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Shasta Elementary School students got their first taste of what high school will be like on Tuesday night when they crowded into Manteca High School's Winter Gymnasium to say goodbye to their elementary education.
Some 65 students at Golden West Elementary School took their first step towards high school.
A fire destroyed a 200-yard long Union Pacific Railroad trestle sending black smoke billowing into the sky Tuesday morning north of River Islands at Lathrop.
Not too many people gave Marissa Lafayette much of a chance a few years ago.
Ripon High's Daniel Van Lewen and Hailey Johnson shared plenty of the same memories of the past four years.
Is a sitting Manteca Unified School District trustee suing a constituent for claiming he said something he says he didn't?
City Manager Karen McLaughlin is not wild about the idea of posting signs at freeway off-ramps referencing Manteca's anti-panhandling ordinance.
I took a nutrition class once while I was going to Delta College.
The dry weeds choking the new medians on North Main Street as well as the Lathrop Road replacement interchange on Highway 99 are only temporary.
Manteca Parks & Recreation is ushering in summer on Saturday, June 4, with a three-hour event designed to help parents explore recreation class programs for their children that's also married with the "Meet the Muscles" car show.
Debbie Mitzman has been at Sierra High since its opening in 1994.
Ripon High this year celebrated the academic achievements of the Class of 2016 with a College Reveal Night to acknowledge those that have already been accepted by post-secondary institutions.
One thing has been apparent ever since the City of Lathrop began the push to retrofit the levees that protect its residents from a massive 200-year flood.
The rise of South San Joaquin County isn't lost on Moses Zapien.
Generations of Manteca-Lathrop residents owe their good health to Dr. Randall K. Yee and his late father Dr. Richard Duck Moon Yee.
Page 1 of 892
WASHINGTON (AP) - Millions of people who pay the full cost of their health insurance will face the sting of rising premiums next year, with no ...
DUBAI, United Arab Emirates (AP) - Millions of Muslims around the world on Monday, June 6, marked the start of Ramadan, a month of intense prayer ...
Being bicycle and pedestrian friendly is not an afterthought at River Islands at Lathrop.
When Wayne Champlin Castle sold his family farm on French Camp Road, he was the fifth generation that had lived there since it was built ...
Like most youngsters, Josiah Davis enjoys video games.
Richard Silverman doesn't think expenditure of public money can get any clearer than this: Spending $222,000 to assure that nearly 4,000 of ...
The epic struggle for South San Joaquin Irrigation District to enter the retail power business as allowed under California law to lower electricity rates 15 ...
There's a SAFE place in Manteca for anyone who wants to learn something new, have fun, and most of all, be a useful member ...
A Manteca woman who rushed to the aid of a traffic accident victim in a SUV that plunged off the 120 Bypass and landed on ...
If you don't want your mail to get stolen, don't leave it in your mailbox overnight.
HOPE Ministries are giving homeless single moms and kids more than just temporary shelter. They are giving them the hand up needed to stay off ...
Thirty years ago Tubbs& Son Electric claimed the 1986 American Softball Association's National Fastpitch Championship.
One irate soccer player has taken his issue with Big League Dreams' proposed admission fee increase to the people.
Few may know, but Manteca is home to its own rugby club, the Harlot Rugby Club.
Everything from an intergenerational prom and the monthly food truck mania to a free breakfast for those 50 and older are being staged under the ...
Page 13 of 17
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Best Trails in California Hot Springs
Packsaddle Cave Trail
Springville, CA
More Activities
Packsaddle Cave Trail is a 4.7 mile lightly trafficked out and back trail located near Springville, CA that features a river and is rated as moderate. The trail is primarily used for hiking, walking, and trail running and is accessible year-round. Dogs are also able to use this trail.
Best Hiking
Best Mountain Biking
Best Trail Running
Best Trail Running

subset: commoncrawl


text: 2 Steer Blanket by Winona Sharp Best Sellers Trending Art Best Selling Paintings Best Selling Abstract Art Prints Best Selling Photography Best Selling Posters Popular Subjects Animals Architecture Childrens Art Floral & Still Life Landscape Maps Military & War Music Science Fiction & Fantasy Skylines Spiritual Transportation Featured Artists Brickhut Cozamia Eric Joyner Erin Ashley James Niehues Jennifer Lommers Jonas Gerard Marcia Baldwin Mark Lawrence Michael Creese Michael Tompsett Collections ArtLoversOnline Design Pics The Fine Art Masters Panoramic Images Retro Images Archive StockTrek Images WorldWide Archive Create Your Own Photo Canvas Custom Frame Photos Steer Blanket by Winona Sharp (2011) Sign inCustomer Service Cart Houzz Share on Tumblr Tweet +Add to Cart Available Sizes inches / cm Petite $57.5 Small $69 Medium $86.25 Large $115 Grande $230 » component prices Print Frame Mats Glazing Fitting Customize Framing or choose Canvas Print Customize Canvas or choose Framed Art Print Click to save as artist's preferred kit Paper Enhanced MattePremium Photo GlossyPremium Photo LusterUltraSmooth Fine ArtHahnemuhle Photo Rag 308Hahnemuhle Fine Art PearlHahnemuhle Torchon Mounted? ★★★☆☆ Details Paper print only, too large to frame online. Frames Choose a color » ø Top Mat | Middle Mat | Bottom Mat ø Glazing Style Soft EdgeWhite EdgeBlack EdgeImage WrapUnstretched 1½ inches thick (3.75 cm) Product Details Artist grade canvas, archival inks, wooden stretcher bars, and UVB protective coating Availablity Usually ships within five business days. Artist Winona Sharp Platinum MemberCollection NativeAmericanArtDescription Native American style image of a steer in blanket form Popular Configurations Stretched Canvas Modern Lines Contemporary White Classical Baroque Unframed print Explore More from the same collection View All Winona Sharp's Recent Work About the artist Winona Sharp, Benson Arizona Member Since February 2008 Artist Statement The digital camera, a computer are my easel and paint brush. I sometimes enhance and recharacterize photos using Adobe Photoshop and other image program filters for effects and enhancements. I want the pictures to grab and hold your attention. Community Comments Catalog Details Product No 4467740 Subjects Animals, Cows, Desert, Landscape, Native American, World Culture Style Decorative Medium Tags ImageKind, Sharp, Winona, american, animal, attentiongetters, blanket, hanging, native, steer, wall, winona Create Frame Photos Photos on Canvas Sell Sell Art Online Become an Affiliate Get a Trade Account Common Questions Company Info About Us Contact Customer Comments Return Policy Social Tumblr Pinterest Twitter Facebook Instagram Our Wall Art Family CanvasOnDemand | Photo Canvases GreatBigCanvas | Decorate Huge Terms of Service Privacy Policy Copyright © 2016


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- Year
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- Jan / Feb / Mar / Apr / May / Jun / Jul / Aug / Sep / Oct / Nov / Dec
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Articles published on November 24, 2007
Update: Power restored after outage in East Gordo
Staff report
Auburn's Cox finishes with perfect record against Tide
By Aaron Suttles Special to The Tuscaloosa News
Area businesses optimistic, busy during game day
By Jamon Smith Staff Writer
Alabama has close call with Southern Miss
By David Wasson Executive Sports Editor
ACA crushes Cottonwood, advances to 2A semifinals
By Andrew Carroll Sports Writer
Better watch out
By Mark Hughes Cobb Staff Writer
Bikers last hurrah of the season will drum up toys for needy children
By Jamon Smith Staff Writer
Brothers detained in Holloway mystery
Brothers detained in Holloway mystery By Margaret Wever The Associated Press
CECIL HURT: Saban must first fix history to make it
CHRISTOPHER WALSH: This is the year of the upset
Central rolls past Andalusia and into 4A semifinals
By Aaron Suttles Special to The Tuscaloosa News
Christmas tree grinch
By Robert DeWitt Staff Writer
CARY MCMULLEN: Even religion reporters have crises of faith
DEEP SIXED: Alabama loses to Auburn -- again
By Christopher Walsh Sports Writer
Deal may expand area water service
By Robert DeWitt Staff Writer
ExpressJet halts nonstops between Birmingham, New Orleans
The Associated Press
Fallout from mortgage crisis could be intense
By Joe Bel Bruno The Associated Press
Firefighters trained to watch for terrorism
By Eileen Sullivan The Associated Press
HIGH SCHOOL BASKETBALL: Bibb County, Northridge boys win
From combined reports
How Will You Be Affected By "Take Back Our Highways Program"?
Diana Moorer
IRON BOWL NOTEBOOK: Bowl scenarios slim for Alabama
By Christopher Walsh and Michael Southern Sports Writers
Impaired Drivers Beware
Diana Moorer
Man fatally shot and killed in county is identified
Staff report
Man sells Iron Bowl tickets to aid charity, honor friend who died
The Associated Press
Maplesville knocks Linden from playoffs
From staff reports
Moneymaking televangelists
By Deirdre Shesgreen St. Louis Post-Dispatch
Pastors lead by example in work toward racial harmony
By Sarah Bruyn Jones Staff Writer
Ready, set, shop
By Matt Hawk Staff Writer
Stacys daughter released from hospital
The Associated Press
Sulligent whips Shoals Christian to advance
By Will Motlow NYT Regional Newspapers
Tigers' Muschamp draws up winning defense
By Aaron Suttles Special to The Tuscaloosa News
Tigers' streak grows to six
By Tommy Deas Sports Writer
Troopers issue 3,000 tickets day after Thanksgiving
This year's crazy ride
By Cecil Hurt Sports Editor
UA running game sputters in loss
By Tommy Deas Sports Writer
UA defense falls short against Tigers
By Michael Southern Sports Writer
UA fans have a rough day in Auburn
By Jason Morton Staff Writer
UA ends 19-game losing streak
From combined reports
WVUA-TV Weather Discussion
Updated By: Chief Meteorologist Wes Wyatt
Images of the DayAuburn quarterback Brandon Cox celebrates the Tigers 17-10 win over Alabama.
Juan Lopez, left, and his broher Luis Lopez show their Iron Bowl pride before the start of the Auburn-Alabama game in Auburn, Ala., Saturday Nov. 24.
Wayne Murphy looks at his drought-stricken Christmas trees in Tuscaloosa on Friday.
The video image of Joyce Meyer plays across a group of television monitors at the concession stands inside the HSBC Arena in Buffalo, N.Y. during Meyers summer conference in June 2003.
Alabama's Glen Coffee, 38, carries the ball in the first quarter against Auburn.
Customers rush into the store as the doors are opened Friday at Circuit City in Midtown Village to get the once-a-year deals offered the day after Thanksgiving.
Alabama defenders tackle Auburn's Brad Lester, 1, in the second quarter.
Auburn's Brandon Cox, 12, passes the ball against Alabama.
Auburn fans and players celebrate after Auburn defeated Alabama for the 6th year in a row.


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Extensive experience in the business, a strong drive to develop innovative technology, and a constant concern for customer service and quality... have made DANIELI HENSCHEL one of the leading manufacturers of scrap metal and metal shearing equipment.
Henschel - Model PSC range - Single-Acting Balers
Perfectly suited to products with a regular granulometry such as metal offcuts, single-acting balers are also widely used for household packages in waste sorting plants and the food industry.
Model DCR - Shredding Plant
Through a continuous process of product development, Danieli Lynxs scrap shredder plants combine technical ingenuity with engineering excellence. A complete service is available to the scrap shredder operator, from full turnkey design, manufacture and installation of new integrated facilities to the supply of replacement rotors and wear parts. At existing sites, our experienced engineers can offer new insight and practical solutions to modernise and ...
Services to customers - Refurbishing
OPTIMISE YOUR MACHINE AND EXTEND ITS LIFECYCLE: if you wish to operate reliable and safe equipment, our services are at your disposal.Thorough estimate and diagnosis for refurbishing work, wherever you are in the world, Manufacturing of machines in our production department or on your working site, in agreed time and cost, Refurbishing and thorough revision of all components, Descriptive report of renovation work carried out, Traceability of ...
Services to customers - Technical assistance
DANIELI HENSCHEL SERVICE CENTRES: experienced multilingual advisers remain constantly in touch with our teams of call-out technicians, trained on the machines' specific features.Adaptability of our call-out teams (mechanical, hydraulic, electrical, automation, etc.), Setting up specific contracts within the group or with one of our subsidiaries, Regular visit contracts, Technical support contracts, Remote diagnostics.
Services to customers - Training
TRAINING TAILLORED TO YOUR NEEDS: with its team of experienced instructors, DANIELI HENSCHEL can provide you with practical and adaptable training courses on your working site, during a repair call-out or on our premises.For a better understanding of the componants of your machine, Regular maintenance of the machine in order to optimise its performances, Anticipate, possible breakdowns and reduce the risks of technical failure, Be in conformity with ...
Model ZDS / ZTS - Pre-shredders Brochure
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Model CIV - Scrap Shears with Press-Wings Brochure
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Waste and Recycling - Recycling Systems
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Globally (various continents)
Office & Distributor locations:


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Salsa Latin Mix is a fun-filled evening of Latin dancing, featuring the energetic rhythms of Salsa, Cha Cha, and Cumbia music along with the romantic moods of Bolero, Tango and Bachata and other Latin styles. Share the floor with some of the best local dancers in the area. You may find yourself dancing to a romantic Rumba, hot Salsa, sexy Bachata, dramatic Tango, or a fun Samba before the night is over. Dance in the comfort of a well-established dance…Find out more »
Hope Deans brings a style that is sultry, classy, yet jazzy which makes her an exciting performer to watch on stage. She studied music of the legendary greats like Billie Holiday, Ella Fitzgerald, Etta James, B.B. King, John Coltrane, Miles Davis, and later Roberta Flack, Phyllis Hyman, Janis Joplin and Natalie Cole, to name a few. In California, Hope started off performing with different musicians and pianists throughout Los Angeles and the Orange County area by sitting in on jam…Find out more »
Reiki Healing Circle facilitated by Reiki Masters Gitte Europa and Holly Rae and other Certified Reiki Masters. First is a general overview, discussion and Q&A about Reiki. Then time is dedicated to sharing the healing energy with participants. There is no charge. Donations are appreciated.Find out more »
For those affected by myeloma. Facilitator of this group is Alison Mayer Sachs, MSW, OSW-C.Find out more »
Memorial Day Weekend marks the official start of the summer season at the Palm Springs Aerial Tramway. Extended holiday hours, late-evening weekend trams and early-morning Friday trams are just a few of the ways the Tramway is helping to extend your mountain adventure. • In observance of the Memorial Day holiday, weekend hours will be extended through Monday, May 30 with the first car up at 8:00 a.m. each day. • Beginning Friday, May 27 and continuing through Saturday, September…Find out more »
Please join us for a relaxing Brunch on Saturday or Sunday . Brunch is served from 10:00 am. to 3:00 pm. We proudly serve cage-free, organic eggs and if you prefer you may also order from our lunch menu. Our weekend brunch menu ranges from $12 to $14 per entree plus we offer Endless Mimosa, Mindy's Bloody Mary and endless champagne at $5 to $6. per person with purchase of breakfast or lunch entree.Find out more »
DJ Michael Wright in the Cascade Lounge on Saturdays at the Spa Resort Casino beginning at 9:00 pm. Join him when he's spinning your favorite music on Saturday night's. Free Admission - No Cover ChargeFind out more »
For the entire month of July, all military personnel with valid military identification—active and retired—receive free admission to the Palm Springs Aerial Tramway along with a special gift as part of Military Days. In addition, up to six of their guests receive 25% off of their regular Tramway fares. According to Tramway Vice President of Sales & Marketing Nancy Nichols, "For over a decade, Military Days has been our way of saying 'Thank you' to the dedicated men and women…Find out more »
From the Collection of Donna MacMillan now Through Sunday, October 16, 2016 Palm Springs Art Museum in Palm Desert, The Galen and the Faye Sarkowsky Sculpture Garden Explore a distinct world of bold art, fashion, and design objects - all linked by the eye of the spirited collector, Donna MacMillan. Drawn from museum gifts and loans from MacMillan's exuberant collection, the exhibition shows how artists incorporate embellishment and indulge in excess in their contemporary practice. From cutting-edge art to lavish…Find out more »
Melvyn's Restaurant, located right on the premises of the legendary Ingleside Inn, is elegantly upbeat with a fully restored 1895 carved oak and mahogany bar. With its numerous antiques, waiters in linen jackets and photographs from long ago, dining at Melvyn's is truly a unique experience. Join us for our Fabulous Sunday Jam Sessions now it it's 27th Year! Every Sunday afternoon from 3:30 pm. to 7:30 pm. Melvyn serves up Palm Springs top guest musicians and singers. The Casablanca…Find out more »


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Master of Professional Science
Natural Hazards and Catastrophes
Society is experiencing higher frequencies of natural catastrophes, including those due to hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, storm surge, volcanic eruptions, landslides, hail, wildfires and earthquakes. As many of these disasters are sensitive to a rapidly changing climate, their impacts are outpacing society's ability to achieve resilience within the engineering, architecture, public health, business and governance sectors. The World Bank estimates the costs of these catastrophes at $184 billion per year, with the 2011 Fukushima tsunami and nuclear disaster alone costing $200 billon.
The University of Miami's Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science conducts world-class research on the earth systems responsible for these disasters, including the atmosphere, the ocean and solid earth. To meet society's need for a skilled workforce, this program offers an educational opportunity for students seeking to fill positions offered by the private and civil sectors to assess risks and exposures associated with natural hazards. The goal is to provide students with the skills and knowledge necessary to understand earth system natural hazards (atmospheric, oceanic, geological and hydrological) and the data analytics tools required to assess the associated risks (e.g. statistics, data management, programming, GIS, and remote sensing). The strategic selection of electives exposes students to legal and regulatory knowledge, communication and media training, and the development of project management skills, all designed to prepare them to address these challenges as future global leaders. This degree will prepare its graduates for employment in several sectors, including insurance and re-insurance industry, architecture, emergency management, engineering, public health and science.Article in the Royal Gazette
Article in Bernews
Sample Curriculum
Fall Semester
Spring Semester
|Natural Hazards: Solid Earth and Oceans
|Natural Hazards: Atmosphere and Oceans
|Hydrological Hazards
|Introduction to Marine GIS + Marine GIS Lab
|Statistics for Environmental Management
|Statistical Methods and Modeling /OR Coastal Zone Management /OR ELECTIVE
|Environmental Law /OR ELECTIVE
|Data Management, Processing and Visualization /OR ELECTIVE
Other Electives:
Air-Sea Interaction
Analytical Methods in Marine Physics
Coastal Law
Coastal Zone Management
Environmental Health
Environmental Law
Environmental Policy & the Environmental Impact Statement
Global Health
Introduction to Public Health
Introduction to Atmospheric Science
Ocean Measurements
Port Operations
Physical Oceanography
Physics of Remote Sensing- II Active Systems
Plate Tectonics
Risk Analysis
Satellite Radar Interferometry
Scientific Communications
Scientific Programming in the Physical Sciences
Statistical Modeling of Geophysical Fields
Sustainable Construction
Urban Environment and Public Health
Water Resources Engineering II
Waves and Tides I
Photo credit: Willie Mosunic, Rhode Island Coastal Resources Management Council


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Rain Forces Some High School Football Games Postponed
The excessive rains today forced some changes in tonight's scheduled high school football games.
The excessive rains today forced some changes in tonight's scheduled high school football games.
The Importance of Being Earnest will be presented by the Texas High School Tiger Theatre Company in the John Thomas Theatre of the Sullivan Performing Arts Center.
Mrs. Tami Blair, a certified advanced placement biology teacher and science department head was recently named an Arkansas Teacher of the Year Regional Finalist.
Texas High is hosting a future High Stepper clinic next month.
Texas High School Seniors and their parents or guardians are invited to attend a Senior Essentials Workshop at Texas High on Monday September 16th.
Monica Washington, an English teacher at Texas High, has been named a state finalist for Teacher of the Year in the state of Texas.
The annual classic football showdown between Arkansas High and Texas High is coming up Friday September 6th.
Parents are probably ready, most kids probably not, but it is time for back to school
High School Football is only about a month away.
The Texarkana College Board of Trustees have voted to approve a change in the College's Enterprise Resource Planning software contract.
The local University is launching a new safety and security mobile app feature call TAMUT eduSafe.
It's Pleasant Grove versus LaGrange for the Class 3A State Baseball Championship this evening in Austin, Texas.


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GSA is Launching a New Web-Based Leasing Tool. The Automated Advanced Acquisition Program (AAAP) allows businesses and the general public to electronically submit offers to lease space to the federal government.
Contact: firstname.lastname@example.com
Regional GSA Media Contacts:
|Region Name and Number
|New England (1)
|Patrick Sclafani
|Northeast and Caribbean (2)
|Patrick Sclafani (Acting)
|Mid-Atlantic (3)
|Sherrie Taylor
|Southeast Sunbelt (4)
|Great Lakes (5)
|Cat Langel
|Heartland (6)
|Charlie Cook (Acting)
|Greater Southwest (7)
|Tina Jaegerman
|Rocky Mountain (8)
|Sally Mayberry
|Pacific Rim (9)
|Traci Madison
|Northwest/Arctic (10)
|Stephanie Kenitzer
|National Capital (11)
Speeches by the GSA Administrator
Ashley Nash-Hahn
Press Secretary
Sign up for updates from the GSA Newsroom.


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Feb 18, 1986
|Filing date
|Oct 11, 1983
|Priority date
|Oct 11, 1983
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Dana Z. Anderson
|Original Assignee
|California Institute Of Technology
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (5), Non-Patent Citations (6), Referenced by (31), Classifications (12), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The invention described herein was supported by a National Science Foundation Grand PHY-8204056.
This invention relates to a method and apparatus for making reflectivity measurements of low-loss highly reflecting coatings, and transmission measurements of low-loss antireflection coatings on optical elements based upon the intensity decay time of an optical cavity which includes the elements. The method has utility in testing optical cavities such as those employed in ring laser gyroscopes.
Low-loss optical coatings often play a crucial role in the performance of optical instruments. Unfortunately, coating characteristics can vary considerably batch to batch from a single manufacturer and drastically manufacturer to manufacturer, even when the coatings are required to meet identical specifications. For this reason, it may be useful for a manufacturer or to a customer to have on hand apparatus which can measure coating characteristics rather than rely upon the specfications for the coating.
An object of this invention is to provide a method and apparatus for measuring the reflectivity of highly reflecting coatings (having reflectivity approaching 1), or to measure the transmission of low-loss antireflection coatings (on low-loss substrates). Seemingly straightforward techniques, such as measuring the small change in incident light intensity with a power meter, have proven unreliable. A technique for measuring reflectance suggested by Virgil Sanders, Appl. Opt. 16 19, (1977) works well for moderate loss optical elements, but less so when losses are very low. That technique measures total reflection loss of polarized light using two intralaser cavity measurements, one with the sample mirror and one without, by varying the angle θ of a rotatable window in the path of the beam in the cavity from Brewster's angle until the laser action is quenched in both directions. The difference in the included angle for the two measurements is a measure of the total loss in the sample mirror.
The method of the present invention, based on optical cavity decay time, is reliable, and in fact becomes more accurate with decreasing losses. Because of its accuracy, it is also useful in testing optical cavities, e.g., those used to implement what has come to be known as ring laser gyroscopes. The fundamental quantity measured is the cavity decay time. From this quantity, other characteristics, such as mirror reflectivity, can be inferred.
A different technique developed by J. M. Herbelin, et al., Appl. Opt. 19 144 (1980) and Appl. Opt. 20 3341 (1981), obtains the cavity decay time through a measurement of the phase retardation of an intensity modulated CW laser induced by an optical cavity. That technique transmits the intensity modulatd CW laser beam through the cavity, and measures any shift in the phase of the transmitted modulation as a measurement of effective photon lifetime in the optical cavity.
In accordance with the present invention, the intensity decay time of an optical cavity of two or more reflecting elements, or at least partially reflecting elements, is measured by directing a beam of light from a source into the optical cavity through a beam switch, turning the beam switch to the "off" condition when the beam intensity out of the cavity reaches a predetermined threshold level, and monitoring the intensity of light in the optical cavity for measurement of the intensity decay time, either with a storage oscilloscope, the sweep of which is triggered by the signal that switches the beam switch off, or with any timing mechanism that is turned on after decay of the monitored intensity to a first predetermined level Vc, and off after further decay to a second predetermined level that is a predetermined fraction of the first level, preferably equal to (1/e) Vc. Any one of various cavity parameters may be determined from formulae relating them to the cavity decay time. By making a number of measurements with an appropriate number of mirrors, one can always obtain the characteristics of each individual mirror.
The novel features of the invention are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. The invention will best be understood from the following description when read in connection with the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 illustrates a schematic diagram of decay measuring apparatus in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a schematic of a preferred implementation of apparatus for cavity decay time measurement.
FIG. 3 illustrates comparator timing in which comparator 1 turns the Pockels device of FIG. 2 off when detector output reaches Voff and comparator 2 turns the clock on at Von, and comparator 3 turns the clock off when the detector output falls to 1/e Vclock.
FIG. 4 illustrates various cavity arrangements which may use the present invention.
FIG. 1 illustrates schematically the method and apparatus of the invention. The technique relies on the fact that with no light incident upon a cavity 10, after a beam of light has been injected, its output is determined only by the cavity's transient response, which is characterized by an exponential decay of the intensity with a time constant, which in turn is determined only by the round trip losses in the cavity, the round trip path length of the cavity and the speed of light. Therefore, if light is injected into the cavity from a source laser 12 through an optical switch 14, such as an acousto optic cell, and then the source is quickly shut off by setting a bistable circuit (flip-flop) 15 once the injected light reaches a predetermined reference level, as determined by a comparator 16 connected to a light detector 18, the decay time can be measured with suitable measuring means, such as storage oscilloscope 20 (Tektronix Model 468) the sweep of which is triggered on when the beam switch 14 is turned to its "off" state by the comparator 16 via a driver 17 at the instant the output of the detector 18 exceeds a reference voltage, VREF. The switch 14 is not turned on again to transmit the laser beam until the flip-flop is reset by a switch 20'. The storage oscilloscope automatically resets when the flip-flop 15 is again set to trigger the oscilloscope for another cycle. Measuring the round-trip path length is easy; with these two numbers in hand the cavity losses can be deduced.
The fundamental quantity measured by this technique is cavity decay time. From this quantity, other characteristics, such as mirror reflectivity, can be inferred. To obtain the mirror losses due to scattering and absorption of one of the mirrors 10a and 10b in the cavity, one must make a separate measurement of their transmission, which can be done with reasonable precision using a power meter having a large dynamic range (or having calibrated attenuators) by measuring the incident intensity with and without the mirror in the light path. On the other hand, in many applications it may be the actual cavity characteristics which are of interest, rather than the mirrors which comprise it, in which case the latter step is unnecessary. Losses of antireflection coatings can be determined by placement in the optical path of a previously characterized cavity.
To understand the theory of the present invention, imagine an optical cavity which has been injected with light. In a classical sense, one may think of the injected light as traveling round and round or back and forth in a cavity. With each round trip, a fraction of the light is lost due to the reflecting (or antireflecting) characteristics of cavity elements. From this it is apparent that the light at a given point will decay in steps spaced a round-trip time apart with a fractional height dictated by the round-trip losses. With a somewhat greater intuition it is also apparent that if the losses are small, i.e., if the step size is small, then the decay will be exponential. From the more detailed consideration, it is seen that this is indeed the case, and that decay time depends only on the round-trip time and the fractional losses. Small fractional changes in cavity length caused, for example, by acoustical vibrations can only make small fractional changes in the decay time. The frequency of the light will affect decay time only insofar as the fractional losses, or round-trip time, depend upon frequency.
As just noted above, the transient response of the cavity is exponential only in the case of low total cavity losses. For example, a 10% total cavity loss implies a standard error of about 1% for an exponential fit to the cavity decay. Practical considerations (namely electronic speed) put a more stringent constraint on the maximum measureable loss; so this technique is appropriate only when cavity losses are small. In the following discussion, a low-loss condition is assumed throughout.
There are several ways in which a mirror coating can be characterized, the choice of which often depends upon whether the mirror itself or its intended use is to be emphasized. As for the mirror itself, it will suffice for the present invention to ascribe to it three parameters, R, S and T, the intensity reflection, loss and transmission coefficients, respectively. The term "loss" and symbol S are used to represent the nonrecoverable energy losses from scattering and absorption, and do not include transmission so that the coefficients are related through energy conservation by R+S+T=1. The term "total loss" is used to mean the sum, S+T≡L, for a given mirror or for the cavity losses, including transmission, as a whole. A mirror may also exhibit amplitude and phase birefringence with respect to the direction of polarization. In general the mirror coefficients will depend on the direction of incidence and wavelength as well; all these dependences can be controlled during test measurements to within tolerances of the measuring equipment and therefore will be dropped for the following discussion.
Once the decay time, τc, has been measured, one can infer the mirror reflectivity, or any number of parameters which describe the cavity losses from the formulae in the table below which gives various cavity parameters in terms of the decay time in the low total low loss limit are summarized in the following table.
______________________________________PARAMETER SYMBOL FORMULA______________________________________Cavity Linewidth Δν (2πτc)-1(full width at halfmaximum intensity)Cavity Quality Factor Q 2πντcFinesse F 2πk(ratio of the cavity freespectral range to theintensity response function Δν)Total Cavity Loss L k-1(including transmission)Mirror Reflectivity Product R ##STR1##Mirror Reflectivity (Two-mirror cavity with identical mirrors) R ##STR2##______________________________________
In the table relating the cavity intensity decay time, τc, to such parameters as Finesse, F, (defined as the ratio of the cavity free spectral range to the intensity response function full width at half maximum, Δν) the round-trip number k is defined as (c/L) τc, and L is the round-trip optical path. It should be kept in mind that these formulae have been derived in the limit of low total loss.
It has been shown that mirror reflectivities can be obtained by measuring the transient response of the cavity and the cavity length, and it is clear that under certain conditions the transient response of the cavity will dominate the output of the cavity. The general design of two exemplary embodiments are shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. In the description that follows, the requirements on the individual components necessary to meet the above conditions, and to have optimum performance, are discussed.
The apparatus illustrated in FIG. 1 is shown with a modification in FIG. 2 using the same reference numerals for the same components. In brief summary of the operation of the instrument: light from the source laser 12 impinges upon a cavity mirror. If the laser light can be made to be at a resonant frequency of the cavity for a resonable amount of time, such as when sweeping a CW laser or a pulsed laser with a substantially long pulse period, then light will build inside the cavity and be transmitted through the mirrors of the cavity. The detector 18 senses the intensity of the light transmitted through one of the mirrors. When the transmitted light reaches a predetermined level, the laser light is switched off via the switch 14 which is an acousto optic cell in the embodiment of FIG. 1. At the same time, the storage oscilloscope 20 is triggered on, as noted hereinbefore, and the decay time from some level Vc to a level at some predetermined fraction of Vc is determined directly on the oscilloscope.
The wavelength of the source laser must, of course, be that for which the mirrors are designed. However, the stability requirements are not severe. Frequency drift is even desirable. In practice, the laser may be allowed to drift into cavity resonance, thus precluding the need for some means of frequency control or sweeping mechanism.
The mode matching system comprised of mode matching lenses 22 are designed so that the laser and cavity fundamental modes are well coupled. In most cases it has been found that the mode matching is not extremely critical, but it serves three purposes. (1) In the case of a weak source laser (such as most He--Ne lasers) it is necessary to maximize the output intensity of the cavity and thereby minimize the subsequent requirements on amplifier of gain and signal to noise ratio. (2) It may also be necessary to discriminate against off-axis (m and/or n≠0) cavity modes. In principle, as long as no apertures are present and the mirror surfaces are large, the decay time for all modes is the same. On the other hand, off-axis modes have an effectively larger cross-sectional area and therefore sample a larger surface area on the mirror than do longitudinal (m,n=0) modes. Thus in practice these mode types may have different decay times. (3) Proper mode matching also minimizes the chance of multiple cavity spatial mode excitation. However, if the photodetector area is large compared to the spot size, it will detect no interference between modes having the same mode number even though they may have different frequencies; i.e., the detector sees only the decay of the sum of the intensities of the various modes. Still, if their decay times are different, the net intensity decay can appear nonexponential. In any case, it is probably best if the longitudinal mode coupling is the largest.
In the embodiment of FIG. 2, the optical switch 14 consists of a Pockels cell (Coherent Inc. Mod 28) sandwiched by a pair of crossed polarizers 23, 24. The Pockels cell drive is a high-speed high-voltage MOSFET switch Q1. This switch must, of course, be capable of switching a high voltage (˜200 Volts) necessary for the Pockels cell in a time rather short compared to the cavity decay time. The voltage bias on the cell is adjusted so that when the high voltage MOSFET switch Q1 is off, no light is transmitted through the second polarizer. With the MOSFET switch on, maximum light is transmitted. The second polarizer determines the state of polarization which will enter the cavity.
The cavity itself can, in general, have any desired geometry, with either a round-and-round arrangement of three or more elements or a back-and-forth arrangement with two or more elements. In each geometry, it is best to use the highest two transmitting mirrors as input and output elements if the mirrors of the set are not nominally identical. Motions of the mirrors due, for example, to mechanical vibrations are usually small over time scales of the cavity decay time. Once the light is switched off, motion of the mirrors cannot significantly change the decay time since the fractional change in cavity length due to vibration is negligible.
In this second embodiment, a digital clock 20' is used in place of the storage oscilloscope to measure the decay time from Vc set by the ratio of the sum of two voltage dividing resistors (R2 +R3) to the sum of all three voltage dividing resistors (R1 +R2 +R3) to (1/e) Vc, where 1/e =R3 /(R2 +R3), as shown in FIG. 2, although the fraction does not need to be 1/e; it can be anything less than one, as long as an appropriate conversion factor is introduced in the formulae of the table above, to relate measured time to the characteristic decay 1/e time, τc. The electronic circuit which drives the counter, and the counter itself, is the most critical part of the apparatus, simply because it must be fast. Typical decay times of low loss cavities may be from 0.1 to 50 μs. The precision of the measurement is directly determined by the speed of the electronic circuit and counter.
The front end of the electronic circuit consists of a silicon photodetector 18 (Centronics BPX 65) followed by a low noise wideband preamplifier 26 (Comlinear CL103AI). The output of the amplifier is fed to a set of three comparators 16a, 16b, 16c in parallel, but only the first comparator 16a is enabled. The other two comparators 16b and 16c are disabled until the detector output from the amplifier 26 exceeds a reference voltage VREF. The output of the comparator 16a then switches the MOSFET switch Q1 off, thus switching the Pockels cell off. That output also enables the comparators 16b and 16c to start and stop the clock counter as the decaying output falls below the level Vc and 1/e Vc, respectively. FIG. 3 shows the event timing of the comparators.
Because there is a short delay before the light shuts off once the MOSFET switch is turned off, the clock does not begin timing until the detector level falls below the second threshold Vc set at the comparator 16b somewhat lower than the first reference VREF. The threshold on the third comparator 16c is set at (1/e) Vc. When this third comparator fires, and the clock ceases timing, the decay time is displayed directly. After this time is recorded, the timing cycle may be restarted by resetting the clock. In order that the Pockels cell not be turned on again as the detector output decays below the level VREF which switched the MOSFET switch off, the bistable circuit (flip-flop) 15 is interposed between the comparator 16a so that the MOSFET switch is turned off when the comparator switches the bistable circuit to the set state. Thereafter, the MOSFET switch may be turned on again for another cycle by resetting the bistable circuit with the reset switch 21 which also resets the counter.
It is best to adjust the threshold of the first comparator 16a so that only events with the highest intensity trigger the cycle. One can do this by first setting the threshold high, then slowly reducing it until the circuit triggers. One should then have a good working threshold level. Multimode events caused by fast laser drift or large and fast cavity mirror motions tend to be less intense since the laser light is spending relatively less time on resonance than when drift and motions are slow and small. By setting the threshold high one avoids most undesirable (nonexponential) events.
In this circuit the comparators are specified as having a 14 to 20 nsec propagation delay. If overall timing accuracy needs to be much better than 10 nsec it would be wise to select a matched pair for the second and third comparators which control the clock. Propagation effects can be minimized this way.
The decay time clock 20' consists of a set of TTL counters driven by a clock input from quartz crystal oscillator 28 and interfaced to a digital display. An alternative would be a commercial unit such as a Fluke 7261A counter which has a 10 nsec resolution and can be used in such an interval-timer mode. Another alternative is a fast storage oscilloscope at the output of the comparator 16a which has the additional advantage of making the second and third comparators unnecessary; this however is an expensive choice because of the high cost of the storage oscilloscope.
For the most part there is a good deal of freedom in the design of the instrument and requirements on the optical components are rather lax. It is the electronics which bears the brunt of the constraints. Tests were performed using a single frequency argon-ion laser at 514.5 nm. The mode matching lenses were adjusted to obtain reasonable coupling efficiency into the cavity and yet not so much care was taken to avoid coupling to off-axis modes. Two mirrors of a simple back-and-forth cavity were placed 10 meters apart in an evacuated enclosure. Admittedly, this is an unusually large mirror spacing. Tests have been made using smaller open air cavities but the results depended on the ambient air quality. Since a 10 meter interferometer chamber which could be evacuated happened to be available, it was used to render the results independent of the ambient air quality. In practice, a clean air environment may be provided, or a suitable vacuum chamber can be devised for the particular cavity arrangement to be used for testing with this decay time measuring technique.
The overall speed of the electronics was tested by placing the detector in front of the cavity and attenuating the source intensity to simulate light from the cavity. Since light is impinging directly onto the detector, the Pockels cell is immediately switched off upon activation of the comparator circuitry. The decay time was measured to be about 25 nsec. This fall time is dominated by the turn-off time of the Pockels cell; it does not, however inflict a serious limitation to the precision of the decay time measurement for nominal decay time of 0.1 μs or more. The trigger circuitry is designed to circumvent the problems of incident light intensity fall time. The detector was replaced behind the cavity in order to make a measurement of the cavity decay time.
To verify calibration of the instrument and to demonstrate that the cavity decay is indeed exponential, we first measured the decay time of the cavity. We then chose a resistor and capacitor pair having an RC constant equal to the measured decay time. To well within the 1% uncertainty in the RC component values, the two time constants agreed. The actual decays merged perfectly within the digitalizing accuracy of the oscilloscope. The cavity decay was thus seen to be exponential. Direct measurement of the threshold voltages for clock turn-on and turn-off give a calibration for e-1 fall time of 0.5%.
The 10 meter cavity decay time was measured using two different cavities in vacuum: one having low total loss, the other comparatively high loss. Both members of each pair of mirrors came from a single coating run and so were considered identical. In both cases, the cavities consisted of one flat mirror and one curved mirror with a radius of 62 meters.
The decay time for the low loss cavity was 185 μs�1.4% where the error is the RMS deviation from the mean of 20 consecutive measurements. Transmission of these mirrors was measured to be 120 ppm. The decay time implies a 180 ppm total loss per mirror: consistent with the transmission measurement and allowing for 60 ppm absorption and scattering loss. The second cavity decayed in 26.24 μs�0.2%, indicating a total loss per mirror of 1270 ppm. These mirrors are evidently rather "lossy" as their transmission was measured to be 622 ppm. Note that in both cases the standard error implies a total loss per mirror resolution of 2.5 ppm, (although in the second case the 0.5% timing calibration exceeds the 0.2% spread in decay times). For the record, our measurements give R=0.999820�3 ppm and R=0.998730�7 ppm for the low and high loss mirrors, respectively.
FIG. 4 illustrates various alternative cavity arrangements of two or more optical elements, both of the round-and-round and of the back-and-forth type, each of which is partially reflecting. To determine the reflectivity of each element, an extra element is substituted for each of the cavity elements to obtain n+1 equations relating n+1 cavity decay time measurements to mirror reflectivity. From that set of equations, the reflectivity of each element is determined. Other parameters may be determined from the formulae given in the table above relating various cavity parameters to the cavity decay time in the low total loss limit discussed hereinbefore. For example, the quality cavity factor, Q, and the total cavity loss, L, may be test parameters for a ring laser gyroscope. Or the same parameters may be quality control parameters for optical coatings used by a manufacturer. The optical elements being coated are simply placed in a test cavity while the cavity decay time, τc, is measured. Other examples will occur to one skilled in the art.
The theoretical foundations behind the decay time measurement and under what conditions a measurement of the decay time represents a measure of the mirror characteristics has been discussed. Problems which can be encountered in a measurement have also been discussed. With the decay time and cavity length in hand, one can choose to characterize either the cavity or the mirrors in a variety of ways using the formulae of the table set forth hereinbefore. Or, if one chooses, the measured decay time can be used to infer losses in the mirrors of the cavities. With n mirrors in the cavity, and n+1 mirrors and measurements, it is possible to compute any cavity parameter, as explained hereinbefore with reference to the table of formulae. By readjustment of the position of a mirror, it is possible to test the desired characteristic in different areas of the mirror. By aligning the mirrors of a ring laser gyro, or any optical cavity, for maximum time decay, in situ alignment of the mirrors is accomplished.
The decay time apparatus was designed with a resolution of at least 10 nsec and has exhibited a total loss resolution of at least 5 ppm. This was accomplished by merely measuring the time interval between two voltage levels on the decay curve. One can envision various improvements such as monitoring an entire decay and fitting to it an exponential curve, or improving the clock resolution to better than 10 nsec. We expect the technique could be pushed; nevertheless, this straightforward approach shows very respectable performance using rather simple instrumentation and measurement procedures.
Although particular embodiments of the invention have been described and illustrated herein, it is recognized that modifications and variations may readily occur to those skilled in the art. Consequently, it is intended that the claims be interpreted to cover such modifications and variations.
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|Oct 11, 1983
Owner name: CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 1201 EAST CALIF
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:ANDERSON, DANA Z.;REEL/FRAME:004186/0912
Effective date: 19831004
|Jul 20, 1989
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Sep 21, 1993
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Nov 10, 1993
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Feb 20, 1994
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|May 3, 1994
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 19930220


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The 49th Shelf has put together the most anticipated books of the Fall and it's a good one. Marni Jackson, Linwood Barclay, Donna Morrissey are among the many authors I am looking forward to reading ASAP. :)
Tuesday, July 19, 2016
Hot Canadian Books for Fall 2016
Friday, July 15, 2016
"How come you always have the prince save the princess?"
In the Huffington Post, Robert Munsch talks about how the classic story came to be. It was his wife who asked him the question. On behalf of millions readers every where, we are very glad she asked!
Tuesday, July 12, 2016
Top Science Books of All Time!
this list. One of my faves is on here: You Are Stardust. They have also created a Top 100 Science Books for Kids.
Wednesday, July 6, 2016
15 Must Read Kid's Books for the Summer
CBC put together a list of must reads for the summer...sigh ...if my list wasn't already long enough!
Posted by Saffron Beckwith at 5:01 PM No comments: Links to this post
Tuesday, June 28, 2016
How Cool Is This!
IFOA...it looks fab!
Friday, June 24, 2016
First Nations Language Readers
100 Days of Cree. This is part of an ambitious project called the First Nations Language Readers that URP started a few years ago. Their intent is to cover all 60 indigenous languages in North America.
You can read more about this in PW.
You can read more about this in PW.
Tuesday, June 21, 2016
Raincoast Downloadable Activity Kits
They All Saw a Cat. Click here to see the other ones.


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I think rule #32: Enjoy the Little Things, is an important rule to live by. Life is such a beautiful thing, and think its a shame not to enjoy every moment possible. I also believe every day is an opportunity to improve yourself. Which I try to take advantage off the best I can, whether that is going to gym, learning a new skill, or eating healthier. Family and friends are also very important to me, I would not be where I am today without them.
I don't like playing games and I'm looking for someone that feels the same. A serious relationship is what I'm looking for, and playing games is no way to build a foundation for that. It should be built on trust, honesty, and openness. I want someone who will push me and challenge me to reach my goals and I will do the same for them. Someone to go through life with, going on adventures with, laughing and crying with, and growing together.
Movies: Black Swan, Fight Club, The Departed, Memento
Shows: Dexter, The Walking Dead, Sons of Anarchy, Saturday Night Live.
Music: Just about anything, but I tend to listen to Rock and Alternative mostly
2. Love
3. Nature
4. Fitness
5. Food
6. A Comfy Bed
with friends. Playing video games or board game and maybe watching
a movie or two. I really prefer hanging out with a small group of
friends compared to going to a huge party where I don't know
anyone. I do however don't mind going to the bar from time to time.


text:
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God's Long Summer: Stories of Faith and Civil Rights Paperback – March 2, 2008
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Perhaps that's why I like this book so much.
Marsh undertakes an exhaustive study of various figures in the struggle for (and against) Civil Rights. Perhaps my favorite chapter is actually the one about the Grand Imperial Wizard of the White Knights in Mississippi, Sam Bowers. It's rare to see much study devoted to the opposition and I value the effort that Marsh has put into it. Furthermore, the man is note-crazed. He has upwards of 100 footnotes for each chapter, all indexed in the back with killing accuracy. If nothing else, the bibliography he employed is fantastic enough to warrant buying the book.
I can understand, though, how people who are not students of religion would be turned off by this work. He argues the point until he's blue in the face, leaving the reader possibly a bit shocked and overwhelmed. Reading this, you're guaranteed to learn more about Bible doctrine and faith-based initiative than you perhaps ever really wanted to know. I love it, but I can certainly understand how others may not.
I strongly suggest this book for students of religion and students of Civil Rights history. I also recommend it for those who wonder "what the other side thinks" if they are curious about how religious scholars attribute everything to faith. It's a really great book and I love Marsh's clean and thorough style of writing. It's uncluttered and his organization is brilliant.
One cavil: For a book published by a school as distinguished as Princeton University, it has an alarming number of typographical errors.
There were emotional moments that can make you upset at the inhumane treatment of one human being to another. There are moments that make you wonder, "Are we serving the samd God?"
The "take a-way" from this book is each of us has our unique view and understanding of who God is so we should ask ourselve or at least take inventory to determine if our God is the same God that Jesus pointed to?
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The author of this masterful account of the summer of '64 in Mississippi shows better than anyone else had before how important religious convictions were on both sides of the... Read morePublished 17 months ago by FHH
The book was in really good condition. It was almost new except for minimal highlighting.Published on September 23, 2010 by Shannon
the book came on time & will be a valuable part of my future research. thanks a lot.Published on October 19, 2009 by Drew M. Mellon
God's Long Summer covers a very exciting and troubled time in American History. The various points of view Marsh used to complete this book is the key to understanding this time... Read morePublished on April 19, 2001 by email@example.com
this small book contains a huge amount of living, thinking and writing. Please read it and buy it. Your view of the world will expand and your faith in humanity andthe ablilty... Read morePublished on July 2, 2000 by email@example.com


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Author has written 3 stories for Twilight.
Hello folks, this is Axena speaking to you. I'll keep it simple, I'm new at this writting deal and well like anyone else I'm trying to get better. Feel free to read my stuff and review it. Thank you.
"The hour of departure has arrived, and we go our ways—I to die and you to live. Which is the better, only God knows" ~ Socrates
"My little beast, my eyes, my favorite stolen egg. Listen. To live is to be marked. To live is to change, to acquire the words of a story, and that is the only celebration we mortals really know. In perfect stilness, frankly, I've found only sorrow." The Poisonwood Bible, Barbara Kingsolver
"Don't expect God's protection in places beyond God's dominion. It will only make you feel punished...when things go badly, you will blame yourself...Don't try to make life a mathematics problem with yourself in the center and everything coming out equal. When you are good, bad things can still happen. And if you are bad, you can still be lucky." Anatole, The Poisonwood Bible
Currently Reading: Any recomendations? Seriously people I'm out of things to read at the moment.


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First time to this property! Didn't know it existed. Last trip to QC maybe six years ago on business. Here for surprise party for friend of family. Came in on Friday with girlfriend for a night on either side of Saturday night party at the hotel. First, the party Saturday night was great. 65-70 people; reception in a fab living room with fireplace; great wine and appetizers. Service great. Moved to private room, served an excellent multi course dinner, dancing, private bar and again, great staff who seemed to be enjoying themselves as much as our group! Smiles are contagious! As for my girlfriend and I, the room in the section of the Hotel past the Ball room (I think it's called Urbania?) was incredible. The shower had 6 body sprays, a rain head and a hand held. The bed was so comfortable I want to buy one!!! Pillow, sheets, also excellent, and we both loved the aroma therapy products in the bathrooms. The Friday afternoon massages at the hotels spa were much needed. Hotel driver dropped us off at a nice club downtown Friday night after getting a lite meal at the Hotel bar. Speaking of which, I love bars and the bartenders at this hotel were great! That's all I have to say in that regard! Girlfriend loved the wine list in the formal dinning room on Sunday! Bit of a wine snob so that was important to her!!! Dinner Sunday Fabulous with the "great" wine!!! Ok so the weather had something to do with my final comment....however, there is no more beautiful place than the courtyard/garden in the center of this hotel, with it's beautiful twinkling christmas lights on all the trees, draped in a blanket of white, while one sips wine, sitting in an outdoor hot tub in the middle of it all.....oh, and did I happen to mention.....while it's snowing!! A true Quebec winter wonderland. We'll be back! Phillie is not so nice this time of year!!! Happy Holidays!
- Official Description (provided by the hotel):
- The Hotel Le Bonne Entente, an elegant five-star, four-diamond located in the Business District, allows you to discover Quebec City and major attractions. The hotel will enchant you with its gardens, beautifully landscaped, swimming pool, fitness, jacuzzi open year round and Amerispa. The hotel is only 5 minutes from the airport, near Old Quebec City, and within close proximity to the museum, theatre, golf La Tempête, and skiing. Shuttle service available, reservation is necessary, contact reception for schedule and rates. ... more less
- Reservation Options:
- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Booking.com, Expedia, Hotels.com, Hotwire, Priceline, TravelClick, Orbitz and Odigeo so you can book your Hotel Le Bonne Entente reservations with confidence. We help millions of travelers each month to find the perfect hotel for both vacation and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.
- Also Known As:
- Chateau Bonne Entente Hotel Quebec City
- Chateau Bonne Entente Sainte Foy
- Hotel Le Bonne Entente Quebec/Quebec City


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Crowd Lu
|This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. (July 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
|Crowd Lu
Crowd Lu at 2009 Samsung Running Festival
|Chinese name
|Chinese name
|盧廣仲 (traditional)
|Chinese name
|卢广仲 (simplified)
|Lúguǎngzhòng (Mandarin)
|Republic of China, (Taiwan island)
July 15, 1985
Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
|Other name(s)
|Vitas Lu, Captain Lu
|Singer, songwriter, composer
|Acoustic, Mandopop, Rock n Roll
|Vocals, guitar
|Years active
|Whitney Houston, Michael Bolton, Boyz II Men
Crowd Lu, (traditional Chinese: 盧廣仲; simplified Chinese: 卢广仲; pinyin: Lu Guangzhong) was born on 15 July 1985. He is a Taiwan indie singer-songwriter. He is also referred to as Vitas Lu after making a parody of the song Opera No. 2 by the Russian singer Vitas, having the ability to hit the same high notes.[1] Due to a serious car accident in his first year at Tamkang University, Lu learned to play guitar during his hospitalization. The following year, Lu won first prize for musical composition and solo performance at Tamkang University and proceeded to once again take the gold in composition and become the crowd favorite at National Chengchi University.
In 2009, Lu won Best New Artist and Best Composer at the 20th Golden Melody Awards.[2]
Early life[edit]
Crowd Lu was raised in a household rich with culture and focused on the arts in Tainan City, Taiwan. His mother was a lover and collector of Western jazz records, which sparked a similar—if not greater—musical interest within Lu at a very young age. The glimmer of Lu's talent was apparent as he would belt out the songs of Whitney Houston and Michael Jackson only after listening to them once or twice. Lu's grandmother also contributed to his musical versality. His grandmother was a fan of local Taiwanese dramas and would sing theme songs from these dramas to Lu and his sister to coax them to sleep. It was most likely at this time that Lu developed his signature style- carefree, sincere, and youthful.
After graduating from the Tainan Guangming High School in 2003, Lu moved north to Taipei to attend Tamkang University. Although he intended on majoring in electrical engineering, due to his near fatal car accident, Lu was forced to switch his major to Spanish Literature.
Music career[edit]
In his freshman year at Tamkang University, Lu was run over by a bus and suffered severe injuries in both legs. As a result, Lu spent months in the hospital, during which he picked up the guitar and experimented with musical composition. The following year, Lu won first prize for musical composition and solo performance at a Tamkang University singing contest and proceeded to once again take the gold in composition and to become the crowd favorite at a similar contest at National Chengchi University. Lu caught the eye, and ears, of prominent music record producer Zhong Cheng Hu, and, with Zhong, produced three singles. Of them, "Good Morning, Beautiful Dawn!" appeared on the Taiwan Musical Society's Top Ten Singles in 2007. By mere word of mouth, Lu sold 15,000 CD's of his singles.
In late 2006, for a little more than a year, Lu toured all of Taiwan, hopping from diners to universities, and created a huge following, especially among university students.
In 2008, Lu ended his tour with 100 concerts and, on May 25, came out with his first CD 100 Ways of Living. Filled with the simple honesty of everyday life, 100 Ways of Living topped the charts and altered the course of the heavily Mando-pop musical industry and taste in all of Asia dramatically.
On August 23, 2008, Lu had his own first official concert, only 88 days after his hit CD came out.
In 2009, Lu's albums Seven Days (七天) and Live in Taipei International Convention Center (TICC) were both awarded one of the Top 10 Selling Mandarin Albums of the Year at the 2009 IFPI Hong Kong Album Sales Awards, presented by the Hong Kong branch of IFPI.[3]
- ^ Crowd Lu Jump to: navigation, search as Vitas LIVE
- ^ Taipei Times.com Crowd Lu double winner at Golden Melody Awards 28 June 2009. Retrieved 2011-06-16
- ^ IFPI Hong Kong 2009 IFPI Hong Kong Album Sales Awards winners list Archived July 22, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2011-04-19


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Our stay was less than satisfactory. Despite some irritating things, due to the comfort and non postage stamp sized rooms, I was ready to give a better rating than I'd seen. Things went down quickly.
When the reservations were made, we specifically asked if there was luggage drop off available before check in, and were told that there was. Upon arrival, we found that this meant leaving bags unattended and unsecured in the lobby. No thanks!
Next, the continental breakfast did not have nearly enough food for a full house of individuals. An hour before breakfast was over, they were out of waffle mix…and milk...and most things. Even cereal was out as an option. They changed the milk about 10 minutes before breakfast was over.
The shuttle did not run on time most days.
The wifi didn't work in our first room. I didn't mind sitting in the lobby, but the AC either wasn't on or was incredibly low, when the city was having record heat highs at night.
Finally, here is my true complaint. We were NOT notified that there would be construction RIGHT OUTSIDE OF OUR ROOM. They are redoing the hallway floors…in our hall and in front of our room…in the morning…when guests were sleeping.
We requested a room change. The first room had a queen that was super comfy. The king upgrade was hard as a rock, but at least the wifi worked.
After the room change, we asked for room service, since we'd switched in the a.m. after more sleep and showers. That didn't happen.
We did receive a night back upon request, although it still isn't showing up on our account correctly. We have the adjusted amount on a receipt. I hope it isn't a pain to get it corrected if need be.
Also, we stayed in Manhattan the last time we visited. Staying in the Queens are made transportation a little more of a pain, but the walk to the local station went quickly.
- Official Description (provided by the hotel):
- Centrally located hotel near the Midtown Tunnel, just four miles from Manhattan off the Long Island Expressway (LIE) Rt. 495 and Brooklyn Queens Expressway (BQE), Rt. 278. The hotel is located 5.2 miles from La Guardia Airport (LGA)/ 9.8 miles from John F. Kennedy Airport (JFK). We are at a walkable distance to many popular restaurants serving local cuisine. Hop and skip to Manhattan, Times Square, Statue of Liberty, Empire State, Wall Street, Brooklyn, Broadway, CITI Field and Yankee Stadium and many points of interest daily by the #7 train which is just 3 blocks from the hotel. ... more less
- Reservation Options:
- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Hotels.com, Booking.com, Expedia, Hotwire, HotelTravel.com, Agoda, Red Roof Inn, Priceline, Travelocity and Odigeo so you can book your Red Roof Inn Queens reservations with confidence. We help millions of travelers each month to find the perfect hotel for both vacation and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.
- Also Known As:
- Holiday Inn Express Queens
- Holiday Inn Queens
- Holiday Inn Long Island City
- Long Island City Holiday Inn
- Red Roof Inn Queens Long Island City, New York


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PLYMOUTH, Mass. -- Over the last two seasons, star running back Dylan Oxsen has been the driving force behind much of Plymouth South's success.
On Friday night, as South downed visiting crosstown rival Plymouth North, 7-6, to capture the Div. 3 Southeast Sectional crown, it became obvious early in the contest that Oxsen wasn't headed for the explosive performance many were predicting.
A slow start saw Oxsen rush for just two yards in the first quarter. The second quarter was better as Oxsen ripped off 45 yards before halftime.
Just three plays into the second half though, Oxsen fumbled away his first of two turnovers in the third quarter. That first one set up North's lone score of the game -- a 1-yard plunge on fourth down with 3:40 from QB Cullin Cosgrove. Dylan Anti blocked the ensuing point-after try, setting the stage for the comeback win.
The game looked like it might slip away from the Panthers when Oxsen fumbled his second carry of the next possession, setting the Eagles up inside the 50 again.
This time though, the defense pushed North backward before forcing a three-and-out. Instead of pinning South deep in their territory, Plymouth North was only able to get off an 11-yard punt because Matt Bremis tore through the line and nearly batted the kick down.
"Give it up to the defense," said Oxsen. "I fumbled twice and they still held North to one touchdown. They did a great job."
Even after losing two fumbles, there was never any question that South would be going back to Oxsen.
"If we're going to win a game, we're going to win it with Dylan Oxsen," said South coach Scott Fry. "Two fumbles or not, he's going to be the guy who has to carry the load to get us into the end zone. He hasn't scored 60-something touchdowns the last two years without being our go-to guy."
Oxsen rewarded that mindset on the very first play, tearing off an impressive 28-yard and moving the ball down to North's 35.
That was the first of eight consecutive carries for the go-to guy, twice more moving the chains before setting up a first-and-goal from the 6.
After Bremis took a carry, the ball went back to Oxsen on a sweep left. He broke one tackle near line of scrimmage and shot in for a touchdown, tying the game.
Gordan Fitzgerald's extra point put South up with 5:03 to play.
A facemask penalty on the kickoff pushed PN to midfield, but when a fourth-and-6 pass attempt fell to the ground, the Panthers took over with just under three minutes to play.
Once again, Oxsen -- who finished with 160 yards on a career-high 39 carries -- proved to be the go-to guy, taking five straight carries and picking up a pair of first downs before South took knees and advanced to next Friday's Div. 3 South game against Stoughton, with a trip to Gillette Stadium on the line.
THE LESS-HERALDED LEADER: Bremis helped set up Oxsen's go-ahead score with his pressure on the punt, but that was just the tip of his impact in the win. He was perhaps the key cog in slowing down North's Christian Carr, who rushed for more than 350 yards a week ago.
Against South, however, Carr was limited to 69 yards on 22 carries. Meanwhile, Bremis racked up a team-high 10 tackles from his linebacker position.
He also played an important role in the offense, rushing for 26 yards on eight carries in short-yardage situations. More importantly, he paved the way for Oxsen — especially on the game-winning drive — as a lead-blocker, and sealed off a would be tackler on the 28-yard gain.
"He's a fullback in an I-formation," said Fry. "He doesn't get a lot of press. Ya' know, it's Oxsen, Oxsen, Oxsen, as well as it should be, but Ryan is a starting linebacker, a starting fullback and he's probably our inspirational leader on both sides of the ball."
Added Oxsen: "Bremis is an absolute animal. He loves football. He lives and breathes football. He is so aggressive on defense, he knows how to read everything, and I can't even put into words how good he is on defense. And when he gets the ball on offense, he's not going down on first contact. He's a wrecking ball and he does a lot for us."


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General Message Board
New 12 team salary cap dynasty league
brand new unique 12 team h2h categories salary cap dynasty cap league. 21 man roster with 10 man farm team. email me for more detailsSort: Newest | Oldest | Most Replied Expand all replies
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sir_kicksor_... sir_kicksor_... Aug 17, 2013 1:25 PM Flag
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I'm interested. Not sure how I email you, but i would like details.
I'm in.
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And your email?
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Pick Your Our Own Peaches
PYO yellow peaches are now available at our Califon orchards at 472 County Road 513, Califon NJ. There is no entry fee, just pay for what you pick! Please leave your canine friends at home, even well behaved dogs that are carried will not be permitted in the orchard. We are open daily from 9:00 - 6:00.
Bridgewater & Califon Markets
The Bridgewater and Califon farm markets are now open for the season! Stop in for our fresh peaches, veggies and pies!
Community Supported Agriculture (CSA)
Registration is still open for our 2016 CSA season with pick up options in Oldwick, Califon, Bridgewater and our Hoboken and Madison Farm market locations. Make a commitment to yourself and your local farm and join us today!
Locally Grown, Farm Fresh
We grow it ourselves. For nearly 300 years, the Melick family has provided our community with delicious, locally grown, farm fresh fruits and vegetables! We also sell plants, shrubs, jams and jellies, baked goods, gifts, and even Christmas trees—all the products that people have come to rely on from the Melick family since about 1725.
We are the largest apple grower in NJ with over 650 acres of land including 120 acres of fruit trees, 5,000 peach, nectarine and plum trees and 20,000 apple trees!
Locally Grown Wines & Ciders
At Melick's Town Farm, we press our own fresh apple cider and also have Chardonnay and apple wine made from our own grapes and cider. Be sure to stop in store to pick up a bottle!


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Room was clean, attractive, and reasonably spacious. Staff were uniformly friendly and helpful. Halls are a little dowdy, but that hardly matters. Location is superb - right in the middle of the Children's - Dana Farber - Harvard Medical School complex, about 5 minutes walk from the Green Line T (Huntington Ave). Rate was very reasonable for Boston and an accommodation of this quality. I plan to stay at this hotel next time I go,
- Official Description (provided by the hotel):
- This full-service hotel is walking distance to key area attractions such as the Fenway Park, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston Children's Hospital, Brigham and Women's, Dana Farber, and Harvard Medical School, Boston University, Colleges of the Fenway Northeastern Univeristy and Boston College. Easy access on the Green Line of the MBTA public transportation. Concierge service for Historic Tours of Boston and tickets to major events. ... more less
- Reservation Options:
- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Booking.com, Hotels.com, TripOnline SA, Hotwire, Expedia, Odigeo, Priceline, getaroom.com and Travelocity so you can book your The Inn at Longwood Medical reservations with confidence. We help millions of travelers each month to find the perfect hotel for both vacation and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.
- Also Known As:
- Best Western Plus Boston - The Inn At Longwood Medical Hotel Boston
- Best Western Boston
- Boston Best Western


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Nikwax Tech Wash and TX. Direct Wash-In Twin Pack
|£6.12 - £32.62
|Lower price available on select options
- Easy to apply in a washing machine or by hand
- WaterBased, fluorocarbon-free & environmentally responsible
- Tech Wash: Prolongs the life of gear and optimises outdoor performance
- Maintains breathability
- Maintains original water-repellency
- Suitable for use on all fabrics, including technical textiles
Customers Who Bought This Item Also Bought
Product details
Product Description
Product Description
All you need to safely clean and add water repellency to wet weather clothing without wicking liners.
Clean and waterproof your wet weather clothing with our convenient twin packs.
Tech Wash is a soap-based cleaner which can be used regularly to clean clothing and equipment without damaging the Durable Water Repellent (DWR) coatings. Use this product instead of conventional detergents or washing powder.
Benefits of using this product...
Tech Wash
Ideal for...
Tech Wash
How to apply...
Tech Wash
To clothing
To tents and accessories
Volume guide (take from label)
Quantities used will depend on condition and size of item.
Volume guide (take from label)
Quantities used will depend on condition and size of item.
When to use this product...
Tech Wash
Clean items with Nikwax Tech Wash before proofing them with the appropriate Nikwax proofer. You should be able to wash reproofed gear 6 to 8 times with Nikwax Tech Wash before it requires reproofing with the appropriate Nikwax proofer.
After cleaning and re-proofing clothing, maintain its waterproofing qualities by frequent cleaning with nikwax tech Wash. After 6 to 8 washes with Nikwax Tech Wash, re-apply with Nikwax TX.Direct to re-proof.
Remember you don't have to wait to dry between cleaning and re-proofing.
Manufacturer's Description
Save money with this great value twinpack of Nikwax Tech Wash and TX.Direct.
Tech Wash is a wash-in cleaner for waterproof clothing and equipment. It safely revitalises breathability and water-repellency. Tech Wash is a non-detergent soap which can be used regularly to clean clothing and equipment without damaging the Durable Water Repellent (DWR) coatings. Use Tech Wash instead of detergents or washing powder which leave behind water-attracting residues.
TX.Direct is a wash-in waterproofing for wet weather clothing. It adds water-repellency and revives breathability to fabrics without wicking liners. It doesn't require heat activation to work so saving energy.
Regular cleaning and reproofing with Tech Wash and TX.Direct improves performance allowing your gear to work better for longer. Both products are very easy to use in the washing machine or by hand.
What do customers buy after viewing this item?
Customer Reviews
Top Customer Reviews
The product is very simple to use. There are two bottles containing 300ml each of wash and reproofer. You add up to 150ml of Tech Wash according to your water hardness and this will do one or two garments at a time After the wash cycle has finished you add 100ml per garment of the Wash-In which is the reproofer ("...reactivate the hydrophobising" as the manufacturer puts it.) and run a 30C Synthetic cycle with a slow spin. You can wash and reproof up to two garments at a time.
The items can then be air dried or tumble dried if the care label permits.
It is also possible to hand wash garments if preferred.
The results were excellent, the jacket actually felt lighter, (it can't have been that dirty!) and its water repellant properties were restored to as new.
I could have had it dry-cleaned and reproofed by a specialist but it would have been more hassle and probably more expensive.
As well as "Sympatex" fabric the products are said to be suitable for "Gore-Tex","Permatex","eVent" and "Nikwax Anology" fabrics. The Tech wash is also said to be suitable for items such as tents, awnings rucksacks panniers and camera bags.
I noted that some people weren't happy with the outcome, so I took great care in the preparation of my washing machine. I bought a good washing machine descaler & cleaner to ensure that no detergent was left in the soap dispenser or drum etc. & used it first, this was overdue in any case. My machine was spotless when I started to use the TechWash first, then the TX Direct straight afterwards. Followed the instructions carefully, 2 items in the wash, correct machine setting & temperature for Goretex & Sympatex shell jackets. The outcome was outstanding, I'm very pleased with the result. So pleased I washed & proofed another jacket afterwards, with an equally good result & I still have enough left for 1 more jacket wash.
This makes me sound like a complete "anorak", but it's worth the care for jackets that are very expensive to buy & replace.
Use the tech wash, and then immediately proof it with the wash-in. No need to wait for it to dry after the first wash.
These Nikwax products prevent damage to the fabrics.
First wash the jacket with Tech Wash, then wash again with TX Direct Wash in to re-waterproof it.
I have used this product for years on my Paramo outdoor clothing and it has worked a treat.
There is also a product from Nikwax called Polar Proof that is specifically for making fleece jackets resistant to rain. It works.
As to value, if you buy these you will get three times as much product for the same price it would cost you on the High Street.
This is real value.
Customer Images
Most Recent Customer Reviews
the Tech wash washes but there is no discernable waterproofing efftect.Published 4 days ago by Sean Penn
Think it works ok. It's not seeing to be waterproof so much as water resistant. The rain does soak in when heavy.Published 7 days ago by Cat
Does exactly what it says on the container - 2 part process which works well. My Regatta waterproof is now just that, waterproof again. Excellent product.Published 7 days ago by Bloomp56
Use this stuff regularly for my mountaineering clothing. Never fails to do what it says on the bottle.Published 9 days ago by Amazon Customer
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I put on a Zagg Invisible Shield.
Sent from my DROID BIONIC using DroidForums
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Exact proportions are imperative to make choux pastry properly, writes Angela Day.
With multimillion-rand deals and huge concert turn-outs, there is no stopping the rapper, writes Buhle Mbonambi.
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Shingai Darangwa finds out about an initiative to train ballet teachers in the townships, and so, pass on the ballet legacy.
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From petticoats to suspender belts, Dana Wilson-Kovacs looks at a brief history of underwear.
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What happens when a husband suddenly leaves a marriage? Helen Grange talks to two women who have been there.