text: What will you be bringing to the potluck? The Casserole Collection Banana-Sweet Potato Casserole Crunchy Sweet Potato Casserole Down Home Corn Casserole with Cheese Broccoli Cashew Casserole Cheese Zucchini Casserole Mixed Vegetable Casserole with Cheese Read More:recipes You might also like ... What Happened to Apple Pie? Curtis Stone's Farmers Market Recipes Are Simply Fresh Curtis Stone: Speaking Out for National Young Farmers Coalition


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Arizona Unemployment Dips to 5.8%, With 7,400 New Jobs
A drop of two-tenths of a percentage point in December, led by private-sector growth.
A drop of two-tenths of a percentage point in December, led by private-sector growth.
Ducey, some legislators want to make the state more business friendly.
Tucson beverage distributor will be part of state's largest distributor, Hensley Beverage Co.
Overpass at Ajo Way will be completely rebuilt over next 2 years.
Prices up, too; most key statistics rose and grew at higher rates than year earlier.
Some think this could be the year Tucson's economy moves past slow growth.
The Arizona Department of Transportation and the City of Tombstone are renovating the exterior of an important landmark, Shieffelin Hall
Up to 1.5 inches of rain in valleys, snowfall in mountains above 6,000 feet.
Victims of Jan 8 shooting invited to DC as president reveals stricter control on gun sales.
Projections from AAA show number of travelers will be similar to last year.
County to train those hit by upcoming Freeport-McMoRan mine closure.
Slow, steady growth remained the trend this year for Tucson's economy
November employment report showed gains beyond seasonal jobs
Low prices, layoffs, mandated upgrades, union negotiations are among issues.
A ceremony honors those who were lost, and survivors tell their stories.
Analysis of the Ninth U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals Decision
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Konstantin Solomatov
Currently: Project Manager/Lead Software Developer at JetBrains
2003-now Work at JetBrains. Started as an Intern. Participated in JetBrains MPS Project (http://www.jetbrains.com/mps). Currently work on a new project, some part of which are open sourced:
- https://github.com/JetBrains/jetpad-mapper - Java (GWT) Based MVC UI framework
- https://github.com/JetBrains/jetpad-projectional - Projectional (MPS like) editing framework based on mappers
2001-2006 Studied at Saint-Petersburg State University at department of Mathematics and Mechanics. Graduated in Computer Science.
1997-2001 I attended School 239 in Saint-Petersburg
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Anyone know where to buy BT in Connecticut? I can order it online - but I need it now.
Where to buy Bacillus Thuringiensis (BT) in Connecticut
Bacillus thuringiensis var israelensis can be had as mosquito dunks wherever they are sold - which would be at a wide variety of retailers.
Does that mean I can dissolve a mosquito dunk and spray my wasp infested gooseberries with the spray?
Why would you want to kill the wasps, which are beneficial? From what I can see, wasps are a non-target group anyway.
It is a specific fruit wasp that is killing my gooseberry and I posted on the fruit forum and they suggested Sevin - so BT was the kinder alternative. I have lost almost all my fruit and parts of the bush. :(
Sorry I don't have a better suggestion of something you could try, but my understanding is the same as Al's that Bt won't work against the wasps.
I'm pretty sure that Bt is only effective against caterpillar type things. I once found it a ACE, and a KMart, but haven't looked lately. Mine is labeled "Thuricide", made by Bonide.
It also works on many types of larvae, but unfortunately not on wasp larvae (as far as I know)
If you're going after "worms" you'll want to get Bt "kurstaki" variety. The liquid form, as catmad said, is known as Thuricide. The powdered form is sold as Dipel. Both products are usually available and the box stores, garden centers, etc.
I doubt the wasps are giving you troubles, usually any wasp around gooseberries are predator wasps, eating "bad" bugs. I think you're being plagued with gooseberry fruitworm, or perhaps current worms, both of which can be controlled with Bt (or Sevin, if you choose). Anything you see flying around that resembles a fly is the adult form, a moth, not a wasp.
Even though you may have lost most of your fruit I'd recommend going ahead and dust or spray to zap any stragglers that will grow into adults, starting the life cycle all over again.
Hope this is helpful.
The person helping me did say worm - I'm easily confused. Thank you so much, Shoe. I will go to the Big Box on my lunch hour with your list. How long do I have to wait to pick the gooseberries after I dust them - I want to make jam.
There won't be a waiting period with Bt, it doesn't harm warm-blooded animals (us!) nor does it have an secondary or tertiary effects (for example if an infected worm is eaten by a bird the bird is not affected).
If you have any ripe fruit I'd pick it then spray or dust the plants. You can store whatever you pick in the freezer until you can pick more and get enough for jam and such and it won't affect the texture or flavor of the jam.
Whew...my tomato sammich is gone so back out to work I go!
Pulling for ya, YankeeCat! Hope all goes well!
I'm having trouble finding the Thuricide or Dipel. I looked at big boxes on the internet and went to an upscale nursery at lunch. Maybe I should just order on line and wait for delivery. Sigh
Y-Cat...Go here
It should bring up local garden centers in your area. With that info you may be able to give them a call and pick up what you need on the way home.
I got some at agway last night and sprayed. Found out that it attacked my currants, too. :( They are all gone.
Well, at least you know the cause of the problem(s) now.
And on a good note, now that you have the spray you are prepared for future outbreaks as well.
Sorry to hear of your loss. As for me, I wish Bt would work on squirrels! They get more of my fruit than I do.
Yeah - they got all the strawberries - except for the alpines. Guess they are too small to bother with.
Just an update - the BT spray is working really well on the leafy greens!
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Edgar R. Schoepal, File, AP photo
BERLIN — A 2000 firebomb targeting Russian Jewish immigrants at a Duesseldorf railway station. A 2004 nailbombing in a Cologne immigrant neighborhood. A 2008 fire in a Ludwigshafen apartment building that killed nine Turkish immigrants, including five children.
All unsolved crimes, and all now reopened as the possible work of a small band of neo-Nazis who allegedly killed and terrorized minorities for a decade, undetected by Germany's thousands of security authorities nationwide before they finally tripped up this month.
Chancellor Angela Merkel has vowed a thorough investigation of the group's crimes, calling them "a disgrace, shameful for Germany."
Yet many questions remain. Key among them is whether the group is responsible for deadly hate crimes beyond the 10 deaths for which they are blamed, and whether there are other members or sympathizers still at large. More broadly, the nation is asking how such a group could have been allowed to carry out these crimes undetected for so long.
The case has provoked widespread criticism that in an effort to focus on leftist and Islamic terrorism, authorities have been blind to the threat of the right.
"If this had happened in Turkey, if eight or nine Germans had been killed with the same weapon and if the murderers were not found, all European nations would be up in arms, they would declare Turkey to be a barbarian country not fit to live in," Elif Kubasik, whose husband Mehmet was killed in April 2006 in a slaying linked to the group, told Turkey's Sabah daily.
Other families of the nine known minority victims have come forward with tales of how police suspected organized crime, drugs or interethnic rivalries — anything but far-right violence. Aside from one Greek, all of these victims were of Turkish origin, and the group took responsibility for their deaths in a homemade video. The group is also believed have carried out the 2007 shooting death of a German police officer.
Authorities are now scrambling to determine whether the group was linked to other violent crimes targeting immigrants.
In the amateur DVD, the group also appeared to take credit for a 2004 bombing in the Muelheim district of Cologne, home to many Turks, in which 22 people were injured. The interior minister at the time, Otto Schily, said that attack was likely the work of "not terrorists but the criminal underworld."
Investigators are also taking a new look at a July 27, 2000, explosion at a rail station in Duesseldorf that injured 10 recent immigrants from the former Soviet Union, six of them Jewish. They have also reopened the investigation of a blaze in 2008 in the southern city of Ludwigshafen, in which five children and four adults — all ethnic Turks — died.
"We have a growing scandal," Justice Minister Sabine Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger told the Sueddeutsche Zeitung on Friday. "Thirty-two state police and domestic security offices have not been able to stop a series of far-right extremist murders."
Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger and Interior Minister Hans-Peter Friedrich held a crisis meeting Friday with representatives of the law enforcement agencies to try to figure out what went wrong, and where.
Although the emphasis is on solving the crimes, they also discussed the possible restructuring of Germany's complex web of police and security agencies — a decentralized system set up in a post-World War II attempt to avoid the repeat of the Nazis' absolute consolidation of power.
"Federal prosecutors have to focus on the crime and its perpetrators," Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger said Thursday. "Politicians have to answer the question of whether the security structures in Germany can work effectively and efficiently and what changes might be needed."
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Roberts Radio Sovereign DAB/DAB+/FM RDS Digital Radio - Sandringham Burgundy
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- Digital radio
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The Sovereign with DAB/DAB+/FM is a modern version of the Vintage R500 first released in 1964. The Sovereign radio features an angled cabinet to make a startling design statement and a significantly larger speaker to provide exceptional sound quality. The radio is available in three regal colours including Windsor Green, Sandringham Burgundy and Balmoral Blue, colours all fit for a Queen. Separate bass and treble ensure you can change the tone to your own requirement and ith easy to use rotary controls and RDS station name display this is a fantastic addition to any home. Dims 19x27x11.9.
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Sachin Tendulkar would have been successful in any era: Gavaskar
Mumbai: Former India captain Sunil Gavaskar on Tuesday said Sachin Tendulkar would have been successful in any era because of his sound technique and temperament and cited Sir Don Bradman`s words to support his claim.
"As Sir Don Bradman said a great in one era would have been a great in any era. If you look at the technique that he has got, if you look at the temperament that he has, I think he would have been successful in any era," Gavaskar said.
Gavaskar, however, refused to compare Bradman with Tendulkar.
"You cannot compare two players of different eras. At best you can compare players of the same team. I don`t think it is correct to compare players of two eras. It`s good for an after dinner debate."
Gavaskar said the trio of Bradman, Sir Garfield Sobers and Tendulkar are to cricket what Michael Jordan is to basketball, Mohammad Ali to boxing and Pele to football.
"There were few men who have embellished sports and made that sport beyond the sport itself. And I think in that context you would relate football with Pele, basketball with Michael Jordan, boxing with Mohammad Ali and in cricket I would imagine there would be three. One would be Sir Don Bradman, Sir Garfield Sobers and Sachin Tendulkar. They absolutely took the game to a different level," Gavaskar at India Today Group`s `Salaam Sachin` function at city hotel here.
Gavaskar said he realised Tendulkar`s potential when he watched him bat during his maiden first-class game.
"First time I watched him in a match was his debut first-class game against Rest of India and the following Ranji Trophy match for Mumbai at the Wankhede stadium. He certainly showed the potential to go on and make life miserable for the bowlers of the world," he said.
Gavaskar feels Tendulkar`s key to success was his balance, both on and off the field.
"Balance on the field is in terms of cricketing balance. And by balance off the field I mean his ability to maintain his level of concentration, his discipline off the field despite achieving so much, despite having so much pressure of expectations," he said.
Gavaskar also said that he was not really surprised by Tendulkar`s decision to quit the game after playing his milestone 200th Test against West Indies at Mumbai, starting Thursday.
"Not really because around a certain age people do start thinking of life after the game. So it was on the cards."
Gavaskar appreciated Tendulkar`s desire to learn and said the champion batsman has approached him many a times for feedbacks on his batting.
"The best part about some of the players like Sachin, Rahul Dravid, VVS Laxman was their ability to analyse the areas they needed to improve upon and then seek help and guidance of a senior player on how to get over the technical difficulties," he said.
Asked to list down Tendulkar`s best knock, Gavaskar recollects: "The first century which helped India save the Test match. The century he (Tendulkar) got in Perth, it was a memorable one because it wasn`t an easy pitch to bat on but he made it look so simple. Then the 100 he got in Chennai against Australia."
Asked whether Tendulkar is a mixture of Gavaskar and Gundappa Vishwanath with flair of Viv Richards, the former India skipper said: "I would say Sachin Tendulkar is Sachin Tendulkar. Better of to say he is Sachin Tendulkar. To say he is a mixture of some players is not fair to Sachin."
When asked about Tendulkar`s biggest regrets of his life, Gavaskar said, "The times that he scored runs and India lost and the times he didn`t score and India lost. Those are the things he would regret most."
As Tendulkar steps on to play his swansong Test on Thursday, Gavaskar said the little master will feel some pressure.
"Sachin may feel the pressure. Somebody in the family should help. The biggest pressure is whether this person has got tickets or the other has or not."
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Nonprofits today are trying to thrive in an economic environment that is not optimal. The challenges they face morph every day, requiring nimble responses, reallocated resources and fresh eyes. And more nonprofits – in a very real sense, … more
Rhode Island's nonprofit sector is a robust one, with roughly 3,750 503(c)3 charitable organizations in existence as of the middle of July, according to the Rhode Island Foundation. But that number represents growth of more than 65 percent … more
The Rhode Island Foundation is launching a statewide Buy Local campaign Nov. 24, four days ahead of Small Business Saturday. more
By Patricia Daddona
Updated 2:30 p.m. Despite recent signs of an improved economy, one in eight Rhode Island households lacks adequate food, according to the 2015 Status Report on Hunger in Rhode Island from the Rhode Island Community Food Bank. more
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More than 280 guests attended the Newport Art Museum's annual summer gala, A Beaux Arts Ball, raising more than $195,000 for the museum. more
Amanda Heinsen has been promoted to director of major gifts at United Way of Rhode Island. She joined the organization in 2009, serving as a development officer. She holds a B.S. in marketing and public and community-service studies from Providence … more
Diana Perdomo has been named director of grants and strategic initiatives at United Way of Rhode Island. She joins UWRI from Brown University's Office of the Provost, where she worked as a global relations officer. Perdomo holds a degree in global … more
Ticket sales topped 250 at Home & Hospice Care of Rhode Island's annual Family Night at McCoy Stadium on July 29. more
Employees and friends of DiPrete Engineering raised $22,793 by participating in the National Multiple Sclerosis Society's annual "Bike MS: Ride the Rhode" fundraiser. more
Managing director of the Little Compton Historical Society discusses the group's mission and fundraising efforts. more


text:
It seems I have this pattern which goes something like this --
1. Beginner's luck at my first go at a new distance.
2. Bigtime failure in my second.
3. Redemption.
4. A long string of successful races.
It seems I have this pattern which goes something like this --
1. Beginner's luck at my first go at a new distance.
2. Bigtime failure in my second.
3. Redemption.
4. A long string of successful races.
I wanted to get into Western States but as everyone knows, making it through the lottery is nearly impossible with only one ticket. I had a 4% chance and although I remained optimistic, I had a backup plan already in place -- the Tahoe Rim Trail 100. That's probably not the best way to pick a hundred and in fact, some sound advice from someone I've forgotten -- when you're choosing a hundred, you better love what you choose.
I didn't love it but after doing the training runs, I was amazed by the beauty and scared by the level of difficulty. I can't say I ever made it to LOVE but by the start of the race, I was definitely in deep LIKE. The video of the belt buckle really got me hooked on the idea so by the time I hit the starting line, I wanted to be there.
With the Rim to Rim to Rim trip still on my mind, I'm reprocessing and parsing the conversations we had along our journey. I'm not sure if this was said during our trip or if it was said in the wake of our trip but John had made a comment about "Adventures for the Adventurer". That line has been stuck in my head ever since he said it because it feels like my mantra.
Rarely do I use the word 'epic' because I feel like it's overused and I believe it should be used for the truly monumental feats. I think you do something really, really cool, you do it with friends and you walk away thinking – "that was pretty epic". And that's the only way I would describe this past weekend. EPIC.
I frequently complain about living in California but there is one thing for certain, we are very fortunate to live in an area which provides us with an abundance of opportunities to play outdoors. I've lived all over the valley, in this specific area for about ten years, and yet I'm still uncovering new places to explore.
Two weekends ago, I trekked up to the top of Mission Peak with some new friends. I'd been eyeing that hill for quite some time since there's a trail system closer to my house leading up that way. After exploring the top last weekend, I decided to connect the pieces. Using Google, I mapped the points and it claimed it was 14.4 miles one direction. 28 miles round trip is about what I had in mind -- it seemed perfect.
Page 1 of 64


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The Fast Money traders share their final trades of the night including Twitter, Starbucks, and more. » Read More
JPMorgan reiterated its stance on dividend stocks as the best investment vehicle given the uncertainty surrounding interest rates.
Analysts at the firm point out the 'favorable' risk-reward due to attractive dividend.
Take a look at some of Wednesday's early movers: TWTR, CSCO, PG, CELG, ANF, X, BBY & more
The consumer products company is revising its instructions on how to use the dissolvable laundry detergent packets for bigger loads.
Procter & Gamble, the company behind Tide Pods, has altered its packaging and advertising of its pod laundry detergent.
Unlike Bluetooth or Wi-Fi, LISNR just needs sound to make a connection, turning any speaker into a beacon that can deliver info to the user.
Over 65M people in 170 countries use Blippar's VR app, which unlocks info and interactive content when smartphones are pointed at a product.
U.S. stocks closed well off session lows Wednesday, helped by an intraday recovery in oil prices and better-than-expected manufacturing data.
This smartphone app powered by artificial intelligence can help to reignite interaction with the world that surrounds us.
U.S. stocks closed lower Monday in low volume trade as investors awaited further indications on the timing of the Federal Reserve's next rate hike.
Slave labor and trafficking is rampant in the fishing industry. Here's what can be done to stop it, say top WEF officials.
An up-and-down week for markets had "Fast Money" traders wondering if some strong trades will hold up.
The "Fast Money" traders give you 4 ways to play some already winning trades.
Jim Cramer marked the anniversary of the market hitting an all-time high one year ago with an in-depth analysis of the Dow Jones.
Warren Buffett's investment company reduced its holdings in a number of big names, as well.
Stephen DeNichilo, portfolio manager at Federated Kaufmann Funds and Mariann Montagne, senior investment analyst at Gradient Investments discuss what's with the blue chip blues.
This West Point grad says "starting a business before you're 30 is the craziest, stupidest thing you can do ... until it's the smartest."
Apple appears stuck in market limbo after its post-earnings plunge, so how do you play a stock that doesn't seem to be going anywhere?
Millennials are skeptical of ads. Digital media is trying viral products or blending in with users to get brand messages across.
Procter & Gamble reported a better-than-expected rise in quarterly profit, boosted by cost-cutting and higher selling prices.


text:
Markets |
Feb 5 Chipotle Mexican Grill Inc on Tuesday reported higher quarterly profit, despite higher costs for beef and other ingredients that took a bite out of margins.
Net income rose to $61.4 million, or $1.95 per share, during the fourth quarter, from $57.5 million, or $1.81 cents per share, a year earlier.
Revenue increased just over 17 percent to $699.2 million. Sales at restaurants open at least 13 months were up 3.8 percent, as expected.
Food costs were 33.5 percent of revenue, an increase of 130 basis points, primarily driven by higher costs for beef products, including steak and barbacoa.
Our top photos from the past 24 hours. Full Coverage
Trending On Reuters
Patents & Entrepreneurial Universities
Measuring and evaluating academic innovation


text:
SEOUL, June 25 (Yonhap)-- North Korea marked the 63rd anniversary of the outbreak of the 1950-53 Korean War on Tuesday with mass rallies, vowing to achieve its national goal of developing its economy and nuclear capability, the country's media said.
The Korean War, which broke out with a North Korean invasion, came to a halt in a cease-fire on July 27, 1953. North Korea claims that it won the war after defeating U.S.-led allied forces.
In Pyongyang, the capital, a mass rally was held at the Kim Il Sung plaza, attended by high-ranking government, party and military officials, including Premier Pak Pong-ju and Vice Premier Kang Sok-ju, according to a report by Korean Central Television Broadcasting Station (KCBS TV) monitored here.
The report made no mention of whether the North's paramount leader Kim Jong-un attended the rally.
Cha Hui-rim, chairman of the Pyongyang City People's Committee, said in his speech at the rally that North Korea should develop its economy and nuclear weapons capability at the same time to confront the "U.S.imperialism," the report said.
"The rally was followed by a mammoth anti-U.S. demonstration," the report said without giving further details, including the number of participants.
Similar rallies were also held in other parts of the country, according to the (North) Korean Central News Agency.
<All rights reserved by Yonhap News Agency>


text:
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text:
How do I change the footing words for about us?
How do I change the footing words for about us?
Hi about2flip,
[edit: got a little overzealous] Gimme a sec and I'll find this for you.
Thank you.
Go into your admin panel > widgets.
On the right side, you have three widget areas "First Footer Widget Area, Second... Third..."
The section you are targeting is "Second Footer Widget Area". Drag a text widget from the "Available Widgets" section into the "Second Footer Widget Area" and edit the title and text. Click save and you should be able to refresh your page and see your changes.
@Robert, Thank You!!!! Got a trick question, how do I remove menu link (page) from the main header menu. I created a terms page, but it shows up in the main menu, and I just want it for a footer menu that i created.
Set your main menu at Appearance > Menus back to default values, or however you'd like it to appear, and save that.
Then, once you've done that:
Thanks Again followed the steps, but my "terms" page in the discover theme still appears in the main header menu. I don't want to show the page "terms" in the main menu on top. Anyway to get rid of that. I tried making it private, but if i click it in the widgets footer menu it says Private:Terms.
Ah Figured it out. Didn't know I had to create a custom menu for the header menu.
Thanks @Robert. #You The Best!
I'm glad that I could help out! Good luck with your site!
This topic has been closed to new replies.


text:
Sakamoto Mio Alter Ver. (PVC Figure) 1/8
Save: 40% off (JPY5,050)
Save: 40% off (JPY5,050)
Prices are automatically linked to market prices in Japan, some rare items are more expensive than regular price.
In Stock
Inventory information is updated once each day. All products are new, however, the condition of the box is not guaranteed.
Product Shipping Estimate: [How to Calculate Shipping Cost (?)]
- Asia (SAL): US$10.62
- Oceania,North America,Central America,Middle East (SAL): US$13.09
- Europe (SAL): US$13.09
- South America,Africa (SAL): US$15.56
You may be subject to import duties and taxes. [... more info (?)]
- Japanese: ストライクウィッチーズ 坂本美緒 (1/8スケール PVC製塗装済完成品)
- Weight: 0.622kgs
- Package Size: 18cm x 29cm x 28cm
- Manufactured by: Alter
- Release Date: Friday 14 March, 2014
Height: approx 245mm.


text:
The former first-round Draft pick had two hits, including a bases-loaded double, on Saturday as San Diego posted an 8-5 Cactus League victory over the Kansas City Royals in Peoria, Ariz.
Facing veteran left-hander Bruce Chen in the bottom of the first inning, Alonso lined a one-out double off the right field fence that staked the Padres to a 3-0 lead.
Alonso also singled in the third and grounded out in the fifth before making way for Kyle Blanks. He raised his average to .265 and has seven RBIs in 12 Spring Training games. A year ago, he posted an .860 OPS at Triple-A Louisville before smacking five homers and hitting .330 in a 47-game stint with the Reds.
The 24-year-old first-baseman was acquired with catcher Yasmani Grandal and pitchers Edinson Volquez and Brad Boxberger last December in the deal that sent right-hander Mat Latos to Cincinnati. Blocked at his natural position by 2010 MVP Joey Votto with the Reds, Alonso is being given the chance to win a spot in the Padres lineup.
Second baseman Jonathan Galvez slugged a two-run homer and No 5. prospect Jedd Gyorko drove in the go-ahead run with a forceout in the eighth as San Diego improved to 8-8 this spring.
Today on MiLB.com
Top Stories on MiLB.com
- D-backs call top prospect Shipley for MLB debut
- Shorebirds' Mercedes hits homer hat trick
- Tepesch sparkles in Storm Chasers debut
- Braves' Weigel takes no-hitter into seventh
- Aces' Haniger stays hot, hits two more homers
- Newman piles up four hits in Curve victory
- Sims posts zeros in longest start for Braves
- Esurance #CallUpWorthy Central


text:
Open: Saturday, July 9th
Welcome to The Blueberry Patch website www.upickblueberries.com. Feel free to browse the different pages on our site to learn when and how you can pick blueberries as well as help continue the Blue Water Project. For prices, dates, and hours of operation please visit the Information page.
We are located in the heart of the Ozarks thirty miles east of Springfield, MO and three miles east of Seymour just off of Highway 60. View the Contact page for further directions and maps.
Click here for past year's blueberry recipes!


text:
Nebraska Revised Statute 77-5504
- Revised Statutes
- Chapter 77
- 77-5504
Additional definitions.
Any term defined in the Nebraska Revenue Act of 1967 and used in the Invest Nebraska Act has the same meaning in the Invest Nebraska Act unless the context requires a different meaning.
Cross References
- Nebraska Revenue Act of 1967, see section 77-2701.


text:
- Forum: Classic Menswear
Looks good! If you like it enough there is always the Omega mesh as well, very well executed and available from Ofrei and such (and ADs too, I'm sure).No need to apologize The watch hobby often gets too purist and serious, mix it up! A red, orange or camo NATO is essential summer cool! You are a peacock and you want to fly! And guys, pssst: I have something incoming


text:
Kalderetang Kambing is goat meat stewed in tomato sauce. The adult goat meat, Chevon, is commonly used for this dish. The meat is sautéed with garlic, onions, and tomatoes then stewed in tomato sauce … [Read more...]
Breaded Pork Loin
Breaded Pork Loin is a simple recipe using pork loin as the main ingredient. Pork Loin is dipped in whisked egg and milk mixture then dredge in breadcrumbs and fried to perfection.This … [Read more...]
History of Filipino Food and Recipes
Ever wondered how your favorite Filipino recipes came about? Noticed how the cooking methods and use of ingredients in one region differ from the other? Have you seen similarities of Filipino Food … [Read more...]


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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Publication date
|Aug 15, 1967
|Filing date
|Oct 24, 1963
|Priority date
|Dec 8, 1962
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Hans Heymann
|Original Assignee
|Olympia Werke Ag
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (4), Referenced by (13), Classifications (8)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
TESTING APPARATUS FOR INFORMATION STORAGE DEVICES OF DATA PROCESSING SYSTEMS Filed Oct. 24. 1963 2 Sheets-Sheet 1 1n D E 9 2 l A L5 \r 51 LL rum/m5 INVENTOR HA N5 HEYMANN A T TORNE Y5 Aug. 15, 1967 TESTING APPARATUS FOR INFORMATION STORAGE DEVICES H. HEYMANN 3,336,579
OF DATA PROCESSING SYSTEMS Filed Oct. 124, 1963 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 24 23 20 8 220 I iii A j k 20d FIG. la
\ I FIG) 26 27 F163 7 330MB; 4/ 340 From 30 1 1 25 43 35 y r 1 ,'/25a w M 5 38 49 5/0 5241 2/ i I A. 39 24 1 1 x 42 W 2 50 51b 1 j Fmm INVENTOR HANS HEYMANN -L%%QW- Arrow/5x 5 United States Patent 0 3,336,579 TESTING APPARATUS FOR INFORMATION STORAGE DEVICES OF DATA PROCESS- ING SYSTEMS Hans Heymann, Wilhelmshaven, Germany, assignor to Olympia Werke AG, Wilhelmshaven, Germany Filed Oct. 24, 1963, Ser. No. 318,544 Claims priority, application Germany, Dec. 8, 1962, 0 9,121 9 Claims. (Cl. 340-1725) The present invention relates to a testing apparatus and device for detecting faulty circuit elements or faulty circuit connections in a storage device pertaining to a data processing system, such as a matrix, particularly one of the type operating with inhibition and having magnetic cores as storage elements.
Fault detection for data processing systems of such kind usually use a testing word which is being read-in and read-out again and the read-out Word is being compared with the read-in word. Devices known to carry out such testing usually test one storage location at a time, which is a cumbersome procedure when the storage device has many storage places.
It is an object of the present invention to provide an apparatus and device permitting the testing of operativeness of a storage matrix having any number of storage places, whereby it is presumed:
(1) That the storage matrix is provided with means for successively calling on all storage places, including a clock pulse source controlling the calling process;
(2) That there can be derived from this matrix a calling completed signal, furnishable regardless whether the matrix was called on for information read-in or informa tion read-out, and
(3) That there are individual read-in (inhibiting) channels and individual read-out channels such as wires traversing appropriately the several storage locations for operative connection therewith.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a testing device capable of cyclically testing all storage places at a speed similar to that with which the storage device is operated normally.
According to one aspect of the present invention in a preferred embodiment thereof, it is suggested to provide a reversing switch having two output terminals and operating in such a manner that an input signal (a) reverses the switching position; and
(b) is being passed on into the output terminal now activated due to the just initiated reversing.
The input signal of this reversing switch is furnished either by the aforementioned calling completed signal or by a frequency doubler connectable to the clock pulse source. The output terminals of the reversing switch are connected to selectively activate matrix read-in and readout channels.
More in particular, the matrix may be provided with inhibiting wires and read-out wires selectively connectable to a register. The output terminals of the reversing switch then are being connected to individually control this latter selective connection. In this case, testing information, such as a bit or a word, may be read into the matrix, until there appears a signal at the input side of the reversing switch, whereafter this read-in information is being readout again. If one uses the frequency doubler, then a word is being read-in and read-out again in between two clock pulses. One can further use a register into which a testing word is given first, then read into a storage place, readout again and stored again in the register so that this read-out word is being read-in again into the next storage place etc. If no fault is present, the same word will be altcrnatingly read-in and read-out, i.e. after the storage places have been called upon, and there still is the same work in the register, there is no fault.
Another advantageous provision is to be seen in the usage of another reversing switch controlled by the aforementioned reversing switch in that first testing is had with one word, and then another testing cycle is had with the complementary word. This way it is ensured that those faults will be detected which have a directional component, for example, faults effective only in one direction of storage core magnetization etc.
A further attachment provides and" circuits having adjust-ably biased inputs so that for a particular word a coincidence output is produced. When testing of each storage location is had with that one word, a fault will be detected by lack of coincidence. This attachment may be adapted for use of testing with a word and the word complementary thereto.
While the specification concludes with claims particularly pointing out and distinctly claiming the subject matter which is regarded as the invention, it is believed that the invention, the objects, and features of the invention and further objects, features and advantages thereof will be better understood from the following description taken in connection with the accompanying drawing in which:
FIGURE 1 illustrates a wiring diagram of a core matrix with read-in, read-out and call network and a testing device connected thereto;
FIGURE 10 illustrates a detailed portion of the wiring diagram of FIG. 1;
FIGURE 2 illustrates a wiring diagram source for a testing word providing also for the complementary word;
FIGURE 3 illustrates an indicating attachment to be used in connection with the testing device of FIG. 1, possibly also in connection with that of FIG. 2; and
FIGURE 4 illustrates an example of a particular switch used in the testing device shown in FIG. l.
Proceeding now to the detailed description of the drawing, in FIG. 1 there is shown a storage array comprising three switch core matrices 1 each having six lines and six columns, i.e. thirty-six cores.
There are altogether six line wires 2 and six column wires 3. Each such wire pertains to all three matrices so that for any one line wire and any one column wire there are three intersections with one core for each such intersection. Since energization of one column wire and one line wire affects three storage cores, these three cores together form a single storage location for a single word which includes three hits.
Line and column wires are being called on by shift registers 4 and 5, respectively. Each shift register has six stages, one for each wire.
Each stage of each shift register 4 and 5 governs a switch or relay, there being six line wire control switches 6 and six column wire control switches 7. Each such switch when energized connects the associated wire (line or column) to zero potential terminal 0. Switches 6 and 7 are of the type of remaining energized as long as the respective shift register stage is in on state.
The line wires and column wires have a common terminal wire or call circuit supply wire 10 connected in a manner to be described below.
The two shift registers 4 and 5 are operatively interconnected to constitute a frequency divider. In particular, shift register 4 is connected to an output terminal 8 of a source of clock pulses so that each clock pulse shifts the register from stage to stage. Shift register 4 is further interconnected to operate as ring counter with each six succeeding clock pulses defining one cycle. The last stage of shift register 4 is being actuated once every six clock pulses and it functions as pulse source for shift register 5. Thus, there is an output terminal 9 of shift register 4 delivering this output pulse at a frequency of of the clock pulse frequency as shifting control pulse to shift register 5.
Accordingly, during the energization of one column wire, all six line wires will be called upon successively. Then the next column wire is being called upon and again all six line wires are successively called upon etc.
Hence, after shift register 5 has completed one cycle, the entire matrix array is being called upon.
Proceeding now to the line and column wire intercom nection at call circuit supply wire 10, this latter wire is governed by a switch 14. Switch 14 is illustrated as relay. It may be a pulse operated relay, but it may also be a pulse operated gating circuit capable of transmitting voltages of positive as well as negative polarity relative to the reference potential at terminal 0. Switch 14 is gov erned by a signal applied to terminal 11 from a suitable source delivering a master command signal prior to matrix read-in or read-out. Switch 14 may also be actuated ie. turned on by a signal derived from an or circuit pertaining to a testing arrangement 13 to be described below.
In any event, switch 14 governs a current path leading to call circuit supply wire and coming from a read-in out selector switch 15. Switch 15 is illustrated as reversing switch. It is possible to use here a three level and" gate capable of distinguishing between O, and potentials. There are provided two storage matrix selection command lines 1611 and 170, respectively connected to two different output sides of a flip flop 167. Command lines 16a and 170 are connected to place read-input selector switch 15 in either one of two operating positions. This provision serves to individually control selection of read-in and of readout. In particular, a command pulse in command line 1611 places the readin-out selector switch 15 into a position which connects a terminal 150 of positive voltage potential to call circuit supply wire 10 (assuming switch 14 is closed). This situation takes place for read-in. Thus. line 16a delivers a read-in starting and command signal to readin-out selector switch 15 connecting same to the positive voltage so that positive voltage is applied to the line and column wires of the storage array.
Command line 17a receives a start-read-out command signal, placing read-in-out selector switch 15 in the alternative switching position so that a terminal 15a of nega' tive voltage potential call circuit supply is applied to wire 10 for storage read-out. The potentials of terminals 15a and 15!) being respectively denoted as positive and negative, are measured relative to the reference and zero potential at terminal 0. It will thus be appreciated that read-in and readout are distinguished by the direction of current llow in line wires and column wires: for read in, current flow is from the source (15a) through switch 15, now in read-in position, to zero potentiol 0, whereas for readout it is the opposite. This is easily understood if one considers that the direction of current in line and column wires determines the direction of magnetization of the several wires in the storage matrices.
Read-in command line 1611 further connects to the control input terminals of three switches 18. The switches 18 govern individually three reversing or inhibiting wires 19 traversing all cores of one matrix. Wires 19 respectively originate in stages 20 for intelligence input and output.
Accordingly, read-out command line 17a furnishes also three command signals for three switches 21 respectively Cir governing three read-out wires 22; and the three read-out wires 22 terminate as input in stages 20 of the inputoutput register.
Turning briefly to FIG. 1a, a single register stage 20 is illustrated therein by way of a simple representative example. It comprises a flip flop 20a having on side and "off" side. There are two input terminals 20' and 20"; terminal 20' connects to the output of a differentiating stage 20c responsive to the trailing edge of an input pulse. A switch 20d selectively connects the input side of differentiating stage 200 to the clock pulse source terminal 8. This connection is being made during normal operation. The alternative connection leads to line 16a. Terminal 20" connects to wire 22a via an or circuit 201'), having its second input terminal connected to one bit input terminal 23. The on side of flip flop 20a eonnects to the input side of an and" gate 18 having a gating terminal connected to command line 16a. The output of and gate 18 feeds inhibition line 19. Wire 2211 is the output line of an and gate 21 having its input connected to a read-out wire 22, its gating terminal connected to command line 17a. 18 and 22 are shown as and" gates, but they can also be simple relay type switches. The type of elements employed (electro-mechanical or electronic) will depend on the contemplated speed with which the device is being operated. A coincidence tester can be connected to compare a permanent signal at 23 with that read-out and appearing at terminal 24.
Command lines 16a and 17a are respective output connections of a flip flop 167 operated and switched in response to command pulses occurring at terminals 16 and 17. Whenever a signal such as a pulse of short duration appears at terminal 16, the flip flop 167 will be placed into a state in which command line 16a is energized for delivery of a start-read-in command signal to switch 15 and others. A pulse at terminal 17 will reverse the flip flop 167, and now command line 17a will be energized for delivery of a start-read-out command signal. Energization of command line 16a interpreted as "start-read in command signal, closes switch 18 (or gating it open as the case may be) and placing read-in-out selector switch 15 into a position wherein terminal 15a connects to wire 10. Energization of command line 17a interpreted as start-read-out" command signal closes switch 22 (or gating it open) and places read-in-out selector switch 15 into a position wherein terminal 15b connects to wire 10.
The operation of the device described thus far is briefly as follows: initially, a command signal at terminal 11 closes switch 14. Next, a start-read-in pulse will appear at terminal 16 placing switch 15 into a position in which a positive voltage is connected to call circuit supply wire 10. Simultaneously, the three switches 18 are closed connecting the register stages 20 to the inhibitor wires 19. A bit signal (L or O) at terminal 23 will be passed through or gate 20b and placing flip flop 20a in on state, or leaving it in *off" state as the bit may be. Gating open of gate or switch 18 in effect transmits this registered out put of flip flop 20a to inhibition wire 19. Concurrently, the shift registers 4 and 5 call on the first storage place in synchronism with a clock pulse derived from source terminal 8 for read-in-, and the intelligence to be stored is being drawn from stages 20. Each clock pulse is also being differentiated in a differentiating stage 200 and the trailing edge thereof is then fed as erasing pulse to flip flop 20a; concurrently with the next clock pulse, a new hit may appear at terminal 23 for charge and transfer into the memory. This is conventional and needs no further elaboration. If no such erasing is desired, switch 20d is placed into the alternative position, which, during normal operation, remains ineffective until completion of read-in. Upon completion of read-in, line 16a is deactivated resulting in a trailing edge pulse, clearing all registers. Storage proper is had at coincidence of a pulse in a line wire 2, a column wire 3 and an inhibitor wire 19.
After completion of read-in, a command pulse at terminal 17 reverses flip flop 167 which in turn reverses readin-out selector switch and closes switches 21.
Now all the line and column wires also connect to the negative potential of terminal 15b. Again, the shift registers 4 and 5 call on all storage cores and anyone having a stored signal, induces a read-out pulse in a wire 22 accordingly. The read-out output pulses are being drawn from output terminal 24. Their effect on the flip flop is of no interest because during read-out, switch or gate 18 are in signal blocking states, also, if the trailing edge of a clock pulse is used for erasing as stated, no problem as to the state of the register arises.
Since always read-in and read-out is being initiated for three wires simultaneously, there is a three bit input and output for each such readin and read-out step. The procedure of initiating read-in and read-out is of no interest here.
Now, the testing arrangement or network 13 is to be described. This testing network is a unit having plugs for being suitably plugged in for connection with several operating wires of the network described above. The testing network may also be permanently wired to the main matrix read-in and read-out network, and there may be provided switches for establishing the necessary connections when desired.
The testing network 13 has as its central element a reversing switch having output lines 26 and 27 respectively connectable to command pulse terminals 16 and 17 and the input terminals of the flip flop 167. Reversing switch 25 is of the type.
(1) In which each input signal reverses the state of connection therein, i.e., alters the activation as between two output terminals (26 or 27) and (2) In which the same input signal is being channeled into the newly activated output terminal.
A conceivable switch of this type constructed out of electronic components is shown in FIG. 4. There is a single input-flip-flop 25a having its input terminal connected to switch input terminal 25b and having its two alternatingly energized output terminals connected to and" gates 25 and 25". Each ant gate 25' and 25" also has a second input terminal connected to the common pulse input terminal 25b. Other types of switches are conceivable.
Turning back to FIG. 1, the connection of terminals 26 and 27 to flip flop 167 serves to enable testing and reversing switch 25 to actuate and control the read-in-out selector switch 15.
A manually operated switch 28 governs the input line 25b for reversing switch 25, Le. the output lines or terminals 26 and 27 will selectively be connected, operatively he the reversing switch 25 to manually operated switch 28. Switch 28 has two input terminals, one connects to the output terminal of an *and" circuit 30. The and" circuit 30 has two input terminals, one being connected to output terminal 9 of shift register 4, the other one being connected to the output terminal of shift register 5. In effect, and" circuit 30 responds whenever the last storage place 31 is being called upon and furnishes a storagecalling-completed signal. This latter signal will appear regardless whether the storage device was being called on for read-in or for read-out.
The other input terminal of switch 28 connects to the output side of a frequency doubler 29 to which are applied the clock pulses from source 8.
Hence, switch 28 can connect to the reversing switch 25 either a pulse train source of twice the clock pulse frequency or a signal indicative of completion of matrix calling.
The output terminals 26 and 27 further connect to an or circuit 12 which, in turn, connects to the master command line 11 governing the switch 14. This latter connection responds regardless of the particular position of reversing switch 25. Since there always will be a command pulse for read-in-out switch 15, any signal leaving switch 25 during testing will ensure that switch 14 is closed indeed.
There is further provided a testing switch T which is manually operated spring biased push button switch capable of supplying briefly a start testing command pulse to both lines 11 and 16a so as to close switch 14 and place read-in-out selector switch 15 into the read-in position.
There may be further provided conventional means to place the entire circuit into zero position prior to testing such as an erasure of any arbitrary shifting pulse in registers 4 and 5. There may also be provided means for indicating the position of switch 25 and start-testing switch T may be connected with a further contact, briefly applying a trigger pulse to switch 25 so as to place same into a position or state which is in synchronism with the position or state of switch 25. Indicator lamps may be providcd to indicate the state of energization and of switching positions.
it should be mentioned that the following modifications are Within the scope of the invention without requiring detailed description. The output terminals of elements 29 and 30 may directly be connected to the input terminal 25a of switch 25. This connection may possibly include a logic or circuit. Also, frequency doubler 29 can be dispensed with if the network at large, i.e. the data processing system to which this storage device pertains, already includes a source furnishing a train of clock pulses of twice the frequency of those at source 8.
Testing is carried out as follows: it may be assumed that manual switch 28 is in the illustrated position connecting the output of and circuit 30 to input line 251. It may further be assumed that switches 15 and 25 are in the illustrated position, that is to say, the matrix is prepared for read-in, and and circuit 30 is connected to command line 16. As stated above, these positions may be attained by pressing the start-testing switch T. Switches 20d connect the eraser circuit for flip flop 20a to line 16a.
The clock pulse source 8 now shifts the register 4 so that successively all lines 2 are being connected in between zero line 0 and the positive voltage. The calling on all of the matrix cores follows as described above. For testing, a three position binary coded number is being placed in register stages 20 by applying proper pulses to terminals 23 effective as three bit word in the three inhibitor wires 19; this word is being stored in all storage places.
Upon calling on place 31, an output pulse appears simultaneously at the two inputs of and circuit 30, the coincidence output of which is the storage calling completed pulse which is delivered through switch 28 to the input terminal 250. This pulse (1) Causes switch 25 to reverse,
(2) Is being passed on by the reversed switch into a start-read-out command line so as to reverse the position of read-in-out selector switch 15 to the read-out position, wherein the negative potential is applied to call circuit supply wire 10;
(3) Upon deactivation of line 16a, the register 20 is being reset or erased.
Since not only shift register 4 but also shift register 5 is connected as ring counter, after the last calling for readin, the next following clock pulse will in fact appear as call pulse for read-out, switch 15 having been reversed in between the two clock pulses and in a manner as stated (Le. via testing network 13 as afore-described). Accordingly, the word previously read-in into all storage places is now being read out and passes as read-out bit pulses through read-out wires 22, switches 21, through register 20, and into output terminal 24.
It should be mentioned that output terminal 24 could also connect to the on-side-output of flip flop 20a in which case during the read-out period switch 20d has to connect to clock pulse source terminal 8 so that the register is charged with each rcadout word, which is being erased promptly.
A bit indicator such as a lamp may be connected to terminal 24 to check and indicate whether for each readin hit there is the correct read-out bit.
Any missing read-out bit L (if there should be one) is detected by such lamp.
If a particular word position is to have the bit as one bit within the test word, the corresponding flip flop 20a should not be switched during read-in nor during read-out. Any switching then is an error bit, and will also be indicated.
Upon completion of read-out of the entire storage device, again there is coincidence at and circuit 30 by virtue of two outputs, respectively at the ends of shift registers 4 and 5. The coincidence again results in calling completed pulse at circuit 30 and is passed on through switch 28 to terminal 25a causing a reversing of the switch 25, whereby a start-read-in" command pulse appears at line 16a to place read-input selector switch again into the read-in position.
Prior to a next following carrying out of this read-in command, care has to be taken that the read-out just completed represented in fact correctly the read-in intelligence and that any error be corrected.
The mode of testing described thus far checks errors by comparing the initially read-in information with the read-out information with the read-out cycle promptly following the read-in cycle described. Errors may result from any sources, such as defective or broken down circuit elements, loose wires etc. Errors may be indicated by signal lamps appropriately connected to the register.
Theoretically, it is possible that an error is balanced by a complementary error in all cores of a particular storage location thus simulating correctness. This case, however, is extremely unlikely and the probability is reduced with increased number of cores for storage place. For testing in accordance with the mode as described (switch 28 in illustrated position), it may be desirable to not merely read-in one and the same testing word, but also and alternatingly the complementary word. This will be explained more fully in connection with FIGS. 2 and 3.
FIGURE 2 illustrates a pulse source with which this type of testing can be carried out. The network shown in FIG. 2 does not only form a complementary signal for such double read-in, but also it corrects the input at the beginning of the read-in cycle. This is necessary since the mode of testing under consideration includes always all storage places nad since a repetition of read-in i.e. the maintaining of an existing error could only permit conclusions as to the last storage place which is insufficient for some purposes.
In FIGURE 2 there is shown a pulse source constituted by a bistable switching element 32 having two complementary output terminals 33 and 34. The switching element 32 can be of similar type as shown in FIG. 4. A manually operable set of switches 35 selectively connects the intelligence input terminals 23 of the stages (see FIG. 1) to either one of these output terminals 33 and 34. For any position or state of switching element 32, one can always apply either L or O to terminals 23, and upon reversal of either switch 32 or 35, the complement of the initial signal can be established and applied to terminal 23.
As shown in FIG. 2, the input of switch 32 is connected to the start-read-in command pulse terminal 16 so that any pulse in this line (1) Reverses the switching state of switch 32;
(2) Is passed on into the newly established connection to either line 33 or 34.
It will be observed that here the start-read-in command pulse is itself being used for the formation of the test word. The device shown in FIG. 2 can be combined physically with the testing unit 13 of FIG. 1 so that when a testing procedure is desired, the testing network as a whole is connetced into the circuit while otherwise the input terminals 23 connect only to a source of intelligence in the data processing system to which the storage device pertains.
Accordingly, there first is a read-in and read-out cycle passed through completely for testing. Then a pulse at the output side of and circuit appears at terminal 26 and then in line 16 and not only prepares the network for a new read-in, but also reverses switch 32 so that the new read-in and read-out cycle is bad with the complementary word.
Proceeding now to the description of FIG. 3, there is shown an indicating network which is made responsive to particular errors individually occurring when read-in and read-out is had in a manner which includes all of the storage locations.
In FIGURE 3 there are two anU circuits 36 and 37. And gate 36 has one direct input 39 and two inverted inputs 38, whereas and circuit 37 has one inverted input 38 joined to the one direct input of and circuit 36, which two direct inputs of and circuit 37 are individually connected to the two inverted inputs of and circuit 36. The thus established three input lines connect to the intelligence read-out terminals 24 of FIG. I and pertain to the three aforedescribed register stages 20.
It will be observed that the inputs of and circuits 36 and 37 correspond to the testing signal or number as adjusted by switches in FIG. 2. Thus, whenever the testing signal is being read-out, for example, as LOL, or as complementary signal OLO, one of the and circuits 36 and 37 will respond with an LLL coincidence at its three main input terminals. Complete coincidence, of course, in any of the and circuits 36 and 37 will occur only when the respective fourth input receives a gating signal.
The gating terminals 43 and 44 of and circuits 36 and 37, respectively, connect to the output side of switches 41 and 42. There is a Common input for the two switches derived from an and" circuit 40 and connected to the clock pulse source 8 and to the read-out-command line 17d. Switches 41 and 42 are designed as and gates receiving gating signals from flip flops 33a and 34a. Flip flop 33a is connected for being turned on by a pulse from line 33 (see FIG. 2), while the same pulse turns flip flop 34a otf. Conversely, flip flop 34a is connected for being turned on by a pulse derived from line 34, while the same pulse turns flip flop 33a off. Flip flops 33a and 34a when being turned on (alternatingly) gate-open and gates 41 and 42, respectively, while a flip flop in off state blocks the respectively associated and gate 41 or 42.
Actuation of switch or and gate 41 or 42 is bad during the beginning of any read-in cycle whereby it is being decided by appropriate position of switch 32 (FIG. 2) whether signal LOL or OLO is to be passed for read-in through terminals 23 into the registers 20 (FIG. 1). The corresponding switch 41 or 42 is then being gated open, the corresponding and circuit 36 or 37, however, will respond only after read-out command line 17a opens gate 40 for passage of clock pulses which then in turn pass through either gate 41 or 42.
There are further provided two further ant circuits 47 and 48 connected as follows: the output of and circuit 36 is inverted at 49 and thus constitutes one input of and circuit 47. The other input of "and circuit 47 is furnished at a direct connection to the output of "and" gate 41. Correspondingly, the output of *and" circut is inverted at 50 and the thus inverted output furnishes one input signal for *arnl" circuit 48, whereas the second input 46 of circuit 48 is derived from the output of and" gate 42.
Assuming that and" gate 41 is being gated open and that the previously read-in signal for this particular cycle of read-in and read-out is OLO, then for rend-out and at occurrence of a clock pulse, there will be an L signal at terminal 43 for gating open and circuit 36. If read-out is correct, then the same pulse combination i.c. OLO appears at terminals 24 and there will indeed be the coincidence LLLL at and circuit 36, correspondingly furnishing an output L. However, at 49 this latter output is inverted so that the input (45, 49) of and circuit 47 now is (L, O) which means that no output leaves and circuit 47.
Assuming that read-out was not correct, then the output of and circuit 36 is so that now a coincidence L, L stands at the two inputs of and circuit 47, and a flip flop 51a responds, turning ofl (or "on" as desired) a signalling lamp 52a as indication that an error occurred.
Flip flop 5111 will not respond as long as during that particular testing cycle the word OLO is being read-out correctly.
After completion of this particular testing cycle and as was explained above, a pulse in line 16 reverses switch 32 so that now and" gate 42 is being gated open while 41 is blocked. As long as there is now read-in of the com plementary word LOL, nothing occurs in the network of FIG. 3, since there will be no signal at lines 24 and and gate 40 is blocked. At this point it should be mentioned that and gate 41) may be dispensed with so that the clock pulses will he applied always directly to and gates 4t and 42. Since during read-in already one of these latter gates is open, the clock pulse appears at terminals 45 or 46. During read-in, of course, both and" circuits 36 and 37 furnish the output 0 so that at both inversion terminals 49 and 50 there will be an L signal. Accordingly, one of the flip flops responds already which is indicative that a portion of the circuit network carries out read-in properly.
One could also connect the two and" gates 41 and 42 to call circuit supply wire and at such polarity that the current pulses during read-in remain ineffective, whereas the opposite call pulses during the read-out fur nish signals to be passed through either gate 41 or gate 42.
Proceeding now with the description of the complementary word read-out, as soon as read-out starts, the proper signal to be read-out for each read-out step is LOL. This will result in an LLLL coincidence at .and" circuit 37 and an 0 signal at inverter output 50, so that in spite of an L signal at 46. the and circuit 48 has no output and a flip Hop 51/: connected thereto does not respond and lamp 521:, for example, is on. If an error results in a read-out signal so that with the correspondingly occurring clock pulse at 46 "and" circuit 48 will respond, flip Hop 51!) will be actuated resulting in a turning of? of lamp signalling 5215. Since flip flops 51a and 51b are bistable elements, the error indication stands on regard less of further combination of testing and regardless whether no further error occurs. Erasure of llip flops 51a and 515 can, for example, be provided by connecting the turning ofl control sides to and" gate 30 (FIG. 1) so that the initial state is always resumed after completion of a storage device call cycle.
A double testing cycle with a device including FIGS. 1, 2 and 3 will now be carried out as follows:
Again. position of the switches and 25 is assumed to he as illustrated. At llrst. pulse in line 11 closes switch 14 and reaches the line and column wires of the matrices for read-in, there being positive potential applied to call circuit supply wire 10.
Testing switch T is being temporarily closed to ensure that indeed the switches 15 and 25 have or assume the illustrated position, switches (or gates) 18 close (or are pulse causes and gate 41 to respond, connecting and" gate 40 to inputs 43 and 45 of and circuits 36 and 47 respectively.
This word LOL is now being read into all storage places at clock pulse rate as described above. Completion of read-in is indicated by a coincidence output pulse at and" circuit 30 causing switches 35 and 15 to reverse their position and readout takes place immediately thereafter, eventually, lamps, flip flops 51a and 51]) are turned into "ofl" state. The read-out word appears at terminals 24 and are applied at clock pulse rate to and" circuit 36, and as long as LOL is being read-out, the inverter output at terminal 49 is 0 so that flip flop 5111 does not respond. If an error occurs, the output of and" circuit 36 is O, that of 49 is L and flip flop 51a does respond for appropriate signalling.
Upon completion of read-out, again and" circuit 30 responds and reverses both switches 15 and 25 to establish again read-in operating positions. Thereby, the resulting pulse in line 16 reverses switch 32 and now the word OLO appears to read-in at terminals 23, the register is being charged accordingly. Also, this start-read-in signal appears in line 34 for gating open gate 42, preparing terminals 44 and 46 for later read-out of the word OLO. After completion of read-in of word OLO, again the output of and gate 30 reverse switches 25 and 15, and read-out commences. As long as the word OLO is properly being read-out and with each read-out step at clock pulse rate there is an LLLL coincidence at the input of and" circuit 37 so that an input, 0, L prevails at and" circuit 48. An error in the read-out signal results in an output of and circuit 48 to switch flip flop 51b and signalling occurs.
The next second mode of testing requires change-over of switch 28 to connect frequency doubler to the input 25:: of reversing switch 25. The thus switched network operates as follows: it shall he assumed that a three bit word is applied to terminals 23 as short bit pulses charging, for example, flip flops 20a, and thereafter no further signal appears in terminals 23.
Assuming again that shift registers 4 and 5 are in a state to call on the first matrix storage place, then the intelligence momentarily present in registers 20 will be read into this first storage place. (It is again assumed that switches 15 and 25 have the illustrated position.) After this clock pulse has caused rcad-in for the first matrix storage place, and prior to the next clock pulse, there will be a pulse frequency doubler 29 causing switches 25 and 15 to reverse their respective positions to now assume read-out position. Assuming that the shift registers 4 and 5 are bistable elements, they keep calling on the first matrix storage location until the next clock pulse from 8. Thus, the first frequency-doubling pulse as occurring in between two clock pulses places the network into readout position, enabling in particular lines 17 and 17a. The corresponding decay of activation of line 16a is also dillerentiated by stage 20c and fed as eraser pulse into the stages 20 for turning those oil which had stored a bit-L. Activation of the read-out circuitry finds the first storage place still being called upon, but now for readout, and the just read-in signal is being read-out again immediately succeeding readdn.
This readout pulse for each bit channel is fed also to or circuit 201), and if the bit is an L signal, it is being used to again switch flip flop 20a into storing signal position.
It thus appears that the previously read-out signal is being used to recharge the register 20.
The next clock pulse at source 8 initiates the following:
(1) Register 4 is shifted to the second line and the next storage place is called on, still in the first column;
(2) A frequency double pulse passes into switch 25 and reverses same so that a pulse is passed into lines 16 and 16a;
(3) Switch 15 is changed over for read-in;
(4) Switches 18 are closed (or gate 18 is enabled);
(5) The signal then at registers 20 is being read into the second storage place by permitting passage through elements 18.
While this second storage place is still being called upon by the shift registers 4 and 5, and prior to the next clock pulse from 8, a frequency doubler pulse from 29 reverses the network for read-out again, and the second storage place is being read-out again, and the readout pulses are being stored again in register 20.
it is apparent that this read-in and read-out for each storage place and at the occurrence of each clock pulse continues. Since both the registers 4 and 5 operate as ring counters, and since and" circuit 30 is ineffective at this mode of testing, the testing with read-in and read-out for one clock pulse period is continued indefinitely. Any fault in the system will appear in a change of the word being read-in and out again. After a While there will be no change in the intelligence appearing at the register 20; there was a continuous adding up of errors, but there will result a residual error which does not change after all storage places have been called on for read-in and read-out as stated. Such residual error is then readily detectable, for example, with the aid of lamps.
The invention is not limited to the embodiments described above, but all changes and modifications thereof not constituting departures from the spirit and scope of the invention are intended to be covered by the following claims:
What is claimed is:
1. A testing device for detecting faults in a storage matrix having a plurality of storage positions, each capable of storing a binary bit, said testing device comprising, in combination:
(a) supply means for supplying a first series of pulses at a selected first repetition rate and for stlpplying a second series of pulses at a preselected second repetition rate;
(b) input means for supplying a test word to be written into and read out from said storage positions of said matrix;
(c) control means responsive to said series of pulses and operable between a first position wherein a bit of said test Word is written into each of said storage positions at a rate related to said first repetition rate of said series of pulses and a second position wherein said bit is read out from each of said storage positions at a rate related to said second repetition rate;
(d) comparing means for comparing each bit read out from each of said storage positions with the bit of said test word read into said respective position; and
(e) means for indicating a fault in a storage position whenever the bit read out from said storage position does not correspond to the bit of said test word previously written into said storage position.
2. A testing device in accordance with claim 1 wherein said control means is in said first position and a bit of said test word is read into each of said storage positions of said matrix and including means for switching said control means into its second position when a bit is written into the last of said storage positions of said matrix.
3. A testing device in accordance with claim 2 where in said storage positions are arranged in columns and rows, and including a row shift register and a column shift register for enabling a bit to be written into and read out from any one of said storage positions determined by the activated stages of said shift registers, the last stage of said row shift register being connected to the first stage of said column shift register, an ant gate having inputs connected to the last stage of each of said row and said column shift registers whereby the coincidence of outputs from both of said shift registers produces an output signal from said and gate, and
switching means responsive to said output signal of said and" gate for switching said control means from said first position to said second position thereof.
4. A testing device for detecting faults in a storage matrix havin a plurality of storage positions, each capable of storing a binary bit, said testing device comprising, in combination:
(a) supply means for supplying a first series of pulses at a Selected first repetition rate;
(b) means responsive to said first series of pulses and producing a second series of pulses occurring at a second repetition rate substantially double said first repetition rate;
(c) input means for supplying a test word to be written into and read out from said storage positions of said matrix;
(d) control means responsive to said series of pulses and operable between a first position wherein a bit of said test word is written into each of said storage positions at a rate related to said first repetition rate of said series of pulses and a second position wherein said bit is read out from each of said storage positions at a rate related to said second repetition rate;
(e) switching means responsive to said second series of pulses for switching said control means between its first and second positions and Vice versa, whereby a bit of said test word is written into one of said storage positions upon the occurrence of a pulse from said first series of pulses and is read out from said storage position before the occurrence of the next successive pulse of said first series of pulses;
(f) comparing means for comparing each bit read out from each of said storage positions with the bit of said test word read into said respective position; and
(g) means for indicating a fault in a storage position whenever the bit read out from said storage position does not correspond to the bit of said test word previously written into said storage position.
5. A testing device in accordance with claim 4 wherein said input means supplies bits of a first test word and wherein said input means is responsive to the bits read out from each of said storage positions for supplying said read out hits as the test word for the next successive storage position to be tested.
6, A testing device in accordance with claim 1 wherein said input means supplies a first test word having a plurality of first bits and supplies a second test word having a plurality of second bits, each of said plurality of second bits respectively being the complement of each of said plurality of said first bits whereby each of said storage positions of said matrix can be checked for errors in storing both said first type of bits and the complements of said first type.
7. A testing device in accordance with claim 1 wherein said input means first supplies a test word having bits corresponding to the binary 0 and after said test word is written into and read out from each of said storage positions of said matrix, said input means supplies a test word having bits corresponding to the binary l.
8. A testing device in accordance with claim 3 wherein said and gate and said switching means are connected as a separate integral unit which may be disconnected from said control means without affecting the normal storage operation of said control means and said storage matrix after said testing has been completed.
9. A testing device in accordance with claim 1 including means for producing a read-out signal when said bits are being read out from said storage positions. said comparing means includes an and gate responsive to said bits of said test word and to the bits read out from each of said storage positions of said matrix and produces an output signal when said bits of said test word and said read-out bits correspond, and wherein said in- 13 14 dicating means indicates a fault whenever an output 3,031,650 4/1962 Koerner 340174 signal from said and gate is not produced during the 3,049,692 8/1962 Hunt 340-1461 Occurrence of a read-out signal. 3,222,645 12/1965 Davis 340-1462 References Cited 5 ROBERT C. BAILEY, Primary Examiner. UNITED STATES PATENTS R. RICKERT, M. LISS, Assistant Examiners.
2,242,196 5/1941 Thompson et a1 178-69
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
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|Creed & Co Ltd
|Telegraph system
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|Thompson Ramo Wooldridge Inc
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|Citing Patent
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|Mar 11, 1969
|Memory system
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|Singer General Precision
|Computer memory testing system
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|Error control for memory
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|Gen Motors Corp
|Method and apparatus for fault testing a digital computer memory
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|Nov 2, 1971
|Hitachi Ltd
|Error detection and instruction reexecution device in a data-processing apparatus
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|Bell Telephone Labor Inc
|Time-shared access to computer registers
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|Test apparatus for digital computer
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|Method of inspection of semiconductor memory device
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|U.S. Classification
|714/49, 714/735, 714/718, 365/201
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification