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by Casey Quinlan Sep 30, 2015
"For-profit colleges and their executives shouldn't be able to get away with cheating students and leaving them with huge debt loads while these schools rake in big profits off of federal loans," Warren said.
by Alan Pyke Sep 30, 2015
Progressive firebrand Sen. Elizabeth Warren (D-MA) is lending public support to longstanding criticisms of federal housing auctions.
by Judd Legum Sep 27, 2015
"Black lives matter. Black citizens matter. Black families matter"
by Alan Pyke Sep 16, 2015
About half of all hiring managers say they check applicants' credit histories, despite the lack of evidence that the documents provide any indication of job performance.
by Emily Atkin Aug 25, 2015
In some ways, the Democratic contest is about who can be the most like her.
by Casey Quinlan Jul 15, 2015
Democrats will push for an accountability amendment and pre-k amendment Wednesday.
by Bryce Covert Jun 12, 2015 Updated: Jun 12, 2015
"The problem for these guys is that I fully understand the system and I understand how they make their money," she said.
by Bryce Covert Jun 11, 2015 Updated: Jun 11, 2015
Jamie Dimon, CEO of JP Morgan, critiqued Warren's knowledge of finance despite overseeing his own bank through significant legal troubles.
by Alan Pyke Jun 2, 2015
"You appear to have broken those promises," Sen. Elizabeth Warren (D-MA) tells SEC chair Mary Jo White in a letter published Tuesday.
by Ryan Koronowski Apr 11, 2015
Set to announce her second run for the Democratic nomination, Clinton joins a field that is still being formed around her. What would a climate and energy policy debate look like for Democrats?


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See the latest scams in BBB's April 2016 Hot Topics
1. Looking for last-minute Kentucky Derby and Oaks tickets? Deal with a reputable business. Check out the company at bbb.org. Also, while websites like Craigslist may have legitimate sellers, some of them are scammers. Remember, the site offers no guarantees. Tip: If you are asked to wire money, it is almost guaranteed to be a scam.
So, we have one official day left in this year's General Assembly before a special session is called to get a budget approved.
We understand politics. The budget normally comes down to the wire, sometimes requiring clocks to be unplugged.
Maybe it is the change of the guard in the governor's mansion.
Maybe it is the change in styles of the state's highest officeholder.
Maybe it is that mandate where basically 17 percent of the state's voting population decided who would be the next governor.
The Kentucky General Assembly met last Friday in its 59th day, and with one day to spare in our 60-day session, efforts to reach compromise on the state's next two-year budget plan have stalled.
House and Senate members of the conference committee met for many hours over several days, yet in the end, the House Majority drew the line at protecting public education, while the Senate continues to press the governor's push to make deep cuts to the budgets of the state's public colleges and universities.
FRANKFORT- As the 2016 Session of the Kentucky General Assembly comes to a close, I have been hard at work in Frankfort fighting for a fiscally responsible budget and moving priority pieces of legislation on to the Governor's desk.
Budget negotiations are consuming all of the oxygen in the halls of the capitol, with both sides working to keep their priorities in place.
Unfortunately, this means that there has been little movement towards passing a final budget for the Commonwealth, which totals around $21 billion over two years.
Who could have anticipated the far-reaching consequences of the 1845 removal of a water pump from a contaminated well in Soho Square, London England, by Dr. John Snow?
With this simple intervention he halted an epidemic of cholera and proved the well to be the source of infection before the days of bacteriology.
This was the birth of public health.
Kentucky's own public health began in a similar manner in 1875 during a response to a yellow fever outbreak.
I immediately set out to assemble a staff that would make any County Attorney envious. With the help and cooperation of these employees, in 2015, the Bullitt County Attorney's office has accomplished the following:
•Assembled a team of experienced attorneys with 195 years of accumulated knowledge & experience in the practice of law to handle the traffic flow generated through this office.
WASHINGTON – With tax season in full swing, the Justice Department urged the public today to avoid dishonest tax-return preparers who fleece their customers and illegally drain the U.S. Treasury. Noting that every taxpayer is ultimately responsible for the contents of his or her own return, Acting Assistant Attorney General Caroline D. Ciraolo of the Tax Division also warned the public to be wary of anyone who guarantees a refund or who claims to sell a sure-fire way to reduce your taxes.
The Morehead family came from Scotland. The first ancestor to arrive in America was Charles Morehead, a Scottish gentleman who settled in Virginia, in the early part of the eighteenth century about 1630. He was 21 years old when he entered Virginia.
Charles was born in Scotland in 1609. His parents were David Muirhead and Anna Hardrett.
Charles grew up in Scotland. Charles met Sarah Nelms in Virginia and they married in 1682.
Copyright © 2016
The Pioneer News Online is your source for local news, sports, events and information in Bullitt County and Shepherdsville, KY, and the surrounding area.

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Outlines For Immediate Solutions In Mentalism
These people are known as mentalists and they claim to be able to know other people's thoughts. His assistant guessed the amount of money I have in my pockets. When we talk we do not just use words, we use our system language likewise to have our point across. Such as, when we chat about Derren Brown and his capability to make men and women drop asleep around the telephone. Modern and contemporary performers mostly state openly that their skills come from having the ability to accurately read body language, amongst other techniques utilized by mentalists.
The study concluded that ADD ADHD children need sleep. 3) It really is not difficult to hypnotize people without their knowledge. The tricks from the mentalist are based on tricks identical to people of your magician, and need plenty of practice to grasp. Or, you can even use them all at the same time to leave a stronger anchor. Most people are ethical and will greatly benefit from the knowledge and insights your course provides.
The way you think, or your mentalism, can significantly affect your reality. Mentalism teaches you the best way to generate false realities. Its structure is pretty similar to that of a professional journal article, so reading a few research articles in advance is a good way to start learning more about the basic format of a lab report. A respected metaphysicist once told me that spiritual domains are nonlocale, meaning they exist nowhere and everywhere. In the past, mentalists used their abilities for their very own profit, more then actual entertainment.
One of the most effective ways to do this is to watch subliminal videos such as the Money Mentalism videos. guidance covering every possible element of both its art and science. Mastering entire body language is quite beneficial and puts you at an advantage when communicating within our day-to-day lives, but a mentalist can get this for the following degree. You can then bring about that emotional response by activating the anchor you set. Your course would've shortened my learning curve considerably if it had been available years ago.
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Money Managers Cut Bets on Higher Robusta Coffee by 18%
Money managers reduced bets on rising prices for robusta coffee traded in London by 18 percent in the week ended Aug. 21, according to NYSE Liffe, the derivatives arm of NYSE Euronext.
Net-long positions, or bets on rising prices, fell to 27,237 futures and options, the commitments of traders report published today on the exchange's website showed. That compares with 33,303 contracts a week earlier. Robusta coffee advanced 0.8 percent in the period.
In cocoa, money managers cut their net-long position to 54,348 futures and options from a record 55,001 contracts a week earlier, exchange data showed. The chocolate ingredient slid 2.4 percent in the period.
The net-long position in white, or refined, sugar held by money managers slipped to 8,153 futures and options from 10,377 a week earlier, the data showed. The sweetener fell 4.3 percent in the period.
Money managers' net-long position in feed wheat was 125 futures and options contracts, from 124 a week earlier. The grain gained 5.9 percent in the period.


text:
Entries in 'Doctor Who: Legacy' (3)
Doctor Who: Legacy devs move to the UK to join brewery
The team behind Doctor Who: Legacy has moved from the United States to the UK.
The most successful Doctor Who game you've probably never heard of
Every Saturday evening for the last ten weeks has seen The Doctor and Clara fight all sort of nasties.
Forbidden Planet giving away free DLC for Doctor Who: Legacy
Smartphone game Doctor Who: Legacy has teamed up with Forbidden Planet to offer free DLC.


text:
We are constantly receiving this message every time we try to post/edit a post in WordPress.
'Connection lost. Saving has been disabled until you're reconnected. We're backing up this post in your browser, just in case.'
This makes it impossible to do anything within our Dashboard.
2 of us live in different continents so it cannot be our Internet providers suggested by WP techs last time we asked. And all is good with our host - no problems there. Please help.
Website: http://www.robertpattinsonau.com/


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Mayor hit with debris at GP of Indy start line
INDIANAPOLIS - The inaugural Grand Prix of Indianapolis got off to an inauspicious start Saturday when pole-sitter Sebastian Saavedra stalled, triggering a violent wreck.
IndyCar used a standing start for the series' first race on the road course at Indianapolis Motor Speedway. But Saavedra's car simply didn't go when the lights went out and, after Ryan Hunter-Reay frantically darted around him, Saavedra was clipped by Carlos Munoz and then hit hard from behind by Mikhail Aleshin.
"We just followed protocol at the start," Saavedra said. "As soon as I released the clutch, it went from 11,000 rpm to zero. This should not have happened, unfortunately."
The initial hit from Munoz didn't seem too bad, but Aleshin's direct hit sprayed debris all over the track, sending spectators and track workers standing along the wall scrambling for cover. Indianapolis Mayor Greg Ballard, the honorary race starter, was waving the green flag when he was struck near his left elbow and on the left side of his chest by debris, spokesman Marc Lotter said.
Ballard was treated at the scene but did not require stitches. He later tweeted that he'd watch the rest of the race from home.
Thanks everyone for well wishes & the great #IUHealth & @IMS staff for checking me out. Watching the rest of the race from home.
— Mayor Greg Ballard (@MayorBallard) May 10, 2014
Saavedra was seen in his cockpit with his arms in the air anticipating a potential collision as cars tried to weave their way around his stalled KV Racing car. He was visibly upset after the accident as he talked to his team on his pit stand. He had won the first pole of his career -- in part because Hunter-Reay had his two fastest laps disallowed for causing a caution in Friday's qualifying -- and was looking for a strong finish at the famed race track.
"Man, we had an opportunity to be at the front of the pack in this amazing place. We wanted to bring it home in the same place," he said. "To not even get a chance because of a freaking electrical thing ... . "
Munoz said he could not avoid clipping his fellow Colombian.
"I was already in fifth gear," Munoz said. "I was really close to the car in front of me, I just saw him go to the right. I just had to go to the left, but I was not fast enough."
From space: See the 100th Indianapolis 500
DigitalGlobe used its GeoEye-1 Satellite to take this picture of the track the day of the 100th running of the Indianapolis 500.
WATCH: Will Power on IndyCar Dual in Detroit win
Will Power won his first victory of the 2016 season in Sunday's IndyCar Dual in Detroit at Belle Isle.
WATCH: Dave Furst gets champagne shower from RHR
After a rough Indianapolis 500, Ryan Hunter-Reay finished third in race No. 2 in Detroit.
Riley kid gives Rossi great advice before race
Indianapolis 500 winner Alexander Rossi probably got advice from dozens of people before Sunday's race. But nobody's advice was more…
Record amount of data used by fans at Indy 500
Verizon says from May 27 through May 29, its customers used 20.8 terabytes of data. That's double the amount used by fans in 2015.
IMS launches 'Race to Renew' for 2017 tickets
The race to renew your tickets for the 2017 officially began at midnight.


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- Carrie Bickmore, her husband, brain cancer and the facts
- Bickmore's near-flawless performance
- #beaniesforbraincancer trending after Logies speech
Gold Logie winner Carrie Bickmore had a point when she complained about the paucity of resources dedicated to tackling brain cancer, the disease which killed her husband.
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Bickmore raises awareness for brain cancer
Should we eat Skippy?
Australian arrested over terrorism-related activities
Commission needs Aboriginal involvement: Shorten
The hardship of foster care
Sydney school embraces coding curriculum
It's reporting season
Stan Grant 'struggles to contain rage'
Bickmore raises awareness for brain cancer
Gold Logie winner Carrie Bickmore has the town talking after wearing a beanie during her acceptance speech to raise awareness for brain cancer.
If research dollars were allocated according to the burden of the targeted disease, brain cancer would be in line for about twice as much money as it currently attracts.
Federal government agency Cancer Australia compared the level of research funding committed to types of cancer with the amount of years of healthy life lost to those cancers, due to premature death and disability.
It found brain cancer, along with others including lung cancer, lymphoma and kidney cancer, received proportionally lower levels of funding compared with their burden of disease. The agency suggested this may be because the research workforce for these tumours was small.
In contrast, breast cancer and leukaemia and melanoma received levels of research funding that were proportionally higher than the impact of those tumours.
While brain cancer accounts for about 1.5 per cent of cancer diagnoses in Australia and about 3 per cent of cancer deaths, it claims a higher proportion of years of healthy life because it affects younger people more than other cancers.
It kills more people under 40 than any other cancer, and more children than any other disease.
While survival rates for some other cancers have dramatically grown over the past quarter century, those for brain cancer have barely improved.
The Cure Brain Cancer Foundation has made its mission to increase five-year survival rates for brain cancer to 50 per cent by 2023. Currently, only around 20 per cent of people are still alive five years after a brain cancer diagnosis, compared with around 90 per cent of those diagnosed with prostate cancer or breast cancer.
Barrie Littlefield, the foundation's head of engagement, said brain cancer's 3 per cent share of National Health and Medical Research Council cancer funding was "nowhere near enough" to meet its mission.
"We don't have the awareness we need," Mr Littlefield said. "It's not a 'sexy' cancer."
Mr Littlefield said increased funding for research on more common cancers had greatly improved survival rates.
"We know we can change brain cancer. We've just got to have a similar focus," he said.
A spokeswoman for the federal health department said between 2000 and 2014, the National Health and Medical Research Council had provided $63 million for research into brain and nervous system cancer, and a further $11.3 million was forecast for such research between 2015 and 2018.
The spokeswoman said a recent report published by Cancer Australia showed that between 2003-05 and 2009-2011 total funding for brain cancer research in Australia, including from non-government sources, increased from $1.5 million to $11.3 million which was a rise of 653 per cent.


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text:
New Atmosphere album
Gonna rule. Hope it's closer to To All My Friends than it is Lemons.
i was wondering about this recently.
I've still only heard God Loves Ugly and it is quite amazing.
eternium, get Lucy Ford and Overcast! like right now. Then work your way around from there.
been jammin To All My Friends... all year and last. hopefully they'll continue that sound.
i digs it.
fuck yeah!
not exactly news but w/e. have known this for months now
I'd rather it sound like You Can't Imagine How Much Fun We're Having than To All My Friends... or Lemons...
Digging: Y&T - Earthshaker
Well if we wanna be like that I want God Still Loves Ugly. But we're not getting that.
Veigh they're never going back...and besides lemon had great beats. I prefer the beats on that>their other stuff, i just wish it had god loves ugly esque lyrics
Aren't dark enough.
hmmm hope its good. their latest was great
Super stoked.
Yeah, man. A return to the GLU and Seven's Travels sound would be nifty, but not expected. He's too happy nowadays.
Can I get mad at him for that?
Yes please.
ugh this is gonna blow so much dick
fuckin pumped.
Pimpin', just got into these guys.
I doubt it will blow, but it will probably just be more of the same surface stuff they've been doing since Lemons.
slug was really mediocre on To All My Friends
this is awesome news
This needs more people fapping over Atmosphere
album kind of sucks.
getting my signed copy tomorrow, really hope it isnt that bad..
It certainly isnt good. Its really lazy sounding. To me the whole thing pretty much sounds like Guarentees off Lemons, only not as good.
awww. was hoping this would would be the turn around
no man, threes nothing on here that is even close to "You."
fuckkk. oh well, getting a signed copy is still gonna be bomb regardless.
Can't wait.
dude youre gonna freeze up when you meet Slug.
hahah i hope not.
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Báo điện tử CP English 1 week(s) ago
VGP - PM Nguyen Xuan Phuc has recently decided to renew the second phase of the Greater Mekong Subregion Communicable Disease Control Project (GMS-CDC), financed by the Asian Development Bank, until June 30, 2017.
Keywords: justifyprojectThuan AnfinalizeThe Binh DuongprogramInfrastructure Development
SaiGon GP English 1 month(s) ago
The Prime Minister issued a guideline on increasing number of health insurance buyers, using software to manage medical fee for patients.
Keywords: buyDisadvantagedDistrictsThe PmCommitteesEnsuringState Budget
SaiGon GP English 5 month(s) ago
After one case of meningitis was reported in Hanoi and one death caused by meningitis in the Northern province of Hai Duong and cases of meningitis are on upward trend, the Ministry of Health warned people of prevention of the fatal disease.
Keywords: Tran Dac PhuInfectedisolateHai DuongconductThe HouseHospitals
Báo Dân Trí English 5 month(s) ago 1 duplicate news
The World Bank (WB) will support Vietnam in building a road map to smoothly shift preferential loans from the International Development Association (IDA) to the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) to ensure the national budget's sustainable payment capacity.
Keywords: The WbLoansPreferentialThe World BankImagesNational Party CongressThe State Bank
In its document to guide medical facilities across the country about medical service cost, Vietnamese Ministry of Health announced medical services will increase by 30 percent as it pluses bonus of surgeons after performing an operation and medical workers' night shifts.
Keywords: increasedocumentSalarymarchVietnamese MinistryPerforming
SaiGon GP English 6 month(s) ago
The Department of Preventive Medicine in Ho Chi Minh City yesterday said that the rate of vaccination for kids at 18 months is low.
Keywords: ratelowPeople CommitteecoughAmongstCarrying
An announcement of an increase in high blood pressure among schools by the Nutrition Center in Ho Chi Minh City caused concern amongst parents.
Keywords: ObesecenterrateAmongstnowadaysstarchTran Dac Phu
SaiGon GP English 6 month(s) ago
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Under the guideline of Ho Chi Minh City authority, management board of flower markets must minimum traffic congestions in the areas of flower market in the city which are gearing up for Tet holidays.
Keywords: trafficSpotsFlowersloadShipsFruitsspring
VOV News English 6 month(s) ago
(VOV) - The international community has acknowledged Vietnam's successful renewal over the past 30 years, which was initiated at the 6th National Party Congress in 1986.
Keywords: Renewal ProcessThe PartyreformNational Academycomprehensivelypartycorrect
In order to maintain the national traditional beauty of schoolgirls, the Department of Education and Training in Ho Chi Minh City has called on senior high schoolgirls in the city to wear traditional Vietnamese costume Ao Dai at least every Monday to salute the national flag or on national holidays.
Keywords: wearcostumesalutepartake inMondaysmaintainTraditional Vietnamese
Báo điện tử CP English 7 month(s) ago
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VGP – The 14th meeting of the 11th Party Central Committee commenced on January 11 in Ha Noi under the chair of Party General Secretary Nguyen Phu Trong.
Keywords: justifycenterPersonnelThe Examination BoardParty Central Committeepartyuphold
Báo Đầu Tư English 7 month(s) ago 1 duplicate news
Prime Minister Nguyen Tan Dung has directed the implementation of the restructuring plan for Vietnam Television companies.
Keywords: whollystateVietnam TelevisionrepresentVnpostTelecommunication GroupVietnam Posts
Báo điện tử CP English 7 month(s) ago
VGP – A meeting was held on January 6 to celebrate the 70th anniversary of the first national General Election to elect deputies to the National Assembly (NA) of Viet Nam (January 6, 1946 – January 6, 2016).
Keywords: The NaTruong Tan SangpartyMr TrongPm Nguyen Tan Dungelectcelebrate
VietStock FI English 7 month(s) ago
Up until this week, local developers and real estate agents have yet to recieve any detailed infomation concerning the"Phnom Penh Master Plan" that city hall announced in early December. Most development companies, other relative institutions and businesses are eager to see and study this official guideline for the future of the city.
Keywords: Real EstateplanVillasConcerningGovermenthave
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Joining in UN peace-keeping operations is the major guideline of the Vietnamese Party and State that aims to actualise the country's foreign policy of multilateralisation and diversification of relations, and actively and constructively contribute to global security and peace.
Keywords: ImagesSouth SudancontributeThe Vietnamese PartyNational DefenceTwo Vietnamese
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- Home
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Lean Training
What is Lean Manufacturing?
The term "Lean" is a manufacturing concept that views the use of resources outside the main goal of creating a product for a customer to be "non-value-adding," and it seeks to identify wastes and eliminate them. This product or service is considered a "value" in the lean model.
Coined by quality engineer John Krafcik in his 1988 article, "Triumph of the Lean Production System," lean relies on concept innovations that evolved during Taiichi Ohno's creation of the Toyota Production System (TPS) and centers around providing value to customers, with less waste and ineffectual work. In fact, in its efforts to identify wasteful muda (Japanese term for waste), Toyota developed a list of the 7 wastes that specifically represent wasteful entities within their production process, and they work to eliminate or at least reduce any and all of the identified wastes.
Lean can be said to represent a state of mind, or ideologies that recognize and support any process improvement methodology and/or management system that helps companies reduce waste, improving the overall efficiency of the organization. These proven methods are used to optimize flow, increase efficient methods of production, decrease non-value-adding work, cut costs, and improve the quality of a product or service. Some tools of the Lean include: JIT, kaizen, value stream mapping, kanban, poka yoke, and 5S. As Lean methods continue to expand, helping a growing number of organizations improve, lean tools and products are also brought into play. One example or recommendation of a lean product would be vinyl floor tape which can be used to create defined safety zones.
At the beginning of the 1900s, Sakichi Toyoda incorporated the initial concepts of "autonomation," or jidoka, into his production process. This autonomation was a device on his powered textile looms that would shut down if a thread broke—in order to prevent defects. This planted a seed for what was to come. In the 1930s, his company added another component, JIT, or Just In Time, an inventory production strategy that helped to reduce wasteful inventory excess.
Around the time that Toyoda and his son added automobile production to the company, Taiichi Ohno joined the production management, and, inspired by the writings of Henry Ford and after witnessing the stocking and production processes of supermarkets in the United States, Ohno realized the importance of producing only enough product to fill customer's needs. Gone were the old days of ordering materials in the hopes of meeting sales goals—now, with the birth of the Toyota Production System, Ohno's homage to Henry Ford's production philosophies would provide high-quality products in pace with real-world customer demand.
With the JIT production process—aided using another of Ohno's inventions, the kanban card inventory "pull" system, products could be built with relatively-low lead times, and with just enough supplies on-hand to fill sales. This proved efficient, reduced wastes, and allowed them to be competitive with such industrial juggernauts as the Ford Motor Company. This helped make Toyota grow in the next 50 years to become the largest automobile company in the world.
With a goal of increasing efficiency and reducing waste, lean concepts have evolved to include an understanding that these changes can come about easiest if done in smaller increments, known as kaizen. This idea of continuous improvement is important, because it is much easier to achieve things on the small-scale than to try and institute full-scale, company-wide changes and actually see improvement.
Table of Contents
Lean is not any one process, but a conglomeration of many tools, combined, and sometimes even conflicting with one another. It is a philosophy that relies on people to use their brains and common sense, for managers and assembly workers alike to be engaged and aware, and to try to make things better, one step at a time. If a waste is identified, defects may happen, time may be lost, things may not go smoothly, and all of that amounts to more waste. This decreases value to the customer, and efficiency is not attained. Finding what is working, and what is not, making sure that enough supplies are available, that workers are properly trained, and managers supervise and motivate workers, and products arrive to the customer in a timely way is the ultimate goal.
Using kanban cards to signal inventory shortages will help make sure the materials are where they should be and products will be out just in time (JIT), automatically reducing waste. Workers organizing their workplace and following the steps of 5S will ensure that work will be done efficiently, asking employees—from management down to assembly line workers—what can be suggested to improve the process (kaizen) may open new avenues to increased speed, quality, and means to cutting excess costs, and ensuring that levels of quality are sufficient to meet customers' demands are all ways that lean manufacturing tools are implemented properly.
In all cases, lean manufacturing is only as strong as its weakest links, and the most important part of running a lean program is creating a culture where everyone has a stake in the future of the program. It is ultimately reliant on human workers to make it succeed.


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Power Tools
Production record: Bosch produces more power tools than ever before Around 50 million devices in 2015
- Products meet the requirements of the most diverse users
- Ixo remains the world's favorite power tool
- New plant opened in India
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- December 28, 2015
- Power Tools
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The Power Tools Division of the Bosch Group is one of the worlds leading providers for power tools, power tool accessories and measuring tools. In 2015, its roughly 20,000 associates generated sales of 4.5 billion euros, about 85 percent of which outside of Germany. With brands such as Bosch, Skil and Dremel, the division stands for customer focus and great engineering progress. The core success factors are innovative strength and pace of innovation. The division generated about one third of its sales in 2015 with products that have been on the market for less than two years. In 2016, Bosch Power Tools will again launch more than 100 new products onto the German market in its four business segments power tools, accessories, measuring tools and garden tools.
PI9153 - December 28, 2015


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Retail Store Loyalty Management via an Analysis of Heterogeneity of the Service Elements
Abstract:This paper follows a line of research opened up by a series of authors who use a marketing approach for the study of retail service productivity. Without departing from the line of reasoning established by these authors, the main purpose of this paper is to detect possible differences in marketing productivity within and between different types of retailing services, using a research model that includes both the firm's effort and that of the customer. The two services selected for this purpose are grocery outlets and petrol stations.
Keywords: Retailing services; consumer satisfaction; grocery retailer; petrol stations; productivity; store loyalty; structural equation modelling
Document Type: Research Article
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0959396042000260870
Publication date: October 1, 2004
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Days Inn & Suites Little Rock Airport is a 2-star hotel offering a comfortable accommodation not far from MacArthur Museum of Arkansas Military History, Arkansas Arts Center and Heifer International World Headquarters. The building was renovated in 2011. More detailsFromC$72per nightBook Now
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Living on the Black: Two Pitchers, Two Teams, One Season to Rememberby John Feinstein
View All Available Formats & Editions
Pitchers are the heart of baseball, and John Feinstein tells the story of the game today through one season and two great pitchers working in the crucible of the New York media market. Tom Glavine and Mike Mussina have seen it all in the Major Leagues and both entered 2007 in search of individual milestones and one more shot at The World Series-Glavine with the Mets, Mussina five miles away with the Yankees. The two veterans experience very different seasons--one on a team dealing with the pressure to get to a World Series for the first time in seven years, the other with a team expected to be there every year. Taking the reader through contract negotiations, spring training, the ups of wins and losses, and the people in their lives-family, managers, pitching coaches, agents, catchers, other pitchers--John Feinstein provides a true insider's look at the pressure cooker of sports at the highest level.
Editorial Reviews
Copyright © Reed Business Information, a division of Reed Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Sportswriter Feinstein follows star pitchers Tom Glavine (Mets) and Mike Mussina (Yankees) through their 2007 seasons.Copyright 2006 Reed Business Information.
"Feinstein achieves a double play fans should savor for its scrupulous look at what life is like for the 21st-century major leaguer."
Feinstein takes a pair of opinionated veterans and picks their brains all season about the art of pitching, also relying on the thoughts of teammates,
coaches, managers and families to present well-rounded, intimate portraits....What makes the book so engaging is that each pitcher faced adversity during the season, creating unexpected drama that helped give an edge to Feinstein's narrative....Another excellent story, told by one of sports' best storytellers."
"Feinstein is the most successful sportswriter in
Feinstein takes a pair of opinionated veterans and picks their brains all season about the art of pitching, also relying on the thoughts of teammates,
coaches, managers and families to present well-rounded, intimate portraits....What makes the book so engaging is that each pitcher faced adversity during the season, creating unexpected drama that helped give an edge to Feinstein's narrative....Another excellent story, told by one of sports' best storytellers.
Tampa Tribune
New York Daily News
USA Today
Product Details
- 9780316032339
- Publisher:
- Little, Brown and Company
- Publication date:
- 05/01/2008
- Sold by:
- Hachette Digital, Inc.
- Format:
- NOOK Book
- Sales rank:
- 368,968
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What People are saying about this
Meet the Author
John Feinstein is the bestselling author of Tales from Q School, Last Dance, Next Man Up, Let Me Tell You a Story (with Red Auerbach), Caddy for Life, Open, The Punch, The Last Amateurs, The Majors, A Good Walk Spoiled, A Civil War, A Season on the Brink, Play Ball, Hard Courts, and three sports mystery novels for young readers. He writes for The Washington Post, Washington Post.com, and Golf Digest, and is a regular commentator on National Public Radio's "Morning Edition."
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Decent work by Feinstein, who has done much better in the past. This book really should be titled "Glavine, with a little Mussina". I'm not sure if Mussina was added later as an afterthought, but probably 65-70% of the book is about Glavine and his season. I was a little surprised with the amount of excuses that are given for Glavine's failures, some are by Feinstein and some are by Glavine himself. Everything is the umps fault, which is a theme drummed on throughout the book. That part is frustratingly humorous if you remember seeing TG pitch in the playoffs in the 90s and 2000s, regularly getting favorable calls on pitches not even close to the zone. Glavine had a HOF career. There's no need for the excuses. If you're a baseball fan, especially a fan of good pitching and some of the science of that part of the game, then this is a good read. If not, if you prefer 14-12 games with lots of HRs, not for you.
"I was just letting my confusion out."
Even if you hate the Mets and/or Yankees this is still a great book.
I am a huge baseball fan so this book was great. I'm into baseball history but I'm also still only 21 years old so it was neat to read about a season that I was actually alive to see! Lastly, as a Mets fan it's cool to relive the season Tom Glavine won 300 games...how frickin' long it took him to get there and the end of his Mets career that still leaves a bitter taste in my mouth.
This book is a great book for those who like baseball. I recommend this book to anyone who likes the game. This book is a great story about two pitchers who struggle through different problems during the year. It tells the story of these two guys and how they have become such sports icons. I recommend this book for anyone who wants a good read about a great game.
This is where any prisioners will be kept. Fireclaw.


text: No Army Can Stop The Battlefield 4 TrainGergo Vas2/11/14 9:20amFiled to: battlefieldbattlefield 4watch thisgifsgaming gifseaelectronic artsdicepcxbox 360xbox oneps4ps3playstationkotaku coresonymicrosofthumorfunny1126EditInvite manuallyPromoteDismissUndismissHideShare to KinjaToggle Conversation toolsGo to permalink GIF Trains are just unstoppable these days. Just think about Grand Theft Auto V, or in this case, Golmud Railway in Battlefield 4. You can line up anything in front of them, they won't do anything but break the laws of physics.I love how some of the players are just parachuting onto the moving train, like it'd change anything. Here's the full clip—with a slightly NSFW, but mandatory Thomas the Tank Engine soundtrack: Advertisement Badgerfield 4: Thomas The Dank Engine [YouTube] To contact the author of this post, write to: firstname.lastname@example.com Sponsored Reply112 repliesLeave a reply


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Exemplar Genetics to Present on Novel Research Models for Oncology at the World Preclinical Congress
Sioux Center, IA, June 15, 2016 – Exemplar Genetics announced its President, John Swart, Ph.D., will present today at the 15th Annual World Preclinical Congress during the Preclinical Models in Oncology session.
Game-Changing Animal Research Models Offer Superior Translational Research and Better Predictive Efficacy
First Genetically Engineered Miniswine Research Model Cleared by FDA for Commercial Use
Dr. Swart to Present on Novel Preclinical Model in Oncology on June 15th at World PreClinical Congress.
June 15, 2016 at 4:05 Westin Boston Waterfront Boston, MA
Exemplar Genetics to Exhibit at BIO 2016
June 6-9, 2016 Booth 535
Our Products
ExeGen LDLR MiniSwine
Features consistent, stable hypercholesterolemia that can be further modulated by diet. Predictable, progressive atherosclerosis that manifests on an accelerated timeline. Atherosclerotic lesion formation in the aorta and coronary arteries that model key pathophysiological aspects of human atherosclerosis. Defined Yucatan miniature swine genetics that offers greater consistency.
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A rare opportunity arises for an family fighting a rare disease
"You could have picked me up off of the floor. Out of 50,000 people at a conference, the chances of meeting someone researching A-T is very, very rare. Dr. Swart never could have imagined that I was connected to the organization or a mother of three A-T adults. I told him that maybe I could help," Amy said, laughing.
Discovery drives the human race to new heights each day.
Explorers in all fields have made our lives and world better through their courage to venture into new frontiers and beyond. Yet, their ability to discover has always relied on the proper vehicle to propel them from theory to reality. At Exemplar Genetics, we enable discovery by providing the vehicle to break new ground on the medical research frontier.
Until now, researchers have lacked animal models that faithfully represent human diseases. As a result, a sizeable barrier has blocked progress in the discovery of human disease mechanisms; novel diagnostics, procedures, devices, prevention strategies and therapeutics; and the ability to predict in humans the efficacy of those next-generation procedures, devices, and therapeutics.


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Email this article from PlasticsNews.com
Former Vinyls Italia plants go on sale
PORTO MARGHERA, ITALY -- Two plants, formerly belonging to Vinyls Italia, have gone on sale. The VCM/PVC plant complexes are being sold by International Process Plants (IPP), an American company that buys and sells plants that are no longer used by their owners.
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The Knee on Stomach position is a very power position and transition in BJJ. In this video I show you some Key grips for Knee on Stomach position and two very important transitions along with some ke watch video >>
This week Master Ricardo Cavalcanti, answered a question about attacking from side control part 1, the next video he will continue to cover the attacks from side control, please keep the questions co watch video >>
This is a very simple transition from Side Control to Mount. This is the first transition taught to white belts and focuses on sound basics (maintaining base, getting the underhook and entering the watch video >>
Check this out. watch video >>
Evolve University: http://www.evolve-university.com In this video, 14x Muay Thai World Champion Petchboonchu FA Group from the Evolve Fight Team demonstrates 5 essential Muay Thai Knee Strikes From watch video >>
Master Rey Diogo and Master Ricardo Cavalcanti are again together to show some different ways to set up AMERICANA, WRIST LOCK, and KIMURA from side control. Pay Attention to all the details oss Don' watch video >>
This week Master Ricardo Cavalcanti along with the head instructor from Carlson Gracie Team Venice - California, show 2 armbar variations from side control. For the first variation you are going to u watch video >>
Here Jason Bircher shows us a tricky method of setting up a lapel choke from side control. The choke is a favorite among grapplers like Shawn Williams and Robson Moura. Thanks for watching! Please watch video >>
http://evolve-university.com Evolve University is the largest world championship online university for martial arts. In this video, 2x Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Black Belt World Champion Teco Shinzato from watch video >>
Kansas City BJJ Black Belt, Jason Bircher, demonstrates a shoulder lock escape from side control. Starting from the bottom in side control, this escape sets you up for a shoulder lock submission on t watch video >>
This week Master Ricardo show how to use your own lapel to choke your opponent from side control and all 4 position (turtle guard). This position will surprise your opponent for sure. so lets train watch video >>
In this video I show an important transition from Side Control to Mount. I primarily do this when I see the person place the foot on the knee in an attempt to prevent the mount (or crowd the space b watch video >>
After checking through my videos I was shocked to realize I had not filmed this. This is an amazing technique and one of my highest percentage mounting techniques. It may appear that it requires so watch video >>
SUBSCRIBE - https://twitter.com/SubmissionAus Submission Radio Technique of the Week - How to escape Side Control When opponent switches hips, for No Gi BJJ, Sambo and MMA, demonstrated by Thien Ho a watch video >>


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Publication date
|Nov 30, 1971
|Filing date
|Oct 23, 1968
|Priority date
|Oct 23, 1968
|Publication number
|Ross Monte
|Original Assignee
|Mc Donnell Douglas Corp
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (2), Non-Patent Citations (1), Referenced by (21), Classifications (7)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
United States Patent Monte Ross Ladue, Mo.
Oct. 23, 1968 Nov. 30, 1971 McDonnell Douglas Corporation St. Louis, Mo.
lnventor Appl. No. Filed Patented Assignee SEMICONDUCTOR PUMPED LASER 18 Claims, 5 Drawing Figs.
Int. Cl
Field of Search .i
References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 5/1967 Johnson ll/l966 Gray LASER OUTPUT OTHER REFERENCES Susaki et al., Losing Action in Ga- IEEE T OER 6/68 pg. 422- 424 Primary ExaminerRonald L. Wibert Assistant Examiner-Conrad Clark Attorney-Charles B. Harverstock A1 As Diodes,"
ABSTRACT: A laser device employing laser means to pump laser means and including a main laser element constructed of materials such as yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) that is capable of lasing and one or more semiconductor diodes capable of being stimulated to operate as lasers, said diodes being positioned to pump their outputs into the main laser element, said device requiring relatively little energy to produce a laser action.
|scORE| Z5 SCOPE INFORMATION INPUTS y;
I f L DATA TEMPORARY CONVERSION EEE R OGRAMMER 76 g, AMPLIFIER a? uwfi'bm'd l C 2 NO.
I AsER ROO Q-SWITCH HARMONIC GENERATOR F1 F1 [Tl r'nI-I I'm-I I-I /i z a 9a FIG.3.
SHEET 2 BF 2 ANALOG INPUT WAVE AMPLITUDE ANALOG TO DIGITAL cONvERSION PULSE INTERvAL MODULATION FORMAT I I AMPLITUDE L ,I
I 1W2 2 #2 I 3 "H PZ SEMI-CONDUCTOR LASER PUMP PULSES" l AMPLITUDE I l i I l IIIIIII l IIIIIII I IIIIlIl l I I I I I g 106}; LASER OUTPUT AMPLITUDE I I l l :4TO r-T I .T2 IS-T3 I l I l TIME *THESE ARE DELAYED ONE PERIOD T FROM PIM FORMAT cONvERSION FIG. 4.
YAG OUTPUT VIgEO 72 SAMPLER AND 60 PULSE CONTROL ELECTRONICS FIG. 5.
SEMICONDUCTOR PUMPED LASER The present invention relates generally to laser devices and more particularly to an improved laser device employing semiconductor laser pumping means.
Semiconductor lasers as well as lamp pumped YAG laser devices have been known and used heretofore. The known devices, however, have certain deficiencies and disadvantages which have limited their usefulness and made them unsuitable for many applications. For example, known semiconductor laser devices have relatively poor spectral width characteristics and poor beam width characteristics, they produce relatively low-peak power output, and they have relatively broad pulse characteristics all of which are undesirable for many purposes. Lamp pumped lasers also have other shortcomings including having relatively low-efficiency characteristics, they are unreliable, they are relatively large and bulky, and they are difficult to modulate particularly at the higher data rates. Also most known laser devices are constructed such that external modulation for high-pulse rates are required whereas the present device is capable of internally modulating the laser and therefore requires much less energy to operate. These and other disadvantages and shortcomings of known laser devices are overcome by the present semiconductor laser pumped laser device which is highly efi'lcient and reliable, has relatively narrow bandwidth and short pulse characteristics, is capable of producing relatively high-peak power output, and is relatively small, compact and easily modulated even at relatively high-data rates. The present laser device therefore overcomes many of the disadvantages and shortcomings of known devices.
The present invention also teaches the construction and use of semiconductor laser devices as a means for pumping other laser devices such as YAG laser devices rather than pumping by means of more conventional light sources. This means that the pumped device or laser element in the present device can also act as an energy storage device for pulses received from many semiconductor laser devices and can collect these pulses and use the energy thus stored to emit relatively high-energy level output pulses. The present laser device is also able to accept input energy from almost any direction from the semiconductor pumping diodes or lasers and yet can limit its outputs to a very narrow solid angle beam of pulses which are even narrower than the energy produced by the individual semiconductor pumping means employed. In addition the spectral width of the outputs of the subject laser device is many times narrower than the spectral width of the outputs of the individual semiconductor laser pumping means employed thereby enabling the use of narrow band filters to achieve better system background discrimination.
It is therefore a principal object of the present invention to provide improved laser pumping means.
Another object is to provide semiconductor means including semiconductor diode lasers to pump a laser device such as a laser rod.
Another object is to modulate the output of a laser by modulating the input pump energy thereto.
Another object is to provide means for transmitting information on a laser beam by pulse positioning means.
Another object is to produce laser operation by employing semiconductor laser pumping means.
Another object is to minimize the amount of pump energy required to produce lasing in a laser device.
Another object is to increase the efficiency of laser devices.
Another object is to increase the reliability and peak-power output of laser devices.
Another object is to reduce the size and bulkiness of laser devices.
Another object is to provide a laser device capable of producing relatively narrow bandwidth outputs having relatively short pulse characteristics.
Another object is to provide relatively simple means for modulating the input pumping energy to a laser device even at relatively high-data rates.
Another object is to provide a laser device capable of temporarily collecting and storing energy produced by one or more semiconductor laser pumping devices and capable of producing as a result of said stored and collected inputs relatively large peak output impulses.
Another object is to provide a laser device capable of accepting energy from almost all directions and capable of concentrating the energy outputs produced thereby in a relatively narrow angular range.
Another object is to provide a laser device that can be used with narrow band filters and like devices to achieve better background discrimination.
Another object is to provide a laser device ihat has pulse to pulse repeatability in energy emitted.
Still another object is to provide a semiconductor laser pumped laser device that can be constructed using solid state or liquid laser means.
These and other objects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent after considering the following detailed specification which covers preferred embodiments of the present device in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:
FIG. 1 is a simplified perspective view of a semiconductor laser pumped laser device constructed according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram partly in block form showing a simplified setup employing a single semiconductor laser pumped laser device constructed along the lines of the device shown in FIG. 1;
FIG. 3- shows communication transmitter means employing a laser device constructed according to the present invention;
FIG. 4 graphically illustrates the time relationships between the various inputs and outputs of a semiconductor laser pumped laser device constructed according to the present invention; and,
FIG. 5 is a schematic view partly in perspective showing another embodiment of a solid state laser transmitter incor porating the principles of the present invention.
Referring to the drawings more particularly by reference numbers, number 10 in FIG. 1 refers generally to a laser device constructed according to the present invention. The device 10 includes a solid state laser rod 12 which is shown for illustrative purposes as being cylindrical in shape. The rod 12 in the preferred form of the present device is a yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) rod which takes its name from the first letters of the three substances of which it is made, and the rod 12 may be doped with some substance such as neodymium. The rod 12 has a reflectively coated output end 14 from which output signals or pulses are emitted, and an opposite end I6 which is also coated or treated with some suitable highly reflective material. A curved reflector member I8 is positioned in spaced relationship to the rod 12 and extends all or part way along one or more sides of the laser rod 12 as shown. The reflector I8 is also constructed of some highly reflective material such as gold or silver. On the opposite side of the rod 12 from the reflector 18 are mounted one or more individual or arrays of semiconductor laser diodes 20. The diodes 20 are constructed of a material such as gallium arsenide or the like and are stimulated to lase and to serve as pump sources for pumping energy into the rod 12.
In the simplified fonn of the device of FIG. 2 a single laser diode 20 is shown positioned to pump energy into the laser rod 12. The fonn of the device shown in FIG. 2 is simplified to help in the understanding but it is anticipated that an actual device will usually have a plurality of semiconductor diodes similar to the diode 20 or a plurality of ganged together diodes as shown in the diode arrays in FIG. 1 to pump energy pulses into the rod 12 to cause it to lase.
In the device of FIG. 2 high-current output pulses from an electronic modulator circuit 22 are used to excite and drive the semiconductor diode 20 which then produces radiation outputs. The outputs of the diode 20 impinge on the rod 12 and are also reflected thereon in concentrated fonn by the reflector 18. The radiation outputs from the diode 20 are at a selected wavelength preferably one at which the YAG laser rod 12 has a substantial absorption band. This means that most of the radiation energy from the diode 20 that impinges on, or is reflected onto, the rod R2 will be temporarily stored therein. In an actual device this will usually include the outputs of more than one semiconductor diode laser as aforesaid, all of which laser diodes may be excited by the same electronic modulator means 22. in this way, efficient quantum transition takes place within the rod 12 whereby a photon of light entering at the proper semiconductor pump wavelength results in a photon being generated therefrom at the output wavelength of the rod. For the rod 12 to lase or produce a laser action a sufficient number of photons at the output wavelength of the laser must be generated and these must be generated within the fluorescent decay time of the laser rod which is one of the important characteristics thereof. It is possible with the present construction to pump the laser rod 12 with sufficient semiconductor energy from a plurality of the semiconductor diodes 20 for the required time period which corresponds to the decay time of the rod to generate pulsed laser output power.
One of the important distinguishing characteristics of the present device is that it can use one or more semiconductor diodes 20 which operate as lasers to pump energy into another laser element which in this case is the YAG laser member 12. This is to be distinguished from other laser devices which have pumps which are made broader in input light spectrum. Either lamps or nonlasing semiconductor pumps have emission spectrums which are much broader than a single absorption band of a neodymium doped YAG rod, for example. This excess spectrum has a deleterious effect on the laser device by excess heating creating thermal distortions and limiting repetitive rate, and in general, leading to overall lack of efficiency. By using laser means to pump laser means these deficiencies are overcome. This is important to the construction and operation of the present device.
There are several important and beneficial reasons for going through the intermediate step of using semiconductor laser devices or diodes to pump a laser device such as the laser rod 12. These include, among other things, the fact that a laser device such as the YAG laser rod 12 is able to act as an energy storage device so that the input pump pulses it receives from the associated semiconductor laser elements 20 can be collected and temporarily stored therein and thereafter emitted at a much higher energy level. Also the YAG laser rod 12 acts as an energy director in that it is able to accept energy from the laser diodes 20 from almost any direction while at the same time it is able to limit its output to a relatively narrow, nearly solid angle beam which in an actual device may be times or more narrower than the output beam radiations generated by the individual semiconductor laser diodes themselves. In other words, the YAG laser element or rod in the present device acts as an energy concentrating means. Furthermore, the spectral width of output of the YAG laser member 12 is many times narrower than the spectral width of the individual semiconductor laser diodes, thus enabling the use of narrow band filters to achieve better system background discrimination. In an actual device, for example, the spectral width of the outputs produced by a YAG laser member is less than I Angstrom as compared to a spectral width of approximately 20 Angstroms for the outputs of the individual semiconductor laser diodes employed. Hence the present device particularly when compared to semiconductor lasers not only provides means for narrowing the cross-sectional dimensions of the output beam or output pulses of a laser device but it also substantially narrows the spectral width of the energy in the outputs.
The use of semiconductor laser pumping means for exciting another laser device also minimizes losses as is readily apparent from what has just been said, and from the further fact that semiconductor lasers have inherently high electrical to optical power conversion efficiency. This means that the spectral match which exists between the pump radiation energy and the absorption characteristics of the YAG laser element minimizes losses in converting input electrical energy into narrow, high-power pulsed laser outputs. Heat losses in the subject laser are also at a minimum thereby permitting relatively high-power operation of the subject laser to be achieved. Still further, by selectively pumping an energy level that is as close as possible to the laser radiation energy level, radiationless transitions which are essentially heat losses within the YAG laser member 12 or other crystal host material are minimized. It is therefore possible with the present construction to relatively accurately electronically control or stimulate semiconductor pump laser elements which in turn provides more accurate control of the output of the laser. The all solid state construction of the present device has the further advantages of also effectively increasing the overall reliability of the subject device while at the same time reducing its size and eliminating the need for more conventional light pump sources together with their associated relatively high voltage and power requirements.
The relatively high-spectral purity obtained in the laser output of the present device is due in large measure to the selective spectral pumping employed since with such pumping the pump energy is concentrated in an absorption band from which the radiation transition occurs. The achievement of long term mode purity is therefore enhanced in the present device by the fact that the entire unit can be maintained at an easily controlled temperature especially since the heat losses in the laser cavity are minimized by the selective spectral pumping as described.
One form of the semiconductor material that has been successfully used in the construction of the pumping laser diodes 20 is gallium arsenide, and in the same device the YAG laser rod was formed of a nyodymium doped YAG lasing material. With this combination efficient transitions occur in the laser rod 12 when the pump energy is centered in a spectral band at approximately 8685 Angstroms. Since gallium arsenide at room temperatures radiates at a wavelength of approximately 9050 Angstroms, it is necessary therefore to cool the diodes to a temperature of approximately 170 Kelvin to center the spectral radiation of the diode pump elements at the frequency of 8685 Angstroms which is the desired absorption band of the YAG rod. This is because the radiation spectrum for gallium arsenide shifts at a rate of approximately 3 Angstroms per degree Kelvin.
The spectral band over which efficient energy conversion takes place in the present device is relatively narrow and for this reason it is also important to restrict the temperature excursions of the gallium arsenide pump laser elements 20 due to internal heating. By proper choice of the pulse-modulating waveforms it is possible to reduce the temperature excursions and the accompanying spectral shift effect thereby preventing the gallium arsenide emission from shifting outside the most efficient absorption band of the main YAG laser member 12.
In an actual test of a device constructed according to the present invention an effort was made to produce as much useful pump energy from the laser diodes 20 as possible. The laser diodes tested were gallium arsenide laser elements having a peak power capability of approximately 50 watts for a driving current of approximately 270 amperes. This test device produced an average energy output in the range of approximately millijoules. It was also discovered that a single gallium arsenide laser pump element or diode pumping a 1.5 millimeter diameter YAG rod approximately 30 millimeters long is able to produce a lasing condition in the rod. The output of such a device can be monitored using photodiodes such as the photodiode 24 in FIG. 2 and the output can be displayed on an oscilloscope such as on cathode-ray scope 26. The output produced on the scope 26 in an actual test device turned out to be a relatively well-defined waveform having clearly defined peaks and valleys. The device of H0. 2 is also shown having another photodiode sensor 28 positioned to directly monitor the radiation output of the semiconductor laser diode 20. These outputs have much less well defined and pronounced power peaks and much broader spectral characteristics. The output of the photodiode 28 is shown in FIG. 2 feeding another monitoring device or scope 30.
A mirror device 32 is also shown in FIG. 2 positioned to intercept and reflect radiations received from the diode 20. The mirror 32 reflects the output radiations it intercepts and redirects them to an optional spectrometer device 34 which is constructed to feed another optional monitoring device 36. The optional spectrometer device 34 and monitor device 36 are included to provide means by which it is possible to determine the spectrum and spectral range of the outputs produced by the semiconductor laser diode 20. It should be recognized, however, that any number of laser diodes can be provided to drive a single YAG laser member 12 as aforesaid and all or each such diode can be monitored separately on in groups as desired. It is also to be noted that the electronic modulator means can be used to stimulate or modulate one or a plurality of the semiconductor laser diodes 20 by having its output fed to each diode or to one or more diodes optically coupled together by means such as the coupling members 38 shown in FIG. 1.
In the particular embodiment of the present device as disclosed, the spectral width of the output radiation or radiation pulses of the YAG laser rod 12 when stimulated or pumped is relatively narrow as aforesaid being in the range of 0.3 Angstroms or less. The spectral shift of the gallium arsenide laser pump elements under the same conditions and during pulse operation was approximately Angstroms at the half-power point of the device. This will provide some indication as to how the energy output produced by the present device is concentrated relative to the energy input.
The electronic modulator means 22 for the subject device should be constructed with care talting into account the fast rate of change and the high level of current required to modulate the gallium arsenide laser diodes. Stray inductance should also be minimized in the circuits. Furthermore, because of the inherently low resistance of the pump diodes 20 which is of the order of magnitude of approximately 0.01 ohms, series rather than parallel operation of the pump elements is usually preferred to effectively increase the efficiency of the conversion from the electrical input driving power to the optical pump output power. The construction of the modulation means is therefore important to the present device and is critical in the cases of diodes constructed of gallium arsenide, aluminum gallium arsenide, and gallium arsenide phosphide. The importance of the modulator means to the efiicient operation and to enable the use of the efficient absorption bands requires diode temperatures above approximately 150 Kelvin. Furthermore, to avoid excessive spectral shift of the diode output spectrum, short pulse modulation is usually preferred if not required, and continuous operation of the diode pumping means as distinguished from pulsed operation or modulation thereof will usually not result in producing lasing conditions.
FIG. 3 shows one form of electronic modulation means for use in stimulating the semiconductor laser elements 20 employed in the present device. In the form shown, information inputs which may be analog inputs (top graph in FIG. 4) are fed to a data conversion circuit 40. The circuit 40 converts these inputs to outputs which include a plurality of spaced pulses 42 (second graph of FIG. 4). In other words, the conversion circuit 40 converts the input from analog to digital form and thereafter from digital to pulse form. The output of the data conversion circuit 40 is fed as the input to a temporary storage register 44 which in turn is controlled and programmed by a programming circuit 46. The programming circuit 46 also produces feedback energy on lead 47 to the data conversion circuit 40 to maintain a proper time relationship between the circuits 40 and 44.
The outputs of the temporary storage register 44 are also controlled by the programming circuit 46, and the outputs of the circuits 44 and 46 which appear on lead 48 are used to stimulate or excite the arrays 50 and 52 of semiconductor laser pump diodes 20 to cause them to lase andproduce radiation outputs for applying to the YAG laser rod 12 in the manner already described. In this way, the laser rod 12 is pumped by the output radiation energy of the semiconductor laser elements or diodes 20 to produce the necessary lasing condition therein. The outputs of the rod 12 are available at an opening 14a in the reflective coating formed on the output end 14 thereof or as is common in laser devices a separate output mirror can be used. These outputs are shown in FIG. 3 being fed or applied to the input side of a Q-switch 54 which is controlled and/or modulated by the output of an amplifier circuit 56. The circuit 56 in turn is connected to and controlled by the same outputs of the temporary storage register 44 and the programmer circuit 46 that are used to excite the laser diodes. The output side of the Q-switch 54 is also shown for illustrative purposes feeding a second harmonic generator device 58 which is constructed to select the desired final output which is shown as the second harmonic of the output of the laser rod. In the drawing the output of the laser rod 12 is shown having a wavelength equal to 1.06 micrometers, and the output of the second harmonic generator 58 is shown having a wavelength equal half of this or 0.53 micrometer.
Referring again to FIG. 4 it can be seen that the pulses applied to the semiconductor laser pump elements 20 include a plurality of pulse groups. These pulse groups are temporarily stored in the temporary storage means 44 and in the YAG laser rod an output is produced by the rod whenever a predetermined number of inputs have been stored under control of the programming circuit 46. The form and time relationship of the semiconductor laser pump pulses are shown on the third graph of FIG. 4, and the 1.06 micrometer outputs produced by the laser rod 12 are shown by the bottom graph. For illustrative purposes the pulses in the fourth or bottom graph are shown spaced to occur only after a predetermined number of pulses or stimulations are received by the rod 12 from the outputs of laser pump diodes 20. Also in the graphs of FIG. 4 the outputs of the semiconductor laser pumps 20 and the outputs from the laser rod 12 are shown delayed by one time period T-relative to the corresponding outputs of the temporary storage register 44 for illustrative purposes.
While the overall efficiency of the present device is relatively high as already stated it is anticipated that certain losses will occur in the power supply, the pulse modulator means, the semiconductor lasers and the YAG laser rod. There will also be some loss in the laser rod itself due to the absorption-efi'iciency characteristics thereof. Even considering these losses, however, the overall efficiency is much higher than the efficiency of any known YAG laser devices operated using lamp or nonlasing diode pumping means instead.
FIG. 5 shows another embodiment of the subject device which includes the same basic structural details of semiconductor laser pump means and the YAG laser rod as in the forms disclosed above. In the device of FIG. 5 the semiconductor laser pumps are stimulated by video signals which are applied through circuit 60 which has its input connected to receive video inputs, and outputs connected to the various individual or banks 62 or 64 of semiconductor laser pumps. This circuit in the modified construction is labeled Sampler and Pulse control Electronics Circuit" and may be similar or analogous to the temporary storage register 44 and the programmer circuit 46 described above.
In the modified construction the outputs of the YAG laser rod 66 are fed to an electro-optical crystal device or modulator 68 which may be a Q-switch, and the outputs of the modulator 68 are fed to a laser cavity output mirror 70 which operates to further modulate the laser outputs to produce outputs at the desired frequency and that have the other desired characteristics. The modified form of the subject device has many possible uses and application including transmitting video and other types of information. The crystal modulator device 68 is also connected for control purposes to a control output of the circuit 60 by lead 72.
Thus there has been shown and described several embodimerits of a novel laser device including novel means for stimulating one laser device with other laser means including particularly semiconductor laser means which fulfill all of the objects and advantages sought therefor. Many changes, modifications, alterations, and other uses and applications of the present device will, however, become apparent to those skilled in the art after considering this specification and the accompanying drawings. All such changes, modifications, alterations, and other uses and applications which do not depart from the spirit and scope of the invention are deemed to be covered by the invention which is limited only by the claims which follow.
What is claimed is:
l. A laser device comprising a rod-shaped YAG laser member constructed of a material capable of lasing when pumped by energy, aid YAG laser rod having spaced reflective end surfaces one of which has an aperture therethrough for emitting the output energy, and means for pumping energy into the YAG laser rod to cause it to lase, said pump means including at least one semiconductor diode laser element capable of being operated as a laser over a wide range of temperatures including temperatures above about 170 Kelvin, and means including electronic pulse modulator means operating in a pulse burst mode operatively connected to said diode laser to excite said diode laser to produce a pulse burst lasing condition therein, said diode laser being positioned to produce an output which is directed toward the aforesaid YAG laser rod to excitesaid rod to produce a YAG lasing condition therein.
2. The laser device defined in claim 1 wherein said electronic modulator means includes a source of excitation impulses.
3. The laser device defined in claim 1 wherein a plurality of similar semiconductor diode lasers are mounted adjacent to the laser rod, said electronic modulator means including means operatively connected to excite each of said plurality of diode lasers to produce a lasing condition therein, all of said diode lasers being positioned to produce outputs directed toward the laser rod.
4, The laser device defined in claim 1 including means for reflecting and focusing portions of the output of the diode laser toward the laser rod. I
5. The laser device defined in claim 1 wherein said semiconductor diode laser includes a plurality of similar semiconductor diode laser elements and means connecting said elements into an integral structure, said electronic modulator means being operatively-connected to the diode connecting means to simultanepusly excite all of said connected together semiconductor diode laser elements, all of the connected diode laser elements being positioned to produce laser outputs that are directed toward the laser rod.
6. A laser device comprising a main laser element including a rod constructed of a YAG laser material capable of lasing when properly excited, and means for exciting said YAG laser rod including a diode laser constructed of semiconductor materials positioned adjacent to said rod, said diode laser being operable over a wide range of temperature conditions including at temperatures above about 170 Kelvin, means including pulsed modulator means operating in a pulse burst mode operatively connected to said diode laser to excite said diode laser to produce a lasing condition therein, said diode laser being positioned to produce a pulsed laser output which is directed at the laser rod, said YAG laser rod having the further characteristic of being able to store outputs received from the diode laser until sufficient energy has been accumulated to cause the YAG laser rod to lase.
7. The laser device defined in claim 6 wherein said pulsed modulator means includes a pulse generator capable of stimulating the semiconductor diode laser to cause said diode laser to lase and to produce periodic bursts of laser output impulses.
8. The laser device defined in claim 6 wherein said laser rod is constructed of neodymium doped YAG material.
9. The laser device defined in claim 6 wherein said semiconductor diode laser is constructed of gallium arsenide.
10. The laser device defined in claim 6 wherein said semiconductor diode laser is constructed of aluminum gallium arsenide.
11. The laser device defined in claim 6 wherein said semiconductor diode laser is constructed of gallium arsenide phosphide.
12. The laser device defined in claim 6 wherein a plurality of similar diode lasers are mounted adjacent to the laser rod, said pulsed modulator means including means operatively connected to excite each of said plurality of diode lasers to produce a pulse burst lasing condition therein, all of said diode lasers being positioned to produce outputs directed toward said rod.
13, The laser device defined in claim 6 including means for reflecting and focusing portions of the output of the diode laser toward the laser rod,
14. The laser device defined in claim 6 wherein said semiconductor diode laser includes a plurality of similar semiconductor diode laser elements, and means connecting said elements into an integral structure, said pulsed modulator means being operatively connected to the diode laser connecting means to simultaneously excite all of said connected together diode laser elements, all of said connected diode laser elements being positioned to produce laser outputs that are directed toward the laser rod.
15. A laser device comprising a member constructed of an ionic element dopant in a host material characterized by having a substantial absorption band at a predetermined frequency or frequencies, said member having opposite end surfaces and means associated with each of said end surfaces of said member forming a reflective surface, one of said reflective surfaces having means associated therewith from which energy produced when said member lases is emitted, and means for pumping energy into said member to cause said member to lase, said pump means including a semiconductor diode element constructed of a material capable of lasing when excited, said semiconductor diode being operable over a wide range of temperatures including temperatures above about Kelvin and having an output end oriented to direct outputs produced therein when it lases toward the aforesaid laser member, and means including pulse modulator means operable in a pulse burst mode operatively connected to said laser diode to excite said diode to produce a pulsed lasing condition therein and pulsed laser output radiations therefrom which are directed toward the aforesaid laser member, the substantial absorption band characteristic of said laser member enabling said member to temporarily store radiation energy impinging thereon form the laser diode until sufficient energy is stored to cause said memberto lase and to radiate a laser output,
16. The laser device defined in claim 15 including means positioned to intercept some of the output radiation energy of the laser diode and for reflecting said radiations in a focused condition onto the laser member.
17. The laser device defined in claim '15 wherein a plurality of similar laser diode elements are connected together in an array, the spectral match between the radiation output energy of said diode elements and the absorption characteristics of the said laser member being selected to minimize losses in converting the pulsed energy produced by the pulse modulator means into laser output radiations from said laser member.
18. The laser device defined in claim 15 including means to maintain the laser diode element at a predetermined temperature to spectrally match the output radiations thereof to the spectra] absorption characteristics of the laser member.
l l I i
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
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|Nov 8, 1966
|Rca Corp
|Light coupling device
|Jun 3, 1963
|May 16, 1967
|Rca Corp
|Selectively controllable light guide apparatus
|Susaki et al., Losing Action in Ga A1 As Diodes, IEEE T QER 6/68 pg. 422 424
|Citing Patent
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|Jun 7, 1972
|May 8, 1973
|Us Air Force
|End pump device for a laser
|Jun 26, 1972
|Aug 14, 1973
|Bell Telephone Labor Inc
|Compact end-pumped solid-state laser
|Sep 22, 1971
|Jan 22, 1974
|Muncheryan H
|Laser eraser for a typewriter
|Aug 7, 1981
|Mar 27, 1984
|Mrj, Inc.
|Solid state laser with controlled optical pumping
|Oct 14, 1983
|Mar 11, 1986
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|Spectra Diode Laboratories, Inc.
|End and side pumped laser
|Sep 24, 1987
|Sep 5, 1989
|Laser Diode Products, Inc.
|Laser diode pumped ND:YAG laser and method of making same
|Feb 10, 1989
|May 8, 1990
|Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha
|Laser device with high oscillation efficiency
|Oct 10, 1989
|Nov 6, 1990
|Hughes Aircraft Company
|Integrating laser diode pumped laser apparatus
|Jul 11, 1990
|Oct 29, 1991
|Amoco Corporation
|Tailored laser system
|Nov 27, 1990
|Feb 25, 1992
|Mitsubishi Denki K.K.
|Semiconductor laser excited solid laser device
|May 9, 1991
|Jun 9, 1992
|Hamamatsu Photonics K.K.
|Optically pumped solid laser
|Jun 7, 1999
|Jul 9, 2002
|Coherent, Inc.
|Pulsed diode-pumped solid-state laser
|Jul 9, 2008
|Jun 1, 2010
|Osram Opto Semiconductors Gmbh
|Solid-state laser device with a crystal array
|Mar 23, 2006
|Oct 5, 2006
|Michael Kuhnelt
|Laser device
|Jul 9, 2008
|Jan 1, 2009
|Osram Opto Semiconductors Gmbh
|Solid-state laser device with a crystal array
|Feb 10, 1989
|Sep 7, 1989
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|Dec 12, 1990
|Aug 1, 1996
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|Dec 22, 1987
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|U.S. Classification
|372/75, 372/26
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


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