text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|May 19, 1998
|Filing date
|Jan 28, 1997
|Priority date
|Dec 8, 1994
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|David Michael Ott, Cynthia Diane Ott
|Original Assignee
|Banctec, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (13), Referenced by (103), Classifications (24), Legal Events (8)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This is a division of application Ser. No. 08/351,630, filed Dec. 8, 1994, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,600,732.
The present invention pertains to a method for analyzing recorded images of documents, such as bank checks, to determine image legibility. The method may be used, in particular, for quality assurance of images being captured by an image recording system in a large-scale document processing operation.
There are many document processing operations wherein an image of each document is required for data processing or for archival purposes. In processing bank checks through the commercial banking system, for example, it is desirable to digitally record images of bank checks for data processing and for archival purposes. Moreover, it is also desirable to verify the quality of the captured image before the check leaves the possession of the image recording entity. In this way, documents which were not properly imaged may be re-recorded before being destroyed or otherwise taken out of possession of the entity requiring the image.
Documents such as bank checks and similar instruments present certain problems in maintaining image legibility due to the presence of hand-written information on the document as well as obliteration of data by background patterns and pictorial printing, contrast and poor quality printing. The long, stroke-like images created by hand-written or hand-printed information, as well as typewritten information, including images of arabic numerals, English letters and signatures, may have varying intensity depending on the writing instrument, the penmanship of the person entering the information on the document or the type of printing apparatus, in the case of machine printed information. Accordingly, analysis of these stroke-like images is deemed a critical image feature to be considered when verifying image quality or legibility.
Another problem associated with capturing legible images of documents such as bank checks pertains to the elements of the image which are created by pictorial back-grounds on the face of the check and the color of the check paper. Moreover, there has heretofore been a tradeoff in setting the threshold sensitivity of document scanning devices because too high a sensitivity results in undesired low contrast features being recorded as part of the image. For example, features such as smudges, background patterns, dropout inks, printing on the other side of the document, or even the paper fibers themselves may be included in the captured image and interfere with reading the desired information. These extraneous features ("noise") also increase the file size for the image and increase the amount of information storage required by digital recording and storage equipment, thereby increasing image transmission time over data networks, for example. Of course, if the scanning device is set to capture an image at a lower sensitivity threshold, this increases the risk of not capturing important hand and typewritten information if such is of lower contrast than might be anticipated. Thus, the optimum normal sensitivity image is one wherein the captured image includes as much of the desired information as possible with little or no extraneous information or "noise".
Although prior efforts have been made to measure image quality by analysis of the entire document or preselected areas of the document, these efforts have been limited to measuring global properties of the image, such as identifying the existence of a totally black or totally white image, which analysis would indicate a failure of the processing equipment. Moreover, the use of histograms reflecting the distribution of the total number of black pixels across a document can also be a quality indicator but the acceptability criteria is based on predetermined averages of pixel distribution. Another technique which has been used is based on counting the total number of small features on a document to indicate the existence of a "high noise level" or by analyzing the compressed image size to indicate a noisy image or an image with excessive pixel dropout. These prior efforts at image analysis are based on predetermined acceptable limits for the global parameters above mentioned and do not consider the localized content of information on a particular document. Accordingly, such techniques do not work well with documents that have a wide variety of image pixel content and have important information in certain specific regions of the image such as, for example, bank checks and similar financial instruments. Another example of the limitations of the above-mentioned global techniques would be in imaging certain types of forms which normally have a great deal of image content even if the form is blank or not filled in with the full amount of information. Accordingly, the global techniques have difficulty in discriminating a blank form from one that has information filled in. Accordingly, the present invention addresses the need to analyze the quality of a captured image of a particular document being scanned and the acceptability of information defects in the image is based on localized analysis of critical elements in the image.
Accordingly, there has been a continuing need to verify image quality and legibility for documents which are being electronically scanned for image capture and storage so that an inferior image may be identified in a timely manner to allow intervention and re-recording of the image while the document is still available for doing so. The present invention contemplates a unique method for verifying image quality and acceptability for electronically-recorded images of the types of documents discussed in detail herein. However, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the method may be used in connection with verification of image quality for other types of documents or for recorded images of other objects.
The present invention provides a unique method for verifying image legibility for digitally captured images of documents and the like. The invention provides a method for identifying critical image elements such as stroke-like features which appear on documents, including such elements as hand-written or machine printed numerals, letters, words and signatures. The present invention is particularly useful for verifying image quality and legibility for digitally recorded images of financial instruments such as bank checks, tax forms and similar documents.
In accordance with one important aspect of the invention, an image of a document is recorded in digital form at a first or so-called normal level of sensitivity of an image capturing and processing system. The so-called "normal" level of sensitivity is chosen in accordance with the tradeoff of capturing desired information with a minimum of capture of undesired images. The image is simultaneously captured at a higher level of sensitivity by the image capturing and processing system and this higher level of sensitivity image will capture low contrast information features that would not be recorded at the normal sensitivity threshold. Of course, the higher sensitivity images may also acquire some undesired image features or "noise". Both image signals are then subjected to certain filtering processes to eliminate extraneous image elements and the image recorded at the higher sensitivity signal is then subjected to a process for identifying stroke-like elements in the image, which elements are then compared to corresponding elements in the image captured at the lower or normal level of sensitivity to determine if the same elements recorded at the normal level of sensitivity are sufficiently legible to comprise an acceptable image.
In accordance with another important aspect of the present invention, a document image is recorded digitally by creating a predetermined field of discrete picture elements or pixels which each have an assigned black or white value and an assigned position or address in the field. The image field may then be subjected to a method of subdividing the entire image into discrete areas of a grid-like pattern wherein each discrete area is labeled with its position in the field and the image within each area is then scanned to identify pixels which have either an image value, a black pixel, or a background value, a white pixel.
The above-mentioned subdivision process will prevent multiple characters that intersect a single feature (such as an underline) from being grouped together into an object that is much larger than its constituent characters. Moreover, the subdivision of the image into discrete areas also allows long words that are hand written in cursive style to be broken up so that they can be treated with the same measurement parameters as shorter words. The discrete areas are determined such as to be larger than the size of a typical word character while smaller than a long word thus reducing the breaking up of individual strokes while also reducing the undesired merging of unrelated features.
All black pixels which are connected to another black pixel within each area are then identified collectively and classified as an object. Each object is then assigned an identifier and stored in an object table. Additional parameters regarding each object are then calculated including length, width, perimeter, area density, and the ratio of perimeter to area. The perimeter to area ratio of each object is an important feature of the method of the invention in that this parameter is used to identify the object as being stroke-like in shape or having another shape which may be less important to establishing image legibility. Character strokes with a uniform stroke width have both their area and their perimeter approximately proportional to the total stroke length while other features (such as noise "dots") that are not long and narrow have a larger total number of pixels compared to their perimeter. For example, a round dot has the largest area for a given perimeter and a thin line has the smallest area for a given perimeter.
In accordance with yet a further aspect of the present invention, an image recording and analysis method is provided wherein previously identified components of an image which have certain shape characteristics are further designated by the desired feature sought, such as stroke-like images, for example. Discrete areas which include image elements which are classified as stroke images, for example, are then combined with one or more adjacent discrete areas which include stroke-like image elements and these combined areas or "tiles" are compared with the same combination of discrete areas or tiles in the image which was captured at the normal sensitivity level. In many instances, the deletion of several character strokes in a single word or number is a more severe legibility problem than the deletion of strokes in isolated characters in different portions of the image. Many words may be read by human beings that are missing a single character, but the legibility is severely impacted if most of the characters in a word are missing. Thus, combining adjacent areas into word sized groups allows different values of legibility thresholds to be used for such documents. If the normal image has a sufficient number of black pixels, as compared with the more sensitive image element which was subjected to the aforementioned processing steps, the document being analyzed is identified as having an acceptable image or not.
The present invention further contemplates the provision of a unique method for measuring image quality of digitally recorded images of documents such as bank checks, which comprise one of the most difficult documents to record legibly by electronic image capturing systems. The invention contemplates that the method may be carried out with programmable electronic digital computation apparatus which is configured for general purpose applications. Thus the method may be carried out by programming the apparatus to perform certain steps. Alternatively, the apparatus may be adapted for dedicated operation as an image-capturing, analysis and storage system. Such a dedicated implementation may include specific purpose digital electronic apparatus components which are operable to achieve high rates of information transmission, manipulation and storage in a cost effective manner. Those skilled in the art will further appreciate the above-mentioned features and advantages of the invention together with other superior aspects thereof upon reading the detailed description which follows in conjunction with the drawing.
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating certain steps in the method of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a plan view of a document showing representative grid lines used in defining the discrete areas in accordance with the invention;
FIG. 3 is a detail showing one discrete area of the grid for the document shown in FIG. 2; and
FIG. 4 is a diagram showing images of two stroke-like objects and one nonstroke-like object.
In the description which follows like elements are marked throughout the specification and drawing with the same reference numerals, respectively. The drawing figures are not necessarily to scale in the interest of clarity and conciseness.
As mentioned previously, the present invention is particularly useful in verifying the acceptability of an image of a document such as a bank check and similar instruments which have hand written or machine printed characters thereon. Commercially available check document processing equipment is capable of processing documents for information recordation and sorting at a rate of from about six hundred to two thousand five hundred documents per minute, such as, for example, the model 5500 reader/sorter manufactured by the assignee of the present invention. Accordingly, apparatus has also been developed which is capable of recording a visual image of each document at these same rates of document handling, such as the above-mentioned apparatus.
FIG. 1 illustrates a conventional electronic image acquisition device or camera 10 which is part of the above-mentioned commercial apparatus and is operable to electronically capture an image of the front face of a check document 12. Alternatively, the device 10 may be one of a type available from Dalsa, Ltd., Waterloo, Canada as their model CL-C3-1024. The system and method of the invention may also be used, of course, to capture images of the opposite side of the document 12, if desired. The image acquisition device 10 is operably connected to an image processor 14 which may include suitable circuitry which serves to digitize the captured image, that is to transform an analog signal from the acquisition device 10 into a plurality of digital words, each word representing the intensity of the image in a finite area picture element or pixel.
The processor 14, which is also part of the above-mentioned commercial apparatus, is operable to capture the digital image of the document 12 at a so-called "normal" sensitivity and to capture the same image at a more sensitive level. However, large scale recordation of the image at a more sensitive level may actually be more adverse to legibility of the image for readability, optical character reader recognition rates, storage or archival purposes than setting the image sensitivity at a lower or so-called normal level due, for example, to background information on the document such as check documents with artistic designs or printed on multi-colored paper. Accordingly, the image captured at a less sensitive contrast threshold level, as predetermined to be "normal", is desired for recording images of all documents passing the acquisition device 10.
The term "sensitivity" as used herein is taken in the sense that a higher level of sensitivity of an image would capture images of objects of relatively low contrast with the background of the image. Accordingly, a high sensitivity image would make objects captured appear darker and would capture objects of low contrast, including features on the image field which may not be desired to be recorded, such features are herein also referred to as noise. Thus, an image of low or normal sensitivity might be easier to read, but might also have eliminated therefrom certain features of the image which are desired to be recorded. For purposes of discussion herein, reference is made to a "normal" sensitivity image and to an image which is more sensitive or of "greater" sensitivity.
The invention contemplates that images may be recorded at more than two levels of sensitivity, for example up to as many as six levels of sensitivity, and the steps of the method may be carried out between any two levels of sensitivity or between, for example, the most sensitive level image and all of the lesser sensitive images. The apparatus described hereinabove may be adapted to capture images at the various levels of sensitivity discussed.
The image processor 14 may also be adapted to apply a so-called edge base threshold technique to assigning a "black" or "white" value to each pixel of a normal or more sensitive image. The edge based threshold (EBT) technique may be carried out by processing the digitized image data through a suitable processor of a type commercially available, such as a model VST-1000 thresholder circuit from Picture Elements Incorporated of Berkeley, Calif. Accordingly, the image processor 14 is operable to generate an image of the document 12 using the EBT technique to assign values of "black" or "white" to each pixel of the image at the normal image signal sensitivity, as indicated by block 16, and at a more sensitive signal level as indicated by block 18. Thus, a quantity of digital data representing black or white pixels is generated for the "normal" image 16 and a quantity of digital data representing black or white pixels is generated for the sensitive image 18. The use of terms "black" and "white" herein as describing pixel identity may be reversible, depending on the imaging device, or conversion of signals during processing. For purposes of discussion a black pixel represents information or an object in an image and a white pixel the absence of such.
All of the marking techniques commonly used for putting information on paper, including pencil, ink, printer toner and copier toner are operable to absorb light that would otherwise be reflected by the paper. Accordingly, the convention described herein with respect to the analysis of black pixels is appropriate for the types of documents intended to be processed by the method of the invention. The processing of the image data using the aforementioned EBT technique is advantageous and minimizes the problem of so-called width spreading of image features, such as hand-written strokes, at the sensitive image signal level.
Accordingly, for each document whose image is captured by the acquisition device 10, a set of digital signals representing a field of black and white pixels is generated for the entire document at each signal sensitivity level. In a preferred embodiment of the invention for analyzing the legibility of images of check documents, images are generated from a field of pixels at a resolution of 200 pixels per inch of document length and 200 pixels per inch of document width. Conventional bank check documents may have a length of 8.5 inches and a width of 3.66 inches, for example. Accordingly, a processed image of each document comprises slightly less than 1.25 million pixels.
As shown in FIG. 1, both the so-called normal image 16 and sensitive image 18, in digital form and made up of "black" or "white" pixels, are subjected, respectively, to "speckle" filter steps 20 and 22 to eliminate extraneous or spurious signals. A preferred speckle filter step 20 or 22 is carried out by eliminating from the digital data, for each image, all black pixels in a group of two by two, one by two (vertically stacked), which groups are surrounded by white pixels, two by one (horizontally stacked), or single pixels which are surrounded by white pixels, respectively. The degree of speckle filtering or "scrubbing" of the digital images may be modified for certain types of documents. However, any larger grouping of pixels, at the rate of pixels per inch described herein, may adversely affect the method of the invention as applied to bank check documents and the like.
The speckle filtering may be carried out by the aforementioned VST-1000 processor circuit. The normal image 16 is also processed by the user's document image processing system 17, preferably after speckle filtering. As shown in FIG. 1, the speckle filtered normal image may also then be placed in a suitable digital data memory 24 for further processing to be described herein. Each pixel placed in memory 24 has a particular coordinate address from an X-Y coordinate system, as indicated in FIG. 2, and each pixel of the sensitive image field is also assigned a coordinate address which corresponds to the address of the same pixel in the normal image field.
The sensitive image may then be subjected to subdivision into plural discrete areas in a step labeled in FIG. 1 by box 26 and also identified as the "white grid" step. The white grid process 26 is carried out by subdividing the image field into plural discrete areas having a predetermined number of pixels. For example, referring to FIGS. 2 and 3, an orthogonal grid represented by grid lines 28 and 30 may be established wherein discrete areas 32 are formed and each area 32 may have a predetermined number of pixels per side. A preferred size for each of the discrete areas 32 for a check document or the like is approximately sixty-four pixels in length by sixty-four pixels in width, which is approximately 0.32 inches by 0.32 inches, based on the 200 pixel per inch rate for the images captured by the acquisition device 10 and processed by the image processor 14. The above described size of the discrete areas is small enough to limit the connection of unrelated strokes with other features that the strokes may be touching, such as underlines, while being sufficiently large to minimize the chance of dividing a single character stroke into multiple small fragments. In certain applications of the method herein described, such as analyzing documents without underlines, the white grid step is neither necessary nor beneficial.
The discrete grid areas 32 are of a length and width such that a substantial portion of a hand written character on a check will appear within one area. Each area 32 may be represented by an array of exactly sixty-three pixels in length by sixty-three pixels in width or height if the grid lines 28 and 30 are set at a thickness or width of one pixel. Alternatively, a "virtual" grid may be established wherein none of the pixels in the image field are eliminated by the grid lines. However, for purposes of the method of the invention the elimination of a line only one pixel wide is indicated to not be detrimental to the image analysis method. FIG. 3 illustrates one of the discrete areas 32 in its entirety and also shows the adjacent discrete areas 32 partially. The particular discrete area 32 illustrated in FIG. 3 shows the space on the check document 12 wherein the hand written numerals for the amount of the check are entered. The detail view of FIG. 3 also shows the grid of individual pixels such as pixels 35, 37 and 39, for example, which define and are adjacent to a stroke-like element 41 indicating a hand-written numeral "1".
Referring again to FIG. 1, the data regarding the type of pixel (black or white) and the address of each discrete area 32 containing such pixels, from establishing the grid of discrete areas 32 in step 26, may then be stored in a suitable memory 34. Data may be taken from the memory 34 for each discrete area for further processing in a step identified as object tracker 36. Each discrete area 32 in the image field is scanned in the object tracker step 36 in a suitable manner, such as one row of pixels at a time, until a black "seed" pixel is identified and its address noted. The scanning procedure is then continued until all black pixels which are connected to the first mentioned or seed pixel are identified. Each group of connected black pixels is then identified as an object. Each object is given an identifying number and is given a suitable coordinate address in the image field, which is the address of its "seed" pixel. The identifying number, which may be referred to as the "object label", is used to produce a labeled object image to facilitate selective analysis of individual objects in the following steps. The preferred embodiment utilizes a sixteen bit label, allowing over sixty four thousand distinct objects to be present in the image. This information is stored in an object image file 40 and the addresses of the "seed" pixels are stored in the object table 38.
In processing a typical bank check image, the object table may contain several thousand objects, only a minority of which may constitute the objects that are necessary for the desired information in the check to be deemed legible. Moreover, those skilled in the art will recognize that there are two commonly used definitions for whether two pixels are "connected". There is the so-called four connected rule which requires that the pixels to be considered connected are of the same color along their common edge and the so-called eight connected rule which also includes same colored pixels which touch only at their corners. Either rule may be applied in accordance with the method of the invention with the eight connected rule being treated as a default mode.
In accordance with a further portion of the object identifier or "tracker" step 36, the following object shape feature measurements are made for each object identified:
(a) the X-Y coordinate location of the so-called seed pixel,
(b) object height (topmost to bottommost pixel in the object),
(c) object width (left most to right most pixel in the widest horizontal row of pixels in the object),
(d) object area (total number of pixels in the object), and
(e) object perimeter (total number of boundary pixels in the object). The number of pixels counted along a diagonal edge of an object can represent a contribution to the perimeter that is the square root of two greater than the pixels counted along a vertical or horizontal edge. In a preferred embodiment of the method, this square root of two correction may be included as an option in the method and is treated as a default mode of carrying out the method.
The pixels mentioned in measurements (a) through (e) are the black pixels. The measurements (a) through (e) for each identified object are also placed in the object table 38.
The measurements (b) through (e) for each object in the object table 38 are then used to make calculations in a calculation step 42 of each of the object shape feature parameters identified below as (f) through (i), which parameters are as follows:
(f) object aspect ratio (height/width),
(g) object density ratio (area/(height times width)),
(h) object perimeter to area ratio (perimeter/ area), and
(i) object area ratio (normal image area divided by sensitive image area). For calculation (i) the normal image at the same address as the object identified in the sensitive image is measured to determine its area before calculation of the area ratio (i) is carried out.
The EBT sensitive image 18, as processed by the aforementioned step, is used for a so-called connected component analysis because this image contains the most information as well as the most "noise". The area ratio calculation (i) also makes use of the normal image to determine the percentage of black pixels in the sensitive image object being analyzed that have not dropped out in the corresponding locations in the normal image. This information is useful for determining the amount of pixel dropout within a stroke-like object. The aforementioned calculation steps are carried out in the above-mentioned process as indicated in block 42 of FIG. 1.
As shown in the diagram of FIG. 1, the area ratio calculation requires calling up the pixels (black or white) from the normal image as stored in memory 24 which have the same addresses as the black pixels which are part of an identified object. Moreover, the object table 38 is also adapted to contain the aforementioned measured and calculated parameters (a) through (i) for each object which has been identified during the object tracker step.
After each sensitive image object has been identified, given an address and characterized by the above-mentioned parameters, a further step in the method is carried out which is known as object classifier, as indicated by the block 44 in the diagram of FIG. 1. Object classification is carried out to determine if an object is a stroke-like object or an object which represents another portion of the image field. Predetermined object characteristics are compared to the measured and calculated characteristics (b) through (h) of each object to determine if it is stroke-like, including predetermined minimum and maximum object widths, heights, areas, aspect ratios, perimeters, density ratios, and, particularly perimeter to area ratios. If the object being tested fails any of the minimum or maximum tests, it is not considered to be a stroke-like object. Different object classifications may be performed according to the characteristics of the desired and undesired features of the document image being analyzed, utilizing various known characteristics of such documents. For example, on the front side of a bank check underlines are horizontal lines while in the endorsement area on the back of the check, the underlines are normally vertical lines. The parameters for determining object classification also depend on the scanning resolution, such as the 200 pixels per inch used for commercially available bank check scanners.
For example, in determining whether or not an object is stroke-like, it should have a height greater than five pixels, an area greater than 50 pixels, and a perimeter to area ratio greater than about 0.8. Objects represented on a bank check comprising horizontal underlines, for example, will have a height less than fifteen pixels and, an aspect ratio of less than 0.3. Other limits may, of course, be set depending on the type of document being processed in accordance with the method. Objects which have been taken from the object table 38 and subjected to object classification by the above-mentioned comparisons are identified as stroke-like or not and returned to the object table 38 with the proper identification.
One of the more important parameters for identifying a stroke-like object is the perimeter to area ratio. Since the perimeter to area ratio is determined to be the total number of boundary pixels divided by the total number of pixels in an object, it is noted that if, for example, the ratio of these numbers is about 0.8 or greater, and the object does not have the characteristics of a horizontal "underline", that this is rather convincing information that the object is "stroke-like".
Referring to FIG. 4, there is shown a portion of a pixel grid 50 having individual pixels 52. An object 54 is illustrated which has a total perimeter of thirty six, that is the sum of all black boundary pixels. The object 54 also has a total area of thirty six, that is the total of all black pixels in the object. Accordingly, the object 54 has a perimeter to area ratio of 1.0 which indicates that it is a stroke-like object. FIG. 4 also illustrates an object 56 in the pixel grid 50 which has a total of twenty four boundary pixels giving it a perimeter value of twenty four. Object 54 has a total of twenty four black pixels giving it an area of twenty four. Accordingly, the object 56 also has a perimeter to area ratio of 1.0 indicating that it is stroke-like as illustrated.
FIG. 4 further illustrates an object 58 which is a nonstroke-like dot-shaped object having a perimeter of sixteen black pixels and an area of thirty seven black pixels giving it a perimeter to area ratio of 0.43, and decidedly nonstroke-like. Accordingly, it can be seen from FIG. 4 and the foregoing description that stroke-like characters have a greater perimeter to area ratio than so-called blob-like features. In general, for a constant stroke width, both the perimeter and the area of the object will increase together with a roughly constant proportion between them as the stroke length is increased. For example, a stroke that is about 0.01 inches wide (a two-pixel width when scanned at 200 pixels per inch resolution) would have roughly the same perimeter and area at this resolution. The perimeter will have approximately two pixels for each pixel in stroke length and the area will also have approximately two pixels for each pixel in stroke length.
Depending on the application of the method, features may be considered as desired features or undesired features. For instance, fine print may be considered a desired feature in some document scanning applications, but for forms processing applications where the fine print is printed in a dropout color of ink (typically to reduce the compressed image file size), it is not desirable to use a normal image sensitivity that is so sensitive that it picks up the dropout inks. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the method described herein can be used to determine whether or not the fine print characters are being successfully dropped out of the image while the desired stroke-like information is being retained.
Discrete areas 32 which are identified as having stroke-like objects therein may then be combined with an adjacent discrete area 32 in a so-called "tiling" step indicated by block 46 in FIG. 1. If the method is applied to analyzing image quality for the front face image of a bank check, it is preferable to group two side-by-side (horizontal direction) discrete areas together to form tiles. In analyzing images on a conventional bank check, the size of the discrete areas 32 have been determined to be that which are likely to capture a significant portion of a hand-written or machine printed stroke and the combining of a discrete area 32 with an adjacent discrete area 32, either to the left or to the right in a horizontal direction, is also likely to capture a further portion of a hand-written or machine printed word. Accordingly, combining two adjacent discrete areas 32 to perform the tiling step is considered suitable for certain image quality analyses where the desired information consists of words or multi-digit numbers. The tiling step in the method is an optional step and may not be necessary or desirable for all types of image quality analysis.
A preferred "tiling" step is carried out by taking the stroke-like objects identified in a particular tile and analyzing those stroke-like objects which have an area ratio of 0.58 or less, for example. If the total number of black pixels in the stroke-like objects which have an area ratio of 0.58 or less in the normal sensitivity image is fewer than the corresponding number of black pixels in the objects in the sensitive image by a count of 100 or more, the tile is deemed to have an unacceptable amount of dropout in its stroke-like objects. If the dropped pixel count is between 50 and 99, the tile is deemed to be a marginal tile. If neither of these conditions is met, then the stroke-like objects in the normal sensitivity image include a sufficient number of black pixels to be automatically considered "good". If a document image as a whole has one or more unacceptable tiles or five or more marginal tiles, then it would be declared unacceptable. If a document image is not considered unacceptable, but it has three or more marginal tiles, then it would be declared "marginal" instead. If there are no unacceptable tiles and fewer than three marginal tiles, then the document image is accepted and declared as "good".
In some applications of the method, the normal image may not be retained and the primary benefit of the analysis will be its determination of the characteristics of the image being scanned. For example, the determination of whether an image has sufficient contrast for successful microfilm capture could use the method described herein, even though the primary goal is the production of high quality microfilm images. The ability of the method of the invention to identify the presence of desirable and undesirable features using a high sensitivity image (which provides a more complete representation of those features, allowing them to be more accurately classified) and then to use a normal sensitivity image to measure the sufficient presence of those features is thus an independently useful capability of this invention.
Grouping of stroke-like objects in other than the rectangular tile array described above may be appropriate for some documents. For instance, a primary marginal stroke may be analyzed to identify other or secondary marginal strokes in the immediate area (within 20 pixels of the primary stroke, for example), and accordingly the method may then analyze marginal strokes adjacent to those secondary strokes up to some limit of position from the original or primary stroke. The group may then be analyzed by summing the total pixel dropout count.
The criteria for labeling a document image as acceptable, questionable, or unacceptable may, of course, be preselected. The aforementioned description of a particular quantification of the method, is considered suitable for use of the aforementioned type of equipment for imaging bank checks and the like. The limits in the legibility analysis step described above may, of course, be adjusted as desired.
The above-described method is believed to be unique in that it contemplates the comparison of a so-called normal sensitivity digital image to a higher sensitivity digital image to evaluate the normal image quality. The method is also considered to be unique in provision of the steps of the identification of stroke-like features by the tests applied to the various image parameters described herein. Still further, the method of the invention is believed to be unique in that captured images of stroke-like elements at normal and higher threshold sensitivities are compared to determine the quality of the normal image. Furthermore, the step of grouping of stroke-like images based on measurements of small or discrete areas which are expected to approximate the area covering a hand-written or printed entry on a document is believed to be novel. This step is enhanced by the orientation of the tiles based on the expected axis of entry. In other words, hand-written entries on the front face of a bank check would extend generally horizontally while the entries on the back of a check would extend somewhat vertically, i.e., the direction of handwriting of the endorsement on the back of the check. Furthermore, the method contemplates the establishment of a grid of discrete areas to provide for more detailed analysis of relatively long strokes in an image and, lastly, the method is believed to be unique in the sense of providing a step to measure the dropout or absence of black pixels in predetermined discrete areas or tiles for evaluation of the overall health of an image of a document captured at a normal image threshold sensitivity level.
The above-mentioned method may be applied either to the entire document image or to selected regions in the image, or to multiple selected regions with different image acceptance criteria applied to each region. For example, a specific detection of stroke-like objects in the signature area of a bank check could be used to identify unsigned checks. Similarly, for forms processing applications, it may be of value to detect specific fields in the form that have not been filled out.
The above-mentioned method may also be applied to multiple normal sensitivity images, each with a slightly different sensitivity, to allow the optimum tradeoff between picking up low contrast information and undesired noise. The image which picks up a sufficient proportion of the strokes (deemed "marginal" or "good") and has the smallest number of noise-like objects has the highest image quality and can be the image that is saved by the imaging system. By using only one sensitive image, only one object tracker is required and only the stroke-like objects need to be compared in the various normal images, thus making the implementation of this method relatively efficient. Still further, the method contemplates that the determination of the area ratio of the image and the total dropped out pixel count as a measure of missing pixels may be modified by certain mathematical manipulations of the actual dropped pixel count including use of a logarithmic value corresponding to the actual pixel count, for example.
The above-mentioned method may be carried out on a system which would be made up of a combination of commercially available large scale integrated circuits suitably programmed to perform the steps described herein. Accordingly, a unique method for verifying the legibility of digitally recorded images of documents such as bank checks and the like has been described hereinabove.
Although a preferred embodiment of a method for analysis of document images has been described in some detail herein, those skilled in the art will recognize that various substitutions and modifications may be made without departing from the scope and spirit of the appended claims.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Nov 29, 1976
|Jan 8, 1980
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|Cummins-Allison Corp.
|System and method for processing currency bills and tickets
|Nov 6, 2007
|May 7, 2009
|Randall Lee Mueller
|Cash letter print verification
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|Federal Reserve Bank Of Kansas City
|Tag validation for efficiently assessing electronic check image quality
|Jul 15, 2010
|Federal Reserve Bank Of Dallas
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|Nec Corporation
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|Jun 26, 2014
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|U.S. Classification
|382/112, 382/286, 382/137
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Aug 5, 1999
Owner name: CHASE BANK OF TEXAS, N.A., AS ADMINISTRATIVE AGENT
Free format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:BANCTEC, INC.;REEL/FRAME:010144/0116
Effective date: 19990722
|Jul 9, 2001
Owner name: HELLER FINANCIAL, INC., IOWA
Free format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:BANCTEC, INC.;REEL/FRAME:012002/0365
Effective date: 20010530
|Sep 27, 2001
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jul 5, 2005
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Dec 21, 2009
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|May 19, 2010
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Jul 6, 2010
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20100519
|Apr 1, 2014
Owner name: BANCTEC, INC., TEXAS
Free format text: RELEASE BY SECURED PARTY;ASSIGNOR:THE CHASE MANHATTAN BANK (FORMERLY CHASE BANK OF TEXAS, N.A.);REEL/FRAME:032576/0945
Effective date: 20010531


text:
Hampton Inn & Suites Detroit/Sterling Heights, Sterling Heights
- Free hot/cold buffet breakfast, free WiFi, and free parking
Main amenities
- 76 smoke-free guestrooms
- Near the beach
- Indoor pool
- 24-hour fitness center
- 24-hour business center
- 24-hour front desk
- Air conditioning
- Front desk safe
- Laundry service
- Gift shops/newsstands
- Luggage storage
What's around
- Freedom Hill Amphitheatre (3.2 mi / 5.2 km)
- Red Oaks Waterpark (6.5 mi / 10.5 km)
- Troy Historic Village (7.6 mi / 12.3 km)
- Somerset Collection (8.4 mi / 13.6 km)
- Detroit Zoo (12 mi / 19.3 km)
Hampton Inn & Suites Detroit/Sterling Heights, Sterling Heights
Hotel Info: 855-238-1591from $84
- One king studio whirlpool non smoking
- Two queen beds non smoking
- One king non smoking
- One king studio sofabed non smoking
- Studio, 1 King Bed, Accessible, Non Smoking
- Studio, 2 Queen Beds, Accessible, Non Smoking
- One king bed non smoking
- Studio, 1 King Bed, Accessible, Non Smoking
- Two queens studio sofabed non smoking
Also popular with travelers from the USA
At a glance
Key facts
Hotel size
- This hotel has 76 rooms
- This hotel is arranged over 3 floors
- Check-in time starts at 3 PM
- Check-out time is Noon
- Express check-in
Required at check in
- Credit card or cash deposit required
- Government-issued photo ID required
- Minimum check-in age is 21
Travelling with others
- Pets not allowed
Extra people
- Roll-away beds available, charges may apply*
- Free WiFi in public areas
- Free WiFi in rooms
- Free self parking
Other information
- Smoke-free property
In the hotel
- Free hot/cold buffet breakfast
- Indoor pool
- 24-hour fitness facilities
- Spa tub
- Golfing nearby
- 24-hour business center
- Number of meeting rooms - 4
- Conference space size (feet) - 1539
- Conference space size (meters) - 139
- 24-hour front desk
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Laundry facilities
- Luggage storage
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
- Elevator/lift
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
In the room
- In-room climate control (air conditioning)
- Air conditioning
- Iron/ironing board
- Hair dryer
- Cable/satellite TV channels
- Free WiFi
- Refrigerator
- In-room safe
- Connecting/adjoining rooms available
Hampton Inn & Suites Detroit/Sterling Heights, Sterling Heights's small print
Also known as
- Hampton Inn Detroit/Sterling
- Hampton Inn Detroit/Sterling Heights
- Hampton Inn Detroit/Sterling Hotel
- Hampton Inn Detroit/Sterling Hotel Heights
- Hampton Inn Detroit/Sterling Heights Hotel
The property has connecting/adjoining rooms, which are subject to availability and can be requested by contacting the property using the number on the booking confirmation.
Optional extras
Rollaway beds are available for an additional charge
We have included all charges provided to us by this hotel. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.
Recent reviews
Excellent 4.4 /5 from 109 reviews
Class A experience. We were excited to tell our family and friends about our stay.
We had great service and everything went smooth. All the staff I talked with were friendly and accommodating. We had a great stay and if I am ever in the area again, I will be booking a stay here. The breakfast was good, the pool was clean and warm, the rooms were quiet and the hotel was easy to get to. Definitely a good experience.
I don't think I would stay here again. I was traveling with my sister, whom we are both disabled. When I checked in I asked if our room was a handicap room, if there was handicap parking close to the door, I was told no our room was not handicap, and for the parking she didn't know if there was any close to the door she was directing us to come into, but that there was a lot of parking. I drove to were I was instructed to park, no handicap parking, a stepp curb to step up to, Our rooms were almost as far as you could have been placed from the ice machine, the breakfast area, and the area that I had to go get a cart to bring our bags into. I complained at that time to the manager, who did not assist me with the cart to bring our bags in, after if fell off the curb into my car and I had to struggle to get it set back up, get bags on it and into the building. He finely came to the room to offer us a different room, with one bed, asked then "aren't you a couple". I told him we were sisters who needed our own beds, he had no assistance to give me. The second night we had to call to the desk twice to complain of the noise coming from the room above us. I paid $150.00 a night for this room, I really would have thought they would have cared more about all their customers, but handicap customers you will be treated poorly.
The hotel was great. Clean, friendly, and breakfast was delicious with changes in the menu daily. However, there was construction that could detour some people unfamiliar with the area. We just went with the flow and continued to enjoy ourselves.
I had an awesome stay! This hotel was the best experience in a hotel that I had so far! I'd definitely refer somebody!
Is the description of this hotel not correct? Tell us

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Dr. Ravanam graduated from the Kasturba Med Coll Manipal, Manipal Acad Higher Ed, Manipal, Karnataka in 1976. She works in Kankakee, IL and 1 other location and specializes in Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism. Dr. Ravanam is affiliated with Holy Cross Hospital, Little Company Of Mary Hospital, Presence St Marys Hospital and Riverside Medical Center.
Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism
Medical School: Kasturba Med Coll Manipal, Manipal Acad Higher Ed, Manipal, Karnataka; Graduated 1976
Please verify insurance information directly with your doctor's office as it may change frequently.
*This physician has multiple office locations. See Office Information for details.
455 W Court St Ste 102
Kankakee, IL 60901
100 Fitness Dr
Bourbonnais, IL 60914
100 Fitness Dr
Bourbonnais, IL 60914
10181 W Lincoln Hwy
Frankfort, IL 60423
25259 S Reed St
Channahon, IL 60410


text:
By Justin Sink
On Friday, congressional leaders were summoned to a meeting with the president at the White House. Also in attendance were House Minority leader Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.), Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnellMitch McConnellMuslim DNC speaker challenges GOP leaders to call Trump out Peter Thiel does not make the GOP pro-gay Reid: Trump is a 'hateful con man' MORE (R-Ky.), Vice President Biden and Treasury Secretary Tim Geithner.
According to CNN, BoehnerJohn BoehnerDem drops out of race for Boehner's old seat Conservative allies on opposite sides in GOP primary fight Clinton maps out first 100 days MORE made the comment to Reid as he sat on a couch with McConnell outside the Oval Office before the meeting. Reid responded by laughing, although was apparently miffed by Boehner's response. Politico first reported the exchange.
Despite the heated exchange, both Boehner's office and Reid later described the meeting as constructive.
"There was not a lot of hilarity in the meeting, everyone knows how important it is," Reid said in a floor speech. "It was a very serious meeting and it took an extended period of time."
The House approved the Senate fiscal cliff bill Wednesday night on a 257-167 vote. The late-night vote will indefinitely extend the George W. Bush-era tax cuts on all household income under $450,000, extend unemployment insurance and delay automatic spending cuts for another two months.


text:
The Song of Prufrock
Top Stories
- IAF An-32 aircraft missing: Manohar Parrikar undertakes aerial survey of search operations
- Hillary Clinton picks Tim Kaine as running mate
- Judith D'souza, Indian kidnapped in Kabul, rescued: Sushma Swaraj
- Bhagwant Mann interview: 'I just wanted to show system of draw of lots in Zero Hour'
- Toll climbs to 46, Rajnath visits Kashmir valley today
(with apologies to T S Eliot)
Obfuscation, euphuism, euphemisms we are groping for words to convey our feelings. Euphuism (a prose style) works best when conveying hidden thoughts in intimate places like Prufrock, the private club that was to welcome the privileged, courtesy Mr Tejpal. The name is taken from a poem by Eliot. A modern, revised version:
Let us go then, you and I,
When the evening is spread out against the sky.
Like a patient etherised upon a table;
Let us go, via certain half-deserted elevators,
Leave the movie stars and fawning waiters
Experience restless nights in five-star hotels
and beach-side places serving oyster-shells:
Corridors that follow like a tedious argument
of insidious intent
To lead you to an overwhelming question
Oh, do not ask, "Why are you doing this?"
We are in a place where nothing is remiss.
Not in the conference room where men come and go
Talking of morality, molested women and Michelangelo.
The insidious thoughts that arrive with the incoming tide
licked its tongue into the corners of the evening,
lingered on the poolside where innocence died,
slipped by the elevator and made a sudden leap,
and seeing that it was a soft November night,
banished all thoughts of an early sleep.
Let there be no feigned hesitation or excuse,
There is no place for non-consensual rights,
else I may be impelled to seek punitive 'recuse'.
This is a place that instigates momentary lapses of judgment
where conversations can become loaded heavily,
even playful exchanges of a flirtatious nature can be
misconstrued, converted into sexual intent.
We discuss desire and the near impossibility of fidelity
on stormy nights and thunderclouds when trees were bent,
The aftermath will intrude angrily into our conjoined future
... contd.
Editors' Pick
- Gujarat unrest shows while Dalit lives have improved, conflict has increased
- Zakir Naik is 'protected' as an Indian citizen but he considers himself a Muslim first
- No proof required: Black Knight and other myths
- Media is the new battleground in the conflict zone
- Aiming it wrong
- A first, but big step
- Brand Rajini


text:
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A 9.0-magnitude earthquake in northeast Japan triggered a massive tsunami, killing at least 10,000 people in what Prime Minister Naoto Kan called the country's worst crisis since World War II. Hundreds of miles of coastline remained unreachable as hundreds of thousands of survivors struggled to find food and water, and nearly 2 million were without electricity in near-freezing temperatures. In the town of Minamisanrikucho, nearly two thirds of the population of 17,000 were missing and most of the buildings had washed away. Two nuclear power plants experienced partial meltdowns. Workers struggled to cool reactors at the Fukushima Daiichi plant, dumping seawater in them and periodically releasing radioactive steam in an attempt to avoid full meltdowns. The earthquake, the strongest ever recorded in Japan, moved the country's main island by eight feet and shifted the Earth on its axis. Japan's stringent building codes, which require hydraulic shock absorbers and giant rubber pads at the foundations of skyscrapers, were credited with saving countless lives; in Sendai, a city of a million people near the epicenter, no buildings had collapsed during the earthquake.AP via YahooNew York TimesCNNNew York TimesNew York TimesCBS NewsIn Crescent City, California, a 25-year-old man was swept out to sea and killed while he photographed the tsunami waves that had traveled across the Pacific Ocean.Los Angeles Times
After Wisconsin governor Scott Walker signed into law a bill that strips public employees of their collective-bargaining rights, the 14 Democratic state senators who fled in an effort to obstruct the bill returned. They were met by 100,000 supporters, marking the biggest protest since the crisis began a month ago, with many chanting "This is what democracy looks like!"Los Angeles TimesHundreds of antigovernment protesters were injured by police in both Bahrain and Yemen, and France became the first country to recognize Libya's opposition leadership as the country's official government.Washington PostBBCAn Al Jazeera cameraman was killed in an ambush near Benghazi, the rebel headquarters, and Muammar Qaddafi's forces tortured three BBC correspondents reporting on the three-week-old revolt.CBS NewsNew York TimesMohammed ElBaradei, the former head of the UN's nuclear watchdog agency, said that he intends to run for president of Egypt later this year.Al JazeeraIn a room once used by the House Un-American Activities Committee, Representative Peter King (R., N.Y.), a supporter of the Irish RepublicanArmy, began hearings on the radicalization of American Muslims; one speaker, Representative Keith Ellison (D., Minn.), wept as he testified about a fellow Muslim American who died as a first responder on September 11, 2001.New York TimesWashington PostTwo years after promising to close Guantánamo Bay, President Obama ordered military trials for terror suspects to resume there, citing Congress's opposition to trials on U.S. soil.Washington PostMillions of fish, many of them sardines, died in Redondo Beach, California, after oxygen levels in the water plummeted for unknown reasons.Los Angeles TimesThe Dalai Lama announced his retirement.The Guardian
P. J. Crowley resigned as State Department spokesman after calling the prison treatment of suspected WikiLeaks source Bradley Manning "ridiculous and counterproductive and stupid."CNNThe 20-year-old police chief of a border town in Juarez Valley, Mexico, who took the job last fall when no one else would, escaped to Texas after receiving death threats from drug cartels.BBCStanford University discontinued a list of easy classes, such as "Social Dances of North America III," that was routinely distributed to student athletes.California WatchScientists identified some of the hundreds of genetic changes that have occurred since humans diverged from chimpanzees 7 million years ago; two pieces of DNA that have been lost relate to the suppression of brain cells, and also spiny penises.The GuardianNewly unearthed photos show Eva Braun in bikinis, practicing yoga, and in blackface, impersonating Jewish actor Al Jolson impersonating a black man.New York Daily NewsAdjusting for inflation, labor researchers determined that the cost of a slave is at an historic low, at $90 today as compared with $40,000 200 years ago.CNNUsing quality-of-life indicators such as eating habits, stress levels, and work satisfaction, Gallup identified the happiest man in America as Alvin Wong, a tall, 69-year-old, Chinese-American observant Jew who is married with children and lives in Honolulu.New York TimesDuring a hearing on energy-efficiency standards for appliances, Senator Rand Paul (R., Ky.) accused a Department of Energy official of oppression: "Frankly, my toilets don�??t work in my house," he said. "And I blame you and people like you who want to tell me what I can install in my house, what I can do." The official, Kathleen Hogan, the deputy assistant secretary for energy efficiency, replied, "I can help you find a toilet that works."ABC News
More from Margaret Cordi:
Weekly Review — May 10, 2011, 12:00 am
Weekly Review — February 1, 2011, 12:00 am
Weekly Review — November 23, 2010, 12:00 am
In Havana, the past year has been marked by a parade of bold-faced names from the north — John Kerry reopening the United States Embassy; Andrew Cuomo bringing a delegation of American business leaders; celebrities ranging from Joe Torre, traveling on behalf of Major League Baseball to oversee an exhibition game between the Tampa Bay Rays and the Cuban national team, to Jimmy Buffett, said to be considering opening one of his Margaritaville restaurants there. All this culminated with a three-day trip in March by Barack Obama, the first American president to visit Cuba since Calvin Coolidge in 1928. But to those who know the city well, perhaps nothing said as much about the transformation of political relations between the United States and Cuba that began in December 2014 as a concert in the Tribuna Antiimperialista.
Estimated temperature of Hell, according to two Spanish physicists ' interpretation of the Bible:
Department of Applied Physics, University of Santiago (Santiago, Spain)
The ecosystems around Chernobyl, Ukraine, are now healthier than they were before the nuclear disaster, though radiation levels are still too high for human habitation.
A TSA agent in Seattle was arrested for taking up-skirt photos of women in the airport, a Maryland police officer was arrested for taking up-skirt photos of an off-duty colleague, and the Georgia Court of Appeals ruled that taking up-skirt photos is legal in the state.
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"Matt was happy enough to sustain himself on the detritus of a world he saw as careening toward self-destruction, and equally happy to scam a government he despised. 'I'm glad everyone's so wasteful,' he told me. 'It supports my lifestyle.'"


text:
- Swimmer Ryan Lochte reveals one of his worst dates - US Weekly
- Get the latest on Dr. Dre's arrest - TMZ
- Despite rumors, Eddie Murphy's daughter is not pregnant - Gossip Cop
- The Vampire Diaries star Michael Trevino steps out for a good cause - Just Jared Jr
- Are Blac Chyna and Kylie Jenner on good terms? - Radar
- Blue Ivy is just as stylish as her mom Beyonce! - Lainey Gossip
- This Narcos star confirms he's not coming back for another season of the show - The Hollywood Reporter
20 August 2014 at 12:08 AM
Nicki Minaj Gives A Lap Dance to Drake in 'Anaconda' Music Video - Watch Now!
About this photo set: Check out Nicki Minaj showing off her assets in the brand new music video for her latest single "Anaconda," off her upcoming third studio album, The Pinkprint!… Read More Here
Photo #: 3179390
Posted to Drake, Music Video, Nicki Minaj
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