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The Washington Post
Fear: Anti-Semitism in Poland After Auschwitzby Jan Gross
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Poland suffered an exceedingly brutal Nazi occupation during the Second World War. Close to five million Polish citizens lost their lives as a result. More than half the casualties were Polish Jews. Thus, the second largest Jewish community in the world–only American Jewry numbered more than the three and a half million Polish Jews at the time–was wiped
Poland suffered an exceedingly brutal Nazi occupation during the Second World War. Close to five million Polish citizens lost their lives as a result. More than half the casualties were Polish Jews. Thus, the second largest Jewish community in the world–only American Jewry numbered more than the three and a half million Polish Jews at the time–was wiped out. Over 90 percent of its members were killed in the Holocaust. And yet, despite this unprecedented calamity that affected both Jews and non-Jews, Jewish Holocaust survivors returning to their hometowns in Poland after the war experienced widespread hostility, including murder, at the hands of their neighbors. The bloodiest peacetime pogrom in twentieth-century Europe took place in the Polish town of Kielce one year after the war ended, on July 4, 1946.
Jan Gross's Fear attempts to answer a perplexing question: How was anti-Semitism possible in Poland after the war? At the center of his investigation is a detailed reconstruction of the Kielce pogrom and the reactions it evoked in various milieus of Polish society. How did the Polish Catholic Church, Communist party workers, and intellectuals respond to the spectacle of Jews being murdered by their fellow citizens in a country that had just been liberated from a five-year Nazi occupation?
Gross argues that the anti-Semitism displayed in Poland in the war's aftermath cannot be understood simply as a continuation of prewar attitudes. Rather, it developed in the context of the Holocaust and the Communist takeover: Anti-Semitism eventually became a common currency between the Communist regime and a society in which many had joined in the Nazi campaign of plunder and murder–and for whom the Jewish survivors were a standing reproach.
Jews did not bring communism to Poland as some believe; in fact, they were finally driven out of Poland under the Communist regime as a matter of political expediency. In the words of the Nobel Prize—winning poet Czeslaw Milosz, Poland's Communist rulers fulfilled the dream of Polish nationalists by bringing into existence an ethnically pure state.
For more than half a century, what happened to the Jewish Holocaust survivors in Poland has been cloaked in guilt and shame. Writing with passion, brilliance, and fierce clarity, Jan T. Gross at last brings the truth to light.
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Product Details
- 9780307430960
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- Publication date:
- 12/18/2007
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Read an Excerpt
Poland Abandoned
Wars in Europe have simultaneously been periods of social revolutions, and the Second World War is a good case in point.1 Indeed, one could argue that in Eastern Europe the entire decade from 1939 to 1948—despite the clear divide of 1945, which saw the defeat of the Third Reich—was one continuous epoch of radical transformation toward a totalitarian model of society, imposed first by the Nazis and then by the Soviets.2
While the war, it is true, had an enormous impact on every European society, producing both a new map of Europe and a new paradigm of European politics, Poland's case was unique among the belligerent countries because of the scale of devastation and upheaval under the impact of Nazi occupation from 1939 until 1945 (supplemented by the Soviet annexation of eastern Poland from September 1939 until June 1941).* As a
*On August 23, 1939, Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union concluded a treaty of nonaggression, known in historiography as the Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact after the names of the foreign ministers who signed the document in Moscow. A week later, on September 1, 1939, World War II began. As agreed between the signatories, the Red Army marched into Poland soon after the German attack. In the secret protocols attached to the August treaty, the Soviet Union reserved for itself a "sphere of interests" including Bessarabia, Estonia, Latvia, and the better part of Poland. The original demarcation line between the Nazi and Soviet zones of occupation—splitting the capital city, Warsaw, in half along the Vistula River—appeared in the September 25, 1939, issue of the main Soviet newspaper, Pravda.
On September 28 in Moscow, the German-Soviet Boundary and Friendship Treaty was signed and a somewhat modified territorial division of recent conquests was agreed upon. Stalin settled for only half of Poland's territory and drew the frontier eastward,
result of the war, the country suffered an unprecedented demographic catastrophe. It lost its minorities—Jews in the Holocaust, and Ukrainians and Germans following border shifts and population movements after the war. A third of its urban residents were missing at war's end. Poland's elites in all walks of life were wiped out. More than half of its lawyers were no more, along with two fifths of its medical doctors and one third of its university professors and Roman Catholic clergy. It lost its choice civil servants, army officers, and sportsmen. Several million people were displaced, either because they were deported, or because their domiciles were destroyed, or because the frontiers were changed. Somewhere between 41?2 million and 5 million Polish citizens lost their lives during the war (including 3 million Polish Jews), and several million more experienced imprisonment, slave labor, or forced resettlement.* The scale of material devastation matched the volume of population loss and trauma. Virtually every family in Poland was victimized in one way or another, and many catastrophically.
Particular devastation was suffered by Poland's Jews, an ancient community that was physically destroyed as a result of the war. No more than 10 percent survived the Nazi onslaught—some in German camps, some hiding among Gentile neighbors, most in the Soviet interior, where they fled or had been deported earlier by the Soviet secret police. While half of Poland's prewar territory was under Soviet control from mid-September 1939 through June 1941, a direct result of collaboration between Hitler and Stalin at the time, more than one million Polish Jews (out of the total of approximately 3.5 million) lived in the Soviet zone.
following what used to be known as the Curzon Line (a demarcation line suggested by the British foreign secretary, Lord Curzon, in a message to the Soviet foreign minister, Chicherin, during the Polish-Bolshevik War of 1920). In exchange for giving up a good chunk of Poland, including half of the capital city, he consolidated his grip on the Baltic states by bringing Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia into the fold. Two secret protocols were included with the treaty. The first one amended the boundaries agreed upon in August; the second, barely two sentences long, eliminated for the next two years the anti-Nazi Communist underground in Poland: "Both parties will tolerate in their territories no Polish agitation which affects the territories of the other party. They will suppress in their territories all beginnings of such agitation and inform each other concerning suitable measures for this purpose." We need to know these preliminaries to begin our story, which is embedded in the war experience of Poland's inhabitants.
*The often quoted estimate of total demographic losses—6 million—advanced immediately after the war was certainly an exaggeration. Dzieje Najnowsze devoted an entire issue to the study of Polish casualties during the Second World War. An eminent economic historian, Czeslaw Luczak, surveying the present state of research in the introduction to the issue, proposed a more likely total of 5 million—2 million Polish non-Jews and 2.9 to 3 million Polish Jews (pp. 12, 14). I am grateful to Professor Antony Polonsky for this reference.
Some 100,000 to 120,000 Jews were deported in 1940–1941 and forcibly settled in the Soviet interior, as part of broader repressive measures aiming at Sovietization of this area. It was the irony of Jewish fate that being subjected to Soviet repression had saved many Jews from death at the hands of the Nazis. In Polish historiography, the Jewish fate was usually presented as a separate story from that of the rest of Polish society. There was a kernel of truth in this approach, since the Nazis did indeed single out Jews for "special treatment," but it conveniently enabled historians to pass in silence over the complex phenomenon of interaction between Polish Jews and their non-Jewish neighbors throughout the period of German occupation. Polish neighbors had witnessed up close the extermination of the Jews, and they often availed themselves of the opportunities afforded by their attendant spoliation. The story of this opportunistic complicity with the Nazis is only now being told in Poland, and I plot it into the narrative as we go along since it provides a crucial background for understanding postwar anti-Semitism.3
The Underground State
Despite the violence of foreign invaders, it will be noted in the historical annals that Polish society confronted the horrors of the Soviet and Nazi occupations with heroism and resilience. According to Nazi racial doctrine, Poles were considered "subhuman" (Untermenschen). Unlike the Jews, however, the Poles were not scheduled for extermination but were relegated in the Nazi vision of the "New Order" in Europe to the status of slaves fit only for utilization as physical labor. In response to policies of occupation that denied them rights and material resources necessary for survival, Polish society mounted the most formidable and complex resistance movement that the Nazis had to face anywhere in occupied Europe.
In addition to an underground military organization, the Home Army (Armia Krajowa, AK), which at its peak boasted over 300,000 sworn-in members, an elaborate network of institutions was set up in occupied Poland, which together came to be known as the Underground State (Panstwo Podziemne). This "state" included clandestine versions of prewar political parties and a shadow government administration (Delegatura) headed by a representative of the legal Polish government-in-exile, which resided first in Angers and then, after the defeat of France in 1940, in London. A skeleton parliament functioned in the underground, bringing together representatives of the four main political parties—the National Democratic Party, the Peasant Party, the Polish Socialist Party, and the Labor Party, liberal in outlook—who regularly consulted with each other and the government delegate. Political leaders, the government, and the army command in London maintained contact with the home country through a clandestine network of couriers and radio operators.
The Underground State was funded by the government-in-exile, from London. Apart from supplying secret military and political organizations, this money was also used to sustain civil society including, for example, an illegal school system, a welfare network, and an organization, Zegota, that was set up in 1942 in order to aid Jews who were hiding from the Nazis. More than 2,000 underground newspapers and magazines were put out in Poland at one time or another during the occupation. Several made only an ephemeral appearance, with limited circulation, but others were published continuously for a number of years. The most important weekly of the Home Army, the Information Bulletin (Biuletyn Informacyjny), reached a hefty circulation of 43,000 copies. During the period of its most intense activity, the Warsaw office of the Bureau of Information and Propaganda of the Home Army used five tons of paper monthly.4
Henri Michel, the doyen of French historians of the resistance, could hardly be suspected of playing to a domestic audience when he concluded that the Polish underground had enjoyed a strength and a scope unparalleled in Europe.5 The story first became known in the English-speaking world when one of the most courageous couriers of the underground, Jan Karski (who brought direct evidence to Prime Minister Winston S. Churchill and President Franklin D. Roosevelt that the Nazis were exterminating European Jewry), wrote his slightly fictionalized Story of a Secret State.* It became a best-seller soon after its publication, by Houghton Mifflin, during the winter of 1944–45.6
The Underground State was the product of a broad mobilization of societal energies. It came about as a result of myriad individual initiatives, which were then institutionalized and put in a broader organiza-tional framework. One could have expected that such a remarkable
*Film and television audiences all over the world remember a lengthy interview with Jan Karski from Claude Lanzmann's film Shoah, in which he describes the circumstances of his mission and meetings with leading politicians in England and the United States, whom he informed about the tragic fate of the Jews.
collective achievement would provide a good foundation for postwar reconstruction. But it was not to be. As a by-product of Great Power politics and the division of postwar Europe into spheres of influence, all the efforts and sacrifice that had gone into the creation of this contested realm, this civil society that had defied a ruthless regime of occupation, were soon dismissed as a misguided and wrongheaded enterprise. Once Poland had been liberated by the Red Army in 1944–45, any earlier association with the so-called London underground was labeled a stigma and a liability by the emergent Communist organizers of the public order. Soon after liberation the Home Army was portrayed in propaganda posters as "a spittle-bespattered dwarf of reactionary forces" ("AK—zapluty karzel reakcji") and its veterans had to either hide their past or else risk arrest, internment, censure, or humiliation.* How did this situation—which led to a pervasive sense of historical injustice among a significant majority of the Polish population—come about?
Discovery of the Katyn Mass Graves
In the concluding stages of the Second World War, the Germans were being pushed out of Poland by the rapid advance of the Red Army. For the leaders of Poland's underground state, this was far from a desirable outcome. The Soviet Communists were regarded as the historic enemies of Polish independence. Twice since the October revolution of 1917, they had asserted their ambitions of westward expansion in military terms. In 1920, the course of the Polish-Soviet war "miraculously" turned at the outskirts of Warsaw, with fighting continuing until the eventual peace
*On September 15, 1944, the Political Bureau of the Polish Workers' Party (as the CP was known at the time) accepted the following text of a declaration that Home Army soldiers were supposed to sign: "I, . . . , having been sent to an internment camp on suspicion of negative attitude towards the only legal organizations of the Polish state—the KRN and the PKWN [Communist Party–sponsored organizations, whose genesis I later explain] and the supreme command of the Polish army, declare from my own unforced and free will the following: 1. I appreciate the activity of the KRN and PKWN as indispensable for our nation and in my further work I will remain loyal and obedient to all their regulations, as befits a Polish soldier; 2. I understand and condemn the abominable activity of the leaders of the AK and other affiliated organizations, who helped the Hitlerite occupier, and weakened the Polish army and the unity of the Polish nation by their diversionary activity . . ." and so on, in the same spirit, for two more paragraphs, promising in the end to aid "the KRN and PKWN" in combating these "pernicious influences" (Krystyna Kersten, Rok pierwszy, p. 49).
I wish to acknowledge my gratitude to Tim Snyder and Marci Shore for their efforts to come up with an English translation of the bizarre phrase zapluty karzel reakcji. We settled after a long discussion on "spittle-bespattered dwarf."
treaty of Riga.* And in 1939, the Red Army invaded Poland in collusion with Hitler, resulting in Soviet occupation of approximately half of Poland until June 1941. When Nazi Germany launched its assault on the Soviet Union in the summer of 1941 and the USSR finally joined the Allied cause, the Polish government-in-exile renewed diplomatic relations with the USSR.
The Soviet Union initially buckled before the onslaught of the Nazi war machine and welcomed all the assistance and friends it could muster. A period of intense Polish-Soviet engagement ensued. A treaty was signed between the two governments, and several hundred thousand Polish citizens were "amnestied" in the Soviet Union. A welfare network was established in the USSR to provide for the needs of destitute Polish citizens just released from labor camps and forced settlement in the Soviet interior. At designated assembly points, able-bodied men could join units of a new Polish army, which the Soviets agreed would be formed on their territory.†
But as the fortunes of war gradually turned and as the Soviet Union proved a formidable member of the anti-Nazi coalition, Churchill and Roosevelt developed an ever greater sympathy with Soviet territorial claims and security guarantees in postwar Europe. During their Big Three meeting with Joseph Stalin in Teheran late in 1943, they agreed that after the war the Soviet Union's border could be moved far to the west, at Poland's expense, roughly to the Curzon Line. In this manner, without consulting or informing the Polish government-in-exile in London, they sanctioned a territorial expansion reminiscent of what the Soviet Union had acquired as a result of the Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact in 1939.
As an emboldened Stalin began to maneuver for a postwar settlement that would eventually lead to the Communist subjugation of East-
*In Polish folklore and historiography, Jozef Pilsudski's counteroffensive, which pushed the Bolsheviks back from Warsaw, has been referred to as "the miracle on the Vistula" ("cud nad Wisla,"). August 15, the day he opened the counteroffensive, was celebrated during the interwar years as a national holiday in Poland.
†Prime Minister General Wladyslaw Sikorski signed the treaty with the Soviet Union in the face of vigorous protests by leading Polish politicians in London. The reason for their opposition was Stalin's refusal to guarantee Poland's territorial integrity in its prewar borders by renouncing the territorial acquisitions made by the Soviet Union in 1939. The pretext for Soviet reluctance was that the population of the occupied territories had allegedly expressed a sovereign wish to join the Soviet Union in a referendum held on October 22, 1939. (On the manner in which this "referendum" was conducted, see my Revolution from Abroad, chapter 2.) Nevertheless, Sikorski decided that he must sign the treaty without delay, for while territorial disputes could be settled in the future, hundreds of thousands of Poles lingering in Soviet captivity were in danger of death each day from mistreatment and destitution. To save their lives he thought he had to act immediately.
ern Europe, Polish-Soviet relations soured. Indeed, the deterioration had begun even before the Teheran conference. In the spring of 1943, the USSR severed diplomatic relations with the Polish government following the discovery of mass graves in Katyn.
From the Hardcover edition.
Meet the Author
Jan T. Gross was a 2001 National Book Award nominee for his widely acclaimed Neighbors: The Destruction of the Jewish Community in Jedwabne, Poland. He teaches history at Princeton University, where he is a Norman B. Tomlinson '16 and '48 Professor of War and Society.
From the Hardcover edition.
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It's hard for any author to buck the national consensus when dealing with his country's history, especially the dark corners that have been kept purposely hidden. For a Polish historian like Professor Gross to come forth with this unflinching account of the Kielce pogrom, and the culture of intolerance behind it, is just such an act of courage. Ironically, it compares with modern Israeli historians who have come clean about the ethnic cleansing of Palestinians in the same period. The anti-Semitic scapegoating of the Polish Catholic Church's highest officials - specifically Cardinal Hlond - are too much on public record to take seriously the spirit of denial found in other reviews. When the spiritual leaders of a very religious country begin abusing their position politically, and pandering to the darker side of their people while piously distancing themselves from the results, Kielce is bound to happen. Surely, Poland suffered greatly during WW II from enemies and allies alike, but that does not justify or excuse the deep-seated bigotry which made Kielce possible. Poland was also well-known during the interwar years for its intolerance of ethnic Germans and Ukrainians. While not carried to the same extremes as anti-Semitism, it is doubtless well for Jews, Germans, and 'Pravoslavs' that population transfers, genocide, voluntary emigration, and territorial concessions have removed them as targets for future patriots.
This book is telling one side of history only. To help Jews during WW2 the entire family would be killed, and yet, 200.000 Jews were saved by Polish people On the other hand, pogroms were happening all over Eastern Europe, much worse in Ukraine, Latvia, etc. There would be some occasions where Polish were telling Germans where Jews are hiding, but not without a reason. To protect themselves, because it was known that Jewish gangs did the worst plundering of all gangs, even worse than Russians. The Jewish gangs in Eastern parts of Poland did not only take what they needed, but would destroy everything even though they did not have to. This is a part of history which Gross does not speak about. How about the murders of Polish by Jews during WW2?
Sometimes it's valuable to tell unpleasant truths. The Polish people have many merits. They can credibly be said to have initiated the fall of the Soviet Empire. Personally I find them a wonderful people aside from their tendency to tell Russian jokes (repurposed old Polish jokes) for hours and hours on end. However, Poland -- Kielce, Poland -- was the site of the only major pogrom in Europe to occur in the aftermath, repeat the aftermath, of WW2. It is a place where courageous Poles protected Jews from their countreymen and never talked about it afterwards, for fear that they would suffer ostracism at best for their heroism. Poles were, of course, victims of the Nazis. But too many of them were also enthusiastic collaborators in the Nazi persecution of Jews. This book attempts to explain this bizarre situation, and I found it fascinating. I'm happy that someone bothered to tell this story before all firsthand sources had died.
The truth is that no one can MAKE people hate unless there exist legitimate reasons for that hate. Total lies about a group of people wouldn't survive a decade, let alone a millenium, unless there were, at a minimum, threads of truth involved. The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, whether real or fraudulent, were believable only because of the pre-existing notions about Jews. These notions -- that Jews scheme to conquer, rule, subjugate, economically plunder their gentile countrymen -- are based largely on empiricism. Is it really plausible that Jews would be expelled from dozens of countries over the centuries for utterly no reason other than blind hatred? Mr. Gross is yet another in the litany of politically correct illuminati who try to convince, through exaggeration and obsfucation, that blind hatred of the utterly innocent can and does exist. He paints millions of Poles (similar-minded authors paint Germans, Ukrainians, Turks, French et al in a similar light) as blindly prejudiced and utterly wicked. When a person tries to tell you that everyone ELSE is an a-hole? Well, he's saying a lot more about himself than his targets of denigration.
It is distasteful what professor Gross is doing, trying to built his position and career on the tragedy of so many of people. The tragedy which he is willing to (ab)use and manipulate. He is also trying to support and keep up a myth of polish widespread and strong anti-Semitism. I think it is proper to know some facts which can dispel and impair that untrue myth, and first of all other facts which shows how prof. Gross is tinkering at the true to rack up, at any price, arguments which back up his thesis. First of all professor Gross is a sociologist and not a historian. His investigations cannot be at any rate called suitable and reliable. As an example can stand his postulate that testimonies of Jewish witnesses should not be subjected to source critique, which is a common scientific procedure. In his book `The neighbours:......¿ about the masacre of Jews in Jedwabne he wrote about 1,600 victims, while all others reliable sources say about 400 victims. His is not even mentioning that, this indeed horrible atrocity was probably inspired by Germans (SS squad operating around), which of course do not diminish the blame of Poles. But can you called `objective¿ the book which makes the number of victims four times higher than it factually was, and which completely omits circumstance of intimidation of perpetrators by the occupant. Prof. Gross builds the vast, comprehensive picture on single, incidental events which are not confronted and compared with a great amout of heroic acts by Poles rescuing Jews (which was punished by imidiate execution by shot). He is not also trying to sketch the complicated situation in Eastern Poland which during the II W.W. was occupied initially by Soviets. He left unsaid the fact that some Jews were then betraying their Polish neighbours, which were taken into hands of Soviet butchers and sent to work camps on Siberia or (the intellectuals) executed. It does not justify any hositle acts commited by Poles but if (in all such occasions) such facts are left out it makes impossible to describe properly (and only this makes possible reasonable judgement and real understanding) the whole complex structure of reasons. Thus, to outline as the only reason common hatred of Poles against Jews, not taking into account all other circumstances is certainly a wrongdoing. Nothing can justify and endorse prof. Gross¿ thesis, which we can find in his lates book `Fear: .....¿, that Poles should be ashamed becase of their attitude towards Jews during II W.W. and that it was that shame which forced them to post-war anti-Semitism. It is (?) commonly known that anti-Semitism in communist Poland was mostly studiously planned by communist regime and its secret services and it was arising when there was a political need resulting from struggle between various, respective factions. Of course I do not claim that anti-Semitism did not and does not exist in Poland. There is always and everywhere a considerable group of narrow-minded and primitive people who need someone to hate, who need scapegoats, and anti-Semitism as a phenomenon helps them to justify the need for viciousnes and cruelty, but to acusse Poles of common anti-Semitism is a serious mistake. To the contrary, from XIV century Poland was called BY JEWS `The Jewish Paradise¿. It was the tradition of tolerance which lured Jews from the whole Europe (where they were often persecuted) to that country, and THIS IS WHY half of European Jews lived in Poland when the II W.W. began and THIS IS PROBABLY WHY German Nazis built in Poland their biggest death camps. It was just convenient to them (it is quite a different story with thoughtless using the phrase `Polish death camps¿ -they were as much `Polish¿ as `British¿ were bombs which were dropping on Birmingham, Coventry and London in 1940.) Thus, it is very sad that prof. Gross is among those who still set at variance these severely experinced nations which generally kindly lived together. The book by prof. Gross is writte
I guess in my place Mr Gross would re-word the question I have asked in the headline as 'Why do Poles hate Jews?', as this seems to be the core of his investigation and his personal obsession. What purpose does it serve? To convince even more young Jews that when they go to Poland they actually visit an enemy country where everybody supposedly hates them? There are many people all over the world who have a very vague idea as to where Poland is on the map and know very little about WWII and its consequences for Central and Eastern Europe sold to Stalin by Rooosevelt and Churchill. Nevertheless, it is mostly them who strongly believe Poland is responsible for the Holocaust as the biggest GERMAN death and concentration camps are in Poland. Is it Mr Gross´s objective to brainwash them even more? Most people interested in the history of the Jewish People know about Kielce pogrom. It has been studied and written about many times. Unfortunatelly, the same cannot be said about the endemic hatred towards Poles and Poland felt by a part of the Jewish diaspora all over the world. Why does nobody ever talk about why there were so few assimilated Jews in Central and Eastern Europe before WWII? Why did so few Jews actually speak the language of the country they lived in? And finally, why are Poles presented again as antisemites par excellence while nobody ever mentions e.g. the situation in Spain, where children in Zaragoza are still taught a truly abominable story about Santo Dominguito de Val as a martyr killed by Jews for his blood? Hatred will never be defeated by more hatred. And more hatred is what this book is going to cause, especially among the young generations of Jews all over the world.


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This is my first post on here, so sorry if this thread has been done already.
I decided a couple days ago that (for now) I want to do computer programming when I go to college in the fall. However, I'm pretty much a n00b to it. I know some basic html, and that's about it. My dad's a programmer though, and said that it's easy, and I'm pretty good with computers, so yeah. Anyway, I was wondering if anyone knew of a good, FREE compiler for C++, since I guess I'm going to learn that language first, unless there's one I should get good with first. My dad's buying a book so he can learn too, so I'll have him to help me out.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Code covered by the BSD License
Download apps, toolboxes, and other File Exchange content using Add-On Explorer in MATLAB.
Rate this file 30 Downloads (last 30 days) File Size: 10.5 KB File ID: #35966 Version: 1.3
Simulink model of SPWM based single phase inverter.
02 Apr 2012 (Updated 07 Jul 2014)
In this model SPWM based inverter is shown.


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Publication date
|Oct 5, 1909
|Filing date
|Jul 24, 1908
|Priority date
|Jul 24, 1908
|Publication number
|Robert L Floyd
|Original Assignee
|Robert L Floyd
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Referenced by (8), Classifications (1)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
Patented Oct. 5, 1909 2 SHEETS- lfiil wiit'vwoow R. L. FLOYD. MECHANISM FOR ELEVATING INVALIDS.
Patented Oct. 5, 1909.
a i IIIIIII/III I In Elp y gawvumtoz Eflmwow ROBERT L. FLOYD, F STAUN'ION, VIRGINIA.
Specification of Letters Patent.
Patented Oct. 5, 1909.
Application filed July 24, 1908. Serial No. 445,235.
To all whom it may concern:
Be it known that I, Ronnnr L. FLOYD, a citizen of the United. States, residing at Staunton, in the county of Augusta and State of Virginia, have invented a. new and useful Mechanism for Elevating Invalids, of which the following is a specification.
The present invention relates to means for elevating patients from their beds, and particularly to that class of these devices in which a webbing is used beneath the patient which is attached to hoisting means and equally raised on both sides by one actuation.
Heretofore this class of devices have been more or less expensive and cumbersome and have not been attachable to ordinary beds, but instead have either required a specially constructed bed or have had to be of such size as to be erected separately and then placed around or over a bedstead and independent of the same. Such structures are cumbersome, not easily handled, must be kept with the parts assembled or require the services of a skilled workman to put it in place and to take down, and interfere with the comfort of the patient and the proper attention of the nurse.
The objects of my invention are to provide a structure of this character which will be very simple and easily and quickly put together or disassembled without the necessity of skilled labor; which shall be capable of being knocked down and compactly arranged for easy stowage or transportation; which can be readily attached to any ordinary bed within the limits thereof and as easily removed, and in which the elevating devices may, if required, be removed entirely from the supporting frame, thus leaving only the framework of the apparatus standing at the head and foot of the bed and avoiding any interference with the ordinary treatment of the patient.
The preferred embodiment of the invention is illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein Figure 1 is a perspective view of the mechanism, showing the same applied to a bedstead. Fig. 2 is a vertical sectional View through one end of the mechanism. Fig. 3 is a detail sectional View on the line 33 of Fig. 2. Fig. a is a longitudinal view through the structure illustrated in Fig. 8. Fig. 5 is a detail perspective view of one of the bearing brackets. Fig. 6 is a view in elevation of the joint between the sections of one of the rollers. Fig. 7 is a longitudinal sectional view therethrough. Fig. 8 is a cross sectional view through one of the rollers, showing the means for attaching a supporting strap thereto. Fig. 9 is a longitudinal sectional view through the same.
Similar reference numerals designate corresponding parts in all the figures of the drawings.
In the embodiment disclosed, sets of corresponding standards 10 are employed, each standard consisting of slidably telescoped sections 11 and 12, said sections being held against movement and in adjusted position by suitable set screws 13. The lower end of the lower section 12 of each standard has a base plate 14 fastened thereto, said base plate being provided with suitable depend ing lugs 15 arranged to engage alongside the rail of a bedstead, when said base plate is located on the rail. Each base plate has oppositely extending ears 16 through either of which can be passed a clamping bolt 17 for securing the base plate to the rail.
The corresponding standards of the difierent sets are connected by cross pieces comprising slidably telescoped sections 18 and 19 normally held against their relative sliding movements by set screws 20. These sections have downturned terminals 21 that are engaged in the upper ends of the tubular standard sections 11 and are fastened therein by set screws 22. The standards of each set have secured to their upper portions brackets 23, provided with upstanding bifurcated hooks 24-, and rollers 25 journaled in the hooks 24, have heads 26 that are rotatably mounted in the brackets. These bifurcated hooks while forming strong bearings for the rollers or shafts 25 yet permit the rollers to be quickly removed or set in place, thus not only providing for a disassembling of these parts, but permit the rollers and the cross webs or bands 32 to be removed temporarily when circumstances render this neces sary. The peculiar form of these brackets. too, obviates the necessity of any skilled labor in placing the shafts in engagement with the brackets. The'brackets form sockets for the shafts and the shafts may be easily lowered into position in the sockets by anyone, whereupon the shafts will be in engagement with the gears 39. Each of these rollers consists of tubular sections 27 having their ends abutted and provided with alined oppositely disposed bayonet slots 28.
A core section 29, located in the ends of the a-butted sections, is provided with outstanding pins 30 that are engaged in the bayonet slots, said core with its pins, thus serving to hold the sections against relative rotation in one direction, and preventing the separation of the sections, while the rollers constitute the connection between the opposite ends of the frame. These rollers are provided at suitable intervals with sets of sockets 31, and supporting straps or webs 32, of canvas or other suitable flexible material, have. secured to their ends, staples 33 provided with offset terminal pins 34: that detachably engage in the sockets.
A transversely disposed driving shaft 35 is located at one end of the frame, and consists of tubular sections 36 journaled respectively in the opposite standards. These sections are connected by a core rod 37 secured to said sections by set screws 38. With this construction, it will be evident that the shaft can be extended accordingly as the frame is widened. The shaft 35 is provided with gear wheels 39 meshing with gear wheels 40 secured to the adjacent ends of the rollers, and located between the gear wheels 39 and the adjacent posts 10 are ratchet wheels ell, said ratchet wheels being oppositely disposed as will be evident by reference to Fig. 1. Dogs 42, pivoted on the standards adjacent to the ratchet wheels, cooperate with the same, said dogs being so arranged that they can be reversed in order that they will be inactive. The shaft 35 has its ends projecting beyond the standards, and a handle crank 43 is arranged to be placed upon either of the projecting ends and secured thereto by a set screw tt.
The manner of using the device is substantially as follows. The cross bars 18-19 are extended to the width of the bed, and the standards are then mounted upon the side rails, the shaft 36 being also properly extended. The rollers 25 are then engaged in the journal brackets, and the handle crank 43 applied. to the end of the shaft 35, which is most convenient, the adjacent dog, being thrown into cooperation with its ratchet wheel, while the opposite dog is reversed in order that it will be inactive. The straps 32 are then separately passed beneath the patient, and it will be evident that this can be easily accomplished without causing discomfort. Any number of straps may be employed as desired, said straps being comparatively broad. The staples are then engaged with the rollers and consequently upon rotating the handle crank, it will be evident that both rollers will be simultaneously operated, causing the end portions of the straps to be wound thereupon, and elevating the patient. The bed clothing can consequently be changed without difficulty. Experience has demonstrated that the straps constitute a perfectly comfortable support. The structure is readily applicable to metal or wooden beds, the only difference being that for wooden beds, longer clamping bolts 17 will be necessary. As will be evident, it can be adjusted to beds of different sizes, and therollers can be raised or lowered by lengthening or shortening the standards 10. In practice, the frame .and rollers are constructed of light but strong tubular material, and as the parts can be readily disconnected, the structure can be compactly folded into a small compass, and being light in weight, can be readily carried. It will thus be clear that the'elevating means is not only useful in hospitals and institutions of that character, but can be employed as part of a trained nurses equipment, inasmuch as it can be used upon ordinary beds.
The peculiar advantages of my invention lie in the fact that it is capable of being applied to an ordinary bedstead and attached thereto, the bed forming the base of the structure. The side rails of beds and particularly metal beds are practically all of the same width and thickness and are practically all formed with a fiat upper surface. Hence it is to the side rails that devices of this character should be attached, this attachment providing for the firm bearing upon the flat side of the said rails as Well as a clamping action which prevents any lateral movement of the supports or standards out of the vertical. The base clamp 14 which I have devised permits of a perfectly rigid attachment being made between the corner standards or uprights and the side rails. The base rests firmly upon the flat upper surface of the rails and the clamps engage beneath the rails, these clamps beingso arranged as to be easily turned up and tightened. It will be seen that the structure therefore when in place takes up no more room than the bed itself, and that it does not encroach upon the floor space in any manner, this being of great importance in hospitals where the utmost economy of space must be had.
My apparatus being made in sections may be easily attached in place by a nurse, or any mechanically unskilled person. The base 14 and uprights 11, 12, are first put up and then joined by the cross braceslS, 19, which are, of course, adjusted to fit the bed. These standards and cross bars offer no obstruction to the patient orto the nurse. Only when it is desired to raise the patient need the rollers 25 be put in place and the bands or webs attached. These bands 32 may be left beneath the patient if desired, but de tached from the rollers and only attached when it is desired to lift the patient. It is a most important feature that the patient be lifted equally at all points, that the straps or bands shall be equally raised upon both rollers, and that there should not be two separate devices for lifting the patient, and hence, any liability of lifting him unequally, which would tend to throw the body of the patient out of proper position. This is of particular importance in surgical cases.
From the foregoing, it is thought that the construction, operation and many advantages of the herein described invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art, with out further description, and it will be understood that various changes in the size, shape, proportion and minor details of construction, may be resorted to without de parting from the spirit or sacrificing any of the advantages of the invention.
Having thus fully described my invention, what I claim as new, and desire to se cure by Letters Patent, is
1. The combination with a bedstead, of a removable inValideleVating apparatus car ried wholly thereby and movable with the same, said mechanism comprising head and foot frames forming the sole means of con nection with the bedstead, and each comprising extensible standards -and extensible connecting pieces detachably connected with the standards, and means carried by and detachably connected with the said frames for raising or lowering the patient with respect to the bedstead.
2. The combination with a bedstead, of a removable invalid-elevating apparatus carried wholly thereby and movable with the same, said mechanism comprising head and foot frames forming the sole means of connection with the bedstead, and each comprising extensible standards and extensible connecting pieces detachably connected with the standards, fixed bearings on the stand ards adapted to be raised or lowered by extending or contracting the standards, rollers extending between the frames and removably supported in the said bearings and raised or lowered with the latter, a webbing secured to the rollers and adapted to wind thereon, and means for simultaneously turning the rollers.
3. In mechanism of the character set forth, a supporting frame having standards provided at their lower ends each with a base plate adapted to rest upon the flat upper face of the side rail of a bedstead, each of said bases being formed with spaced depending lugs engaging with the opposite sides of said side rail and said base also hav ing a hooked clamping bolt engaging beneath the said rail, longitudinally extending rollers removably carried by the standards, and flexible supporting bands attached to the rollers.
4:. In mechanism of the character set forth, a supporting frame having standards provided at their lower ends with clamps, means for clamping the same to a bedstead,
longitudinally-extensible transverse cross pieces engaging with the upper ends of the standards, means for clamping the cross pieces at any point of extension desired, and opposed longitudinally-extending rollers deta chable from but rotatably mounted on said standards, flexible supporting bands attached to the rollers, and mechanism on the standards for simultaneously rotating both rollers to wind up the said bands thereon.
5. In mechanism of the character set forth, a supporting frame having verticallyextensible standards provided at their lower ends with means for clamping the same to opposite ends of the side rail of a bed and supported wholly on the said rails, transverse cross bars detachably connecting two of the standards across the bed, detachable longitudinally disposed opposed rollers removably journaled in the standards and connecting the upper ends of standards on the same side to brace the same, webbing connecting said rollers, gear wheels 011 said rollers and removable therewith, a transverse shaft mounted transversely across the supporting frame at one end thereof and in the same plane with the said rollers, gear wheels thereon engaging with the gear wheels on the rollers, and a crank whereby the shaft may be turned to actuate said rollers.
6. In mechanism of the character set forth, a supporting frame having longitudinally separated and extensible standards provided at their lower ends with means for clamping the same to the ends of the side rail of a bedstead, slotted journals formed upon the said standards, longitudinally-disposed rollers having enlarged heads adapted to engage behind said slotted journals and connecting the upper ends of the standards to brace the same, said rollers being supported wholly on the standards by the journals and raised or lowered by the, lengthening or shortening of the standards flexible bands connected to the rollers to be wound thereon, and mechanism mounted on the standards whereby both rollers may be given a simultaneous movement of rotation.
7. In mechanism of the character set forth, a supporting frame comprising corner standards, each having a base adapted to be attached to the upper face of a side rail of a bed, tubular telescopic sections mounted upon said standards and forming part thereof, transverse tubular cross pieces connecting the upper ends of each two of the standards and slidably engaging therewith for a transverse extension, socketed brackets projecting from the tubular sections of the standards, said sockets having a slot open at one end, opposed longitudinal rollers each having a head at each end adapted to be inserted within the slot of said sockets for rotation therein, a transverse shaft detachably mounted between two of said standards, gears mounted on the rollers and on the transverse shaft intern'ieshing with each other, a crank on said transverse shaft, and webbing detachable from the rollers and connecting the same and adapted to pass beneath the body of a patient.
8. In a mechanism of the class described, the combination of a supporting frame, a pair of rollers carried thereby and provided with transversely-extending spaced sockets, a plurality of bands extending from one roller to the other, and pins hingedl connected to both ends of the bands and removably engaged in the sockets for attaching the ends of the bands to the rollers, said ends being adapted to wind on the rollers and thereby firmly hold the pins in place.
9. In elevating mechanism of the character set forth, the combination with sets of. corresponding standards, each comprising slid.- ably telescoped sections, means for securing the sections against movement, clamping devices carried by the lower ends of the standards for securing the same to the rails ofa bed, brackets carried by the upper sections of the standards, rollers detachably journaled in the brackets and constituting connections between the standards of each set, supporting straps extending between and having their ends detachably connected to the rollers, extensible connections between the corresponding standards of the different sets, said connections comprising slidably telescoped sections, and means for holding said sections against relative movement, an extensible shaft journaled on certain of the standards of the different sets and comprising slidably telescoped sections, means for rotating the shaft, and gear connections between the shaft and the rollers.
10. In elevating mechanism of the character set forth, the combination with sets of corresponding standards, each comprising slidably telescoped sections, means for securing the sections against movement, clamping devices carried by the lower ends of the standards for securing the same to the rails of a bed, brackets carried by the upper sections of the standards, rollers detachably journaled in the brackets and constituting connections between the standards of each set, supporting straps extending between and having their ends detachably connected to the rollers, extensible connections between the corresponding standards of the different sets, said connections comprising slidably telescoped sections, and means for holding said sections against relative movement, an
extensible shaft journaled on certain of the standards of the different sets and comprising slidably telescoped sections, means for rotating the shaft, and gear connections between the shaft and the rollers, said rollers comprising tubular abutting sections having bayonet slots in their abutting ends, and a core section located in the abutting ends and having pins that engage in the bayonet slots.
11. In mechanism of the character set forth, two sets of pairs of standards, cross pieces connecting the tops of each pair of standards and forming with the latter opposed end frames, the cross pieces having depending extremities telescopically received on the upper ends of the standards, clamps provided at the lower ends of the standards for attachment to a suitable support, brackets having upstanding bifurcated hooks and secured to each one of the standards near the upper ends thereof, longitudinally-disposed rollers journaled in the hooks and having heads at their ends which engage behind the hooks and held therein by the combined weight of the rollers and parts carried thereby, transversely arranged bands connected at their ends to the rollers, and gearing for driving the latter.
12. In mechanism of the character set forth, the combination with vertical standards having connecting cross pieces, brackets applied to the standards at their upper ends, clamps carried by the standards at their lower ends, said brackets having upstanding bifurcated hooks, rollers journaled in the hooks and having heads engaged behind the latter and rotatably mounted in the brackets, a gear wheel mounted on one end of each roller in advance of said head, a drive shaft connecting one pair of the standards and carrying gear wheels meshingwith the gear wheels on the rollers, and transversely arranged bands connected at their ends to said rollers.
13. The combination with the end frames, each comprising vertical standards with connecting cross pieces, a transverse shaft connecting the standards of one of the end frames and having gear wheels mounted thereon in a relatively fixed position, brackets carried by each of the standards near the upper ends thereof, said brackets having upstanding bifurcated hooks which are offset from the brackets, longitudinally arranged rollers journaled in the hooks, means provided on the ends of the rollers to engage with the hooks of the brackets, a gear wheel mounted on each of the rollers in advance of one end thereof, said gear wheels being adapted to mesh with the gear wheels on the said transverse shaft, and transverse bands connecting the rollers between the end frames.
let. In mechanism of the character set forth, end frames, each comprising two vertical standards connected by a cross piece at their upper ends, means carried by the lower ends of the standards for fastening the same to a suitable support, a: transverse shaft connecting the standards of one of the end frames below its cross piece, gear wheels carried by the said shaft near the ends, brackets applied to the standards of the end frames near the upper ends thereof, rollers carrying at one of their ends gear Wheels which are adapted to mesh with the gear wheels on the said transverse shaft, transverse bands connecting the rollers, the ends of said rollers being journaled in said brackets whereby the rollers may be removed from the brackets, carrying with them the gear wheels and bands, without disturbing the end frames or removing any bolts.
In testimony, that I claim the foregoing as my own, I have hereto afiixed my signature in the presence of two witnesses.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jun 16, 1944
|Apr 6, 1948
|Jay N Vanderlyn
|Invalid lift
|Feb 16, 1948
|Aug 28, 1951
|Sebren B Dean
|Invalid lift and transfer device
|May 7, 1947
|Sep 30, 1952
|George I Rockwood
|Apparatus for handling patients
|Feb 18, 1948
|Oct 20, 1953
|Hilde Saliger
|Winding patient lift and turning mechanism
|Feb 5, 1949
|Jan 12, 1954
|Florence A Raymond
|Patient transferring device
|Sep 15, 1977
|Apr 17, 1979
|Murphy Richard J
|Physical exercise apparatus
|Jul 10, 1981
|Jun 5, 1984
|James Industries Limited
|Net bed
|Dec 2, 1991
|Nov 10, 1992
|Smith Gene A
|Method for lifting and turning a patient confined to a bed
|Cooperative Classification


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Ready in 45 minutes
Delicious deviled eggs that promise to be a hit at any barbeque, potluck, or family gathering!
366 people want to try | 732 have favorited
Place eggs in stock pot and fill with water at least one inch above eggs. Cover pot and heat on high heat until water boils. Remove from heat and let stand, tightly covered, about 15-20 minutes. Run eggs under cold water until cool enough to shell.
Shell eggs and cut in half lengthwise.
Separate yolks into a medium sized bowl and mash with a fork. Add mayonnaise until mixture is smooth (add more mayonnaise as necessary). Add mustard and a pinch of sugar. Mix well.
Spoon yolks into whites. Sprinkle with paprika (optional).
I have two tips for you with this one! First, to decrease the chance of your eggs cracking while boiling, before placing eggs in the pot, pierce each egg at the bottom with a small straight pin. Second, after completing yolk mixture, spoon into a large freezer bag. Cut the tip from one corner and pipe the mixture through the hole into the egg whites.
Fruit Platter (brunch)
I recommend pairing it with this recipe
"Great, simple brunch food!" — stevemur
More ideas
PEH16 2y agoI am going to make these any tips?
heyjil44 2y agoI love this recipe, simple & delicious!
thebeautifulanna 2y agoMade this for the first time for my family and it was gone in seconds. :)
leekl 3y agoI'm confused. Is it really 2171 calories for 6 eggs???
Janemoss 3y ago
Burgerandfrieslover 3y agoLooks delish
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Track suit pants worn by muzzas and muzteks in melbourne.
person a: Watta muzza!
person b: yeah with his adidas trackies!
person b: yeah with his adidas trackies!
by mooncrater October 06, 2010
this is a combination of trashy and tacky. it is a synomyn for unclassy.
josh: omg. jake is so tracky. bellatris is the opposite of tracky, she's classy.
by unicornsaremylife102 August 22, 2009
Another word for "tracks", as in songs. Particularly of a heavier chiptune genre.
My newer trackies will have you cumming out of your tender earholes.
by Stef Moolah January 19, 2011


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Skip to comments.A Reason to Always Do Your FOD Check
Posted on 05/12/2008 8:56:59 PM PDT by brityank
A Reason to Always Do Your FOD Check
From the US Navy aboard the USS Harry S Truman:
When the words foreign object debris (FOD) come to mind the last thing someone thinks about is an owl. On the morning of March 17 on board USS Harry S. Truman (CVN 75), an owl is exactly what was found. What might have been a mishap, ended on a happier note thanks to a few Sailors' attention to detail.
"I was the safety behind the 300 jet. That's why I probably ended up there first," said Aviation Structural Mechanic (Equipment) 3rd class Jeremy Smith, a Sailor attached to the "Ragin' Bulls" of Strike Squadron (VFA) 37.
He was called over by Aviation Electronics Technician Airman Apprentice Tony McJohnston, also part of VFA 37. What they found was a screech owl.
Aviation Structural Mechanic 2nd class Zachary Gorman who is attached to Helicopter Antisubmarine Squadron (HS) 7, the "Dusty Dogs," is a licensed falconer in the U.S. He was called to the scene to check the status of the bird.
"When I got there, I checked him over to make sure he didn't have any broken wings and if he was dehydrated or malnourished," said Gorman.
Gorman and the flight deck medical team nursed the owl, or "Fod" as Flight Deck Control liked to call him, back to health by giving him a shot of sugar water to help rehydrate him.
Gorman said after treating the bird they found no life-threatening problems.
"For the most part the bird was healthy, just a little tired," said Gorman. He also made sure "Fod" was okay in a box the crew dubbed his makeshift "stateroom." Gorman has been working with birds of prey since the age of 12 and said he was more than happy to help the animal.
"I've worked with a lot of owls throughout the years, but I never thought I'd have to deal with one on a carrier in the middle of the Gulf" said Gorman.
The owl could not reside on board indefinitely so they came up with another plan.
(Gouge NC and Aero-News)
(swiped from gp)
cute little bugger! maybe they can train him/her to scratch the eyeballs out of some jihadis. ;)
I wonder what the sailor superstition is surrounding owls.
Probably the guardian angels of CPOs or something.
This one reminded me of the pelican we 'caught' up on the forward main FC director between Hawaii and Guam. Like this owl, seems he was just tired, and hitched a ride for a while. He (?) flew off sometime that night, but left us something as payment.
Hope the enviro-nuts don't declare all F/A 18's an endangered species habitat.
|Description: Airman Jacob Larsen holds "Fod," a screech owl that was found on the flight deck of the Nimitz-class nuclear-powered aircraft carrier USS Harry S. Truman (CVN 75).
"Since he was in a weak condition, flying to land would decrease his chances of survival so we thought we would give him a hand," said Gorman.
Preparations were made to fly the owl off the ship on a Carrier Onboard Delivery to land, where he was released safely and out of harms way.
"It was a free ride. They were going there anyway so we made it a little bit easier on him," said Gorman.
Too bad he wasn't allowed to stay onboard long enough to warrant an honorary sailor's or Airman's rank :-)
Officers' tribute to hero cat (Credited with saving the lives of Royal Navy Officers)
Sweet post, a pleasure to ping along.
Cute owl.
Thanks for the link to Simon's story.
Wouldn't it have been easier to just launch him with a catapult? :=)
USN BTT. Dang pilots get all the glory, even the feathered ones...
You'll like this one.
Thank God we have people there who care for and love animals.
Thanks for the link to Simons story.
You're quite welcome and I'm delighted that you've enjoyed it :-)
Back in the old days they would have kept that owl as a mascot — helluva lot smarter than a raven.
Awwww, you're right. What a nice story. Thanks for the ping.
"Set aircraft weight to 6 ounces..."!?!?!?!
Nah, I don't thinkso ...
Former MM3
My pleasure. Cute lil' booger, innit he?
All flight deck personnel muster on the flight deck for FOD walkdown!
Click on pic for past Navair pings.
Post or FReepmail me if you wish to be enlisted in or discharged from the Navair Pinglist.
This is a medium to low volume pinglist.
Bump for FOD on a COD.
A small black bird joined the ships company briefly when I was on the Midway. We were out of visual range of land at the time, so he was kept in Flight Deck Control until we returned to easy bingo range when he was launched.
Cute little guy, and he seems surprisingly calm and tame. Glad to hear this little feathered story had a happy ending.
"Too bad he wasn't allowed to stay onboard long enough to warrant an honorary sailor's or Airman's rank :-)"
CPO Fod.
I tried to watch one episode and it had so little to do with carriers that I turned it off.
I thought Carrier hit the spot on the "lifestyle" of military families. Relationships fall apart, "nothing" to say because it's the SSDD, kids growing up, etc. They got whiney at the end, but hey...missing home is a GOOD thing.
LOL. Cute story, brit.
yah...they've had Hooters on the flight deck since the 1980's...
At first glance I thought it was McCain's wife............
During WWII, a cruiser operating off the CA coast recovered an exhausted pigeon. It had a tag identifying it as "Property of U.S. Navy", and that it had come from NAS Moffett Field. Turns out it was a messenger pigeon from a blimp. The bird had gotten lost in bad weather. When the ship got to Alameda, they contacted Moffett Field asking what they should do with it. Moffett replied simply "release it". It found it's way back to Moffett.
Actually, ravens are a helluva lot smarter than owls. In fact, some ornithologists consider them to be the smartest of all birds (or at least competitive with parrots). But unlike parrots, ravens are very difficult to domesticate. They seem to have an unbreakable "wild streak" that you have to appreciate. Just don't stand under one.
I was on an LST when we took a Seabee group from Okinawa to Guadalcanal after the Solomons had been hit by a big cyclone. A pair of little sparrow-like birds had been hanging around the ship while we were inport Okinawa and when we left they came along. The deck guys would put out pans of water and food for them. It was about a two week transit and they ended up riding all the way to Guadalcanal, where they took off and we never saw them again.
This just reminds me: I work with a lot of libs, so I usually don't join in political conversations of any sort, but one day at a staff lunch, and though I forget the context, I mentioned to one young man that I was a conservative Republican. His mother happens to be the director of our local SPCA where I volunteer sometimes, so he knew me from there as well as our mutual workplace. He was very surprised about me being a republican and I asked him why? He said that he never thought a republican would volunteer at an SPCA because they hate animals. Amazing, yes?
Oh boy, I could tell you some stories! I'm a hardcore birder (but NOT a member of Audubon). Anytime I'm out birding with these people, the conversation often gets political (they all hate Bush, blah, blah, blah). I don't put up with it though, and I'll battle them on every issue. Once, just to goad them, I wore one of those Che Guevara T-shirts out birding — but it was one of those fake Che shirts. It showed the iconic image of the thug but wearing a Mickey Mouse hat. The reaction was priceless. I had one lady so mad at me she even tried to blame the Kent State Massacre on "reactionaries" like me.
It was worth every penny I spent on that shirt!
"Dang pilots get all the glory, even the feathered ones..."
Tell me about it. After being ship's company, I really got tired of the squadron guys, going back to their shore barracks when we returned home and me still living on board.
ET1, retired, 20 years,
USS Nimitz CVN-68
USS John F. Kennedy CV-67
USS Dwight D. Eisenhower CVN-69
Bravo! I love the Che shirt story—I hope you gave the woman apoplexy! It is just amazing how their minds work—like we don't have and love pets too? Or that we can't appreciate the sighting of an indigo bunting in Poughkeepsie NY? It just floors me sometimes!
Thanks, Ariamne. In honor of you and our other FReeper birders, I'll be sure to wear my fake Che shirt the very next time I bird.
Let the fireworks begin!
Add to that the fact that Owls are about the most effective and deadly predators. at least in terms of kill ratio, make 'em even more appropriate to be hanging out on the deck of a warship. They're only cute if you are bigger than they are, otherwise you have less chance of survival than a man in the desert, unarmed, with an f-18 gunning for him.
Yeah, libs never cease to amaze me at how much growing up they need to do. They have SO many stereotypes combined with projecting their own prejudices on others.
"It was about a two week transit and they ended up riding all the way to Guadalcanal, where they took off and we never saw them again."
Invasive Species ! ! !
Call US Fish & Wildlife Service ! ! ! !
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text:
This is in responce to a challenge- they wanted to see Tony escape from being kidnapped by using an AI
Send me a challenge and i'll complete it for you!
Clint groaned as he opened his eyes- scanning his surroundings while hand instinctively went to the growing lump on the back of his head.
His first thought was confusion, and a slight anger that they had been captured so easily- who knew that tranquilizers affected Gods?
His second thought a slightly numb feeling that was halfway between amusement and annoyance.
He blinked, lifting himself up off the too white- pristine ground and blinked blearily, trying to make the bright alls stop burning his retinas.
"Hey hawkie! I wondered when you'd wake up!" Tony spoke from the wall, his voice unusually perky, and Clint swung his neck around, nearly flinching when he saw the dirty soiled clothes that stuck out so darkly in contrast to the wall.
"Dang- what happened to you, Stark?" Clint groaned, trying to rise to his feet while leaning against the wall for support.
It was Tony's turn to scoff, turning away to type on a computer, before responding.
"Some organization kidnapped us- well not really because Bruce is somewhere in India and Thor is in New Mexico. Anyways- Natasha woke up a few hours ago, and Steve's been on normal doses for a while now." Tony nonchalantly responded, typing another line that meant nothing to Clint.
"And you?" Clint asked dryly, taking note when Tony's hand stilled on the keyboard.
"…You know- toxic gas and all…" His voice had gone slightly higher with stress, and Clint frowned, getting up and awkwardly shuffling forward with his anklets.
"Tony- what are you making?" Clint asked low and carefully, eyes scrawling across the lines and lines of codes, numbers he couldn't read.
"I- they want an AI." Tony responded, hands shaking slightly as he continued to type the code.
Clint watched in silence.
It was what Clint thought was days later when they calmed down enough to have civil conversations.
It consisted of mainly insulting the guards that appeared and vanished, taking the trays of slop (Their second favorite conversation piece) away.
Maybe an entire week of sitting in a plain white room with floors that painfully made it a requirement to crack your back each day.
The code had lengthened into something long and complicated- Tony had tried to explain it to Clint, but after a near hour long rant about the voice recognition system, he zoned out and passed out on the floor.
Tony didn't try and explain anything about the code again.
Clint hated his hair.
There was a point his hair got to after a few days where it seemed someone had just poured a bucket of seal fat all over it- making it slick and rather disgusting looking.
Tony pointed it out, causing Clint to scowl and resist the urge to swat the billionaire as he continued to compare Clint's head with the 'underbelly of a wet beaver'
It seemed in Clint's opinion, that Tony was steadily getting a better grip on the events that led to their capture- not showing the slightest bits of worry for the others that could possibly be dead.
It was Clint's training that hid this from Tony, Tony had no excuse.
At least- until the men came.
When the doors opened, it was four Latino looking guys with large guns, rushing into the room and speaking in a hurriedly way, one pointing a gun at Clint before grabbing his neck and holding him to the ground.
The other three forced Tony's head to the table, and Clint could tell that with the way Tony's eyes were narrowed, that he was annoyed.
Clint was surprisingly even more annoyed than Tony when he started speaking in the same Hispanic language- maybe it was Spanish, Natasha was the language one…
The men released Tony, and Tony glared, the one holding Clint released him and they walked out, one keeping around long enough to spit a large glob of goo onto the ground.
"…Since when did you speak another language?" Clint muttered, slightly disgruntled while Tony's lips twitched ever so slightly.
"Portuguese. That was Portuguese, and I am very proud to inform you I speak Russian, Hindi, Spanish, Portuguese, French, German and another language called Kurghiz." Tony responded, smirking at Clint who snorted, looking away.
"Really? You expect me to-"
"Cerveau de poulet." Tony responded without delay, causing Clint to stare while Tony smirked at he assumed French insult.
"Clint- that is a fencing term. That practically isn't even French." Tony scoffed, lifting one eyebrow to Clint who pursed his lips, thinking.
Tony smirked, rotating around in his seat, somehow looking unimpressed despite the small ink stain just above his left eyebrow.
"Je sais plus que vous ne le pensez." Tony returned with such a grin it made Clint know he had been insulted in some way.
"Fine, French Boy. The other languages would be useful, but what the hell is Kurghiz?"
Tony's smile faltered ever so slightly, the happy mocking mood in the cell (As they now called it) darkened critically, and Tony turned back, speaking in a happy tone that Clint could tell was strained.
"Oh- you know. Met a guy, wanted to be able to speak with him in his real language." Tony shrugged, back to tense, and Clint knew he should really back away by now.
He wanted to slap himself when he pressed further- maybe hanging around Natasha broke all of his self preservation.
"What happened to him?"
"…He died…"
The rest of the night had a strained silence.
The men conversed again with Tony, the later throwing back what Clint could assume were witty comments or insults due to the drawl and slight mocking tone.
The men snickered and after something Tony stated, they mentioned something about a "Senor Hammer."
Clint didn't know any Mr. Hammers, yet again, it could have been a Miss or Mrs. Hammer…his Spanish was never the best…wait- but this was Portuguese…damn.
It seemed Tony knew this man…girl…lady….thing, because his eyes darkened, and he shot something out with a cold and unTony laugh, that made Clint compare an interrogating Natasha with the Mr. Stark.
He spat something and one of the men nailed him with the butt of his gun, causing Tony to stumble backwards, clutching his mouth where Clint saw blood drip through his fingers, and something that suspiciously looked like a tooth fall out.
Clint grabbed Tony, holding him at bay- while Tony thrashed and screamed something out between bloody spit takes as he screamed at the men, who took the computer out of the room.
Clint wasn't exactly sure what he was shouting, but it sounded rather creepy and dark the way he screeched it like a banshee, repeating the words "Nos vamos matar voce!" Over and over.
Come to think of it- some mission in Brazil had signs with the word 'matar' plastered over them.
Come to think of it- Clint really didn't want to know.
It was maybe a few hours after they had their last visit and the computer with the AI codes had been taken.
Tony had gotten to the point where he left his mouth open and breathed through his nose for the blood to congeal around the hole where his left canine normally went- now set securely in his front left pocket.
(Clint guessed that he'd have it planted back in. And if he couldn't plant that, he might use a metal to fuse it or something, It was Tony.)
Their mood was dim and Tony was facing a wall, Clint had a persisting thick lump in his throat- knowing full well that Tony had just written the codes for a fully functional AI for this Hammer guy.
It was silent until a loud explosion and shouting in accents was heard, Clint immediately snapped his head to Tony, who said nothing and looked away, a small look of regret as he bit his lower lip.
"…Yeah Stark?" Clint asked rarely, very few times did Tony ever call him his real name, normally proffering to talk about birds, feathers, or some insult to his eyes.
"Sorry about this- Bird Brain."
Ahh, there it was.
"Sorry? About what?" Clint asked, mildly startled by the sudden proclamation before something vibrated, powerful shakes causing the desk near him to buckle and collapse, nearly squashing him and causing him to utter an unmanly squawk as he lunged out of the way.
"Hah! Knew you were part chicken!" Tony snickered, referring to the sound that Clint had made in his surprise, before the lights went out and more shouting was heard.
"Shut up Stark!"
"Gibt es jemand in der Nahe?" Tony responded, speaking in a thick accent that had Clint choking in surprise.
"Stark! No fair! You can't start speaking all European on me!"
"Shut up Cl-" Before Tony could finish his hissed reply, a loud annoying factory sounding buzzer was heard and the red light above the door lit up before unlatching.
Clint stared, while Tony easily got to his feet, walking to the door and swinging it open- looking back at Clint with lifted eyebrows.
"You coming?" He asked, slightly exasperated with the surprise Clint kept showing, and Clint scrambled to get to his feet, staring at the door while his spy training kicked in.
"How is this possible? This is likely a trap, Stark."
"Sure, a trap that was constructed by me to open a door and lock everybody else out in a large power wide blackout. Beware, vulcher-breath, it may contain our escape." Tony spoke dryly, causing Clint to stare while Tony groaned in annoyance, storming out with Clint following closely, eyes noticing the doors which were- in fact- locked.
"How did you do this?" Clint asked breathlessly, glancing around while Tony showed a wolfish smirk as he looked at his handiwork.
"Like it? These idiots are the lackeys to Hammer- he always did hire the idiots. They plugged the AI in without scanning it or looking at my coding before- not that they'd see anything. Bunch of apes." Tony sniffed, taking a sharp left with Clint blinking in surprise.
"The hell? You have complete control of the base?"
"Yup- now shut up. Gibt es jemand in der Nahe?" Tony fired off, swapping back to an awkward German that causing Clint stare at him, shaking his head in disbelief.
The buzzer sounded again, a red light on their left flashing and causing Clint to jump.
"The hell?" Clint hissed, hand moving to his waste where he normally had a gun, cursing when it wasn't there.
"Cool your feathers- it's the AI. I programmed it to help us, one beep for no, two beeps for yes. The base didn't have any speakers, but there are security cameras. It lip reads us and answers our questions, basic commands and the such." Tony shrugged, continuing down the hallway and frowning at the two locked doors.
"Wait- what did you ask it?" Clint asked in alarm, Tony rolled his eyes.
"I asked if there was anyone out here. It said no. Now I'm going to ask it where the Itsy Bitsy Spider and our Capsicle are." Tony stated slowly, acting as if Clint wasn't able to understand what he meant.
Smirking at Clint's scowl, he looked at the doors before speaking in the language again
"Wo sind Natasha Romanoff und Steve Rodgers?" Tony asked, Clint's face lighting up as he recognized the German for what Tony actually said.
Another buzzer and the door on his left lit up, as well as the fourth door on the red with a pulsing light, Tony following quickly after the buzzing.
Clint rushed past, swinging the door open, ducking to avoid the punch he almost knew Steve would throw in the pitch darkness of the power outage.
"Cap! We're saving your frozen butt and it would help if you stop trying to knock us out!" Tony yelped, dodging a punch and gasping as he was suddenly on the ground, a knee pressed into his throat while blood red hair formed a curtain around his and Natasha's head.
"Well Natashalie- if you wanted me that ba-"
"Stop talking. We should move before the guards come back." Natasha spoke, leaping out and staring at Clint a few moments- their way of greeting each other after two weeks of near solitary confinement.
"So…err- should we go?" Steve trailed off, and Tony gave a snort, leaning against the wall.
"I've got this covered. Natasha- ask it the way." Tony smirked, amused by her slightly confused face.
"Where is the way out?" She responded, fully not expecting it to work, giving Tony a pointed look when it didn't.
Tony scowled, looking up at the ceiling and talking himself. "Выход?" He asked, a light at the end of the hallway lighting up.
"Shit- you actually do know Russian." Clint swore, running his hand through his hair in frustration as Natasha stared, eyes widening slightly.
"Вы не знаете моего языка, она была бы в ярости, файлы" She shot off with a thick accent that caused Tony to frown and recoil while frowning.
"…What did she say?" Steve whispered to Tony, and Tony frowned, rolling his eyes.
"She said that I don't speak Russian, and it wasn't in Fury's files. Which I might say- I do know Russian and Fury can mind his own business. The AI understands commands in Russian-"
"And German." Clint pointed out, Tony wincing as he noticed Steve stiffen slightly.
"…German?" He asked, voice clipped and Tony shrugged, looking away while Natasha seemed to understand with a small jerk of her head, turning to follow the pulsing light.
Steve started to follow, and Clint fell back to walk with Tony, frowning with what just happened.
"Steve fought Nazi's Clint." Tony sighed, and Clint blinked a few times before recognition hit him and they fell into a quiet silence.
They walked- eventually turning into a slow run when the AI gave a slightly warning beep while a man stumbled around the corner with a flashlight and a gun- Natasha took him down quickly, and she jumped off in surprise while Tony walked forward, rolling the guy onto his back while he looked up and down at him.
Tony unclipped the gun from the man's grasp and looked it over with a frown before tossing it to Clint.
"FN F2000 Belgium assault rifle. That'll last you a few rounds to take down a few men and get us past a few doors the AI can't. That's Hammer Tech- I'm going to kill that man." Tony cursed, opening the man's coat and drawing two pistols, tossing them to Natasha who nodded approvingly at his weapon knowledge.
They continued on- Tony taking a small break to find Steve's shield and Clint's bow, setting his suitcase suit on self destruct so he could detonate it from the U.S.
Natasha kicked open the door, pointing the guns at the door as it swung open, the group blinking at the sudden sunlight that shone upon them, causing them to give an involuntary smile from the withdrawal of Vitamin D.
"Where are we?" Steve asked, once gaining control and glancing around at their surroundings…
A giant boat. A replica of a hellicarrier on a much cheaper budget and missing the whole flying ability.
"Well- somewhere along South America, but it could be in the middle of the ocean." Tony sighed, turning back inside the building with the other three sadly following.
After a few dozen dead people on the ground Tony stood inside the control room, the AI lighting it up and directing power to it.
"Just find our location, Stark." Natasha sighed, and Tony frowned, eyes narrowing as files flipped past the screens, each being sent to Jarvis or deleted from the mainframe.
"…AI- contact Justin Hammer." Tony ordered, and Natasha spun, eyes narrowing and Clint looking at him in surprise.
"The hell? Stark- what are you doing?" Clint demanded, and Tony said nothing, glaring at the screen as a video link popped up.
"Hello- oh…Stark…"
Indeed it was Justin Hammer, maybe in the Bahamas by the ocean blue water and the tropical drink and shades on his face.
"2 weeks. You held us captive for two weeks, Hammer."
"And you built me an AI. Not so smart now, Stark."
"I hacked into your mainframe, causing my AI to take control of your entire base of operations Hammer. Next time you want to keep me captive, don't hire idiots." Tony stated calmly, and he faintly heard Clint whisper 'Passive aggressive!'
"…And there you ar-"
"Having a Quinjet pick us up in three minutes. If you ever mess with us again, Hammer, I'll make sure a coffin will hold you- but we don't have to do that now, do we?" Tony growled, ignoring the exchanged wary glances from his fellow Avengers.
"Try it and your little secretary gets i-"
"Uberschreiben der Laptop." Tony growled, Justin on the other side letting out an unmanly shriek as he turned- phone giving a slight view of a smoking and combusting laptop- screen flickering before going black.
"Stark! What did you d-"
"One button and I can destroy your entire stock inventory, all business partners, mysteriously make you lose all money, and sell your homes to charity. What will it be, Hammer?" Tony asked, still deathly calm which made the ones behind him more wary- Steve resisting the urge to back out of the room.
Hammer stared before ending the call, Tony turning to look at the rest of his Avengers before throwing a lopsided grin and waltzing out.
"Now- we can go home."
Hope you liked it.


text:
Sen. John McCainJohn McCainTim Kaine backs call to boost funding for Israeli missile defense Booker: 'I love you, Donald Trump' Syria activists cheer Kaine pick MORE (R-Ariz.) on Wednesday rejected the CBO's cost estimate of healthcare repeal as "garbage in, garbage out."
McCain said the Congressional Budget Office estimate that repealing the healthcare law would increase the deficit by $230 billion relies on falwed assumptions.
"So what I'm saying is, garbage in, garbage out," McCain said on the Senate floor.
McCain cited two examples of how the CBO's estimate is not properly taking into account the true costs of the healthcare law. First, he noted that the repeated increases in reimbursement levels to Medicare physicians, and the failure to repeatedly let cuts to those payments happen, are estimated to cost $208 billion over 10 years. "Nowhere is that put into the equation," McCain said.
He also criticized the Community Living Assistance Services and Support (CLASS) Act, a long-term care insurance program that was part of the law. While the program allows for employees to contribute to it, many Republicans believe it will have to be funded by the government at some point, and that this assumption is not being taken into account by CBO.
Sen. Barbara MikulskiBarbara MikulskiSanders gives blessing as Dems nominate Clinton Democrats nominate Hillary Clinton for president Civil rights, feminist icons formally nominate Clinton MORE (D-Md.) was outraged by McCain's comments.
"I heard CBO criticized and be dismissed," she said. "But yet it was the Republican party that said we couldn't move anything, bring up anything, even go get a Kleenex without getting a CBO score. Now they don't want a CBO score? So you can't say 'I want a CBO score' one day, and then make fun of it the next, 'garbage in, garbage out.' "
The Senate is expected to vote tonight on an amendment to repeal last year's healthcare law, although Democrats are expected to defeat it. The proposal was put forward by Republicans last night as an amendment to the Federal Aviation Administration authorization bill.


text:
In the summer of 1958, a 12-year-old girl took the world by stormLolita was published in the United Statesand since then, her name has been taken in vain to serve a wide range of dubious ventures, both artistic and commercial. Offering a full consideration of not only the Lolita effect" but shifting attitudes toward the mix of sex, children, and popular entertainment from Victorian times to the present, this study explores the movies, theatrical shows, literary spin-offs, artifacts, fashion, art, photography, and tabloid excesses that have distorted Lolita's identity with an eye toward some real-life cases of young girls who became the innocent victims of someone else's obsessionunhappy sisters to one of the most affecting heroines in fiction. New insight is provided into the brief life of Lolita and into her longer afterlives as well.
Arts & IdeasSociety & CultureLiterary History, Criticism, & TheoryPopular CultureArt History, Criticism & Theory
Published: Chicago Review Press an imprint of Independent Publishers Group on Aug 1, 2008