly, refereed journal (two things the critics have yet to do): http://www.plagiary.org/papers_and_perspectiv...
Analyzing Alleged Plagiarism in Nineteenth-Century Literature: A Case Study of Ellen G. Whites The Desire of Ages
David J. Conklin, Jerry Moon, and Kevin Morgan
Plagiary 2008 3(5): 1-29 (25 July 2008)
This paper proposes a method of determining whether the literary practice of a nineteenth-century author exceeded the generally accepted norms of literary borrowing for that same period of writing. The method takes as its case study one chapter from Ellen G. Whites Desire of Ages which, of all her works, has received the most extensive investigation regarding alleged plagiarism, and compares it to the corresponding chapters of 47 other works of the same genre and century, using the computerized literary tool WCopyfind to locate parallel phrases between the various works. These parallels are then evaluated for strength and frequency. Study results indicate that un-attributed borrowing of phraseology was rather common, and even considered to be more acceptable among the nineteenth-century authors of this genre than would be acceptable in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. The minimal borrowing by Ellen G. White in this chapter was within the acceptable standards of that era.
My study now has 130 authors compared in it.
#9 Jul 3, 2010
COnklin also believes EGW is a 'continuing and authoritative source of truth'
Since: Jul 09
St. Paul
#10 Jul 3, 2010
So is the dictionary, science books, math books, income tax tables, etc.. We've already proven that you lied.
#11 Jul 3, 2010
Your only defense is a four letter word yet the concept is identifiable unto yourself.
It has been shown the SDA Church has changed the definition of the spiritual gift of EGW to a continuing and authoritative source of truth. In other words she is infallible
Case closed
CONklin unfortunately you are a false witness, have no conscience and perjure yourself endlessly before God.
Math books, ditionaries, history books are not the Infallible Rule nor the Holy Scriptures.
Next time, spare us the spin -
you are not very good at it
#12 Jul 3, 2010
"The word of God is the most perfect educational book in our world. Yet in our colleges and schools, books produced by human intellect have been presented for the study of our students, and the Book of books, which God has given to men to be an infallible guide, has been made a secondary matter." RH. Feb 25, 1896.
Since: Jul 09
St. Paul
#13 Jul 3, 2010
She isn't saying that we shouldn't use anything other than the Bible. Just that it deserves its rightful place.
#14 Jul 3, 2010
oh quibbler,
you just are incapable of ever being honest
you know very well the Holy Bible is infallible. You were the one to elevate the boooks of men and also EGW to the level of Scripture and infallibility.
Since: Jul 09
St. Paul
#15 Jul 3, 2010
>you know very well the Holy Bible is infallible.
I didn't say that it wasn't, liar.
>You were the one to elevate the boooks of men and also EGW to the level of Scripture and infallibility.
Didn't say that lie either, liar.
Sydney, Australia
#16 Jul 4, 2010
so all sda scholars who show that ellen plagiarise are all wrong and you are right?
maybe they dont mind accept truth whatever truth is. and maybe you scared to face truth?
Since: Jul 09
St. Paul
#17 Jul 4, 2010
>so all sda scholars who show that ellen plagiarise
Name them.
>are all wrong and you are right?
What part of B. A. Roboinson's remark didn't you understand?
OTOH, that would be right. I've done the work that according to Dr. Veltman needs to be done to prove, or disporve if EGW was a plagiarist. To date I don't know of anyone else who has.
>maybe they dont mind accept truth whatever truth is.
That's my POV.
>and maybe you scared to face truth?
BUNK. If I was afraid I wouldn't have searched some 690 sources and spent 8 years studying the subject. Compare that with those who claim she was--they didn't do ANY work, because it is a four letter word for them.
Sydney, Australia
#18 Jul 4, 2010
oh dear. you not even know your sda history. i think truth scares you and you refuse to love the truth.
#19 Jul 6, 2010
Lets look at #1.
The SDA admitted that by today's standards EGW did in fact plagarise. They wiggle out of it on a cheap technicality that the laws of that day didn't cover copyrights well enough to prosecute. Please just forget she existed as she was just another human that unfortunately suffered from seizures brought on by a blow to the head by a rock. Please read only the Bible without the interpretation of a person who only had a third grade education, and no formal theological training. Please....
Sydney, Australia
#20 Jul 6, 2010
sda scholars back in the 80s learned that as much as 85% of her visions and writings were plagerised. i only read bible and nothing else. i need not anything else besides Jesus and bible. most lies in world comes from result of people turning from bible to other books.
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I stay at Mid City when I come to Cairns for work and family business. The apartments have large bedrooms separate lounge room, kitchen with everything you need to cook, washing machines and dryers, and balconies. Rooms at back of complex are quieter and have balconies overlooking the pool area. Alan and Carolyn treat guests like family and are great hosts. Cairns Central is straight across the road, with other pubs and restaurants within 5 minutes walk. Free secure parking on site
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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Oct 3, 1989
|Filing date
|Feb 24, 1988
|Priority date
|Feb 27, 1987
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Andre Bussonniere, Yves Courtois
|Original Assignee
|U.S. Philips Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (5), Referenced by (1), Classifications (8), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a data processing device including a first signal processing processor which is called a priority processor and which operates according to operating cycles, a second signal processing processor and a common circuit having at least a memory function and being connected to the first and second processor by means of a switching circuit, which switching circuit being controlled by a switching signal produced by a control unit, which switching signal produces, when it is at a first level, a connection to the first processor and when it is at a second level a connection to the second processor, which first processor being connected to the control unit and provided for generating a preparation signal and applying it to the control unit.
2. Prior Art
Such devices are well known. On this subject one can consult in particular the European Patent Application 0,021,287 which corresponds to U.S. Pat. No. 4,422,142. In this document, there is a description of a device in which the common circuit is a memory capable of being addressed by two data processing systems. These systems are constituted in the usual way on the basis of microprocessors. The device described in the abovementioned patent application enables the avoidance of conflicts due to a simultaneous request from the two microprocessors relating to this common memory.
The known device is not very suited to the case in which the priority system must truly have priority over the other system in the use of this memory and this during the next operating cycle. This occurs when one of the systems includes a signal processing microprocessor operating according to fast cycles and when it is necessary to delay its operation as little as possible. The other system, having management functions can gain access to this common circuit with a less sustained frequency.
The present invention proposes a device which, to a large degree, resolves this problem of priority access to a common circuit for a data processing system operating in fast cycles.
For this purpose, such a device is characterized in that the control unit is provided to take the switching signal to its first level after receiving the preparation signal and to maintain the switching signal at its first level during the operating cycle which immediately follows the cycle during which the preparation signal was generated.
By maintaining the switching signal at its first level during this cycle immediately following that in which the preparation signal was generated, the obtained result is that the access to the common circuit is ensured during the said immediately following cycle.
A preferred embodiment of the device according to the invention is characterized in that the control unit is provided to delay an access to the common circuit, required by the second processor, to the operating cycle following that during which the switching signal was at its first level, when during a same operating cycle there was a preparation signal and an access request from the second processor which had been presented to the control unit. Thus a regular access for the second processor is ensured.
Another preferred embodiment of the device according to the invention is characterized in that there is provided an assembly of registers and three-state amplifiers in order to take control of the data coming from the common circuit and to restore them to the second processor while the switching signal is at its first level.
The invention also applies to a control unit provided to form the switching signal.
The following description accompanied by the appended drawings, all given by way of non-limiting example, will give a good understanding of how the invention may be embodied.
FIG. 1 shows a diagram of the device according to the invention.
FIG. 2 shows a diagram of the control unit.
FIG. 3 shows a timing diagram intended to explain the operation of the device of the invention in the case where there is no conflict.
FIG. 4 shows a first timing diagram wherein the conflicting preparation signal occurs relatively early.
FIG. 5 shows a second timing diagram wherein the conflicting preparation signal occurs relatively late.
FIG. 1 shows an example of a data processing device according to the invention. In this FIG. 1, the reference 1 indicates a signal processing microprocessor which is part of a priority signal processing system. This microprocessor, in the framework of the described example, is the microprocessor manufactured by Philips, with the reference number PCB 5010. This microprocessor functions in fast cycles whose repetition frequency is fixed by the signals CLK supplied by a clock 5. This microprocessor 1 supplies address codes on a common line 10 and can receive or transmit data on a common line 12. From this microprocessor 1, the signals DSSN and (the letter N indicating the inverse value of the signal) are output for signalling that the line 12 is connected to one of the internal common lines of the microprocessor (line X and line Y indicated in the specifications of the considered microprocessor) and that the data carried by the line 12 must be written to or read from the exterior.
The reference 20 in FIG. 1 indicates the microprocessor (for example the 68000) which is part of the second data processing system. This microprocessor which does not have priority with respect to the microprocessor 1 transmits address codes on a common line 21. A common data transmission line 22 is used for the exchange of data between the microprocessor 20 and its environment. This microprocessor also generates various signals in particular the signals DS0N and DS1N which indicate the section of the data to be taken into consideration and signify by this the size of the data. In fact, the microprocessor used in this example accepts words of 8 bits or words of 16 bits. It also supplies the signals ASN to indicate the validation of an address code present on the line 21 and the signals WGN to indicate that the data carried by the line 22 must be read or written. The reading or writing is ended by a signal DTACKN coming from a control unit 60.
A common circuit is constituted by a memory 30. This memory is organized as two blocks 31a and 30b corresponding to the size of the words processed by the microprocessor 20, each of these blocks being selected by means of signals CS0N and CS1N. A signal WEN coming from the control unit must be applied to the memory 30 in order to command a transfer direction of data present on its data access 32. The memory is also provided with an input 35 in order to receive address codes.
In order to switch this memory 30 on to one of the microprocessors 1 or 20, there is firstly used an address code switching circuit or multiplexer 40 such that the input 35 can be connected to the line 10 of the microprocessor 1 or to the line 21 of the microprocessor 20 depending on a switching signal DSPE produced by the control unit. In order to read the data from memory 30 by the microprocessor 20 there has been provided a succession of components formed by a register 42 and a set of three-state amplifiers 44 which interconnect the data or port 32 to the line 22. The record or latch control of the register 42 receives the signal DTACKN and the control for the transfer
state of the set of amplifiers receives a signal RPN.
For writing data coming from the microprocessor 20 into the memory 30 there is used a set of three-state amplifiers 46 interconnecting the line 22 with the data access 32. The control for the conducting state of this set receives a signal WPN.
The connection of the access 32 with the internal data line BUSX and BUSY of the microprocessor 1 is carried out inside this microprocessor under the control of the unit 48 which is intended to manage, under the control of the microprocessor operating program, the access by these X and Y buses to the external data line 12.
A reset-to-zero circuit 50, which has been shown in the figure in the form of a push-button, supplied a reset-to-zero signal RSN to the control unit 60.
An example of a control unit 60 is shown in greater detail in FIG. 2. This control unit supplies the various signals CS0N, CS1N, DTACKN, WEN, WPN, RPN and DSPE from the signals DS0N, DS1N, ASN, WGN, WSN, DSSN, CLK and RSN.
This unit is composed of a combinatory logic circuit 62 and of three D-type flip-flops 64, 65 and 66. All these flip-flops receive the signal CLK on their clock input. The flip-flop 64 supplies at its output Q the signal VAQ while it receives on its D input the signal VAD. The flip-flop 65 supplies on its Q output the signal DTQ (=DTACK), receives on its D input a signal DTD and on its initialization input a signal DTRN. The flip-flop 66 supplies at its Q output the signal DSPE and receives on its D input a signal DSP and one its initialization input the signal RSN.
The combinatory circuit 62 receiving the signals DS0N, DS1N, ASN, WGN, WSN, DSSN, CLK, RSN, VAQ, DTQ and DSPE, supplies the signals VAD, CS0N, CS1N, DTD, DTRN, WEN, WPN, RPN and DSP by carrying out the following operations:
The relation DTACKN=/DTQ will be noted.
In order to write these different formulae, the following convention is used:
/: complement of the signal which follows
.: logic AND operation
+: logic OR operation
Tables I and II below give the significance of the various signals.
TABLE I______________________________________Logic Activesignal value Comments______________________________________(1) SIGNALS COMING FROM THEMICROPROCESSOR μP G20DS0N 0 To select 8 least significant bits present on the line 22.DS1N 0 To select 8 most significant bits present on the line 22.ASN 0 To indicate that the memory 30 is being called.WGN 0 To indicate a write request to memory 30(2) SIGNALS COMING FROM THEMICROPROCESSOR μP S1WSN 0 To indicate a write request to memory 30DSSN 0 On the one hand to serve as a prepar- ation signal and on the other hand to indicate that a read or write entry in memory 30 is required.(3) SIGNAL RSNRSN 0 Set the flip-flops 64, 65 and 66 to zero on the next rising edge of the signal CLK.(4) SIGNAL CLKCLK Each rising edge of this signal controls an operating cycle of this device.______________________________________
TABLE II______________________________________SIGNALS SUPPLIED BY THE CONTROL UNIT 60Logic Activesignal value Comments______________________________________CS0N 0 To select the block 30a of the memory 30.CS1N 0 To select the block 30b of the memory 30.DTACKN 0 (a) To indicate to the processor PG20 that an entry or reading relating to memory 30 has been executed. 1 (b) To make the register 42 transparent.WEN 0 To set the memory 30 to the write condition.WPN 0 To set the assembly 46 to the conduct- ing state.RPN 0 To set the assembly 44 to the conduct- ing state.DSPE 1 (a) To connect the input 35 to the line 10 (first level). 0 (b) To connect the input 35 to the line 21 (second level).______________________________________
It is now possible to explain the operation of the device according to the invention. Firstly it is explained how a read and write in the memory 30 are carried out when these operations are required by the processor PG20, when it produces a signal ASN=0.
Referring to FIG. 3 where the time to is considered, it is at this time that the signal ASN becomes active (ASN=0) and it is not shown whether DS0N or DS1N also become active. Before this instant, the flip-flops are considered to be at zero, i.e.: VAQ=0, DTQ=0 and DSPE=0, which produces VAD=0. As soon as ASN has the value "0", VAD takes the values "1". Then, at time t1, a rising edge of the signal CLK occurs. At this time t1, as the signal VAD is equal to 1, the signal VAQ takes this value "1", which produces DTD=1 and VAD=0. At the time t2 the next rising edge of the signal CLK occurs, which makes VAQ take the value of VAD and DTQ become equal to "1". At the time t3 at which the third rising edge of the signal CLK occurs, the values of the signals remain unchanged. Then, finally, at the time t4 the signal ASN takes the value "1", again which resets the flip-flop 65 to zero, and therefore DTQ returns to "0", and the state described prior to t0 is regained.
A datum coming from the microprocessor 20 is written (WGN=0) during the time when VAQ=1 (between t1 and t2) i.e. just before the signal DTQ (or DTACKN) becomes active, thus signalling that the writing has been carried out. In reading (WGN=1) the signal RPN is active, in practice as long as the signal ASN is, which is not disadvantageous as the data coming from the memory 30 are stored during the time in which the signal DTQ (DTACKN) is active and it is during this time period, referenced ZR in this FIG. 3 (and also in FIGS. 4 and 5) that the datum at the output of the assembly 44 will be considered by the processor 20.
It is explained below how a read and how a write operation of the memory 30 are carried out when this is required by the processor 1.
The starting point is the time t10 at which the signal DSSN takes the value "0" thus constituting the preparatory signal indicated by SPr. It is assumed, according to the specifications of the signal processor envisaged, that this can only occur when the signal CLK has the value "0". The value "0" of DSSN causes the signal DSP to take the value "1", such that at the time t11 at which a rising edge of CLK occurs, the flip-flop 66 switches and DSPE takes the value "1" thus switching the memory 30 on to the processor 1 such that during the operating cycle CF situated between t11 and t12 (times at which rising edges of the signal CLK occur) the processor must carry out an access to the memory 30. The changing of DSSN to "1", after the time t11 produces DSP=0 since now DSPE=1, thus also when DSSN returns to the value "0", before t12, the fact that DSPE=1, prevents DSP from returning to the value "1". After the time t12, the signal DSPE returns to the value "0", since DSP is still at "0".
FIG. 4 shows a timing diagram wherein the prepatory signal, DSSN=0, occurs relatively early, in particular, in the next half clock period after ASN has become active. The fact that the signal ASN becomes active causes the change to "1" of the signal VAD. The signal DSP takes the value "1" under the effect of the signal DSSN=0 occurring at the time t21. At the rising edge of the signal CLK occurring at the instant t22, on the one hand the signal VAQ takes the value "1" and, on the other hand, the signal DSPE will also take this value in order to connect the memory 30 to the processor 1. Between the times t22 and t23, (determined by the rising edges of CLK) the signal DSPE will retain the value "1", which means that the signal VAD will also retain the value "1", this being due to the term (/VAQ+DSPE) of the equation (1). At the time t23, the signal DSPE takes the value "0" such that this time the signal VAD takes the value "0", the signal VAQ retains the value "1" since VAD has taken the value "0" after the rising edge of t23, and the signal DTD takes the value "1" just after the rising edge of this time t23, following the value VAD=0. An access to the memory 30 by the microprocessor 20 is now possible during the time in which VAQ remains equal to "1". Thus this access by the microprocessor 20 is delayed until the access by the microprocessor 1 is completed.
Then a second preparatory signal SPr occurs at the time t24. It is noted that this signal is produced while the signal DSPE has the value "0", implying that the memory 30 is connected to the microprocessor 20 in a way which will be explained a little later. This latter preparatory pulse SPr has the effect of setting the signal DSPE to "1" at the time t25 corresponding to a rising edge of the signal CLK. But this rising edge at the time t25 causes the change of the signal DTQ to "1" since DTD still has the value "1". This signal will only change to "0" when the signal ASN takes the value "1" (at the time t26), thus signifying that the exchanges between the microprocessor 20 and the memory 30 are completed.
Thus, as the signal DSPE has taken the value "1" between on the one hand the times t22 and t23 and on the other hand after the time t25 for one operating cycle duration, the exchanges between the priority microprocessor 1 and the memory 30 have been ensured. As regards the connections between the microprocessor 20 and the memory 30, it is appropriate to note that the writing of memory 30 could have taken place while the signal WPN had the value "0", i.e. between the times t23 and t25, while the reading could have taken place while the signal DTQ had the value "1" no matter what the value of DSPE may have been due to the register and the assembly 42 and 44.
FIG. 5 shows a timing diagram wherein the prepatory signal occurs relatively late, in particular, in the next half clock period after ASN has become active. The process runs in the way already described with reference to FIG. 3. It is appropriate to note that when the signal DSPE takes the value "1" at the time t33 placing the microprocessor 1 in connection with the memory 30, the signal DTQ takes the value "1", which enables the microprocessor 20 to be able to read the data through the assembly and register 42 and 44, the writing having taken place if requested before the instant t33. At the time t35, the signal ASN takes the value "1" which completes the exchange.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Sep 8, 1976
|Jun 20, 1978
|Codex Corporation
|System for resolving memory access conflicts among processors and minimizing processor waiting times for access to memory by comparing waiting times and breaking ties by an arbitrary priority ranking
|Apr 12, 1978
|Feb 19, 1980
|Nippon Telegraph And Telephone Public Corporation
|Racing circuit for controlling access of processor units to a common device
|Jan 15, 1979
|Aug 4, 1981
|Ncr Corporation
|Multiprocessor memory access system
|Jun 17, 1980
|Dec 20, 1983
|Fujitsu Fanuc Limited
|System for controlling a plurality of microprocessors
|Apr 22, 1983
|Jun 10, 1986
|Motorola, Inc.
|Semaphore for memory shared by two asynchronous microcomputers
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Oct 26, 1988
|Oct 13, 1992
|Matsushita Electric Works, Ltd.
|Multi-cpu system using common memory and having access mediation latch
|U.S. Classification
|711/151, 711/167
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|May 22, 1989
Owner name: U.S. PHILIPS CORPORATION, A CORP. OF DE, NEW YORK
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:BUSSONNIERE, ANDRE;COURTOIS, YVES;REEL/FRAME:005072/0815
Effective date: 19880427
|Mar 31, 1993
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Mar 24, 1997
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Apr 24, 2001
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Sep 30, 2001
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Dec 4, 2001
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20011003


text:
Wow...this is a blast from the past! I'm planning on going to TRU in Burbank for Midnight Madness. Hope to see some of you guys there!
Type: Posts; User: TheRupert; Keyword(s):
Wow...this is a blast from the past! I'm planning on going to TRU in Burbank for Midnight Madness. Hope to see some of you guys there!
Yup. Saw em at Burbank TRU last Thursday...
I actually really like the way the pods looks. I would like to see your customs though. From what I remember, they look great, but I'd love to see them again if you have any pics.
Found the TRU...
I picked up 2 of those as well to add to my new "Crumb Bomber" - looks pretty damn sweet if you ask me...
LOL absolutely LOVE it!
Do tell! Do tell!
eh??? Why are posts getting deleted???
I have an extra set of the Clone Wars 2 packs available if anyone needs them.
Thire & Rys and Yoda & Jek.
Lemme know.
Anyone seen the new Target...
Found the "Beneath the Helmet" Wal-Mart exclusive 2 packs this morning with JodyB at Wal-Mart
Just like the other 2 packs, they are $12.96 each.
A buddy of mine bought the AT-TE today and brought it over so I could check it out. I have to say, I'm impressed. It's very, very cool and a steal for $50. I'll be picking one up tomorrow I...
Yep. I was tempted too. Also really tempted by the AT-TE for $50, I just don't know what the heck I'd do with it! lol
Found lots and lots of the Wal-Mart Exclusive Octuptarra Droid today. PM me for location.
Nice! Thanks for stashing that for me! I'm sending you a PM for stash location!
Ahhhh okay - I know what you're talking about. Those are the "Beneath the Helmet" sets...Both from the Clone Wars Episode "Rookies".
There's a round 2??!!?!? :shocked:
Found the Clone Wars Wal-Mart Exclusive 2 packs tonight. Found both sets: Thire & Rys and Yoda & Jek. These are by far my favorite thing released for Clone Wars yet!
Also found a ton of the new...
Picked up the new Clone Wars Y-Wing Bomber tonight @ Wal-Mart.
Turbowars - you have PM.
Heads up: Clone Wars Y-Wing Bombers are starting to hit in full swing at Targets and Wal-Marts...I know there are a few of you looking for this.
Definitely not a Fuji. I'm going with Gala...
Went to a couple of TRU's this morning, and they have reset the front displays that were GI Joe and Transformers to Star Wars. I'm assuming this is for the 2nd Season of Clone Wars??? Anyway, the...
Target in Culver City on Jefferson - right near the TRU.
I have seen it in person, saw it last Thursday at TRU in Culver City on Jefferson.
Looks pretty cool, but the amount they are charging for that and the ARC-170 is just silly...
Before I return them to Target...I have an extra Clone Trooper Denal, Cad Bane and Ashoka in Space Suit if anyone needs them.
Lemme know or else they are going back to Target!
Found Clone Trooper Denal this morning at Target, so I'm good with him now. :)
Thanks BlueSnags! I appreciate it!
I'm also trying to find a Clone Wars Plo Koon, C3PO and Dooku (all on the Blue & White Cards). Anyone by chance seen those around at all?
It's out, but it's $69.99. It's a cool ship, but really? 70 bucks? I don't think so...
Jango Speck:
It's me who was getting sucked back in by the Clone Wars figures. I fought it for awhile,...


text:
CCRM is a Canadian, not-for-profit organization supporting the development of foundational technologies that accelerate the commercialization of stem cell- and biomaterials-based products and therapies. CCRM is supported by the Centres of Excellence for Commercialization and Research (CECR) program.
Centre for Commercialization of Regenerative Medicine
RM Network Featured Video
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text:
This applet finds the decomposition of any positive number greater than 1 into up to four squares.
Notice that it does not find the prime factorization of the number entered by the user, so some cases where two squares would be enough will be represented as a sum of three squares. For example, 10000998089 = 953172 + 302602.
If you find any error or you have a comment, please fill in the form.
Written by Dario Alpern.
You can also enter expressions that use the following operators and parentheses:
See the methods used in this applet here.
You can download the source of the current program and the old sum of four squares applet from GitHub. Notice that the source code is in C language and you need the Emscripten environment in order to generate Javascript.


text:
Last season, the Raiders were trying to figure out how LaMont Jordan and Dominic Rhodes were going to split carries. But by the end of the season, it was longtime bench guy Justin Fargas who emerged as the main man, rushing for 1,009 yards and four TDs despite starting just seven games. He even earned ESPN Fantasy Hall of Fame honors in the process.
Despite that great season, which also netted him a three-year, $12 million deal, the Raiders still went out and took Darren McFadden with the fourth-overall pick in the draft. So like last season, the Raiders have to figure out how to dole out the carries, although they've got at least two solid options at their disposal. Committee systems might not be the favorite of fantasy owners, but it does seem to work for a number of teams. With the passing game still a major question mark with JaMarcus Russell entering his first full season as the starter, the Raiders should be counting on their running game a lot. Last season, they ranked sixth in the league with 130.4 rushing yards per game and were fourth in carries 508, so they're committed to the run.
That commitment means Fargas and McFadden should each get enough carries to stay fantasy relevant. Fargas has been anointed the team's starter and has been treated as such so far this preseason, as he's been limited to just eight carries for 28 yards in the Raiders' first two preseason games. There's no need to expose him to injury when the team knows what they're getting from him, especially since Fargas missed the final two games of last season with a sprained MCL and has had a history of injury issues during his career.
Meanwhile, McFadden has gotten 18 carries for 92 yards in his first two preseason games, and has made a couple of big plays to get Raiders fans and fantasy owners excited about his prospects for this season and beyond. While he was going to get his share of carries because of his draft status, he's at least proving he deserves them.
Obviously, McFadden has the most upside, given his speed and big-play ability. He can also carry the bulk of the rushing load if need be, although he can share carries as well, as seen in his arrangement with Felix Jones during their three years together at Arkansas.
However, Fargas is the starter and probably gets the first crack carrying the load to open the season, with McFadden getting in a healthy share of touches as the Raiders figure out how best to use him. But just because you're officially the starter doesn't mean you're the one with the most fantasy value, either. Julius Jones started all 16 games in the regular season for the Cowboys last season, although Marion Barber was obviously the better back. During the Colts' 2006 Super Bowl campaign, Rhodes started all 16 regular-season games over Joseph Addai, but Addai had the better fantasy season (and eventually became the starter during the playoffs).
But this situation looks a lot like what the Vikings had last season with Adrian Peterson and Chester Taylor. Peterson was the hot-shot rookie that was drafted despite a big season from Taylor, a former backup who thrived when given a chance to start. Yes, they split carries and starting assignments (and they even started one game together), but in the end, Peterson finished with 238 carries for 1,341 yards and 13 total TDs, while Taylor finished with 157 carries for 844 yards and seven scores. Taylor was officially the starter in Week 1, but Peterson was the guy with all the stats in the game. As the season progressed, Taylor often gave way to Peterson in terms of overall numbers, but was able to pick up some of the slack when Peterson injured his knee late in the season.
It will be asking a lot for McFadden to match Peterson's overall production from last season (although the expectations are already high), but it wouldn't be surprising if the carries are split in a similar fashion, with McFadden taking on more responsibility later in the season. The Raiders will have some flexibility with their ground attack, so they can take their time grooming McFadden to be the main man. That might mean Fargas gets 15-20 carries early on before sliding back to the 7-10 range as the season goes on, with McFadden starting out in the 10-15 range and slowly increasing, obviously depending on the matchups and game situations.
However, there is a wild card in this situation in the form of Michael Bush, a fourth-round pick in 2007 who missed all of last season recovering from a broken leg suffered during his senior season at Louisville in 2006. Bush, listed at 6-1 and 245 pounds, might be the Raiders' best option in short-yardage and goal-line situations given his size. With Fargas scoring only four touchdowns during his breakout 2007 (although three in his final four games), he might not be the most reliable guy at the goal line, and it remains to be seen if McFadden can be that guy. The Raiders are giving Bush a lot of looks this preseason, he's had 22 carries for 86 yards and a TD in their first two games, so like McFadden, Bush seems to be doing enough to get a role somewhere in the running back rotation.
Bush's presence might suppress both McFadden's and Fargas' fantasy values if he vultures his share of goal-line carries and keeps them from reaching the end zone on a regular basis. And he'd be a great player to have in TD-only leagues if the Raiders indeed use him as their goal-line back.
The Raiders should keep on riding that running game, so 500 carries wouldn't be out of the question. Our current projections have McFadden at 210 carries, Fargas with 168, Bush with 54, and (if we stick with the 500 carries) 68 spread among everyone else. That sounds about right, and as we've seen before, running backs can be very productive with those amount of carries.
James Quintong is an editor for ESPN Fantasy.


text:
The Rheinhessen Pfalz covers an area including several spas. The region is part of the Wine Road. Rheinhessen Pfalz is then open to exploration on and beyond the Wine Road. Wander or hike through the Palantine Forest. Go to Bad Dürkheim for the spa and to see the old Celtic wall - the Heathen Wall, and a nearby Roman quarry. There is the Imperial Cathedral at Speyer with its exquisite Romanesque lines. You can also visit Ruler Ludwig I's summer residence of Schloss Villa Ludwigshöhe.
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text:
U of Minn. drunken student angst leads to pointless riot
In case you missed the undeniably lame excitement near the University of Minnesota campus this weekend, here's the rundown: It was Spring Jam week on campus, which means students have a really lame excuse to drink even more than usual. A Dinkytown party gets a little too big, students start a giant bonfire in the street and police show up to stop the mayhem. Students start to get really cool and try to tip a car and then proceed to throw glass bottles at police. Police react by shooting them with pepper spray and foam pellets.
Some students are pissed and say the police used excessive force to break up the drunken street party. Check out the coverage below to decide for yourself.
The Minnesota Daily had the most in-depth coverage on the ground as the riot unfolded. Check out their full reporthere
. Their report says more than 500 students were involved. Campus partying started early in the morning, but things got out of hand around 8 p.m. when students started the bonfire in the street. The Pioneer Press also has a fullreport
Here is a Kare11 report on the riots. Don't miss the kid totally wiping out on his bike:
Some videos taken by bystanders and participants:
And the aftermath:
A Star Tribune story brings up questions about the police response and a letter to the Daily expresses similar concerns.
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text:
How long will it take to go out completely? Should I not drive it?
Why would a wrist pin go out at 83,000 miles? Do I have to replace the engine? on 2006 Honda Pilot
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2 answers 1 comment
Really, i agree most likely carbon on top of a piston or a rod bearing. If knocking is the problem.
Have it diagnosed properly. Unless the engine was extremely neglected along with other odd happenings along the way , it would be very unlikely that it has a bad wrist pin at 83K. Please describe the symptoms and the reason for the diagnosis given , assuming it was seen at a repair shop.


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