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Measuring Neural and Behavioral Activity During Ongoing Computerized Social Interactions: An Examination of Event-Related Brain Potentials
1Psychology Department, Illinois Wesleyan University
1Psychology Department, Illinois Wesleyan University
1Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, 2School of Psychology, Australian Catholic University, 3Department of Pediatric Rehabilitation, Sint Maartenskliniek
1Haskins Laboratories, 2Speech and Cognition Department, Gipsa-lab, CNRS, 3Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, 4Department of Psychology, McGill University, 5School of Communication Science and Disorders, McGill University
1Department of Psychology, McGill University, 2Department of Cognitive Science, McGill University, 3Douglas Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, 4Neurology and Neurosurgery Department, McGill University
1Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest
1Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University
1Cognitive Neuroscience & Neuropsychiatry Section, UCL Institute of Child Health, 2Academic Division of Neonatology, Institute for Women's Health, University College London
1Department of Psychology and Social Behavior, University of California-Irvine
1Center for Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University, State University of New Jersey, Newark, 2Department of Audiology, University of the Pacific, 3Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Stanford University
1School of Psychological Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, 2Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University
1Department of Exercise Science, Elon University, 2Department of Physical Therapy Education, Elon University, 3Department of Physical Therapy, Duquesne University, 4Department of Sports Medicine, Elon University
1Department of Human Development, Cornell University, 2Social Sciences Division, University of Chicago, 3National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, India
1Laboratory for Noninvasive Brain-Machine Interface Systems, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, 2Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, 3Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston
1Department of Psychiatry, University of Washington, 2Department of Educational Psychology, University of Washington
1Department of Psychiatry, University of California Los Angeles, 2Attention Research Institute, 3Departments of Psychiatry, Radiology, Neurology, Biomedical Physics, Psychology and Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles
1Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 2Epilepsy Center, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 3Department of Neurosciences and Center for Neurological Restoration, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 4Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University
1Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne
1Faculty of Psychology, Department of Biopsychology, Ruhr-University Bochum
1Medical Imaging Physics (INM-4), Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Research Centre Jülich GmbH, 2Computational and Systems Neuroscience (INM-6), Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Research Centre Jülich GmbH
1Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, 2Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, 3Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, 4Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, 5Centre for Functional and Metabolic Mapping, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, 6Cerebral Systems Laboratory, University of Western Ontario, 7National Centre for Audiology, University of Western Ontario
1Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 2Department of Neurology, Center for Movement Disorders and Neuromodulation, University Clinic Düsseldorf, 3Department of Neurosurgery, Functional Neurosurgery and Stereotaxy, Center for Movement Disorders and Neuromodulation, University Clinic Düsseldorf
1Orvis School of Nursing, University of Nevada, Reno, 2The State University of New York at Buffalo, St. Joseph's Medical Center, 3Strong Memorial Hospital, University of Rochester Medical Center
1School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Tianjin University, 2Department of Computer & Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, California State University
1Department of Pediatrics, Monroe Carell Jr. Children's Hospital at Vanderbilt, Vanderbilt University, 2Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University, 3Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University
1Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison
1Department of Psychology, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 2Neuronal Networks Section, Integrative Neuroscience Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse
1Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM), Department of Biomedicine, National Research Council, 2Institute of Biomedical Technologies (ITB), Department of Biomedicine, National Research Council, 3Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester
1NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 2NASA Astrobiology Institute, Icy Worlds, 3Blue Marble Space Institute of Science, 4Citrus College
1Dipartimento di Psicologia Generale, Universita degli Studi di Padova
1Section of Neuroelectronic Systems, Dept. of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Freiburg, 2Laboratoire d'Imagerie et de Neurosciences Cognitives, UMR 7364 Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, 3Faculté de Psychologie, Neuropôle de Strasbourg
1Functional and Applied Biomechanics Group, National Institutes of Health, 2Laboratory for Non-invasive Brain-Machine Interface Systems, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, 3Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, 4Center for Neuromotor & Biomechanics Research, University of Houston, 5Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston
1Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 2Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior (CAPES), 3Laboratory of Neuromodulation, Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 4De Montfort University
1Department of Speech & Hearing Sciences, Institute for Learning and Brain Sciences, University of Washington
1Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, 2Department of Psychology, Clemson University
1Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, 2AMRI Institute of Neurosciences, 3Institut national de recherche en informatique et en automatique (INRIA), 4Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo)
1Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, 2Department of Neurology, Albany Medical College, 3Department of Neurosurgery, Albany Medical College, 4Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University, 5Department of Biomed. Eng., Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 6Department of Biomed. Sci., State University of New York at Albany, 7Department of Elec. and Comp. Eng., University of Texas at El Paso
1Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, 2MRI-Guided rTMS Clinic, University Health Network, 3Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, 4Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, 5Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 6Faculty of Arts and Science, University of Toronto, 7Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health
1Department of Didactics, Université du Québec à Montréal, 2Department of IT and Tech3Lab, HEC Montreal, 3Department of Marketing and Tech3Lab, HEC Montreal, 4Department of Specialized Education, Université du Québec à Montréal
1Montreal Neurological Institute and International laboratory for Brain, Music, and Sound (BRAMS), McGill University
1Cell Biology & Neuroscience, Rutgers University
1Bio-Imaging Lab, University of Antwerp
1Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, 2Brain Products GmbH
1School of Psychological Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, 2Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University
1Department of Applied Linguistics, Brock University, 2Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Indiana School of Medicine and Rehabilitation Hospital of Indiana
1Department of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Piedmont Heart Institute, 2Cardiac Rhythm, Medtronic Inc.
1Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 2Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough
1Department of Children's Clinical Neurophysiology, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, 2Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, 3Department of Pediatrics, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, 4Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki
JoVE Science Education
Source: Laboratories of Gary Lewandowski, Dave Strohmetz, and Natalie Ciarocco—Monmouth University
Research studies come into being when a researcher speculates about human thought, emotions, or behavior, and has a theory that offers a potential explanation. Often the researcher's theory is firmly situated in everyday common experiences that may not naturally lend themselves to direct empirical study. For example, researchers speculated that perception of a person on Facebook is influenced by the appearances and comments of the person's Facebook friends.1 It is difficult to test this theory using real-life Facebook profiles. Instead, researchers must use their creativity to design a study—in this case, using fake profiles that look highly realistic—to test their theory. This video demonstrates how researchers test a central tenet of a popular social psychology theory. Specifically, this video shows a test of whether engaging in a self-expanding activity leads a person to feel a greater sense of self-efficacy.2 Psychological studies often use higher sample sizes than studies in other sciences. A large number …
JoVE Science Education
EEG is a non-invasive technique that can measure brain activity. The neural activity generates electrical signals that are recorded by EEG electrodes placed on the scalp. When an individual is engaged in performing a cognitive task, brain activity changes and these changes can be recorded on the EEG graph. Therefore, it is a powerful tool for cognitive scientist aiming to better understand the neural correlates associated with different aspects of cognition, which will ultimately help them devise improved treatments for patients with cognitive deficits. Here, JoVE presents a brief overview of EEG and its applications in cognitive research. First, we discuss where and how EEG signals are generated. Then, we explain the use of EEG in studying cognition along with a detailed step-by-step protocol to perform an EEG experiment. Lastly, the video reviews some specific cognitive experiments that use EEG in combination with other techniques such as functional Magnetic Resonance imaging (fMRI) or transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS).…
1Nayef Al-Rodhan Laboratories for Cellular Neurosurgery and Neurosurgical Technology, Harvard Medical School, 2Department of Neurosurgery , Massachusetts General Hospital


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Viper Antiquing Brushes
The brushes also work with many popular types of tools.
The Viper brushes are densely packed with highly flexible nylon filaments that are treated with abrasive diamond grit. With a wide range of grit densities available, it is possible for fabricators or artisans to obtain anything from an opaque finish to a mirror polish.
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I'm currently using Pushwoosh as my push notification provider for iOS push notifications. What I'm noticing is that it takes on average 10-15 seconds to receive notifications after they are sent out. What I want to know is if this number is a normal number given the amount of traffic that Apple receives to their APNS servers? What kind of speeds do you get using Pushwoosh or other services? Is it time to switch to something more reliable, or is this just the nature of APNS no matter what provider I go with?
Pushwoosh is very cheap and affordable, but I'm starting to realize you get what you pay for, and that's not quality.


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This small and light Philips PicoPix projector can easily be connected to a Notebook, Netbook or Laptop via USB to display any content you want to share. Powered at the same time by the USB connection there is no need for additional batteries. Resolution 854 x 480 pixels
General information:


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For example, say the reserves are underfunded, a 100-unit building is projected to be $175,000 short this year. Does that mean that the value is $1750 less - one unit's share of the deficiency, or is it greater, because more units are likely to be deadbeats?
There isn't really a linear, logical method to evaluating HOA documents. There are good general approaches, one of which you're taking: it's risky, and if I take on this risk, the pricing had better well be worth it.
But how much, exactly, is incalculable.
All the best.
I'm finding the % of units >30 days late on HOA is a much bigger issue with condo financing than owner occupancy %. Most condo's have over 50% occupancy. But for example on a 18 unit condo project, it only takes 3 units to be > 30 days late on HOA dues, and then only cash buyers or 20% down buyers can buy it (and not even all 20% down lenders will lender with >15% of units 30 days + late on hoa dues. And with all the short sales and people walking away from condos, they stop paying their HOA dues.
And this creates a negative snowball effect....more cash buyers buy and rent the condos, owner occupancy drops further below 50%, and then only more cash buyers can buy + the condo turns into mostly renters. Very concerning trends.
Has the Seller provided you with CAR form HOA?
In situations where the property is a PUD or other common interest subdivision, Para 6B of CAR form RPA (Residential Purchase Agreement) establishes the period of time a Seller has before submitting CAR form HOA [this is Para 7B in the new version released 4/28/10]. This is an important step that often gets overlooked by Agents. HOA docs are typically ordered by Escrow without using this form even though its use is CLEARLY set forth in the RPA!
Citing CA Civil Code §1368 as its authority, CAR form HOA provides THE list of disclosures a HOA must provide to the Seller within a 10-day period of CAR form HOA submission. Page 2 of the form provides for the HOA to notate each item as "Attached" or "Not Available". There is also space for an explanation.
Para 14B of CAR form RPA covers the timeline for a Buyer to remove investigative contingencies. 14B3 covers the condition where seller does not meet the disclosure timeline. If "Common Interest Disclosures†as required by CA Civil Code §1368 are not provided, the wording of the RPA suggests the Buyer shall have 5 days extra to remove the investigative contingency if the timeline established by 14B1 has been passed.
Please consult with your Agent regarding the receipt of this form.
Best, Steve
1. How can I find out what was replaced and upgraded during the conversion (besides the obvious interirors of the condo's)?
2. Have you heard of issues with the electrical and plumbing systems of conversions in San Diego?
3. Are there property inspectors that specialize in condo's? I want to get a REALLY good property inspector
Also, I plan to get a copy of the last 6 mos of meeting minutes of the HOA board and the reserves study to find out how much the condo has in reserves and what they plan to replace. Also, a mjor factor for me is reading abot the policies for rentals in the CC&R's. I want to eventually move out and rent the condo I buy, so I need to be 100% crystal clear on their rental policies.
I need to also understand their insurance policies. Say if pipes burst in the walls and it's like a $50,000 repair. Will this be covered by insurance or be a special assesment?
Having someone review HOA docs is great but you must also do your own homework. Open your eyes when you walk around the complex, is there deferred maintenance, is landscape taken care of, also ask for the owner occupancy rate. Another thing that might help in your decision is attending a board meeting, if the BOD will allow it, this will give you more of an incite into the community.
I hope this helps a little, any more questions feel free to contact me.
Tisha Rocha
Prudential California Realty
858 361-6170
Question for Chad........Are you aware of any comanies in any other state providing this service? Tx Deb
As you know, it is imperative to read through the HOA docs BEFORE you follow through on a purchase. I recently had a deal fall out of escrow as it was revealed in the HOA docs that no parking was permitted on your own driveway overnight. For a family with 3 cars and it only being a 2 car garage place, the math clearly did not work out. As for your concern, there is a company that does do what you are inquiring about. The link is
Of course, I'd make sure to read exactly what it is they do to make sure they meet your expectations.
Best of luck,
Chad Basinger, REALTOR®, CPA, CFP®
Reviewing the documents is one thing, evaluating them is another - by which I mean, helping you to determine whether a particular condo is a good or bad buy based on the underlying financials.
You should expect a discount in price for the increased risk of the conditions you mention, and then - and only then - can you attempt to determine whether you're willing to take the risk or not. A great building with great reserves, high owner-occupancy, no short sales and nobody behind on their homeowner's dues - this is going to be a more expensive building to get into than the flophouse you're describing!


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Nasal Bacteria Pump Out a Potential New Antibiotic that Kills MRSA
The discovery suggests that the human microbiome may be a rich source for future drugs
The discovery suggests that the human microbiome may be a rich source for future drugs
How a brief intervention could have such long-lasting results remains unclear
The effort was supposed to prevent the spread of HIV—but it didn't work, according to the most comprehensive study of the program
Scientific studies show that the procedure is full of holes
The genetic-testing company's real goal is to hoard your personal data
Whenever I see my 10-year-old daughter brimming over with so much energy that she jumps up in the middle of supper to run around the table, I think to myself, "those young mitochondria." Mitochondria are our cells' energy dynamos.
We can't really ask an octopus to count backward from 10. Which is just one of the tricky things about putting an octopus under. If knocking an octopus out (for science) sounds like an unusual procedure, well, it is.
One lab is using slow motion footage of people sneezing to study the physics of these disease-spreading expulsions.This video was reproduced with permission and was first published on May 31, 2016. It is a Nature Video production.


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Free Dress Petition
TO' A.P.S.B. This petition is signed by two hundred citizens currently living in the Ascension Parish Area demanding you to change code to to dress freely This does not include sagging,or inappropriate dressing over the years I've Learn they actually use the belts their wearing as weapons I plead to change the ways of the school code of dressing
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The zombie ISDS
February 17th 2016The power of lobbies, International trade
Biotech lobby's push for new GMOs to escape regulation
February 2nd 2016Food and agriculture
The biotech industry is staging an audacious bid to have a whole new generation of genetic engineering techniques excluded from European regulations. The pending decision of the European Commission on the regulation of these so-called 'new GMOs' represents a climax point in the ongoing below-the-radar attack by industry on GM laws.
Scandal-hit car industry in the driving seat for new emissions regulations
January 29th 2016The power of lobbies, Climate and energy
European civil society organisations call for the rejection of the EU Trade Secrets Directive
January 27th 2016The power of lobbies


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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Mar 19, 2002
|Filing date
|Jun 7, 2000
|Priority date
|Jun 7, 2000
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Paul R. Miller, Mike Barbieri, Chaun He
|Original Assignee
|Cummins, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (22), Referenced by (56), Classifications (18), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates to a system and method for controlling an/or compensating noxious emissions from an internal combustion engine. More specifically, the invention relates to the control of NOx emissions from a diesel engine.
It is well known that internal combustion engines generate noxious gases as combustion by-products, among them, the oxides of nitrogen such as NO and NO2, or commonly referred to as NOx. It is certainly desirable from an environmental standpoint to limit the quantity of noxious gases generated during an engine combustion cycle. Over the years, various environmental regulatory agencies have imposed emissions standards on internal combustion engines. These standards have become steadily more stringent over the years.
One common approach to meeting these emission standards involves the use of a catalytic converter connected to the engine exhaust. This catalytic converter essentially purifies the exhaust gas emitted from the engine. Of course, there is a limit to the amount of purification that a typical catalytic converter can achieve, complicated in the case of the desired NOx reduction reactions, by the excess O2 inherent in diesel exhaust gas.
In another approach, a fraction of the exhaust gas can be recycled back to the engine's intake charge (air+EGR) flow using a well-known exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) system. This exhaust gas recirculation approach substantially reduces the NOx component of the exhaust by substituting inert combustion products for some of the excess intake charge (air+EGR) O2, thereby limiting the NOx promoting peak combustion temperature and excess O2 availability for the subsequent combustion process; however, the EGR system can only reduce, but not eliminate all noxious pollutants from the engine exhaust. The inherent tradeoff between NOx formation and particulate formation/oxidation process demands that optimization occur resulting in the needed emission regulation compliance at the best overall performance level for the engine user. The optimization process is complicated by increasing degrees of hardware and software (control) freedom and available to the engine developer coupled with broader and more complex compliance requirements imposed by regulators.
A further approach has been to optimize the air-fuel ratio, which can ultimately optimizes the combustion process. Optimized combustion can significantly reduce the noxious emissions from an internal combustion engine.
While many systems have been developed to address emissions compliance, these systems are frequently obsoleted by new, more stringent emissions regulations. Moreover, the ability for a particular system to consistently reduce noxious emissions is affected by deterioration of the components of that system. Furthermore, the performance of any emissions reduction system is dependent upon the ambient conditions—i.e. fresh air temperature, pressure and humidity.
In view of these difficulties, there remains a consistent need for an emissions control/compensation system and method that can adapt to these changing needs.
These difficulties are addressed by the present inventive system and method for controlling noxious emissions, such as NOx, from an internal combustion engine. The invention utilizes a closed loop and/or an open loop control algorithm to control one or more compensating levers, each compensating lever corresponding to a controllable engine operating parameter that when changed yields a change in the NOx emissions. The compensating levers can be, for instance, start of injection, variable geometry turbine position, waster gate/exhaust throttle openness, or other engine operating parameters that have an effect on the composition and quantity of pollutants in the engine exhaust.
In the closed loop control approach, the mass flow rate of the NOx is compared to a predetermined target to obtain a delta value. This delta value is applied through a PID controller to generate a corresponding change in one or more of the compensating levers. In certain embodiments, this change value can be supplied directly to pertinent engine control routines within an engine control module (ECM).
In other embodiments, an open loop approach is utilized in which predetermined relationships are generated between one or more controllable engine operating parameters, or compensating levers, and changes in a measure of the noxious emissions. In the open loop approach, a current value for one of the levers is compared against a nominal value, such as a value related to emissions regulatory standards. The change in this value can be evaluated according to a predetermined relationship between the change in the operating parameter and the resulting change in the emission level. This relationship then produces a NOx delta value corresponding to that change in emission level. Thus, with the open loop approach, the current measure of the NOx is essentially inferred from the current values of engine operating parameters. This in contrast to the closed loop approach that relies upon generating an actual measure of the subject emissions and comparing that actual measure with a commanded value.
In one embodiment of the open loop approach, only one such engine operating parameter or compensating lever is sensed and used to generate a NOx delta value. In other embodiments, two or more engine operating parameters can be used to generate two or more emission delta values, based upon corresponding predetermined relationships. In one aspect of the invention, the emission delta values are normalized values so that they are indicative of the effect on emissions without regard to the triggering operating parameter. Thus, in this embodiment, the multiple emission delta values can be combined into a composite delta value. This composite value can then be applied to the inverse of the predetermined relationship for a desired compensating lever to determine a change command for that lever.
It is one object of the invention to provide a system and method for controlling an internal combustion engine to reduce the level of certain pollutants in the engine exhaust. Another object resides in features that control certain engine operating parameters that generate desirable changes in a measure of these pollutants.
One benefit of the system and method of the present invention is that it can combine the benefits of open and closed loop control approaches. Another benefit is that the inventive system can account for degradation of engine components and can be readily modified to account for more stringent emissions regulations.
Other objects and benefits of the invention can be discerned from the following written description and accompanying figures.
FIG. 1 is a flowchart depicting the steps of one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a mathematical block diagram providing further detail to the flowchart shown in FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is a mathematical block diagram of a PID component of the system depicted in FIG. 2.
FIG. 4 is a graph of a compensation function in relation to a control/feedback variable, in this case the intake oxygen fraction, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 5 is a graph of a predetermined relationship between the change in the operating parameter and the resulting change in emission level, in this case the change in the charge (air+EGR) temperature.
FIG. 6 is a further compensation function in relation to the change in start of injection, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
For the purposes of promoting an understanding of the principles of the invention, reference will now be made to the embodiments illustrated in the drawings and specific language will be used to describe the same. It will nevertheless be understood that no limitation of the scope of the invention is thereby intended. The inventions includes any alterations and further modifications in the illustrated devices and described methods and further applications of the principles of the invention which would normally occur to one skilled in the art to which the invention relates.
The present invention contemplates a system and method relying upon both open loop and/or closed loop control strategies. Under both strategies, a "mission goal" dictated process is executed to determine a primary compensating lever (control/feedback variable). This mission-dictated process adjusts the compensating lever to bring the specific emission component back into compliance in a way that best serves the mission goal. In the preferred embodiment, these mission goals can include fuel economy, long life or transient performance. In a further aspect of certain embodiments of the invention, the compensating levers or control/feedback variables, can include start of injection; charge (air+EGR) mass, O2 level or temperature, variable geometry turbine position, or wastegate/exhaust throttle flow area. Of course, other control/feedback variables can be utilized.
The flowchart in FIG. 1 illustrates one preferred embodiment of the emission control system of the present invention. It is understood that the steps of this flowchart can be implemented by software within the engine control module (ECM), or a separate emissions control module that communicates with the ECM. Similarly, the steps and systems of the present invention can be implemented by a combination of electronics and software.
As the flowchart illustrates, the steps of the compensation method begin at a starting point 10, which can typically be initiated when the engine is started. In the first step 12, data from the various engine and condition sensors is acquired. This data includes ambient condition values, such as temperature and pressure, as well as engine operating parameters. In accordance with one preferred embodiment of the invention, the engine operating data is obtained from various sensors throughout the engine, such as sensors for NOx concentration, fresh air mass flow (MAF) sensor, intake manifold temperature and engine speed sensor. In addition, the data obtained in step 12 can include fuel mass flow, percent fueling and engine torque. The engine torque can be acquired from a model-based estimate as a function of engine speed and fuel quantity, for instance, or from an actual torque sensor.
The present invention contemplates obtaining data from a NOx sensor. The typical sensor of this type measures exhaust O2 and NOx. A well known NOx sensor relies upon an electrochemical or catalytic reaction that generates a current, the magnitude of which is indicative of the concentration of the subject gas present in the exhaust. In the most preferred embodiment the NOx sensor generates a signal that measures the molar concentration of the gas within the exhaust.
As indicated above, the method according to the present invention contemplates both a closed loop process 20 and an open loop process 40 for controlling the compensation of the subject exhaust gas, in this case NOx. The closed loop segment 20 of the flowchart of FIG. 1 proceeds from step 12 to step 22 in which the mass flow rate of the NOx gas is calculated. Referring to FIG. 2, one specific approach for calculating the NOx mass flow rate of relies upon certain input data 82. Specifically, the mass flow calculation utilizes the NOx sensor value "NOx_PPM", which corresponds to the molar concentration of NOx, "MAF_LBM", which corresponds to the fresh air mass flow, and "Fresh_AFR" which corresponds to the ratio of fresh air mass flow and fuel mass flow rate. The sensor values "MAF_IBM"_and "Fresh_AFR" are passed through modules 90 and 84, respectively, which operate on the input signals to eliminate a zero value.
The output from module 84 is then provided to a calculation module 86, which is used to calculate the molecular weight of the exhaust gas. The calculation module 86 applies a pre-determined formula to obtain a value "M_EXH", which value is sent through a module 88 to prevent a divide-by-zero problem in subsequent calculations. These values are then fed to a mass flow calculation module 92. As illustrated in FIG. 2, this module 92 applies a specific equation to the input data to calculate the engine exhaust NOx flow rate "mdotNOX1". The output of the module 92 is passed through a filter 96 to which a filter constant 94 is applied. The result is at output 98, namely "mdot_NOx", which is the filtered mass flow rate of the NOx in the engine exhaust.
Returning to FIG. 1, after the mass flow rate of the subject gas is then calculated, the method proceeds to step 24 in which an error or delta value is computed based upon the calculated mass flow of the NOx relative to a pre-determined reference (or target) value. Details of the step are illustrated in FIGS. 2 and 3. As shown in FIG. 2, the conditioned output of filter 96 is provided as measurement input 108 to a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller 110. In addition, the engine brake horsepower (BHP) and brake specific NOx reference values are used to generate a command value of the NOx mass flow rate 107 to the PID controller 110. More specifically the brake horsepower is obtained from logic that estimates the engine brake horsepower from engine speed, fuel rate and other sensed or inferred torque influencing conditions (or directly from a torque sensor, if present) in one of the inputs 82 to the closed loop system 80 showed in FIG. 2. As illustrated in the figure, the BHP value can be passed through a module 100 to prevent a divide- by-zero condition. This BHP value is then applied to a multiple/divide module 102. The other input of the multiple/divide module 102 is the output 108 corresponding to the mass flow rate of the NOx. The result of this divide step is a brake specific NOx output value 104. At this point, both the NOx mass flow rate output 98 and the brake specific NOx value 104 can be provided to other engine control routines within the ECM.
More specific to the computation step 24 of the flowchart in FIG. 1, the estimated BHP value is applied to a multiplier module 106. This module 106 also receives a reference value 105, namely "bsNOx_REF" (brake specific NOx reference (g/hp.hr)), as input. This value 105 can be obtained from a pre-determined reference map stored within a memory of the ECM for instance. Thus, the output 107 from the multiplier module 106 constitutes a reference or calculated mass flow rate for the NOx, which can be compared against the actual calculated NOx mass flow rate based on sensed data, represented by the measurement signal 108 provided to the PID controller 110.
Referring now to FIG. 3, the two inputs 107 (corresponding to the reference value), and 108 (corresponding to the actual value) are provided to a summing module 135, which generates a delta mass flow rate value 136. In other words, step 24 of the flowchart in FIG. 1 compares the actual NOx mass flow rate to a commanded mass flow rate based upon the current engine operating conditions. The premise behind this comparison is that any non-zero delta value means that the NOx emissions fall outside the commanded value for the current engine performance and condition. Thus, a non-zero delta value means that some change in the engine operating parameters is necessary to bring the NOx emissions back into compliance.
This action occurs in step 26 of the flowchart in FIG. 1. More specifically, this delta value is passed through a PID controller that is calibrated to a specific compensating lever. The PID controller then generates a closed loop delta value to be added to the specific lever command. In accordance with the present invention, a compensating lever is a particular engine operating parameter, which when changed can impact the mass flow rate of the subject noxious gas (in this case NOx) in the engine emissions.
For example, in the preferred embodiment, the compensating levers can include fuel mass, oxygen charge (air+EGR) mass, variable geometry turbine position, wastegate/exhaust throttle flow area, start of injection (SOI) and/or EGR flow rate et al. The lever can be pre-determined based upon the particular mission goal to be satisfied. For instance, if the mission goal is for fuel economy and the NOx emissions are too high, the most effective compensating lever toward contributing to the mission goal is likely to be the EGR flow rate, provided other limiting conditions aren't imposing a limitation on changes from the current. In this instance, increasing the EGR flow will decrease the NOx emissions with the least fuel economy penalty. Alternatively, where fuel economy is the mission goal and NOx emissions are too low, advancing the start of injection closer to optimum can increase the NOx emission mass flow rate back to the acceptable reference value while maximizing fuel economy.
If the mission goal pertains to long engine life and emissions are too high, the SOI may be retarded with the EGR being maintained at its nominal level to minimize system deteriorating effects of EGR usage. Conversely, when emissions are too low, the EGR flow rate can be decreased, again to minimize system-deteriorating effects of EGR usage, while the start of injection is maintained at its nominal level. Further, if the mission goal is to optimize transient performance and NOx emissions are too high, the SOI can be retarded, so as to minimize the transient performance preparedness deterioration associated with EGR usage. Again, conversely a decrease in the EGR flow rate is prescribed where emissions are too low and the goal is to optimize transient performance. Of course, it is contemplated that other compensating levers can be utilized where their effect on emissions can be readily quantified.
In the specific illustrated embodiment, the start of injection (SOI) is the compensating lever used to control the NOx emissions rate for the closed loop component 80. In the preferred embodiment, step 26 of the flowchart in FIG. 1 is accomplished by the PID controller 110 shown in FIG. 2, and illustrated in a normal detailed block diagram in FIG. 3. The PID controller 110 receives the measurement value 108 for the emissions mass flow rate, as well as the pre-determined command value 107 corresponding to an optimum mass flow rate. As previously discussed, the two input signals 107 and 108 are used to generate a delta value 136. The purpose then, of the PID controller 110 is to compensate that delta value, or, in other words, to reduce that delta value 136 to zero. It has been found that a proportional-integral-derivative controller provides a good means for correlating this NOx mass flow rate delta value to a delta command to be applied to a compensating lever.
In addition to the inputs 107 and 108, the PID controller 110 receives inputs 112 corresponding to maximum and minimum limits to the delta values that can be applied to the particular compensating lever. In the present case, since the compensating lever is the start of injection, the maximum and minimum values are "DSOI_MAX" and "DSOI_MIN". The PID controller 110 also receives three gain inputs 114, corresponding to the proportional gain, integral gain and differential gain to be applied.
The internal elements of the PID controller 110 can be of known configuration. The detail block diagram of FIG. 3 is provided for illustrative purposes. The proportional element of the controller 110 is encompassed by the multiply component 155. This component receives the proportional gain value of the inputs 114 and multiplies that value by the delta value 136. The result of this multiply is the value "SOI_P_TERM". The integral element of the PID controller 110 receives the delta value 136 and multiplies that in multiply module 157 by the integral gain from the inputs 114.
The output of this multiply module is fed to a summing module 163, which receives an additional input from the integral feedback loop. This integral feedback loop obtains a signal from the summing module 167 and subtracts the ultimate output of the PID controller, namely the closed loop delta SOI command signal 120. This subtraction occurs in module 161. The result of this subtraction is fed back to a multiply/divide module 159 in which the result is divided by the proportional gain input value. The result of the addition in the summing module 163 is fed to a min/max filter 165, which yields an output "SOI_I_TERM".
Finally, the derivative element of the PID controller 110 receives the measurement value 108 and multiplies that value by a pre-determined filter gain 137 in a multiply module 139 the output of this multiplication is fed to a filter 141 which also receives a filter time constant input 143. The output of this filter 141 is fed to a summing module 151. The summing module 151 receives an additional input for the delta value 136. The delta value 136 is fed to a multiplier where it is multiplied by the derivative filter gain of the inputs 114. This product is fed to an additional filter 147, which receives another input 149 corresponding to a filter time constant. The output of this second filter 147 is then provided to the summing module 151 from which the output of the filter 141 is subtracted. The various filter values 137, 143 and 149 can be pre-determined to condition the derivative component of the PID output. The filter values can specifically condition the derivative value based on the mission-specific goals discussed above.
The result of this subtraction passes through a derivative module 153 to the summing module 167. Thus, the summing module 167 receives the three SOI_TERMS corresponding to the proportional, derivative and integral elements. As previously explained, the output of this summation is fed back through the integration loop to summing module 161. In addition, this result is fed to another summing module 173. This module 173 receives an additional input 171 corresponding to a pre-determined SOI delta offset command. Nominally, this command value is zero as reflected at the input of PID 110 shown in FIG. 2.
The output of this summing module 173 is provided to a final limit filter 175. The output from this limit filter is the closed loop delta SOI command 120. Thus, the closed loop portion 80 of the system shown in FIG. 2 generates a value corresponding to a change in the start of ignition command provided to the engine control module. This change value can either advance or retard the start of ignition for the engine, depending upon the particular mission protocol. The P, I & D gain values of the inputs 114, as well as the filter inputs 137, 143 and 149, can be calibrated based upon the particular mission goal to be met by the closed loop control system.
Returning to FIG. 2, it could be seen that the output 120 ("CL_DSOI_CMD") is sent to switch 118. The state of the switch is determined by an input signal 116. This signal 116 is "on" if closed loop correction is requested by the emission compliance manager, or is "off" if closed loop correction is not deemed necessary by the emission compliance manager. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 2, the closed loop delta SOI command is fed to a summing module 125 where that command can be combined with a similar command generated by the open loop portion of the system. Alternatively, only the closed loop system can be used to provide emission correction. In this instance, the output 120 would be fed directly to the output 127 of the system corresponding to the final SOI delta value ("DEL_SOI"). This output 127 can then be provided to the appropriate engine control routines within the ECM to advance or retard the start of injection. This delta command can also be fed to a zero-comparison module 128 to generate an SOI increment enable signal 129 to inform the ECM whether the start of injection needs to be changed or not.
While one embodiment of the invention contemplates utilizing the closed loop system only, the most preferred embodiment combines the closed loop component 80 with an open loop component 60. The open loop component 60 implements the steps 40 of the flowchart in FIG. 1. In the open loop system, the first step is to acquire appropriate sensor data in step 12. As shown in FIG. 2, this sensor data can include the intake manifold temperature, the engine speed and the percent of fuel provided to the engine (i.e. current fuel divided by maximum fuel at the current engine speed).
Once the sensor data has been obtained, the first substantive step of the open loop element 40 is to determine a delta value for the particular chosen feed back variable. In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 2, the chosen feedback variable is the intake manifold temperature (IMT). This feedback variable corresponds to a sensed condition of the engine operation that is indicative of, or has some relationship to, the noxious component of the engine exhaust. Thus, in the illustrative embodiment it is known that variations in the intake manifold temperature can yield different NOx content in the engine exhaust.
This feature of the invention capitalizes on the relationship between the variation in this engine operating parameter and the variation in the emission rate of the NOx. Thus, the first substantive step 42 of the open loop method 40 requires a determination of this delta value. This determination is illustrated in more detail in FIG. 2. In particular, a calculation module 64 calculates an expected or normal intake manifold temperature based upon the current engine speed and percent fuel values from the inputs 62. This normal IMT value can be obtained from a table lookup or a pre-determined equation. The specific normal IMT value from module 64 is provided to a summing module 66 where it is subtracted from the actual IMT sensor value of the input 62.
In the next step 44 of the open loop process 40, a formula is applied to generate a delta NOx value based upon the change in the particular feedback variable. This step is incorporated into module 68, which receives the output from the summing module 66. The module 68 can implement a table lookup or equation driven determination. The module relies upon a pre-determined relationship, stored in memory, between the change in the selected engine operating parameter, in this case IMT, and an expected change in the emissions output rate, in this case NOx.
Once this delta NOx value has been calculated, a delta command for a pre-determined open loop compensating lever can be generated in step 46 (FIG. 1). The module 70 of the mathematical block diagram of FIG. 2 represents this step. In the specific illustrative embodiment, the compensating lever is again the start of injection (SOI). Thus, the module 70 applies the output of module 68 to a pre-determined relationship between the delta NOx and a delta SOI. The module 70 of the present invention capitalizes on the relationship between a change in the compensating lever, in this case SOI, and changes in the emission output level of the NOx. The module 70, thus, operates as an inverse to the module 68. The output from the module 70 is fed to a multiplier 72 where the delta SOI value is multiplied by a pre-determined scaler input 73. The results of this multiplication is fed to a summing module 74 in which a pre-determined open loop SOI offset value 75 can be applied. The value 73 and 75 can be pre-determined based upon the mission goals.
The output of the summing module 74 is the open loop delta SOI command 78. As with the closed loop system, the open loop delta command is only utilized if the open loop switch 76 is on. Thus, the conditional step 48 of the flowchart in FIG. 1 looks to the input signal 77 to determine whether the engine operator has activated the open loop compensation component. If not, then in step 50 the open loop delta command is set to zero, in the same way that the closed loop command was set to zero in step 30 in the event the closed loop switch was off. On the other hand, if the open loop switch is on, switch 76 passes the command "OL_DSOI_CMD" to the sending module 125 where it is combined with the like closed loop command. In this illustrative embodiment, the final output command 127 corresponding to the change in start of injection is the composite of the open loop and closed loop values, as combined in step 52 of the flowchart. The routine returns at step 54 to the data acquisition step 12, so the routine cycles continuously during the operation of the engine.
In the specific embodiment, the open and closed loop systems operate on the same compensating lever—in this instance, the start of injection. Of course, other compensating levers can be utilized within both the open loop and closed loop components 60 and 80, respectively. Moreover, the open loop system 60 could utilize a different compensating lever from the closed loop system 80.
The relationship exploited in the modules 68 and 70, and in the steps 44 and 46 of the open loop method 40, rely upon relationships between various engine operating parameters and their impact on the emissions level. These relationships are shown graphically in FIGS. 4-6. In particular, these graphs depict three different engine-operating parameters, namely intake oxygen fraction, intake charge (air+EGR) temperature change, and change in start of injection, as they pertain to a "Z" function of NOx. This "Z" function is a normalized NOx emission ratio, namely the predicted NOx emission divided by a reference value. These "Z" functions represent the relationship between the NOx emissions and variations in the selected operating parameters. Thus, referring to step 44 or component 68, a "Z" function can be applied to the delta value for the feedback variable to obtain the NOx emission ratio. The inverse of this step is applied in module 70 to derive a delta command for application to the ECM.
Since the "Z" functions are a normalized value, they are nearly, in effect, independent of any engine operating parameter. Thus, a "Z" value can be calculated based upon one engine operating parameter, such as intake oxygen fraction as depicted in FIG. 4, and that same "Z" function value can be applied in the inverse to a different engine operating parameter, such as start of injection as depicted in FIG. 6.
One significant benefit of this aspect of the invention is that a composite "Z" function value can be generated based upon "Z" function results for a number of engine operating parameter values. For instance, changes in each of the sensor input operating parameters of FIGS. 4-6 can yield a specific "Z" function value. These resulting three "Z" function values can be combined into a composite "Z" value. The inverse of this composite value is then applied to one of the curves of FIGS. 4-6 to yield a change command for the specified input parameter. For instance, the composite value can be applied to the curve of FIG. 6 to determine whether the start of injection is advanced or retarded and by how much. With his approach, the open loop compensation system 60 can be modified to provide an additional summing module to sum the results of multiple modules 68 and 70 operating on different input parameters.
While the invention has been illustrated and described in detail in the drawings and foregoing description, the same is to be considered as illustrative and not restrictive in character. It should be understood that only the preferred embodiments have been shown and described and that all changes and modifications that come within the spirit of the invention are desired to be protected.
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|Apr 26, 2007
|May 27, 2010
|Fev Motorentechnik Gmbh
|System for controlling the exhaust gas return rate by means of virtual nox sensors with adaptation via a nox sensor
|Mar 24, 2011
|Honeywell International Inc.
|Method and system for updating tuning parameters of a controller
|Dec 20, 2010
|Apr 14, 2011
|Honeywell International Inc.
|Engine controller
|Jun 30, 2011
|May 24, 2012
|Hyundai Motor Company
|METHOD FOR PREDICTING NOx AMOUNT AMD EXHAUST SYSTEM USING THE SAME
|Jun 30, 2011
|May 24, 2012
|Hyundai Motor Company
|Method for Predicting NOx Amount and Exhaust System Using the Same
|Dec 22, 2010
|Aug 27, 2013
|Honeywell International Inc.
|Pedal position and/or pedal change rate for use in control of an engine
|Dec 31, 2011
|Jul 11, 2012
|Oxynitride control having inner and external exhaust gas recirculation
|Dec 31, 2011
|Jun 17, 2015
|Oxynitride control having inner and external exhaust gas recirculation
|U.S. Classification
|701/103, 701/101, 123/674, 701/105
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jun 7, 2000
Owner name: CUMMINS ENGINE CO., INC., INDIANA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:MILLER, PAUL R.;BARBIERI, MIKE;HE, CHUAN;REEL/FRAME:010865/0233
Effective date: 20000428
|Jun 25, 2002
|Certificate of correction
|Sep 19, 2005
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Sep 21, 2009
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Sep 19, 2013
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


text:
RENTON, Wash. -- Seattle Seahawks wide receiver Golden Tate knows he'll be public enemy No. 1 Friday night at Green Bay.
Packers fans haven't forgotten the most infamous play of the 2012 season, the Hail Mary pass (which some have called the Fail Mary pass) on a Monday night at Seattle that was ruled a catch by Tate and gave the Seahawks a shocking 14-12 victory on the final play.
Tate said Green Bay fans already have started tweeting him this week with their continuing anger over the controversial play last September. Tate knows the boos are coming in Friday's preseason game at Lambeau Field.
"Sometimes I can tune it out," Tate said Tuesday. "But I think being booed is a sign of respect. If they are going to waste energy on booing you, obviously they know about you."
Tate has laughed off the onslaught from Twitter haters the past few days.
"Yeah, it's been pretty entertaining to read," he said. "I'm not letting it bother me any. What they say on Twitter back in Wisconsin doesn't affect me any."
Tate sent out this tweet Monday:
I can see now that this week my twitter is gonna be harassed all week. #cantwait #weeklyentertainment #youSTILLmadbro
— Golden Tate (@ShowtimeTate) August 19, 2013
"I'm just having a little fun with it and trying to lighten up the mood," Tate said. "It's my personality. I'm not going to take it too seriously. I think it's funny almost a year later people are still talking about it."
The 24-yard pass from Russell Wilson was ruled a touchdown at the back of the end zone when Tate and Green Bay defensive back M.D. Jennings both had their hands on the ball as they fell to the ground. Tate may or may not have had possession. Green Bay fans are certain Jennings had the interception.
"I heard about that catch all offseason," Tate said. "That was a game-winning touchdown. I don't care what you think, if it was a catch or no catch. It is what it is. The referee called a touchdown. I did my job, point blank, end of story. It was a big play at a critical moment."
Seattle coach Pete Carroll takes a little more diplomatic approach to the unusual play.
"Over years and years, stuff happens," Carroll said. "It was unfortunate for [Green Bay] that they came out on the short end of it, but it showed the human aspect of the game. The ref saw both guys on the ground with the ball, so he gave [Tate] the touchdown. I don't know what another official would have said."
Jennings knows the play has defined his career.
"It's something that's stuck with me, unfortunately," Jennings said Tuesday. "But it's something I'm trying to get over. I don't want to be remembered by that play."
The play has become almost legendary now in Seattle and Green Bay. Jennings later let Tate know how he felt about it.
"I have a photo at home of the end of the play that's signed by [Jennings]," Tate said. "It says, 'Robbed.'"
Tate also heard about it from defensive back Charles Woodson, now with Oakland, but on the field for Green Bay that night.
"I have a wine bottle from Woodson that says, 'Touchception.' I might pop it open sometime," he said.
Tate admits he was upset with all the negative comments he heard about the play after it happened.
"At first it was frustrating to hear all the hate from their fans," Tate said. "Look, it happened. What else can I do? We all know what happened. I'm sure [the Packers] are ready to prove people wrong or whatever they want to do."
And what will happen if Tate scores a touchdown Friday?
"We'll see," he said. "We'll have a little fun with it, but keep it within the rules." Carroll said he wants to make sure Tate doesn't get caught up in the ire he'll hear from the Green Bay fans.
"I haven't talked to him about it yet, but I will, particularly since you guys are bringing it up," Carroll said. "He just needs to go out there and do the best he can."
Information from ESPN.com's Rob Demovsky was used in this report.


text:
COLORADO SPRINGS (Oct. 28, 2008 ) – For the third straight week, the top five teams in the NJCAA / JC Football.com Poll remains the same with Navarro College (Texas) taking the No. 1 spot for the fifth straight week. Navarro received 140 total points and all seven first place votes. They were again followed by Snow College (Utah), Butler Community College (Kan.), Fort Scott Community College (Kan.) and Georgia Military College.
Several conferences will be wrapping up their regular seasons this week with many important games on tap, including No. 1 Navarro vs. No. 6 Blinn College (Texas) and No. 3 Butler vs. No. 4 Fort Scott.
Navarro, improved to 8-0 overall and 6-0 in conference play with a 55-6 victory over Arkansas Baptist last Saturday. Bulldog quarterback Milton Howell rushed for 172 yards on just nine carries and scored once in the victory. Howell led the Bulldog offense to 474 yards of offense and 23 first downs. Navarro scored on eight of its 12 drives and seven different players scored touchdowns.
Navarro's victory and Blinn's 66-14 route of Cisco Junior College (Texas) sets up a showdown for the regular season title of the Southwest JC Football Conference this Saturday at Blinn. Navarro won the SWJCFC last year, while Blinn last won the conference title in 2006.
Both teams have been playing great football as of late. The Bulldogs rolled through its last three games, outscoring its opponents by an average of 50-12. Blinn, who is 7-1 overall and 5-1 in conference play, has won by an average of 56-13 in their last three contests.
Snow was not in action last week due to a scheduled bye week. The Badgers hold a 8-0 overall record and a 5-0 mark in Western States Football League play. Snow has three games left on the schedule, including this weekend's match up against No. 17 Eastern Arizona College, 6-2. They will also face No. 9 Phoenix College (Ariz.), 6-2, on Nov. 8.
Butler posted its second shutout in as many weeks with a 39-0 victory over Highland Community College (Kan.). The win, coupled with a 68-0 win at Independence a week ago, means the Grizzlies have outscored their last two opponents 107-0. Butler has posted three shutouts on the season, and the defense has surrendered just two touchdowns to opposing offenses over the past six games.
Running back Randell Bell rushed for 128 yards on 23 carries and two touchdowns, while quarterback Press Taylor completed 15 of 22 for 205 yards and two TD strikes.
The Grizzlies are 7-1 overall, with their only loss coming to No. 6 Blinn in their first game of the season. Butler is 6-0 in the Kansas Jayhawk Community College Conference and looking to win the regular season title for the eighth consecutive year.
If Butler is going to win the KJCCC for the eighth consecutive season they will have to get past a very good Fort Scott football team that is 8-0 overall and 6-0 in conference play.
The Greyhounds got past Air Force Prep 35-28 this past Saturday. Running back Jasmin Hopkins rushed for 164 yards on 30 carries and three touchdowns to lead Fort Scott.
Fort Scott has one of the best defenses in the nation. They posted four consecutive shutouts prior to their win over AFA prep and rank 10th in the country allowing just 229.7 yards per game from opponents.
Fort Scott now will travel to Butler on Saturday with the winner getting the regular season KJCCC title and the No. 1 seed in their conference playoffs, which begin next week.
Georgia Military improved to 7-1 overall with their 55-0 victory over Louisburg College (N.C.) last Saturday. The Bulldogs will make the long trip to Buffalo, N.Y. , for their next contest this Saturday against Erie Community College (N.Y.).
Place College Location Record Points 1st Pl Votes Last Week
1 Navarro College Corsicana, TX 8-0 140 7 1
2 Snow College Ephraim, UT 8-0 132 0 2
3 Butler Community College - Kansas El Dorado, KS 7-1 127 0 3
4 Fort Scott Community College Fort Scott, KS 8-0 118 0 4
5 Georgia Military College Milledgeville, GA 7-1 111 0 5
6 Blinn College Brenham, TX 7-1 107 0 6
7 Harper College Palatine, IL 8-1 96 0 9
8 East Mississippi Community College Scooba, MS 8-1 89 0 10
9 Phoenix College Phoenix, AZ 6-2 81 0 12
10 Mississippi Gulf Coast Community College Perkinston, MS 7-2 72 0 11
11 Glendale Community College Glendale, AZ 6-2 61 0 14
12 Pearl River Community College Poplarville, MS 7-2 60 0 7
13 Dean College Franklin, MA 8-0 59 0 13
14 Garden City Community College Garden City, KS 6-2 47 0 16
15 Jones County Junior College Ellisville, MS 7-2 41 0 8
16 Iowa Central Community College Fort Dodge, IA 6-2 35 0 17
17 Eastern Arizona College Thatcher, AZ 6-2 34 0 18
18 Lackawanna College Scranton, PA 6-1 20 0 19
19 Ellsworth Community College Iowa Falls, IA 6-2 15 0 20
20 Rochester Community & Technical College Rochester, MN 7-2 13 0 99
Other schools receiving votes
College Location Record Points 1st Pl Votes Last Week
Vermilion Community College Ely, MN 7-2 5 0 99
Hutchinson Community College Hutchinson, KS 5-3 5 0 99
Trinity Valley Community College Athens, TX 5-3 1 0 99
Kilgore College Kilgore, TX 5-3 1 0 99
Next Poll Due: November 4, 2008


text:
1. Remove some filters or zoom out
2. Save this search to get a heads up when new homes hit the market.
Popular homes in Miami Gardens
Miami Gardens Recently Sold Homes
View assessor property records for Miami Gardens FL. The median sales price for homes in Miami Gardens FL was $80,200. The average list price for homes for sale in Miami Gardens on Trulia is $125,462. The median sales price increased 6.9% compared to the prior year based on 232 sales, which increased 7.9% compared to the prior year.


text:
Definición de magenta en inglés:
sustantivo[mass noun]
1A light mauvish-crimson which is one of the primary subtractive colours, complementary to green: bright pink double flowers each lined in dark magenta [as modifier]: a short magenta dress
Más ejemplos en oraciones
- Painted on top of each are geometric shapes that range from dark green to magenta to off-white.
- Fake furs are presented in an especially trendy style - in fashionable colours from magenta to lime green and cyan blue.
- The dancers are in flat slippers, the costumes are in bold autumnal colours of magenta, orange and dark yellow, and the girls have their hair loose.
reddish-purple, purplish-red, crimson, mauvish-crimson, carmine red, fuchsia, fuchsin
1.1The dye fuchsin.
Oraciones de ejemplo
- The synthetic dye magenta was the next major commercial success.
- The red-violet dye magenta was first produced commercially in France in 1858.
- Occasionally the dyes, such as magenta, mauve, the bright blues, or Metternich green, initiated the fashion.
Mid 19th century: named after Magenta in northern Italy, site of a battle (1859) fought shortly before the red dye was discovered.
This colour owes its name to Magenta in northern Italy, the site of a battle in 1859 fought shortly before the dye was discovered.
Palabras que riman con magentaassenter, cementer, centre (US center), concentre (US concenter), dissenter, enter, eventer, fermenter (US fermentor), fomenter, frequenter, inventor, lamenter, placenta, polenta, precentor, presenter, preventer, repenter, tenter, tormentor
For editors and proofreaders
Saltos de línea: ma¦genta
Definición de magenta en:
¿Qué te llama la atención de esta palabra o frase?
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Muy popular en Reino Unido
Muy popular en Australia
= de moda


text:
Nancy Rumbel: Home
GRAMMY Award Winning Recording Artist, Composer, Performer and Teacher
firstname.lastname@example.com Skype Consults and Lessons Available
NEWS - I'm very pleased to announce and encourage your support for my young friend Darius Ghanat's new track and fund raiser for the Brad Cohen Tourette Foundation, that I am featured on. So happy for Darius who has worked extremely hard to create this project. A very talented musician, he is homebound due to Tourette's and the treatments for it. Please support him on this! Here's the link: http://www.cdbaby.com/cd/dariusghanat12 ! I invite you to share this info too! Thanks so much! Congratulations Darius!
Currently I am in the studio recording pieces for a wonderful singer, Sophia Engkvist, from the Olympic Peninsula. She is working with my long time friend and talented producer/engineer Jeremy Cayes whose studio is in the Sequim area.
I'm also working on a couple of pieces for an upcoming release by Catherine Marie Charlton, pianist/composer from the Brandywine, PA area. Her project has afforded me the great opportunity to work with former fellow Recording Academy Trustee and renowned producer Phil Nicolo from Philadelphia.
The music consult business continues to presents unique and varied discussions with each client. Challenging times are demanding fascinating and creative solutions. I really enjoy these one on ones.
Jami Sieber and I will be joining together is a series of concerts in October in the Pacific NW. I'll post the information as it comes in. As of now we will be performing in Seattle, Bainbridge Island, Snohomish, Bellingham, Whidbey Island and Port Townsend.
I'm notating some incredible songs for my dear friend/singer songwriter Susan Osborn. So my Sibelius lead sheet chops are getting a bit better! She heads into the studio this summer.
Tingstad & Rumbel will be performing again in November/December for our annual Holiday shows - Bellevue, Olympia, Snohomish, Mt. Vernon, Fox Island and Langley so far. Also January 2017 we'll be performing in California at a variety of venues.
I scored the music for a new DVD for Robin Rothenberg therapeutic yoga instructor extrodinaire - Shema Meditation Through The Chakras. Graciously Robin included a solo section of my score for listening as one of the chapters on the DVD http://www.essentialyogatherapy.com/products/shema-meditation-chakras-dvd/ or you can purchase just the music for meditation at: http://www.cdbaby.com/cd/robinrothenbergandnancyr The music features the oboe or English horn in a variety of combinations with strings, harp, and choral sounds. Their previous Yoga Nidra CD for reducing anxiety continues to get raves reviews and is newly reprinted again :) http://www.essentialyogatherapy.com/products/soothing-the-spirit-yoga-nidra-to-reduce-anxiety/
SURPRISE & WONDER -- These delightful workshops are a huge hit at elementary schools both public and private as well as community centers and libraries.
OBOE/ENGLISH HORN/OCARINA & COMPOSITION SESSION WORK -- Would you love to have the sound of my instruments on your next release? Perhaps you would like to commission an original piece? I am available for hire and can record at my studio. It's a great way to get exceptional professional playing or a beautiful new original piece on your recording.
MUSIC BUSINESS CONSULTS -- So many musicians have questions about recording, performing, practicing etc.. and I offer consults via Skype, by phone or in person. "For years colleagues have called upon me for help with their music careers due to my networking, marketing, and creative experience."
OCARINA/OBOE/ENGLISH HORN LESSONS -- I am also available in person and/or online via Skype! This is a great way to get pointers on technique, practicing, improvising, recording, performing and musicianship.
THANKS for Supporting Live and Recorded Music! Gratefully, Nancy


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Man Arrested for Slapping Justin Timberlake at Celebrity Golf Tournament"Bro, why would you do that?" Timberlake said before continuing on his way.
Watch Justin Timberlake, Stephen Curry & Alfonso Ribeiro Do 'The Carlton'The trio got dance happy during a golf event this weekend.
Kelly Clarkson Jams Out to Justin Timberlake's 'Can't Stop the Feeling'Clarkson is clearly enjoying herself in this new video.
Lady Gaga, Justin Timberlake, More React to France Terror Attack"I am praying for you France. When u open your eyes and see chaos, we will close our eyes and see harmony. We are with you."
Justin Timberlake, Chance The Rapper Honor Sports Legends at ESPYSMumammad Ali, Peyton Manning, Abby Wamback, Kobe Bryant receive praise.
Justin Timberlake, Chance The Rapper Help Peyton Manning Retire"Currently crashing Peyton Manning's retirement party," tweeted Chance the Rapper in a photo with Justin Timberlake.
5 Best Revenge Pop SongsClassic pop tunes that strike back at love gone bad.
5 Pop/Country Duets We'd Love to HearOur genre mixing dream team features Beyoncé and Chris Stapleton.
Justin Timberlake Called Out by Rapper Vic Mensa"You see nothing that supports black people when it's more difficult," rapper Vic Mensa says about Justin Timberlake's last two years of tweets.
Check out Justin Timberlake as a TrollThe trailer features Branch (Justin Timberlake), a down-in-the-dumps, paranoid troll who can't stand Poppy (Anna Kendrick), a happy-go-lucky pink troll.
Lady Antebellum Cover Justin Timberlake's 'Can't Stop the Feeling'The group puts a rocking country spin on the pop tune.
Justin Timberlake Puts Foot in Mouth with BET Awards CommentsTimberlake snapped back with some dripping Southern condescension: "Oh, you sweet soul. The more you realize that we are the same, the more we can have a conversation."


text:
Written on: 10/11/2012 by Mumof4Karen (3 reviews written)
I've been using this company for many years with no problems.
Things have definitely changed now though!
I was told me order was on its way 4 days before the courier actually received it then when it didn't arrive I went to track ... it had been sent up to Sheffield ( I live in Bucks) . Realising there was a problem I went to the website to get the customer service number and they no longer have one ! You can only email them and they took 2 days to reply. No apology , no explanation just we'll refund your money ... and this from a noreply email address.
Obviously their new business ethic is "The customer no longer matters"
Well Sportsdirect I will take my £200-300 a year I spend on sportswear for my boys and spend it elsewhere from now on you don't deserve my custom !
Written on: 10/11/2012
Just found their customer support number (on their facebook page!)
Written on: 28/11/2012
did you get any joy when you rang them?
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Broadcasts Allege Syria Trained Iraqi Rebels
A government-run Iraqi TV channel alleges that Syrian intelligence trained and funded insurgents responsible for deadly attacks against U.S. and Iraqi forces. Residents say they are appalled by the broadcasts and some are skeptical of their validity.
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Project Management Risks and Constraints
Intelligent project management requires getting a handle on risks and constraints.
Intelligent project management requires getting a handle on risks and constraints.
There are numerous project management programs out there, ranging from simple scheduling programs to bloated behemoths that do everything but tap dance at the company picnic and wash windows in the corporate boardroom. Which one is right for your project management needs?
All projects have problems. The trick is to prevent showstoppers. The good news is that most problems are predictable, and you can do a lot ahead of time to head off trouble.
Bridge the gap between your business objectives and ways to achieve them. This presentation is the supporting document for this video
Simply put, scope is the size of the project. But there's more to it than that!
"I do not know anyone who has got to the top without hard work. That is the recipe. It will not always get you to the top, but should get you pretty near."
- Margaret Thatcher
Academy Leadership - Leadership Course
LearnSmart - FINAL WEEK! Project Management Online Bootcamp. Save 86% thru July 31
University of Limerick - Project Manage Your Career