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(Feb. 26, 2014) -- The UTSA Honors College raised $156,438 for student scholarships, research stipends, and leadership and global learning opportunities at its 2014 Great Conversation! fundraiser last night at the Institute of Texan Cultures.
Great Conversation! included lively discussion about arts, literature and culture; business; education; leisure and lifestyles; politics and history; and science and technology. Community leaders and UTSA scholars led the discussions over dinner, dessert and coffee.
In all, UTSA organized three dozen conversations. At one table, La Gloria/La Fruteria owner and chef Johnny Hernández discussed tequila and mezcal. At another table, UTSA marketing professor Kristina Durante discussed how women's hormones influence their decision-making. Augustine Cortez, owner of Augie's Barbed Wire Smokehouse, discussed barbecue. John Folks, UTSA lecturer and former Northside ISD superintendent discussed "The Politics of Public Education in Texas."
The UTSA Honors College provides a unique educational experience for academically talented students with a commitment to excellence. It is open to students from all academic disciplines. Honors classes include special sections of regular courses with smaller enrollments and interdisciplinary seminars that bring together advanced students from diverse areas.
"Engaging in face-to-face conversation is such a rare opportunity these days. That's what makes this event so unique," said Richard Diem, dean of the UTSA Honors College. "To date, we have hosted Great Conversation! 14 times, earning a total of $1.3 million for our students over the years. UTSA has many generous donors. We are so grateful to them for continuing to support our honors students."
Great Conversation! was co-chaired by UTSA President Ricardo Romo, UTSA sociology professor Harriett Romo, Iñigo Arzac '05, Carrie Baker-Wells, Nancy Loeffler and A.J. Rodriguez, B.B.A. '98, M.B.A. '00. This year's key sponsors included the Alpha Building Corp, BlueCross BlueShield, Pat Flynn and Wells Fargo Foundation.
About UTSA
The University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA) is an emerging Tier One research institution specializing in health, energy, security, sustainability, and human and social development. With nearly 29,000 students, it is the largest university in the San Antonio metropolitan region. UTSA advances knowledge through research and discovery, teaching and learning, community engagement and public service.
The university embraces multicultural traditions and serves as a center for intellectual and creative resources as well as a catalyst for socioeconomic development and the commercialization of intellectual property – for Texas, the nation and the world.
The UTSA Interactive Technology Experience Center camps are for curious youth who are interested in STEM and related topics. This week, campers will study environmental science, robotics and computer science.
UTSA Main Campus
In four sessions of this weeklong day camp for 9 to 13-year-olds, campers will participate in indoor and outdoor activities while exploring ancient technologies from around the world and the new technologies archaeologists are using to discover them.
UTSA Center for Archaeological Research, Main Campus
Campers will investigate how museums use artifacts, oral histories, and research to unravel stories about our past.
UTSA Institute of Texan Cultures
The exhibit "Girl's Eye View" was produced by students who documented life on San Antonio's East Side with photography, poetry and film.
UTSA Institute of Texan Cultures
This fast pace program is designed for students who took the math placement exam and scored just under the acceptable score for entrance into MAT 1093 or 1214.
UTSA Main Campus
Skilled youth players will get an intense camp experience with Roadrunners baseball coaches. Camp will be limited access, more individualized instruction, in-depth teaching in skills areas and lectures and drill work in the areas of team defense and offense.
UTSA Main Campus, Roadrunner Field
Experience a very different summer camp! The UTSA East Asia Institute is teaching kids Japanese through language, culture, art, crafts, music, cooking and more. For kids age 6-12. For more details, email email@example.com.
Main Building (MB 1.126), Main Campus
7 to 12 year-olds will explore Mayan Culture in a three-day sessions, concluding at the Witte museum, where campers will have the chance to see the new "Maya: Hidden Worlds Revealed" exhibit.
UTSA Center for Archaeological Research, Main Campus
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» UTSA Events | » Academic | » Institute of Texan Cultures
The University of Texas at San Antonio is dedicated to the advancement of knowledge through research and discovery, teaching and learning, community engagement and public service. As an institution of access and excellence, UTSA embraces multicultural traditions and serves as a center for intellectual and creative resources as well as a catalyst for socioeconomic development and the commercialization of intellectual property - for Texas, the nation and the world.
To be a premier public research university, providing access to educational excellence and preparing citizen leaders for the global environment.
We encourage an environment of dialogue and discovery, where integrity, excellence, inclusiveness, respect, collaboration and innovation are fostered.


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Solo and Small Firm Section Breakfast CLEs
Fourth Thursday of each month from September – May
Summer Meeting!
Meet with solo small firm colleagues to discuss the year's activities, including topics for this year's breakfast CLEs at the Louisiana Café.
Join 2016-2017 co-chairs David Holt and Kara Lynum at CoCo St. Paul, across the street from Union Depot:
Thursday, August 11
9:00 a.m.
CoCo St. Paul
213 E 4th St, Suite 406
First Breakfast CLE of the season
Thursday, September 22
Alternative Fee Structures – Register
Presenter: Sonia Miller-Van Ort, Sapientia Law Group
8:30 -10 a.m.
Louisiana Café
613 Selby Avenue, St. Paul
Watch for more details online and in the September Barrister!
Questions? Contact email@example.com or 651.789.3756.
Section Co-Chairs:
- Kara Lynum: Lynum Law Office, 651.300.9383
- David J. Holt: Holt Law LLC, 612.293.0620

subset: commoncrawl


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Davis at the Legislature: Paying tribute to the cowboy culture
Mail: Grateful to Mid-Nebraska Community Foundation
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South Dakota Supreme Court: Cattle died from drowning in blizzard
Town Hall set to discuss mega-chicken plant near Fremont
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Nearly 300 people turned out Tuesday night for an early Thanksgiving dinner at the Berean Church on W. Eighth as well as a winter coat exchange.
The dinner is an annual event at the church, and this year organizers added the coat exchange. One hundred and eighty-five winter coats were donated, and those who came could take what they wanted.
Flatrock Publishing, Inc.
1300 E 4th St., Suite F
North Platte, NE 69101


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This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Ancient endosymbioses are responsible for the origins of mitochondria and plastids, and they contribute to the divergence of several major eukaryotic groups. Although chlamydiae, a group of obligate intracellular bacteria, are not found in plants, an unexpected number of chlamydial genes are most similar to plant homologs, which, interestingly, often contain a plastid-targeting signal. This observation has prompted several hypotheses, including gene transfer between chlamydiae and plant-related groups and an ancestral relationship between chlamydiae and cyanobacteria.
We conducted phylogenomic analyses of the red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae to identify genes specifically related to chlamydial homologs. We show that at least 21 genes were transferred between chlamydiae and primary photosynthetic eukaryotes, with the donor most similar to the environmental Protochlamydia. Such an unusually high number of transferred genes suggests an ancient chlamydial endosymbiosis with the ancestral primary photosynthetic eukaryote. We hypothesize that three organisms were involved in establishing the primary photosynthetic lineage: the eukaryotic host cell, the cyanobacterial endosymbiont that provided photosynthetic capability, and a chlamydial endosymbiont or parasite that facilitated the establishment of the cyanobacterial endosymbiont.
Our findings provide a glimpse into the complex interactions that were necessary to establish the primary endosymbiotic relationship between plastid and host cytoplasms, and thereby explain the rarity with which long-term successful endosymbiotic relationships between heterotrophs and photoautotrophs were established. Our data also provide strong and independent support for a common origin of all primary photosynthetic eukaryotes and of the plastids they harbor.
Ancient symbioses are responsible for some of the major eukaryotic innovations. It is widely accepted that mitochondria and plastids are derived respectively from an α-proteobacterial and a cyanobacterial endosymbiont in early eukaryotes [1]. It also has been suggested that the nucleus, a hallmark of eukaryotic cells, either arose directly from or was mediated by an ancient symbiosis between archaeal and bacterial partners [2-7]. Additionally, secondary and tertiary symbioses through engulfment of a plastid-containing cell played an important role in the evolution of several major eukaryotic lineages, including heterokonts, apicomplexans, dinoflagellates, euglenids, and others [8-12]. Undoubtedly, the evolution of extant eukaryotes was significantly shaped by past symbioses.
Chlamydiae are a group of obligate intracellular bacteria of uncertain evolutionary position [13-15]. Many chlamydiae, including Chlamydophila pneumoniae and Chlamydia trachomatis, are important pathogens in humans and other animals [16] whereas others such as Protochlamydia, Neochlamydia, and Fritschea are endosymbionts in environmental amoebae and insects [17,18]. Although the available evidence suggests increasing chlamydial diversity in free-living amoebae and in the environment [19], thus far no chlamydial species has been reported in photosynthetic eukaryotes or plastid-containing lineages. However, chlamydial genome analyses revealed an unexpected number of genes that are most similar to plant homologs [20,21], which, interestingly, often contain a plastid-targeting signal [13]. This observation has prompted several hypotheses, notably an ancestral evolutionary relationship between cyanobacteria (plastids) and chlamydiae [13] and gene transfer between the two groups with the donor being either chlamydiae [22,23] or plant-related groups [21,24,25]. Additionally, it has also been suggested that plants might have acquired these genes from mitochondria [26] or through intermediate vectors such as insects [17].
Reconstructing possible evolutionary scenarios that explain the chlamydial and plant sequence similarity requires an understanding of the taxonomic distribution and the origin of all involved genes. However, available phylogenetic data from chlamydial genome analyses often suffer from small taxonomic sample size [20,21]. Most other relevant studies are heavily biased toward the gene encoding ATP/ADP translocase, which has an uncertain evolutionary origin and a narrow distribution, mainly in obligate intracellular bacteria (chlamydiae and rickettsiae) and photosynthetic eukaryotes [22,25-28]. The evolutionary history of a single gene, even if correctly interpreted, might not reflect those of others. If a single evolutionary event underlies the current observation of chlamydial and plant sequence similarity, then a compatible evolutionary history of multiple genes should provide more convincing evidence.
Given the common belief that all primary photosynthetic eukaryotes, including glaucophytes, red algae, and green plants, share a common ancestry [11,29,30], we undertook a phylogenomic analysis of Cyanidioschyzon merolae (the only red alga whose complete genome sequence is currently available) to search for genes that are evolutionarily related to chlamydial homologs. Our data suggest a likely ancient symbiosis (sensu deBary; including mutualism, commensalisms, and parasitism) [31] between a chlamydial endosymbiont and the ancestor of primary photosynthetic eukaryotes. The ancient chlamydial endosymbiont contributed genes to the nuclear genome of primary photosynthetic eukaryotes and might have facilitated the early establishment of plastids.
The nuclear genome of Cyanidioschyzon contains 4,771 predicted protein-coding genes [32]. Phylogenomic screen and subsequent phylogenetic analyses identified 16 probable chlamydiae-related genes in Cyanidioschyzon, 14 of which were also found in green plants. Five other previously reported genes [13,23] from green plants were also classified as chlamydiae-related after careful re-analyses. The genome sequences of glaucophytes are currently not publicly available, but the gene encoding ATP/ADP translocase is reportedly present in the glaucophyte Cyanophora paradoxa and the diatom Odontella sinensis [25]. In our search of the Taxonomically Broad EST Database (TBestDB) [33], ATP/ADP translocase homologs were also found in another glaucophyte (Glaucocystis nostochinearum), euglenids (Astasia longa and Euglena gracilis), and a haptophyte (Pavlova lutheri). This suggests that chlamydiae-related genes are present in all primary photosynthetic eukaryotic lineages and that the ADP/ATP translocase has been retained in at least some secondary photosynthetic groups (eukaryotic lineages that emerged by engulfing another algal cell as endosymbiont). Therefore, a total of 21 genes from primary photosynthetic eukaryotes are listed here as chlamydiae-related (Table (Table1).1). Sequences that are not exclusively related to chlamydial homologs and those that form a monophyletic group with chlamydial homologs but with insufficient bootstrap support (<80%) are not included. These very stringent criteria excluded a large portion (18/37) of previously reported chlamydiae-related plant sequences [13,23].
The chlamydiae-like genes identified in this study does not constitute an accurate list of all chlamydiae-related genes in primary photosynthetic eukaryotes, but rather is an estimate from our phylogenomic analyses. This number is probably an underestimate, because the evolutionary origin of many genes is difficult to ascertain using available phylogenetic algorithms, and because some other chlamydiae-like genes may exist in glaucophytes and other red algae but are not retained in the smaller genome of Cyanidioschyzon. With the exception of the genes encoding sugar-phosphate isomerase and a hypothetical protein, the protein sequences of all other genes listed in Table Table11 contain a plastid-targeting signal as predicted by ChloroP [34] or TargetP [35], or experimentally determined to be plastid localized; this is consistent with the previous report that chlamydiae-related gene products tend to function in plastids in plants [13]. However, the Arabidopsis CMP-KDO synthetase homolog (GenBank: NP_175708), although containing a weak plastid-targeting signal (score 0.504 and 0.610 from ChloroP and TargetP, respectively), is believed to be associated with the endomembrane of plant cells [23].
The chlamydial and plant sequence similarities were previously suggested to be an indication of gene transfer from plants or plant-related groups to chlamydiae [21,24,25,28]. However, the genes listed in Table Table11 are predominantly distributed in bacteria, indicating a likely bacterial origin (Figures (Figures11 and and2,2, and Additional data file 1). In all cases, sequences from primary photosynthetic eukaryotes and sometimes from other plastid-containing lineages form a well supported monophyletic group with chlamydial homologs. In most cases they are more closely related to homologs of Candidatus Protochlamydia amoebophila UWE25 (a chlamydial species that is found in free-living acanthamoebae and environmental samples and was previously classified as a member of Parachlamydia or Parachlamydia-related [36]) than to chlamydial sequences as a whole (Figures (Figures11 and and2,2, and Additional data file 1). However, the sequence relationships among primary photosynthetic eukaryotes vary slightly and differ from the expected organismal relationship, mostly because of insufficient phylogenetic signal as evidenced by low internal bootstrap support, and sometimes because of possible differential gene losses or other evolutionary scenarios (for instance, see Figure Figure2).2). These chlamydial and primary photosynthetic eukaryotic sequences also do not appear to be particularly related to homologs from other eukaryotes (Figures (Figures11 and and2,2, and Additional data file 1).
The bacterial nature of chlamydiae-like genes in primary photosynthetic eukaryotes suggests that they were transferred either from chlamydiae to these eukaryotes or from plastids to chlamydiae. The latter scenario (plastid-to-chlamydiae transfer) implies a plastidic (cyanobacterial) origin for the transferred genes listed (Table (Table1).1). For many of the genes, this scenario can be rejected because it does not account for the specific relationship of the chlamydiae-like genes in primary photosynthetic eukaryotes to the Protochlamydia homologs (Figure 1a-d, Figure Figure2a,2a, and Additional data file 1), and because it is incompatible with the cyanobacterial homologs forming a well supported group that is distinct from the chlamydial homologs (Figures (Figures11 and and2,2, and Additional data file 1). After all, plastids evolved from a cyanobacterial ancestor, and therefore any gene acquired by chlamydiae from plastids should also be more closely related to cyanobacterial than to other bacterial sequences. Additionally, five of the chlamydiae-like genes in photosynthetic eukaryotes lack identifiable cyanobacterial homologs. (The genes encoding ATP/ADP translocase, glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase, oligoendopeptidase F, sodium-hydrogen antiporter, and the malate dehydrogenase chloroplast precursors in green plants lack significant hits to cyanobacterial sequences in GenBank searches.) This suggests that the majority of the genes listed in Table Table11 were probably transferred from chlamydiae to primary photosynthetic eukaryotes.
The relationship between chlamydiae and other bacterial groups remains largely unresolved. Phylogenetic analyses of 16S rRNA suggested that chlamydiae form a sister group with either planctomycetes and verrucomicrobia [14,15,20,37] or cyanobacteria [13,38], without significant support. An ancestral relationship between chlamydiae and cyanobacteria was hypothesized by Brinkman and coworkers [13], largely based on the possession of a predicted plastid-targeting signal in chlamydiae-like plant sequences. Those authors explicitly excluded the possibility of horizontal gene transfer between chlamydiae and their hosts, and assumed that these plant plastid-targeted sequences were of cyanobacterial origin. According to Brinkman and coworkers, these plant sequences are similar to chlamydial homologs because chlamydiae and cyanobacteria (plastids) are evolutionarily related. A few additional characters uniquely shared by cyanobacteria and chlamydiae were identified in the usually structurally conserved ribosomal superoperon [13], including the absence of S10 and S14 genes, which are present in different chromosomal locations in chlamydiae and cyanobacteria. However, a more detailed phylogenetic and comparative study of S14 suggested that this gene was probably independently transferred from α-proteobacteria to cyanobacteria, chlamydiae, and actinomycetes [39]. Therefore, the absence of S14 from the cyanobacterial and chlamydial ribosomal superoperons might be due to relaxed selection to maintain redundant homologs in the genome, rather than an indication of evolutionary relatedness between the two groups.
Although the chlamydiae-cyanobacteria hypothesis offers a popular explanation for the sequence similarity between chlamydiae and plants [20,22,27], it has not been rigorously tested. The major shortcoming of this hypothesis is that all plastids certainly are derived from a past cyanobacterial rather than a chlamydial endosymbiont. Even if chlamydiae and cyanobacteria indeed shared a common ancestry, any sequences of plastidic origin should be more closely related to cyanobacterial than to chlamydial homologs, unless these sequences diverged so rapidly as to generate long-branch attraction artifacts or lateral gene transfer was involved. Based on this reasoning, we have paid particular attention to the relationships among homologous sequences from chlamydiae, cyanobacteria, and primary photosynthetic eukaryotes in our analyses.
All red algal and green plant genes listed in Table Table11 clearly are more closely related to chlamydial than to cyanobacterial homologs, with the exception of the genes encoding 4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl diphosphate synthase (gcpE) and enoyl-ACP reductase (fabI), which include distinct gene copies in red algae, glaucophytes, and other plastid-containing eukaryotes (Figure (Figure22 and Additional data file 1). Some of the identified chlamydiae-like genes (for instance, that encoding polyribonucleotide phosphorylase) also contain a number of conserved amino acid residues uniquely shared by chlamydiae, red algae, and green plants. In our molecular phylogenetic analyses of 12 of the genes that contain both cyanobacterial and chlamydial homologs, the cyanobacterial sequences form a clade that is clearly distinct from the chlamydial homologs (Figures (Figures11 and and2,2, and Additional data file 1). Added to this observation is the fact that several chlamydiae-like genes are not found in cyanobacteria and that the gene encoding glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase has identifiable homologs (using Arabidopsis [GenBank: NP_849738] and Protochlamydia [GenBank: CAF24042] sequences as queries) only in chlamydiae, red algae, green plants, and the apicomplexan Plasmodium, which also contains a nonphotosynthetic plastid. The closer relationship between certain chlamydial and plant sequences was also observed in independent studies [20].
In all studies of gene transfer, there are always alternative explanations for each individual gene tree (for example, see the discussion of Figure Figure22 in section "Further evidence for an ancient chlamydial endosymbiosis with primary photosynthetic eukaryotes") [40]. Overall, however, the pattern from our phylogenetic analyses does not support the hypothesis that cyanobacteria (plastids) and chlamydiae share a close ancestral relationship. This consistent phylogenetic signal from multiple genes should not be dismissed lightly as artifacts of phylogenetic reconstruction, but rather suggests a clear evolutionary link between chlamydiae and primary photosynthetic eukaryotes. Furthermore, given their often specific affinity with environmental Protochlamydia homologs (Figures (Figures11 and and2,2, and Additional data file 1), if all of these primary photosynthetic eukaryotic sequences were indeed of plastidic origin (even though they do not group with cyanobacterial homologs), then this would make chlamydiae a paraphyletic group. Such an observation contradicts the common belief that chlamydiae are monophyletic [14,15] and weighs further against the hypothesis that chlamydiae and cyanobacteria are sister taxa.
Conceivably, if horizontal gene transfer occurred from chlamydiae to the earlier cyanobacterial progenitor of plastids, then chlamydial genes could end up in the nuclear genomes of photosynthetic eukaryotes following subsequent intracellular transfer from plastids to the nucleus. Given the number of chlamydiae-like genes detected in our analyses and the fact that most of the original plastidic (cyanobacterial) genes were lost in modern photosynthetic eukaryotes [41], this scenario entails massive gene transfers from ancient chlamydiae to the cyanobacterial progenitor of plastids. Although gene transfer indeed occurs frequently in prokaryotes [42-44], thus far no chlamydiae-like genes have been reported in any extant cyanobacterium to suggest such massive transfer events.
Because chlamydiae are found in insects, it has also been suggested that plants might have acquired chlamydial genes through insect feeding activities [17]. However, the presence of chlamydiae-like genes in red algae and glaucophytes, which are not a favorable food source for insects, makes this scenario less likely. Furthermore, red algae, glaucophytes, and green plants represent one of the major deep lineages of eukaryotes [45,46]. Such an insect-to-plant transfer scenario would also push the emergence of insects to before the split of primary photosynthetic eukaryotes, which contradicts all available molecular and fossil evidence [47,48].
An unexpectedly high number of chlamydial genes that are most similar to plant homologs has been reported in several independent studies [13,20,21]. For example, most eukaryote-related sequences of Chlamydia trachomatis tend to group with plant homologs in phylogenetic analyses [21]. In a similarity-based genome survey, sequences of rickettsia, cyanobacteria, and chlamydiae represented only 14% of the analyzed genes, but they accounted for 65% of bacterial genes that were most similar to eukaryotic homologs; these cyanobacterial and chlamydial sequences disproportionately correspond to plant proteins [13]. Although our focus is to elucidate the cause of chlamydial and plant sequence similarity rather than to reiterate the previous conclusion, our analyses yielded similar findings. For all likely transferred genes in Cyanidioschyzon whose origins can be reliably inferred, chlamydiae-like genes (n = 16) account for the greatest number from any single group other than cyanobacteria (plastids) and α-proteobacteria (mitochondria), and are followed by five genes from γ-proteobacteria and β-proteobacteria. The latter are also the most represented bacterial groups in GenBank (the taxonomy browser in Entrez of the National Center for Biotechnology Information [NCBI] reported 1,692,357 protein sequences from γ and β-proteobacteria, and only 28,831 from the chlamydiae/verrucomicrobia group as of 4 November 2006). Because of a greater level of stringency, the number of chlamydiae-like genes identified in our phylogenetic analyses is much lower than previously reported (19 versus the 37 reporrted by Brinkman and coworkers [13] in green plants), but this number is still striking, given that using similar methods only a total of 31 genes acquired from all other sources (including those likely from plants and plastids) were identified in the apicomplexan Cryptosporidium parvum [49] and about 50 genes in the kinetoplastid Trypanosoma brucei [50].
The high number of genes transferred between chlamydiae and photosynthetic eukaryotes is probably due to a more stable association of these two groups in the past. In general, such an association could theoretically occur in the form of symbiosis or physical contact between donor and recipient organisms. However, given the distribution of chlamydiae-like genes mainly in primary photosynthetic eukaryotes and the fact that all extant chlamydial species are obligate endosymbionts, we propose that these genes resulted from an ancient chlamydial endosymbiosis with the ancestor of primary photosynthetic eukaryotes, rather than multiple independent horizontal transfer events or an ancestral relationship between chlamydiae and cyanobacteria. Presumably, the chlamydial symbiotic partner was similar to extant environmental Protochlamydia. We use the term 'symbiont' (or 'endosymbiont' in the case of chlamydiae) in the sense of deBary [31] to include mutualistic, parasitic, and commensal associations. Such an ancient endosymbiotic association, similar to those giving rise to mitochondria and plastids, would allow ample time for intracellular (or endosymbiotic) gene transfer from the chlamydial endosymbiont to the nucleus of its eukaryotic hosts (either the ancestor of all primary photosynthetic eukaryotes or individual plastid-containing lineages such as green plants or red algae) and occasionally between the chlamydial endosymbiont and the plastids. Additionally, because the protein products of these intracellularly transferred genes often target to the original organelles, the co-existence of chlamydial and cyanobacterial endosymbionts within the same eukaryotic cell also led to the targeting of chlamydial gene products into plastids and vice versa.
The residence of plastids and mitochondria within eukaryotic cells led to frequent gene transfers from these organelles to the nucleus [51-53]. Indeed, it has been reported that thousands of genes were transferred from chloroplasts to the nucleus in Arabidopsis [53]. Therefore, an apparent question related to our hypothesis is, can we infer the chlamydial endosymbiosis event based on 21 genes?
To answer this question, it should be re-emphasized that all extant chlamydial species are obligate intracellular bacteria. Therefore, if these chlamydiae-like genes in primary photosynthetic eukaryotes resulted from gene transfer from chlamydiae, then they are probably derived from a chlamydial endosymbiont. It should also be noted that although gene transfer from organelles to the nucleus occurs frequently in eukaryotes, the actual scope of transfer might vary among lineages. For example, up to 18% of the nuclear genome was interpreted as derived from plastids in Arabidopsis, but a much lower percentage of intracellular gene transfer has been found in the glaucophyte Cyanophora paradoxa (9.1%) [54] and in the red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae (Huang and Gogarten, unpublished data). Given the relatively smaller genome of Cyanidioschyzon (4,771 predicted protein-coding genes) and a lower level of intracellular gene transfer, it would probably not be possible to identify thousands of genes of any organellar or endosymbiont origin (mitochondrial, plastidic, or chlamydial) in our genome analyses. Most importantly, the retention of transferred genes is often related to the retention and functionality of the organelles in eukaryotic cells [41]. Because the protein products of intracellularly transferred genes often function in the original organelles, loss of certain biochemical functions or even of the organelles themselves will certainly lead to the loss of related transferred genes. For instance, even though thousands of genes were reportedly transferred from chloroplasts in Arabidopsis [53], the number of such genes is significantly lower in apicomplexan parasites that harbor a relict, nonphotosynthetic plastid. About 30 genes of plastidic origin (<1% of the nuclear genome) were reported in the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum [55] and only two such genes were identified in Cryptosporidium that probably lost the plastid entirely [49]. None of these intracellularly transferred genes in apicomplexans are related to photosynthesis. A similar scenario was suggested for Entamoeba, which contains a reduced mitochondrion-derived organelle and appears to have lost most mitochondrial pathways [56]. Therefore, the number of chlamydiae-like genes identified in photosynthetic eukaryotes, albeit being a small fraction of the cyanobacterial genes reported in Arabidopsis and still lower than reported in some heterotrophic apicomplexans, is many times higher than in Cryptosporidium. This lower number of chlamydiae-like genes in primary photosynthetic eukaryotes is in accordance with the seeming absence of chlamydial endosymbionts in modern plastid-containing lineages.
Because chlamydiae are found in diverse eukaryotes such as acanthamoebae and animals [17,57], it is tempting to speculate that the chlamydial endosymbiosis might have existed before the split of the primary photosynthetic eukaryotes from other eukaryotic groups. In this study, we searched the GenBank database, which includes genome sequences of many early-branching eukaryotes, and the TBestDB, which covers diverse groups of protists. Chlamydiae-like genes were found to be restricted mainly to primary photosynthetic eukaryotes and other plastid-containing lineages, supporting specifically an association between chlamydiae and the ancestor of primary photosynthetic eukaryotes. An association with an even earlier eukaryote is not supported.
The hypothesis of an ancient chlamydial endosymbiosis is consistent with the available data. For example, the gene encoding ATP/ADP translocase is a key innovation by obligate intracellular bacteria (chlamydiae and rickettsiae) that live as energy parasites. Instead of making ATP on their own, these bacterial parasites gain ATP from their host cells and transport ADP back for recycling. Aside from these obligate intracellular bacteria, recognizable homologs of the ATP/ADP translocase gene are only found in the microsporidial Encephalitozoon (another obligate intracellular parasite) and photosynthetic eukaryotes, where they provide plastids (the original cyanobacterial endosymbiont) with the ATP necessary for starch and fatty acid biosynthesis or as an energy supplement for carbon dioxide fixation [58-60]. The common origin of plastidic and chlamydial ATP/ADP translocases was confirmed by all available phylogenetic analyses [22,25-28], and various evolutionary scenarios have been proposed [13,22,25-28]. However, gene transfer from a chlamydial endosymbiont to its photosynthetic eukaryotic hosts offers a more logical and parsimonious explanation (also see Schmitz-Esser and coworkers [27] for related discussions).
The phylogenies of gcpE and fabI (Figure (Figure2)2) also are in agreement with our hypothesis of an ancient chlamydial endosymbiont in the ancestor of primary photosynthetic eukaryotes. Like the genes encoding 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate cytidylyltransferase (ispD) and 4-diphosphocytidyl-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol kinase (ispE; Figure 1a,b), gcpE is related to isoprenoid biosynthesis (see section "Implications for plastid and eukaryotic evolution" for discussion). The gcpE sequences from green plants, apicomplexans, haptophytes, and chlorarachniophytes form a strongly supported monophyletic group with chlamydial (in particular Protochlamydia) homologs. On the other hand, the gcpE sequences from red algae and glaucophytes form another strongly supported group with cyanobacterial homologs. These two groups are not particularly related (Figure (Figure2a)2a) and it is highly unlikely that the chlamydial gcpE gene was acquired from cyanobacteria or plastids. The most plausible explanation for this observation is that two distinct gcpE gene copies were originally contributed by chlamydial and cyanobacterial (plastidic) endosymbionts to the nuclear genome of the ancestral primary photosynthetic eukaryote and differentially retained in green plants, red algae, and glaucophytes. The chlorarachniophyte Bigelowiella and apicomplexan Plasmodium, and the haptophyte Isochrysis are believed to contain a green and a red algal endosymbiont, respectively [10,61,62]; their proximity in the same chlamydial group (Figure (Figure2a)2a) probably resulted from independent losses of the plastidic (cyanobacterial) gcpE gene copy in these taxa.
FabI is another chlamydiae-related gene, aside from the gene encoding β-ketoacyl-ACP synthase (fabF; Table Table11 and Figure Figure1c),1c), which is involved in type II fatty acid biosynthesis. Similar to the gcpE gene phylogeny, cyanobacterial and red algal Cyanidioschyzon fabI sequences form one group, whereas homologs from chlamydiae, green plants, apicomplexans, chlorarachniophytes, and diatoms form another group. These two very distinct sequence groups differ in several highly conserved insertions and deletions, but the relationship between them is less certain because of insufficient internal bootstrap support on the gene tree. Therefore, although it is more likely that the two sequence groups in photosynthetic eukaryotes are derived from cyanobacterial and chlamydial endosymbionts, respectively, it is also theoretically possible that chlamydiae acquired their fabI from the plastids of a plant-related group [63]. Because of the distinct sequence difference of the two fabI copies, this second scenario entails one of the two following possibilities. The first is the existence of two fabI paralogs in the cyanobacterial progenitor of plastids and subsequent independent losses in extant cyanobacteria, and in red algae and other plastid-containing eukaryotes. The second possibility is that independent transfer events occurred from plastids to the nucleus of green plants, apicomplexans, other plastid-containing groups, and the ancestor of extant chlamydiae. In either of the alternative scenarios, a chlamydial endosymbiont and its co-existence with plastids in the same host cell would provide a favorable intracellular environment for transfer between chlamydiae and other organelles.
Ancient endosymbionts gave rise to organelles, including mitochondria, hydrogenosomes, and plastids [1]. Thus far, no chlamydial endosymbiont has been reported in photosynthetic eukaryotes. Whether a relict organelle derived from the proposed ancient chlamydial endosymbiont exists in extant plastid-containing lineages remains to be further investigated. On the other hand, it also would not be surprising if the chlamydial endosymbiont had degenerated entirely during the evolution of photosynthetic eukaryotes. As obligate intracellular bacterial parasites, chlamydiae depend on their hosts for certain nutrients, and consequently they have a relatively reduced genome [20,21]. Many dispensable genes were probably lost as a result of their parasitic lifestyle. Given the lack of apparent benefit to the host cell, such gene losses in an isolated intracellular system could gradually lead to deterioration of the endosymbiont genome and ultimately the endosymbiont itself [64].
Almost all chlamydiae-like genes identified in red algae and green plants (Table (Table1)1) contain a predicted plastid-targeting signal, although the example of CMP-KDO synthetase suggests that this prediction may not always be reliable. The chlamydiae-like genes are involved in a variety of biochemical activities in plastids, including fatty acid biosynthesis, ion transport, nitrogen metabolism, and RNA processing, among others. Notably, three of these genes (ispD, ispE, and gcpE) are key enzymes of the deoxyxylulose 5-phosphate (DXP) pathway, which leads to the formation of isopentenyl diphosphate, a major metabolite for isoprenoid biosynthesis in bacteria and plastids [65-67]. The chlamydial origin of ispD and ispE was also confirmed by independent studies [68], which hypothesized that the DXP pathway in primary photosynthetic eukaryotes was probably derived from plastids. In our phylogenetic analyses of ispD and ispE, the chlamydial and primary photosynthetic eukaryotic sequences form a monophyletic group that is distinct from the cyanobacterial homologs (Figure 1a,b), suggesting probable gene displacement after the endosymbiotic origin of plastids.
Secondary endosymbioses between photoautotrophic algae and heterotrophic host cells occurred several times during eukaryotic evolution [9-12]. In contrast, the formation of the primary cyanobacterial endosymbiosis appears to have been unique (but also see the report by Marin and coworkers [69]). Our finding of the probable participation of a third symbiotic partner offers an explanation for this rarity. As free-living photoautotrophic cells, in which ATP is generated in the main cytoplasmic compartment, cyanobacteria do not need mechanisms to transport energy-rich metabolites between membrane-enclosed compartments. However, for an enslaved cyanobacterium in a heterotrophic host to transform into a photosynthetic organelle, new transport systems are necessary. Therefore, the initial adaptation of a photoautotrophic cyanobacterium toward a photosynthetic organelle was probably a difficult process contingent on the simultaneous presence of suitable transport systems. At least in part these transporters might have evolved in a chlamydial parasite that was present within the same eukaryotic host cell. These transporters enabled chlamydiae to parasitize energy and other molecules from the host cell, but also allowed for ATP/ADP equilibration with the cyanobacterium.
We suggest that three organisms were involved in establishing the primary photosynthetic lineage: the eukaryotic host cell, the cyanobacterial endosymbiont that provided photosynthetic capability, and a chlamydial endosymbiont or parasite that facilitated the establishment of the cyanobacterial endosymbiont. The coexistence of three partners with different biological requirements and capabilities might have offered an opportunity for some transient mutualistic interactions, and the acquisition of genes such as those encoding ATP/ADP translocase and sodium:hydrogen antiporter from the chlamydial endosymbiont might have facilitated the successful endosymbiosis of cyanobacteria by allowing energy flux into the protoplastid organelle and effective regulation of ion composition. Specifically, we hypothesize that the origin and the establishment of primary plastids might have involved the following stages.
In the first stage, a chlamydial bacterium, similar to the extant Protochlamydia, entered a mitochondrion-containing eukaryote as a bacterial parasite. This chlamydial endosymbiont possessed a necessary transport system to gain nutrients and other metabolites from the host cell. At about the same time, a once free-living photoautotrophic cyanobacterium was captured by the eukaryotic host by chance, initially possibly as a food source (Figure 3a,b).
In the second stage, gene transfer between the chlamydial endosymbiont and the host cell ensued because of their physical association. As a result, the eukaryotic host acquired transporters from the chlamydial endosymbiont, facilitating its communication with the cyanobacterial captive. At this stage, the relationship between chlamydial endosymbiont and the host cell might be considered transiently mutualistic. Gene transfer between the cyanobacterial captive and the host cell might also have occurred during this stage (Figure (Figure3c3c).
In the third stage, the cyanobacterial captive was gradually transformed into a photosynthetic organelle (plastid) in the host cell and a stable, mutualistic relationship between the plastid and the host cell was in place. The plastid provided photosynthetic products to the host, whereas the host offered shelter and also transported protein products of the intracellularly transferred genes (both from the chlamydial endosymbiont and the cyanobacterial captive) and other necessary metabolites to the plastid organelle (Figure (Figure3d3d).
In the fourth and final stage, once the plastid organelle was fully established in the host cell, the benefits of the chlamydial endosymbiont to the host became less apparent. It is possible that the chlamydial endosymbiont remained in the host cell mostly as a bacterial parasite. Such a parasitic relationship might not be sustained over a long period of time and the chlamydial endosymbiont might have gradually degenerated. It is also possible that the chlamydial endosymbiont was transformed into an organelle yet to be recognized in photosynthetic eukaryotes (Figure (Figure3e3e).
Once a rich repertoire of transporters were in place in primary photosynthetic eukaryotes, transport of photosynthetic products and other metabolites across the photosynthetic organelle might be more easily adapted to the different membranes in secondary or tertiary endosymbiotic hosts [70]. This also explains the observation that secondary endosymbiosis is more frequent than primary endosymbiosis in eukaryotic evolution.
The likely ancient chlamydial endosymbiosis with primary photosynthetic eukaryotes has some other important implications for eukaryotic evolution. Ancient endosymbiosis events, such as those that gave rise to mitochondria and plastids, to a large degree defined the evolution of eukaryotes. Our data suggest that these ancient endosymbiosis events might have occurred more frequently, and some of them might have been contingent on others. Such ancient endosymbioses and subsequent intracellular gene transfers contributed to the evolution of host organisms and their descendent lineages, regardless of whether an organelle derived from past endosymbionts is retained in extant species.
The finding of this study also weighs into the relationship of primary photosynthetic eukaryotes. Although a common origin of these groups and of their plastids has been supported by many studies [29,30], several other analyses, particularly those of nuclear genes, have provided ambiguous or conflicting results [71,72]. The ancient chlamydial endosymbiosis at the root of the primary photosynthetic lineages provides strong and independent evidence for a common origin of all primary photosynthetic eukaryotes and of the plastids they harbor.
The availability of a complete genome sequence of the red alga Cyanidioschyzon and expressed sequence tag (EST) data for diverse deep eukaryotes allows a more detailed study of the distribution and evolution of chlamydiae-like genes in primary photosynthetic eukaryotes. Our very stringent phylogenomic analyses indicate that these chlamydiae-like genes are unlikely to have derived from independent horizontal gene transfer events or evolutionary relatedness between chlamydiae and cyanobacteria. The chlamydiae-like genes in photosynthetic eukaryotes probably resulted from an ancient endosymbiosis event between chlamydiae and the ancestor of primary photosynthetic eukaryotes, with the chlamydial partner being similar to extant environmental Protochlamydia. This ancient chlamydial endosymbiosis with primary photosynthetic eukaryotes might also have played a role in the establishment of plastids by providing genes that possess new functions and by allowing effective communications between the cyanobacterial endosymbiont and the eukaryotic host cell.
Protein sequences for the red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae were obtained from the Cyanidioschyzon Genome Project [73]. The predicted protein sequences for the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii were acquired from Chlamydomonas genome sequencing project at the Joint Genome Institute [74]. EST sequences of several protists were obtained from TBestDB [33] and all other sequences were from the NCBI GenBank protein sequence database.
Phylogenomic analyses of Cyanidioschyzon, which is the only red algal species whose complete genome sequence is yet available, were performed using PhyloGenie [75] and the NCBI nonredundant protein sequence database to identify chlamydiae-related genes. The results were compared with those of previously published analyses and further detailed phylogenetic analyses were performed. For detailed phylogenetic analyses, sequences were selected from major groups within each domain of life. Multiple protein sequence alignments were performed using MUSCLE [76] and clustalx [77], followed by cross-comparisons and manual refinement. Only unambiguously aligned sequence portions were used. The alignments are detailed in Additional data file 1. Phylogenetic analyses were performed with a maximum likelihood method using PHYML [78] and a distance method using the program neighbor of PHYLIP version 3.65 [79], with maximum likelihood distances calculated using TREE-PUZZLE [80]. Branch lengths and topologies of the trees depicted in all figures (Figures (Figures11 and and2,2, and Additional data file 1) were calculated with PHYML [78]. All maximum likelihood calculations were based on the JTT substitution matrix and a mixed model of four gamma-distributed rate classes plus invariable sites. Maximum likelihood distances for bootstrap analyses were calculated using TREE-PUZZLE [80] and PUZZLEBOOT v1.03 (ME Holder and AJ Roger; available on the web [81]). The plastid-targeting signal of identified chlamydiae-like protein sequences was predicted using the web-based ChloroP [34] and TargetP [35].
The following additional data are available with the online version of this paper. Additional data file 1 contains protein sequence alignments used for phylogenetic analyses and resulting phylogenetic trees.
The document contains protein sequence alignments used for phylogenetic analyses and resulting phylogenetic trees. Each sequence name includes a GenBank GI number followed by the species name
We thank John Stiller, Alireza Senejani, and Greg Fournier for discussions. This work was performed while JH held a National Research Council Associateship Award at the NASA Astrobiology Institute at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Massachusetts (NCC2-1054). Additional support was provided through NSF (MCB-0237197) and NASA AISR (NNG04GP90G) grants to JPG.
PubMed Central Canada is a service of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) working in partnership with the National Research Council's national science library in cooperation with the National Center for Biotechnology Information at the U.S. National Library of Medicine(NCBI/NLM). It includes content provided to the PubMed Central International archive by participating publishers.


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Which one is latest or normally used in computers today ? What is the type of pentium 4 and Core 2 duo?
migrated from stackoverflow.com Feb 1 '10 at 5:57
This question came from our site for professional and enthusiast programmers.
i386 is for extremely old CPU generation dating before Pentium.
i686 is post Pentium generation.
No one today have i386, they are at least 15 years old.
That being said, i386 marks a 'compatibility' build and should work on ANY 32bit x86 CPU. i686 may or may not use MMX, SSE and more extensions.


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Dan Cote David, when I met two of my sisters for the first time in April of 2004 in Okiehoma, they had this pic. One of them said it was her brother but then they couldn't decide who it was but didn't think it was husband David. David died years before her - around 1940. Bessie's husband was David Ezekiel Conley, son of Isaac W. Conley according to info I've seen.
Nov 17, 2004 · Reply
Barb Heflin david i talked with my mom this is my grandma bessie and her brother jack my grandpa david was not alive at the time of this picture
Nov 02, 2005 · Reply


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CLARK — Arthur L. Johnson Sophomore Joseph Bonaccorso was recognized by the Clark Township Board of Education for his altruistic endeavors and honors at the Board of Education's Showcase of Success on Jan. 11.
Lance Named To The Energy And Commerce Committee
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WASHINGTON, D.C. — Congressman Leonard Lance (R-NJ-7) has been appointed to the House Energy and Commerce Committee.
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Blood Drive • Jan. 15 from 12:30 –6:30 p.m. and Jan. 16 from 11:30 a.m. –5:30 p.m. – Jersey Gardens Outlet Mall, 651 Kapkowski Rd., Elizabeth, will host a blood drive. Info: 1-800-933-2566
Discuss Three Cups Of Tea As Peacemaking At Willow Grove Church
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SCOTCH PLAINS — Community members are invited to a discussion of the book, "Three Cups of Tea," by Greg Mortenson and David Oliver Relin, at 1 p.m. on Monday, Jan. 31, at Willow Grove Church in Scotch Plains.
Animated Films Screen At Arts Guild New Jersey
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RAHWAY — Arts Guild New Jersey will present a screening of animated short films on Jan. 15, 2011, at 8 p.m. The screening will be held at 1670 Irving Street in Rahway.
Rahway City Hall Will Stay Open Late
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RAHWAY – City Hall will remain open until 7 p.m. on the second Monday of each month, beginning Feb. 14.
Remembering The Past: Sleigh Riding In The Morgan Section Of Sayreville
by Diane Harrison •
SAYREVILLE-These memories are from former Morgan resident, Verne James: "I have to say this topic was certainly a highlight for those of us fortunate enough to have grown up in Morgan during the 1960s and early 1970s.
Bar Association Announces Law Day Video Contest
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NEW BRUNSWICK – For the third year in a row, the New Jersey State Bar Association's Young Lawyers Division is asking middle and high school students to film their own Law Day video and enter it in the YLD's Law Day 2011 YouTube Video Contest.
Kean Appoints Brazilian Composer As Artist-In-Residence
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UNION — Brazilian composer Dr. João Guilherme Ripper is Kean University's 2011-2012 Concert Artist Composer-in-Residence, program director Dr. Anthony Scelba announced.


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Core Writer Idris Goodwin is at the Playwrights' Center this week, working on an untitled Western in partnership with Oregon Shakespeare Festival. He is joined by dramaturg Laura Brueckner; ...
- Where playwright meets possibilityWhere playwright meets possibilityThank you to all who attended our 2015-16 season of public readings. PlayLabs will be back in October; until then, check out our other events.
- Meet our new Core WritersMeet our new Core WritersSix new Core Writers start their three-year terms in July 2016.
- Meet the new fellowsMeet the new fellowsWe're thrilled to announce the 2016-17 McKnight Fellows in Playwriting
- BRING NEW PLAYS TO YOUR SCHOOLBRING NEW PLAYS TO YOUR SCHOOLLearn how the PWC can connect you with daring new work and playwrights.
As a Playwrights' Center member, you'll join 1,500 other playwrights worldwide, of all styles and experience levels. Benefits include exclusive access to our playwriting opportunities database, regular articles from experts, classes and seminars, one-on-one dramaturgy sessions, staged readings, and ways to connect with other playwrights.


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Style Note
We like an occasional dash of colour. We like basics that are simple yet stylish. We like excellent fits. We like clothes that are comfortable. Because of all this, we absolutely love fila! This pair of shorts from FILA has a cool sporty look and is just what you need when you're spending time at the gym or playing outdoor games.
Product Details
White shorts, has a soft elasticated waistband with a drawstring tie that is tie-able on the inside, two insert pockets on either side in front, branding above the hemline on the side and mesh lining
Material and Care
100% polyester
Machine wash cold
Do not tumble, bleach or iron on print / decorations
Use warm iron
Size and Fit
Regular fit
The model (height 6' and waist 32") is wearing a size M


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-Rachel Dratch, actress and comedienne (Saturday Night Live)
"Julie Klausner has the perfect comedic voice for a new generation of ladies-brave, self-deprecating, high-larious beyond and brand spanking new. It's one of those books that you take to bed with you, that keeps you up all night, and that makes you laugh so hard in public the next morning that strangers ask you what you're reading. And make me so glad I'm not dating."
-Jill Soloway, author of Tiny Ladies in Shiny Pants and executive producer of United States of Tara
"Julie Klausner is Helen Girly Brown: hard-working, yet lusty! Romantic and intelligent! But best of all: unapologetic about wanting to be in love. I Don't Care About Your Band has more wit and all of the tsuris of Carrie Bradshaw's Sex and the City, without the pithy bromides."
-Sarah Thyre, author of Dark at the Roots and actress on Strangers with Candy
"All those misplaced orgasms and disappointing hookups with deviants were well worth it. Julie Klausner's memoir is screamingly funny and wiser than a hooker with health insurance. Take it home for a ride!"
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Which begs the question: so why is she dating such losers?
Disclaimer: I don't know Klausner the person, probably never will. I'd very much like her to be awesome -- there should be more awesome people in the world.
But Julie-as-portrayed-in-a-book-written-by-Julie-Klausner did not impress me.
The book is a series of essays, loosely connected in that they all address Klausner's sexual life/romantic life/theories on men. I found some more interesting than others; usually where she left the personal and examined cultural icons like Kermit and Piggy or Jim and Pam (from The Office US) to see if she could suss out a relationship zeitgeist. The essays about specific hookups had a depressing sameness to them: Girl meets Guy. Girl deducts Guy is not on her level, but Girl is single, so why not. Girl has sex with Guy, hopes that this will improve the relationship. Eventually, a)Guy dumps Girl or b)Girl decides relationship is not improving, dumps Guy.
Klausner isn't dull, don't get me wrong, and sometimes she delivers killer black humor. But she is incredibly frustrating as a memoirist, because "I Don't Care About Your Band" reads like an extended version of that joke about the terrible food served in too-small portions. Although she tries to persuade us her escapades are rooted in romantic optimism and the belief that, some day, she'll meet someone who deserves her, she doesn't actually like any of these guys. With few exceptions, none of her hookups are all that captivating: they're not as funny as she is, not as mature, not as intelligent, not as attractive, not as generous in bed, not as thin, not as sane, not as sophisticated, not as talented.Read more ›
Near the end of her book, she says it is not her intention to make people feel bad. She wants people to read this book and feel good. However, I am not sure how this could be possible unless she only expects carbon-copies of herself to read it. Her judgments don't come across as funny; they come across as close-minded and ignorant. She is severely lacking in self-awareness and seems to expect men to be able to read her mind. Instead of outrightly telling a man that she does not want him around, she pouts and ignores him until he leaves. The only part of the book that showed personal growth was when she opted not to have an affair with a married man and actually stuck to her decision (unlike with other relationships, when she would say "no" but then go ahead with sex anyway).
Klausner treats sex like it is something that happens to her, instead of something she takes part in. When she describes herself, it's as an aggressive person, but when she describes her situations, she clearly is expecting men to do everything and to read her mind about her desires. Her poor communication with other people, and about herself, comes across louder than anything else she tries to say.Read more ›
I was at first a little taken aback by her early interest in the act of sex - not love, not romance, but just lust and sex. I realized she was very different from me in that respect, but that didn't bother me in itself, I thought it would provide an insight into her behavior. However, she NEVER outgrows that look at sex as a animal act that she looks at from a disapproving and slanted point of view. Her crude language isn't the problem, it's how she uses it to demean men (and women). Sex should be wonderful and exciting - if it's not, then don't do it. No one was holding a gun to her head to commit these sexual acts with the men she chased. She only has herself to blame for her banal lifestyle. If she is looking for a real relationship, or great sex - she's looking in all the wrong places, and choosing all the wrong partners.
The other problem with the book is her stereotyped views of the people and world around her.Read more ›
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I love a self indulgent memoir as much as the next girl, but Julie Klausner reminded me of that girl in the dining hall in college who loudly and theatrically recounts her night in... Read morePublished 3 months ago by MK
Are you a shriveled up man-hating feminist? Neither is Julie Klausner!
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This was one that I had heard good things about a few years back, came upon a copy while I was used-book shopping so I thought I would finally try it out. Read morePublished 17 months ago by EpicFehlReader
This book was hilarious, relatable and over all a great read. I have 9 more words to go...*insert your mom joke*Published 18 months ago by Andra Cojocaru
I know Julie Klausner from her snarky recaps of Bravo tv shows on NY Mag. Never before have I read a book so steeped in humor, so well-written, and so relatable. Thank you, Julie.Published 18 months ago by Clare Fitzgerald
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Hilarious! Be prepared to look like the crazy person laughing out loud to yourself, though.Published 19 months ago by gina


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6 (Respectful) Ways to Reject Models
Ahhh…..rejection! Everyone has experienced rejection many times in their life, but it is especially prevalent in the fashion and photography industries. I'm sure you have been rejected as a photographer before, whether it was by a gallery, publication, or model you have wanted to work with. I can safely say that if I had a dollar for every time I experienced rejection as a model, well, you get the picture. I have been rejected by some of the sweetest photographers, who unintentionally made me feel like I should never have reached out. Similarly, some photographer's rejection tactics needed some major fine tuning and left me feeling fed up with how some people in the industry tend to act. As a model, I 100% understand that I will be rejected 9 times out of 10. It is completely okay to say no! Saying no is healthy! But it should be done with professionalism, tact, and respect.


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There's beauty in simplicity. There's also a certain beauty in quickly being able to learn something about your incredibly complex timepiece. The SpidoLite's power reserve indicator achieves both these things. [Note the tightly-coiled spring, its position revealed by a red arrow, on this … Read More
Discovering the SpidoLite's Power Reserve IndicatorPosted on May 5, 2015 by Morten Linde
Linde Werdelin's History of SkeletonisationPosted on April 21, 2015 by Morten Linde
Skeletonisation is a word we use often, and it's something we have pursued for years over many models. DNA and evolution – these are bywords of Linde Werdelin. We always want to be pushing boundaries, but we always want to … Read More
Exploring the New SpidoLitesPosted on March 30, 2015 by Morten Linde
The development of the SpidoLite has in itself been an adventure. The idea to create a lightweight Linde Werdelin was inspired by a real-world adventure – specifically, an expedition to reach the summit of Mount Everest – and since then the … Read More
Titanium Grade 5Posted on March 19, 2015 by Morten Linde
Titanium Grade 5 is a fantastic material. It is difficult to work with, but so rewarding when it can be pulled off. The Oktopus BluMoon showcased this towards the end of 2014 with a case that really captured and reflected light brilliantly, always … Read More
Three New Additions to the Oktopus FamilyPosted on March 4, 2015 by Morten Linde
At the end of 2014 and beginning of 2015 you would have seen us launching three new additions to the Oktopus family: the BluMoon, Moon Carbon and … Read More


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Hotels near NorthPark Mall
Search hotels near NorthPark Mall in Davenport
Trending now in Davenport
Hotels within 1 mile of NorthPark Mall
- Most bookedHotel Davenport & Conference Center
18 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"Exterior needs improvement .Suprising how big it is Breakfast could have waffles..Pacake dry.Big breakfast area"
A Traveller, Apr 2016, US
Hotels within 2 miles of NorthPark Mall
181 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"The hotel itself was nice, but the handicapped room I was given wasn't that great. The bathroom shower requires a much needed upgrade. Very poor shower head and no water pressure. It was very difficult to step up into the tub."
A Traveller, Jun 2016, US
75 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"Stay was quick. Got in after midnight and was out the next morning. Mixup with computers about reservation but the lady at the desk took care of me after a long wait on hold with hotels.com finally called back and got my refund."
A Traveller, May 2016, US
19 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
18 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"We stayed there two nights. The staff was very helpful and friendly. When we arrived we had booked a room with two beds. When we got our key we saw that there was only one bed. When we brought up the situation to the staff they moved us to another room. The room was okay, the carpet was pretty ol..."
A Traveller, Dec 2015, US
16 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"New HI Express, nicely done and comforatble. Would definitely stop here again on cross-country travel."
A Traveller, May 2016, US
4 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
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"The room was spacious and clean. The pool was well cared for. We would definitely stay here again."
A Traveller, Jul 2015, US
Hotels within 3 miles of NorthPark Mall
68 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
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"Celebrating 40 years, very nice room. Service for checking in was great. Nice bar area for a drink. Very nice complimentary breakfast."
A Traveller, Jun 2016, US
21 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"these people are always the greatest. They appreciate my little doggies and don't give me a hard time about them like most other places do now. the prices are good to great and the people are always friendly and respectful. I won't stay anywhere else in the area if I can help it."
A Traveller, Dec 2015, US
19 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"It was a very nice place the breakfast could have been better and there is no elevator for travelers staying awhile but other then that the place was beautiful and clean and staff was very kind "
g, Apr 2016, US
Map of hotels near NorthPark Mall
- RiverCenter
- St. Ambrose University
- Modern Woodmen Park
- Rhythm City Casino
- Mississippi Valley Fairgrounds
- Palmer College of Chiropractic
- Rock Island Centennial Bridge
- Putnam Museum
- Genesis Medical Center East
- Genesis Medical Center West
- Figge Art Museum
- River Music Experience
- German American Heritage Center
- Vander Veer Botanical Park
- Kaplan University Davenport Campus
- Government Bridge
- B.J. and Mabel Palmer Mansion
Hotels in Davenport near NorthPark Mall
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Utah football notebook: Pac-12 is stacked with Top 25 teams
Tom Smart, Deseret News
SALT LAKE CITY — Utah has now played 10 conference games since joining the Pac-12. And although the Utes have gone 2-3 both home and away, head coach Kyle Whittingham said the level of competition is nothing they didn't expect.
"Our transition into the conference isn't a one-year deal," Whittingham explained. "It's a process, and we're going through that process."
With six teams in this week's Associated Press Top 25, Utah's new home is vastly different than its old one.
"I don't remember that in the Mountain West at any point and time," Whittingham mused about the rankings. "I could be wrong, but I don't think so."
Oregon leads the Pac-12 pack with a No. 2 ranking. Others in the poll include No. 13 USC, No. 14 Oregon State, No. 18 Stanford, No. 23 Washington and No. 25 UCLA.
"It's a very competitive conference, and I've said that from day one," Whittingham said as Utah prepares to host USC on Thursday.
The Utes and Arizona State have received AP votes this season — leaving California, Colorado and Washington State as the only Pac-12 teams without any such recognition.
MAN IN THE MIDDLE: Utah center Tevita Stevens said the biggest challenge with having two freshmen on the starting offensive line will be getting them on the same page as the veterans. The senior noted communication will be critical as Siaosi Aiono and Jeremiah Poutasi man the right side at guard and tackle, respectively, against USC. Senior Sam Brenner and junior Jeremiah Tofaeono are the starters at tackle and guard on the left side.
"I think our guys are looking forward to it," Stevens said of the situation. "They're not shunning from the opportunity that they have."
ROWE IS READY: Utah free safety Eric Rowe, who has been sidelined since the Utah State game because of a hamstring injury, is eager to play again.
"It seems like its been forever," said Rowe, who missed two games before the Utes' bye week. "I'm just ready to get back in there."
The sophomore is especially excited to face USC. Rowe said he and teammates want to get revenge for last year's 23-14 loss to the Trojans in Los Angeles. Rowe vows the Utes will be ready for everything this time around.
"Everything they're going to throw at us, we're going to be ready (for)," Rowe said. "We've already schemed it all (and) have it all planned out. So nothing's going to work against us."
FULL HOUSE: Utah associate athletics director Liz Abel said media credential requests for Thursday's game started to trickle in as far back as May. The press box will be so full, in fact, that Abel noted that five of 20 NFL scouts coming to watch Utah-USC will be limited to on-field pregame passes only.
BOWL-A-RAMA: A couple of prominent players from each team got to know each other a little bit at Pac-12 Media Day in July. Utah seniors Star Lotulelei and John White participated in a bowling event alongside USC standouts Matt Barkley and T.J. McDonald.
"It was fun. We were just messing around having a good time together," Barkley said. "It was good getting to know them, seeing them without a helmet on, and just bowling together. It was a good time."
The friendship, though, has boundaries.
"Off the field, you're buddies with guys. We both know between the lines it's a war zone," Barkley said. "I'm cool with them and I'm glad we get that extra competition with Utah being in the Pac-12."
Barkley added that the game in Salt Lake City should be a good matchup.
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The Green Bay Packers retained defensive end Aaron Kampman on Wednesday afternoon, matching the terms of the one-year restricted free agent offer sheet that the three-year veteran signed with the Minnesota Vikings last week.
The offer sheet was for $1.2 million, including a $500,000 signing bonus and base salary of $700,000, which the Packers now will pay. The Packers had been expected to match the deal rather than allow a solid young player to join a divisional rival.
Green Bay had made Kampman, who started all 16 games at left end in 2002, the low-level restricted free agent qualifying offer of $656,000 two months ago. By tendering Kampman the qualifying offer, Green Bay retained a right of first refusal. Had Green Bay not matched the offer sheet, Kampman would have moved on to the Vikings and the Packers would have received a fifth-round draft choice.
The Packers now may pursue a long-term deal with Kampman. Should there be no extension, Kampman will be eligible for unrestricted free agency next spring.
Kampman, 25, has outplayed his fifth-round draft status. Given that he was a starter in '04, and finished fourth on the team in tackles (77), it was somewhat surprising that the Packers did not make him the middle-level qualifying offer. That would have carried a price tag of $1.43 million but also a compensation level of a first-round choice, which probably would have scared off any potential suitors.
A former Iowa standout, Kampman has made consistent progress in Green Bay. Regarded as a hard-working, blue-collar defender, Kampman has developed into a far better athlete than he was projected to be coming out of college.
Besides his 77 tackles in 2004, Kampman registered a career-high 4½ sacks and had two forced fumbles, one recovery and three pass deflections. He started 16 games during his first two seasons with the Packers, including 10 in 2003.
For his career, Kampman has appeared in 40 games and has 141 tackles, seven sacks, five forced fumbles and two recoveries. He also has three sacks in playoff appearances.
The Vikings clearly felt that Kampman would have been a good fit on a defense that ranked 28th in the league in 2004 but has undergone a dramatic overhaul during the offseason. The Vikings have acquired five new defensive starters -- linebackers Sam Cowart and Napoleon Harris, tackle Pat Williams, cornerback Fred Smoot, and free safety Darren Sharper -- via trades or free agent signings.
Even though the Vikings failed to add Kampman, team officials felt the pursuit of the young defensive end was a chance worth taking.
Len Pasquarelli is a senior NFL writer for ESPN.com. To check out Len's chat archive, click here.


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20 yr old TB mare with two different feet
This is so typical to see in horses! One foot is very upright and "clubby" while the other is flat and either under-run or foundered. The trick is to get the contracted foot to open up while getting the flat foot to tighten up it's connection. With this mare, both feet were almost dead with very little blood circulation from years of shoes and contraction. She was very shut down and depressed with poor conditioning. This photo was taken BEFORE trimming. The clubby foot has a very contracted coffin bone that probably has a lot of bone loss.
After a few trims
Still apparent is the difference in the two feet. Since this horse has only had a couple of trims, she is still in the beginning stages of transition to health. But she has already improved in her attitude and movement.


text:
Research Article
Gene expression response of mouse lung, liver and white adipose tissue to β-carotene supplementation, knockout of Bcmo1 and sex
Version of Record online: 19 JUL 2011
DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201100194
Copyright © 2011 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
Molecular Nutrition & Food Research
Volume 55, Issue 10, pages 1466–1474, October 2011
Additional Information
How to Cite
van Helden, Y. G. J., Godschalk, R. W. L., von Lintig, J., Lietz, G., Landrier, J.-F., Luisa Bonet, M., van Schooten, F. J. and Keijer, J. (2011), Gene expression response of mouse lung, liver and white adipose tissue to β-carotene supplementation, knockout of Bcmo1 and sex. Mol. Nutr. Food Res., 55: 1466–1474. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201100194
Publication History
- Issue online: 10 OCT 2011
- Version of Record online: 19 JUL 2011
- Manuscript Accepted: 18 MAY 2011
- Manuscript Revised: 7 MAY 2011
- Manuscript Received: 19 MAR 2011
Funded by
- European Nutrigenomics Consortium (NuGO). Grant Number: CT2004-505944m
- VLAG/Nutrim project
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición is an initiative of the ISCIII
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text:
Allen Sternweiler's special German fare pairs
with good will of neighbors, friends,
CHICAGO -- If it is late September in the Midwest,
it is time for a brat, beer, pretzel, some oompah
and a gathering of kindred spirits. But let's
kick ...[read
full article]
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Beyond the Hills (Romanian: După dealuri) is a 2012 Romanian drama film directed by Cristian Mungiu, starring Cristina Flutur and Cosmina Stratan. The narrative follows two young women at an Orthodox convent in Romania. Wikipedia
Priest: The man who leaves and the man who comes back are not the same.
|3 points


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When Lawrence Sellner joined the Leavenworth Township Board of Supervisors in 1964, things were somewhat simpler and definitely a lot cheaper.
For example, Sellner said at that time the annual township budget was $10,000 when he joined the board, now it tops more than $100,000.
Sellner said his longevity on the township board could be attributed to his love of history, his interest in township boards and the fact that he was good with "keeping the books" and as a record keeper.
He also said he enjoyed the other board members noting that there hasn't been a change on the board for the past 23 years.
Sellner was a Leavenworth Township Board Supervisor for 14 years before serving as township board clerk for the next 36 years.
His time as clerk was spent on managing the budget, judging elections, grading gravel roads, plowing snow and mowing ditches.
Lawrence turned over his clerk duties to David Schumacher. Gerald "Snork" Seifert also retired from the Leavenworth Township Board after 32 years and was also presented a plaque.
Location, ST | website.com