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Open Access journal
ISSN (Online) 2076-2607
Published by MDPI [146 journals]
- Microorganisms, Vol. 4, Pages 22: A Look inside the Listeria monocytogenes
Biofilms Extracellular Matrix
Authors: Angelo Colagiorgi, Pierluigi Di Ciccio, Emanuela Zanardi, Sergio Ghidini, Adriana Ianieri
First page: 22
Abstract: Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen able to persist in food industry and is responsible for a severe illness called listeriosis. The ability of L. monocytogenes to persist in environments is due to its capacity to form biofilms that are a sessile community of microorganisms embedded in a self-produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS's). In this review, we summarized recent efforts performed in order to better characterize the polymeric substances that compose the extracellular matrix (ECM) of L. monocytogenes biofilms. EPS extraction and analysis led to the identification of polysaccharides, proteins, extracellular DNA, and other molecules within the listerial ECM. All this knowledge will be useful for increasing food protection, suggesting effective strategies for the minimization of persistence of L. monocytogenes in food industry environments.
PubDate: 2016-07-05
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms4030022
Issue No: Vol. 4, No. 3 (2016)
- Microorganisms, Vol. 4, Pages 23: Highly Variable Bacterial Communities
Associated with the Octocoral Antillogorgia elisabethae
Authors: Veronica Robertson, Brad Haltli, Erin McCauley, David Overy, Russell Kerr
First page: 23
Abstract: Antillogorgia elisabethae (synonymous with Pseudopterogorgia elisabethae) is a common branching octocoral in Caribbean reef ecosystems. A. elisabethae is a rich source of anti-inflammatory diterpenes, thus this octocoral has been the subject of numerous natural product investigations, yet relatively little is known regarding the composition, diversity and the geographic and temporal stability of its microbiome. To characterize the composition, diversity and stability of bacterial communities of Bahamian A. elisabethae populations, 17 A. elisabethae samples originating from five sites within The Bahamas were characterized by 16S rDNA pyrosequencing. A. elisabethae bacterial communities were less diverse and distinct from those of surrounding seawater samples. Analyses of α- and β-diversity revealed that A. elisabethae bacterial communities were highly variable between A. elisabethae samples from The Bahamas. This contrasts results obtained from a previous study of three specimens collected from Providencia Island, Colombia, which found A. elisabethae bacterial communities to be highly structured. Taxa belonging to the Rhodobacteriales, Rhizobiales, Flavobacteriales and Oceanospiralles were identified as potential members of the A. elisabethae core microbiome.
PubDate: 2016-07-05
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms4030023
Issue No: Vol. 4, No. 3 (2016)
- Microorganisms, Vol. 4, Pages 18: Fed-Batch Production of Bacterial Ghosts
Using Dielectric Spectroscopy for Dynamic Process Control
Authors: Andrea Meitz, Patrick Sagmeister, Werner Lubitz, Christoph Herwig, Timo Langemann
First page: 18
Abstract: The Bacterial Ghost (BG) platform technology evolved from a microbiological expression system incorporating the ϕX174 lysis gene E. E-lysis generates empty but structurally intact cell envelopes (BGs) from Gram-negative bacteria which have been suggested as candidate vaccines, immunotherapeutic agents or drug delivery vehicles. E-lysis is a highly dynamic and complex biological process that puts exceptional demands towards process understanding and control. The development of a both economic and robust fed-batch production process for BGs required a toolset capable of dealing with rapidly changing concentrations of viable biomass during the E-lysis phase. This challenge was addressed using a transfer function combining dielectric spectroscopy and soft-sensor based biomass estimation for monitoring the rapid decline of viable biomass during the E-lysis phase. The transfer function was implemented to a feed-controller, which followed the permittivity signal closely and was capable of maintaining a constant specific substrate uptake rate during lysis phase. With the described toolset, we were able to increase the yield of BG production processes by a factor of 8–10 when compared to currently used batch procedures reaching lysis efficiencies >98%. This provides elevated potentials for commercial application of the Bacterial Ghost platform technology.
PubDate: 2016-03-24
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms4020018
Issue No: Vol. 4, No. 2 (2016)
- Microorganisms, Vol. 4, Pages 19: New Dimensions in Microbial
Ecology—Functional Genes in Studies to Unravel the Biodiversity and
Role of Functional Microbial Groups in the Environment
Authors: Johannes Imhoff
First page: 19
Abstract: During the past decades, tremendous advances have been made in the possibilities to study the diversity of microbial communities in the environment. The development of methods to study these communities on the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequences analysis was a first step into the molecular analysis of environmental communities and the study of biodiversity in natural habitats. A new dimension in this field was reached with the introduction of functional genes of ecological importance and the establishment of genetic tools to study the diversity of functional microbial groups and their responses to environmental factors. Functional gene approaches are excellent tools to study the diversity of a particular function and to demonstrate changes in the composition of prokaryote communities contributing to this function. The phylogeny of many functional genes largely correlates with that of the 16S rRNA gene, and microbial species may be identified on the basis of functional gene sequences. Functional genes are perfectly suited to link culture-based microbiological work with environmental molecular genetic studies. In this review, the development of functional gene studies in environmental microbiology is highlighted with examples of genes relevant for important ecophysiological functions. Examples are presented for bacterial photosynthesis and two types of anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria, with genes of the Fenna-Matthews-Olson-protein (fmoA) as target for the green sulfur bacteria and of two reaction center proteins (pufLM) for the phototrophic purple bacteria, with genes of adenosine-5′phosphosulfate (APS) reductase (aprA), sulfate thioesterase (soxB) and dissimilatory sulfite reductase (dsrAB) for sulfur oxidizing and sulfate reducing bacteria, with genes of ammonia monooxygenase (amoA) for nitrifying/ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, with genes of particulate nitrate reductase and nitrite reductases (narH/G, nirS, nirK) for denitrifying bacteria and with genes of methane monooxygenase (pmoA) for methane oxidizing bacteria.
PubDate: 2016-05-24
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms4020019
Issue No: Vol. 4, No. 2 (2016)
- Microorganisms, Vol. 4, Pages 20: Microbiome, Metabolome and Inflammatory
Bowel Disease
Authors: Ishfaq Ahmed, Badal Roy, Salman Khan, Seth Septer, Shahid Umar
First page: 20
Abstract: Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is a multifactorial disorder that conceptually occurs as a result of altered immune responses to commensal and/or pathogenic gut microbes in individuals most susceptible to the disease. During Crohn's Disease (CD) or Ulcerative Colitis (UC), two components of the human IBD, distinct stages define the disease onset, severity, progression and remission. Epigenetic, environmental (microbiome, metabolome) and nutritional factors are important in IBD pathogenesis. While the dysbiotic microbiota has been proposed to play a role in disease pathogenesis, the data on IBD and diet are still less convincing. Nonetheless, studies are ongoing to examine the effect of pre/probiotics and/or FODMAP reduced diets on both the gut microbiome and its metabolome in an effort to define the healthy diet in patients with IBD. Knowledge of a unique metabolomic fingerprint in IBD could be useful for diagnosis, treatment and detection of disease pathogenesis.
PubDate: 2016-06-15
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms4020020
Issue No: Vol. 4, No. 2 (2016)
- Microorganisms, Vol. 4, Pages 21: Establishment of a Quality Management
System Based on ISO 9001 Standard in a Public Service Fungal Culture
First page: 21
Abstract: Collaborations between different Microbiological Resource Centres (mBRCs) and ethical sourcing practices are mandatory to guarantee biodiversity conservation, successful and sustainable preservation and fair share of benefits that arise from the use of genetic resources. Since microbial Culture Collections (CCs) are now engaged in meeting high quality operational standards, they are facing the challenge of establishing quality control criteria to certify their biological materials. The authentication/certification of strains is nowadays a demand from the bioeconomy sector for the global operation of mBRCs. The achievement of consistent quality assurance and trust within the mBRCs and microbial CCs context is a dynamic and never-ending process. A good option to facilitate that process is to implement a Quality Management System (QMS) based on the ISO 9001 standard. Here, we report a detailed description of all the steps taken for the QMS implementation at the Portuguese CC of filamentous fungi: Micoteca da Universidade do Minho (MUM). Our aim is to provide guidelines for the certification of other CCs, so that they can also enhance the search and choice of the most consistent, reliable, and effective operating methods, with assured procedures and validation of preservation; and guarantee trustworthy relations with all stakeholders.
PubDate: 2016-06-22
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms4020021
Issue No: Vol. 4, No. 2 (2016)
- Microorganisms, Vol. 4, Pages 1: Microbial Biofilm Community Variation in
Flowing Habitats: Potential Utility as Bioindicators of Postmortem
Submersion Intervals
Authors: Jennifer Lang, Racheal Erb, Jennifer Pechal, John Wallace, Ryan McEwan, Mark Benbow
First page: 1
Abstract: Biofilms are a ubiquitous formation of microbial communities found on surfaces in aqueous environments. These structures have been investigated as biomonitoring indicators for stream heath, and here were used for the potential use in forensic sciences. Biofilm successional development has been proposed as a method to determine the postmortem submersion interval (PMSI) of remains because there are no standard methods for estimating the PMSI and biofilms are ubiquitous in aquatic habitats. We sought to compare the development of epinecrotic (biofilms on Sus scrofa domesticus carcasses) and epilithic (biofilms on unglazed ceramic tiles) communities in two small streams using bacterial automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis. Epinecrotic communities were significantly different from epilithic communities even though environmental factors associated with each stream location also had a significant influence on biofilm structure. All communities at both locations exhibited significant succession suggesting that changing communities throughout time is a general characteristic of stream biofilm communities. The implications resulting from this work are that epinecrotic communities have distinctive shifts at the first and second weeks, and therefore the potential to be used in forensic applications by associating successional changes with submersion time to estimate a PMSI. The influence of environmental factors, however, indicates the lack of a successional pattern with the same organisms and a focus on functional diversity may be more applicable in a forensic context.
PubDate: 2016-01-04
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms4010001
Issue No: Vol. 4, No. 1 (2016)
- Microorganisms, Vol. 4, Pages 2: Influence of pH Regulation Mode in
Glucose Fermentation on Product Selection and Process Stability
Authors: Zuhaida Mohd-Zaki, Juan Bastidas-Oyanedel, Yang Lu, Robert Hoelzle, Steven Pratt, Fran Slater, Damien Batstone
First page: 2
Abstract: Mixed culture anaerobic fermentation generates a wide range of products from simple sugars, and is potentially an effective process for producing renewable commodity chemicals. However it is difficult to predict product spectrum, and to control the process. One of the key control handles is pH, but the response is commonly dependent on culture history. In this work, we assess the impact of pH regulation mode on the product spectrum. Two regulation modes were applied: in the first, pH was adjusted from 4.5 to 8.5 in progressive steps of 0.5 and in the second, covered the same pH range, but the pH was reset to 5.5 before each change. Acetate, butyrate, and ethanol were produced throughout all pH ranges, but there was a shift from butyrate at pH < 6.5 to ethanol at pH > 6.5, as well as a strong and consistent shift from hydrogen to formate as pH increased. Microbial analysis indicated that progressive pH resulted in dominance by Klebsiella, while reset pH resulted in a bias towards Clostridium spp., particularly at low pH, with higher variance in community between different pH levels. Reset pH was more responsive to changes in pH, and analysis of Gibbs free energy indicated that the reset pH experiments operated closer to thermodynamic equilibrium, particularly with respect to the formate/hydrogen balance. This may indicate that periodically resetting pH conforms better to thermodynamic expectations.
PubDate: 2016-01-04
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms4010002
Issue No: Vol. 4, No. 1 (2016)
- Microorganisms, Vol. 4, Pages 3: In Silico Analysis of a Novel Plasmid
from the Coral Pathogen Vibrio coralliilyticus Reveals Two Potential
"Ecological Islands"
Authors: Jenny Wachter, Stuart Hill
First page: 3
Abstract: As virulence often correlates with the presence of plasmid replicons in several Vibrio spp., this study investigated whether non-chromosomal DNA could be found in the coral pathogen, Vibrio coralliilyticus BAA-450. A circular plasmid, 26,631 bp in size, was identified. DNA sequence analysis indicated that the plasmid contained 30 open reading frames, six tRNA genes, 12 inverted repeats, three direct repeats and presented no continuous sequence identity to other replicons within the database. Consequently, these findings indicate that this is a novel, previously unidentified, plasmid. Two putative "ecological islands" were also identified and are predicted to encode for various factors that would facilitate growth and survival under different ecological conditions. In addition, two open reading frames may encode proteins that contribute to the pathogenicity of the organism. Functional cooperativity is also indicated between several plasmid- and chromosomally-encoded proteins, which, in a single instance, would allow a fully functioning nutrient uptake system to be established.
PubDate: 2016-01-04
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms4010003
Issue No: Vol. 4, No. 1 (2016)
- Microorganisms, Vol. 4, Pages 4: Phage Inactivation of Listeria
monocytogenes on San Daniele Dry-Cured Ham and Elimination of Biofilms
from Equipment and Working Environments
Authors: Lucilla Iacumin, Marisa Manzano, Giuseppe Comi
First page: 4
Abstract: The anti-listerial activity of generally recognized as safe (GRAS) bacteriophage Listex P100 (phage P100) was demonstrated in broths and on the surface of slices of dry-cured ham against 5 strains or serotypes (i.e., Scott A, 1/2a, 1/2b, and 4b) of Listeria monocytogenes. In a broth model system, phage P100 at a concentration equal to or greater than 7 log PFU/mL completely inhibited 2 log CFU/cm2 or 3 log CFU/cm2 of L. monocytogenes growth at 30 °C. The temperature (4, 10, 20 °C) seemed to influence P100 activity; the best results were obtained at 4 °C. On dry-cured ham slices, a P100 concentration ranging from 5 to 8 log PFU/cm2 was required to obtain a significant reduction in L. monocytogenes. At 4, 10, and 20 °C, an inoculum of 8 log PFU/cm2 was required to completely eliminate 2 log L. monocytogenes/cm2 and to reach the absence in 25 g product according to USA food law. Conversely, it was impossible to completely eradicate L. monocytogenes with an inoculum of approximately of 3.0 and 4.0 log CFU/cm2 and with a P100 inoculum ranging from 1 to 7 log PFU/cm2. P100 remained stable on dry-cured ham slices over a 14-day storage period, with only a marginal loss of 0.2 log PFU/cm2 from an initial phage treatment of approximately 8 log PFU/cm2. Moreover, phage P100 eliminated free L. monocytogenes cells and biofilms on the machinery surfaces used for dry-cured ham production. These findings demonstrate that the GRAS bacteriophage Listex P100 at level of 8 log PFU/cm2 is listericidal and useful for reducing the L. monocytogenes concentration or eradicating the bacteria from dry-cured ham.
PubDate: 2016-01-05
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms4010004
Issue No: Vol. 4, No. 1 (2016)
- Microorganisms, Vol. 4, Pages 5: Metagenomic Analyses Reveal That Energy
Transfer Gene Abundances Can Predict the Syntrophic Potential of
Environmental Microbial Communities
Authors: Lisa Oberding, Lisa Gieg
First page: 5
Abstract: Hydrocarbon compounds can be biodegraded by anaerobic microorganisms to form methane through an energetically interdependent metabolic process known as syntrophy. The microorganisms that perform this process as well as the energy transfer mechanisms involved are difficult to study and thus are still poorly understood, especially on an environmental scale. Here, metagenomic data was analyzed for specific clusters of orthologous groups (COGs) related to key energy transfer genes thus far identified in syntrophic bacteria, and principal component analysis was used in order to determine whether potentially syntrophic environments could be distinguished using these syntroph related COGs as opposed to universally present COGs. We found that COGs related to hydrogenase and formate dehydrogenase genes were able to distinguish known syntrophic consortia and environments with the potential for syntrophy from non-syntrophic environments, indicating that these COGs could be used as a tool to identify syntrophic hydrocarbon biodegrading environments using metagenomic data.
PubDate: 2016-01-05
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms4010005
Issue No: Vol. 4, No. 1 (2016)
- Microorganisms, Vol. 4, Pages 6: Molecular Ecology of Hypersaline
Microbial Mats: Current Insights and New Directions
Authors: Hon Wong, Aria Ahmed-Cox, Brendan Burns
First page: 6
Abstract: Microbial mats are unique geobiological ecosystems that form as a result of complex communities of microorganisms interacting with each other and their physical environment. Both the microorganisms present and the network of metabolic interactions govern ecosystem function therein. These systems are often found in a range of extreme environments, and those found in elevated salinity have been particularly well studied. The purpose of this review is to briefly describe the molecular ecology of select model hypersaline mat systems (Guerrero Negro, Shark Bay, S'Avall, and Kiritimati Atoll), and any potentially modulating effects caused by salinity to community structure. In addition, we discuss several emerging issues in the field (linking function to newly discovered phyla and microbial dark matter), which illustrate the changing paradigm that is seen as technology has rapidly advanced in the study of these extreme and evolutionally significant ecosystems.
PubDate: 2016-01-05
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms4010006
Issue No: Vol. 4, No. 1 (2016)
- Microorganisms, Vol. 4, Pages 7: Low Substrate Loading Limits
Methanogenesis and Leads to High Coulombic Efficiency in
Bioelectrochemical Systems
Authors: Tom Sleutels, Sam Molenaar, Annemiek Heijne, Cees Buisman
First page: 7
Abstract: A crucial aspect for the application of bioelectrochemical systems (BESs) as a wastewater treatment technology is the efficient oxidation of complex substrates by the bioanode, which is reflected in high Coulombic efficiency (CE). To achieve high CE, it is essential to give a competitive advantage to electrogens over methanogens. Factors that affect CE in bioanodes are, amongst others, the type of wastewater, anode potential, substrate concentration and pH. In this paper, we focus on acetate as a substrate and analyze the competition between methanogens and electrogens from a thermodynamic and kinetic point of view. We reviewed experimental data from earlier studies and propose that low substrate loading in combination with a sufficiently high anode overpotential plays a key-role in achieving high CE. Low substrate loading is a proven strategy against methanogenic activity in large-scale reactors for sulfate reduction. The combination of low substrate loading with sufficiently high overpotential is essential because it results in favorable growth kinetics of electrogens compared to methanogens. To achieve high current density in combination with low substrate concentrations, it is essential to have a high specific anode surface area. New reactor designs with these features are essential for BESs to be successful in wastewater treatment in the future.
PubDate: 2016-01-05
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms4010007
Issue No: Vol. 4, No. 1 (2016)
- Microorganisms, Vol. 4, Pages 8: Extremophiles in an Antarctic Marine
First page: 8
Abstract: Recent attempts to explore marine microbial diversity and the global marine microbiome have indicated a large proportion of previously unknown diversity. However, sequencing alone does not tell the whole story, as it relies heavily upon information that is already contained within sequence databases. In addition, microorganisms have been shown to present small-to-large scale biogeographical patterns worldwide, potentially making regional combinations of selection pressures unique. Here, we focus on the extremophile community in the boundary region located between the Polar Front and the Southern Antarctic Circumpolar Current in the Southern Ocean, to explore the potential of metagenomic approaches as a tool for bioprospecting in the search for novel functional activity based on targeted sampling efforts. We assessed the microbial composition and diversity from a region north of the current limit for winter sea ice, north of the Southern Antarctic Circumpolar Front (SACCF) but south of the Polar Front. Although, most of the more frequently encountered sequences were derived from common marine microorganisms, within these dominant groups, we found a proportion of genes related to secondary metabolism of potential interest in bioprospecting. Extremophiles were rare by comparison but belonged to a range of genera. Hence, they represented interesting targets from which to identify rare or novel functions. Ultimately, future shifts in environmental conditions favoring more cosmopolitan groups could have an unpredictable effect on microbial diversity and function in the Southern Ocean, perhaps excluding the rarer extremophiles.
PubDate: 2016-01-11
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms4010008
Issue No: Vol. 4, No. 1 (2016)
- Microorganisms, Vol. 4, Pages 9: Acknowledgement to Reviewers of
Microorganisms in 2015
Authors: Microorganisms Editorial Office
First page: 9
Abstract: The editors of Microorganisms would like to express their sincere gratitude to the following reviewers for assessing manuscripts in 2015. [...]
PubDate: 2016-01-25
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms4010009
Issue No: Vol. 4, No. 1 (2016)
- Microorganisms, Vol. 4, Pages 10: Aspergillus oryzae–Saccharomyces
cerevisiae Consortium Allows Bio-Hybrid Fuel Cell to Run on Complex
Authors: Justin Jahnke, Thomas Hoyt, Hannah LeFors, James Sumner, David Mackie
First page: 10
Abstract: Consortia of Aspergillus oryzae and Saccharomyces cerevisiae are examined for their abilities to turn complex carbohydrates into ethanol. To understand the interactions between microorganisms in consortia, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy is used to follow the concentrations of various metabolites such as sugars (e.g., glucose, maltose), longer chain carbohydrates, and ethanol to optimize consortia conditions for the production of ethanol. It is shown that with proper design A. oryzae can digest food waste simulants into soluble sugars that S. cerevisiae can ferment into ethanol. Depending on the substrate and conditions used, concentrations of 13% ethanol were achieved in 10 days. It is further shown that a direct alcohol fuel cell (FC) can be coupled with these A. oryzae-enabled S. cerevisiae fermentations using a reverse osmosis membrane. This "bio-hybrid FC" continually extracted ethanol from an ongoing consortium, enhancing ethanol production and allowing the bio-hybrid FC to run for at least one week. Obtained bio-hybrid FC currents were comparable to those from pure ethanol—water mixtures, using the same FC. The A. oryzae–S. cerevisiae consortium, coupled to a bio-hybrid FC, converted food waste simulants into electricity without any pre- or post-processing.
PubDate: 2016-02-04
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms4010010
Issue No: Vol. 4, No. 1 (2016)
- Microorganisms, Vol. 4, Pages 11: The Opportunity for High-Performance
Biomaterials from Methane
Authors: Peter Strong, Bronwyn Laycock, Syarifah Mahamud, Paul Jensen, Paul Lant, Gene Tyson, Steven Pratt
First page: 11
Abstract: Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) biopolymers are widely recognised as outstanding candidates to replace conventional petroleum-derived polymers. Their mechanical properties are good and can be tailored through copolymer composition, they are biodegradable, and unlike many alternatives, they do not rely on oil-based feedstocks. Further, they are the only commodity polymer that can be synthesised intracellularly, ensuring stereoregularity and high molecular weight. However, despite offering enormous potential for many years, they are still not making a significant impact. This is broadly because commercial uptake has been limited by variable performance (inconsistent polymer properties) and high production costs of the raw polymer. Additionally, the main type of PHA produced naturally is poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB), which has limited scope due to its brittle nature and low thermal stability, as well as its tendency to embrittle over time. Production cost is strongly impacted by the type of the feedstock used. In this article we consider: the production of PHAs from methanotrophs using methane as a cost-effective substrate; the use of mixed cultures, as opposed to pure strains; and strategies to generate a poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) copolymer (PHBV), which has more desirable qualities such as toughness and elasticity.
PubDate: 2016-02-03
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms4010011
Issue No: Vol. 4, No. 1 (2016)
- Microorganisms, Vol. 4, Pages 12: Staphylococcus aureus in Animals and
Food: Methicillin Resistance, Prevalence and Population Structure. A
Review in the African Continent
Authors: Carmen Lozano, Haythem Gharsa, Karim Ben Slama, Myriam Zarazaga, Carmen Torres
First page: 12
Abstract: The interest about Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) in livestock, and domestic and wild animals has significantly increased. The spread of different clonal complexes related to livestock animals, mainly CC398, and the recent description of the new mecC gene, make it necessary to know more about the epidemiology and population structure of this microorganism all over the world. Nowadays, there are several descriptions about the presence of S. aureus and/or MRSA in different animal species (dogs, sheep, donkeys, bats, pigs, and monkeys), and in food of animal origin in African countries. In this continent, there is a high diversity of ethnicities, cultures or religions, as well as a high number of wild animal species and close contact between humans and animals, which can have a relevant impact in the epidemiology of this microorganism. This review shows that some clonal lineages associated with humans (CC1, CC15, CC72, CC80, CC101, and CC152) and animals (CC398, CC130 and CC133) are present in this continent in animal isolates, although the mecC gene has not been detected yet. However, available studies are limited to a few countries, very often with incomplete information, and many more studies are necessary to cover a larger number of African countries.
PubDate: 2016-02-04
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms4010012
Issue No: Vol. 4, No. 1 (2016)
- Microorganisms, Vol. 4, Pages 13: Carbapenem Resistance in Gram-Negative
Bacteria: The Not-So-Little Problem in the Little Red Dot
Authors: Jocelyn Teo, Yiying Cai, Tze-Peng Lim, Thuan Tan, Andrea Kwa
First page: 13
Abstract: Singapore is an international travel and medical hub and faces a genuine threat for import and dissemination of bacteria with broad-spectrum resistance. In this review, we described the current landscape and management of carbapenem resistance in Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) in Singapore. Notably, the number of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae has exponentially increased in the past two years. Resistance is largely mediated by a variety of mechanisms. Polymyxin resistance has also emerged. Interestingly, two Escherichia coli isolates with plasmid-mediated mcr-1 genes have been detected. Evidently, surveillance and infection control becomes critical in the local setting where resistance is commonly related to plasmid-mediated mechanisms, such as carbapenemases. Combination antibiotic therapy has been proposed as a last-resort strategy in the treatment of extensively drug-resistant (XDR) GNB infections, and is widely adopted in Singapore. The diversity of carbapenemases encountered, however, presents complexities in both carbapenemase detection and the selection of optimal antibiotic combinations. One unique strategy introduced in Singapore is a prospective in vitro combination testing service, which aids physicians in the selection of individualized combinations. The outcome of this treatment strategy has been promising. Unlike countries with a predominant carbapenemase type, Singapore has to adopt management strategies which accounts for diversity in resistance mechanisms.
PubDate: 2016-02-16
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms4010013
Issue No: Vol. 4, No. 1 (2016)
- Microorganisms, Vol. 4, Pages 14: Bacterial Multidrug Efflux Pumps: Much
More Than Antibiotic Resistance Determinants
Authors: Paula Blanco, Sara Hernando-Amado, Jose Reales-Calderon, Fernando Corona, Felipe Lira, Manuel Alcalde-Rico, Alejandra Bernardini, Maria Sanchez, Jose Martinez
First page: 14
Abstract: Bacterial multidrug efflux pumps are antibiotic resistance determinants present in all microorganisms. With few exceptions, they are chromosomally encoded and present a conserved organization both at the genetic and at the protein levels. In addition, most, if not all, strains of a given bacterial species present the same chromosomally-encoded efflux pumps. Altogether this indicates that multidrug efflux pumps are ancient elements encoded in bacterial genomes long before the recent use of antibiotics for human and animal therapy. In this regard, it is worth mentioning that efflux pumps can extrude a wide range of substrates that include, besides antibiotics, heavy metals, organic pollutants, plant-produced compounds, quorum sensing signals or bacterial metabolites, among others. In the current review, we present information on the different functions that multidrug efflux pumps may have for the bacterial behaviour in different habitats as well as on their regulation by specific signals. Since, in addition to their function in non-clinical ecosystems, multidrug efflux pumps contribute to intrinsic, acquired, and phenotypic resistance of bacterial pathogens, the review also presents information on the search for inhibitors of multidrug efflux pumps, which are currently under development, in the aim of increasing the susceptibility of bacterial pathogens to antibiotics.
PubDate: 2016-02-16
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms4010014
Issue No: Vol. 4, No. 1 (2016)
- Microorganisms, Vol. 4, Pages 15: Metabolic Interaction of Helicobacter
pylori Infection and Gut Microbiota
Authors: Yao-Jong Yang, Bor-Shyang Sheu
First page: 15
Abstract: As a barrier, gut commensal microbiota can protect against potential pathogenic microbes in the gastrointestinal tract. Crosstalk between gut microbes and immune cells promotes human intestinal homeostasis. Dysbiosis of gut microbiota has been implicated in the development of many human metabolic disorders like obesity, hepatic steatohepatitis, and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes (T2D). Certain microbes, such as butyrate-producing bacteria, are lower in T2D patients. The transfer of intestinal microbiota from lean donors increases insulin sensitivity in individuals with metabolic syndrome, but the exact pathogenesis remains unclear. H. pylori in the human stomach cause chronic gastritis, peptic ulcers, and gastric cancers. H. pylori infection also induces insulin resistance and has been defined as a predisposing factor to T2D development. Gastric and fecal microbiota may have been changed in H. pylori-infected persons and mice to promote gastric inflammation and specific diseases. However, the interaction of H. pylori and gut microbiota in regulating host metabolism also remains unknown. Further studies aim to identify the H. pylori-microbiota-host metabolism axis and to test if H. pylori eradication or modification of gut microbiota can improve the control of human metabolic disorders.
PubDate: 2016-02-16
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms4010015
Issue No: Vol. 4, No. 1 (2016)
- Microorganisms, Vol. 4, Pages 16: Extensive Intestinal Resection Triggers
Behavioral Adaptation, Intestinal Remodeling and Microbiota Transition in
Short Bowel Syndrome
First page: 16
Abstract: Extensive resection of small bowel often leads to short bowel syndrome (SBS). SBS patients develop clinical mal-absorption and dehydration relative to the reduction of absorptive area, acceleration of gastrointestinal transit time and modifications of the gastrointestinal intra-luminal environment. As a consequence of severe mal-absorption, patients require parenteral nutrition (PN). In adults, the overall adaptation following intestinal resection includes spontaneous and complex compensatory processes such as hyperphagia, mucosal remodeling of the remaining part of the intestine and major modifications of the microbiota. SBS patients, with colon in continuity, harbor a specific fecal microbiota that we called "lactobiota" because it is enriched in the Lactobacillus/Leuconostoc group and depleted in anaerobic micro-organisms (especially Clostridium and Bacteroides). In some patients, the lactobiota-driven fermentative activities lead to an accumulation of fecal d/l-lactates and an increased risk of d-encephalopathy. Better knowledge of clinical parameters and lactobiota characteristics has made it possible to stratify patients and define group at risk for d-encephalopathy crises.
PubDate: 2016-03-08
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms4010016
Issue No: Vol. 4, No. 1 (2016)
- Microorganisms, Vol. 4, Pages 17: Process Recovery after CaO Addition Due
to Granule Formation in a CSTR Co-Digester—A Tool to Influence the
Composition of the Microbial Community and Stabilize the Process?
First page: 17
Abstract: The composition, structure and function of granules formed during process recovery with calcium oxide in a laboratory-scale fermenter fed with sewage sludge and rapeseed oil were studied. In the course of over-acidification and successful process recovery, only minor changes were observed in the bacterial community of the digestate, while granules appeared during recovery. Fluorescence microscopic analysis of the granules showed a close spatial relationship between calcium and oil and/or long chain fatty acids. This finding further substantiated the hypothesis that calcium precipitated with carbon of organic origin and reduced the negative effects of overloading with oil. Furthermore, the enrichment of phosphate minerals in the granules was shown, and molecular biological analyses detected polyphosphate-accumulating organisms as well as methanogenic archaea in the core. Organisms related to Methanoculleus receptaculi were detected in the inner zones of a granule, whereas they were present in the digestate only after process recovery. This finding indicated more favorable microhabitats inside the granules that supported process recovery. Thus, the granule formation triggered by calcium oxide addition served as a tool to influence the composition of the microbial community and to stabilize the process after overloading with oil.
PubDate: 2016-03-17
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms4010017
Issue No: Vol. 4, No. 1 (2016)


text:
network engineer it jobs
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WAN Network Engineer
iSymmetry - Chicago, IL
ISymmetry, a leading provider of on-demand IT consulting and recruiting services, has an immediate need for a WAN Network Engineer to work on a 12 month...
Network Engineer
Intelligent Decisions - Reston, VA
Network Operations and Administration. Implement tools for monitoring network devices and traffic. Four year degree in IT or CS discipline preferred....
Systems Engineer
NMR Consulting - Edgewood, MD
Possesses general understanding in the areas of IT system hardware architecture, databases and systems. Systems will install, configure and upgrade/enhance...
Senior Network Engineer
Red Ventures - Charlotte, NC
Red Ventures seeks a Senior Network Engineer with 7+ years of hands-on networking design and engineering experience within a CISCO and/or Juniper environment....
Network Support Engineer
Fabtex, Inc - Danville, PA
Will be responsible for all aspects of network management. Assist with planning, communication and execution of IT strategies throughout the company....
Sr. Systems and Network Engineer
Whitepages - Seattle, WA
Systems and Network Engineer in our team you will:. Highly proficient with network troubleshooting, performance tuning techniques, network packet capture and...
Sr. Cisco Network Engineer
iSymmetry - Latham, NY
The Senior Network Engineer works collaboratively with network staff to establish and execute services around the network technology....
Network Engineer II
Federal Home Loan Bank of Indianapolis - Indianapolis, IN
The Network Engineer will work closely with information technology teams and business stakeholders to design, implement and support network infrastructure to...
IT Systems Engineer
NextGen Federal Systems - Aberdeen, MD
IT:. Is looking for an IT Systems Engineer to join our team at APG, supporting the deployment and sustainment of server based systems for complex software...
Sr. Helpdesk & Systems Engineer
The Howard Hughes Corporation - New York, NY
Helpdesk & Systems Engineer. Support Desktop users, IT servers, network, A/V and enterprise software infrastructure for Howard Hughes Corporation locations at...

subset: commoncrawl


text:
I was able to set their interest rate at 4.125% and pay 10k of their closing costs.
I can do that for you, as well.
You should request your Realtor to provide you with estimated Buyer's Costs. In addition, your lender should have given you estimated costs for the loan. If not, demand this from your lender.
As you can see from my comments above, there are many factors that will determine how much you will need. You, as a consumer, need to look at all costs and if you do not understand or are confused about some of those costs, ask questions. There is no such thing as a stupid question. This is a major investment. If your lender or Realtor do not answer the questions or brush off your concerns, then you need a new lender or a Realtor. Both your Realtor and your lender should be sitting down with you and explaining these for you.
Good Luck
Usually VA is zero down and the 3% up front cost may be built into the loan. You need your VA Certificate of Eligability. If the home has issue which need repair you should have funds for that as in today's market the seller is most often passing that over to the Buyer. Also, plan on about $1000 for inspections. It could be less, but a good number.


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|37 Reviews
|Separate WC's
|Property type
|Minimum Stay
|3 nights
Your booking will be backed by our Book with Confidence Guarantee when you complete your reservation online and finalise payment on HomeAway.Learn more
***The 'Get a Quote' function will not always give you the correct pricing information. Please contact us for a quote***
The Cube is a fully air-conditioned, luxuriously spacious home with 12,000 Sq. Ft. of living space spread among 3 floors.
The backyard features an pool overlooking breathtaking ocean view of the Atlantic, Icaco, Lobos and Islands the most visited place in Puerto Rico the Bio Luminescent Bay and Fajardo's Light house "El Faro", and off to the horizon you may see the mountains of the El Yunque rain forest. The backyard also has a pool with heater, BBQ, outdoor showers, and bathroom. You'll have everything you need to entertain your family and guests!
Inside, the house is a dream. An open concept is inviting with the natural and minimalist textures of wood, glass, metal, and cement. The living room features a large sectional sofa and smart tv system. Of course, there is Wi-Fi all throughout the property. The kitchen is fully equipped with top of the line equipment.
With 7 bedrooms and 8 therapeutic beds, the home's modern design makes the property a masterpiece that will have everyone talking! From the Presidential Suite to a Master Suite to Suites, with an incredible King & Queen size bed, you'll be able to see the Atlantic Ocean in the horizon.
The house is located:
- Next to Waldorf Astoria Conquistador Hotel
- .05 Mile to Beach
- 32 Miles from Brava Club (premier tourist area with casinos, restaurants, nightlife, and more)
- 9 Miles from Roosvelt Road Airport (FAJ)
- 32 Miles from Luis Munoz Marin International Airport (SJU)
This and much more makes The Cube the ideal place for an unforgettable luxury vacation.
Our Magic Team is always on call to make sure that your stay is just perfect! Anything you need, we'll make happen.
Ask about our concierge service! Our concierge can help make reservations, get private chefs, book boat charters, and buy groceries to name a few things as additional services for your stay that will be billed separately.
Additional fixed fees:
Cleaning fee $300
Renter's insurance $89.99 (covers up to $5,000 in property damages)
I'm a young entrepreneur who loves sharing the best Puerto Rico has to offer. Sharing my Island is one of my passions.
William purchased this house in 2000
This home was custom built for my family and it is my dream come true. I love the location, the architecture, and every last detail in the home. I am very proud of this grand project.
The entire home is surrounded by glass, so the ocean views are uninterrupted and reach out to the mountains of the El Yunque National Rain Forest. Having my coffee with this view is priceless! Also, the backyard with pool is the perfect place to spend time with the children.
the Cube is a spectacular home that is much more impressive than the pictures show. Our extended family went to PR for the holidays and we wanted to stay together in one house. There were 9 of us and we fit very comfortably. In fact, there were still a couple of empty beds. The property is about 20 minutes from the airport, Isla Verde Beach, Condado, and Old San Juan. The owner, William, greeted us warmly upon our arrival and walked us through the house and showed us how to use everything in the home (A/C, pool/whirlpool settings, Sonos, lights etc.). The house is in a safe, gated community. The entire rear wall of the house is dramatic floor to (very high) ceiling glass with spectacular views. The master bedroom is the most impressive I have ever seen. We slept with the windows open and at night the mountains came alive with a symphony of coquis. The only improvements that we felt were needed were that there were not enough pillows or towels. There was one thin pillow per sleeping spot and maybe 10 towels. The quality of the pillows and towels were also not in accordance with the rest of the house. We also felt that the outdoor furniture was lacking. There is a magnificent back yard with a pool but no lounge chairs to lay by the pool. There is a table and chairs but no lounge chairs. We bought folding beach chairs and used them in the back yard but it would have been nice to have comfortable lounge chairs. You also need to bring your own beach towels. Other than those improvements the house is world class.
A few of us flew in from around the country to celebrate a friend's birthday and we stayed here. It's an amazing house. We all had a beautiful time to catch up and celebrate the birthdday boy. We had a chef for a dinner and breakfast which was amazing. The driver assigned to us was super nice and accomodating. The owner stopped by to check to make sure everything was to our liking. The rooms are large as well as the bathrooms. The outdoor pool was simply refreshing. I would stay at this house again and again.
Unbelievably beautiful property, from the architectural design to the furnishings. The backyard layout is perfect for a bachelor party or a family with kids. The front den has toy boxes full of toys along with a playstation and a wii along with the accessories and instruction books. They're all stowed away if you aren't vacationing with kids. The property manager was professional and responsive. Could not have asked for a better vacation experience!
We rented this house for a friend's 40th birthday and first, I must say that the house is 10 times better in person versus the pictures. The driver that was recommended to us was amazing. The chef that we used was phenomenal. She treated us like her own kids. I have already decided that my next family vacation will be in this house. William was super friendly and helped us with everything that we needed. We felt very safe with the gated community. I give this a 10 out of 10
The property is beautiful, clean spacious. Hot water, kitchen beds, returning is good. A little away from beach and other happening places. They didn't have any toilet paper when we arrived. Also needs comforters. All they have is bed sheets. Ice machine not work. But overall a beautiful place.
We were a group of 3 families that stayed at the Cube for 5 nights. There were 7 adults, 1 five year old and 2 infants. Overall, the house itself was beautiful and the views are spectacular! Especially in the morning! It is close to the highway, so it's easy to get around.
The pool was clean and refreshing, it was great to jump in during the evening after the water had been heated by the hot sun from the day. All of the appliances worked well (except we did not try the dishwasher as there was food clogged in the drain, but we prefer hand washing our dishes to make sure they are clean). We used the grill outside (charcoal) to cook twice and it worked well. They have everything you need to cook inside as well, but there are only 2 pans. The supermarket is only a 5 min. drive away (called Amigos) and is part of a small shopping mall where you could probably kill an hour of time. Make sure to buy Pan Sobao (A traditional Puerto Rican bread sold at Amigos.)
The AC works well throughout the house and in each bedroom. Bathrooms are clean and spacious. There isn't any hot water (as other reviewers have said) but we eventually did get used to the water temperature. Sometimes after a hot day or swim, the cooler water isn't actually a bad thing. In any case, the water is warmer in the downstairs showers than in the master bathroom, but barely. I still wouldn't call it hot. This was probably the biggest disappointment of the house. It would have been perfect if there was some hot water, but it wasn't a deal breaker for us.
Washer and dryer are modern and work very well. There is a 7 foot Frankenstein statue. Not sure why it is in the house, but it was fun to move it into our friend's bathrooms to find when they returned home.
The house is in a very secure, beautiful neighborhood. You will have to speak to the guard and show ID every time you enter the neighborhood. On our 2nd day there we had an issue where the guard wouldn't let us in without speaking to the owner first (somehow our name was not on "the list", but it was the day we arrived). I showed the guard the rental agreement on my iPhone, and she let me in and added my name to the list. So the security works, and they are reasonable in my opinion.
My last tip would be to bring a comforter. The beds only have thin flat sheets. One of our friends packed hers in a space bag at home, and then used the vacuum at a local gas station to shrink it back down when traveling home. We definitely recommend the house!
The Cube provides wonderful mountain views and easy access to the main highway. It's extremely close to a mall with dining options, bars, stores, gas stations, cinemas, etc. There are many options for exploring local culture and Puerto Rican cuisine.
|Rental Period
|Minimum Price
|Additional Nights
|Weekend Night
|Monthly *
|Event Price
New Years
15 Dec 2016 - 7 Jan 2017
3 night minimum stay
for 3 nights
My Standard Rate
3 night minimum stay
for 3 nights
|Notes: Rates are based on 11 guests; add £111 per night, per additional guest
|Property Damage Protection
|Refundable Damage Deposit
|Cleaning Fee
|£229 + Tax
|Tax Rate
* Approximate monthly price. Actual pricing will depend on the days of the month you stay.


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Hometown: Dublin
August 11, 2013
Data Scientist
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Electrical & Telecom Engineer and Mathematician. I'm interested in Data Science.
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GreatNonprofits is the best way to find great local nonprofits.
Volunteers and donors use GreatNonprofits to search for ratings and reviews of nonprofits in their town.
Featured Review
Children International
I've been sponsoring several children with CI for almost a year now. Their "Care Team" always answer my questions and so far they have been a pleasure to deal with. To date, I have received updates about... more
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5 Ways to Market Your Nonprofit to Millennials
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Top 10 Volunteer Opportunities in Atlanta
10 Ways You Can Actually Help Syrian Refugees
Jamaica Plain Nonprofits and Charities
Center For Labor Education And Research Inc
5 stars 2 reviews
bluebird12 wrote:
JwJ was very effective in its efforts to diversify this year's May Day march and rally. They are truly committed to increasing... more »
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Grassroots International
5 stars 2 reviews
RobertoG wrote:
GRI does great work where it counts - at the community level around the world. Their work fighting for social justice is inspiring.... more »
5 stars 2 reviews
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Family Service has been serving families since 1835, evolving its services to continue to provide the support needed for the families... more »
Mental Health
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5 stars 1 reviews
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text:
An interfaith community supported approach
to alleviating hunger
Milk and fruit received from the Hale Charter Academy
Food donations from the DC Collective
Booths and visitors at the June Health Fair at POP
Councilmember Bob Blumenfield at the Health Fair
Hair styling and trims were available as well as health services
Live music at the Health Fair
Sorting of the 2016 Letter Carrier Food Drive
Julianne Sorice and helpers organize the workers
Margaret is in the thick of things
Sorting can be confusing at times
The trucks kept coming in with boxes of food donations
The Pantry's new truck thanks to a generous donation
Come on in...
The West Valley Food Pantry is doing more than feeding the hungry. We are offering community members the help they need to truly thrive.
Almost 3,000 people and 26,000 meals per month: that's just where feeding community begins.
Our community is our responsibility. We invest in the futures of our clients because we feel that our service can lead to better lives. We extend our services to unemployed residents, the working poor, the homeless, and those living on fixed incomes.
Walk through our doors and connect with the people around you. Feels good, doesn't it?
During the month of
, our two distribution centers served 761 families (2,133 adults and children).
We are a volunteer organization. You can help!
We always need volunteers to handle all the work the Pantry requires (see below). Fill out our
to volunteer as a worker at the Food Pantry.
Other Ways You can help!
Donations of money or food make our work possible. Coupons can help too! See how to find a
Ralph's coupon
once a month.
West Valley Food Pantry
5700 Rudnick Avenue
Woodland Hills, CA 91367
(818) 346-5554
Roya Muniz the New Pantry Supervisor
As Margaret Shively, our long-time Pantry Supervisor prepares to retire, the Pantry Board has selected Roya Muniz to assume the duties of Pantry Supervisor. Roya has a business degree from Cal State LA, years of experience in the business world, and is eager to contribute to the work of the Pantry. Margaret has graciously begun training Roya for the many tasks the Pantry Supervisor handles. Roya is preparing to take over when Margaret departs her supervisor role at the end of July.
Margaret Shively Farewell Potluck
All pantry volunteers are invited to participate in a
luncheon and celebration to wish a fond farewell to Margaret Shively. The event will be on Friday, July 22 at 12:15 pm at the Prince of Peace Family Center. Please RSVP to Antje Brunner by July 20 if you plan to come and let her know what dish you plan to bring and how many attendees will be with you.
Food Donations
The Food Pantry is indebted to the many organizations that collect and donate food. Our slide show (above) high-lights two organizations: the DC Collective and the Hale Charter Academy. These food donations are an important contribution to out ability to feed those in need.
We accept online donations!
But we also welcome mail-in and walk-in donations. Visit our
page for more details on how you can help.
Help us buy food
Learn more
about us.
Get our brochure (PDF)
Backpack Event Coming August 12th and 13th
The NCL will again help with the backpack event August 12th and 13th. August 12th will be the Friday evening event to stuff the backpacks with school supplies. August 13th will be our Saturday distribution event. We are asking for donations of school supplies to fill the backpacks. Details about the supplies for different grade levels are posted
on the news page
Needed! Pantry Secretary
The West Valley Food Pantry has an open Board of Directors position. We need a Secretary who will attend all Pantry Board and Operations Committee meetings and keep the official
and minutes of the meeting. If you have an interest, please email firstname.lastname@example.com.
Thank you!
Volunteer Luncheon - Sept 17
Mark your calendars for the Annual Volunteer Luncheon on Saturday, September 17.
Watch a short video from the Letter Carrier's Food Drive
Go to
our news page
The Pantry has a truck!
The Pantry aquired a truck of our own to pick up food and donations. For the full story about
this wonderful tool
go to our news page.
More news and announcements can be found on the
news page
{Copyright (C) West Valley Food Pantry, Woodland Hills, CA}
For site problems contact:
Site Map


text:
Ricky Williams is bulking up to batter NFL linebackers.
The running back, who sat out last season and had reportedly dropped below 200 pounds, has been working out and now weighs about 215 pounds, his agent told The Miami Herald.
Williams' agent, Leigh Steinberg, told the paper that the back is ''in good spirits and ready to go" when camp starts.
Steinberg said he would ask the league to reinstate Williams before the Dolphins begin practice July 25.
Williams, who has acknowledged that he tested positive for
marijuana a third time last July, has to stay retired for a year to
avoid a full season's suspension under the league's drug policy. He is still subject to a four-game ban.
Normally, Williams would be reinstated to the NFL's drug program upon his return to the league. But Steinberg said NFL officials decided to put his client back in the drug program early to monitor him before his official reinstatement by the league.
Williams, who turned 28 last month, rushed for 1,853 yards in
2003, his first year in Miami after being traded from New Orleans, then ran for 1,372 yards the next season. Without him last year, the
Dolphins fell to 4-12 and new coach Nick Saban chose another
running back, Ronnie Brown of Auburn, with the second overall pick
in April's draft.
The Williams saga had numerous twists, including his
acknowledgment shortly after retiring that he failed drug tests and
faced a suspension for testing positive three times for marijuana.
A court later found Williams, a Heisman Trophy winner with the
Texas Longhorns, in breach of contract by retiring, and ordered him to repay the team $8.6 million.