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Annual Exclusion
In reality, many Americans do not have to worry about the Federal Gift Tax. The annual allowance for an individual is $14,000 or $28,000 for married couples (in 2013). It changes annually. It is good to know, however, that payments made directly to schools (qualified education organizations), medical providers or political organizations do not count toward the gift tax exemption amounts.
Applicable Credit Amount
The applicable credit is a credit that reduces or eliminates tax and can be used for both the estate tax and gift tax. This amount may be used in full while living (gifting) and again in full at death. It is not used twice; this is because taxable gifts are added back to the taxable estate.
You must subtract the unified credit from any gift tax that you owe. Any unified credit you use against your gift tax in one year, reduces the amount of credit that you can use against your gift tax in a later year. The total amount used during life against your gift tax reduces the credit available to use against your estate tax.
The unified credit against taxable gifts is $2,045,800 for 2013 and the applicable exclusion amount is $5,250,000.
Gift Splitting
If you and your spouse make a gift to another person, the gift can be considered as made one-half by you and one-half by your spouse. This is known as gift splitting. Both of you must consent (agree) to split the gift. If you do, you each can take the annual exclusion for your part of the gift.
In 2013, gift splitting allows married couples to give up to $28,000 to a person without making a taxable gift. If you gift split, you must file a gift tax return to show that you and your spouse agree to use gift splitting. You must file a Form 709 even if half of the split gift is less than the annual exclusion.
Example: Harry and his wife, Doris, agree to split the gifts that they made during 2013. Harry gives his nephew, Seth, $21,000, and Doris gives her niece, Sabrina, $18,000. Although each gift is more than the annual exclusion ($14,000), by gift splitting they can make these gifts without making a taxable gift. Harry's gift to Seth is treated as one-half ($10,500) from Harry and one-half ($10,500) from Doris. Doris' gift to Sabrina is also treated as one-half ($9,000) from Doris and one-half ($9,000) from Harry. In each case, because one-half of the split gifts are not more than the annual exclusion, they are not a taxable gift. However, Harry and Doris must file a gift tax return.
Prior Taxable Gifts
Adjusted taxable gifts made after 1976 are added to the taxable estate, resulting in a higher tax base. These are not brought back in a second time to be taxed. The gifts are brought back in "gross up" the estate in order to raise the decedent's estate tax bracket for determining the tentative tax. This is known as the "gross up procedure." After the tentative estate tax has been determined, it is reduced by a gift tax credit related to post-1976 gifts (If the tax paid on post-1976 gifts is greater than the amount that would have been paid under the current rates, then the current rates are applied to re-determine the gift tax credit (this is known as the "deemed paid" gift tax credit).
Education and Medical Exclusion
In addition to the annual exclusion of $14,000 per year, amounts paid on behalf of another person as payment for medical care or tuition to an educational institution can be excluded.
- The beneficiary need not be a relative.
- The payment must be made directly to the medical provider or educational institution.
- Tuition requirement – Amounts paid for room, board and books are not excluded.
Marital and Charitable Deductions
Donor spouses can give unlimited amounts to their spouse, who is a U.S. citizen, during the donor spouse's lifetime, without gift tax. If the recipient spouse is not a citizen, gifts of up to $143,000 (in 2013) may be made per year to the non-citizen spouse, with this amount being indexed for inflation. If the donor spouse makes gifts in excess of this amount to the non-citizen spouse, the donor spouse will use a part of the annual exclusion amount for gift tax purposes, if available, or to the extent it is unavailable, may incur some gift tax.
The fair market value of property donated to a qualified charitable organization is deductible. The deduction is not subject to the 50%/30%/20% ceiling for individuals, rather 100% of the gift value is deductible, regardless of property (ordinary or long term gain) and regardless of charity (public or private). And the entire interest in the underlying property must be donated.
Political contributions are not subject to gift tax.
Tax Liability
Financial Advisor
How to Gift Your Way to Lower Estate TaxesEstate planning is not just for inheritance. High net-worth individuals, who plan properly, can gift their money and save on taxes.
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How to Talk to Your Family About Christmas Gift BudgetsTalking Christmas gift budgets with family members can be hard, but having the talk will help you stay on track financially.
Top Websites For Discounted Gift CardsGift cards can cost less when you buy them through a discount website. Just do the math before you cough up the cash.
How Safe Are Discounted Gift Card Websites?Could you buy a gift card online and find out it's worthless? Here's how to protect yourself (and whether you need to).
Personal Finance
10 Sources Of Nontaxable IncomeTaxes are often a deterrent from investing and saving. These financial practices will bring you no tax grief.
Financial Advisor
Surprise! These Items are TaxableThese are 10 surprising taxable items you need to be aware of if you don't want the IRS knocking on your door.
Personal Finance
Ten Things That You Might Not Know Are TaxableWhen you file your taxes this year make sure that you have claimed all taxable income. Here are ten things that you might not know are taxable
Top 7 Estate Planning MistakesMany people try to avoid this process altogether, making things difficult for heirs.
Personal Finance
7 Sources Of Nontaxable IncomeAll income in the United States is taxable, unless a provision specifically excludes it. Here are seven of those exceptions.
Financial Advisor
A Quick Guide to High-Net-Worth Estate PlanningA quick estate planning guide for high-net-worth individuals to help minimize taxes and costs, protect assets and plan for care.


text:
Book your room at Room Mate Luca
Get an overview of this hotelBeaux Arts Florence hotel in San Lorenzo, walk to Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Flower
Located in San Lorenzo, this hotel is within a 5-minute walk of Saint Apollonia Last Supper and Accademia Gallery. Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Flower and San Lorenzo Church are also within 10 minutes.
Hotel Features
This smoke-free hotel features a bar/lounge, meeting rooms, and dry cleaning. Free buffet breakfast and free WiFi in public areas are also provided. Additionally, a 24-hour front desk, a computer station, and free newspapers are onsite.
Room Amenities
All 53 soundproofed rooms feature free WiFi and minibars. For a bit of entertainment, guests will have LCD TVs with cable channels, and other amenities include hair dryers and safes.Would you like to give us feedback? Share it! Opens in a new window
Room Mate LucaVia XXVII Aprile 3 Florence FI 50129
Hotel Amenities
Hotel Amenities
A bar/lounge is on site where guests can unwind with a drink. A complimentary breakfast is offered. A computer station is located on site and high-speed wireless Internet access is complimentary.
2 meeting rooms are available. This Beaux Arts hotel also offers tour/ticket assistance, multilingual staff, and complimentary newspapers in the lobby.
Room Mate Luca is a smoke-free property.
- 24-hour front desk
- Babysitting or childcare (surcharge)
- Bar/lounge
- Free newspapers in lobby
- Computer station
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Elevator/lift
- Free breakfast
- Free WiFi
- Luggage storage
- Meeting rooms
- Multilingual staff
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
- Number of floors - 3
- Number of meeting rooms - 2
- Offsite parking discounted rates available
- Porter/bellhop
- Smoke-free property
- Total number of rooms - 53
- Tours/ticket assistance
- Year Built 1800
Family Friendly Amenities
- Babysitting or childcare (surcharge)
- Free Wi-Fi
- Soundproofed rooms
Available in all rooms: Free WiFi
Available in some public areas: Free WiFi
Offsite parking discounted rates available
Room Amenities
- Air conditioning
- Bathtub or shower
- Bidet
- Cable TV service
- Free toiletries
- Free WiFi
- Hair dryer
- In-room safe
- Iron/ironing board (on request)
- Minibar
- Phone
- Private bathroom
- Soundproofed rooms
Where to Eat
Guests are offered a complimentary buffet breakfast.
To make requests for specific accessibility needs, complete the "Special or Accessibility Requests" section of "Trip Preferences" when you book your hotel.
- Accessible bathroom
- In-room accessibility
- Roll-in shower
Hotel Policies
Check-in time ends at Midnight
Check-in time starts at 2 PM
Special check-in instructions:
Check-out time is noon
Payment types
- Pets not allowed
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
- No onsite parking is available.
No cribs (infant beds) available
This property cannot accommodate bookings of more than 5 rooms per reservation. For more details, please contact the office using the information on the reservation confirmation received after booking.
- A tax is imposed by the city: EUR 4.50 per person, per night, up to 7 nights. This tax does not apply to children under 12 years of age.
Optional extras
- Rollaway beds are available for an additional fee
Hotel Name
- Luca Room Mate
- Room Mate Luca
- Room Mate Luca Florence
- Room Mate Luca Hotel
- Room Mate Luca Hotel Florence
- Carolus Hotel Florence
We should mention
Cash transactions at this property cannot exceed EUR 2999.99, due to national regulations. For further details, please contact the property using information in the booking confirmation.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Invincible, Volume 12
Invincible, Volume 12
Still Standing
Image Comics, Paperback, 9781607061663, 168pp.
Publication Date: February 1, 2010
List Price: $16.99*
* Individual store prices may vary.
Buy at Local Store
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Buy Here
Angstrom Levy finally attacks -- and the world has never been in more danger Guest-starring the entire Image Universe... and this is just a lead-in for CONQUEST Invincible faces his most deadly threats yet in this can't-miss volume of the critically-acclaimed series.
About the Author
ROBERT KIRKMAN is best known for his work on "The Walking Dead "and "Invincible "for Image Comics, as well as "Ultimate X-Men "and "Marvel Zombies "for Marvel Comics. He is one of the five partners of Image Comics and is an executive producer and writer on "The Walking Dead "television show.


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Description from the manager
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Book this 4 bedroom, 4 bathroom villa in Saint Jean today! A total of 8 people can sleep here comfortably.
Guests can enjoy a pool among other amenities offered by this rental.
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Costs vary, with the average weekly rate as low as $8,000.00 to as high as $12,000.00, depending on travel dates.
The owner responds to 30% of inquiries, which is lower than average, and last updated the property's calendar today.
About the manager
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Sibarth Villa Rentals
Sibarth Villa Rentals
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Jaguar's XJ gets styling tweaks, efficiency improvements and new tech in a bid to tackle luxury saloon rivals
The facelifted Jaguar XJ has been spied testing once again, this time in minimal camouflage
Jaguar is set to replace the XK with a larger luxury GT car based on the F-Type. Our exclusive images show how it could look.
A new high-performance Jaguar XJR has been unveiled on the eve of the New York show
Plug-in versions of the Jaguar XJ will take part in the RAC Future Car Challenge in November
Four-wheel-drive variants of the XF and XJ - but they're not for the UK
Special Jaguar XJ Supersport has been built for hot laps of the famous Nurburgring Nordschleife
Special-edition XJ Ultimate is revealed in Beijing featuring a new supercharged V6 that will also power F-Type
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2001 SC1, hesitating and******** when accelerating. Some of the time when at speed, but mostly only when speeding up. Engine runs fine, seems to be something slipping. Reminds me of a u joint problem on an old truck I had. Not sure what it is on the Saturn.
Tuesday, May 10th, 2011 AT 12:48 AM


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San Jose, CAUSA
April 16, 2014
Advanced, I guess. I knit lace and work with cobweb yarn
Some crafts...absolutely nothing...others, like jewelry, wire and metal smithing, I'm a solid intermediate
Meet with friends.
Not at this time.
I am a yarnie...a knitter to the core. When forced, I will pick up a crochet hook.
Wonderful place to knit
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Sisi's state is franticly trying to suppress a movement it claims to have already suppressed. As Egypt's central security chief declared they "will not allow another revolution," the hashtag "the people demand the downfall of the regime" quietly became the top trending topic in the Arab Twittersphere.
A funereal atmosphere descended over western capitals with the announcement of Turkey's parliamentary elections' results, widely described in European and American media as a "shock" and a "black day for Turkey." The picture painted appeared very bleak, as a stream of reports, editorials and op-eds by opposition figures warned of a "return to autocracy and despotism" and declared the outcome as a threat to the "survival of democracy" in the country.
Egypt looks nothing like the promised heaven of stability and cohesiveness. Scores of Egyptians have been murdered by an ever more rampant police, sentenced to death in kangaroo courts, or jailed in the most inhumane conditions where torture is routine. Dissent is not tolerated, with the media and the press reduced to the role of state propagandists singing the General's praises and parroting his words.
Pressure on the lower and middle classes is increasing in view of the state's continued failure to deliver at an acceptable level of efficiency as well as the absence of the rule of law, which results from the deeply rooted corruption and the weakening of the state after three years of protests and political turmoil.
For the United States and many other foreign leaders around the world, from Great Britain to Australia, this sentence was a vivid reminder of Egypt's grotesque reality: that of a country dominated by the military, where the right to a fair trial, a free press, and free expression are blatantly crushed.


text:
Enjoy the new standard in urban living in the heart of Uptown Charlotte. At Camden Cotton Mills our newly upgraded apartment homes offer modern finishes, inspired layouts and skyline views wrapped in the architectural inspiration of Historic Charlotte Cotton Mills. it is a sophisticated lifestyle that comes with personalized service, modern-day conveniences and upscale amenities like a rooftop salt water pool deck, XBox game lounge with 3D TV, and 24-hour fitness center - and all within walking distance of Uptown's dining and entertainment Please note that all floor plan availabilty is subject to change. Call for details.
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text: Posted August 26, 2013 I do not know if it is denial or whatever, but Saints fans are saying they have much better talent on the roster at OLB. Several fans stated he wasn't making the switch well and couldn't keep up with the speed. Bunch of optimists...the complete opposite of what we have here at the Huddle. Share this post Link to post Share on other sites


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Utility reports more copper theftsOctober 08,2012Green Mountain Power says copper thefts from its Vermont electric substations are reaching the point where thieves are threatening the lives of utility workers and the nearby public.
The utility said that over the past two months, as many as four Green Mountain Power substations have been vandalized by copper thieves, compromising the safety and integrity of these facilities.
GMP Safety Director Matt McCoy said the utilitys greatest fear is that a life will be lost. He said it could be one of the vandals, a GMP employee or an unsuspecting child wandering into a substation left unsecured by thieves.
At one substation, the thieves cut the lock to the gate, which created a public hazard by allowing access to a dangerous facility.MORE IN Vermont NewsDemocratic Gubernatorial Candidate Peter Galbraith released a proposal Thursday to quash the... Full StoryMONTPELIER For Sue Minter, the destruction of Tropical Storm Irene and the states successful... Full StoryDemocratic Gubernatorial Candidate Peter Galbraith released a proposal Thursday to quash the... Full Story
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text:
It's all in the title. How is it possible to output a carriage return in a
\message. For debugging purposes, I need to get readable messages. The obvious doesn't work :
\message{A\cr B} outputs
A\cr B and
\message{A\\B} produces an error like this
Undefined control sequence.
\\ ->\let \reserved@e
\relax \let \reserved@f
Thanks for your help !


text:
I have been a private math tutor for over ten(10) years and am a certified secondary math instructor in the state of Texas. I have taught middle and high-school math for over ten (10) years. I am available to travel all over the greater Houston area, including as far south as Pearland, as far north as Spring, as far west as Katy and as far east as the Galena Park/Pasadena area.
Houston, TXView Tutor
...I was award at the MOLAA Museum Of Latin American Art in Los Angeles, CA. It will be a pleasure to pass my joy of art to others. I have been drawing and painting all my life.
Houston, TXView Tutor
...I am highly knowledgeable in math, science and the Russian language. My creative and innovative approach to teaching makes complex scientific concepts simple and understandable. My rates are fair, and my schedule is flexible.
Houston, TXView Tutor
I am a highly competent, effective Spanish Tutor for all ages, with a PhD in Educational Leadership and Master's in Spanish. I have taught successfully all levels of education?from kindergarten to doctoral courses?throughout over 30 years as a teacher and professor in schools and universities in Ve...
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...I believe that every individual is created to be natural learners, and with clear instruction, any student is able to effectively learn any subject. When tutoring, I enjoy receiving questions from students, so that I can provide instruction according to specific needs. My approach is to teach f...
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text:
Running back C.J. Spiller was thrown into the Bills' feature role when Fred Jackson was injured last season, and responded in a big way, finishing with 561 yards on 5.2 yards per carry while also catching 39 passes last season.
After a disappointing rookie season, Spiller's emergence in 2011 has spilled into Buffalo's offseason program.
"His confidence level just went through the roof in my opinion," Bills coach Chan Gailey said. "He knows what to do a lot better now. He has a lot of confidence that he can play running back, he can go out and play receiver, he can do a lot of things and blocking.
"He's gotten better at his blocking from the previous year. His ball security was a lot better last year. He carried it multiple times and did a good job of controlling the ball. Just his overall confidence level I think is very good this year."
The Bills re-signed Jackson in the offseason, and one of Gailey's offseason priorities is constructing an offense that suits both players while also getting them enough touches.
"You're trying to construct enough to create problems for the defense but not so much that you're relying totally on having both of them at the same time," Gailey said. "That's a fine line that you walk creating offenses to be able to take advantage of both good players."
Both running backs are excellent receivers, providing a lot of versatility in an offense that often features three, four and even five receivers.
"C.J. and I are joking with each other when we go in what position we're at. I'm trying to confuse him and he's trying to confuse me," Jackson said. "The more we get used to doing it the better we'll get at doing it. Hopefully it'll be something we can use as a tool throughout the season."
The Bills are also working fullback Dorin Dickerson into certain packages. While he's not a traditional blocker the team wants going up against defensive linemen, he is an H-Back candidate with his own versatility as a receiver.
"He's good enough to block on the line some but to say down-in and down-out that you would ask him to go line up against big defensive ends, we wouldn't do that. We're going to try to take his abilities and work things around to let him be good."
--Backup quarterback Tyler Thigpen is expected to miss the rest of this week's OTA work due to a nagging rib cage injury.
--Offensive tackle Erik Pears will be out until training camp following minor surgery for an undisclosed injury.
--Outside linebacker/defensive end Shawne Merriman continues to progress after returning to practice last week as he continues to work his way back following Achilles surgery.
"He's coming off the edge with that same speed and quickness that I remember. It looks good right now," Gailey said. "The best thing about it is he says he feels good. There's not one of those where he's feeling something or trying to hide something or limping or something that like that as he's coming off the field at the end of practice. He's bouncing off at the end of practice like he did at the start of practice."
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text:
Grand Beach - Bookshelf
95 pages
Myrtle Beach and the Grand Strand
Images in this volume span the 20th century, chronicling the evolution of a resort once touted as "the world's greatest playground.
About this book
The once-quiet towns of the Grand Strand are being replaced by mega-structures for accommodation, dining, and entertainment. Images in this volume span the 20th century, chronicling the evolution of a resort once touted as "the world's greatest playground." Featured are the former Myrtle Beach Pavilion, beach hotel expansions, and freshwater estuaries overshadowed by development.
128 pages
Harbor Country
Seven. GRAND. BEACH. By the first years of the 20th century, the southern part of New Buffalo Township along the lakefront had been stripped of much of its original pine forest — the lumber used for telegraph poles and railroad ties.
64 pages
Cruise Travel
Grand. Beach. Resort. Exceptional example of St. Thomas vacation facilities offering variety and convenience On Sun Line's Luxury Cruises in the Exotic Zone; you'll. Typical, spacious Grand Beach double rooms feature wet bars/ refrigerators ...
About this book
Cruise Travel is the world's leading cruise vacation magazine. Whether you're an experienced cruiser, a first-timer, or just dreaming of a cruise vacation, Cruise Travel is for you. Every issue is packed with full color features on the best cruise ships as well as complete deck plans for our "Ship of the Month" feature. Also included, is a complete cruise calendar featuring cruises throughout the U.S. and the world. Embarkation ports, all ports-of-call, and itineraries are also featured as well as complete costs of the cruises. Reviews of new and classic vessels, tips on shore excursions and shopping, and much more all written by industry leading travel writers and photographers.


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Nov 27, 2007
|Filing date
|Mar 15, 2004
|Priority date
|Mar 15, 2004
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Hardayal Singh Gill
|Original Assignee
|Hitachi Global Technologies Netherlands B.V.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (27), Referenced by (1), Classifications (13), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates to magnetoresitive sensors and more particularly to a giant magnetoresistive sensor, GMR having an improved free layer stability.
The heart of a computer is an assembly that is referred to as a magnetic disk drive. The magnetic disk drive includes a rotating magnetic disk, write and read heads that are suspended by a suspension arm adjacent to a surface of a rotating magnetic disk and an actuator that swings the suspension arm to place the read and write heads over selected circular tracks on the rotating disk. The read and write heads are directly located on a slider that has an air bearing surface (ABS). The suspension arm biases the slider into contact with the surface of the disk when the disk is not rotating but, when the disk rotates, air is swirled by the rotating disk. When the slider rides on the air bearing, the write and read heads are employed for writing magnetic impressions to and reading magnetic impressions from the rotating disk. The read and write heads are connected to processing circuitry that operates according to a computer program to implement the writing and reading functions.
The write head includes a coil layer embedded in first, second and third insulation layers (insulation stack), the insulation stack being sandwiched between first and second pole piece layers. A gap is formed between the first and second pole piece layers by a gap layer at an air bearing surface (ABS) of the write head and the pole piece layers are connected at a back gap. Current conducted to the coil layer induces a magnetic flux in the pole pieces which causes a magnetic field to fringe out at a write gap at the ABS for the purpose of writing the aforementioned magnetic impressions in tracks on the moving media, such as in circular tracks on the aforementioned rotating disk.
In recent read head designs a spin valve sensor, also referred to as a giant magnetoresistive (GMR) sensor, has been employed for sensing magnetic fields from the rotating magnetic disk. The sensor includes a nonmagnetic conductive layer, hereinafter referred to as a spacer layer, sandwiched between first and second ferromagnetic layers, hereinafter referred to as a pinned layer and a free layer. First and second leads are connected to the spin valve sensor for conducting a sense current therethrough. The magnetization of the pinned layer is pinned perpendicular to the air bearing surface (ABS) and the magnetic moment of the free layer is located parallel to the ABS, but free to rotate in response to external magnetic fields. The magnetization of the pinned layer is typically pinned by exchange coupling with an antiferromagnetic layer.
The thickness of the spacer layer is chosen to be less than the mean free path of conduction electrons through the sensor. With this arrangement, a portion of the conduction electrons is scattered by the interfaces of the spacer layer with each of the pinned and free layers. When the magnetizations of the pinned and free layers are parallel with respect to one another, scattering is minimal and when the magnetizations of the pinned and free layer are antiparallel, scattering is maximized. Changes in scattering alter the resistance of the spin valve sensor in proportion to cos θ, where θ is the angle between the magnetizations of the pinned and free layers. In a read mode the resistance of the spin valve sensor changes proportionally to the magnitudes of the magnetic fields from the rotating disk. When a sense current is conducted through the spin valve sensor, resistance changes cause potential changes that are detected and processed as playback signals.
A spin valve sensor is characterized by a magnetiresistive (MR) coefficient that is substantially higher than the MR coefficient of an anisotropic magnetoresistive (AMR) sensor. For this reason a spin valve sensor is sometimes referred to as a giant magnetoresistive (GMR) sensor. When a spin valve sensor employs a single pinned layer it is referred to as a simple spin valve. When a spin valve employs an antiparallel (AP) pinned layer it is referred to as an AP pinned spin valve. An AP spin valve includes first and second magnetic layers separated by a thin non-magnetic coupling layer such as Ru. The thickness of the spacer layer is chosen so as to antiparallel couple the magnetizations of the ferromagnetic layers of the pinned layer. A spin valve is also known as a top or bottom spin valve depending upon whether the pinning layer is at the top (formed after the free layer) or at the bottom (before the free layer). A pinning layer in a bottom spin valve is typically made of platinum manganese (PtMn). The spin valve sensor is located between first and second nonmagnetic electrically insulating read gap layers and the first and second read gap layers are located between ferromagnetic first and second shield layers. In a merged magnetic head a single ferromagnetic layer functions as the second shield layer of the read head and as the first pole piece layer of the write head. In a piggyback head the second shield layer and the first pole piece layer are separate layers.
Sensors can also be categorized as current in plane (CIP) sensors or as current perpendicular to plane (CPP) sensors. In a CIP sensor, current flows from one side of the sensor to the other side parallel to the planes of the materials making up the sensor. Conversely, in a CPP sensor the sense current flows from the top of the sensor to the bottom of the sensor perpendicular to the plane of the layers of material making up the sensor.
Yet another type of sensor, somewhat similar to a CPP GMR sensor is a Tunnel Valve. A tunnel valve employs an electrically insulating spacer layer rather than a conductive spacer layer. A tunnel valve operates based on quantum mechanical tunneling of electrons through the insulating spacer layer. This tunneling is maximized when the magnetizations of the free and pinned layers are parallel to one another adjacent to the spacer layer.
The incredibly demanding data storage industry requires ever increasing data densities and data rates from storage products such as disk drives. One way to increase the amount of data tat can be stored on a disk is to increase the number of tracks per inch, or track density. This of course requires that magnetic sensors used to read those tracks must have ever decreasing track widths. However, the small tracks widths demanded in current products lead to free layer stability challenges. Although the magnetization of a free layer is free to rotate in the presence of a magnetic field, it must be biased in a desired direction, parallel with the ABS. This magnetic biasing is generally provided by a hard bias layer constructed of a high coercivity (high Hc) material, which may be formed either at each lateral side of the sensor or in stack (ie. below or above the free layer).
If the free layer magnetization switches direction, a condition referred to in the industry as "amplitude flipping", the head will become useless. The amount of magnetic field necessary to cause this undesirable flipping is called the flipping field. As one can see, higher flipping fields are desirable, because a higher flipping field means that the free layer is more resistant to flipping. However, this resistance to flipping is a function of the volume of the hard bias layer. Increasing the thickness of the hard bias layer can increase the resistance of the free layer to amplitude flipping. However, this increase in bias layer thickness is limited by the physical restraints on the sensor thickness. To maintain a high data rate, the number of bits per inch on a track of data must be maximized. Since the number of bits per inch is a function of the length of a bit, and therefore, a function of the total sensor thickness, the thickness of the sensor must be minimized.
As track widths shrink, free layers become more and more unstable and prone to flipping. As discussed above, one cannot simply increase the bias layer thickness to overcome this instability. Therefore, there remains a strong felt need for a mechanism for improving free layer biasing in a small track width sensor without sacrificing gap thickness budget. Such a mechanism would be preferably be useful in a CPP sensor design, since CPP sensor designs show great promise for use in future perpendicular recording systems in which bits of data are recorded in magnetic transitions formed perpendicular to the plane of the magnetic medium.
The present invention provides a sensor having an in stack bias layer for biasing a free layer of a magnetoresistive sensor. The sensor has first and second side walls defining a track width. A bias pinning layer formed adjacent said sensor bias layer extends laterally outward beyond said track width.
By extending laterally outward beyond said track width, the coercivity of the bias pinning layers can be greatly increased without making the bias pinning layers unnecessarily thick. The bias pinning layer can be constructed as a first and second magnetic layers separated from one another by a non-magnetic coupling layer.
By extending the pinning layers beyond the track width of the sensor effective bias layer pinning can be achieved with the first and second magnetic layers of the pinning layer being only about 20 to 40 angstroms thick.
The sensor may include one or more magnetic shields and at least one shield may be constructed to extend into a sensor thickness region to be formed adjacent to the sides of the sensor and to extend laterally outward therefrom. The use of an in stack bias layer allows the use of a shield that extends into sensor side regions. The use of such a shield advantageously prevents the sensor from picking up magnetic signals from adjacent tracks (ie. adjacent track reading).
For a fuller understanding of the nature and advantages of this invention, as well as the preferred mode of use, reference should be made to the following detailed description read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
The following description is of the best embodiments presently contemplated for carrying out this invention. This description is made for the purpose of illustrating the general principles of this invention and is not meant to limit the inventive concepts claimed herein.
Referring now to
At least one slider 113 is positioned near the magnetic disk 112, each slider 113 supporting one or more magnetic head assemblies 121. As the magnetic disk rotates, slider 113 moves radially in and out over the disk surface 122 so that the magnetic head assembly 121 may access different tracks of the magnetic disk where desired data are written. Each slider 113 is attached to an actuator arm 119 by way of a suspension 115. The suspension 115 provides a slight spring force which biases slider 113 against the disk surface 122. Each actuator arm 119 is attached to an actuator means 127. The actuator means 127 as shown in
During operation of the disk storage system, the rotation of the magnetic disk 112 generates an air bearing between the slider 113 and the disk surface 122 which exerts an upward force or lift on the slider. The air bearing thus counter-balances the slight spring force of suspension 115 and supports slider 113 off and slightly above the disk surface by a small, substantially constant spacing during normal operation.
The various components of the disk storage system are controlled in operation by control signals generated by control unit 129, such as access control signals and internal clock signals. Typically, the control unit 129 comprises logic control circuits, storage means and a microprocessor. The control unit 129 generates control signals to control various system operations such as drive motor control signals on line 123 and head position and seek control signals on line 128. The control signals on line 128 provide the desired current profiles to optimally move and position slider 113 to the desired data track on disk 112. Write and read signals are communicated to and from write and read heads 121 by way of recording channel 125.
With reference to
With reference now to
The sensor includes a magnetic pinned layer 306, which can be an antiparallel pinned layer having first and second magnetic layers 308, 310 separated by a non-magnetic coupling layer 312, which may be for example Ru. The first and second magnetic layers 308, 310 can be constructed of several magnetic materials such as for example Co50Fe50 or some other suitable material, and have magnetizations that are pinned antiparallel to one another perpendicular to the ABS as indicated by symbols 314, 316. The pinned layer can be pinned by exchange coupling one of the magnetic layers 316, with a layer of antiferromagnetic material (AFM layer) 318. While antiferromagnetic layers in and of themselves do are not magnetic, when exchange coupled with a magnetic material, they very strongly pin the magnetization of that magnetic material. Alternatively, the pinned layer 306 could be self pinned, in which case it would be pinned without the assistance of an AFM layer. In that case the pinned layer would be pinned by a combination of intrinsic anisotropy of the magnetic layers 316, 314 along with magnetostriction of those layers 314, 316 combined with compressive stresses inevitably present in a completed sensor 300.
With continued reference to
A cap layer 326 such as Ta may be provided at the top of the sensor 300 to protect the sensor from corrosion during manufacture. The sensor has first and second laterally opposed sides that define a track width TW of the sensor. This track width is the width to which the sensor is able to read. As discussed above, the smallest possible track width TW is desired in order to increase the track pitch on the magnetic medium being read. Areas outside of the track width within a sensor thickness region can include first and second fill regions 328, 330 which can be for example alumina.
With continued reference to
The magnetization of the bias layer 332 is set by a bias pinning layer 336, which may include first and second antiparallel coupled magnetic layers 338, 340 separated by a non-magnetic coupling layer 342 such as Ru which may be 4 to 8 angsroms thick. The antiparallel coupled magnetic layers are constructed of a high coercivity material such as CoPtCr, and have thicknesses that are as close as possible to one another. Making the thickness as close as possible to one another increases the coercivity of the bias pinning layer 336, because the coercivity of an antiaprallel coupled structure is proportional to 1/(t1–t2), where t1 and t2 are the thicknesses of the first and second magnetic layers respectively. The bias pinning layer 336 may be constructed upon a seed layer 344, such as Cr, which may be 20 to 40 angtroms thick.
The coercivity of the pinning layer 336 (and therefore its ability to prevent free layer flipping) is proportional to the volume of its magnetic layers 340, 338. However, the thickness of these layers is constrained by the gap budget (ie. the distance between the shields 302, 304. According to the present invention, increased bias pinning coercivity is provided by extending the pinning layer 336 substantially beyond the track width TW of the sensor. In fact, by extending the pinned layer 336 beyond the track width of the sensor, the magnetic layers 338, 340 can be made as thin as 20 to 40 angstroms each.
With reference now to
With reference now to
While various embodiments have been described above, it should be understood that they have been presented by way of example only, and not limitation. Thus, the breadth and scope of a preferred embodiment should not be limited by any of the above-described exemplary embodiments, but should be defined only in accordance with the following claims and their equivalents.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|May 29, 1998
|Feb 8, 2000
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Magnetic tunnel junction magnetoresistive sensor with in-stack biasing
|May 29, 1998
|Sep 5, 2000
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Magnetic tunnel junction memory cell with in-stack biasing of the free ferromagnetic layer and memory array using the cell
|Oct 28, 1999
|Jul 24, 2001
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Magnetic sensors having antiferromagnetically exchange-coupled layers for longitudinal biasing
|Mar 8, 2001
|Aug 20, 2002
|Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V.
|Magnetic field element having a biasing magnetic layer structure
|Jan 4, 2001
|Oct 29, 2002
|International Business Machines Corporation
|In-stack single-domain stabilization of free layers for CIP and CPP spin-valve or tunnel-valve read heads
|Jan 31, 2002
|Dec 30, 2003
|International Business Machines Corporation
|In-stack longitudinal bias structure for CIP spin valve sensors with bias layer electrically insulated from free layer
|May 11, 2001
|Jan 20, 2004
|International Business Machines Corporation
|CPP magnetoresistive sensors with in-stack longitudinal biasing and overlapping magnetic shield
|May 6, 1999
|May 18, 2004
|Seagate Technology Llc
|Spin valve/GMR sensor using synthetic antiferromagnetic layer pinned by Mn-alloy having a high blocking temperature
|Mar 21, 2002
|May 25, 2004
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Current perpendicular to the planes (CPP) spin valve sensor with in-stack biased free layer and self-pinned antiparallel (AP) pinned layer structure
|Mar 21, 2002
|Feb 15, 2005
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Spin valve sensor with in-stack biased free layer and antiparallel (AP) pinned layer pinned without a pinning layer
|Jan 21, 2003
|Mar 1, 2005
|Alps Electric Co., Ltd.
|Cpp magnetic sensing element in which pinned magnetic layers of upper and lower multilayer films are magnetized antiparallel to each other, method for making the same, and magnetic sensing device including the same
|Jan 18, 2002
|May 3, 2005
|Hitachi Global Storage Technologies Netherlands B.V.
|High linear density tunnel junction flux guide read head with in-stack longitudinal bias stack (LBS)
|Apr 24, 2001
|Oct 24, 2002
|Carey Matthew Joseph
|Stability-enhancing underlayer for exchange-coupled magnetic structures, magnetoresistive sensors, and magnetic disk drive systems
|Jul 13, 2001
|Oct 31, 2002
|Tdk Corporation
|Current perpendicular-to-the-plane magnetoresistance read head
|May 11, 2001
|Nov 14, 2002
|International Business Machines Corporation
|CPP magnetoresistive sensors with in-stack longitudinal biasing and overlapping magnetic shield
|Jan 18, 2002
|Jul 24, 2003
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Flux guide read head with in stack biased current perpendicular to the planes (CPP) sensor
|Jan 21, 2003
|Jul 31, 2003
|Naoya Hasegawa
|CPP magnetic sensing element in which pinned magnetic layers of upper and lower multilayer films are magnetized antiparallel to each other, method for making the same, and magnetic sensing device including the same
|Mar 10, 2003
|Sep 18, 2003
|Alps Electric Co., Ltd.
|Magnetic sensing element with side shield layers
|Mar 21, 2002
|Sep 25, 2003
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Spin valve sensor with in-stack biased free layer and antiparallel (AP) pinned layer pinned without a pinning layer
|Mar 21, 2002
|Sep 25, 2003
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Current perpendicular to the planes (CPP) spin valve sensor with in-stack biased free layer and self-pinned antiparallel (AP) pinned layer structure
|Apr 2, 2002
|Oct 2, 2003
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Dual spin valve sensor with a longitudinal bias stack
|Apr 8, 2003
|Oct 23, 2003
|Alps Electric Co., Ltd.
|CPP magnetic sensing element
|Jan 31, 2002
|Nov 6, 2003
|Carey Kashmira J.
|In-stack longitudinal bias structure for CIP spin valve sensors with bias layer electrically insulated from free layer
|Jun 19, 2002
|Dec 25, 2003
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Stabilization structures for CPP sensor
|Jul 15, 2002
|Jan 15, 2004
|International Business Machines Corporation
|CPP sensor with in-stack biased free layer
|Jul 29, 2003
|Jun 24, 2004
|Sony Corporation
|Optical proximity spatial transmission system
|Oct 27, 2003
|Apr 28, 2005
|Seagate Technology Llc
|Biasing for tri-layer magnetoresistive sensors
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Oct 20, 2005
|Apr 26, 2007
|Seagate Technology Llc
|Double bias for a magnetic reader
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Mar 15, 2004
Owner name: HITACHI GLOBAL STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES NETHERLANDS B.
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:GILL, HARDAYAL SINGH;REEL/FRAME:015105/0089
Effective date: 20040311
|Jul 4, 2011
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Nov 27, 2011
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Jan 17, 2012
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20111127


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After a long and hard battle, our hearts ache for the loss of Mike Logan. Mike passed away this morning with family close. Thank you for your prayers and thoughts. Please continue to send prayers to the family. You May Also be Interested in: Please Pray for Mike Logan On November 5th, Mike was taken by ambulance to the hospital...
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Derek Holland Has a Very Messy Apartment, And Mike Napoli's Mom Is, Like, the Best
Livin' The Dream: Derek Holland from MLB Players on Vimeo.
Found these on Vimeo this morning: behind-the-scenes glimpses into the lives of Mike Na-po-li! and Derek Holland. They were produced by the Major League Baseball Players Association, part of a post-season web series titled "Livin' the Dream," but appear to have been little seen since being posted earlier this week.
Shame too: Napoli's profile, which follows, is all about his tight-knit relationship with his mom (she's tattooed on his arm, so, yeah), while Holland's is a peek into his BeerPong-ed apartment, where we meet his girlfriend Lauren and his dog Wrigley. And: We discover it will take 40 years for Holland's 'stache to grow in.
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cleans well but
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from Colorado, United States
This dishwasher cleans very well but the problem is if you open it to put in something you missed, you have to start the cycle all over again. I would like this if it weren't for that one problem. That is the reason I would not recommend this dishwasher.
Bottom Line No, I would not recommend this to a friend
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Dr. Diab graduated from the Univ of Aleppo, Fac of Med, Aleppo, Syria in 1978. He works in Cleveland, OH and 1 other location and specializes in Rheumatology. Dr. Diab is affiliated with Fairview Hospital, Southwest General Health Center and St John Medical Center.
Medical School: Univ of Aleppo, Fac of Med, Aleppo, Syria; Graduated 1978
Please verify insurance information directly with your doctor's office as it may change frequently.
*This physician has multiple office locations. See Office Information for details.
3838 W 150th St
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Amazing Lip Color & Moist
Amazing lip color, great pigmentation! Long lasting, goes on smooth & is moisturizing. I HIGHLY recommend this lipstick!! I'd definitely buy it again! I gave a couple of them as gifts and everyone was happy happy!! .
my favorite lipstick
This is my favorite lipstick color. I was having a hard time finding it in the drugstore. I was thrilled to see it here and i ordered it right away.
- How did the image on site compare with the actual product? image looked like actual product
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The Pajama Program, a New York-based national nonprofit that provides at-risk children with new pajamas and books, held its 10th annual Pajama Program Awards May 9 at Capitale on the Lower East Side. This year's honorees included four individuals who have demonstrated a commitment to children's literacy and whose efforts to help improve their communities have made a difference in the lives of millions.
Those recognized at the event were Judy Newman, executive vice president of book clubs and e-commerce at Scholastic; Paula Zahn, host of Investigation Discovery's "On the Case with Paula Zahn" and co-host of WNET/Channel 13's "Sunday Arts"; Laura Schroff, New York Times-bestselling author of the recently released An Invisible Thread; and Maurice Mazyck, the subject of Schroff's book. Schroff met Mazyck on the street in 1986, when he was an 11-year-old homeless panhandler. An Invisible Thread is the story of how Schroff changed that boy's life, and how he in turn changed hers. The two received a joint award from the Pajama Program for their extraordinary relationship.
The Pajama Program has been recognized as an advocate for children living in group homes and shelters, most of whom have never enjoyed the simple comfort of having a parent tuck them in at bedtime with clean pajamas and a story. The program has provided more than 1 million new pajamas and new books to children in need nationwide through its 63 chapters in 40 states. For more information, visit pajamaprogram.org. which ultimately changed the life of a child in need.
Kaitlin Ahern is Deputy Editor of NYMetroParents. She currently lives in Park Slope, Brooklyn. Kaitlin has a degree in magazine journalism from Syracuse University. See More
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Tips for parents on how to prevent summer slide in reading.
The moms behind Mabel's Labels, a durable and adorable personalized label company, share their tips for making back-to-school lunches for kids creative and nutritious.
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Wilted Spinach Toss
|Bacon slices
|1⁄4 Cup (4 tbs)
|Salad oil
|1 Tablespoon
|1 1⁄2 Teaspoon
|1⁄4 Teaspoon
|Dried tarragon leaves
|1⁄8 Teaspoon, crushed
|Freshly ground black pepper
|1 Dash
|Chopped celery
|1⁄4 Cup (4 tbs)
|Sliced green onion
|1 Tablespoon
|Torn up spinach
|6 Cup (96 tbs) (Fresh)
|2 Medium, peeled and cut in bite-size pieces
In large skillet, cook bacon till crisp; drain, reserving 2 tablespoons bacon drippings.
Crumble bacon and set aside.
Stir vinegar, oil, sugar, salt, tarragon, and pepper into reserved drippings; bring to boiling.
Add chopped celery and sliced green onion.
Gradually add spinach, tossing just till leaves are coated and wilted slightly.
Add oranges and crumbled bacon; toss lightly.
Rate It
Nutrition Rank
Nutrition Facts
Serving size: Complete recipe
Calories 380 Calories from Fat 161
% Daily Value*
Total Fat 18 g28.1%
Saturated Fat 1.7 g8.4%
Trans Fat 0.3 g
Cholesterol 5.2 mg1.7%
Sodium 607 mg25.3%
Total Carbohydrates 52 g17.4%
Dietary Fiber 9.9 g39.5%
Sugars 42 g
Protein 5 g9.1%
Vitamin A 31.8% Vitamin C 289.5%
Calcium 19.1% Iron 5%
*Based on a 2000 Calorie diet


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-Most bands are lucky to make it twenty-seven minutes. ANTISEEN is TWENTY SEVEN years old. That they managed to sustain without suckling from the swollen udders of the fat corporate cow makes the their longevity all that much more impressive. Factor in their abrasive sound, controversial lyrics and confrontational live show, and their longevity is fucking amazing.
----ANTiSEEN have forged their reputation on deeds, not words. They didn't wait for somebody else to recognize what it is they did, they went out on the road and worked the circuit in honest old-school DIY fashion. Blood sweat and (your) tears... They paid their dues. Hell they paid MY dues. They've paid YOUR dues.
----There are the recordings. LOTS of them. Somewhere around 16 lp's and 40-something ep's - I mean, fuck the major labels, right? Get in, get it on, get it done. SUB-POP, Rave, TKO, New Rose, Steel Cage and Safehouse being but a few of the 'name' indies gutsy enough to handle the mighty ANTiSEEN.
----There are the live shows. Savage assualts on your senses: volume, bloodshed, destruction and carnage. Forget emo, rockabilly or any other sub-genre, ANTiSEEN deliver full throttled energy and action without a sub-genre safety net.
----There are the fans. A devout cult following spanning the globe of the disenfranchised and disillusioned finding empathy and understanding by the most disenfranchised and disillusioned band in the world. Fuck 'scene' unity, this here runs a helluva lot deeper and sustains far longer.
----Sure, over the course of twenty-seven years they've had their share of controversy and confrontation. Dismissed as talentless hacks, redneck thugs, racist, homophobic, mysoginistic... you name it. ANTiSEEN absorbs it all without defense. They don't need to defend themselves, coz they know better. And they know what doesn't kill you makes you MEANER. So if you dont 'get it', GET OUT.
Coz ANTiSEEN ain't going anywhere.
-- Russ 'Mad Brother' Ward


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Addy Miller, Jason Burkey, James Alcorn
Waiting for Butterflies
When a grandmother becomes ill, her last wish is for her family to be by her side, but in order for this to happen they must find the strength from God to heal the wounds caused by a tragedy that happened years ago.+ More
Alex Kenrick; Shannen Fields; Jason McLeod
Andrew Wommack
Gospel Truth
Over forty years ago, an encounter with God changed our lives forever, and we believe He'll do the same for you. We consider it a privilege to have the opportunity to share the truth of His life-changing power and grace with you.+ More
Andy Lovorn
Red Big Fire Truck
This family film follows an orphaned six-year-old boy, who lands at a halfway house in Northern Virginia, thrives in nine foster homes, and ultimately becomes the 16-year-old young man who wants to serve in the US military. Red Big Fire Truck is a story about patriotic dreams and the incredible miracle of family.+ More
Anthony Tyler Quinn, Danielle Bisutti, Jay Underwood
No Greater Love
Best friends from childhood, Jeff and Heather are married by age 22. After the birth of their only child, however, Heather falls into an uncontrollable depression and abandons husband and infant son. Now, ten years later, Jeff's world is dramatically rocked when Heather shockingly reappears in the most unusual place.+ More
Apostle Frederick K.C. Price
Ever Increasing Faith with Apostle Frederick K.C. Price
Apostle Frederick K.C. Prices' primary vision is to teach the uncompromised Word of God and to proclaim the "Good News" of Jesus Christ. Through his television program Apostle Price aims to minister by precept and example, teaching the body of Christ to walk in victory and to adopt a lifestyle that is beyond reproach.+ More


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81 Ratings
Barefoot Cellars Cabernet Sauvignon
Wine Details
Winemaker's Notes
(From «nv» Vintage) Big berry flavors like currant, raspberry and blackberry jam with a velvety vanilla finish. Lush and lasting, it's sure to make a big impression.
nice wine with hint of spice (clove) and oak strong fruit tastes. went well with chocolate
Frutos del bosque, notas a sandía, redondo, joven, final medio
A little too dry on the palette.
oak and current
good cheap wine
oak, currant


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- Swimmer Ryan Lochte reveals one of his worst dates - US Weekly
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- Despite rumors, Eddie Murphy's daughter is not pregnant - Gossip Cop
- The Vampire Diaries star Michael Trevino steps out for a good cause - Just Jared Jr
- Are Blac Chyna and Kylie Jenner on good terms? - Radar
- Blue Ivy is just as stylish as her mom Beyonce! - Lainey Gossip
- This Narcos star confirms he's not coming back for another season of the show - The Hollywood Reporter
09 December 2013 at 7:03 PM
Orlando Bloom & Evangeline Lilly: 'Hobbit' Berlin Premiere!
About this photo set: Orlando Bloom and co-star Evangeline Lilly are all dressed up while attending the premiere of their latest flick The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug held at Cinestar… Read More Here
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3rd Edition13 - 16 September 2016
INTE is a cultural association aiming at creating a shared space for independent cinema in Rome. The making of a film festival represents an opportunity to build an actual meeting place for innovative filmmakers and an interested audience. During the 1st and 2nd editions of INTE CINEMA FESTIVAL we selected and screened short films from different countries. The response of the audience has shown a real interest in such an intimate and direct way of showcasing original works, that would not have reached Italy otherwise.
Withoutabox logos are trademarks of Withoutabox, a DBA of IMDb.com Inc. or its affiliates
By submitting your application, you accept the INTE CINEMA FESTIVAL 2016 Guide-Lines.
In our team we have a wide range of professionals with different backgrounds:
photographers, musicians, videomakers and even architects.
Multidisciplinarity is our motto.
Your contribution is very important to discover new film directors and to reward them for their works. Monetary prizes are essential in order to boost and encourage independent cinema. Moreover your donation is necessary for the festival itself: the high quality and good organization of a public cultural event such as INTE CINEMA FESTIVAL gets people closer to the reality of self-supporting movie makers.


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Horizon Discovery signed a three-year agreement with the National Human Genome Research Institute and the National Cancer Institute allowing researchers access to its Genesis rAAV gene-editing technology to generate cell lines for basic and translational research. NHGRI and Horizon researchers will develop isogenic disease models of melanoma. NCI will also develop disease models for research and establish a center for excellence in gene editing.
Full Story:Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News


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Kolkata in 13 winning shotsyou can catch the City of Joy, captured in 13 photographs, at the WelcomArt Gallery, ITC Sonar Kolkata . These shots are winners of the Soul of Kolkata contest recently organised by the hotel in association with photography group Streets of Calcutta ... Condé Nast Traveller India, 3 weeks ago
4 images for Souvik Pal
4 smartphone tools to help avoid skin cancer
Home » Health » / no comments One in five Americans will develop skin cancer in their lifetime. But if it's detected early, it's almost always curable. In today's tech-obsessed world, new smartphone applications claim they can help to ...HealthMediciNet.com, 4 weeks ago
Angelic mothers & noble torchbearers
To commemorate International Mother's Day, a unique event titled Angel Mother's Nest was held at the Birla Academy on 24 May. Agantuk organised the evening and Swarnali Pal, its beacon, took the initiative to honour the art of being a good mother.The Statesman, 1 month ago
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Lung Cancer Health Center
News Related to Lung Cancer
Breath Test May Help Spot Lung Cancer
Feb. 26, 2007 -- A breath test for lung cancer shows promising results in its early trials and may lead to a simple, inexpensive lung cancer test. The test needs refinement, but the theory behind the test works, say the doctors who developed it. The Cleveland Clinic's Peter Mazzone, MD, MPH, and colRead Full Article
Female Nonsmokers Get More Lung Cancer
Feb. 9, 2007 -- Lung cancer is not solely a smoker's disease -- and women who have never smoked are more at risk than men, new research confirms. About 20% of lung cancer cases in women occur in nonsmokers, the research suggests. In men, the percentage is about 8%. To put the risk in perspective, aRead Full Article
Stem Cells May Lead to Cancer Vaccine
Nov. 9, 2006 -- It might be possible to make a cancer vaccine using embryonic stem cells, University of Louisville scientists report. Their prediction is based on early lab tests on mice. No such vaccine exists for humans yet. But results from mouse tests suggest the "exciting possibility" that embrRead Full Article
CT Screening Finds Lung Cancers Early
Oct. 25, 2006 - More than 90% of lung cancer patients end up dying of their disease; now a potentially landmark study suggests early screening could save most of them. In the international study, routine screening using spiral computed tomography (CT) imaging resulted in the detection of lung cancerRead Full Article
FDA OKs Drug for Advanced Lung Cancer
Oct. 12, 2006 -- The FDA has approved the colon cancer drug Avastin for use with chemotherapy in treating advanced lung cancer. Avastin may now be used with the chemo drugs carboplatin and paclitaxel as an initial treatment for advanced cases of non-squamous, non-small cell lung cancer. Lung cancerRead Full Article
Nonsmokers Can Inherit Lung Cancer
Oct. 9, 2006 -- Having a close family member who's had lung cancer doubles your own risk for the disease -- even if you don't smoke. The finding comes from a 13-year study of more than 102,000 Japanese men and women. Study participants were aged 40 to 69 at the start of the study. Over the study perRead Full Article
Blood Test Spots Lung Cancer
Oct. 2, 2006 (Istanbul, Turkey) -- A new blood test may be able to spot lung cancer in its earliest stages, when it is potentially curable, French researchers report. The test has the potential to save millions of lives, says researcher William Jacot, MD, a cancer specialist at the Hopital Arnaud deRead Full Article
Is Chemo Worth It? New Test May Tell
Sept. 6, 2006 -- A new test promises to tell some cancer patients whether they will benefit from undergoing post-surgery chemotherapy. Suffering through cancer chemotherapy is worth it -- when it helps patients live longer. But many patients end up with no real benefit from enduring chemo after surgRead Full Article
Combined Therapy May Treat Lung Cancer
July 17, 2006 -- An experimental treatment that uses heat to kill tumors appears to help in prolonging the lives of early-stage lung cancer patients who can't have surgery. The average three-year survival among 41 patients treated with radiofrequency ablation (RFA) combined with traditional radiatioRead Full Article
Cancer Risk Double for Women Smokers
July 11, 2006 -- When it comes to smoking and lung cancer lung cancer risk, men and women are not created equal. New research shows that women who smoke are twice as likely to develop lung cancer cancer as men. However, they are half as likely to die when their disease is diagnosed early. The internRead Full Article


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There have been many cases where you are harboring a fatal disease in your body without even being aware of it. Ever wondered why doctors suggest you to get a complete checkup every six months? Well, here is your answer. You can never be too cautious. It's good to know that yo...More
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Cancer Health Center
Late Effects of Treatment for Childhood Cancer (PDQ®): Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI] - Late Effects of the Digestive System
- General Information About Late Effects of Treatment for Childhood Cancer
- Subsequent Neoplasms
- Late Effects of the Cardiovascular System
- Late Effects of the Central Nervous System
- Late Effects of the Digestive System
- Late Effects of the Endocrine System
- Late Effects of the Immune System
- Late Effects of the Musculoskeletal System
- Late Effects of the Reproductive System
- Late Effects of the Respiratory System
- Late Effects of the Special Senses
- Late Effects of the Urinary System
- Changes to This Summary (08 / 18 / 2014)
- About This PDQ Summary
- Get More Information From NCI
Table 5. Digestive Tract Late Effects continued...
Acute radiation-induced liver disease also causes endothelial cell injury that is characteristic of VOD/SOS.[38] In adults, the whole liver has tolerance up to 30 Gy to 35 Gy with conventional fractionation, the prevalence of radiation-induced liver disease varies from 6% to 66% based on the volume of liver involved and on hepatic reserve.[38,39] Based on limited data from pediatric cohorts treated in the 1970s and 1980s, persistent radiation hepatopathy after contemporary treatment appears to be uncommon in long-term survivors without predisposing conditions such as viral hepatitis or iron overload.[40] The risk of injury in children increases with radiation dose, hepatic volume, younger age at treatment, prior partial hepatectomy, and concomitant use of radiomimetic chemotherapy like dactinomycin and doxorubicin.[41,42,43,44] Survivors who received radiation doses of 40 Gy to at least one-third of liver volume, doses of 30 Gy or more to whole abdomen, or an upper abdominal field involving the entire liver are at highest risk for hepatic dysfunction.[45]
Viral hepatitis B and C may complicate the treatment course of childhood cancer and result in chronic hepatic dysfunction. Hepatitis B tends to have a more aggressive acute clinical course and a lower rate of chronic infection. Hepatitis C is characterized by a mild acute infection and a high rate of chronic infection. The incidence of transfusion-related hepatitis C in childhood cancer survivors has ranged from 5% to 50% depending on the geographic location of the reporting center.[46,47,48,49,50,51,52] Chronic hepatitis predisposes cirrhosis, end-stage liver disease, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Concurrent infection with both viruses accelerates the progression of liver disease. Since the majority of patients received some type of blood product during childhood cancer treatment and many are unaware of their transfusion history, screening based on date of diagnosis/treatment is recommended unless there is absolute certainty that the patient did not receive any blood or blood products.[53] Therefore, all children who received blood transfusions before 1972 should be screened for hepatitis B and before 1993 should be screened for hepatitis C virus and referred for discussion of treatment options.
Late Effects of Treatment for Childhood Cancer (PDQ®): Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI] Topics
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Chitinase-like proteins encoded in the genome of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum
Version of Record online: 23 FEB 2010
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2009.00985.x
© 2010 The Royal Entomological Society
Insect Molecular Biology
Special Issue: The Aphid Genome
Volume 19, Issue Supplement s2, pages 175–185, March 2010
Additional Information
How to Cite
Nakabachi, A., Shigenobu, S. and Miyagishima, S. (2010), Chitinase-like proteins encoded in the genome of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum. Insect Molecular Biology, 19: 175–185. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2009.00985.x
Publication History
- Issue online: 23 FEB 2010
- Version of Record online: 23 FEB 2010
- chitinase;
- glycosyl hydrolase;
- aphid;
- genome;
- phylogenetic analysis
In insects, chitinases play an essential role in the degradation of old exoskeleton and turnover of the gut lining. In silico screening of the entire genome of the pea aphid (Hemimetabola), Acyrthosiphon pisum, detected nine genes encoding putative chitinase-like proteins, including six enzymatically active chitinases, one imaginal disc growth factor, and one endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase. Screening of the genomes of Aedes aegypti, Anopheles gambiae, Apis mellifera, Bombyx mori, Culex quinquefasciatus, Drosophila melanogaster, Nasonia vitripennis, Pediculus humanus corporis, and Tribolium castaneum suggested repeated gene duplications in holometabolous lineages. Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR demonstrated the expression of four and two distinct chitinase-like genes of A. pisum to be highly up-regulated in the embryo and the midgut, respectively, suggesting specific roles in these pea aphid tissues.


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|Message view
|« Date » · « Thread »
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|Brian Behlendorf <br...@collab.net>
|Re: Build bustage on FreeBSD and Linux
|Sat, 03 Feb 2001 01:08:41 GMT
On Fri, 2 Feb 2001, Sam TH wrote: > The incompatibility is exactly the same sort as the old BSD > advertising clause. The additional restrictions (that you have to > credit the ASF, or whomever, and that you can't use the Apache name, > or whatever name the package has) are "additional restrictions" that > violates clause 6 of the GPL [1] Actually, RMS now doesn't have an issue with clause 3, because someone who satisfies the GPL in redistributing Apache code is also satisfying clause 3. Anyways, I've got some homework to do to make this all official. Brian
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Role: Nikita Rai
agent at ATU
Role: Contestant
Role: Judge
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Role: Host
Role: Host
Host of the show
Role: Host
Role: Mandira Bedi
Role: Dr. Mandira Kapadia
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By Catholic Online (NEWS CONSORTIUM)
6/12/2012 (4 years ago)
Catholic Online (www.catholic.org)
Her role in the classic American film, "Gone With the Wind," was a small
one. Ann Rutherford played Carreen, Scarlet O'Hara's youngest sister.
It was in Rutherford's words, a "'nothing part'" that "turned my golden
years into platinum." In demand at countless "Gone With the Wind"
conventions, Rutherford has died at the age of 94.
Ann Rutherford's said her "'nothing part turned my golden years into platinum." In demand at countless "Gone With the Wind" conventions, Rutherford has died at the age of 94.
By Catholic Online (NEWS CONSORTIUM)
Catholic Online (www.catholic.org)
6/12/2012 (4 years ago)
Published in Movies
Keywords: Ann Rutherford, Gone With the Wind, Mickey Rooney, actress
LOS ANGELES, CA (Catholic Online) - Rutherford had a long and varied acting career. She was perhaps best known as Mickey Rooney's girlfriend Polly in the series of Andy Hardy movies which ran from 1937 to 1958.
In the Golden Age of Television, she played the mother of Emily (Suzanne Pleshette) on "The Bob Newhart Show."
Rutherford also starred in a series of mystery/comedies with comedian Red Skelton such as "Whistling in the Dark" "Whistling in Dixie," and "Whistling in Brooklyn."
In the early 1940s, Rutherford left MGM to work without contract with different studios. In 1950, Rutherford retired from films.
In 1972, Rutherford returned to MGM to make the film "They Only Kill Their Masters," shot on the old Andy Hardy set. She was offered the role of Rose Calvert in the film James Cameron's "Titanic" in 1997, but turned it down. The role instead went to actress Gloria Stuart.
In October 2004, Rutherford made a guest appearance at the Margaret Mitchell Birthday celebration in Jonesboro, Georgia, to honor the film "Gone With the Wind." Rutherford signed autographs and reminisced about old times.
In June 2007, she was the guest star at the Marietta, Georgia Gone With the Wind Museum event "The Heart and History of Hollywood" with Turner Classic Movies host Robert Osborne as emcee. She was scheduled to return to Marietta on July 4, 2008 to be reunited with the four surviving costars from GWTW Cammie King, Fred Crane, Mickey Kuhn, and Patrick Curtis. Fred Crane died in August 2008, and Cammie King died September 1, 2010.
Her first husband, David May II, was from the May Company department store family; her second, William Dozier, produced the Adam West 1960s "Batman" series.
Rutherford is survived by a daughter and two grandsons.
As of June 2012, Alicia Rhett, who played Ashley Wilkes' sister India Wilkes, is the oldest surviving cast member. Also surviving are Olivia de Havilland, who played Melanie Wilkes; Mary Anderson, who played Maybelle Meriweather and Mickey Kuhn, who played Beau Wilkes.
By Tonia Borsellino (CNA)
For both skeptics and believers, miracles have captivated people's attention for thousands of years. Swansea, United Kingdom (CNA) - That same intrigue led St. Anthony Communications to produce their latest film, 'Miracles.'The 35-minute documentary is the first of a ... continue reading
By Press Release
Pure Flix is distributing HILLSONG-LET HOPE RISE, the highly anticipated feature film that chronicles the spectacular and miraculous rise to prominence of the Australia-based band, Hillsong UNITED. LOS ANGELES, CA (Catholic Online) - Directed by Michael John Warren ... continue reading
By Kenya Sinclair (CALIFORNIA NETWORK)
Looking for a new way to immerse yourself in the story of Jesus Christ? LOS ANGELES, CA (Catholic Online) - According to Engadget, virtual reality is an opportunity to fully engage an audience in a film like never before.Producers and directors are moving toward the ... continue reading
By Kenya Sinclair (CALIFORNIA NETWORK)
Millions around the world have no idea who Jesus Christ, the Son of God, is - but now 6.5 million people will be able to learn about Christ in a way they can clearly understand. LOS ANGELES, CA (Catholic Online) - <a href=http://www.jesusfilm.org/>The JESUS Film ... continue reading
By Kenya Sinclair (CALIFORNIA NETWORK)
According to actor Matthew McConaughey, his latest film "Free State of Jonas" is not just a historical film - it is also a Biblical one. LOS ANGELES, CA (Catholic Online) - "Free State of Jonas" centers around Newton Knight, who brings together a small band of farmers ... continue reading
By Kenya Sinclair (CALIFORNIA NETWORK)
Steven Spielberg's latest film, "The Kidnapping of Edgardo Mortara," will tell the true story of how a six-year-old's kidnapping relates to Pope Pius IX, the crumbling of the then Papacy and how Italy was unified through the culmination of events. LOS ANGELES, CA ... continue reading
By Monique Crawford (CALIFORNIA NETWORK)
Annabel Beam was only 9-years-old when she fell down a hollowed-out tree and landed on her skull. Despite other horror stories in which spines were snapped and skulls were broken, Annabel emerged with a few scratches and a miracle: She was cured of a lifelong illness. ... continue reading
By Abigail James (CALIFORNIA NETWORK)
Star of the upcoming feature film, "God's Not Dead 2," Jesse Metcalfe opens up about his journey to God and a better life. LOS ANGELES, CA (Catholic Online) - "Faith is really important to me," expressed Metcalfe during an interview with FOX411. "I really discovered a ... continue reading
By CNA/EWTN News
The film Spotlight, which won the Oscar for best picture on Sunday, is a courageous movie that is not anti-Catholic, the Vatican daily L'Osservatore Romano said in two articles dedicated to comment on the Oscars. Vatican City (CNA/EWTN News) - Historian and journalist ... continue reading
By Kenya Sinclair (CALIFORNIA NETWORK)
New movie "Risen" follows a Roman soldier's search for Christ's body after His resurrection. Clavius, acted by Joseph Fiennes, must disprove "rumors" of a risen Messiah, but reveals a life-changing truth instead. LOS ANGELES, CA (Catholic Online) - "Risen's" website ... continue reading


text:
The effects of a weakly acidic meal on gastric buffering and postprandial gastro-oesophageal reflux
Version of Record online: 5 JUL 2011
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2011.04761.x
© 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics
Volume 34, Issue 5, pages 568–575, September 2011
Additional Information
How to Cite
Ravi, K., Francis, D. L., See, J. A., Geno, D. M. and Katzka, D. A. (2011), The effects of a weakly acidic meal on gastric buffering and postprandial gastro-oesophageal reflux. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 34: 568–575. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2011.04761.x
Publication History
- Issue online: 2 AUG 2011
- Version of Record online: 5 JUL 2011
- Publication data Submitted 17 May 2011 First decision 12 June 2011 Resubmitted 16 June 2011 Accepted 18 June 2011 EV Pub Online 5 July 2011
- Abstract
- Article
- References
- Cited By
Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011; 34: 568–575
Background Exclusion of the meal during ambulatory pH monitoring presumes that a meal completely buffers gastric acid and reflux of acidic food content cannot be distinguished from gastric acid. However, the ability of a meal to completely buffer gastric acid remains unclear.
Aim To determine the effect of a weakly acid meal on gastric buffering and oesophageal acid exposure.
Methods Patients undergoing multichannel intraluminal impedance pH studies were given a standard weakly acidic meal (pH = 5.9). Gastric and oesophageal pH was measured during the meal and in 15 min intervals for 2 h postprandially.
Results The study included 30 patients, with pathological acid reflux detected in 18 patients. Complete gastric buffering occurred in seven patients (23%) and was lost in all patients within 75 min of the meal. Oesophageal acid was detected in 33% of patients within 30 min of the meal and 81% of patients during the 2 h postprandial period. Postprandial oesophageal acid exposure was greater in patients with pathological acid reflux (9 ± 2.7% vs. 1.7 ± 0.8%P = 0.05) with a trend towards more incomplete gastric acid buffering and significant differences when measuring weak acid reflux (pH 4–5). Acid reflux rarely occurred in the absence of gastric acid, with gastric acid present in 74 of 79 (94%) fifteen minute postprandial intervals with acid reflux.
Conclusions The ability of a meal to buffer gastric acid is poor. Early postprandial oesophageal acid reflux occurs in a substantial proportion of patients. Addition of a weakly acidic or pH neutral meal to ambulatory pH monitoring may unmask early postprandial acid reflux and provide data on gastric acid buffering.


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Aarilirunthu arubathu varai
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Movie:Arilirunthu arubadhu varai Music: ilayaraja Enjoy the Golden Melody... Lyrics: ----------------------------- கண்மணியே ...
Movie: Aarilirunthu 60 Varai Song: Kanmaniyae Kadhal Enbathu Music: Ilayaraja.
KANMANIYE KADHAL by Dr.SPB in Gopal Sapthaswaram on "Naanum Rajavum" show.
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Ilaiyaraajaa Instrumental (HQ) - Veena (Rajesh Vaidhya) - Kanmaniye Kaadhal Enbathu (Aarilirunthu Arubathuvarai).