text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Apr 17, 2007
|Filing date
|Apr 21, 2005
|Priority date
|Jan 17, 2005
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Anthony J. Magrath
|Original Assignee
|Wolfson Microelectronics Plc
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (17), Non-Patent Citations (1), Referenced by (13), Classifications (9), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates to pulse width modulation (PWM) modulators, especially but not exclusively for digital audio applications; and to quantisers and power switching for the same.
Digital amplifiers are typically employed for high efficiency applications for example audio amplification in portable devices such as personal stereos where battery life is a significant consideration. They are also used in high power amplification where the high efficiency means that the size and cost of the power supplies and heat sinks can be reduced. These amplifiers often utilise pulse width modulation (PWM) to drive a switching power stage. However the source signals are typically stored as encoded sampled signals on a carrier such as a CD-ROM or as MP3 tracks on a memory device for example. During playback, these digital encoded signals are error-corrected and decompressed to give a sequence of digital words, each representing the instantaneous value of the audio signal, a signal format known as Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) Hence some kind of PCM-PWM Converter is needed to convert the encoded signal samples into a two- or three-level PWM signal.
A schematic of a digital amplifier for digital audio and employing a PCM-PWM Converter is shown in
The input is a series of PCM digital words representing the original analogue signal amplitude levels sampled at successive sample instants, typically at an audio sampling rate fs of 48 kHz or 44.1 kHz. The over-sampling or interpolation filter 1 adds additional samples from the incoming audio source samples by interpolating between the actual samples, thereby effectively increasing the sampling rate as is known, to an interpolated sampling rate fi of say 8 times fs. The over-sampled audio signal cin is fed to the Converter 2 which comprises a modulator to convert these words into a signal pwm_out comprising a series of pulses of varying width (PWM) suitable for switching the switching element 3, at a pulse repetition frequency (PRF) or PWM pulse frame rate fP, equal to fi, say. The power switch 3 switches a much larger output voltage into a low pass filter 4 which removes high-frequency components of this signal to give a smoothed analogue signal for applying to the headphone or speaker load 5. The switch element 3 outputs either a high level or a low level in the case of bi-level PWM or a high, mid-scale or low level in the case of tri-level PWM, and is switched at the high frequency fP with a duty cycle that is dependent on the sampled amplitude of the input signal.
A typical transistor switching bridge circuit for the switch element 3 is shown in
A tri-level waveform representing an analogue signal is shown in
The PWM signal (A) shown represents a low-amplitude signal, so the high and low pulses are narrow. For an analogue PWM waveform, there would also be some extremely narrow pulses, but for a digital system the input level is quantised, so very small input levels will be rounded to exactly zero. Thus some pulse frames will have no pulse at all. In fact, for low amplitude signals, these zeros can be quite common. Given the "crest factor" of 20 dB or so in many audio sources, and the presence of quiet passages in most music, and the likely scenario where there is some upstream digital volume control attenuating the audio signal, rather than playing music at full volume, such low-amplitude signals are themselves quite common.
When a zero differential output is desired, either for the "off" part of a pulse frame, or for a whole pulse frame, there is a choice at every zero-going transition whether to turn both high-side devices (T1 and T2) on, or to turn both low-side devices (T3 and T4) on.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,614,297 discloses the switching scheme of
In addition, the load presented by the speaker 5 may have an inductive component and the low-pass filter 4 will usually be an L-C filter with an inductive component of impedance. Therefore during the interval when both devices are off, this inductive load will tend to fly past the positive or negative supply rail, depending on the inductor current. This waveform is caught by a diode rather than tied directly to the supply rail via a FET. Even if the characteristics of this diode are predictable the overshoot may still give some distortion of effective pulse width. In practice, whether on-chip or off-chip, the characteristics of these diodes will have a wide tolerance, uncorrelated with the electrical characteristics of other circuit elements and with a strong thermal dependence. Therefore the distortion will be unpredictable, foiling attempts to pre-distort to correct for it.
Furthermore, even if it were possible to drive the output devices very fast, the resulting fast edges could give troublesome high-frequency EMI components.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,211,728 discloses the switching scheme of
A further subtlety in implementation of tri-level PWM concerns the location of the transitions. In standard or single sided PWM, only the leading or trailing edge of the pulse varies with the input signal, the other edge being fixed. In double-sided PWM, both leading and trailing edge of the pulse vary in order that the PWM pulses are centred symmetrically around the PRF (Pulse-Repetition Frequency) clock. To first order, as long as the output is on for the required fraction of each cycle, it will generate the corresponding contribution to the output waveform. But second order effects, such as the signal-dependent skewing of the "centroid" of the output pulse relative to the clock, give rise to distortion mechanisms in the single-sided schemes. Double sided PWM is more complicated to implement, but results in reduced distortion when compared with single sided PWM. Known analog schemes such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,262,632, U.S. Pat. No. 6,614,297, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,077,539 can generate the double-sided modulation quite easily, but digital sampled-data generation is not so straightforward, particularly when pulse lengths of odd numbers of clocks are required.
A schematic for a PWM converter is illustrated in
The PWM modulator 7 generates an output pwm_out with high, low and mid-scale states in tri-level applications. More precisely, in tri-level applications, the output pwm_out of PWM modulator 7 will typically comprise two or more parallel digital signals together indicative of the chosen one of these three states, which will then be translated by the output control logic (3 a) within power switch 3 to generate the desired high-amplitude output signal to drive the load 5 via LP filter 4. But for economy of explanation we will refer to this signal pwm_out as a single tri-level signal. Signal pwm_out will generally consist of a string of pulses of high or low level, at the high frequency PWM pulse frame rate fP, with a pulse width that is proportional to the amplitude of the modulator's input signal pwm_in, and a polarity determined by the MSB or sign bit of pwm_in.
In the implementation of
As discussed above with reference to
In general terms in one aspect the present invention provides a guard band quantiser for a pulse width modulation (PWM) based modulator or converter. The guard band quantiser is arranged to prevent narrow width output pulses. This arrangement is particularly advantageous when applied to tri-level PWM modulators, but can also be applied to other level PWM modulators such as bi-level for example. The guard band quantiser is arranged to block the output of low level non-zero signals to the modulator in order to prevent the narrow output pulses. The resulting extra quantisation noise can be moved to high frequencies above the audio band by implementing the quantiser in a noise shaper circuit (or possibly a SDM) having loop feedback.
In an embodiment, the guard-band quantiser is configured with a predetermined upper threshold and a corresponding predetermined lower threshold; which are centred about zero. The quantiser comprises logic arranged to "pass" its input signal onto its output when the corresponding input level is above an upper threshold value and below a lower threshold value. The logic is further arranged to issue an output chosen from one of a number of predetermined output levels from the quantiser output when the corresponding input level is between the upper threshold and the lower threshold. The predetermined output levels will include zero, and preferably also the upper and lower threshold values, depending on the input level. A single predetermined output level may alternatively be used, for example zero.
The modulator then outputs a pulse corresponding to the input signal to the quantiser when this is outside the bounds of the upper and lower thresholds, and output pulses corresponding to the predetermined output(s) of the quantiser when its input signal is between the upper and lower thresholds. Thus the modulator does not output any pulses less than a minimum width unless it is zero, even when only a low (e.g. audio) signal level, between the upper and lower thresholds, is input to the quantiser. In an embodiment the modulator will output pulses of widths corresponding to input signals below the lower threshold and above the upper threshold, or else corresponding to zero, the upper threshold or the lower threshold as appropriate. This avoids the problem of very short output pulses which the output bridge transistors cannot switch quickly enough, thereby reducing the level of distortion.
Whilst the modified quantisation does result in extra quantisation error and hence distortion, this is substantially moved out of the audio frequency band in embodiments using noise shaping around the guard-band quantiser. Alternatively other quantisation noise spectrum shaping circuits could be used, such as sigma delta modulators (SDM).
In particular in one aspect the present invention provides a quantising circuit according to claim 1.
A control signal which is dependent on the input signal is used to determine whether the output is forced to a predetermined output level. The input signal itself is used to select which predetermined output level. This allows the control signal to be dithered independently of the input signal in some embodiments. Alternatively the input signal itself may be dithered independently of the control signal, or both may be dithered. Dithering these signals reduces idle tones and can be implemented by adding a pseudorandom noise source to the input and/or control signal.
The quantiser circuit is particularly suitable for coupling to the input of a tri-level PWM modulator for digital audio applications, as it prevents low non-zero input signals and hence corresponding short output pulses from the modulator. It ensures a minimum pulse width or zero which mitigates the problem of finite output transistor switching time.
Preferably this quantising circuit also includes a "standard" Word Length Reduction, or second, quantiser which reduces the word length of its input signal in order to allow the implementation of a cheaper modulator. The second (WLR) quantiser is preferably coupled to the input of the first (guard band or GB) quantiser which in turn is coupled to the input of the modulator. Preferably the or each quantiser incorporates a feedback loop including a loop filter or equivalent about its quantising element. Additionally or alternatively the quantising circuit incorporates a feedback loop and loop filter around the two quantisers. These feedback loops reduce the distortion effects associated with quantisation of the input signal.
In another aspect there is provided a PWM converter comprising a PWM modulator for converting input signals into pulses having a width corresponding to the value of the input signal, and a word length reduction circuit coupled to the input of the modulator and comprising quantising means for quantising an n-bit input signal into an N-bit output signal, and means for blocking a non-zero output signal which is within a predetermined range. Preferably one of a number of predetermined output levels is selected depending on the input signal level within the predetermined range.
In another aspect there is provided a guard band quantiser circuit for use with a pulse width modulator, the quantiser receiving an n-bit input signal and outputting an n-bit output signal, the quantiser comprising means for forcing the output signal to one of a number of predetermined levels when the input signal is within a predetermined range.
In another aspect there is provided a quantiser circuit for use with a pulse width modulator, the quantiser comprising: an input for receiving an n-bit input signal; quantising means arranged to quantise said n-bit signal into a corresponding N-bit output signal; wherein said quantising means is further arranged to force a non-zero output signal to zero when said corresponding n-bit input signal is within a predetermined range of zero; an output for outputting said N-bit output signal.
Preferably said quantising means is further arranged to force said output signal to a non-zero threshold value when said corresponding input signal is within a predetermined range of said threshold value.
In general terms in a second aspect there is provided a PWM modulator for digital audio signals and which is arranged to convert an input signal into an output pulse having a width corresponding to the value of the input signal. The modulator is arranged to shift the timing of the leading and trailing edge of the pulse in order to implement double side PWM modulation. The leading and trailing edge time shifts are modulated by an offset value which varies with each odd value of the input signal in order to centre the output pulse on average with respect to an internal clock signal corresponding to the pulse repetition rate of the modulator. The offset value is processed by a feedback loop and loop filter. Preferably the loop and filter is implemented in a noise shaping circuit.
This reduces audio band distortion introduced by the varying offset value.
In an embodiment a shuffling circuit is used which generates a pulse offset value for controlling the position of the leading edge of the output pulses. The offset value is dependent on the value of the incoming signal sample, in other words its width. The larger the sample value, the smaller the offset. This will be an integer when the sample value is an even value, and fractional when the sample is odd. However since the PWM modulator can only implement whole or integer offset values, the fractional values need to be rounded to integer values. The rounding up and down needs to be controlled in order to minimise distortion. In the embodiment a quantiser is used to get the right number of bits and hence an integer number. This is arranged in a feedback loop in order to compensate for the quantisation error that this processing creates. The feedback loop provides noise-shaping, using either a noise-shaper or a delta-sigma architecture.
In particular in this aspect the present invention provides a double sided pulse width modulation circuit according to claim 31.
Advantageously the noise shaping processed offset arrangement can be combined with the above quantising circuit of the first aspect.
In general terms in a third aspect there is provided a power switching circuit for use with a tri-level PWM modulator and having two transistor half bridges each having two transistors. The circuit includes switching means arranged to only provide a state transition at one of said load connections when a corresponding state transition occurs in said PWM output signal, and wherein a non-zero pulse across the load is implemented by a state transition at one of said load connections followed after a period according to the width of the pulse by a state transition at the other load connection. Preferably the switching means is further arranged to determine the last half bridge that switched the output, in order that the next output state transition to mid-scale or zero is implemented using the other half bridge.
By using both half bridges to provide an amplified pulse, the switching times required for the transistors are relaxed, resulting in less distortion and/or lower specification and hence cheaper transistors.
In particular in this other aspect the present invention provides a power switching circuit according to claim 29.
Advantageously the power switching circuit can be combined with the double sided modulator of the second aspect and/or the quantising circuit of the first aspect.
There are also provided corresponding methods, and computer programs to implement said methods.
Embodiments are described with respect to the following drawings, by way of example only and without intending to be limiting, in which:
As discussed previously, the arrangement of
A PWM converter such as that shown in
In one embodiment a modified word length reduction circuit 16 is provided for use with a tri-level PWM modulator 17 as shown in
In order to avoid the occurrence of short output pulses from the modulator 17, the word length reduction circuit 16 is modified to prevent it outputting values around zero. The guard band quantizer 25 has an upper threshold TU and a lower threshold TL. The quantizer logic is arranged such that if the quantizer input is between TU and TL, the quantizer will output either TU, TL, or zero, according to a predetermined transfer characteristic such that the quantizer error is minimised. If the input is greater than TU or smaller than TL then the signal from the standard quantiser 22 is passed unaltered such that the word length reduction circuit 16 operates as normal (ie the same as the circuit 6 of
The word length reduction circuit 16 is multi-level and is implemented using the two quantizers: the first being the standard multi-level WLR quantizer 22, which quantizes its x-bit input to a signal ν of lower wordlength, n-bit say. The second is the Guard-Band Quantizer 25, which implements a minimum pulse constraint to ensure that none of the codes or input signal values between TU and TL (except possibly and preferably zero) are used (i.e. it implements a guard band). To minimise the quantizer error, the following quantizer transfer characteristic is used, and can be seen in
Usually, the N-bit output of guard-band quantiser 25 will be the same wordlength as its input, i.e. N will equal n, as implied by
Despite the fact that the guard band tri-level quantizer 25 is within the feedback loop of the noise-shaper or SDM WLR circuit 16, the error introduced can still limit the performance of the system. Therefore in a further embodiment, the error in the baseband is reduced by employing a further noise-shaping (inner) loop around the Guard-Band Quantizer 25. This is shown in
Adder 28 b compares the input ν and output qout of the quantizer 25. For signals ν outside the range TU to TL, this error will be zero; even for signals ν within this range, the error is less than TU or TL, so will only be plus or minus a few LSB, so the bit width of the adder output and the subsequent feedback path will be small. In fact since the output of the guard band quantiser 25 is determined by its input, adder 28 b need only look at the last few LSB of its inputs ν and qout so its input is also only a few bits wide.
The inner loop filter (H(z)) is implemented as two delays 26 a and 26 b, each of a delay 1/fP. This implements the noise transfer function 1-z−2, which introduces a zero at DC and a zero at fP/2. The zero at fP/2 reduces the out-of-band noise introduced by the noise shaper. It is also possible to use a more general noise shaping filter in the feedback loop by replacing the two delays with a direct form noise shaper loop filter for example. This allows more flexibility in the shaping of the error introduced by the guard-band quantizer 25.
In alternative arrangements the word length reduction circuit 16 could be implemented as a noise shaper with a suitable loop filter H′(z) for the outer loop, as illustrated in
As a further enhancement, the control logic 29 is also dithered, which randomises the selection of the quantizer 25 output to reduce idle tones. More specifically, if the error signal (ν−qout) introduced by the quantiser is too closely correlated to the input signal, harmonic distortion can result. This can be avoided by introducing dithering or randomising of the output signal which is implemented here by adding a noise source 31 (shown dashed in the figure) to the input signal ν to produce a dithered control signal c to the input of the control logic input. The noise source is simply a pseudo-random signal generated by known techniques that randomises slightly the selection of TU, TL, zero, or input signal. Assuming this noise source is bounded to a few LSBs, the feedback path through 28 a, 26 a, and 26 b to 28 a need still only be a few bits wide.
The added noise signal has two side-effects: Firstly input signals ν slightly above TU, say, may give rise to an output signal equal to TU (or even 0 or TL), rather than passing through. This is because the noise signal (31) applied to the input signal ν may subtract some of its amplitude resulting in a control signal c which is less than TU. Second, input signals ν slightly below TU, say, may pass through the multiplexer to the output, giving rise to output signals corresponding to narrow pulse widths. This is because the noise will have taken the amplitude of the control signal c above TU which activates the multiplexer 30 to pass the input signal v which is slightly less than TU. However, at least for amplitudes of added noise small compared to TU, the general operation of the circuit is fundamentally equivalent to the circuits without dither, the predetermined range being made somewhat "fuzzy". The circuit still outputs an N-bit output signal corresponding to said n-bit input signal if said input signal is not substantially within said range and outputs an output level selected from a predetermined reduced set of output levels when the input signal is substantially within said range.
In a second embodiment, the control logic and multiplexers of quantiser 25 are modified as shown in
The control logic block 29 is replaced by two control blocks 29 a and 29 b, and the multiplexer 30 is split into two stages 30 a and 30 b. Block 29 b detects whether the signal falls outside the range from TU to TL, with no noise added to its input (control signal c equals input signal ν). If so, it drives multiplexer 30 b to pass the input signal v unchanged. If not so, i.e. if the input signal falls inside the range TU to TL, multiplexer 30 b outputs the output from multiplexer 30 a. The output from multiplexer 30 a is either TU, TL or zero, according to the output of logic block 29 a.
Logic block 29 a implements a transfer function, for example as defined in the equations discussed earlier and as illustrated in
The operation performed by logic block 29 a can be considered as an addition of the signal ν to the noise signal, followed by a truncation to three levels. Alternatively it could be a predetermined combinatorial combination of the signal bits and the noise bits.
The PWM modulator 17 shown in
A similar configuration for PWM function block 24 can be derived in which the pulse-width-counter is initially set to zero, and increased until it reaches the "count" value to produce the correct pulse-width.
As discussed above, in standard or single sided PWM, only the leading or trailing edge of the pulse varies with the input signal, the other edge being fixed. In double-sided PWM, both leading and trailing edge of the pulse vary in order that the PWM pulses are centred around the PRF (Pulse-Repetition Frequency) clock at frequency fP. Double sided PWM is more complicated to implement, but results in reduced distortion when compared with single sided PWM.
The digital PWM modulator 17 can also be modified to produce double-sided modulation. For double sided modulation, an additional 'offset' signal is input to the PWM block. The block has an additional counter used to time the period to the start of the pulse, hereafter labelled 'offset-counter'. At the start of the pulse-frame, the output is set to zero, the offset-counter is loaded with the offset value, and the pulse-width counter is loaded with the count value. The offset counter is decremented on every bit-clock pulse. When the counter output reaches zero, the output is set to the same polarity as the 'sign' input, and the pulse-width-counter is decremented, as before, until its value reaches zero. At this point, the output of the PWM block is set to zero again. The 'offset' signal is generated so as to centre the pulse on the pulse-frame.
A problem with digital implementation of double sided PWM however is that if the output of the quantizer is odd, the pulse cannot be exactly centred. This problem has been addressed by alternatively shuffling each odd-length PWM pulse to the left then right on alternate samples. This is explained for example in R. E Hiorns, A. C. Paul and M. B. Sandier, "A Modified Noise Shaper Structure for Digital PWM DACs.", AES 95th Convention, 1993 Oct. 7–10. The performance of such a shuffling or alternating scheme can however limit the overall performance of the system, by introducing distortion.
In a further embodiment, a double-sided PWM modulator (33), suitable for replacing the single-sided PWM modulator 17, is shown in
The shuffling circuit 35 comprises two adders 36 a and 36 b, an offset calculator 37, a quantiser 38, and two delays 39 a and 39 b. There is also a left shift, or multiply-by-2, circuit 40.
The offset calculator 37 calculates the offset "off" required to centre each PWM pulse within each pulse frame. It is convenient to keep the offset a positive number, so the calculator 37 is arranged to calculate the offset using the equation:
where pulse_frame_width is the number of bit-clocks per PWM frame. If pwm_abs is zero, say, off will be equal to pulse_frame_width/2, representing an instant half way through the 128 (say) bit-clock cycles in a PWM pulse frame. As pwm_abs increases, off will reduce at half a bit-clock period per unit of pwm_abs. For example, if the pulse frame width is 128 bit-clock periods, and pwm_in=64, pwm_abs will also be 64, and the output of the offset calculator will have the value 32.
Referring now to
In this example, pwm_in=64, an even value, so the output off of the offset calculator will have the integer value 32. But if the pwm_in signal is of odd-length (e.g. 63), off will have a fractional value (e.g. 32.5).
The offset value (off) is processed by a noise-shaping structure in the shuffler 35 which contains a quantizer 38. The quantizer 38 contains logic which rounds or truncates the input signal to an integer number, as required by the PWM function block 34. This quantization process introduces an error, which is noise-shaped by the loop comprising the adders 36 a and 36 b, and delays 39 a and 39 b. In this embodiment, a second-order loop filter is used, though other loop filter types could also be used. The noise-shaping loop ensures that the error introduced by the quantizer has a time-average of zero, so for example, a constant input off from the offset calculator of 32.5 would for example produce outputs oscillating between 32 and 33, with an average of 32.5, and with energy spectrally shaped to give little quantisation noise in the audio band.
At the start of a pulse frame, the PRF clock edge latches the respective input signals into the three buffers 41, 42, and 43. It then loads offset into the offset counter and count into the pulse-width counter. The offset counter starts decrementing at clock rate fB until it reaches zero after "offset" fB clock periods. It then outputs a signal to the output logic 47 which then changes pwm_out from a zero or mid-scale state to a high or low level state according to the polarity of the latches sign signal. The change in offset counter output signal then starts the pulse width counter decrementing, so that after a further "count" fB clock periods the pulse width counter output signal changes. This signal change then prompts the output logic 47 to return pwm_out to a zero or mid-scale state. At the end of the pulse frame the outputs of the counters are reset, and the cycle repeats.
Whilst this embodiment has been described with respect to a tri-level implementation, this noise shaped shuffling technique of producing an integer offset for double-sided PWM can also be applied to bi-level or other multi-level PWM.
In a further embodiment, a modified switching scheme is applied to the output transistor switching bridge 3 b of
In general, high and low states are achieved with diagonally opposite MOSFETs conducting (T1 and T4, T2 and T3 respectively). For tri-level modulation, the zero or mid-scale state is achieved with either the top two (T1 and T2) or lower two MOSFETs (T3 and T4) conducting. For positive input signals, the output oscillates between the high and zero state, and for negative input signals, the output oscillates between the low and zero state.
As discussed above, there are various possible schemes for choosing which of the two zero-state modes of operation to use at various parts of the waveform.
The switches are controlled such that the minimum pulse width applied to each half-bridge T1–T3 and T2–T4 is increased compared with the scheme of
Thus the switching is arranged to provide a state transition (ie +1 to 0, 0 to +1, 0 to −1, or −1 to 0) at one of the nodes B or C, only when a corresponding state transition occurs in the PWM output signal. This avoids the continuous switching of the scheme of
Referring to the waveforms A, B and C in
In more detail, starting from the state A=0, with B=0, C=0 (z), if A then transitions to +1, output B is switched high, to give B=1, C=0 (x). When A returns to zero (preceding logic prohibits transition from A=1 to A=−1), since B was last switched, C is now switched high, to give the alternate zero state B=1 C=1 (w). If A had initially transitioned to −1, then C would have switched first, to give B=0, C=1 (y), then when A returned to zero, B would have been switched, to give the same alternate zero state B=1, C=1 (w).
Similarly, starting from the state A=0, with B=1, C=1 (w), if A then transitions to +1, output C is switched low, to give B=1, C=0 (x′). When A returns to zero, since C was last switched, B is now switched low, to give the zero state B=0 C=0 (z). If A had initially transitioned to −1, then B would have switched first, to give B=0, C=1 (y′), then when A returned to zero, C would have been switched, to give the same zero state B=0, C=0 (z).
More generally, the last half bridge (A or B) that switched the output (A) is determined, in order that the next output mid-scale switch is implemented using the other half bridge (B or C). This ensures that any required short pulses are not completely provided by switching just the one half bridge (B or C), but that both are used in order to reduce effect of the finite slew rate of the transistors.
This logic state diagram can readily be implemented in software or logic circuits, for example DSP or ASICs, as would be apparent to those skilled in the art. Where T1 is PMOS and T3 is NMOS as shown in
Where T1 and T2 are also NMOS rather than PMOS, the waveform at T1 has to be inverted with respect to that of T3, and probably level shifted to a higher voltage, as is well known in the art.
The skilled person will recognise that the above-described apparatus and methods may be embodied as processor control code, for example on a carrier medium such as a disk, CD- or DVD-ROM, programmed memory such as read only memory (Firmware), or on a data carrier such as an optical or electrical signal carrier. For many applications embodiments of the invention will be implemented on a DSP (Digital Signal Processor), ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit) or FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array). Thus the code may comprise conventional programme code or microcode or, for example code for setting up or controlling an ASIC or FPGA. The code may also comprise code for dynamically configuring re-configurable apparatus such as re-programmable logic gate arrays. Similarly the code may comprise code for a hardware description language such as Verilog™ or VHDL (Very high speed integrated circuit Hardware Description Language). As the skilled person will appreciate, the code may be distributed between a plurality of coupled components in communication with one another. Where appropriate, the embodiments may also be implemented using code running on a field-(re)programmable analogue array or similar device in order to configure analogue hardware.
The skilled person will also appreciate that the various embodiments and specific features described with respect to them could be freely combined with the other embodiments or their specifically described features in general accordance with the above teaching. The skilled person will also recognise that various alterations and modifications can be made to specific examples described without departing from the scope of the appended claims.
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|Jun 28, 2011
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Switching power amplifier for quantized signals
|May 28, 2010
|Nov 6, 2012
|Equiphon, Inc.
|Multi-edge pulse width modulator with non-stationary residue assignment
|May 20, 2011
|Jul 23, 2013
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Switching power amplifier for quantized signals
|Jul 1, 2013
|Sep 23, 2014
|Cirrus Logic, Inc.
|Delta-sigma modulator with limiter
|Apr 8, 2014
|May 3, 2016
|Cirrus Logic, Inc.
|Use of microphone capacitance as a switched capacitor in an input network of a delta-sigma modulator
|Dec 21, 2006
|Aug 16, 2007
|Sony Corporation
|Digital amplifier apparatus and method of muting digital amplifier apparatus
|Dec 22, 2006
|Aug 16, 2007
|Sony Corporation
|Digital amplifier apparatus and method of resetting a digital amplifier apparatus
|Oct 8, 2008
|Apr 16, 2009
|Stmicroelectronics S.R.L.
|Sigma-delta modulator for pwm applications with minimum dynamical control and dithering
|Nov 26, 2008
|Jan 28, 2010
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Switching power amplifier for quantized signals
|Sep 15, 2011
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Switching power amplifier for quantized signals
|U.S. Classification
|341/143, 341/144
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jul 14, 2005
Owner name: WOLFSON MICROELECTRONICS PLC, UNITED KINGDOM
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Effective date: 20050518
|Sep 27, 2010
|Fee payment
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|Aug 29, 2014
|Fee payment
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|Apr 1, 2015
Owner name: CIRRUS LOGIC INTERNATIONAL (UK) LTD., UNITED KINGD
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|Jun 2, 2015
Owner name: CIRRUS LOGIC INTERNATIONAL SEMICONDUCTOR LTD., UNI
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:CIRRUS LOGIC INTERNATIONAL (UK) LTD.;REEL/FRAME:035806/0389
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|Jun 15, 2015
Owner name: CIRRUS LOGIC INC., TEXAS
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:CIRRUS LOGIC INTERNATIONAL SEMICONDUCTOR LTD.;REEL/FRAME:035909/0190
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Alas, the final planning meeting for this weekend's Trimble County Alumni banquet came and went last Saturday with one solitary soul in attendance--me.
In the year-and-a-half since I took over as president of the Trimble County Alumni Association I have called five of these meetings to try to plan toward not only this year's banquet and get some fresh ideas on the table but to discuss the future of the alumni organization. On two occasions I showed up alone. On one occasion one other individual was in attendance. On another occasion two other persons were there and on the occasion of the first meeting I held five persons were there in addition to myself.
People have been after me for months to learn when this year's alumni banquet would be held. Many seem interested in enjoying the proceedings and the fellowship of the annual event, but only a handful seem willing to share in the responsibility of organization and continuation of a tradition that dates back to 1964. Prior to that an earlier group of alumni would sponsor a banquet each year for the high school graduating classes in the 1930s and '40s.
This year the few of us who did get together decided to try to move the date to the fall because so many end-of-the-school year activities were scheduled in the spring and on several occasions the alumni banquet was held on prom night preventing some parents and grandparents from attending the alumni event so they could enjoy seeing and photographing their kids and grandkids and their prom dates or volunteering with the post-prom party at the high school gymnasium.
We also decided that, rather than having a guest speak or musical entertainment, we would try something new by paying tribute to a retired popular teacher and coach with a "celebrity roast," which should prove entertaining since the victim, I mean, the recipient of the fun-spirited night is J.T. Peniston.
Several past students and basketball players will trade barbs and tell stories--some funny, some serious (some might even be true!)--about J.T.'s service to Trimble County education.
We have also made the banquet open to all teachers who served time in the dungeons of the classroom with J.T. -- or maybe I should say who served as colleagues during J.T.'s teaching years to come join the fun.
Many alumni enjoy gathering each year for the fellowship and the entertainment is only a secondary reason for coming. Many enjoy rehashing the "glory days" of years gone by when we were younger, eager for the adult days ahead, our eyes undimmed by the effects of age and disappointments that come into each and every life.
I would much rather spend time with alumni at a banquet than to stand beside a casket and rue the times I could have reconnected with the newly-departed but chose instead to go about the "busyness' of the every day routine. Which was more important, the activity that is often routine and can be enjoyed many times a year or the one time each year that your schoolmates meet and greet and revisit those fun times in the classroom, the band trips, the ballgames of long ago, and for some not so long ago?
I love hearing the different classes talk about the fun stuff that made their high school experience unique--whether it is stories from the 1940s, '50s, '60s and on through today. It is often interesting to see how each generation has come through the high school experience and how, while some things have changed, many things about being teenagers remain the same.
Admission is $15 per individual or $25 per couple. I hope to see all of you there!
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Home › Station › Programs › Daybreak Express ›
Daybreak Express playlist for 05/30/2011
Submitted by Marin Fanjoy-Labrenz on Mon, 30 May 2011, 8:13am
DJs:Marin Fanjoy-Labrenz
It's Benny Goodman's birthday!
|Benny Goodman
|If I Had You; I Didn't Know What Time It Was; Lover Come Back to Me; Moonglow; Embraceable You; I Gotta Right To Sing The Blues; Georgia On My Mind
|BG With Strings
|Benny Goodman
|Happy Session Blues; Autumn Nocturne; Oh, Baby; What A Difference A Day Makes; Oh Gee, Oh Joy; The Earl; More Than You Know
|Benny Goodman; Volume 4: Big Band Recordings
|Music Masters
|Benny Goodman
|'Deed I Do; That's A Plenty; Ballin' The Jack
|The Permanent Goodman
|Benny Goodman
|Runnin' Wild; Band Intro; Here Comes That Rainy Day; Alone Together; 4 other unknown tracks
|Benny Goodman and His Sextet at the Towson Center, Towson State University, MD
|Benny Goodman
|I Found A New Baby; I'm Growing Fonder of You; Throwin' Stones At The Sun; Prairie Moon; Star Dust/Basin Street/Goodbye (Theme)
|B.G. On The Air!
|Sunbeam Records
|Benny Goodman
|Let's Dance; Bugle Call Rag; Don't Be That Way; This Can't Be Love; I Can't Believe That You're In Love With Me
|Santiago de Chile 1961
|Benny Goodman
|You're My Desire; Am I Blue?; Where Or When; Someday Sweetheart; Bob White
|Swingin' Into Bop
|Strumthorpe Mews-Record
|Benny Goodman
|Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea; East of the Sun; Under a Blanket of Blue
|The New Benny Goodman Sextet
|Columbia Records
|Benny Goodman
|Honeysuckle Rose; Runnin' Wild; Mean to Me; Memories Of You
|Volume 2: Live at Basin Street
|Music Masters
|Benny Goodman
|Airmail Special; Rachel's Dream
|Munstermesse, Basel, Switzerland 1959
It's Benny Goodman's birthday!


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Slicing vs Hooking - A Brief Swing Analysis
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The high school football season is less than four weeks away, but it's never too early to start looking ahead.
Copyright © 2016
The News-Enterprise is your source for local news, sports, events and information in Elizabethtown, KY, Hardin County and the surrounding area.


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Kimberly-Clark Corporation, together with its subsidiaries, manufactures and markets personal care, consumer tissue, and health care products worldwide. The company operates in four segments: Personal Care, Consumer Tissue, K-C Professional, and Health Care. This dividend champion has paid dividends since 1935 and has increased them for 41 years in a row.
The company's last dividend increase was in February 2013 when the Board of Directors approved a 9.50% increase in the quarterly annual dividend to 81 cents /share. The company's peer group includes Procter & Gamble (PG), Colgate-Palmolive (CL), and Clorox (CLX).
Over the past decade this dividend growth stock has delivered an annualized total return of 11.20% to its shareholders.
The company has managed to deliver a 3.20% average increase in annual EPS over the past decade. Kimberly-Clark is expected to earn $5.72 per share in 2013 and $6.10 per share in 2014. In comparison, the company earned $4.42/share in 2012.
The company has maintained a very consistent stock buyback program over the past year. Between 2003 and 2013, the number of shares decreased from 509 million to 386 million.
Kimberly-Clark has focused on increasing market share through product innovation and increased marketing. The company has worked closely in streamlining operations in the sluggish North American market, eliminating positions and closing several facilities under its FORCE plan. Kimberly-Clark plans on realizing $400 – 500 million in annual cost savings through 2013 with its FORCE plan to streamline operations and focus on best practices.
Commodity prices could be detrimental to total costs at the company, as is the competitive nature of developed markets in which Kimberly-Clark does business. As with other consumer products companies, the growth is likely to come from developing and emerging markets, rather than developed markets. Developed markets could benefit from cost cutting and efficiency profits, which would decrease the total price of doing business. Under the company's global business plan, announced in 2003, it is looking for annual sales growth in the 3%-5% range, EPS growth in the mid to high single digits and dividend increases in line with earnings growth. For more on the global business plan, check this document.
The company recently announced its intention to spin-off its healthcare business. Existing Kimberly-Clark shareholders will receive shares in the K-C Healthcare unit through a tax-free distribution. The K-C healthcare unit had $1.6 billion in annual sales in 2012, and $229 million in operating income. It accounted for approximately 8.50% of Kimberly-Clark's operating income in 2013. If approved by the board, this transaction could close by the third quarter of 2014.
Kimberly-Clark has maintained a high level of returns on equity over the past decade. The indicator never fell below 25% during our study period. I generally want to see at least a stable return on equity over time. I use this indicator to assess whether management is able to put extra capital to work at sufficient returns.
The annual dividend payment has increased by 9.50% per year over the past decade, which is higher than the growth in EPS. This has been achieved mostly due to the expansion of the dividend payout ratio.
A 9% growth in distributions translates into the dividend payment doubling every eight years on average. Future dividend growth would have to track growth in earnings per share, and would likely be in the mid-single digits.
The dividend payout ratio has increased from 41% in 2003 to almost 67% in 2012. Looking at estimated earnings for 2013 however, the forward dividend payout ratio is 57%. A lower payout is always a plus, since it leaves room for consistent dividend growth minimizing the impact of short-term fluctuations in earnings.
Currently Kimberly-Clark is attractively valued at 18.40 times estimated 2013 earnings, yields 3% and has a sustainable distribution. However, if you manage to find a company with low P/E, and/or higher expected growth, you might want to purchase the shares of the other company. This assumes comparable yields, and dividend sustainability. I almost bought some Kimberly-Clark for my Roth IRA in early October at 16 times forward earnings, but unfortunately the shares took off before I had the cash to invest. While the company's business is pretty consistent, I would look for lower entry valuations before adding to my position there.
Full Disclosure: Long KMB, PG, CLX, CL
Relevant Articles:
- Dividends versus Share Buybacks/Stock repurchases
- S&P Dividend Aristocrats Index – An Incomplete List for Dividend Investors
- Three stages of dividend growth
- Not all P/E ratios are created equal
- Six Exciting Dividend Increases for Long-Term Income Investors
Friday, December 27, 2013
Kimberly Clark (KMB) Dividend Stock Analysis
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Olympus OM-D E-M1 Review
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The school will also partner with the Northeastern Oklahoma Area Health Education Center to receive help and guidance in how to supply rural areas with nurses.
What does OKAHEC stand for?
OKAHEC stands for Oklahoma Area Health Education Center (Oklahoma Rural Health Works; various locations)
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- Oklahoma Association of Community Action Agencies
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- Oklahoma Association for Environmental Education
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- Oklahoma Association of Homes and Services for the Aging
- OKlahoma Association for the Improvement of Developmental Education (Oklahoma City, OK)
- Oklahoma Association of Insurance and Financial Advisors
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- Omar Kassem Alesayi Marketing
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- Oklahoma Alliance for Minority Participation in Science, Engineering and Mathematics
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Mobile Cultures: New Media in Queer Asia / Edition 1by Chris Berry
Pub. Date: 04/18/2003
Publisher: Duke University Press Books
Mobile Cultures provides much-needed, empirically grounded studies of the connections between new media technologies, the globalization of sexual cultures, and the rise of queer Asia. The availability and use of new media—fax machines, mobile phones, the Internet, electronic message boards, pagers, and global television—have grown exponentially/i>
Mobile Cultures provides much-needed, empirically grounded studies of the connections between new media technologies, the globalization of sexual cultures, and the rise of queer Asia. The availability and use of new media—fax machines, mobile phones, the Internet, electronic message boards, pagers, and global television—have grown exponentially in Asia over the past decade. This explosion of information technology has sparked a revolution, transforming lives and lifestyles, enabling the creation of communities and the expression of sexual identities in a region notorious for the regulation of both information and sexual conduct. Whether looking at the hanging of toy cartoon characters like "Hello Kitty" from mobile phones to signify queer identity in Japan or at the development of queer identities in Indonesia or Singapore, the essays collected here emphasize the enormous variance in the appeal and uses of new media from one locale to another.
Scholars, artists, and activists from a range of countries, the contributors chronicle the different ways new media galvanize Asian queer communities in Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, India, and around the world. They consider phenomena such as the uses of the Internet among gay, lesbian, or queer individuals in Taiwan and South Korea; the international popularization of Japanese queer pop culture products such as Yaoi manga; and a Thai website's reading of a scientific tract on gay genetics in light of Buddhist beliefs. Essays also explore the politically subversive possibilities opened up by the proliferation of media technologies, examining, for instance, the use of Cyberjaya—Malaysia's government-backed online portal—to form online communities in the face of strict antigay laws.
Contributors. Chris Berry, Tom Boellstorff, Larissa Hjorth, Katrien Jacobs, Olivia Khoo, Fran Martin, Mark McLelland, David Mullaly, Baden Offord, Sandip Roy, Veruska Sabucco, Audrey Yue
Product Details
- 9780822330875
- Publisher:
- Duke University Press Books
- Publication date:
- 04/18/2003
- Series:
- Console-ing Passions
- Edition description:
- New Edition
- Pages:
- 312
- Product dimensions:
- 6.00(w) x 9.00(h) x 0.81(d)
Table of Contents
Introduction: BeepClickLink / Chris Berry, Fran Martin, and Audrey Yue 1
I. Interfaces: Global/Local Intersections
I Knew It Was Me: Mass Media, "Globalization," and Lesbian and Gay Indonesians / Tom Boellstorff 21
Japanese Queerscapes: Global/Local Intersections on the Internet / Mark McLelland 52
Guided Fan Fiction: Western "Readings" of Japanese Homosexual-Themed Texts / Veruska Sabucco 70
Syncretism and Synchronicity: Queer'n'Asian Cyberspace in 1990s Taiwan and Korea / Chris Berry and Fran Martin 87
Queerly Embodying the Good and the Normal / David Mullaly 115
II. Mobile Sites: New Screens, New Scenes
Singaporean Queering of the Internet: Toward a New Form of Cultural Transmission of Rights Discourse / Baden Offord 133
Pop and ma: The Landscape of Japanese Commodity Characters and Subjectivity / Larissa Hjorth 158
From Khush List to Gay Bombay: Virtual Webs of Real People / Sandip Roy 180
III. Circuits: Regional Zones
Queer Voyeurism and the Pussy-Matrix in Shu Lea Cheang's Japanese Pornography / Katrien Jacobs 201
Sexing the City: Malaysia's New "Cyberlaws" and Cyberjaya's Queer Success / Olivia Khoo 222
Paging "New Asia": Sambal Is a Feedback Loop, Coconut Is a Code, Rice Is a System / Audrey Yue 245
Bibliography 267
Contributors 293
Index 297
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Celebrating UNESCO International Jazz Day 2013 on the 5th Monday Jazz Series. Special guests: Carolyn Jones and Isaac Stevenson.
Concert is from 7 to 9 PM.
Doors open at 6 PM for viewing of "African American Journey Exhibit."
Admission is free. Donations are accepted and appreciated.
More information: Clarissa Moore, Founder and CEO of OUR COMMON DENOMINATOR AT[masked] 0549.
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Old School Florida based Death Metal act THE END – featuring ex-DEATH/MASSACRE guitarist Rick Rozz, ex-MASSACRE drummer Mike Mazzonetto and vocalist/bassist Michael Grim – has released an Official lyric video "Crawling Back To Life", created by Chad Sanford at Wicks World. Check out it below.
THE END will release its debut EP "Age Of Apocalypse" in January 2016, recorded at CGM Studios in Altamonte Springs, Florida with producer/engineer Tim Vazquez.
01. Age Of Apocalypse
02. Crawling Back To Life
03. Silent Screams Of Death
04. Inhale The Plague
More information at https://www.facebook.com/theendflorida


text:
Minds of Modern Mathematics
von IBM Corp.
Öffnen Sie iTunes, um Apps zu kaufen und zu laden.
If you have ever wondered how mathematicians and mathematics have shaped the world we live in, this is the app for you. The Minds of Modern Mathematics takes you on an interactive journey that spans nearly 1,000 years. It tells the story of mathematics and how it has impacted almost every aspect of human progress, from science to music, art, architecture, and culture.
Minds of Modern Mathematics is a digital recreation of a 50-foot-wide wall installation that was part of the groundbreaking 1961 Mathematica exhibition sponsored by IBM and designed by the legendary design team, Charles and Ray Eames.
Composed with the same passion for design and interactive learning that fueled Charles and Ray Eames, the Minds of Modern Mathematics lets you explore the fascinating history of mathematics on your own terms. Features include:
• Millennium view: Get a bird's-eye view of the entire history of math, including the explosion of discoveries in recent times.
• Century view: See the rich interplay of ideas between contemporary mathematicians, culture, and history.
• 3D Chronological view: Step through the entire timeline one object at a time.
• Mathematician profiles: Discover each mathematician through a high-resolution portrait, detailed personal biography, achievements, related artifacts, and links to online information resources.
• Artifacts: Explore 495 high-resolution images of artifacts selected and painstakingly retouched from the original Mathematica exhibit.
• Original poster: View a fully navigable, ultra high-resolution version of the original Men of Modern Mathematics poster that has been proudly displayed in mathematics departments and classrooms around the world.
• Eames mathematics films: Watch nine original Eames educational films, experiencing these master educators' genius at making complex topics easy to understand.
Neue Funktionen von Version 1.01
- Bug Fixes for iOS 5
iPad Screenshots
- Gratis
- Kategorie: Bildung
- Aktualisiert: 04.04.2012
- Version: 1.01
- Größe: 556 MB
- Sprache: Englisch
- Entwickler: IBM Corp.
- © IBM Corporation 2011
Kompatibilität: Erfordert iOS 3.2 oder neuer. Kompatibel mit iPad.


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