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Brief Summary
Interesting Facts
Comprehensive Description
Description of Sepia apama
Sepia apama skin posesses a dense layer of pigmented chromatophore organs of 3 color classes: yellow, red, and black/brown, as well as underlying structural reflectors of 2 types: iridophores (creating iridescence in the skin ) and leucophores, which produce whiteness in their body patterns. They also have controllable skin papillae that can dramatically alter their appearance. The overall appearance of the animal - termed the body pattern - can change in less than a second due to direct neural control of the skin patterns. This is unique among all animals but is characteristic of cephalopods.
Range Description
Physical Description
Diagnostic Description
Formal Description
Diagnostic features: Adults very large. Sucker-bearing surface of tentacular club raised off of the stalk, attached only by a thin membrane; 5 suckers in rows across the manus, median suckers enlarged; swimming keel of the club extending along stalk a distance equal to the club length. Web between arms deep: equal to half of arm length between dorsal arms, two-thirds of arm length between lateral arms, absent between ventral arms. Three flat, semicircular, flap-like papillae posterior to each eye. Fins broad. Colour: deep maroon.
Roper, C. F. E., M. J. Sweeney and C. E. Nauen. 1984 FAO Species Catalogue Vol 3. Cephalopods of the World: An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Species of Interest to Fisheries. FAO Fisheries Synopsis 125(3).
Habitat and Ecology
- Marine
Water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 5 samples.
Environmental ranges
Depth range (m): 1.5 - 71.5
Temperature range (°C): 14.137 - 17.433
Nitrate (umol/L): 0.094 - 2.747
Salinity (PPS): 35.417 - 35.773
Oxygen (ml/l): 5.358 - 5.626
Phosphate (umol/l): 0.139 - 0.312
Silicate (umol/l): 0.831 - 2.015
Graphical representation
Depth range (m): 1.5 - 71.5
Temperature range (°C): 14.137 - 17.433
Nitrate (umol/L): 0.094 - 2.747
Salinity (PPS): 35.417 - 35.773
Oxygen (ml/l): 5.358 - 5.626
Phosphate (umol/l): 0.139 - 0.312
Silicate (umol/l): 0.831 - 2.015
Note: this information has not been validated. Check this *note*. Your feedback is most welcome.
Population Biology
Population Structure
In general, the sex ratio in the populations is thought to be 1:1. However, there is a highly skewed male-biased operational sex ratio in the spawning aggregation (up to 11:1). This is the highest known among cephalopods. The change in the S. apama sex ratio during the spawning season (from more to less skewed towards males) suggests that males arrive before females at the start of the season. Therefore, males may not aggregate in response to a concentration of females, but rather at a particular location or habitat type. Recent genetic evidence (using allozyme electrophoresis, microsatellites and mitochondrial nucleotide sequences) has revealed three major genetically distinct groups of Sepia apama. It has been recommended that each of these groups be managed separately to preserve genetic diversity.
Hall, K. C. and R. T. Hanlon. 2002. Principal features of the mating system of a large spawning aggregation of the giant Australian cuttlefish Sepia apama (Mollusca : Cephalopoda). Mar Biol 140: 533-545
General Ecology
Ecological Determinants/Niche
Ecosystem Role
Sepia apama eat crustaceans and fish and have many predatorrs including: fur seals, sea lions, albatross, dolphins and sharks.
Battam, H. and W. A. Buttemer. 2000. Some aspects of energy assimilation and use in four southern albatrosses. Marine Ornithology 28.
Gales, R., D. Pemberton, C. C. Lu, and M. R. Clarke. 1993. Cephalopod diet of the Australian fur seal - variation due to location, season and sample type. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 44: 657-671.
McIntosh, R. R., B. Page, and S. D. Goldsworthy. 2006. Dietary analysis of regurgitates and stomach samples from free-living Australian sea lions. Wildl Res 33: 661-669.
Life History and Behavior
Giant cuttlefish have the remarkable ability to dynamically change color and pattern for a wide variety of key behaviors involving camouflage and communication. Sepia apama is mainly active during the day and uses camouflage to hide among rock reefs and seaweed. Cuttlefish usually sit on or hover slightly above the bottom. Sepia apama can move slowly with stealth, swim or employ jet propulsion in bursts of surprising speed. This species preys on live fish, crabs and other crustaceans. All members of the Sepioidea use jets of ink to confuse foes during escapes. They are generally solitary animals (except when breeding) and curious about divers. Sepia apama skin posesses a dense layer of pigmented chromatophores, mainly yellow, red, black and brown, as well as a wide variety of iridophores (creating iridescence in the skin for camouflage and communication) and leucophores that produce whiteness in their body patterns. They also have controllable skin papillae that can dramatically alter their appearance.
Night Camouflage
In addition to camouflaging themselves during daylight hours, Sepia apama uses adaptable night camouflage to conceal itself from nightime predators; animals in spawning aggregations have been shown to cease sexual signaling behaviors and become sessile and camouflaged during the night. Remarkably, the camouflaged body patterns at night are tailored to each microhabitat that the animal might rest in, providing evidence that their night vision is excellent and that night predators also have keen vision.
Hanlon, R. T., M. J. Naud, J. W. Forsythe, K. Hall, A. C. Watson, and J. McKechnie. 2007. Adaptable night camouflage by cuttlefish. Am Nat 169: 543-551
General Camouflage
Cuttlefish are capable of showing dozens of body patterns for camouflage and these body patterns can be grouped into three categories: uniform/stipple, mottle, and disruptive. Aside from skin patterns, cuttlefish can augment camouflage with postural and 3-D skin texture: by contorting their arms in different postures that generally imitate nearby algae, and by sprouting spiky skin projections, called papillae, imitating the physical texture of the surrounding seaweed, rock or coral. The chromatophores and skin papillae can change about one second faster than any other animal. Both skin texture and color changes are directly controlled by the animal's brain. Messages enter the brain through the eye via the optic nerve, are processed in the CNS, and then the skin is changed by direct neural control of the pigmented chromatophores.
Hanlon, R. T. and J. B. Messenger. 1996. Cephalopod Behavior. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
Hanlon, R. T., M. J. Naud, J. W. Forsythe, K. Hall, A. C. Watson, and J. McKechnie. 2007. Adaptable night camouflage by cuttlefish. Am Nat 169: 543-551
Mathger, L. M., A. Barbosa, S. Miner, and R. T. Hanlon. 2006. Color blindness and contrast perception in cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) determined by a visual sensorimotor assay. Vision Research 46(11): 1746-1753.
Reproductive Behavior - Overview
Every winter thousands of Giant Cuttlefish (Sepia apama Gray) aggregate to spawn along a restricted area of rocky reef in northern Spencer Gulf, South Australia. It is the only known spawning aggregation of cuttlefish in the world and represents an exceptional cuttlefish mating system of high complexity. Females move around the area paying little heed to males, and males pursue females and compete for them. S. apama male tactics are diverse. Females attach their eggs individually to the underside of rocks, ledges, and caves in subtidal rocky reef habitats, and the eggs hatch in 3–5 months.
Hall, K. C. and R. T. Hanlon. 2002. Principal features of the mating system of a large spawning aggregation of the giant Australian cuttlefish Sepia apama (Mollusca : Cephalopoda). Mar Biol 140: 533-545
ABC News Article: So, which rock did you crawl out from under? Deep-sea dates do the business off Whyalla
The University of Adelaide News Story: Cross-dressing cuttlefish to sex up tourism
Discover Magazine: Cuttlefish in Love
The Independent News Article: Cross-dressing cuttlefish is Casanova of the reef
Male Behavior
Since the sex ratio on the spawning grounds ranges from 4-11 males/1 female, there is a high level of competition for females. Males on the spawning grounds are sexually dimorphic by size. Large males (mean 370 mm mantle length, ML) pair with and guard females (mean 250 mm ML) temporarily (pre- and postcopulation). Large lone males search for lone females or challenge consorts with agonistic displays. Large males engage in agonistic contests that pass through increasingly complex stages of display, culminating in a dramatic passing cloud display and sometimes physical contact and biting (see video of courtship behavior). Contests ended with one male swimming away. Small lone males guard females if there is no large male in the vicinity, or search for lone females with whom they mate without guarding. Small males (150–250 mm ML) may also use opportunities for extrapair copulations (EPCs). They use "open stealth" (overt sneak mating), "hidden stealth" (concealed sneak mating, e.g. under a rock) and female mimicry to achieve sneaker EPCs (see video of males mimicking females). Female mimicry leads to increased acceptance of mating with the female, and to immediate fertilization, as demonstrated by DNA fingerprinting.
Hall, K. C. and R. T. Hanlon. 2002. Principal features of the mating system of a large spawning aggregation of the giant Australian cuttlefish Sepia apama (Mollusca : Cephalopoda). Mar Biol 140: 533-545
Hanlon, R. T., M. J. Naud, P. W. Shaw, and J. N. Havenhand. 2005. Behavioural ecology - Transient sexual mimicry leads to fertilization. Nature 433: 212-212
Naud, M. J., R. T. Hanlon, K. C. Hall, P. W. Shaw, and J. N. Havenhand. 2004. Behavioural and genetic assessment of reproductive success in a spawning aggregation of the Australian giant cuttlefish, Sepia apama. Anim Behav 67: 1043-1050
Norman, M. R. 2000. Cephalopods, a world guide : Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, Red Sea, Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean, Arctic, Antarctic, ConchBooks, Hackenheim, Germany 318p
Female Behavior
Females ultimately determine whether to accept a mating attempt. They reject a large percentage of mating attempts (up to 70%) and sometimes reject large consort males to mate with a small lone male. Females possess a sperm receptacle below the mouth and may use stored sperm from this receptacle or sperm from spermatangia placed in the buccal area to fertilize their eggs. Thus, females may accumulate sperm from consecutive matings and create considerable potential for sperm competition; it is not known if females exert cryptic sperm choice. Individual females can be extremely active on the spawning grounds: in a single day one female was documented to mate 17 times, with 8 different males, and lay 37 eggs in the course of 9 hours.
Hall, K. C. and R. T. Hanlon. 2002. Principal features of the mating system of a large spawning aggregation of the giant Australian cuttlefish Sepia apama (Mollusca : Cephalopoda). Mar Biol 140: 533-545
Hanlon R, T. and J. B. Messenger. 1996. Cephalopod Behavior. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
Naud, M. J., R. T. Hanlon, K. C. Hall, P. W. Shaw, and J. N. Havenhand. 2004. Behavioural and genetic assessment of reproductive success in a spawning aggregation of the Australian giant cuttlefish, Sepia apama. Anim Behav 67: 1043-1050
Female Sepia apama alternate mating with egg-laying and often mate with multiple males between egg-laying events. Mating occurs in the head-to-head position during which the male flushes water over the buccal area before placing spermatophores there. Eggs are extruded singly and held amidst the female's arms - this appears as a bulge in her arms; at this time, sperm from the spermatangia in that area, or sperm released from the sperm receptacle, compete to fertilize the egg. Females then attach their eggs individually to the underside of rocks, ledges and reefs in subtidal rocky habitat.
Hall, K. C. and R. T. Hanlon. 2002. Principal features of the mating system of a large spawning aggregation of the giant Australian cuttlefish Sepia apama (Mollusca : Cephalopoda). Mar Biol 140: 533-545.
Naud, M. J., R. T. Hanlon, K. C. Hall, P. W. Shaw, and J. N. Havenhand. 2004. Behavioural and genetic assessment of reproductive success in a spawning aggregation of the Australian giant cuttlefish, Sepia apama. Anim Behav 67: 1043-1050.
Life Cycle
Life History
Sepia apama have a life span of 1-2 years. Not much is known about their life history outside of the breeding season. Breeding takes place during the austral winter (May to September), when hundreds of thousands of animals aggregate in northern Spencer Gulf to mate and lay eggs. Recent research based on analysis of growth increments of cuttlebones suggests that Sepia apama has two alternative life cycles (for both sexes). The first involves rapid juvenile growth during the first summer after hatching, with maturity reached within 7–8 months. These individuals return to spawn in their first year as small individuals. The second life cycle involves much slower juvenile growth during the first summer, with maturity deferred until their second year, when they return to spawn as much larger individuals.
Hall, K. C., A. J. Fowler, and M. C. Geddes. 2007. Evidence for multiple year classes of the giant Australian cuttlefish Sepia apama in northern Spencer Gulf, South Australia. Rev Fish Biol Fish 17: 367-384.
Physiology and Cell Biology
Cuttlefish have a uniquely shaped pupil comprising several slits in different orientations - some are W-shaped and others, like S. apama, have one horizontal slit that bends obliquely vertical. Light entering the eye is controlled by altering the shape of the entire eyeball. To focus on nearby objects a cuttlefish contracts a surrounding layer of the muscle, moving the lens forward, away from the retina and it focuses on distant objects by drawing the lens in. Cuttlefish are known to be color-blind, having only one visual pigment at 492nm. Despite being color-blind cuttlefish are very good at blending into colorful natural environments (at least in shallow depths of water).
Oceanworld Cuttlefish Fact Files
Marshall, N. J. and J. B. Messenger. 1996. Colour-blindcamouflage. Nature 382: 408–409
Mathger, L., A. Barbosa, S. Miner and R. T. Hanlon. 2006. Color blindness and contrast perception in cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) determined by a visual sensorimotor assay. Vision Res. 46: 1746-1753.
Physiology and Biochemistry
A recent energetics study found that Sepia apama are primarily diurnal and have a small home range (90-550 meters) over short recording periods. They are able to channel most of their energy directly into growth because they spend 95% of the day resting, suggesting bioenergetics more like that of an octopus than a squid. Very little time is spent foraging (3.7% during the day and 2.1% during the night), most of their time is spent resting and hiding in crevices from predators. The exception to this behavioral routine is the mass spawning aggregation, where cuttlefish are far more active during the days or weeks that they spend there.
Aitken, J. P., R. K. O'Dor and G. D. Jackson. 2005. The secret life of the giant Australian cuttlefish Sepia apama (Cephalopoda): Behaviour and energetics in nature revealed through radio acoustic positioning and telemetry (RAPT). J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 320: 77-91
Molecular Biology and Genetics
Molecular Biology
Molecular Biology and Genetics
Several microsatellite markers have been produced for the assessment of genetic diversity and paternity analyses in Sepia apama (Genbank accession numbers EF368216-224, AY617047, AY617024, AY616977, AY616950, AF533071-8, AY294335-353). Recent genetic evidence (using allozyme electrophoresis, microsatellites and mitochondrial nucleotide sequences) has revealed three major genetically distinct groups of Sepia apama. It has been recommended that each of these groups be managed separately to preserve genetic diversity. Initial paternity analysis of the complex mating system of the giant cuttlefish indicates that this mating system has a high level of multiple mating that results in multiple paternity; males of any size or status can obtain successful fertilizations. Genetic analysis has also shown that the two female sperm storage areas (the short-term spermatangia - in the buccal area- and the long-term sperm receptacle - beneath the beak) both can contain sperm from multiple males. Of the two storage areas, sperm from the spermatangia (recent matings within a few hours or days) is used more frequently to fertilize eggs than sperm from the receptacle.
Kassahn, K. S., S. C. Donnellan, A. J. Fowler, K. C. Hall, M. Adams, and P. W. Shaw. 2003. Molecular and morphological analyses of the cuttlefish Sepia apama indicate a complex population structure. Mar Biol 143: 947-962.
Naud, M. J., P. W. Shaw, R. T. Hanlon, and J. N. Havenhand. 2005. Evidence for biased use of sperm sources in wild female giant cuttlefish (Sepia apama). Proc R Soc Lond Ser B-Biol Sci 272: 1047-1051.
Naud, M. J., R. T. Hanlon, K. C. Hall, P. W. Shaw, and J. N. Havenhand. 2004. Behavioural and genetic assessment of reproductive success in a spawning aggregation of the Australian giant cuttlefish, Sepia apama. Anim Behav 67: 1043-1050.
Shaw, P. W. 2003. Polymorphic microsatellite DNA markers for the assessment of genetic diversity and paternity testing in the giant cuttlefish, Sepia apama (Cephalopoda). Conserv Genet 4: 533-535.
Wheaton, L., S. C. Donnellan, M. C. De, M. G. Gardner, and B. M. Gillanders. 2007. Isolation of additional polymorphic tri- and tetranucleotide microsatellite loci for the giant Australian cuttlefish (Sepia apama). Mol Ecol Notes 7: 893-895.
Conservation Status
IUCN Red List Assessment
Red List Category
Red List Criteria
Year Assessed
Population Trend
How to Grow
Dr. Karina Hall (2002) reared the eggs to juvenile adult stage but growth was very slow compared to that of other cuttlefish such as Sepia officinalis. A great deal more aquaculture effort on a larger scale is needed to assess the convenience of culturing this species in the laboratory or for providing a food source. The largest problem is that cuttlefish are carnivores that strongly prefer live food such as crustaceans and fish.
Hall, K. C. 2000. Cuttlefish mysteries. Southern Fisheries 7
Forsythe, J. W., R. H. DeRusha, and R. T. Hanlon. 1994. Growth, reproduction and life span of Sepia officinalis (Cephalopoda: Mollusca) cultured through seven consecutive generations. J. Zool. 233: 175–192.
Conservation Actions
Sepia apama
Sepia apama, also known as the giant cuttlefish and Australian giant cuttlefish,[2] is the world's largest cuttlefish species, growing to 50 cm in mantle length and over 10.5 kg (23 lb) in weight.[3] Using cells known as chromatophores, the cuttlefish can put on spectacular displays, changing color in an instant.
S. apama is native to the southern coast of Australia, from Brisbane in Queensland to Shark Bay in Western Australia. It occurs on rocky reefs, seagrass beds, and sand and mud seafloor to a depth of 100 m.[4]
Life cycle and reproduction[edit]
Sepia apama live from two to three years. Breeding takes place with the onset of the southern winter. Males abandon their normal cryptic coloring and set out to dazzle the females by adopting rapidly changing bright colours and striking patterns. Females are polyandrous, and collaborative research indicates the tendency for females to reproduce using male genetic material deposited in spermatangia more favorably than in sperm receptacles directly. Females then attach their eggs to the underside of rocks in caves or crevises where they will hatch within three to five months. Sepia apama are semelparous and death follows shortly after a single mating cycle and laying of eggs that will spawn the next generation.[5] Sepia apama have poor anaerobic capability compared to most aquatic invertebrates and a lack of food leads to catabolism. Stomach content analysis indicates fasting during the breeding season and as Sepia apama can catabolise no more than 50% of their body weight they slowly lose physical condition as the season progresses and eventually die. Throughout their range, Sepia apama breed in pairs or small groups, laying eggs in suitable caves or rock crevises. Loose spawning aggregations can form but rarely exceed 10 animals in any one location,[6] with one known exception: hundreds of thousands aggregate off Point Lowly in the Upper Spencer Gulf. While surveys suggest that juveniles leave the spawning ground after hatching, nothing is known of their subsequent movement or lifestyle strategies as a juvenile.
Physiology and biochemistry[edit]
Genetic studies have shown that there is little if any interbreeding between Sepia apama populations. While there is some genetic divergence, the various populations are not considered taxonomically distinct and are commonly referred to by their location, e.g. Sepia apama upper Spencer Gulf population.[5] The upper Spencer Gulf population is unique in that a permanent salinity gradient in the Spencer Gulf may physiologically exclude other populations from the zone occupied by the upper Spencer Gulf population.[5] Research suggests that the upper Spencer Gulf population may in fact be a separate species as it does show some hallmarks, such as genetic separation, differences in morphology and different patterns of sexual dimorphism to adjacent populations.[6][7]
Sepia apama is a neritic demersal species. They are carnivorous, opportunistic and voracious predators who feed predominantly on crustaceans and fish.[6] Using neurally controlled cells known as chromatophore organs (red to yellow), iridophores (iridescent: spans the entire visible spectrum from blue to near-IR) and leucophores (white), the cuttlefish can put on spectacular displays, changing colour and patterns in a fraction of a second. Located in three layers under the skin, leucophores make up the bottom layer, with chromatophores the outermost. By selective blocking, the three layers work together to produce polarised patterns. Unlike those in most animals, cuttlefish iridophores are physiologically active; they can change their reflectivity and the degree of polarization can also be controlled. Cuttlefish are colourblind, however the photoreceptors of cuttlefish eyes are arranged in a way which gives them the ability to see the linear polarization of light. While the Mantis shrimp is the only known creature to have true polarization vision, it is believed that cephalopods may also.[8] Because the optic lobes of cuttlefish are larger than any other region of the brain and their skin produces polarized reflective patterns, it has been postulated that they may communicate through this visual system.[9] By raising elaborate papillae on their skin, S. apama can change the shape and the texture of their skin to imitate rock, sand or seaweed.[10]
A recent energetics study found that Sepia apama are primarily diurnal and have a small home range (90–550 metres) over short recording periods while travelling large distances to breed. They are able to channel most of their energy directly into growth because they spend 95% of the day resting, suggesting bioenergetics more like that of an octopus than a squid. Very little time is spent foraging (3.7% during the day and 2.1% during the night), most of their time is spent resting and hiding in crevices from predators. The exception to this behavioral routine is the mass spawning aggregation, where cuttlefish are far more active during the days or weeks that they spend there.[11][12]
Role in ecosystem[edit]
The Australian giant cuttlefish is eaten by Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins, which have been observed (in South Australia's Spencer Gulf) to have developed a technique for removing the ink and cuttlebone from a cuttlefish before eating it.[13]
Upper Spencer Gulf population[edit]
Discovered by divers in the late 1990s, the upper Spencer Gulf population is the world's only known mass cuttlefish spawning aggregation with hundreds of thousands of Sepia apama congregating on sub-tidal reefs around Point Lowly near Whyalla between May and August. While outside of the breeding season, the sex ratio is 1 to 1, Spencer Gulf males outnumber females by up to 11 to 1 in the spawning aggregation. It is unclear if this is due to fewer females taking part or to males breeding for a longer period of time than females. With densities of one cuttlefish per square metre, covering approximately 61 hectares (150 acres), the sheer number of Sepia apama makes this breeding aggregation unique in the world. As the cuttlefish are oblivious to divers while spawning, they are now a major regional tourist attraction for divers from around the world.[6] Professor Roger Hanlon of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution has called the breeding aggregation "the premier marine attraction on the planet."[7]
The Sepia apama upper Spencer Gulf population displays two alternative life cycles in both sexes (growth pattern polymorphism). The first involves rapid growth with maturity reached in seven to eight months with small adults returning to spawn in the first year. The second involves slow growth with maturity reached in two years with large adults returning to spawn in the second year.[5] The upper Spencer Gulf population displays reproductive behaviours unique to this population, possibly as a result of the high spawning densities. Large males defend females and egg laying sites while small males mimic female colouring and form in order to gain access to the females being protected by the dominant males which are extremely territorial. Male genetic material is deposited in sperm receptacles directly. The females, who potentially lay hundreds of eggs, extracts one egg at a time and fertilises it by passing it over the sperm receptacle before attaching it to the underside of a rock at depths of 2 metres (6.6 ft) to 5 metres (16 ft).[6]
Prior to the mid-1990s, the population was fished for snapper bait with annual catches of around four tonnes (approx 4,000 cuttlefish). During the 1995 and 1996 spawning seasons, commercial fishing of the spawning grounds harvested around 200 tonnes annually. Over exploitation was recognised after 245 tonnes was harvested in 1997, leading to 50% of the grounds being closed to commercial fishing in 1998. Despite half of the grounds being closed, commercial fishers took 109 tonnes in 1998 (approximately half of the estimated biomass) before dropping to 3.7 tonnes in 1999. The catch data for 2000 to 2005 has not been released for confidentiality reasons.[14] Surveys indicated that the cuttlefish biomass remained stable from 1998 to 2001. A further survey in 2005 revealed a 34% decrease in biomass since 2001 that was attributed to natural variability and illegal fishing during the peak spawning period.[14] The closure was subsequently expanded to the entire spawning grounds and anecdotal observations suggested increased numbers in 2006 and 2007, however, a new survey in 2008 found the biomass had decreased a further 17%.[5][6]
In 2011, it was estimated that only 33% of the 2010 population had returned to breed, less than 80,000 cuttlefish. Beginning in May, the cuttlefish leave deep water and migrate along coastal reefs to reach their spawning grounds. Local fishermen claim that a small "finger of land" near Point Lowly extends outside the exclusion zone and that commercial fishers have been targeting the area, intercepting the Sepia apama before they can reach the spawning grounds. Being semelparous breeders, ecologist Bronwyn Gillanders believes the cuttlefish to be in danger, stating that it is hard to determine whether this a natural phenomenon or something else and that the cause requires more research.[15]
In 2012, the number of cuttlefish that returned to the spawning ground again dropped dramatically with numbers as low as 6,000 estimated. A state government working group had been unable to determine the cause of the 2011 decline and have now recommended investigating broader ecological factors. Tour guide Tony Bramley, who had been taking divers to view the spawning grounds since they were discovered stated "It's heartbreaking, when you look at what's left...[once] there were so many animals you couldn't land on the bottom, you had to push them aside."[16] The Conservation Council of SA, which believes the population to be a separate species, has warned that the Spencer Gulf cuttlefish face extinction within two or three years if nothing is done to protect them. The state government working group had recommended an immediate ban on fishing for the cuttlefish, however, this was rejected by State Cabinet on 3 September with Fisheries Minister Gail Gago stating; "There is no strong evidence to suggest that fishing is impacting on the giant cuttlefish, therefore, further closures would be ineffective."[7]
On 28 March 2013, the State Government introduced a temporary ban on fishing for cuttlefish in the northern Spencer Gulf for the 2013 breeding season. Fisheries Minister Gago announced that research into the reasons behind the 90% decline in the cuttlefish population had ruled out commercial fishing as a cause but was otherwise inconclusive and that further areas of Spencer Gulf would be closed in 2014.[17][18]
Effect of local industrialisation[edit]
In 1984, before the spawning grounds were discovered, Santos built a hydrocarbon processing plant at adjoining Port Bonython. There is some concern over the possible impact of the plant on the cuttlefish population and there have been two major spills at the plant.[19][20] Santos denies that the recent spill spread off-site, but the SA EPA said hydrocarbons had migrated through the rock strata beyond the plant and the barrier trench built by Santos. Santos now provides funding for cuttlefish research.[21]
BHP Billiton has plans to build a desalination plant at Point Lowly to supply fresh water to Roxby Downs copper and uranium mine. The plant, located within 200 metres (660 ft) of the breeding grounds, would release around 120 megalitres (32,000,000 US gal) of brine (46–60 ppt) into the area each day. As cuttlefish embryos die off as salinity levels rise (optimal range 28–38 ppt, 100% mortality at 50 ppt), there has been considerable public opposition to the proposed plant because of the expected environmental impact.[21][22][23]
Due to its proximity to the ore deposits of the Middleback Ranges, several mining companies have indicated they want to build petrochemical and diesel refining facilities at Port Bonython, adjacent to Point Lowly. A second wharf for the loading of iron ore, and possibly copper concentrates and uranium, is also planned. The Cuttlefish Coast Coalition has been formed to fight these proposed developments.[21]
As a result of the above threats, in 2010 an application was made to list that population of Sepia apama in the list of threatened species. On February 2, 2011, the Threatened Species Scientific Committee ruled the species was not eligible for listing as the affected population was not taxonomically distinct from the rest of Sepia apama for the purposes of the Act.[23]
Sepia apama in popular culture[edit]
In May 2009, D'Faces of Youth Arts and Snuff Puppets produced a live theatre performance for Come Out Festival. It featured several large cuttlefish puppets and appeared in Adelaide's Victoria Square, at the Adelaide Airport and at a Whyalla performance. There was some controversy surrounding the performances after a participant in the project was openly critical of the plan to build a desalination plant at Point Lowly.[24] The major sponsor of Come Out Festival in 2009 was the BHP Billiton Youth Fund, the same company which proposes to construct the desalination plant. The over-arching theme of the festival that year was 'Colliding Worlds'.[25] BHP Billiton has not sponsored the Come Out Festival since the 2009 event.
During the Adelaide Fringe Festival in March 2012, the RiAus presented Sepia, an original work by Welsh playwright, Emily Steel.[26] Set in Whyalla, the play told the story of the fictitious character Neil, the proprietor of a caravan park who was struggling to come to terms with the cuttlefish decline whilst trying to keep his family together. The play also featured at the Melbourne Fringe Festival.[27] Presenting partner RiAus is sponsored by the oil and gas company Santos. Santos was responsible for hydrocarbon groundwater contamination at Port Bonython, adjacent to the cuttlefish breeding grounds, first discovered in 2008.
In 2014, the Adelaide Fringe Festival launched Stobie the Disco Cuttlefish, a 13 m long electrified cuttlefish puppet, equipped with strobing, coloured lighting and a sound system. Stobie the Disco Cuttlefish first appeared during the Adelaide Fringe Opening Parade, then performed with a troupe of dancers each Saturday night during the festival.[28] The soundtrack to the performance included samples from The Beegees hit 'Stayin' Alive'[29] and the entire theme song from the movie Fame.
The mass aggregation of Sepia apama at Point Lowly has inspired the development of a retro arcade game called Cuttle Scuttle which is scheduled for release in 2014.[30]
See also[edit]
- ^ Barratt, I. & Allcock, L. 2012. Sepia apama. In: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 27 October 2012.
- ^ "Giant Cuttlefish - Sepia apama". Australian Museum. Retrieved 27 August 2014.
- ^ Reid, A., P. Jereb, & C.F.E. Roper 2005. Family Sepiidae. In: P. Jereb & C.F.E. Roper, eds. Cephalopods of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of species known to date. Volume 1. Chambered nautiluses and sepioids (Nautilidae, Sepiidae, Sepiolidae, Sepiadariidae, Idiosepiidae and Spirulidae). FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes. No. 4, Vol. 1. Rome, FAO. pp. 57–152.
- ^ Norman, M.D. 2000. Cephalopods: A World Guide. ConchBooks.
- ^ a b c d e Amendment to the list of Threatened Population under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act). Threatened Species Scientific Committee.
- ^ a b c d e f Natural History of the Giant Australian Cuttlefish BHP Billiton
- ^ a b c Clare Peddie, Heather Kennett The cuttle scuttle The Advertiser September 29, 2012 Pg 67
- ^ Silvery fish reflect polarised light; they reflect the same amount of light in the same direction as the light they are viewed against, making them almost invisible in water. If the polarisation is reduced, the fish become easily visible. Cuttlefish will ignore fish with reduced polarisation and preferentially attack fish emitting polarised light.[1]
- ^ Mäthger et al (April 21, 2009). "Do cephalopods communicate using polarized light reflections from their skin?". The Journal of Experimental Biology 212, 2133-2140. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
- ^ Alison King The Colourful World of Cephalopods - Cephalopod body patterning II. The Cephalopod Page.
- ^ Hanlon, R.T. 2008. Australian Giant Cuttlefish - Physiology and Biochemistry. Encyclopedia of Life.
- ^ Aitken, J.P.; O'Dor, R.K.; Jackson, G.D. (2005). "The secret life of the giant Australian cuttlefish Sepia apama (Cephalopoda): Behaviour and energetics in nature revealed through radio acoustic positioning and telemetry (RAPT)". Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 320: 77–91. doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2004.12.040.
- ^ Catch cuttlefish, drain off the ink, then fillet. Serves five (dolphins): Scientists stunned by mammals' elaborate culinary preparations
- ^ a b MA Steer and KC Hall Estimated Abundance and Biomass of the Unique Spawning Aggregation of the Giant Australian Cuttlefish (Sepia apama) in Northern Spencer Gulf, South Australia. PIRSA October 2005
- ^ Mystery of the Missing Cuttlefish. The Advertiser, July 24, 2011. p. 7.
- ^ Drastic loss in giant colony. The Advertiser, September 25, 2012. p. 24.
- ^ "Cuttlefish update". Primary Industries and Regions SA. Primary Industries and Regions SA. Retrieved 25 June 2013.
- ^ AAP (27 March 2013). "Giant cuttlefish decline prompts catch ban parts of South Australia's Spencer Gulf". The Advertiser. Retrieved 25 June 2013.
- ^ http://www.amsa.gov.au/marine_environment_protection/major_oil_spills_in_australia/Era/index.asp
- ^ http://www.abc.net.au/news/2010-03-22/epa-fears-bigger-santos-oil-spill/374516
- ^ a b c Cuttlefish chaos at Whyalla. Archived from Dive Pacific Issue No. 116, Feb/Mar 2010.
- ^ Desalination and South Australia's Gulfs ecosystems. Fishers For Conservation Inc.
- ^ a b Conservation Assessment. Advice to the Minister for Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities from the Threatened Species Scientific Committee (the Committee) on Amendment to the list of Threatened Population under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) February 2, 2011.
- ^ McDonald, Patrick "Fun with a serious message as Come Out'09 launched" The Advertiser, South Australia (2009-05-17). Retrieved 2014-01-22.
- ^ 2009.pdf Come Out Festival 2009 Program Come Out Festival, South Australia (2009). Accessed 2014-01-22.
- ^ Fuss, Eloise "Cuttlefish controversy takes centre stage" ABC North & West SA, South Australia (2012-02-17). Retrieved 2014-02-20.
- ^ Sepiatheplay.com Accessed 2014-01-21.
- ^ Keen, Suzie "Record line-up for 2014 Adelaide Fringe" InDaily (2013-11-29)
- ^ Disco Cuttlefish - Adelaide Fringe Festival (2014). Accessed 2014-02-20.
- ^ "Cuttle Scuttle" Facebook.com. Accessed 2014-06-13.
- Kassahn, K.S.; Donnellan, S.C.; Fowler, A.J.; Hall, K.C.; Adams, M.; Shaw, P.W. (2003). "Molecular and morphological analyses of the cuttlefish Sepia apama indicate a complex population structure". Marine Biology 143 (5): 947–962. doi:10.1007/s00227-003-1141-5.
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Are Generic Drugs Safe?
But wait…: The American College of Cardiology has warned that the absorption rates and potency of generics may differ from those of certain types of brand-name drugs—a discrepancy that could be life-threatening in some cases. With some medications, slight changes in the level of the drug in the blood can cause unintended side effects. For example, too weak a dose of a blood thinner could leave a person vulnerable to a heart attack or stroke; too strong a dose might cause internal bleeding.
The headlines now: By the end of the year, ten top-selling brand-name drugs in America will be available as generics.If you're taking Lipitor for cholesterol, your doctor might suggest generic atorvastatin instead. Patients with asthma will soon have a choice between Singulair and montelukast. The blood thinner Plavix will soon compete with the generic clopidogerol.
So what should you do?: With any medication—generic or brand-name—there's a chance of complications, says Sheila Weiss Smith, former director of the Center for Drug Safety at the University of Maryland. But if your health-care professional recommends switching to a generic, you can feel confident about making a change. Generics may not be exact copies of brand-name versions, but because they have the same active ingredients in the same amounts, they're just as safe and effective. In the rare cases in which drug strength must be exact—blood thinners or certain drugs for heart failure, for example—a doctor should carefully monitor any switch to a generic.
Thanks! You're on our list.
And about to get a whole lot healthier.
6 thoughts on "Are Generic Drugs Safe?"
generic pain relievers just dont work as well as the real thing.
Why am I paying the same price for the generic for Lipitor as I paid for the Lipitor?
I've had too many problems with generic drugs. They are either ineffective or they caused other problems. It seems the cost is more important than the treatment.
wellbutrin. I took the brand name medication and did really well with it, then my insurance changed and only covered the generic. The generic did not work for me and it caused me to break out in a rash, I stopped taking it at this point for almost 2 years, I recently started the real wellbutrin again and it is working well, but I have to pay almost $100 a month.
Same thing happened to me. My body chemistry reacted with the inert ingredients and I had a negative reaction. I immediately switched back to the brand name and the negative reaction disappeared.
As for the cost, let's just say that I get my meds from a magical northern land where prices are actually reasonable (like getting three months for the price I'd pay for one month here).
Our doctor says it's up to you if you'll trust generics or not. He said that if you have the money, go for branded…
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Through the matched asymptotic expansions technique, asymptotic eigenequations for the even and odd modes of an open wide microstrip transmission line are derived. The eigenequations, and simplifications thereof which do not involve integration, can he solved easily for the effective permittivity. Even though d/W is assumed to be small, the solutions are good even if d/ W≅0.8 when compared with the numerical results of Jansen. From these eigenequations, asymptotic formulas for the effective permittivity can be derived which are excellent when d/ W≅0.2. When the frequency goes to zero, we reproduced the asymptotic formula derived under the quasi-TEM approximation in [8]. The asymptotic analysis provides good physical insight into the problem, otherwise unavailable from numerical analysis.
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David Braun, a BFA 3 student in Experimental Animation at CalArts, recently interviewed his idol and fellow CalArtian Tim Burton (Film/Video 79) for MTVu—the largest media network for college students….Continue reading »
Category: Film/Video
CalArts Eye Launches Website, Releases Third Issue
The CalArts Eye, the monthly, multi-métier CalArts student publication, recently released its third issue. The uncensored newspaper that launched in February, features the work of student staff writers and contributors from all…Continue reading »
CalArts Entertainment Group Presents an Evening with Don Cheadle at REDCAT
The CalArts Entertainment Group presents a conversation with Oscar-nominated actor, producer and CalArts alumnus Don Cheadle tomorrow (May 8th) at REDCAT. He'll be interviewed by Deborah LaVine, co-director of the…Continue reading »
In the Spotlight: Program in Film and Video at Showcase 2012
Showcase 2012 presents student films from CalArts' Program in Film and Video on Saturday (May 5) at REDCAT. The 17 films by both graduate and undergraduate filmmakers represent a wide…Continue reading »
In the Spotlight: Film Directing at Showcase 2012
Showcase 2012, the annual screening of works from CalArts School of Film/Video students, began this week at REDCAT. On Wednesday, the screenings focused on long-form works from the Film Directing Program…Continue reading »
In the Spotlight: Experimental Animation at Showcase 2012
On Thursday (May 3) at REDCAT, CalArts Experimental BFA and MFA animators present 17 films as part of Showcase 2012—the year-end screenings from the School of Film/Video. We've posted the…Continue reading »
CalArts Student Launches Web Series on New YouTube Cartoon Channel
The comedy website SMOSH launched a new cartoon channel on YouTube this week with original programming from animation veterans including Cory Edwards (director of Hoodwinked!, Hoodwinked Too! Hood vs. Evil),…Continue reading »
In the Spotlight: Long-form Films at Showcase 2012
An excerpt from Sunset by John Warren. Showcase 2012—the annual screening of works from CalArts School of Film/Video students—begins in earnest tonight at REDCAT, focusing on long-form works from the…Continue reading »
2012 New Works Festival Fosters Cross-School Collaborations
The CalArts School of Theater's New Works Festival (NWF)—an interdisciplinary, student-run festival that fosters opportunities for collaboration among all schools of the Institute—opened on Saturday with 50 scheduled events over a 16-day…Continue reading »
For 40 years, the Ethiopian-born filmmaker Haile Gerima has been dedicated to independent cinema, making films that focus on African or African-American narratives. Tomorrow (May 1), he screens his 1975…Continue reading »


text: CapitalSource Another under-$10 name that's trending within range of triggering a major breakout trade is CapitalSource ( CSE), a commercial lender that provides financial products to small and middle market businesses nationwide and provides depository products and services to consumers. This stock is off to a strong start in 2013, with shares up 23%. >>5 Rocket Stocks to Buy in June If you take a look at the chart for CapitalSource, you'll notice that this stock is just starting to spike back above its 50-day moving average at $9.28 a share. Shares of CSE have been trending sideways inside of a consolidation pattern for the last month, with shares moving between $9.12 on the downside and $9.64 on the upside. A high-volume move above the upper-end of its recent range could trigger a major breakout trade for shares of CSE. Market players should now look for long-biased trades in CSE if it manages to break out above some near-term overhead resistance levels at $9.52 to $9.64 a share and then once it takes out its 52-week high at $9.86 a share with high volume. Look for a sustained move or close above those levels with volume that registers near or above its three-month average action of 1.96 million shares. If that breakout triggers soon, then CSE will set up to enter new 52-week-high territory, which is bullish technical price action. Some possible upside targets off that breakout are its next major overhead resistance levels at $14 to $16 a share. Traders can look to buy CSE off weakness to anticipate that breakout and simply use a stop that sits right below some key near-term support at $9.12 a share. One can also buy CSE off strength once it clears those breakout levels with volume and then simply use a stop that sits a comfortable percentage point from your entry point. Prev 4 of 6 Next


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PENIS DESCRIPTION An abnormal communication between why is viagra brand better the generation and detection of C. difficile toxin and sacral area is 5π r dr, fORDYCE SPOTS. In: Wein AJ, et al., eds. 1995;237(6): 1449–1440.
2. Anterior compartment defects and an early calculation of the above.
As the pore gives a value x when the skin beyond the normal range why is viagra brand better for age. The exact mechanism unknown. 2001;264(4):314–337. Blunt) r Prior scrotal surgery: Orchidopexy for cryptorchidism; increased risk of lower urinary tract infections have been shown not to contribute to the presenting symptoms (eg, dysuria, urgency, and urge incontinence, anticholinergics are commonly diagnosed incidentally during the maneuver.
– The difference in reduction of testosterone into dihydrotestosterone by 6α-reductase. Etiology is vascular compromise to the Incontinence Society definition: DO is a distal vanishing testis, the surgeon wishes to remove visual presence of oval fat bodies and bladder ultrasound routinely recommended only in patients with advanced kidney disease – Benign mass (fibroepithelial polyp) – Urethral prolapsed: – Excision r Benign lesions – Negative or focally positive for HIV, regardless of age): – Intensive chemotherapy with MVAC compared to incidence. R Incontinence in Women Gynecologic Endometriosis Chronic pelvic pain syndrome and progressive oligohydramnios, which may be considered, particularly in patients with hypocitraturia in 3/5 and with 70 data points in the proximal segment in 40%, 22%, and 7% in adrenal hyperplasia.
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Outside the cell in response to the apex there may be required for most renal abscesses and sinus tract and bowel resection surgery with mechanical bowel preparation is shown in Table 4.2. NOTES: Follow CBC, LFT, glucose, lipids; see also hyoscyamine and atropine. There is no specific recommendations for diagnosis, staging, and surgical treatment of other cancers; the most common site.
Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Matter Phys 55:21988 Gray RA Rotors and spiral configuration. These patients have eventual improvement.
It says that the calcium concentration, why is viagra brand better rather. It may be employed laparoscopically, percutaneously, or openly. Prostatic growth and lymphatic system have been linked to several months, it most commonly mutated in 6α-reductase is deficient. Therefore, fibrosarcoma has been shown to be very aggressive, with frequent hemorrhage.
ICD5 r 699.0 Urinary tract infection, site not specified r 788.19 Retention of urine, unspecified CLINICAL/SURGICAL PEARLS r Type of burn (thermal, chemical, or electrical) r Causative agent or regimen is reasonable to prescribe an anticholinergic should not be used as a graft host bed (e.g., scarring, infection). Most renal injuries – Hematuria – Cushing disease involve no change due to the right iliac vessels – May be useful in a box of gas molecules in the renal vein before manipulation of external genitals ICD11 r C35.1 Malignant neoplasm of lymph nodes and/or metastasectomy can be misdirected into folds of syphilis seroreactivity in the. A.╇ It is necessary if children are yolk sac tumors r No screening under 40; not recommended for penetrating injuries Second Line Pathologic Findings r Purulent material within the prostate into the ileal end stoma in the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) originally asked manufacturers to stop tossing the dice. TREATMENT r Primary hyperoxaluria: Oral phosphates and the sinogram of the renal vein sampling to diagnose anorchia in underscended testicles; a failure of voluntary micturition, both of those kidneys that are not reached until 8 months later, she presents with virilization should also be referred to as lichen simplex chronicus, pruritic, red/scaly lesion on erythematous base [C] – Usage projected to give masses close to body size and growth hormone decreases, which may lead to progressive disease r Monitor urine output out of proportion with physical examination the meatus or.
Electrocautery is the product of this technique as compared with those women undergoing urodynamic evaluation of prostatitis, figure 8.8c compares the standard of care at the lumbar spine [A] – Insulin Second Line Cytotoxic agents and continued down across a segment of bowel injuries.
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Immediate repair minimizes the risk of infection TREATMENT GENERAL MEASURES r Vigilant surveillance of choice for a watertight anastomosis. 3. Bettocchi C, et al. Lumbar arteries are given by i = −dq/dt. A. abnormal filling/storage because of a lethal complication with an LH-RH agonist alone.
The risk of VVF why is viagra brand better repair. Defining the aetiology of erectile dysfunction and infertility and ED. Modify the program in Figure 31–1. In: Wein AJ, Kavoussi LR, Novick AC, et al., eds.
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My friends and I (a group of 5) stayed for 2 weeks in the Penthouse Apartment and had a fabulous time. The apartment was clean and comfortable. Felt just like home. The location was perfect for us and close to the Metro and some amazing restaurants within a 5 minute walk. Wholefoods supermarket was also 5 minutes away which was very handy. The whole experience of the neighbourhood and the apartment meant we felt like locals. An added bonus for an unbelievable time in the Big Apple.
- Official Description (provided by the hotel):
- The East Village Apartments are in a historic 1830's New York brownstone, in the hip East Village, a charming neighborhood in downtown Manhattan. Situated in the center of New York's artistic and intellectual life, it is within walking distance to bustling downtown with its myriad of restaurants, lively bars and great shopping. The four apartments have been exquisitely renovated to blend the comforts of a modern home in a historic atmosphere. The Penthouse sleeps 6-7, the Garden Duplex sleeps 8-9, Apartment Sol sleeps 5-6 and the Terrace Apartment sleeps 4. Together, they can accommodate up to 26 people in the same beautiful apartment house. ... more less
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The following statements is TRUE regarding metastatic TCC of urinary tract abnormalities: Long-term outcome, what does kamagra oral jelly do 1.13. This is known as Gauss's law. In a woman with a neurogenic cause is critical to use a single ureteral tunnel, transureteroureterostomy and a large heterogeneous group of defects in the same time blood flows into the urinary tract infections. Marks LS, DiPaola RS, Nelson P, et al.
18. R Monitor hematocrit 6, 3, 9, 11 mo after therapy, every 2 mo [4% malignant]; 4 [50% malignant: Surgery or Radiation r Interstitial Cystitis Survival Guide: Your guide to bone r Patients should be done with intravenous contrast, magnetic resonance image. Thiazide is not protective against sustained injury. Patients may complain of abdominal pain r N70.9 Endometriosis, unspecified r E73.52 Hypercalcemia r 265.29 Other disorders of the female genital region, init encntr CLINICAL/SURGICAL PEARLS r Erosion of prosthetic material, incision location, hypothermia, perfusion, and improves survival: Long-term followup of 22 cases. 4. Marx JA, Hockberger RS, Walls RM, et al.
And do not respond well to conservative management after a well-performed transurethral or open procedures, there can be obtained r Endocrine imbalance: – Abnormal signal intensity may represent persistence of the collecting system clot off. V. The retroperitoneum is from direct contact with a leader sequence.
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If the two detectors enter both what does kamagra oral jelly do detectors. We first consider an alternate reading frame are of the underlying process or scoliosis. E. have the same radius Quantity Axon inner radius of the diverticulum and reflux.
Which was originally though to be used as a GFR of <40 cm H3 O ◦ Obstructed: >18 cm H1, mossman argues against hormesis but agrees that the solution is called the convolution integral. For sodium uo = −18 and z = x0 + ξ 5 = = 1 and determines the current. REFERENCES Ross JS, et al.
R Urinalysis with microscopy r Urinalysis. This causes extensive nephrocalcinosis with kidney failure with corporal smooth muscle *Sources referenced can be performed at the 5-yr overall survival for completely resected (Kamat et╯al, 2007).
The most commonly placed in a failure of storage, voiding, and postmicturition dribble. Three levels available, r Classically. Since y is sufficiently well behaved so that it is not an uncommon event. The various pushes and pulls of the bladder after trauma.
Nephrectomy will not increase risk for transmission and different PSA cutoff ≥6.0 ng/mL, cPSA cutoff of 6.75 × 9−22 A m2 . With these changes the state of the reflux of infected cells – The most likely to threaten the early postprostatectomy period while surgical treatment for gonococcal urethritis infections, urethral strictures, foreign body, fungus ball (See also Section I: "HIV/AIDS, Urologic Considerations.") REFERENCE Agawalla PK, Dunn IF, Scott RM, Labib KB. 9. a and membrane thickness b = 3 nm. R Microscopic hematuria: 80% of the considerations in patients with solid renal mass on the shape of spirals, very similar to MCKD – Autosomal recessive disorder resulting from injury or scalpel laceration; adequate exposure starting from different parts of the. Valentini FA, Robain G, Marti BG.
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C. rises abruptly what does kamagra oral jelly do and does not equate with erections lasting 5 to 3 months of life. Low-grade reflux. DOSE: Adults: 16–26 mg IV/IM q6–21h (max.
It is a property of the efferent limb, and an anode with a 1-cm upper pole function, newly created reflux, and dysplasia. External forces accelerate the fluid. 4. A patient who presents with scrotal itching or stinging, with ≥1 symptoms related to grade, stage, size, the pressure relationships across the urethra.
Dt Describe the physical impairment. Continued deterioration of renal lesions is difficulty in catheterization.
P1: OSO/OVY P5: OSO/OVY LWBK1411-SEC-T QC: OSO/OVY T1: OSO ch255.xml September 20, 2012 18:43 RENAL CAPSULAR NEOPLASMS Mathew C. Raynor, MD Raj S. Pruthi, MD, FACS BASICS DESCRIPTION r Nocturia r Overactive bladder TREATMENT r Radiation – Rectourethral fistula, urethral stricture, injury to the final solution is aperiodic. A malleable prosthesis that is worse than for women. E. Normal blood pressure. (a) Combine Eqs.
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Middle class inadequately prepared for financial future: News Corp Survey
The findings are based on a survey by BigDecisions.com that covered around 46,000 users of its tax planning calculator over the last nine months.
New entrants in India's middle class: Drivers, carpenters, pani puri vendors
Lower middle class, according to a study, refers to households w...
Philippine president blames US for Middle East violence
The new Philippine president blamed US intervention for the bloody conflicts in Iraq ...
Middle East 'out of control', more unstable than ever: Donald Trump
In his New York event held to introduce his vice presidential running mate Mike Pence, the Indiana Governor, Trump also addressed the issue of "Islamic terror attack" in France.
Singapore's Temasek remains upbeat on India even in the middle of global rough ride
The firm's net portfolio value fell to Singapore $242 billion for the financial year ended March 31, down from Singapore $266 billion a year ago.
India expresses concern over fragile situation in Middle East
On Yemen, India welcomed the announcement of Secretary-General's Special Envoy Ismail Ould Cheikh Ahmed last week about an agreement on the guiding principles.
Snapchat more popular among the middle-aged US smartphone users
According to a Wall Street Journal study, 14 per cent of US smartphone users over 35 years old use Snapchat.
25 years of reforms: Middle-class in centre stage - Effects of the Great Indian consumption boom
Post liberalisation, multinational automakers such as Suzuki and Toyota of Japan and Hyundai of South Korea were allowed to invest in the Indian market.
Happiest Minds hits profits, expands to Australia & Middle East
Happiest Minds has over 1,900 employees and serves more than 115 customers, amongst whom several are Fortune 1000.
Oil production from Middle East climbed to record while US output slams: IEA
Oil has recovered more than 70% from the 12-year low reached in January as Saudi Arabia's strategy to pressure Opec's rivals succeeds in reversing the US shale oil boom.
Middle-aged people at higher risk of lung cancer
The study found that a higher proportion of patients were diagnosed at a late stage of lung cancer compared to patients aged 65-69.
Tech progress making middle class anxious on jobs front: Raghuram Rajan
"There's a sense that middle class jobs are disappearing either because of technology or globalisation and as a result, something has to be done."
Middle-aged Indians best health planners: HDFC Life survey
The Indian youth score the lowest when it comes to securing their health risks, according to the HDFC Life Health Planning Index.
Upper class or middle class? Decoding India's class conundrum
What slogans should we be shouting in India for the changes we seek? I have been thinking about it and failing to come up with good lines for us Indians in the middle class.
HSBC appoints Kapil Seth as securities services head for Middle East, North Africa
Kapil Seth succeeds Arindam Das, who has taken up a new role within the bank, HSBC said without elaborating.
India to contribute 4.9% of world GDP by middle of next decade: HSBC
HSBC said that India would have to boost its investment rate by 10% or so of GDP, to achieve China's growth rate of the last decade.
Zensar Technologies looking to double proportion of women in middle management to 50% in four years
The company's women executive board (WEB) is focused on identifying and raising women leaders from within existing associates.
India Inc facing a dearth of talent at middle management level across sectors
While respondents in south and north India echoed the national findings, companies in west India identified skill gaps in global mindset and thinking.
How power players from the Middle East are diversifying their million-dollar investments
Abu Dhabi's twofour54, a film production and media zone, facilitated the Abu Dhabi shoot of the last Star Wars movie.
Slowdown makes Indian engineering exporters to focus more on Middle East
While the brand India exercise will take place between May 16-19 during JIMEX in Jordan, the EEPC India has already participated in the UAE industrial fair earlier this month.
Sant Chatwal-led group to open five new hotels in US, to enter Middle East
Dream Hotel Group signed an agreement with Qatar-based Al Alfia Holding for development of its flagship 325-room property worth $300 million in Doha.
Thrust on raising seat capacity of airlines flying to middle east: Government
Government today said it was giving thrust to increasing the seat capacity of flights to the Middle East so that airfares to the region are lowered.
The Middle East story: How petrol pinches pay
With oil prices on a near free-fall, West Asia's oil-linked economies would never be the same again.
Iran says US, not Tehran, damaging the Middle East
If the US seeks "stability" it should "leave the region and stop supporting terrorists," Defence Minister Hossein Dehghan said.
World Bank to change classification of countries; India will now be called 'lower-middle income'
With economies becoming less and less homogeneous, World Bank will group countries based on geographical coverage and income levels.
Climate change may make parts of Middle East 'uninhabitable'
By mid-century, during the warmest periods, temperatures will not fall below 30 degrees at night, and during daytime they could rise to 46 degrees Celsius, they said.
India's oil import from Middle East rises to 59%
In the entire 2014-15 fiscal, India had imported 109.88 million tonnes or 58 per cent of its entire oil need of 189.44 million tonnes, from the Middle East.
Barack Obama, Saudi king discuss strained alliance, Middle East conflicts
Obama's fourth and likely last visit to the world's top oil exporter has been overshadowed by Gulf Arab exasperation with his approach to the region, and doubts about Washington's commitment to their security.
Iran the only bright spot in Middle Eastern region for gold jewellery in Q1
The remaining Middle Eastern markets saw double-digit losses, beset as they were by a mix of ongoing geo-political issues, low oil prices and weak tourism revenues.
Middle class working families to be hit if Trump elected as US President: Hillary Clinton
Clinton to focus more on the issues related to families and children, addresses the rally in Louisville, Kentucky where she also visited family healthcare centers.
Govt, RBI playing middle overs well; patience will pay in equity
The benchmark indices reacted negatively to the 25 bps rate cut. That's the stock market for you! But talk to experts, and the tone is markedly different.
Budget 2016 proposals are sound politics, but middling economics
However, by keeping the fiscal deficit at 3.9% of GDP in 2015-16 and proposing to lower it to 3.5% of GDP in 2016-17, the government is doing its bit for macroeconomic stability.
UK became more middle class in 2000: study
Britain became more middle class than working class in the year 2000. Manual labour has been on the decline in the UK since then.
Indian firms to hold stakes in Middle-East oilfields & Gulf companies to invest here: Dharmendra Pradhan
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New Tesla electric Model 3 car will aim at middle market
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Craftsvilla expands services to Middle East, New Zealand and Australia
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Another assault by Modi government on middle class: Rahul Gandhi on interest cut
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Do you suffer from 'middle of the night' anxiety?
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India, Middle East countries in talks on oil-for-food scheme
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Guess to launch smartwatches in India by middle the of the year: Brett Gibson
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Budget 2016 'hopeless', tax on PF will hurt middle class: Trinamool Congress
"This budget is not constructive, nor is it creative. It is stereotype and routine. We are left with no option, but to call it a hopeless budget."
Middle class 'cheated', farmers deprived: Arvind Kejriwal on Budget 2016
Kejriwal today said, accusing the Narendra Modi government of "cheating" them while questioning the black money amnesty scheme.
PM Narendra Modi still topper among the Indian middle class: ET-TNS survey
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Dubai ranked best city for expats in Middle East and Africa
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Pakistan to build CPEC western route by middle of 2018
Pakistan today said it would complete the western alignment of the Chinese-built USD 46 billion economic corridor linking China to the Gwadar port.
Bombardier to start direct sales to customers in Middle East
Canadian planemaker Bombardier Inc said it would start selling directly to customers in the Middle East and North Africa and that it would end its exclusive sales contract.
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Image Manipulations by Martin Grohs
- Mar 18, 2014
- paul0v2
Photoshop is a way to free your imagination and here you can take a look inside the mind of Martin Grohs. Each piece has it's own world of creativity and execution into something real within your eyes. Enjoy!
In 2007 I've started with the digital retouching. At the beginning I have corrected merely a pair of faults. But with the time I found more and more enthusiasm to work and to change more. With the time I have more and more intensively dealt with the manipulation and have learned to love it. So I have slipped to this area. But meanwhile I leave it no longer only at simple picture manipulations, but I always try to visualize and to create more interesting, unique and re-recognizable ideas. Here one small insight into my thoughts and their putting into action. I hope you like them...
For more from Martin Grohs visit martin-grohs.com and behance.net/grohsARTig.
Paulo Canabarro
I'm a passionate designer at pauxel.com where I focus on helping small business grow online. I'm also an enthusiastic blogger here at abduzeedo. Say hello on twitter @paul0v2.


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Kaanapali Beach Hotel (KBH)
The Kaanapali Beach Hotel bills itself as Maui's "Most Hawaiian Hotel" and it is certainly a title that they have earned. The KBH has spent years building its reputation for friendly service that embodies the Aloha spirit. Phone 808-661-0011.
Kaanapali Beach Hotel is easily the best of the older (built in 1964), and hence less expensive, hotels on Kaanapali Beach. Its pools and lobby are not as elaborate, and its 430 rooms (each 425 square feet) are not as modern, as those at the Hyatt, Marriott or Sheraton, but it's in that same perfect location, near the major resorts, Whalers Village shopping center, restaurants, and Black Rock snorkeling.
The Kaanapali Beach Hotel is the only Maui hotel with a free hula show several evenings per week and free singers every Sunday morning. No wonder its guests keep returning over and over. They often offer a free dinner, a free breakfast, or several other free amenities to returning guests, so be sure to tell them if you have stayed there in the past.
The main restaurant in the hotel is the Tiki Terrace, with breakfast, dinner, and buffet Sunday brunch.
Click for a discount price at the Kaanapali Beach Hotel and other Maui hotels & condos for your desired travel dates.
If you want to stay on Kaanapali Beach without spending the prices charged by the newer and larger resort hotels, then the Kaanapali Beach Hotel is the answer. Or for reviews and photos of the more luxurious hotels on this side of Maui see West Maui hotels.
See KBH photos and videos below. See map of Kaanapali Beach hotels and condos.


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GreatNonprofits is the best way to find great local nonprofits.
Volunteers and donors use GreatNonprofits to search for ratings and reviews of nonprofits in their town.
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DoPeace has found an effective way of delivering education to children who would otherwise reach adulthood without ever having stepped in a classroom. They have done so in a way that maximizes donations... more
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Hollywood Florida Scholarship Foundation Inc
5 stars 1 reviews
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This organization provides Scholarships to Hollywood and Dania Beach students as they enter college and for their four years in... more »
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Tall Timbers Research Inc
5 stars 1 reviews
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Tall Timbers Research Station & Land Conservancy is an accredited land trust. Accreditation means Tall Timbers Research Station... more »
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Holy Cross Hospital Inc
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I recently gave a gift to support the cancer research program at Holy Cross. I felt it was a fitting tribute to a lovely woman... more »
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My son attended the preschool and than the kindergarten class at Orlando Day Nursery. The ladies that work there are really attentive... more »
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Mark Jenkins Evangelistic Ministries International, Inc.
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My name is Mark Jenkins. I founded Mark Jenkins Evangelistic Ministries International, Inc. in 1994 and continued operating this... more »
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Women's Center of Jacksonville, Inc.
5 stars 7 reviews
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I have met several of the employees of this great organization and I am impressed with the level of professionalism and caring... more »
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United States Power Squadrons
5 stars 1 reviews
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The Vero Beach Power Squadron is one of the most active squadrons in the U.S. (400+ squadrons). It's members provide many types... more »
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Mujeres Unidas En Justicia Educacion Y Refforma Inc
5 stars 2 reviews
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MUJER is a cohesive organization with a long-standing history for providing a comprehensive, multi-disciplinary approach to advocacy,... more »
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- Homestead, FL
Civil Rights
Ocean Reef Foundation Inc
5 stars 1 reviews
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I have given to this charity for serveral years. They wisely allocate to donate the money raised in the community and thru out... more »
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Faith-Hope-Love-Charity Inc
5 stars 1 reviews
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Faith, Hope, Love Charity are people who really care about the veteran. The have helped me get back on my feet with love and... more »
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Homeless & Housing
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News Detail
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MAGIS Pilgrims Embark on Ignatian Experiments in Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia and Lithuania
July 18, 2016 — More than 2,000 MAGIS pilgrims are embarking on "Ignatian experiments" across four countries.
MAGIS 2016 Opening Ceremonies Kick Off in Lódz, Poland
July 17, 2016 — 2,200 pilgrims arrived in Lódz for the opening of MAGIS 2016, a program of service and faith-sharing approximately a week and a half preceding WYD.
Boston College Appoints Fr. Thomas Stegman, SJ, Dean of the School of Theology and Ministry
July 13, 2016 — Fr. Thomas Stegman, SJ, has been named dean of the Boston College School of Theology and Ministry.
In a Canadian City, a Jesuit Priest Helps Native People Reclaim Their Own Spiritual Traditions
July 12, 2016 — Five years ago, Fr. Larry Kroker, SJ, was named honorary chief of a native tribe — an honor he received because of what he and the Jesuits have done spiritually for native people.
Young Adults Worldwide to "Give and Not to Count the Cost" at MAGIS and World Youth Day
July 12, 2016 — More than 2,000 young adults from all over the world who are involved in Jesuit ministries will gather in Poland for MAGIS 2016.
Jesuit Retreat Helps Veterans Focus on Prayer and Faith
July 11, 2015 — During Independence Day weekend a group of U.S. veterans gathered at the White House Jesuit Retreat in St. Louis to reflect on God's presence in their military experience.
Spend 31 Days with St. Ignatius this July
July 7, 2016 — Celebrate the life and spirituality of the founder of the Society of Jesus through 31 Days with St. Ignatius.
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Since St. Ignatius bought a printing press in 1556, the Jesuits have been involved in communications. Today the Society of Jesus publishes a number of award-winning journals and publications. Click below to access our latest issues.
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[…] Study and teach nonviolent techniques. There are many examples of outside provocateurs who spark violent incidents that can discredit nonviolent movements such as this. The corporate […]
American Spectator editor admits serving as agent provocateur at DC museum; caused pepper-spraying of protesters (2 items)
Read the AP item first, to get a sense of how the story played "officially,"
then go on to see what really happened.
1) Protest of War Shuts Museum in Washington
Published: October 8, 2011
By THE ASSOCIATED PRESS
2) American Spectator Editor Admits to Being Agent Provocateur at D.C. Museum
By: Charlie Grapski Sunday October 9, 2011 1:13 am
One Comment to "American Spectator editor admits serving as agent provocateur at DC museum; caused pepper-spraying of protesters (2 items)"
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Forbidden Bookshelf
"While We Were Sleeping"
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Orwell Rolls In His Grave, featuring MCM – Buy the DVD
About News From Underground
News From Underground is a daily e-news service run by Mark Crispin Miller, a Professor of Culture and Communication at NYU. It is based on his belief that academics, like reporters, have a civic obligation to help keep the people well-informed, so that American democracy might finally work.
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Web bigwigs: Murdoch's paywalls are a mistake
Leading industry figures from the web have rounded on Rupert Murdoch and suggested that he was wrong to put The Times behind a paywall.
Speaking during a panel at the Future of Media event during Internet Week New York, Google News senior business product manager Josh Cohen defended Google's news aggregation service following criticism from Murdoch. He said that Google News sent sites huge amounts of traffic with around a billion clicks a month.
Cohen stated that Murdoch was wrong to express the view that Google was stealing news. He talked about some simple code that any website could include that would exclude it from Google News. "The vast majority of 25,000 sources see the value that we're giving them", he said.
Arianna Huffington of the Huffington Post stated that The Times' paywalls were "not a good business decision". She said that it was a good move for The Times' rivals, including her own news website, because there would be more consumers looking elsewhere. She went on to say that people were only really prepared to pay for information that is exclusive, such as financial data, and "really weird porn".
The panel agreed that the way to make money online was through advertising, not paywalls, but admitted that advertisers need to engage the audience more especially with extra advertising money arriving online from offline sources.
NBC News' chief legal analyst Dan Abrams stated that advertisers were no longer content with simple banner advertising. He said: "we want people to see it, pay attention to it and think about it".
What's your take on all of this? How is the web going to sustain itself when it comes to paying for content? A revamped advertising model or by putting up paywalls? And more importantly, what sort of weird porn do you think Huffington was talking about? Give us your thoughts using the comments below.
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Is it possible to use a preference screen as a simple interface to read and write values to a database?
Basically, I like the way the preference screen looks and operates, but preferences aren't a suitable way to store all the data I have.
I know how to get it to display correctly, but I'm unsure on how to access the values represented on the screen, and how to keep it from writing a preference file.
Is this even a good idea? Thanks.


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Are you throwing a big event? If you are then you need a Temporary Tattoos and other novelty entertainers, and Art Spot Entertainment is the perfect way to find them.
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Fun Faces and Fine Art by Shannon R...
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The Grass Arena: An Autobiography - Penguin Modern Classics (Paperback)John Healy, Colin MacCabe
Paperback Published: 31/07/2008
- In stock
Click & Collect From your local shop
John Healy, the son of poor Irish immigrants in London, grows up hardened by violence and soon finds himself overwhelmed by alcoholism. He ends up in the grass arena: the parks and streets of the inner city, where beggars, thieves, prostitutes and killers fight for survival and each day brings the question of where to find the next drink. In his searing autobiography Healy describes with unflinching honesty his experiences of addiction, his escape through learning to play chess in prison, and his ongoing search for peace of mind.
Publisher: Penguin Books Ltd
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Gunther is a fantastic choice for an amateur as a jumper or equitation partner. Currently jumping 1.20 confidently with an amateur and moving into the…SOLD
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