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Missing Edinburg Girl Back Home After Being Found In Mexico
A 12-year-old Edinburg girl reported missing a week-and-a-half ago is safe and back home after being located in Central Mexico. Sabrina Isabella Luna was found following an investigation involving Edinburg police, the FBI, and Mexican authorities. The team found Luna some 500 miles away in the city of Santiago de Queretaro. Luna's father had called […]
Cops To Protest Over Black Lives Matter Sign At City Hall
(AP) – Police officers in Massachusetts are planning to protest after the mayor of Somerville refused to remove a Black Lives Matter banner from city hall. The sign above city hall's main entrance has been in place for nearly a year. Somerville Mayor Joseph Curtatone denied a request last week from the officers to remove […]
Mexican Official: Drug Lord Will Finish Sentence At Home
(AP) – Mexico's interior secretary says the government has exhausted its options and will comply with a judge's order to release drug lord Ernesto Fonseca Carrillo to serve out the remainder of his sentence at home. Miguel Angel Osorio Chong said Wednesday that Fonseca Carrillo's release was imminent. The 86-year-old has nine years remaining on […]


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Definition of Hancock, Winfield Scott in English:
Hancock, Winfield Scott
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(1824–86), US army officer. A Union general, he was noted for his defense of Cemetery Ridge at the Battle of Gettysburg 1863. He was the 1880 Democratic presidential candidate, narrowly losing to James Garfield.
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New Moon (The Twilight Saga Book 2) and over one million other books are available for Amazon Kindle. Learn moreEach week, Pamela Paul, the editor of the Book Review, talks to authors, editors and critics about new books, the literary scene and current best sellers.Find books on Goodreads. Read member reviews for popular titles, genres, lists, and more. An Ember in the Ashes, When I'm Gone, The Girl at Midnight, Asa...Book Review - Shattering the Ley by Joshua Palmatier. Shattering the Ley is the first book in a promising new series by Joshua Palmatier. While...The Children's Book Review is the parents, publishers, teachers, and authors source for children's book reviews on both new and classicRead reviews of new and classic children's books, meet the authors, and learn to read the best children's books available.On the Books: Updated version of 'Heather Has Two Mommies' to feature gay marriageNPR's brings you news about books and authors along with our picks for great reads. Interviews, reviews, the NPR Bestseller Lists, New in Paperback and much more.Goodnight Moon [Margaret Wise Brown, Clement Hurd] on Amazon.com. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. In a great green room, tucked away in bed, is a little bunny.Online companion to monthly book review publication. Contains interviews, reviews and features from the print edition, along with web-exclusive content and a review ...
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Robert James Maddox
Five Days in August: How World War II Became a Nuclear Warby Michael D. Gordin
View All Available Formats & Editions
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- Read an Excerpt
- What People Are Saying
- Meet the author
Most Americans believe that the Second World War ended because the two atomic bombs dropped on Japan forced it to surrender. Five Days in August boldly presents a different interpretation: that the military did not clearly understand the atomic bomb's revolutionary strategic potential, that the Allies were almost as stunned by the surrender as the Japanese were by the attack, and that not only had experts planned and fully anticipated the need for a third bomb, they were skeptical about whether the atomic bomb would work at all. With these ideas, Michael Gordin reorients the historical and contemporary conversation about the A-bomb and World War II.
Gordin posits that although the bomb clearly brought with it a new level of destructive power, strategically it was regarded by decision-makers simply as a new conventional weapon, a bigger firebomb. To lend greater understanding to the thinking behind its deployment, Gordin takes the reader to the island of Tinian, near Guam, the home base for the bombing campaign, and the location from which the anticipated third atomic bomb was to be delivered. He also details how Americans generated a new story about the origins of the bomb after surrender: that the United States knew in advance that the bomb would end the war and that its destructive power was so awesome no one could resist it.
Five Days in August explores these and countless other legacies of the atomic bomb in a glaring new light. Daring and iconoclastic, it will result in far-reaching discussions about the significance of the A-bomb, about World War II, and about the moral issues they have spawned.
Editorial Reviews
Robert James Maddox
Edwin R. McCullough
William J. Astore
John Krige
J.L. Gall
Lawrence D. Freedman
Stephanie L. Trombley
"Gordin has done an excellent job in surveying the diverse views on what happened during those momentous five days in August 1945."John Krige, Science
"In this brief but impressive work, Gordin takes a fresh, unique look at a much-studied topic. Although he touches on the development of the atomic bomb, his main concern is how scientists, politicians, and military planners from the bomb's inception to the present have viewed this new weapon."J.L. Gall, Choice
"In addition to lucid and careful summaries of the issues, a particular virtue of this book is the substantial and well-chosen collection of documents from American and Japanese sources."Lawrence D. Freedman, Foreign Affairs
"Five Days in August is brief and accessible, effectively communicating even technical and scientific concepts, and would be of use to the history or international relations classroom. This reevaluation of 'nuclearism' is a timely study, worthy of consideration and discussion."Stephanie L. Trombley, Historian
"This author has written a stimulating book that brims with insights and is based on an impressive amount of research. . . . Gordin has written a challenging book that ranges far beyond the five days mentioned in his title."Robert James Maddox, The Historian
"This short book grips the general reader and leads the curious on to longer and more scholarly writings."Edwin R. McCullough, European Legacy
"Refreshingly nonpolemical, Five Days in August is a must read for those interested in atomic history, the final stages of World War II, and the future of nuclear weapons."William J. Astore, Proceedings
Product Details
- 9780691128184
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- Publication date:
- 01/02/2007
- Pages:
- 226
- Product dimensions:
- 6.20(w) x 9.30(h) x 0.90(d)
Read an Excerpt
Five Days In August
How World War II Became A Nuclear War
By Michael D. Gordin
PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESSCopyright © 2007 Princeton University Press
All rights reserved.
The Second World War ended suddenly. On 6 August 1945, an atomic bomb exploded over Hiroshima, Japan; on 8 August, the Soviet Union declared war on the Japanese Empire and began early the following morning a staggeringly successful steamroller advance across Manchuria; and on 9 August, a second atomic bomb destroyed much of the Japanese city of Nagasaki. As the story is usually (and frequently) told, this triumvirate of shocks so stunned the Japanese imperial inner circle, and especially Emperor Hirohito, that he unprecedentedly intervened in war-planning deliberations and moved for conditional surrender on 10 August. (The momentous meeting took place on 9 August; the Nagasaki blast occurred in the middle of it.) Back in Washington, U.S. President Harry S. Truman and his cabinet considered the offer, and Secretary of State James Byrnes penned a response insisting that the Japanese surrender be "unconditional" — Allied war terms since the late President Franklin Roosevelt had enunciated them at the Casablanca Conference in 1943. On 14 August, the Japanese acceded, and the emperor broke his traditional silence and announced the surrender over the radio the following day. The first (and to date only) nuclear war was over. Sudden indeed.
The end of the war clearly came suddenly for Japan. This is a book about how it was equally sudden for the Allies as well, and in particular for the Americans. Coming to grips with the suddenness of the war's end forces a complete reassessment of how, when, and why the atomic bomb was dropped — the very issues that have engaged so many Americans for the last sixty years. For the generations who have grown up with the truism that "the bomb ended the war," thinking in terms of suddenness may seem hard to swallow. Millions of Americans have been taught the history of the atomic bomb as if it were self-evident, from the beginning, that nuclear weapons would by their very nature compel the Japanese to surrender. Echoing this common perception, Manhattan Project veteran Edward Teller wrote that "Hiroshima changed the course of history." We are so familiar with such announcements of the transformation of the world through the nuclear blasts at Hiroshima and (although far less often invoked) Nagasaki that the claim seems to us natural, beyond question. We think of nuclear weapons as transformative because, quite simply, they are such, and always were. It was, supposedly, obvious to all concerned in summer 1945 that these weapons were "special," "epoch-making," and "revolutionary," not just to the Japanese who suffered the consequences of atomic bombing, but also to the Americans involved in the decision to conduct it.
Yet there is something glaringly amiss with this standard picture. No one in 1945 possessed the ability to foretell the future (not surprisingly). The principal American politicians, military figures, and scientists expressed much skepticism at the time over whether the bomb would in fact "work." Even the definition of what it meant for the bomb to "work" changed dramatically over the course of a few days. At first, "work" meant to explode. After Hiroshima, "work" meant shortening the war by a few months (say, before the scheduled November invasion of the southern Japanese island of Kyushu). Only after 14 August did "work" mean "end the war." The war was not over until the Japanese government decided that it was; the Allies could engage in various gambits to achieve this goal, but only the Japanese possessed the power to make any of those gambits "work." It is by looking backward into World War II, and not forward into the Cold War, that we can really begin to evaluate what was unique to these weapons, and what belonged to a longer process of gradual escalation.
Almost nobody before 14 August thought that two bombs would be sufficient: if the first bomb did not cause surrender, the American decision makers reasoned, then many would be required, at the very least a third bomb before the end of August, and likely several others before the scheduled invasion. In examining attitudes toward the bomb before the detonation over Hiroshima, and then after Nagasaki but before surrender — five days in August — the historical evidence shows that a sizable group of decision makers did not believe the bomb would have the power to end the war immediately. On the contrary, the sudden surrender of the Japanese caught Washington rather off-guard, unprepared for demobilization or the economic shocks of peace. A dramatic consequence such as surrender demands an extraordinary cause, and American scientists, politicians, and journalists found that cause in the first postwar days by retrospectively emphasizing the atomic bomb to the exclusion of all other factors. Only the nuclear was "special" enough.
The use of the atomic bombs against Japanese cities in the final days of World War II still generates enormous interest and controversy, primarily because of concerns over the moral justification of these actions. As usually presented, the debate about whether the atomic bombings were justified conflates two separate issues: military justification and moral justification. As the story here unfolds, it will become very clear that the issue of military justification is moot. Because so many military planners and influential politicians considered the atomic bomb to be, at least in some degree, an "ordinary" weapon — certainly special, even unique, in some senses, but decidedly not in the senses we appreciate today — dropping one or several of them merited no more justification than the inception of firebombing campaigns, napalm, or other local decisions made largely in the field: that is, little to no justification. The issue of military justification of the atomic bombings simply did not appear as a live question for Truman or his advisers.
Of course, the reason this topic generates vehemence from both critics and defenders of the atomic bombings stems directly from the other question: moral justification. Any assessment of morality in wartime, in terms of both the goals of the war and the means (strategies or weapons) used to achieve it, depends on political values, religious beliefs, moral judgments, and — crucially — context. World War II was the most brutal conflict the world has ever seen, swallowing in its maw approximately fifty-five million lives. The litany of clear-cut crimes against humanity even only in the Pacific theater, thus excluding the Holocaust and setting aside for the moment the status of the atomic bombings, is staggering: the rape of Nanjing, the torture and slaughter of prisoners of war, the Bataan death march, the forced prostitution of Korean "comfort women," the aggressive firebombing of civilian populations, and so on. By the time the Americans began to consider the potential utility of the atomic bomb, they had already for years experienced increasing brutality, bloodshed, mayhem, and dehumanization, and experienced them routinely. This context should be central in any attempt to frame the question of the morality of atomic bombing, let alone in any answer.
Without context, the Little Boy and Fat Man bombs that destroyed Hiroshima and Nagasaki, respectively, were only combinations of fissionable material, electrical components, conventional explosives, and metal. All the social and physical infrastructure of political decisions, military calculations, long-distance bombers, and the late stages of a seemingly eternal war provided the tools for contemporaries to think about the atomic bombs. The bombs might be considered special or unique for a variety of intellectually valid reasons: the introduction of the mechanism of nuclear fission into warfare; the scale of the design of the bomb; radioactivity; American monopoly on the weapon; the fact that an equivalent destruction to an atomic bombing created through conventional raids, and the number of planes needed to cause it, was so much greater; and so on. In each instance, the line between a quantitatively different bomb (a bigger blast) and a qualitatively different bomb (a revolution in warfare) is a matter of judgment; it is a claim about when a change in degree turns into a change in kind. The American scientists, politicians, and soldiers who participated in the atomic bombings made assessments of the atomic bombs as unique and special weapons, but they did not make the same kinds of assessments we make today. To understand the differences, the history needs to be recast from an entirely different angle.
To accomplish this, I reorient the story of the atomic bomb drops in time, in place, and in emphasis. A brief inspection of the chronology of relevant events demonstrates how skewed the common American understanding of the timeline has become. The story of the atomic bomb is usually told in three parts. The first part ranges from the discovery of uranium fission in December 1938 to the detonation of a plutonium implosion device at the Trinity test in the New Mexico desert on 16 July 1945. This is the story of the Manhattan Project, usually the preserve of historians of science, and it highlights the work of scientists and engineers in developing a functional atomic bomb. These scientists — and their epicenter of bomb-design operations, Los Alamos — typically vanish from view after Trinity, as if their work was now accomplished (it was not: they continued to make more bombs), and the story shifts to President Truman and the Potsdam Conference of the Big Three (Truman, Churchill/Atlee, and Stalin) that took place in late July 1945, immediately after the nuclear test. We are now in the province of diplomatic historians, and the story stresses Truman's decision making about the atomic bomb and how the bomb fit or failed to fit into both the Allied end-of-war strategy for Japan and the emergent Cold War in Europe. After the issuance of the Potsdam Declaration calling for the unconditional surrender of Japan's armed forces, this story stops. This timeline compresses months of deliberations dating from before Truman assumed office in April 1945 and extending after the American delegation returned from Potsdam into a small period of time and a single "decision."
Immediately after Potsdam, the traditional story of the atomic bomb flashes to the Pacific theater of World War II for four days: 6–9 August 1945. In these days, atomic bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and the Soviet Union entered the Pacific War. As soon as those three events happen, the story almost immediately moves to Tokyo and the Japanese cabinet's deliberations about surrender. Four years of fighting and the months-long punishing firebombing campaign are eclipsed in a story that is largely about diplomacy before the bombs explode, and Japanese government deliberations afterwards. Almost without exception, the story ends on 15 August 1945, with the emperor's announcement of surrender. This typical history not only enhances certain features of the historical record at the expense of others — minimizing both the brutality of warfighting in the Pacific and the attempts of the Japanese government to seek a negotiated surrender — but also sharply reduces the amount of already-scarce evidence useful for understanding the dramatic speed in which World War II ended. By placing the bulk of the account after most histories of the "Hiroshima decision" conclude, this book shifts the focus in time in unfamiliar ways.
The reorientation in place is similarly broad. The story of the atomic bombs' use reprises a canonical list of places: Los Alamos, Alamogordo, Washington, Potsdam, Tokyo, Hiroshima, and Nagasaki. None of these places ever knowingly confronted a combat-ready atomic bomb. The only site where the atomic bomb was evident as a military weapon was the island of Tinian, nestled in the Marianas. The 509th Composite Group, which was assigned the task of delivering the atomic bombs, and the Los Alamos assembly team named Project Alberta were stationed here. Since Tinian was the only site where the military, scientific, and diplomatic strands of the story of the atomic bomb converged, it demands very close attention. By focusing on how the soldiers and scientists there perceived the weapon they were charged with delivering, we can see the military features of the atomic bomb in relief, with its geopolitical implications, its moral valences, and its scientific aspects in the background. In particular, since Tinian was the home base for most of the B-29s involved in the extensive firebombing campaign against Japan that began in earnest in March 1945, the atomic bomb in situ partakes of the history of conventional firebombing on every level. Finally, nowhere more than on Tinian was the potential third atomic bombing a reality, since Project Alberta and the 509th remained in a state of readiness for assembling that additional bomb until the instruments of surrender were signed on 2 September — that is, over two weeks after surrender had supposedly already catapulted the bombs into the category of "unusable" weapons.
The change of emphasis presented in the pages that follow may appear the most dramatic. The history as usually presented focuses on both what Truman intended to accomplish by authorizing the atomic bombings and what role those bombings played in ending the war. Consider, for a moment, what would have happened if Japan had not surrendered on 14 August. Would the atomic bomb's role in the conflict seem the same to us today? It is impossible to answer such questions directly, since the war did in fact end on 14 August; yet, we can now, for the first time — by concentrating on the events and the almost ignored archival documents of the presurrender, postatomic period lasting from 6 to 14 August — tell the story of how the atomic bomb was thought about and treated before anyone could claim that the bomb had ended the war, simply because the war was not yet over. These changes of time, place, and emphasis reveal an utterly surprising history of the atomic bomb's role in World War II.
That history usually appears either as a breathless story peaking at Hiroshima or surrender, or as a romanticized tale of Great Men Making Epochal Decisions. Here the narrative is framed instead as military history: an account based on archival documents that looks at how the bomb was conceived of as a tactical weapon, not as a geopolitical strategic gambit. From this point of view, many in the field perceived the atomic bomb as a quantitatively different firebomb (it was much more explosive, more efficient, and required fewer B-29 bombers to deliver), but not as a qualitative change in warfare, however epochal Truman and his advisers at times considered it to be. Military men in particular considered the decision to drop the bomb as a given from the moment development shaded into a deliverable weapon. By December 1944 — months before Roosevelt's death in his fourth term of office — crews had already been assigned to deliver the bombs. The history of the atomic bomb is studded with special procedures of use, special committees, and special moral deliberations by the commander-in-chief. For some of the participants, particularly those close to the scientists, the bomb was indeed intrinsically "special" because the source of its explosive power — the fission of uranium or plutonium — was unprecedented. The bomb was, to these individuals, atomic. For those who emphasized the atomic bomb as a bomb, however, what mattered was whether it would destroy enemy personnel and infrastructure, period. Debates over other "special" aspects of the bomb — such as radiological aftereffects — were rather muted until after surrender had "demonstrated" that the bomb was Special, even Unique.
Excerpted from Five Days In August by Michael D. Gordin. Copyright © 2007 Princeton University Press. Excerpted by permission of PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS.
All rights reserved. No part of this excerpt may be reproduced or reprinted without permission in writing from the publisher.
Excerpts are provided by Dial-A-Book Inc. solely for the personal use of visitors to this web site.
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Michael D. Gordin is professor of the history of science at Princeton University. He is the author or editor of several books, including Red Cloud at Dawn: Truman, Stalin, and the End of the Atomic Monopoly.
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India-Zimbabwe MVPI: Bumrah, Rahul reign in one-sided seriesIt was India's players all the way, with Jasprit Bumrah emerging the most valuable, ahead of K L Rahul. Srinivas Bhogle and Purnendu Maji present Rediff.com's Most Valuable Player Index after the just-concluded ODI series between India and Zimbabwe. IMAGE: With nine wickets from three matches, India pacer Jasprit Bumrah emerged on top of the Most Valuable Players Index for the just-concluded India-Zimbabwe ODI series. Photograph: BCCI It would be hard to recall a more one-sided One-Day ... Rediff.com, 1 month ago
Virat Kohli is Most Valuable Player of IPL 9
With a MVPI of 1128 the Royal Challengers Bangalore captain has set records that even he might find hard to surpass. Srinivas Bhogle and Purnendu Maji present Rediff.com's Most Valuable Players ratings. IMAGE: Virat Kohli was at his dominant best, and hence, is the MVP of IPL 9. Photograph: BCCI It is hard to think of one player who has dominated the IPL more comprehensively than Virat Kohli. With a MVPI of 1128 he has set records that even he might find hard to surpass. The only one who comes ...Rediff.com, 1 month ago Will Warner overtake Kohli in final to finish as IPL MVP? Rediff.com, 1 month ago IPL MVP Rankings: Will AB de Villiers catch up with Kohli? Rediff.com, 2 months ago Run-machine Kohli leads MVP rankings in IPL 9 Rediff.com, 2 months ago
West Bengal Assembly elections 2016: Complete list of winners
Constituency Candidate Party Alipurduars SOURAV CHAKRABORTY(GHUTISH) All India Trinamool Congress Amdanga RAFIQUR RAHAMAN All India Trinamool Congress Amta ASIT MITRA Indian National Congress Arambagh KRISHNA CHANDRA SANTRA All India Trinamool Congress ...Sify, 2 months ago
IPL MVP Rankings: Kohli maintains healthy lead over Warner
Although Virat Kohli has scored 83 more runs, David Warner's strike rate of 164.2 is better than the Indian batsman's strike rate of 144.7, and puts both batsmen almost at par. Srinivas Bhogle and Purnendu Maji analyse IPL performances in Rediff.com's Most Valuable Players ratings. IMAGE: Virat Kohli celebrates his second century of the IPL. Photograph: BCCI. Virat Kohli continues to score loads of runs and has even bettered his strike rate by 10. Royal Challengers Bangalore's ...Rediff.com, 2 months ago Kohli still leads IPL's MVP rankings but Warner closing in Rediff.com, 2 months ago
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Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2011, 8(9), 3777-3795; doi:10.3390/ijerph8093777
Analysis of Technological Innovation and Environmental Performance Improvement in Aviation Sector
1 Graduate School of Innovation and Technology Management & Cho Chun Shik Graduate School for Green Transportation, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Korea 2 Department of Information and Industrial Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 30 December 2010 / Revised: 17 August 2011 / Accepted: 6 September 2011 / Published: 22 September 2011
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Transportation)
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AbstractThe past oil crises have caused dramatic improvements in fuel efficiency in all industrial sectors. The aviation sector—aircraft manufacturers and airlines—has also made significant efforts to improve the fuel efficiency through more advanced jet engines, high-lift wing designs, and lighter airframe materials. However, the innovations in energy-saving aircraft technologies do not coincide with the oil crisis periods. The largest improvement in aircraft fuel efficiency took place in the 1960s while the high oil prices in the 1970s and on did not induce manufacturers or airlines to achieve a faster rate of innovation. In this paper, we employ a historical analysis to examine the socio-economic reasons behind the relatively slow technological innovation in aircraft fuel efficiency over the last 40 years. Based on the industry and passenger behaviors studied and prospects for alternative fuel options, this paper offers insights for the aviation sector to shift toward more sustainable technological options in the medium term. Second-generation biofuels could be the feasible option with a meaningful reduction in aviation's lifecycle environmental impact if they can achieve sufficient economies of scale.
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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Lee, J.; Mo, J. Analysis of Technological Innovation and Environmental Performance Improvement in Aviation Sector. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2011, 8, 3777-3795.View more citation formats
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Lee J, Mo J. Analysis of Technological Innovation and Environmental Performance Improvement in Aviation Sector. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2011; 8(9):3777-3795.Chicago/Turabian Style
Lee, Joosung; Mo, Jeonghoon. 2011. "Analysis of Technological Innovation and Environmental Performance Improvement in Aviation Sector." Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 8, no. 9: 3777-3795.
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Computerworld - A U.S. Department of Defense spokesman on Thursday said a report suggesting the defense agency is dumping BlackBerry devices was inaccurate, and that BlackBerry is still part of ongoing DoD mobile device deployment plans.
The spokesman contradicted a report in Electronista that cited "well-placed sources" as saying the Defense Department created a pending purchase order for 650,000 Apple iOS devices, including iPhones and tablets. That purchase would replace existing BlackBerry devices that are incompatible with BlackBerry 10, Electronista said.
The Z10 smartphone running BB10 goes on sale tomorrow in the U.S. on AT&T for $199.99 and a two-year contract. Other carriers will also sell the qwerty-keyboard Q10 in coming weeks.
In a telephone interview, the DoD spokesman said he didn't know where Electronista got its information, but added, "it is not from an official DoD source." He also said the BlackBerry's future at the Defense Department is still very much alive.
"We are not dumping BlackBerry as Electronista and others have indicated," said the spokesman, Air Force Lt. Col. Damien Pickart. "We're moving to multiple devices, and that includes BlackBerry."
Pickart said the Defense Department has 470,000 BlackBerry devices in use, as well as 41,000 Apple iOS devices and 8,700 Android devices.
On Feb. 15, the Defense Department's CIO Teresa Takai release a phased "Commercial Mobile Device Implementation Plan" that updates a June 2012 mobile strategy that had called for using commercial off-the-shelf products. Takai said in a February memo and in attachments released by the DoD at the time that the implementation plan was contingent on available funds with a specific goal of supporting "100,000 multivendor devices by February 2014."
The DoD's approach also permits the use of commercial smartphones and tablets over commercial carrier networks for classified communications for the first time through a new NSA security architecture, Takai said. T
... but how did Apple and Android even get a chance for Pentagon business. Blackberry owned the DOD. How did they lose the monopoly?
Sentiment: Buy
My guess these phones are used by civilian employees who have submitted their phones to DOD and they have approved 3rd party security software installed on them and control of the phone has been given to the DOD. This is done at large investment banks as well. I am just speculating. I remember reading about some agencies allowing civilian employees to use iphones.
Sentiment: Strong Buy
This is what I am wondering as well...
So what the Air Force Lt.Colonel is saying is that BB has a 90% market share currently, and that there are no plans to get rid of, phase out, or cut off purchasing BB devices. We also, know in a statement from BB that the BB10 OS will be the first to come out of testing and likely the first available to launch a round of upgrades. If I am a DOD employee, I'd be requesting a new z10 or Q10 sometime in late April. Time to update the model folks...that likely 250k to 400k in new devices in Fiscal Q2'14 to account for.


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do ~1600 people really make this obvious mistake???
I think the computers on here are overrated.
The computer is either gonna hit you with something that is brilliant or retarded. They are good at finding there way out of some sticky situations better than most players but in others they fall apart horribly.
Free lesson The problem with low rated players and why they stay low rated.
by MarcoBR444 a few minutes ago
I beat Computer-4 IMPOSSIBLE!
by Bilbo21 9 minutes ago
7/23/2016 - Kamikaze Chess
by FluffyMeep 9 minutes ago
New Android-App crashes
by Buswinker 9 minutes ago
Who will win World Chess Championship 2016?
by AClearSky 19 minutes ago
1 prize, car 2016 - Cadillac CTS-V
by AClearSky 21 minutes ago
EQ is more important then IQ in chess
by btickler 23 minutes ago
How to fight against a positional chess player ?
by TamalBeast 28 minutes ago
u cant beat me
by TamalBeast 31 minutes ago
Group admin tool: quarantine member
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Kelly Rohrbach, SI Swimsuit Model, Stuns On And Off Golf Course
Celebs With Unusual Body Parts You Never Knew About
12 Sexy Stars Wearing Dangerous, Nerve-Damaging Skinny Jeans
8 Celebs Whose Kids Are Doomed
12 'Bloody' Great Songs
Bradley Cooper and Cristiano Ronaldo's Ex Irina Shayk Get Intimate
The 15 Tallest Actresses In Hollywood
Bling Bling! 10 Hot Songs About Diamonds
Kylie Jenner Shares Her Top Instagram Photos From 2015
12 Fascinating Transgender Celebrities
Quentin Tarantino Got Offered The Biggest Movies After His Biggest Flop
'Saved By The Bell' Star Tiffani Thiessen Makes J.J. Watt's Day
Kendall Jenner and Lakers Rookie D'Angelo Russell Dating!
Here's Deadmau5's McLaren P1 After A Little Customization Work
What Were These People Thinking? 16 Hilarious Tattoo Fails
Can You Believe She is 50?
Kelly Rohrbach is Seriously Sexy For Baywatch
Olivia Munn Goes Off On ESPN Reporter for Aaron Rodgers Speculation
18 Terrible Celebrity Baby Names
10 Actors Who Played a Movie Character Until They Died
The Strangest Celebrity Couples In History
The 10 Most Desirable Women In the World
21 Awesomely Underrated Songs That You Might've Missed
10 Celebrities Who Are A Pain To Deal With
7 Actors Who Went from Superheroes to Superparents
Unbelievers: 11 Celebrity Atheists
These Celebs Love The Giant Swan Pool Float
25 Celebrities Who Have Black Belts
Gisele's New Lingerie Ad Reminds Us All How Lucky Tom Brady Is


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Who we are
We can help you eat more fruits & vegetables! Fruits & Veggies--
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Tip of the Day
Eat apples slices with low-fat cheese or peanut butter.
Recipe of the Day
Creamy Mexican Salsa Dip
This easy-to-fix dip combines the popular flavors of Mexico in a creamy snack that's ...Read more >


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With this baby I've been leaning boy since earlier on bc my pregnancy has been much different than last time. Of course if it is a boy, I apparently go against all wives tales, haha. With DD I had zero symptoms other than so first trimester exhaustion (no MS, no acne). DD's heart rate was always between 135-145.
Now with this one, I had about 2 weeks of not feeling great (thankfully not MS, just an unsettled stomach) and terrible acne for the first half of the pregnancy. I've gained more "all around" weight (my butt and thighs) and actually had food aversions and cravings (had none with DD). Also, this one's heart rate has been closer to 160 the whole time. So, my gut is saying boy, though I could obviously be wrong :)
Anyone else have any gut feelings?


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Join the 'Yellow Root' group to help and get support from people like you.
Yellow Root Support Group
Our support group for Yellow Root has 5 questions and 7 members. Updated 7 Mar 2016.
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Tip #1: Smell the Fish and Take a Good Look
When checking out a piece of fish, whether haddock or salmon, assess if it possesses a shiny, metallic look. Does it look clean, or does it look dull with discolored patches? Sniff the fish, too. It should smell like clean water, perhaps with just a touch of brine. If you detect a distinct odor, put it back. Fish should never be smelly, and no, cooking it won't make the smell go away.
Tip #2: Look For Lively Shellfish
When on the hunt for a good lobster or crab, look for signs of life, ensuring the ones you choose are freely scampering about the tank. Avoid those that appear listless or motionless, as they may be starving with almost no meat inside. Find out when the fish retailer gets new shipments in, and target your visits to those dates for the freshest shellfish.
Tip #3: Buy Whole, Frozen Shrimp
If you don't have access to fresh shrimp near the ocean, you're best off buying whole, frozen shrimp. Why whole? This protects the shrimp from the extreme cold and helps them retain their moisture. If you can get really great fresh shrimp, go for the ones with the head on, which are moister. You don't want to overcook and serve dry shrimp.


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Building for the future, today – combining the best of historical wisdom and modern technology.
By Troy Griepentrog
Weber Thompson's design for Eco-Laboratory won the Natural Design Competition at the annual Greenbuild International Conference. The concept high-rise includes rainwater collection, black water to graywater conversion features and is net-zero energy. The high-rise is virtually a self-contained sustainable community.
Perhaps the most unusual feature of the design is the energy-generation system. It starts with methane (produced from waste), which runs the hydrogen fuel cell. The fuel cell and other systems provide electricity and heat water.
Building Green
Environmental Building News
Green Building Advisor
The Green Spotlight
The Last Straw
Mother Earth Living
U.S. Green Building Council
U.S. Green Building Council's Green Home Guide
At MOTHER EARTH NEWS, we are dedicated to conserving our planet's natural resources while helping you conserve your financial resources. That's why we want you to save money and trees by subscribing through our earth-friendly automatic renewal savings plan. By paying with a credit card, you save an additional $5 and get 6 issues of MOTHER EARTH NEWS for only $12.00 (USA only).
You may also use the Bill Me option and pay $17.00 for 6 issues.
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The average salary of a(n) Physician Assistant in Lincolnton, North Carolina is $88,794.
The average hourly rate of a(n) Physician Assistant in Lincolnton, North Carolina is $42.69.
The average bonus of a(n) Physician Assistant in Lincolnton, North Carolina is $1,767.00.
KEDPlasma LLC
Nurse, Physician Assistant, EMT. Nursing or Physician Assistant in State of NC. Graduate of a recognized healthcare-related educational program such as a...View job on Indeed.com
Orthopaedic Specialists of the Carolinas, Inc.
Graduate of AMA accredited physician assistant program. Prior experience as a physician assistant is preferred but not required....View job on Indeed.com
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Acute Care Physician Assistant to work collaboratively with the Catawba Valley Medical Center hospitalist physician team to provide direct clinical services for...View job on Indeed.com
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Inside the Clinic Working autonomously, MinuteClinic Physician Assistants (PA) conduct physical assessments, perform and interpret diagnostic tests, diagnose...View job on Indeed.com
Healthstat is seeking a qualified Family Nurse Practitioner or Physician Assistant looking to be an integral part of our culture where people come first, and we...View job on Indeed.com


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Combo Discount:
Savings of: $0.48 (7% off)
Sorry, this product is no longer in stock.
Please note limited shipping months for this item:
This item is heat sensitive. It is only available for purchase between October 1st and June 14th. We temporarily discontinue the item during the summer months, from June 15th - September 30th, because it might melt or spoil during transit.
no good...
Posted by 4652630998084702589 on Dec 01, 2013
When it arrive to malaysia by shipment it's default... ALl the gummies were stick together and melted.. Can't even see a shape at all..
Was this review helpful to you?


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(801) 629-5500
3450 Wall Ave
Ogden , UT 84401
Proudly Serving Northern Utah Since 1979.
On behalf of our entire staff, we would like to welcome you and thank you for visiting our website. We offer superior sales and service for our valued customers. We are committed to serving our friends and customers and look forward to hearing from you. We have a large selection of new and used cars, trucks, SUVs and vans. So rather you want to buy or lease be sure to visit us first. We also have an excellent service and parts department.


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Saint Petersburg, FLUSA
Hometown: Chicago, IL
December 13, 2013
As a fembot, I make sure I instill the humanity in our fast-paced digital universe.
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These recipes are from my well worn cookbook:
"A Century of Mormon Cookery", printed in 1985
1 pound of lean ground beef
1 small head of cabbage, chopped coarsely
1 medium onion, chopped
1 can tomato soup
1/2 cup water
Salt and pepper
Cook beef, until lightly browned and drain. Season with salt and pepper
In a 3 quart oiled casserole, layer 1/3 of cabbage, 1/2 of the ground beef and
1/2 half of the chopped onion.
Top with the other 1/3 portion of cabbage, the remain beef and onion.
It wasn't until I lived in France that I fully appreciated how underused celeriac — also called celery root — is here in the US.
In France, this knobby root cousin of the celery we are more familiar with is used in soups, as a puree, raw in salads, as well as in a typical French slaw-like dish called "celeri remoulade."
For the next several weeks, artichokes will be at their peak. From March to May, you'll find the best artichokes at the market – and with very good prices. Artichokes are full of nutrition and flavor, and as if that wasn't enough, they are also fun to eat. Even kids have been known to like this intimidating looking member of the thistle family, and if you teach yours how to master the art of eating artichokes early on, they'll soon revel in being able to do something that many grownups can't.
4 large artichokes
4 tablespoons butter, plus more for serving
3 tablespoons olive oil
1 large lemon, cut in half, plus more lemons for serving
Aioli sauce for serving, optional (recipe follows)
With Passover looming, I thought it might be nice to suggest a side dish — roasted Brussels sprouts — to complement the feast's traditional items.
Brussels sprouts are the tiniest member of the cabbage family. And I'll confess that I used to hate them. In the old days they were not only boiled, but boiled to death, which generated a truly unfortunate aroma. Happily, intrepid chefs in recent years have managed to reinvent (not to say redeem) these little stinkers in any number of ways.
1937 to 1955
Northern Colorado
I have a small book that my grandson Michael Jordan gave me, titled, "Grandma, Tell me your Memories." He gave it me the year my great granddaughter, Cecile was born. It has a small page for every day of the year with a question at the top. I started filling it in and have through the years, filled out lots pages. When I am stuck with an idea for an article - I refer to this precious little book. Thank You Michael and Happy Birthday!
March 21-22-23:
With plans for Easter brunch in the making, a breakfast cake as pretty and tasty as "Cinnamon Pull Aparts" would definitely be a crowd pleaser, as would some of those little French cakes, known as "financiers." While they may appear complicated to prepare, armed with the right pan, including these lovely indulgences on your holiday menu is easier than it may appear.
The classic foods of Easter dinner have never done much for me. Sure, a honey-glazed ham is nice. But the rest of the meal tends to go downhill, queuing up mostly springtime vegetable cliches.
Now, Easter brunch is another matter entirely. Hot cross buns and hash brown potatoes and muffins and coffee cakes and quiches and eggs of all manner... Now we're talking a celebratory meal. Add some candied bacon and a chocolate cream egg for dessert and I'm pretty happy.
May 26, 1916
Juniata County, Pennsylvania
I am fortunate to have on loan, precious pieces of paper, letters and photo's that my Mother and my Aunt Alma kept safe all these years. Our Mother spent many years looking up and writing in her tiny hand writing, the history of Dad's side of the family, also her side of the family-the Cogswells.
Recently, my hubby surprised me with a new commercial quality compressor-style ice cream and gelato maker. Lest you think an ice cream maker is not a very romantic gift to give your spouse on a significant birthday, keep in mind he knows ice cream is my second favorite food on the planet, and that I've been pining for this machine for a long, long time.
Peninsula Clarion ©2016. All Rights Reserved.


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Shoe Odor Eatersby SNLouise
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Turkish prime minister to push for Istanbul 2020
ISTANBUL — Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan will travel to Argentina to make a final pitch on behalf of Istanbul's bid to host the 2020 Olympics.
The city's bid committee said Monday that Erdogan will fly to Buenos Aires from the G20 conference in St. Petersburg, Russia, to lead the Turkish delegation as it makes final presentations before the IOC vote on Sept. 7.
|The article you requested is no longer available on BostonHerald.com.


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Former Lindenwood University Coach Facing Drug ChargesKenneth Dale Sims II jailed on $50,000 bond for possession of 108 grams of marijuana and drug paraphernalia.
Mizzou Says No to Pot ShirtA student group wants to put a marijuana leaf on a T-shirt next to the university's name.
May Marijuana Sales Boost Illinois Industry Total Over $10MIllinois now has 37 registered dispensaries and about 7,000 qualified patients.
New Study Shows Pot Use Down in Teens, Up for AdultsNumbers are on the decline as more states have legalized and decriminalized pot, but adults using the drug has increased.
Clayton Schools React to Pot CasePolice say it's unusual for 8th-grade boys to use pot.
Army Veteran Spearheads Medical Pot EffortIt would tax medical marijuana sales at four percent, raising millions annually for the treatment of Missouri veterans.
Illinois Retail Medical Marijuana Sales Top $2M in AprilProgram director Joseph Wright said Tuesday the program now includes 36 dispensaries and 6,200 qualified patients.
Illinois Panel Again Urges Medical Marijuana ExpansionIts members voted to recommend Type 1 diabetes and panic disorder to the program.
Illinois Lawmakers Give Pot Decriminalization Another TryRepublican Gov. Bruce Rauner vetoed last year's attempt to decriminalize pot, but gave lawmakers guidance on how to proceed if they tried again.
Rams RB Tre Mason Arrested In FloridaPolice say he's charged with resisting arrest, reckless driving, and marijuana possession
Medical Pot Dispensary In Collinsville Hits One-Month MarkNumber of customers at HCI Alternatives has already doubled to nearly 180, further growth expected.
New Study Finds Marijuana Use Decreased Over DecadeLead researcher Dr. Richard Grucza of Washington University, says a 20 percent increase is still substantial, but not doubled.


text:
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The following marriage dissolutions have been granted in Hardin Circuit Court in Elizabethtown.
Michael Jeffery Mayfield, 26, Somerset, and Carol Elise McQuiston, 25, Elizabethtown. Married 12 years.
Austin Gregory Simpson, 40, Elizabethtown, and Samantha Nicole Wallace, 37, Radcliff. Married five years.
Carlos Uribe, 48, Oakland, Calif., and Daisy Cole, 39, Radcliff. Married six years.
ShermanL. Reynolds, 41, Vine Grove, and Melissa D. Gary, 39, Louisville. Married four years.
Steve Suitor, 39, and Kelli Sinclair, 31, both of Radcliff. Married four years.
Beau Salyers, 22, and Jennifer Thomas, 22, both of Elizabethtown. Married one year.
Tilford R. Grant Jr., 60, Elizabethtown, and Pamala Darlene Grant, 48, Glen Burnie, Md. Married six months.
Vincent Todd Fry, 41, and Alicia Beverly Watkins, 41, both of Elizabethtown. Married 20 years.
Danny Dale Lawler, 66, and Betty Lou Williamson, 60, 25 years.
Christopher Jensen, 34, and Holly Hastings, 29, both of Rineyville. Married 11 years.
Lamont Terrell McDouglad, 32, Bunnlevel, N.C., and Kezie Allaire Higgs, 33, city of residence unknown. Married 11 years.
Stephen Paul Omoletski, 36, and Claudia Stefanie Kremer, 40, both of Louisville. Married seven months.
Loren L. Irwin, 39, and Melissa J. Ferguson Irwin, 33, both of Radcliff. Married 16 years.
Brandon Wayne Moore, 26, Cave City, and Stephanie Anne Mason Moore, 22, Sonora. Married 11 months.
John R. Perry Jr., 44, Radcliff, and Toma L. Perry, 41, Rineyville. Married 20 years.
Darren Alan Carr, 43, Elizabethtown, and Connie June Carr, 40, Bardstown. Married seven years.
Thomas Darrell Shartzer, 52, Vine Grove, and Tammy Jo Nall, 47, Elizabethtown. Married 30 years.
Branden Burton, 27, and Suzanne Aubrey, 26, both of Elizabethtown. Married seven years.
Tyrone S. Cooper, 54, Fort Knox, and Hazel n. Cooper, 42, Woodbridge, Va. Married 18 years.
Robert R. Richardson, 47, Hardin County, and Kirsten Richardson, 45, St. Robert, Mo. Married nine years.
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Separate names with a comma.
Think it's about time you finished your 2010 Medicham analysis mate! ;)
yeah i was at uni freshers week and had very limited internet access, so sorry about that. as for my availability, i should be on all day today, saturday night has opened up for me and i'll be on sunday until about 6pm my time.
hi, just letting you know that i only have friday and sunday to get our NU matches done. i'll try and be on as much as i can then and be on ps under the name pedrophile.
hey, i can play now if you want. i'll be on ps under the name pedrophile if so.
hey we're paired up for the NU open. i'm in GMT+2 and i should be available all day tomorrow. if not then next friday/next weekend would be ideal with uni starting up this week.
Hey, are you still gonna do the NU Altaria write-up?
If I complained to a mod about the tiers I fear it might take 10 months for them to process the thought and take action.
Your avatar reminds me very much of Zapmolcuno:


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|Reviews for No Demons Allowed revised version oops
| Guest chapter 1 . 3/27/2014
Good story! I never thought of Sam killing Gordon as superhuman, just good!
| cathernatural.812 chapter 1 . 10/22/2012
that was so good! please do more like these :D
| goldenspringtime chapter 1 . 6/7/2012
I don't anything would freak Dean more out then something like this.
| CeCe Away chapter 1 . 3/25/2011
Dude. Dean in this is as awesome as I've ever seen him. Dang Gordon for messing Sam up so much.
| ziggy.uk chapter 1 . 3/26/2010
Enjoyed this as much as the original version! LOL!
| spnMom chapter 1 . 1/9/2009
Definitely a different take on Fresh Blood. I liked the brother interaction that you had when Sam was contemplating suicide and Dean was desperate to stop him. Please think about writing some more Supernatural stories... Thanks!
| supernaturaldh chapter 1 . 1/9/2009
So glad you found us Supernatural writers. We love our limp Sam and big brother Dean. Excellent job. Keep um coming.
| LaylaBinx chapter 1 . 1/3/2009
Yay! Super great! .
| jenilee chapter 1 . 12/8/2008
Very nice first story for sn. Great job too on showing Dean's fear and protectiveness of what Sam would do to himself being that it was from Sam's pov. Ok did that make sense cos it's late and somehow that made more sense in my head?
Hope to see more stuff from you.
| darksupernatural chapter 1 . 12/4/2008
This was cool. Thanks.
| SamDeanLove chapter 1 . 12/4/2008
GooD! More..more.. please hurry up! )
| nicoltyler chapter 1 . 12/4/2008
Great story, I have never seen SN but I was able to follow along you are such an awsome writer.
| Shawne 'til dawn chapter 1 . 12/4/2008
Aloha Sweet Karen,
I am so very very glad that you took the risk and posted this awesome fic. I know how scary it was to venture out, but I know that you will bless others in the SN world with your creative skill in storytelling. Loved your very first Sam and Dean fic especially because I really loved this episode with Gordon. I feel very excited too, only because I know that there will be more wonderful stories by you to follow . . . keep moving those fingers girl . . .
Love and light . . Shawne
| Monika11 chapter 1 . 12/3/2008
I can only second what Becky said: I'll follow you whereever you go with yout writing talent. Thanks for sharing it here, too.
| Darkest Water chapter 1 . 12/3/2008
I really liked this story :)
poor sam and his screwed up little head.


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|PCT number
|Publication date
|May 15, 2012
|Filing date
|Dec 8, 2006
|Priority date
|Mar 11, 2006
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Pascal Kopperschmidt
|Original Assignee
|Fresenius Medical Care Deutschland Gmbh
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (34), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (3), Classifications (30), Legal Events (2)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This is a 371 national phase application of PCT/EP2006/011810 filed 8 Dec. 2006, claiming priority to German Patent Application No. 10 2006 011 313.6 filed 11 Mar. 2006, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
The invention relates to a device for monitoring access to a patient of an apparatus for delivering a fluid to the patient or removing fluid from the patient via a hose line. In particular, the invention relates to a device for monitoring vascular access in extracorporeal blood treatment, where a patient's blood is delivered to the patient via a venous hose line, which has a venous puncture cannula or puncture needle, and is removed from the patient via an arterial hose line, which has an arterial puncture cannula or puncture needle. Moreover, the invention relates to a blood treatment apparatus with an extracorporeal blood circuit that has a device for monitoring the arterial and/or venous vascular access. The invention also relates to a method for monitoring a patient access.
In the field of medical technology, a large number of apparatuses are known for delivering fluids to a patient or removing fluids from a patient via a hose line. The access to the patient generally takes place with a catheter for introduction into body organs, or a cannula or needle for puncturing vessels. During the examination or treatment, correct access to the patient must be ensured. It is therefore necessary to monitor the patient access.
In extracorporeal blood treatment, there are particularly high demands on reliability of the vascular access In extracorporeal blood treatment, blood is removed from the patient via an arterial hose line that has an arterial puncture cannula, passed through a dialyzer, and delivered back to the patient via a venous blood line that has a venous puncture cannula. Despite regular monitoring of the patient access by hospital staff, there is the risk of the venous puncture cannula slipping out of the patient's blood vessel unnoticed. When the arterial cannula slips out of the patient's artery, air is sucked into the arterial hose line, which leads to a visual and/or optical alarm and to interruption of the treatment on account of air being detected on the machine side. However, when the venous cannula slips out of the patient's vein, blood can freely flow into the surroundings without being readily detected. If the venous cannula slips out and is not detected immediately, the patient could bleed to death.
To solve this problem, many different devices are known. Some of these devices rely on safety devices provided as standard in blood treatment machines and trigger an immediate interruption of the extracorporeal blood circuit in the event of an incorrect vascular access. The safety devices provided as standard in treatment machines are generally based on monitoring the pressure in the extracorporeal blood circuit. In practice, however, it has been shown that the slipping-out of the venous puncture cannula cannot be detected with sufficient reliability solely by monitoring the pressure in the extracorporeal blood circuit. Some known safety devices do have adequate sensitivity, but are overly sensitive to changes in the patient's position, and this often leads to false alarms. Existing blood treatment apparatuses also cannot be readily retrofitted with the known monitoring devices, but rather the retrofitting is an expensive and cost-intensive intervention.
DE 44 32 348 C2 describes a safety device for a hose line conveying blood, wound discharge or infusion, said safety device reacting to a relative change in position of the hose line. The safety device of DE 44 32 348 C2 has a magnet that is fixed to the hose line and a reed contact that is fixed to the patient. If the hose line is tugged, the distance between the magnet and the reed contact changes and an alarm is triggered.
DE 199 53 068 A1 describes a mechanical safety device that can be fixed to the blood line of a dialysis machine. The safety device of DE 199 53 068 has elastically pre-tensioned clamping jaws, which can be held open by a locking bar fixed to the patient's body, and the blood line is placed between the clamping jaws. A change in position of the blood line moves the locking bar, causing the clamping jaws to pinch off the blood line. This leads to a pressure increase in the blood line, which is detected by the standard known devices for monitoring the pressure in dialysis apparatuses. However, fixing the mechanical safety device to the blood line and to the patient is complicated. Additionally, since the clamping jaws pinch off the blood line abruptly, it is not possible to trigger an alarm before the blood treatment is interrupted. Furthermore, the use of inexpensive plastics as a material for factory assembly of the blood line is also problematic due to the creep processes. The clamping jaws should not be under permanent pre-tensioning, but this is only the case when the clamping jaws are closed. However, since the blood line is pinched off when the clamping jaws are closed, the clamping jaws must be under pre-tensioning. If the device is produced from inexpensive plastics, this could lead to a permanent reduction in the pre-tensioning of the clamping jaws and thus to unfitness of the device for use, as a result of the creep process even at room temperature.
One objective of the present invention is to provide a device which permits reliable monitoring of a patient access, is easy to handle, inexpensive to produce and capable of being retrofitted at any time.
A further objective of the present invention is to provide a method of monitoring a patient access in a straightforward manner at any time with a high degree of reliability. Moreover, an objective of the present invention is to provide an extracorporeal blood treatment apparatus with a monitoring device for a patient access.
The device and method according to the present invention are based on a loop being formed in the fluid-conveying hose line. It is assumed that slipping-out of the puncture cannula or the catheter is due to pulling forces on the hose line. If the hose line is placed under a tractive load, the loop automatically tightens, which leads to an increased pressure loss in the hose line that can easily be detected.
The known blood treatment apparatuses already include a device for monitoring the pressure in the extracorporeal blood circuit. If the pressure exceeds preset limits, the blood treatment apparatuses can emit an alarm and/or interrupt the blood treatment. The mechanical devices required for this are already present in the known blood treatment apparatuses. Thus, the present invention matches the preset limiting values for the pressure in the extracorporeal blood circuit to the hose line used.
It is advantageous that not only can a defective patient access easily be detected, but that the formation of a loop can weaken the transfer of tractive forces to the catheter or the cannula. If the hose is placed under tractive load, the loop first tightens, so that the tractive forces are not immediately transferred to the catheter or the cannula. Only when the loop has tightened to such an extent that the hose kinks are tractive forces transferred to the catheter or the cannula. By then, however, the protective mechanism has already started. Even a small kink is sufficient to permit an increase in the pressure loss in the hose line to be reliably detected. Moreover, it is advantageous that the dynamic pressure builds up more quickly with an increasing flow rate of the fluid. This is especially the case when the hose line is made from a flexible material that easily bends.
If the hose length is dimensioned generously to give the patient suitable freedom of movement, only a few false alarms will arise, because negligible tractive forces occur on the hose line with normal movements. In addition, it is possible for the device for supplying and removing the fluid not to be switched off immediately in the event of a malfunction, but merely for an alarm to be triggered. If an alarm is triggered, the hospital staff can remove the kink by returning the hose line into the loop shape without having to interrupt the treatment.
The device according to the present invention, which can be retrofitted to an apparatus for supplying and removing fluids to or from a patient, has means for fixing a segment of the hose line into the form of a loop. In one embodiment of the present invention, the means for fixing a segment of the hose line into a loop can be fitted on an existing hose line. In another embodiment of the present invention, the means for fixing a segment of the hose line into a loop is designed as a one-piece part of the catheter (puncture wing). In another embodiment, the means for fixing a segment of the hose line into a loop can also be a one-piece part of the catheter.
In the first embodiment, the means for fixing a segment of the hose line into a loop has a first fixing element for the detachable fixing of a first hose segment and a second fixing element for the detachable fixing of a second hose segment, whereby the first and second fixing elements are connected to one another. The two fixing elements can be designed differently. With the first fixing element, the fixing means are fixed to a first hose segment of the hose line. A loop is then formed manually in the hose line, whereby the second hose segment at the end of the loop is fixed with the second fixing element. The effect of this is to prevent the hose line from returning into the original shape. If the hose line is fed loosely at least in one of the two fixing elements, the loop can first tighten in the presence of a tractive load until the hose line finally kinks.
In a preferred embodiment, the first fixing element has a clamp, with which the hose segment can preferably be fixed in a clamped fashion. The diameter of the opening of the clamp is preferably slightly smaller than the diameter of the hose line, so that the hose line can easily be clamped, without the hose being pressed together. In a further preferred embodiment, the second fixing element has an eyelet, through which the hose segment can be passed. Since the hose segment is passed loosely through the eyelet, the loop of the hose line is able to tighten under tractive load.
In further preferred embodiment, the hose line is not passed through the eyelet, but is placed into the eyelet from the side. For this purpose, the hose is slightly pinched together when it is placed into the eyelet. The hose line is prevented from slipping out of the eyelet by closing the eyelet with a snap lock.
It is advantageous for the loop to be formed directly behind the puncture cannula or the catheter, since the hose line is generally subjected to less pulling forces at this point when the patient changes position.
The alternative embodiment, where the means for the fixing of a segment of the hose line is a one-piece part of the catheter (puncture wing), has a fixing element for detachably fixing a segment of a hose line, which either is connected or can be connected to the puncture cannula. The segment of the hose line behind the puncture cannula is formed into a loop and the segment of the hose line lying behind the loop is secured with the fixing element. The fixing element is preferably designed in such a way that the segment of the hose line can be fixed detachably. Alternatively, it is possible for the hose line to form a permanent loop at the catheter (puncture wing).
The fixing elements for the hose segment are preferably eyelets, through which the hose segments can be passed, so that the loop can pull tight in the presence of tractive loading. The eyelet is preferably capable of being splayed apart so that the hose line can be inserted. It can be designed, for example, as a clip or the like for the hose line.
Various examples of embodiment of the invention are explained in greater detail below by reference to the drawings.
Dialyzing fluid circuit II of the hemodialysis apparatus includes a dialyzing fluid source 10, to which a dialyzing fluid supply line 11 is connected, which leads to the inlet of dialysing fluid chamber 4 of the dialyzer. Departing from the outlet of dialyzing fluid chamber 4 of dialyzer 1 is a dialyzing fluid discharge line 12, which leads to a drain 13. A dialyzing fluid pump 14 is incorporated into dialyzing fluid discharge line 12.
The control of the dialysis apparatus is assumed by a central control unit 15, which controls blood and dialysing fluid pumps 9, 14 via control lines 16, 17. Central control unit 15 is connected via a data line 18 to an alarm unit 19, which in the event of a malfunction emits an optical and/or acoustic alarm.
Located on venous hose line 7 downstream of blood chamber 3 of dialyzer 1 is an electromagnetically actuatable hose clamp 20, which is closed via a further control line 21 by central control unit 15 if the venous puncture cannula (needle) slips out of the vascular access. Furthermore, control unit 15 stops blood pump 9 after the slipping-out of the cannula.
In order to monitor the pressure in the arterial hose line, the dialysis apparatus has a monitoring device 22, which is connected via a data line 23 to a pressure sensor 24 which measures the pressure in venous hose line 7. Pressure monitoring device 22 communicates with central control unit 15 via a further data line 25.
The device for monitoring the venous vascular access has means 26, described in detail below, for fixing a hose segment of venous hose line 7 in the form of a loop 27. The loop is formed upstream of venous puncture cannula 8 preferably on a segment of the hose line in which the hose line still lies next to the patient's body, for example on his lower arm.
During the dialysis treatment, venous hose line 7 is not subjected to tractive load. Pressure monitoring device 22 measures a pressure P in the venous hose line that lies within preset limits. The typical venous pressures is about 100 to 200 mmHg. It will be assumed that pressure measuring device 22 measures a venous pressure of 150 mmHg. With such pressure conditions, a limiting-value window of about 100 mmHg is defined, whereby the lower limiting value for the pressure lies at 100 mmHg and the upper limiting value at 200 mmHg. If the measured pressure lies above or below the preset limits of 100 and 200 mmHg, central control unit 15 triggers an optical and/or acoustic alarm.
If tugging occurs on venous hose line 7 upstream of loop 27, there is the risk of puncture cannula 8 slipping out of the patient's vein. If this remains unnoticed, the patient's life is at risk. The pressure drop in the venous hose line due to loss of internal pressure in the patient access of about 15 to 25 mmHg may not however lead to the pressure dropping below the lower limiting value for the venous pressure of 100 mmHg. Thus, the slipping-out of the venous puncture cannula is not detected without the monitoring device according to the present invention.
Since the hose line forms a loop 27 above the puncture cannula, the slipping-out of the puncture cannula 8 leads to the triggering of an alarm and/or the interruption of the blood treatment. If tugging occurs on venous hose line 7, loop 27 is first tightened, so that the tractive force can first be "buffered". Further tractive loading, however, leads to a situation where loop 27 is tightened until the hose finally kinks. Since the blood dams up at the kinking point, the venous pressure in the hose line upstream of the kinking point increases. The dynamic pressure depends on the remaining open cross-section of the kinked hose segment at the kinking point and on the blood flow. Pressure measuring device 22 measures the dynamic pressure before the kinking point by means of pressure sensor 24 arranged upstream of loop 27. Within a short time, approximately 1 to 2 seconds, the pressure rises from 150 mmHg on account of the narrowing at the kinking point, and the upper limiting value of 200 mmHg for the venous pressure is exceeded. Consequently, central control unit 15 triggers an alarm and interrupts the blood treatment by closing venous hose clamp 20 and stopping blood pump 9.
Various limiting values of differing levels can be defined for the monitoring, so that it can be deduced whether the puncture cannula risks slipping out of the vascular access or has partially or completely slipped out. Various preliminary alarms or alarms can be triggered when the individual limiting values are exceeded.
When the loop is tightened, a significant change in pressure occurs only relatively late, i.e. only when the kink formation occurs, thus it must be ensured that the hose line does actually kink. It is advantageous to assist this by a constructional or structural anisotropy of the hose line, whereby the shape and/or the constitution of the material of the hose at the kinking point is changed so as to diverge from the shape and/or constitution of the material outside the kinking point. Thus, for example, a predetermined kinking point can be created by the wall of the hose line being thinner or the hose line diverging from the round cross-sectional shape. Thus, a round hose line can have, for example, an elliptical cross-section at the kinking point.
A first embodiment of the means by which a loop can be formed in a straightforward manner in the hose line is described in the following. The fixing means can be fitted at any time to an existing hose line of a conventional dialysis machine, which generally already has a pressure monitoring device that reacts when the pressure falls above or below preset limiting values.
Fixing means 26 has two fixing elements 28, 29 for venous hose line 7. The two fixing elements 28, 29 are arranged so that the hose segments of the hose line held by the fixing elements 28, 29 run parallel to one another. With first fixing element 28, fixing means 26 are fitted on a hose segment 7A of venous hose line 7 that lies upstream of venous puncture cannula 8, preferably directly before the puncture cannula. First fixing element 28 is a plastic injection-moulded part, which is formed in the manner of a clamp 30 into which hose segment 7A can be inserted. Clamp 30 has a central opening 31 with a diameter slightly smaller than the diameter of hose segment 7A, so that the hose segment can be held in a clamped fashion by the surrounding clamp 30. Clamp 30 has an upper gap 33 through which the hose segment 7A is pushed, the upper gap 33 allowing the clamp to be easily splayed apart. Alternatively, in order to fix the fixing means 26 to the hose line 7, two parallel legs can be provided. In this embodiment, the space between the parallel legs is slightly smaller than the diameter of the hose line, so that the hose line can be easily clamped between the two legs.
Formed on first fixing element 28 is a second fixing element 29, which holds a hose segment 7B of venous hose line 7 when the hose line forms a loop 27. Second fixing element 29 is designed as an eyelet, which can be opened or closed. Eyelet 29 is a plastic injection-moulded part with a lower arc-shaped part 35 and an upper arc-shaped part 36. Lower and upper arc-shaped parts 35, 36 each have a locking hook 37, 38, which engage with one another in a snap-in fashion when lower and upper parts 35, 36 are pressed together.
Upper arc-shaped part 36 is bent upwards and eyelet 29 is opened for the insertion of hose segment 7B, so that the hose segment can be inserted into the gap between upper and lower parts 35, 36 into eyelet 29. The eyelet 29 is then closed by pressing together the upper and lower parts 35, 36, so that hose segment 7B is secured in the eyelet 29. The hose segment 7B lies loosely in the eyelet, so that the loop can tighten when tugging occurs on the hose line 7. If tugging occurs on hose line 7, the loop 27 tightens until the hose line kinks at kinking point 39 (
Hose connection piece 44 has a cylindrical body 45 for receiving the hose end piece, with wings 46, 47 formed on both sides thereof. Fixing element 42 is connected to cylindrical body 45 of hose connection piece 44. Fixing element 42 is an eyelet that can be opened and hose segment 7B of hose line 7 can be pushed into the eyelet 42 from the side after the formation of loop 27. The eyelet 42 comprises two arc-shaped plastic pieces 48, 49, which are formed at the side on the hose connection piece 44, and each arc shaped piece 48, 49 ends in a leg 50, 51 bent off at an angle. After formation of loop 27, hose line 7 is inserted through gap 52 between the two legs 50, 51 from the side into the eyelet 42. The hose line 7 is passed loosely in the eyelet 42, so that the loop can tighten and kink under tractive loading.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
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|Sundell Carl J
|Hose clamp
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|Double ended clip
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|American Hospital Supply Corporation
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|Jan 10, 1984
|Haemonetics Corporation
|Blood donation unit
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|Apr 16, 1985
|The Broken Hill Proprietary Company Limited
|Rail anchoring clip and associated sleeper
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|Nov 24, 1987
|Posey John T
|Method of attaching tube to a tube holder
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|Apr 27, 1993
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|May 10, 1994
|Merit Medical Systems, Inc.
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|Nov 29, 1994
|Skyba; Helmut K.
|Ratchet pulley for tightening cords or ropes
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|Jul 2, 1996
|Catheter Research, Inc.
|Steerable variable stiffness device
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|Nov 26, 1996
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|Safety device for a blood-, wound secretion-or infusion supplying conduit, and blood-wound secretion- or infusion supply system provided therewith
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|Sep 8, 1998
|Autoliv Asp, Inc.
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|Alaris Medical Systems, Inc.
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|Opus Medical, Inc
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|Jul 12, 2001
|Wolfgang Kleinekofort
|Method of monitoring a vascular access and an apparatus for extracorporeal treatment of blood with a device for monitoring the vascular access
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|Method and apparatus for attaching connective tissues to bone using a perforated suture anchoring device
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|Nov 3, 1999
|Jun 13, 2001
|Lutz Wagner
|Infusion fault detection process, comprises using a throttling valve or closure unit at the infusion entry point, which closes the tube automatically if pressure rises or falls
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|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Apr 27, 2011
|Dec 10, 2013
|Martha McKenzie
|Hanger holder accessory and system
|Jun 3, 2014
|May 3, 2016
|Spectrum Health Innovations, LLC
|Medical tube harness
|Jun 3, 2014
|Dec 4, 2014
|Spectrum Health Innovations, LLC
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|U.S. Classification
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|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Dec 18, 2008
Owner name: FRESENIUS MEDICAL CARE DEUTSCHLAND GMBH, GERMANY
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:KOPPERSCHMIDT, PASCAL;REEL/FRAME:022004/0575
Effective date: 20080915
|Oct 27, 2015
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4


text:
Book your room at Hotel Premiere Classe Orly Rungis
Get an overview of this hotelHotel in Rungis with free parking
Situated near the airport, this hotel is 0.9 mi (1.5 km) from Rungis International Market and within 3 mi (5 km) of Espace Jean Monnet and Gustave Roussy. Portes de l'Essonne Aquatic Centre and Maison des Examens are also within 6 mi (10 km).
Hotel Features
A business center, free self parking, and free WiFi in public areas are available at this hotel.
Room Amenities
All 85 rooms offer free WiFi, flat-screen TVs with satellite channels, and showers.Would you like to give us feedback? Share it! Opens in a new window
Hotel Premiere Classe Orly Rungis18 Rue du Pont des Halles Rungis Val-de-Marne 94150
Hotel Amenities
Hotel Amenities
Public areas are equipped with complimentary high-speed wireless Internet access. A business center is on site. Onsite self parking is complimentary.
- Breakfast available (surcharge)
- Business center
- Elevator/lift
- Free self parking
- Free WiFi
- Luggage storage
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
- Number of floors - 5
- Total number of rooms - 85
Available in all rooms: Free WiFi
Available in some public areas: Free WiFi
Free self parking
Room Amenities
- Free cribs/infant beds
- Desk
- Flat-panel TV
- Free WiFi
- Private bathroom
- Satellite TV service
- Shower only
Where to Eat
Breakfast is available for a surcharge and served each morning between 5 AM and 10 AM.
To make requests for specific accessibility needs, complete the "Special or Accessibility Requests" section of "Trip Preferences" when you book your hotel.
- In-room accessibility
- Roll-in shower
Hotel Policies
Minimum check-in age is 18
Special check-in instructions:
Check-out time is noon
Payment types
- Pets allowed for an extra charge of EUR 3 per pet, per night
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
24-hour check-in
No rollaway/extra beds available
Optional extras
- Breakfast fee: EUR 5 per person (approximately)
- Self parking fee: EUR 8 per day
- Pet fee: EUR 3 per pet, per night
Hotel Name
- Hotel Premiere Classe Orly Rungis
- Premiere Classe Orly Rungis
- Premiere Classe Orly Hotel Rungis
- Premiere Classe Orly Rungis Hotel Rungis
- Rungis Premiere Classe Orly
- Hotel Premiere Classe Orly
- Premiere Classe Orly
National Rating
This hotel has received its official star rating from the French Tourism Development Agency, ATOUT France.


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Did these cards for Jumpshare. last year, so thought lets share them with you.
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Remembering "I Have a Dream"
Lurlene Sweeting, 81, witnessed "Martin Luther King's I Have a Dream" speech. At the time, Sweeting, then 36, and her then-husband, James, hopped a train from their home in Philadelphia to join a crowd of hundreds of thousands that marched for civil rights from the Washington Monument to the Lincoln Memorial. For Jobs and Freedom, the March on Washington became a major factor in the passage of civil rights legislation. Sweeting went on to earn a doctorate from Penn State on a fellowship for black leaders, organize Sanfords first Martin Luther King Jr. Day celebration and speaks about her experiences with countless schoolchildren.HILDA M. PEREZ, ORLANDO SENTINEL


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text:
Top Definition
tay-z (v) 1. To apply a disabling electric shock to an unruly, loud, overprivileged college student who may be disrupting an otherwise peaceful seminar with a political figure.
"Don't tase me, Bro!"
by snoodog September 30, 2007
Trending Now
to be hit with a taser gun.
Willis don't make me tase the black off your ass!
by cardinal_fan October 27, 2004
To be shocked, stunned, incapacitated, or provided mild discomfort by a taser gun or "tazabeam", usually preformed by police in order to detain a crazy mofo.
"Don't tase me bro!"
As seen on youtube from the student at UF.
As seen on youtube from the student at UF.
by thirdorchid October 08, 2007
syn. "taste". Usu. lenghtened and embellished for dramatic effect (tasssssse). Refers to any immensely pleasurable consumption, esp. of food or marijuana.
Damn, gettin' my tase at bojangles sure feels great after I got some of that headies tase from the Roor.
This breeze feels good on my neck while i'm gettin' my tase.
This breeze feels good on my neck while i'm gettin' my tase.
by scose September 20, 2006


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