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The Future Security Environment in the Middle EastConflict, Stability, and Political Change
Rand CorporationCopyright © 2004 RAND Corporation
All right reserved.
Chapter OneINTRODUCTION
Nora Bensahel and Daniel L. Byman
The security environment in the Middle East has become increasingly complicated during the past decade. Up to and including the 1991 Gulf War, the regional environment was largely shaped by fears of interstate aggression, either by superpower intervention or by regional states against each other. Fears of interstate aggression certainly remain today, but they are manifesting themselves in new ways. The Arab-Israeli conflict has been a persistent source of tension for decades, for example, but it has taken on new dimensions in the aftermath of the failed Oslo process and the recent explosion of violence that shows no signs of abating. These traditional issues have been joined by several more recent problems that defy easy solutions. Weapons of mass destruction (WMD) continue to spread throughout the region, despite international nonproliferation efforts. Terrorists recruited and trained in the Middle East are now carrying out attacks far beyond their own borders, creating strong global interests in countering the sources of this phenomenon.
Many of these security issues are profoundly affected by the many domestic changes occurring in the Middle East. A new generation of leaders is taking power, their skills untested. Social change is transforming the rolesof women and the traditional hierarchy in the region. Oil revenues are lower than they were in the 1970s, causing economic problems that range from reduced budgets to rapidly escalating debt. Structural economic problems remain profound, while demands on the state are increasing throughout the region as a result of rising expectations and population growth. New information technologies are providing ordinary citizens with a wider range of viewpoints than they have ever had before, while in a few states, attempts at political reform are increasing their ability to express their views and influence the decisionmaking process.
This report seeks to identify the trends that are likely to shape regional security and their implications for the United States. Each chapter addresses a different substantive area, ranging from political and economic trends to energy policy and weapons proliferation, in an effort to assess each area's long-term impact on regional security. This chapter sets the stage for these issues by identifying U.S. national interests in the region and the potential threats to those interests.
The United States has many vital and enduring interests in the Middle East. Six important U.S. interests include countering terrorism, countering WMD proliferation, maintaining stable oil supplies and prices, ensuring the stability of friendly regimes, ensuring Israel's security, and promoting democracy and human rights.
Countering Terrorism
After the devastating September 11, 2001, attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, the suppression of terrorism rose to the fore of U.S. concerns in the Middle East. Al Qaeda and other radical Islamist groups draw heavily on the Arab and Muslim world for recruits and funding. In addition, much of their violence and propaganda is directed at destabilizing Middle Eastern regimes that are friendly to the United States. Thus, the United States must confront risks on a governmental level, helping its regional partners secure themselves against terrorist-generated instability, and at a popular level to ensure that nationals in Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Yemen, or other states in the region do not join terrorist groups or provide them with financial or other assistance.
In addition to such transnational groups as al Qaeda, state-sponsored terrorism has long been a problem in the Middle East. Iran for many years supported radicals throughout the region in an attempt to spread its Islamic revolution. In addition, Iran has been connected to terror attacks against U.S. forces in Lebanon and was implicated in the 1996 Khobar Towers bombing in Saudi Arabia, which killed 19 Americans. Over time, Tehran's ardor has waned, but it still supports anti-Israeli groups such as the Lebanese Hezbollah and the Palestine Islamic Jihad. Libya and Syria have also provided limited support to radicals, helping them sustain their organizations.
Countering WMD Proliferation
The United States has a strong interest in preventing, or at least managing, the spread of nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons. WMD in the Middle East pose a threat to U.S. partners in the Gulf, to Israel, and to U.S. forces. Adversaries employing WMD might offset the vast superiority of U.S. conventional forces by enabling foes to inflict significant casualties on U.S. forces. As a result, they also threaten to undermine confidence in the U.S. security guarantee.
In the Middle East, the use of WMD is not a hypothetical threat. The Iran-Iraq war witnessed the repeated use of chemical weapons by Iraq and their occasional use by Iran. The 2003 war against Iraq was largely justified as an effort to prevent Saddam Hussein from further developing WMD programs. Iran is pursuing nuclear and biological weapons. Syria and Libya possess vast stocks of chemical weapons, which are used as a strategic deterrent against Israel and, more generally, to compensate for the weaknesses of their conventional forces.
Maintaining Stable Oil Supplies and Prices
The Persian Gulf is a particularly critical region for the United States given its importance to the world oil market. States in the Gulf will remain leading oil exporters in the next decade, although the degree of their dominance will depend heavily on the price of oil. Saudi Arabia alone contains a quarter of the world's total proven reserves; Iraq has the second largest reserves in the world, possessing more than 10 percent of the world's total; and Iran, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), and Kuwait contain about 9 percent each. By the end of the decade, Iraq's sustainable production capacity could easily double, and perhaps triple, with sufficient foreign investment.
Ensuring the Stability of Friendly Regimes
In addition to its long-standing ties to Israel, the United States has developed close relations with several states in the region. After the 1991 Gulf War, the United States augmented, or at times forged, security ties to Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, the UAE, Bahrain, Qatar, and Oman. Although these states' possession of, or proximity to, large oil reserves was the initial reason for U.S. efforts to build ties, these relations have taken on a life of their own. The United States also has tried to cultivate Jordan, Egypt, and Morocco as moderate Arab voices that are willing to cooperate with the United States on counterterrorism and support the U.S. agenda on a range of issues.
Ensuring Israel's Security
Israel is a democratic, pro-Western country in a turbulent region. Its armed forces and intelligence services are highly competent, increasing the country's value in fighting terrorism and, more generally, in responding to military threats in the region. Many Americans also strongly back Israel, making its security an important political issue for any administration. Continued violence in Israel and Palestinian areas has contributed to anti-U.S. sentiment throughout the region and made it more difficult for friendly Arab and Muslim governments to cooperate openly with Washington on a host of issues. This problem has gotten significantly worse since the outbreak of violence in late 2000. The Bush administration has put forth a road map toward a permanent two-state solution and is working with Russia, the European Union, and the United Nations to persuade the parties to adhere to its provisions; yet the violence continues. The United States has an interest in reducing the level of violence in the short to medium term and helping to find a sustainable long-term solution to the Arab-Israeli conflict.
Promoting Democracy and Human Rights
The United States has a broad, worldwide interest in democracy and human rights that has implications for U.S. actions in the Middle East. However, this interest is honored more in the breach than in reality because Israel is the only democratic state in the region. Saudi Arabia, for example, has no free press or free elections, and Saudi women face a variety of restrictions on their travel, employment, and daily lives. Even Egypt, which has had a parliament for decades, has bans on organized political activity and on free speech, and has other basic impediments to democracy. These restrictions elicit at most mild criticism from Washington. As Jon Alterman notes, "American officials have tended to accede to official requests to downplay calls for democratization and to shun extensive contacts with those working against the ruling governments." As a result, even liberal Middle Easterners question U.S. support for democracy. As Murphy and Gause contend, "There is a pervasive sense in the Middle East that the United States does not support democracy in the region, but rather supports what is in its strategic interest and calls it democratic."
In the wake of September 11, the U.S. public may be less tolerant of government support for authoritarian states in the region. For example, a survey conducted in November 2001 found that 57 percent of those polled stated that it was "very important" for the United States to press for more democracy in Saudi Arabia, an enormous increase over the 10 percent who responded similarly in a June 1999 poll. To the extent that these trends continue, the United States may have to increase its support for political reform in the region.
Concerns over democratization and human rights often limit U.S. actions and could affect the type of support it would provide in a crisis. For example, if unrest in a Gulf state led to mass demonstrations and the government responded by killing large numbers of unarmed protesters, the United States would have to reconsider arms sales to that country and might otherwise limit ties at least temporarily. Even if unrest arose that threatened the flow of oil or the stability of a friendly regime, the United States would be not very likely to use its own forces to directly assist a regime that used torture, arbitrary arrests, and other forms of repression that would be widely condemned in the United States and the West in general. Furthermore, the U.S. public may grow more cautious about cooperating with autocratic Middle Eastern regimes in the wake of September 11, particularly those that are not seen as cooperating in the war on terrorism, further limiting the U.S. scope of action. Thus, although human rights and democratization are not interests that the United States actively seeks to advance or protect in the Middle East, they are broad concerns that may inhibit U.S. attempts to defend its other interests. _____________
In recent decades, several different types of threats have emerged to the U.S. interests described above. Examples of these threats are presented in Table 1.1.
The greatest danger to regional security in the past was outright aggression by a hostile state. Israel fought wars with its neighbors in 1948, 1956, 1967, 1973, and 1982. In addition, for much of this period it regularly skirmished with Egyptian and Syrian troops as well as Palestinian guerrillas. In the 1970s, Iran and Iraq engaged in a proxy war over the Shatt al-Arab waterway and then fought a brutal eight-year war with each other in the 1980s, which led to disruptions in the flow of oil and destabilized the region. In 1971, Iran occupied several islands claimed by the UAE. Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990 and was only expelled by the U.S.-led coalition's massive military effort. For more than a decade afterward, Iraq repeatedly announced its view that Kuwait was an integral part of Iraq, built up troops near the Kuwait border, and made numerous threats against Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and other regional states.
Aggressive regimes have also attempted to subvert pro-Western countries. When outright invasion failed to defeat Israel, several Arab governments at times provided limited support to Palestinian radicals seeking to undermine Israel. After the Iranian revolution in 1979, Iranian leaders regularly called for the overthrow of Gulf rulers. During the anti-regime demonstrations in Bahrain from 1994 to 1996, Iran tried to take advantage of the unrest by training and supporting Shi'a radicals.
Internal instability also poses a threat to U.S. interests. Palestinian groups have long used terrorism to weaken Israel. In 1987, Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza began a series of riots and demonstrations against Israeli occupation, the first intifada. Violence continued sporadically in the 1990s, surged after the collapse of peace talks in 2000, and remains intense. In 1979, Saudi and other Arab religious extremists seized the Grand Mosque in Mecca, holding off Saudi security forces for two weeks. Angered by long-standing discrimination and inspired by the Iranian revolution, Shi'a in Bahrain, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia rioted against their governments in the early 1980s. In 1995, Islamists destroyed the Office of Program Management/ Saudi Arabian National Guard office in Riyadh killing seven, including five Americans. It also appears that Saudi, Egyptian, Yemen, and Algerian nationals are a major component of al Qaeda, and many Gulf state citizens provide financial support to a range of anti-U.S. Islamist causes. In general, many states in the Middle East face economic problems and demographic pressures and have few institutions for incorporating public sentiment into decisionmaking, a combination that suggests that the potential for unrest remains acute.
Broad strategic, social, and political trends are reshaping the Middle East. These changes will pose new challenges and offer new opportunities for the United States.
For most of the 1990s, Middle East politics, and particularly decisions on security, remained the preserve of elites. Although no regime's decisionmaking was completely immune from public opinion, in general the public had little input into foreign policy decisionmaking and leaders could mostly cloak their actions. Increases in popular input into decisionmaking and the explosion of new and freer media are expanding the range of viewpoints that are considered while policy is being formulated. True democracy remains far away, but the scope and scale of debate have increased and regimes are less free to pursue unpopular policies without constraint. Moreover, the composition of the elite itself is changing because of the deaths of aged leaders. Since 1997, new leaders have taken power in Iran, Syria, Jordan, Morocco, Qatar, and Bahrain, raising the possibility that these countries' policies will change as well.
The United States may also confront other major power rivals in the Middle East in the coming years. Throughout the Cold War, the United States and the Soviet Union competed fiercely for influence, arming their proxies and backing their causes. In the 1990s, however, Russia, China, and the major European powers limited their involvement, largely confining themselves to commercial transactions, including arms sales. During the coming years, the possible emergence of China as a world power and perhaps renewed competition with Russia may lead to greater extraregional meddling. It is also possible that the campaign against terrorism will unite the major powers and that they will subordinate their other objectives to this shared interest. Much will depend on the extent to which the United States is able to form a durable international consensus on the scope of the counterterror campaign.
Excerpted from The Future Security Environment in the Middle East Copyright © 2004 by RAND Corporation. Excerpted by permission.
All rights reserved. No part of this excerpt may be reproduced or reprinted without permission in writing from the publisher.
Excerpts are provided by Dial-A-Book Inc. solely for the personal use of visitors to this web site.


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Renovation Technician
- Credential:
- Ontario College Diploma
- College Code:
- School:
- Trades & Apprenticeship
- Program Code:
- 1142
- Accelerated Delivery:
- No
- Campus:
- Academic Year:
- 2016 / 2017
About the ProgramThe program prepares you to enter into a career in the residential and light commercial construction sector. The curriculum incorporates basic level trade theory of the general carpentry apprenticeship trade so that you will be productive, well trained and aware of the hazards and safety requirements on construction sites. You will learn how to apply your technical skills to solve a number of construction and renovation challenges. The program incorporates all aspects of construction from foundations to framing to finishing. Renovation-specific courses include green building science and outdoor structures. You will also acquire technical skills in the areas of project management, computer-aided design (CAD), specifications, and codes.
For more information please contact our Student Recruitment staff at email@example.com.
Program InformationLength: Two-year Ontario College Diploma program
Delivery Sequence: Waterloo - September/2016 (Open) - Fall | Winter | Fall | Winter
Location: Waterloo
Start: September
First-Year Capacity: 60
Admission Requirements
- Ontario Secondary School Diploma (OSSD), or equivalent, or 19 years of age or older with mature student status (See Mature Student definition for details.)
- Grade 12 compulsory English, C or U, or equivalent, OR Conestoga College Preparatory Communications For Trades (COMM1280)
- Grade 12 Mathematics, C or U, or equivalent, or Conestoga College Preparatory Mathematics for Trades and Apprenticeship (MATH1420)
- For more information on preparatory programs, visit Academic Upgrading
Note re: Admission Requirements
- Admission requirements for Renovation Techniques (1142) will be changing starting in 2018/2019 to the following:
- Ontario Secondary School Diploma (OSSD), or equivalent, or 19 years of age or older with mature student status (See Mature Student definition for details.)
- Grade 12 compulsory English, C or U, or equivalent, OR Conestoga College Preparatory Communications (COMM1270)
- Grade 11 Mathematics, C, M (U/C), or U, or equivalent, OR Conestoga College Preparatory Mathematics for Trades (MATH1420)
Admission Procedures
- An academic strength is calculated by averaging the submitted marks of required subjects. If more than one mark is received for a required subject, the highest mark will be used in the calculation.
- Ten (10) additional marks are added to each Advanced level, OAC, U, U/C, and post-secondary course used in the calculation of academic strength.
- A sound mathematical and English background is important for success in this program and is considered during the admission selection process. Minimum cutoffs apply.
Program Requirements
- Applicants are expected to demonstrate the same attention to attendance, punctuality and honourable conduct as would be required by businesses in the industry in which they expect to be employed.
- Applicants are advised that manual dexterity and the ability to work at heights and in various climactic conditions are frequent prerequisites for employment in this field. The physical demands of this program reflect industry requirements (e.g. lifting, carrying, climbing, etc.) and require students to be physically fit in order to participate adequately.
- Students are required to provide their own CSA-approved footwear, hard hats, safety glasses and specified hand tools. The College provides all other tools required.
Tuition & Fees
Tuition fee details for the 2016-2017 year are listed below. Books and supplies are additional.Domestic Fees
Estimated fees based upon the previous academic year (2015 / 2016) for Renovation Technician - Program # 1142
|Fall 2016
|Winter 2017
|Full-time Program Tuition
|Student Priority Fee
|Graduation/Alumni Services Fee
|Administration Fee
|Technology Enhancement Fee
|CSI Association Fee
|CSI Health Plan Fee
|Session Total
|Year Total
|Fall 2016
|Winter 2017
|Full-time Program Tuition
|Student Priority Fee
|Graduation/Alumni Services Fee
|Administration Fee
|Technology Enhancement Fee
|CSI Association Fee
|CSI Health Plan Fee
|Session Total
|Year Total
International Fees
Estimated International fees based upon the previous academic year (2015 / 2016) for
Renovation Technician - Program # 1142
|Fall 2016
|Winter 2017
|International Program Tuition
|Student Priority Fee
|Graduation/Alumni Services Fee
|Administration Fee
|Technology Enhancement Fee
|CSI Association Fee
|International Health Fee
|Session Total
|Year Total
|Fall 2016
|Winter 2017
|International Program Tuition
|Student Priority Fee
|Graduation/Alumni Services Fee
|Administration Fee
|Technology Enhancement Fee
|CSI Association Fee
|International Health Fee
|Session Total
|Year Total
Financial AssistanceThe Ontario Student Assistance Program (OSAP) is a needs-based program designed to help Ontario students cover the cost of post-secondary education. Funded by the federal and provincial governments, OSAP is intended to promote equality of opportunity for post-secondary studies through direct financial assistance for educational costs and living expenses. These interest-free loans are intended to supplement your financial resources and those of your family. The majority of students apply for loan assistance via the OSAP website. Students can also print the application booklet through the OSAP website.
For more information, please visit Financial Services/Awards.
Graduate OpportunitiesGraduates are prepared for employment in the construction industry in a multitude of fields including carpenter apprenticeships, scheduling, expediting, painting, drywalling, flooring installations, decking and fencing.
100% of 2013-2014 graduates found employment within 6 months of graduation. Their average starting salary was $39,410.
For more details on related occupations, job market information and career opportunities, see the Government of Canada website: http://www.workingincanada.gc.ca
Pathways & Credit TransferConestoga pathways enable students to build on their academic achievements in order to earn a degree or additional credential. Pathways are formed through agreements between Conestoga programs or partner institutions. View the transfer agreement opportunities for this program.
Often applicants have earned credits from another college or university that may allow a student to be granted advanced standing or exemption. Learn more about credit transfer opportunities at Conestoga.
Prior Learning Assessment and Recognition (PLAR)Conestoga recognizes prior learning of skills, knowledge or competencies that have been acquired through employment, formal and informal education, non-formal learning or other life experiences. Prior learning must be measurable at the required academic level and meet Conestoga standards of achievement for current courses. Challenge exams and portfolio development are the primary methods of assessment. Other methods of assessment may be available depending upon the nature of the course objectives. Successful completion of the assessment results in an official course credit that will be recorded on the student's Conestoga transcript. PLAR cannot be used by registered Conestoga students for the clearance of academic deficiencies, to improve grades or to obtain admission into a program.
Learn more about PLAR.
Program Courses
|Course Code
|Course Title and Description
|Level 1
|Plans, Specifications and Codes I
Description: This course will provide the student will an understanding of the Ontario Building Code and the basics of blueprint reading. A study of the relationships involving owner, architect, builder and tradesperson is also included.
|Safety Materials and Tools
Description: This course will provide the student with an understanding on the materials, tools and safe procedures of basic carpentry tasks. This course will also provide the student with an understanding of wood and other materials used in building construction as well as the selection and safe operation of hand and power tools and accessories.
|Concrete Forming and Foundations
Description: This course will provide the student with an understanding of concrete and the materials, tools and safe procedures used in the construction of forms for residential footings and foundations.
|College Reading & Writing Skills
Description: This course focuses on the reading, writing and critical thinking skills needed for academic and workplace success. Students will analyse, summarize, and discuss a variety of readings and apply the steps of planning, writing, and revising in response to written prompts. This course prepares students for post-secondary writing tasks, research, and documentation.
|Computer Applications
Description: This course will provide the student with an introduction to the use of word processing, spreadsheet, and presentation software, as well as, operating systems and the Internet to produce business documents.
|Estimating, Calculations and Layouts I
Description: This module provides an understanding of basic mathematics and geometry as related to trade problems and construction layout.
|Level 2
|Client Relations
Description: This module will enable the student to apply the basic principles of good client relations to the daily performance of their duties as a renovation carpenter.
|Estimating Calculations and Layouts II
Description: In this course, the student will apply the knowledge developed in the previous level to construction drawings and situations.
|New Construction Practical
Description: The student will apply the basic skills and techniques required to complete the construction and finishing of most common residential buildings. The student will also employ safe work practices at all times in this course.
|New Construction Theory
Description: Describe the basic skills and techniques necessary for the finishing of interior and exterior of the most common residential buildings. Students will also use Part 9 of the Ontario Building Code to understand and study the materials and methods used in the construction of buildings.
|Introduction to Construction Trades and Building Science
Description: The student will assess residential buildings, to industry standards, examining both composition and materials applying the basic principles of structural mechanics, and the movement of air, moisture, heat, and sound.
|Metal Cutting and Welding
Description: This course will introduce the student to the Oxyacetylene Cutting (OFC-A) and Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) process. The classroom component will reinforce the theoretical principles and safety aspects. The shop component will allow the student to learn and apply proper safety procedures and develop basic skills necessary for oxyacetylene cutting and SMAW welding on non-structural components.
|Level 3
|Plans, Specifications and Codes II
Description: In this course, the student will develop their ability to read and understand drawings and specifications for housing and small buildings.
|Renovation Theory and Project Management I
Description: In this module students will become familiar with the concepts of project organization, time management, materials take off and estimating for small scale construction projects.
|Renovation Carpentry Shop I
Description: Students will apply basic skills and techniques necessary for the structural renovation and finishing of residential buildings, including the relocation of simulated mechanical and electrical systems. Safe working procedures employed on construction job sites will be practiced throughout the course.
Description: In this module the student will understand the principles and concepts of CADD, and will apply that knowledge to creating simple orthographic drawings using AutoCAD and Envisioneer.
|History of Architecture in Ontario
Description: Students will study architectural styles created and/or adopted by the province of Ontario from 1750 to the present.
|Ethics In The Workplace
Description: This practical course will challenge the student to evaluate how to make sound ethical decisions for self and to apply the process for today's workplace. This discussion course involves presentations on part of the student as an individual and as part of a team. Some topical areas will cover the following: an ethical climate, corporate responsibilities, employer/employee rights and responsibilities, global ethics and emerging ethical issues.
|Level 4
|Outdoor Structures
Description: This module will focus on the special requirements as per Part 9 of the Ontario Building Code as they apply to exterior structures.
|Renovation Carpentry Shop II
Description: Students will refine their application of the basic skills and techniques necessary for the structural renovation and finishing of residential buildings, including the relocation of simulated mechanical and electrical systems. Safe working procedures employed on construction job sites will be followed throughout the course.
|Renovation Theory and Project Management II
Description: In this module, the student will apply skills acquired in Project Management I to produce a project plan, specifications, working drawings, materials take-off and labour estimate for a small scale project.
|Managing Conflict
Description: Without exception, every relationship of any depth has conflict, and conflict will not go away simply because individuals are reluctant to deal with it. Conflict can be regarded as a negative force to be avoided or controlled, or it can be seen as an opportunity for strengthening relationships, self-awareness and development. The course will examine the many factors that contribute to interpersonal conflict, and discuss appropriate skills and strategies to manage conflict effectively. This course is part of the Pre-Service Firefighter Education program.
|Marketing I
Description: This module will introduce the basics of marketing applicable to a renovations firm.
|Green Building Science
Description: Learn how to apply good practices of building science, energy conservation, waste management, environmental impact reduction, and indoor air quality management to both new and existing residential buildings using currently accepted industry principles.
Electives: General Education
Student must complete a minimum of 42 Hours
Program Outcomes
- Describe the relationships involving owner, architect, builder/renovator and tradesperson.
- Interpret working drawings, architectural plans and specifications, and the Ontario Building Code.
- Prepare simple manually-drafted working drawings and architectural plans.
- Apply basic mathematics to solve trade-related problems.
- Apply basic principles of geometry to construction layout.
- Select, use and maintain hand and power tools.
- Identify materials, fasteners and hardware for use in residential and light commercial renovations.
- Identify unsafe work areas and apply essential safety procedures.
- Interpret rigging hazards and apply safe rigging and access practices.
- Interpret the Occupational Health and Safety Act.
- Lay out a building on a building lot.
- Identify the requirements for safe excavation for construction.
- Interpret carpentry and woodworking terms and nomenclature.
- Lay out and construct residential wood floor, wall and roof systems.
- Lay out and construct non-structural light gauge steel wall and ceiling systems.
- Describe the requirements for proper mixing, placing, finishing and curing of concrete.
- Construct concrete formwork for residential and light commercial footing, wall and flatwork.
- Install exterior doors and windows, and apply exterior finishes and trim.
- Apply basic joinery skills.
- Install interior doors and apply interior floor, wall and ceiling finishes and trim.
- Describe the construction of weather-resistant exterior wood structures such as decks and fences.
- Recognize older construction materials and practices and how to integrate them with current methods and code requirements.
- Receive and give clear trade-related instructions orally and in writing.
- Describe the theory and practical application of basic physics and thermodynamics.
- Describe the requirements for accessibility as applied to residential and light commercial buildings.
- Describe the relationship between the carpenter and other trades and their respective responsibilities and requirements.
- Apply the basics of computer operating systems, file management, Microsoft Word and Excel toward the creation of simple documents and spreadsheets.
- Apply the basic principles of good client relations at the tradesperson level.
- Plan job-search strategies, develop interview skills and apply effective written and interpersonal communication skills to the job-search process.
- Perform welding, cutting and brazing operations with standard oxy-acetylene and electric arc welding equipment
- Explain the basic structural requirements of buildings, and the principles of controlling air, moisture, thermal and sound transmission in buildings.
- Construct concrete formwork for heavy wall forms, columns, beams and flatwork, as well as stairs.
- Communicate with clients, contractors, suppliers and others both orally and in writing.
- Describe the origins and growth of the residential and light commercial renovation industry in Canada.
- Identify the age and identifying features of heritage and contemporary architectural styles in Ontario.
- Apply basic mathematics to solve trade-related problems.
- Apply management skills to residential and light commercial renovations projects.
- Produce orthographic working drawings for construction projects, using AutoCAD.
- Identify proven methods for advertising and promotion for renovations contractors.
- Identify potential problems encountered when renovating existing structures and the use of 'Compliance Alternatives'.
- Apply techniques to repair or replace building components consistent with maintaining heritage characteristics.
- Identify environmentally friendly building techniques including indoor air quality, energy efficiency and waste management.
- Describe the methods and requirements for the safe and orderly deconstruction and demolition of buildings.
- Apply management-level client relation skills.
- Describe the basic principles of operating a business in a legal and ethical manner.
- Apply interpersonal skills to relationships with employees, peers, clients, suppliers and building officials
Program Advisory CommitteesThe College appoints Program Advisory Committee members for diploma, degree, certificate and apprenticeship programs. Committees are composed of employers, practitioners and recent program graduates. College representatives (students, faculty, and administrators) are resource persons. Each committee advises the Board on the development of new programs, the monitoring of existing programs and community acceptance of programs.
For a list of the current members, please visit our Program Advisory Committees.
Apply NowDomestic students should apply online at www.ontariocolleges.ca or by phone at 1-888-892-2228.
60 Corporate Court
Guelph, Ontario
Canada N1G 5J3
Detailed steps on the application process may help you to apply.
International students should apply online using a Conestoga College International Application Form. Please note: not all programs are open to international students. Interested students should check the listing of open programs on our international students web page before applying.
The College reserves the right to alter information including requirements and fees and to cancel at any time a program, course, or program major or option; to change the location and/or term in which a program or course is offered; to change the program curriculum as necessary to meet current competencies in the job market or for budgetary reasons; or to withdraw an offer of admission both prior to and after its acceptance by an applicant or student because of insufficient applications or registrations, over-acceptance of offers of admission, budgetary constraints, or for other such reasons. In the event the College exercises such a right, the College's sole liability will be the return of monies paid by the applicant or student to the College.
Students actively registered in cohort delivered programs who take longer than the designed program length of time to complete their studies are accountable for completing any new or additional courses that may result due to changes in the program of study. Unless otherwise stated, students registered in non-cohort delivered programs must complete the program of study within seven years of being admitted to the program.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Wenger eager to boost Arsenal's forward options
Arsenal manager Arsene Wenger has said he wants to add one more attacking player to bolster his ranks before the new Premier League season.
Arsenal manager Arsene Wenger has said he wants to add one more attacking player to bolster his ranks before the new Premier League season.
Rory McIlroy and Jordan Spieth were ranked one and two in the world heading into last year's PGA Championship, but they return this year almost as after-thoughts, overshadowed by a wave of hotter rivals who have grabbed the limelight.
Northern Ireland's Rory McIlroy remains fourth in the world rankings after finishing in a three-way tie for fifth at the Open, while Henrik Stenson's victory at Royal Troon has lifted him just one place to number five in the world.
Manchester United were the highest-ranked Premier League club in Forbes magazine's world 50 most valuable sports teams as an NFL side topped the list for the first time.
The Republic of Ireland's Euro 2016 exploits have seen the team rise two places to 31st in the latest FIFA world rankings.
St Patrick's Athletic stalwart Conan Byrne believes that experience in the ranks will be key to starting their Europa League campaign with a win as AS Jeunesse Esch visit Inchicore tonight.
Graeme McDowell will compete in this year's Open at Royal Troon having been added to the field as one of the highest-ranked non-exempt players.
Rory McIlroy has already won four major titles but says that a victory at this week's US Open being played at treacherous Oakmont Country Club could rank as his greatest ever accomplishment.
Wales boss Warren Gatland insists he is not itching for a breakdown battle with a New Zealand side without Richie McCaw after making four changes to his pack for Saturday's first Test in Auckland.
Greg Broderick admits he feels for Bertram Allen after he clinched Ireland's sole Olympic individual showjumping spot ahead of the higher-ranked Wexford man but insists he and mount MHS Going Global can justify the faith shown in them.
Naas' Conor O'Rourke pulled off a major surprise on Sunday when he completed an impressive wire-to-wire victory in the St Andrews Links Trophy.
Rory McIlroy may have the lowest ranking of golf's 'Big Three', but the world number three will approach next week's US Open in better spirits than his rivals.
JP Cooney, Shane O'Leary and Danny Qualter have all signed on to continue with Connacht for 2016/17 while back-row forward Rory Moloney has been promoted from the academy to join the senior ranks.
Dundalk midfielder Ronan Finn has said there's a huge hunger within the ranks to keep the chasing pack at bay after landing the SSE Airtricity Player of the Month award.
Neil Robertson and Mark Allen have expressed their disgust at the decision to make the Snooker Shoot Out a ranking event from next season.
Veteran midfielder Denis Bastick admitted All-Ireland champions Dublin will need to raise their game significantly to inflict another painful defeat on Kerry this Sunday - but revealed the "fierce" competition within the ranks has every single player on edge.
The FAI have laced the Republic of Ireland's underage teams with the experience of Damien Duff, Stephen McPhail, Keith Andrews, Kenny Cunningham and Mark Kinsella in an ambitious move to bolster the underage back-room set-ups.
Eamonn Fitzmaurice is confident the intense competition within the Kerry ranks will stave off any complacency after their dismantling of Roscommon in the Allianz Football League semi-final.
Ireland were beaten 3-0 by world number three-ranked Australia in the quarter-finals of the 2016 Festival Of Hockey in New Zealand.
There was contrasting fortunes for Ireland north and south in the latest FIFA world rankings with Michael O'Neill's side moving up two places as Martin's Republic were bounced out of the top 30.


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Formula One Circuit Crew was formed in July 1998 by a group of friends who had trained together for several years.
We gained our name from the founder members all being participants in the infamous 'Jeff's Super Circuit', a one and a half hour, outdoor, all weather, all terrain circuit class. If you don't think that sounds very hard, your welcome come and try it out. In the immortal words of our first Chairman, Jeff, 'It's no good being able to run if you can't carry your shopping home'.
We cater for runners of all abilities and whilst some of us are pretty nippy, most of us just run because we like it and its a good way to keep fit and set a few personal challenges. At Formula One what you'll get bags of, is support! No matter what pace you run.
16 years on and after a recent visit from England Athletics CEO, you can have a read of this well written article that captures what our club has been and still is about. Click here to see the article.
2016 Formula One Castle Rock 10k
…Is now open for entries…
Now in our 14th year, we have the usual 450 places up for grabs for the liveliest 10k in Nottingham.
Race Info and Entry Here
…for information and number transfers please email…
The Formula One Castle Rock 10K Committee. @FormulaOneCC #F1CR10K
Shake it..sh...sh...Shake it...sh...sh
Shake it like a polaroid picture! : )
Members can buy club kit (not running vests) from our new on-line store. hoodies, t-shirts, hats, thongs…you name it!
Club Training
Training sessions are Every Tuesday and Thursday. 6.15pm depart from Formula One Gym in Nottingham City Centre.
All of our sessions offer something for everyone, structured to suit all abilities.
If you are a new runners let us know you are coming by writing on the Forum
Park Run
These are great for experienced, returning and new runners alike. Timed 5k runs in our area are at Colwick park, Beeston Rylands or Rushcliffe Country Park.
Completely by volunteers from the running community - a lot of our own club members a regular runners and volunteers. Come along and help out or run. All of the runs start at 9am prompt so aim to be at the start area for 8:45 (08:30 if volunteering.
Each run has a cafe nearby at which all runners, volunteers and spectators are encouraged to have a cuppa and chat.
More Here


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Two New York City men accused of conspiring with baccarat dealers to cheat Mohegan Sun out of hundreds of thousands of dollars are scheduled to go on trial next month in New London Superior Court.
Jury selection began today in the cases of Hung Lit Leung, 63, and Leonard Hu, 50, who will be tried simultaneously beginning July 12 before Judge Arthur C. Hadden.
State police in 2011 charged the two men with cheating at gambling, conspiracy to cheat at gambling, first-degree larceny and conspiracy to commit first-degree larceny.
The state police casino unit investigated after the surveillance department reported that a baccarat dealer was seen marking cards with his thumb nail.
The investigators said Leung and Hu paid dealers Bong Gate Louie and Jian Bang Ng to mark the seven, eight and nine cards in baccarat and mini baccarat games, giving them a 21.53% advantage of winning each hand.
Their gambling records indicated that both men had lost more money than they won until they started cheating. From October 2010 to December 2010, Hu won $234,750 and showed no losses, according to the affidavit. He went on to win $119,200 in January 2010. Leung's gambling record showed that he won $9,870 in November 2010, $51,400 in December 2010 and $34,600 in January 2011.
Senior Assistant State's Attorney Stephen M. Carney is prosecuting. Defense attorney Jeremiah Donovan is representing Hu, while Leung is represented by attorney Conrad O. Seifert. Both men have been free on $30,000 bonds while their cases were pending. Though they understand some English, they are being assisted by a Chinese interpreter.
The two dealers also were arrested and have cases pending in the same court.
Analysis: Get ready for the nastiest, most unpredictable prsidential campaign you can imagine
Based in Rhode Island, the country's newest tall ship set to train students
Groton Elks to hand out safety materials, snacks for Kid Safety Day
New Sandy Hook school opens nearly four years after massacre


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JA Solar Holdings Co Ltd (JASO.O)
26 Jul 2016
-- (--)
Latest Key Developments (Source: Significant Developments)
JA Solar posts Q1 adj. earnings RMB 2.33/ADS
JA Solar Holdings Co Ltd
Ja Solar Holdings Co Ltd awarded 86-mw solar farm project in South Africa
Ja Solar Holdings Co Ltd:Says it has been awarded as the sole supplier for its Orange Solar Project which is to build an 86MW utility-scale solar farm starting 2017. Full Article
Ja Solar and Essel Infraprojects Limited signs MOU on 500MW PV joint venture
Ja Solar Holdings Co Ltd:Signs Memorandum of Understanding with its Indian business partner, Essel Infraprojects Limited (EIL), to establish solar cell and module manufacturing facility joint venture.The MOU declares a 500MW production capacity for the JV and outlines the duties of each party.The agreement was reached on May 16 at the India-China Business Forum held in Shanghai, where Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi, Chinese national leaders, and commercial and industrial representatives of both countries were in attendance, including JA Solar and its partner, EIL. Full Article
Soventix Chile SPA and JA Solar Holdings Co Ltd to collaborate on large-scale solar power projects in Chile
Soventix Chile SPA and JA Solar Holdings Co Ltd:Announce establishment of joint venture in Santiago de Chile that will develop scale solar photovoltaic power projects in Chile.Soventix GmbH is increasingly concentrating its efforts on implementing solar projects outside of Europe, especially in countries which show strong market potential due to high solar radiation and increasing energy costs.Says joint venture will initially cooperate on projects totaling 130 MW, all of which will use JA Solar modules. Full Article
Ja Solar Holdings Co Ltd Supplies Modules to first large-scale solar farm in Central America
Ja Solar Holdings Co Ltd:Says it will supply 35.1 MW of modules to second phase of Guatemala solar farm.Says signing of contract for phase II of project for another 35.1MW of modules came after JA's delivery of 59.7MW to first phase in 2014. Full Article
Ja Solar Holdings Co Ltd supplies 100MW of modules to first large-scale solar farm in Pakistan
Ja Solar Holdings Co Ltd:Says it shipped 100MW of modules to first large-scale solar farm in Pakistan.Solar Park will serve to address country's energy shortage and is a key project of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor, an under-construction development program for energy and infrastructure projects to connect China to southern Pakistan and develop a new gateway for trade.Energy demand in Pakistan has grown about 8 pct annually, leaving country with an estimated deficit in energy production of 6 GW. Full Article
BRIEF-Ja Solar Holdings says supplies Monocrystalline Percium modules for "front runner" demonstration project
* Says supplies 150mw of high-Efficiency Monocrystalline Percium modules for phase i of "front runner" demonstration project Source text for Eikon: Further company coverage: (Bengaluru Newsroom: +1-646-223-8780)


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Judy Herman, MA, MS, LPC-MHSP, NCC
Licensed Professional CounselorPhone & Email: Contact Judy
400 E. Main St. Suite 140E, Chattanooga, GA
Dignity in Relationships, a Life By Design - Confidential support for purpose-driven leaders. Gain skills to restore emotional safety with those who matter most through authentic connection. Reaching high profile leaders with methods for meaningful relationships.
- Some of My Specialties:
- Communication
- Family Counseling
- Leadership Consulting
- Stress Management
- Life Balance and Wellness
- Spiritual Direction
- Healthy Relationships
- Life Transitions
Hayne Steen, MAMFT
Marriage and Family TherapistPhone & Email: Contact Hayne
3069 Broad Street, Suite 7D, Chattanooga, GA
As a Marriage and Family counselor, I am passionately focused on helping individuals, couples and families successfully move through whatever dynamic season of challenge they might be experiencing.
- Some of My Specialties:
- Couples & Marriage Therapy
- Adolescent Therapy
- Family Therapy
- Mood Issues
- Life Transitions
- Grief
- Spiritual Formation
- Stress Management
Jan Sherbak, PsyD, CEDS
Clinical PsychologistPhone & Email: Contact Jan
3097 Broad Street (at the base of Lookout Mountain), Chattanooga, GA
I work with adolescents and adults struggling with Anxiety, Depression. Eating Disorders and general Life Transitions using DBT, CBT and Internal Family Systems (IFS) models of treatment. The focus of treatment is on understanding and healing the "self.
- Some of My Specialties:
- Eating Disorders
- Depression
- Binge Eating
- Adolescents
- Adults
- Couples
- Family
- Relationships
David Solovey, Ph.D.
Clinical PsychologistPhone & Email: Contact David
7302 Jarnigan Rd., Chattanooga, GA
"32 years in practice has provided the experience and exposure to deal effectively with the variety of problems facing us today.
- Some of My Specialties:
- Relationship Therapy
- Anxiety And Panic Problems
- Depression
- Individual And Couples Therapy
- Anger Issues
- Work Related Issues
- Forensic Practice
- Ptsd- Emdr
Jane N. Geiger, M.A., D.Min.
Counselor, Coach, & MediatorPhone & Email: Contact Jane N.
50 Frazier Avenue, Suite 300, Chattanooga, GA
RELATIONSHIPS filled with GRACE! RELATIONSHIPS! My specialty is working w/ clients in ALL of their relationships -- with God or without faith, with themselves, premarital, in marriage, with family, at work, with colleagues, LGBTQ, teens, CEO's, CFO's, COO's, Moms&Dads.
- Some of My Specialties:
- Relationship Counseling
- Marriage & Family
- Executive Coaching - C-Suite
- Grief & Loss
- Career Coaching
- LGBTQ relationships, families
- Career Transition, Satisfaction
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What is 'Earnings Yield'
Earnings yield are the earnings per share for the most recent 12-month period divided by the current market price per share. The earnings yield (which is the inverse of the P/E ratio) shows the percentage of each dollar invested in the stock that was earned by the company.
The earnings yield is used by many investment managers to determine optimal asset allocations.
BREAKING DOWN 'Earnings Yield'
Money managers often compare the earnings yield of a broad market index (such as the S&P 500) to prevailing interest rates, such as the current 10-year Treasury yield. If the earnings yield is less than the rate of the 10-year Treasury yield, stocks as a whole may be considered overvalued. If the earnings yield is higher, stocks may considered undervalued relative to bonds.
Economic theory suggests that investors in equities should demand an extra risk premium of several percentage points above prevailing risk-free rates (such as T-bills) in their earnings yield to compensate them for the higher risk of owning stocks over bonds and other asset classes.
Bond Equity Earnings Yield Ratio ...A metric used to evaluate the relationship between bond yields ...
EarningsThe amount of profit that a company produces during a specific ...
Forward Price To Earnings - Forward ...A measure of the price-to-earnings ratio (P/E) using forecasted ...
Bond YieldThe amount of return an investor will realize on a bond. Several ...
Money Market YieldThe interest rate earned by investing in securities with high ...
YieldThe income return on an investment. This refers to the interest ...
Comparing the P/E, EPS And Earnings YieldHere are three ratios that help investors value stock returns.
How To Find P/E And PEG RatiosIf these numbers have you in the dark, these easy calculations should help light the way.
Comparing The P/E, EPS And Earnings YieldP/E may be the established standard for valuation purposes, but the earnings yield is especially useful for comparing potential returns across different instruments.
Bond Yields: Current Yield And YTMA bond's current yield, also called "bond yield," is the interest it pays annually divided by the bond's price. A stock's current yield, also called "dividend yield," is the sum of its annual ...
Personal Finance
Everything Investors Need To Know About EarningsWe go over the concepts behind the excitement over the most important figure in the stock market.
Finding The Best YieldsUsing yields to supplement earnings can mean big bucks, with the right strategy.
Understanding Treasury YieldTreasury yield refers to the return on an investment in a U.S. government debt obligation, such as a bill, note or bond.
ETFs & Mutual Funds
What You Need To Know About Bond ETF YieldsWhen it comes to fixed income investing, yield is an important component of a bond investment's total return to accurately assess if it's the right move.
Understanding the Different Types of Bond YieldsAny investor, private or institutional, should be aware of the diverse types and calculations of bond yields before an actual investment.
What are Earnings?The amount of profit that a company produces during a specific period, which is usually defined as a quarter (three calendar months) or a year.
What is the difference between yield and rate of return?Read about the differences between yield and rate of return. See why many novice investors often struggle more with the concept ... Read Answer >>
What is the difference between the yield of stock and the yield of a bond?Explore and understand the various meanings of the investment term "yield" as it is applied to equity investments and bond ... Read Answer >>
Can I use the current yield to compare a bond to an equity investment?Learn about the different types of yield measurements for stocks and bonds, and find out how to make careful comparisons ... Read Answer >>
What does the forward p/e indicate about a company?Explore the forward price to earnings ratio and learn its significance and how it compares to the traditional price to earnings ... Read Answer >>
What is the relationship between the current yield and risk?Discover the relationship between a bond's current yield and risk, and how investors can use it to benefit their overall ... Read Answer >>
Which economic factors impact treasury yields?Discover the economic factors that impact Treasury yields. Treasury yields are the benchmark yield for the rest of the world, ... Read Answer >>


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I've noticed some mediocre reviews of this restaurant but I had a very positive experience and wanted to share in case others are visiting the area. This restaurant was recommended to us by local family. And to me, this is seafood at its freshest and hence me at my happiest. Honestly, I can't remember what it was even called but we ordered antipasto that was a variety of hot and cold seafood dishes. Simply sublime. Every bite was better than the next and I highly recommend it. We also ordered fritto misto and spaghetti con vongole, dishes that we shared because of the enormity of the antipasti. The wine selection was lovely as well, and the service so friendly and helpful. If you make a reservation (recommended especially if you're dining around 9pm or later), try to request a seat by the water.
Own or manage this property? Claim your listing for free to respond to reviews, update your profile and much more.