text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jul 26, 2005
|Filing date
|Jun 27, 2001
|Priority date
|Jan 25, 2001
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|Publication number
|Anni Rosa Coden, Eric William Brown
|Original Assignee
|International Business Machines Corporation
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|Patent Citations (2), Non-Patent Citations (3), Referenced by (15), Classifications (7), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This patent application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. 119(e) from Provisional Patent Application No.: 60/263,959, filed Jan. 25, 2001, the content of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
These teachings relate generally to text and document processors, to algorithms and systems that provide properly capitalized text for a document.
Proper capitalization in text is a useful and often mandatory characteristic. Many text processing techniques rely on the text being properly capitalized, and many people can more easily read mixed-case text than monocase text (i.e., all lowercase or all uppercase). However, proper capitalization is often missing from many text sources, including automatic speech recognition output and closed captioned text. As may be appreciated, the value of these sources of text can be greatly enhanced when properly capitalized.
The presence of proper and correct capitalization is also becoming important due to the wide-spread use of Named Entity recognizers in various types of automatic document processing systems. Named Entity recognizers typically require proper capitalization in a document corpus for correct operation. However, some corpi, such as closed caption transcripts, are written in monocase.
Proper capitalization in text is often taken for granted. Most documents, such as newspaper articles, technical papers and most web pages are properly capitalized. Capitalization makes text easier to read and provides useful clues about the semantics of the text. Many text analysis systems exploit these semantic clues to perform various text processing tasks, such as indexing, parsing, sentence boundary disambiguation, extraction of named entities (e.g., people, places, and organizations) and to provide identification of relationships between named entities.
There are several text sources, without proper capitalization, that have experienced wider-spread use. Two of these sources are closed caption text from television broadcasts and the output from automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems. Closed caption text is an extremely valuable source of information about a television broadcast, essentially enabling the application of text analysis and indexing techniques on the audio/video television program. Closed caption text, however, is typically all upper case, which seriously impedes the effectiveness of many text analysis procedures. Moreover, all upper case text is more difficult to read when displayed on a computer monitor or television screen, or when printed on paper.
Automatic speech recognition has matured to the point where researchers and developers are applying ASR technology in a wide variety of applications, including general video indexing and analysis, broadcast news analysis, topic detection and tracking, and meeting capture and analysis. Although dictation systems built with ASR provide limited capitalization based on dictated punctuation and a lexicon of proper names, the more interesting application of ASR is in the area of speaker independent continuous dictation, which can be used to create a text transcript from any audio speech source. Systems that support this task typically provide a SNOR (Speech Normalized Orthographic Representation) output, which is in an all upper case format.
The ability to recover capitalization in case-deficient text, therefore, is quite valuable and worthy of investigation. Restoring proper capitalization to closed caption text and ASR output not only improves its readability, it also enables the use of a number of text processing tasks as mentioned previously. Even in those domains where capitalization is normally given, a system that recovers proper capitalization can be used to validate that the correct case has been used. Although capitalization rules exist, most are in fact merely conventions.
The recovery of capitalization from a source text has traditionally been rarely considered as a topic by itself. It is briefly discussed by Shahraray and Gibbon, "Automated Authoring of Hypermedia Documents of Video Programs," Proc. of the Third ACM International Conf. on Multimedia, San Francisco, 1995, who describe a system that automatically summarizes video programs into hypermedia documents. Their approach relies on the closed caption text from the video, which must be properly capitalized. They describe a series of text processing steps based on Bachenko et al., J. Bachenko, J. Daugherty, and E. Fitzpatrick, "A Parser for Real-Time Speech Synthesis of Conversational Texts," Proc. of the Third ACL Conf. on Applied Natural Language Processing, pp. 25-32, Trento, Italy, 1992, that includes rules for capitalizing the start of sentences and abbreviations, a list of words that are always capitalized, and a statistical analysis based on training data for deciding how the rest of the words should be capitalized.
In those applications where the proper case is normally expected but not available, a typical approach is to modify the program that relies on the existence of the proper case so that proper case is no longer required to complete the task. An example of such a task is Named Entity extraction on ASR output, a task that appears in DARPA sponsored Broadcast News workshops. One system that has performed especially well under these circumstances is Nymble (also known as IdentiFinder). Reference in this regard can be made to D. Bikel, S. Miller, R. Schwartz, and R. Weischedel, "Nymble: a High-Performance Learning Name-finder," Proc. of the Fifth ACL Conf. on Applied Natural Language Processing, Washington, D.C., 1997, and to F. Kubala, R. Schwartz, R. Stone, and R. Weischedel, "Named Entity Extraction from Speech," Proc. of the 1998 DARPA Broadcast News Transcription and Understanding Workshop, 1998.
Nymble is based on a Hidden Markov Model, which must be trained with labeled text. When the training data is converted to monocase, Nymble performs nearly as well on monocase test data as in a mixed case scenario.
Problems that exist with these conventional approaches to dealing with case-deficient text include a requirement to modify applications to support case-deficient text, or providing alternate training sets for every capitalization situation. Both of these approaches are less than desirable.
The foregoing and other problems are overcome by methods and apparatus in accordance with embodiments of these teachings.
These teachings provide a system and method that apply uniform capitalization rules to a corpus. This capability is useful in any system involving text input from humans, such as word processors, email systems, instant messaging systems, and Telecommunications Devices for the Deaf (TDD's). ASR systems and closed caption systems also benefit from the application of these teachings.
The system and method recover capitalization in case-deficient text through a series of processing steps that include the application of heuristics, statistical analysis and dictionary lookup. Experiments have shown that the system and method are capable of recovering more than 88% of the capitalized words from a corpus with better than 90% accuracy.
The system and method enables developers to apply an original text analysis application on any text. Moreover, correctly capitalized text can benefit applications other than named entity extraction, such as parsing, sentence boundary disambiguation, indexing, and the general readability of the text.
These teachings assume the existence of a comparable reference corpus of properly capitalized documents. The reference corpus is processed to build dictionaries of capitalized terms by running a Named Entity recognizer to extract proper names, terms, abbreviations, acronyms and various capitalized noun phrases. The resulting list of capitalized entities is filtered to eliminate infrequently occurring items, and those items with a high likelihood of being erroneous. The list is then processed to build a singleton dictionary and a phrase dictionary. Each record in the singleton dictionary contains a term in lowercase, a range of phrase lengths m:n for capitalized phrases that the term begins, where m is the minimum phrase length and n is the maximum phrase length., and an optional final form for the term if there is an unusual capitalization (i.e., other than an initial uppercase letter followed by lowercase.) Each record in the phrase dictionary contains a phrase in lowercase and an optional final form for the phrase if the phrase has unusual capitalization (i.e., other than an initial uppercase letter followed by lowercase for every term (word) in the phrase.)
All single word entities are added to the singleton dictionary with a phrase length range of 1:1, indicating that the term does not begin any phrase, and should be capitalized by itself. Multi-word entities are added to the phrase dictionary, and the first word of the phrase is added to the singleton dictionary with a phrase length range of n:n, where n is the number of words in the phrase. If the first word already exists in the singleton dictionary, the phrase length range entry for the term is updated to ensure that the length of the current phrase is included in the phrase length range.
Proper capitalization is added to an input monocase document as follows. Those words in mandatory capitalization positions (e.g., words starting a sentence, titles, abbreviations) are capitalized after they are identified. Each word is then looked up in the singleton dictionary. If the word is found in the singleton dictionary, the corresponding phrase length range is then checked. If the phrase length range is 1:1, the word is capitalized and the next word is then checked. If the maximum phase length n is greater than one, the next n−1 words in the document are added to the current word to create a candidate phrase with a phrase length n, and the resulting candidate phrase is looked up in the phrase dictionary. If the candidate phrase is found in the phrase dictionary, the phrase is capitalized in the document in the indicated manner, and processing then continues in the document with the next word following the phrase. If the candidate phrase is not found in the phrase dictionary, a candidate phrase length of n−1 is considered in the same fashion, and all candidate phrase lengths down to length m are considered in turn until either a match is found, or the loop completes without locating the candidate phrase in the phrase dictionary. The entire input document or body of text is processed in this manner to obtain a properly capitalized corpus.
This processing may be enhanced by using a stop words list, and only considering non-stop words for capitalization or as phrase head words.
The ability to automatically construct the capitalization dictionaries for properly capitalized text enables the capitalization recovery system to be kept current with little human effort.
The above set forth and other features of these teachings are made more apparent in the ensuing Detailed Description of the Preferred Embodiments when read in conjunction with the attached Drawings, wherein:
Reference is first made to
It should be realized that the capitalization recovery system 10 may be embodied as a stand alone computer (e.g., as a personal computer or a mainframe computer), or as an embedded computer such as a microprocessor contained or embedded within, for example, a communications device, a text entry system or an ASR system. The computer embodiment includes at least one data processor 12, a memory 14, input/output channels and devices 16 and possibly a graphical user interface (GUI) 18 for interacting with a user. In this case the operation of the capitalization recovery system 10 is controlled by program instructions or software 20 that is resident in a portion of the memory 14, or in some other memory or memory media (e.g., a fixed or removable disk or tape) that is accessible by the data processor 12. The output 30 of the capitalization recovery system 10 is textual data that has been correctly capitalized. The output 30 may be used directly, such as by printing or by transmission electronically to another location, or it may serve as the input to another system or systems, such as a Named Entity recognizer.
The memory 14 is operated so as to contain all or a portion of a corpus of training text 2, various dictionaries, such as a singles or singleton dictionary 15A (see FIG. 10), a phrase dictionary 15B (see FIG. 11), a capitalization dictionary 15C, a title dictionary 15D and an abbreviations dictionary 15E, various lists and other data constructions that are employed during the operation of the capitalization recovery system 10, as described in greater detail below.
The overall approach to restoring correct capitalization in text in accordance with these teachings is based on several assumptions about the text. First, the input text from the source 1 is assumed to have punctuation, e.g., sentence ending periods, question marks, and exclamation marks, as well as periods after abbreviations. Second, there is assumed to be the training corpus 2 of text with correct punctuation and capitalization, and this corpus is related to the input text from source 1 (the text in which capitalization is to be restored). For example, if the input text is closed caption text from a television news broadcast, a suitable training corpus would include newspaper articles from the same time period as the television program. However, these assumptions may be relaxed, as discussed below.
The foregoing assumptions are suggestive of a number of processing steps that can be applied individually or in combination by the capitalization system 10 and method. First, the system 10 assumes that the initial word in a document begins a new sentence and should be capitalized. Next, the system 10 considers punctuation marks. All question marks and exclamation points are treated as sentence boundaries by the system 10, and the next word following one of these punctuation marks is always capitalized.
Periods appearing in the text require additional processing. A period may mark the end of a sentence, the end of an abbreviation, or both. For the purposes of restoring proper capitalization, however, the system 10 is not required to distinguish between these cases. Many abbreviations are almost always followed by a capitalized word, namely titles (e.g., Mr., Dr., etc.) and middle initials in proper names. In these cases, the system 10 may treat the period as if it marked the end of a sentence, and capitalize the next word following the period.
The task, then, is to identify abbreviations where the following word is not normally capitalized. This is accomplished through the use of the abbreviations dictionary 15E, the titles dictionary 15D, and some amount of heuristic processing. The abbreviations dictionary 15E is generated automatically from the training corpus 2 in two steps. First, all words that end with a period at least 75% of the time, and that precede a lower case word at least half of those times, are added to the abbreviations dictionary 15E, where a word is any token separated by white space containing at least one letter. Second, all words from the singleton dictionary 15A (see
The titles dictionary 15D (or simply a titles list) may be a manually generated list of common titles, including Dr., Gov., Mr., Mrs., Ms., Pres., Prof, Rep., Rev., and Sgt. Clearly other titles could be added to this list. Which titles to include depends on the domain of the text being processed.
The heuristic processing involves three rules for identifying additional abbreviations that don't appear in the abbreviations dictionary 15E or the titles dictionary 15D. First, if the word is a single letter followed by a period, the word is assumed to be a middle initial. Second, if the word matches the regular expression "[a-z]\. {2, }" (single letter followed by a period, repeated two or more times), the capitalization recovery system 10 assumes the word is an abbreviation (acronym). Third, if the word consists entirely of consonants followed by a period, the capitalization recovery system 10 assumes the word is an abbreviation.
Using these resources, the capitalization recovery system 10 processes words that end in a period using the following algorithm:
After processing punctuation, the capitalization recovery system 10 applies one additional capitalization heuristic unrelated to abbreviations. All forms of the pronoun T (i.e., I, I've, I'm, I'd, I'll) are always capitalized.
Applying the techniques described thus far has been found to recover more than 36% of the capitalized words with better than 99% accuracy. In order to increase the coverage, the capitalization recovery system 10 uses more than just the punctuation cues provided in the text being capitalized.
The first technique considered to increase the number of correctly capitalized words is the use of a capitalization frequency dictionary constructed from the training corpus 2. For each word in the training text that consists entirely of letters, the capitalization dictionary 15C stores the number of times the word occurs in each of the following forms:
Items 1 through 3 can be collected in a straightforward manner from the training corpus 2. Unless the corpus has been annotated with sentence boundaries, item 4 is collected instead by estimating sentence boundaries. This is preferably accomplished by applying the same punctuation, title, and abbreviation processing described above.
The capitalization dictionary 15C allows the capitalization recovery system 10 to estimate the probability that any given word should be capitalized. The probability that word should be capitalized is estimated as:
p(C i)�(C i −m i +u i)/(l i +c i −m i +u i),
where l, c, u, m are counts of the number of times each word in training text occurs lowercased (l), capitalized (c), all uppercase (u), and in a mandatory capitalization position (m).
As each word in the test text is processed, if it does not match any of the punctuation, abbreviation, or title rules, the capitalization recovery system 10 calculates the word's capitalization probability using the capitalization dictionary 15C. If this probability exceeds a specified threshold (e.g., 0.5), then the word is capitalized. Using the capitalization dictionary 15C, the capitalization recovery system 10 was found in one experiment to be able to recover an additional 43% of the capitalized words, or 79% total, with an accuracy over 93%.
Since the capitalization dictionary 15C contains information about most known common words, it may be safe to assume that any word (consisting entirely of letters) that does not appear in the capitalization dictionary 15C is most likely a named entity and should be capitalized. Adding this assumption to the processing brings the total coverage up to 82% with an accuracy of over 92%.
At this point, the majority of the missed words that still require capitalization are words that can act as both common words and proper names, e.g., 'brown', which can be both a color and a surname. Proper capitalization of these words depends on the context in which they occur. The preferred approach to adding context processing to the capitalization recovery system 10 is to create the phrase dictionary 15B from the training corpus 2, and to incorporate the phrase dictionary 15B into the capitalization processing.
In that a goal is to enable named entity extraction in case-deficient text using a Named Entity recognizer that relies on case, the same named entity recognizer may be used to create the phrase dictionary. The presently preferred Named Entity recognizer is one known as Textract (see IBM Intelligent Miner for Text, "http://www-4.ibm.com/software/data/iminer/fortext/" and Y. Ravin, N. Wacholder and M. Choi, "Disambiguation of Names in Text," Proc. of the Fifth ACL Conf on Applied Natural Language Processing, pp. 202-208, Washington D.C., 1997.) Textract operates to identify proper names, places, organizations, abbreviations, dates, and a number of other vocabulary items in text. Textract also aggregates variant lexical forms of the same concept and identifies a canonical form for the concept. For example, Textract might identify the canonical form "President George Washington" and associate with that form the variants "President Washington," "George Washington," and "Washington." The output from Textract is a vocabulary file containing a record for each identified concept that gives the canonical form, its variants, and frequency statistics for how often the concept occurs in the collection.
After Textract has processed the training data, the resulting vocabulary file is filtered to generate the singleton or singles dictionary 15A (see
The capitalization recovery system 10 uses these dictionaries as follows. For each word that does not match any of the punctuation, abbreviation, or title rules, the capitalization recovery system 10 looks up the word in the singles dictionary 15A. If the word is a phrase head, n−1 additional words are parsed from the input text (where n is the length of the longest known phrase started by the current word) and the phrase is used to probe the phrase dictionary 15B. If the phrase is not found, it is shortened from the end one word at a time until it is either found or the capitalization recovery system 10 determines that the phrase is not in the phrase dictionary 15B. When a phrase is found in the phrase dictionary 15B, every word in the phrase is capitalized and processing continues with the next word after the phrase.
If the initial probe of the singles dictionary 15A reveals that the current word is a singleton and not a phrase head, then the word is capitalized. In either case, if the capitalization recovery system 10 finds a preferred capitalization form in the singles dictionary 15A or the phrase dictionary 15B, the capitalization recovery system 10 uses that form rather than the usual capitalization.
The set of singletons in the singles dictionary 15A is similar to the set of words in the capitalization dictionary 15C, with capitalization probabilities greater than 0.5. The differences are that the singletons in the singles dictionary are initially selected by the Textract Named Entity extraction process, the singletons may contain punctuation (e.g., hyphens or periods), and the singletons may have preferred unusual capitalization forms.
For a final processing variant, the capitalization recovery system 10 may combine the singles and phrases dictionary processing with the capitalization dictionary 15C processing. If a word is not found in the singles dictionary, the capitalization recovery system 10 probes the capitalization dictionary 15C with the word. If it is found, the word is capitalized if its capitalization probability exceeds the probability threshold. If it is not found, and if the word consists entirely of letters, it is assumed to be a proper name that does not appear in the training data, and the word is capitalized.
Having thus provided an overview of the processing performed by the capitalization recovery system 10, a more detailed description is now provided.
Referring to
There are three inputs to the preprocessor 50 as depicted in boxes 51, 52 and 53. Box 52 is the original text from which the appropriate spaces are to be removed, and the processed text T1 is returned at the end in box 63. The list L1 shown in box 51 is a list of punctuation marks which should be following a word without spaces. This list may include ''',.!( )[]? but is dependent, in general, on the language. For English, the list contains all characters which are neither a letter or a number. One preferred embodiment of the preprocessor 50 is a finite state machine, and the state is initialized to 0 in box 53. Depicted in box 54 is the loop through the text, one character at a time. In box 55 it is checked whether the next character is null, meaning that the end of the input text was reached. In that case, the processed text T1 is returned in box 63. If the character is not null, the value of the state is tested in box 56. Depending on the value different paths in the flowchart are followed. In the case where the state is l it is tested whether the current character is a space in box 61. In the case where the character is a space, the value of the state is changed to 1 in box 62 and the preprocessor 50 continues to get the next character in box 54. If the character is not a space (as tested in box 61), it is appended to the text T1 in box 60 and again the preprocessor 50 continues to get the next character in box 54. Returning to the description of box 56, in the case where the value of the state is 1, it is tested in box 57 whether the current character is a member of the list L1. If it is not, a space (which is actually the previous character) is added to the text T1 in box 58. In both cases (whether the current character is a member of the list L1 or not, the preprocessor 50 continues at box 59 and set the state to 0 before proceeding to box 60, where the current character is added to text T1. After finishing this task, the next character is examined in box 54.
The operation of the capitalization recovery system 10 (without phrase processing, which is shown in the separate flowchart of
The input to the capitalization recovery system 10 is the text depicted in box 52 of
If the title processing returns 'no', W_String is examined by the abbreviation processing subsystem in box 200. If the abbreviations subsystem 200 returns 'no', the same string is examined in box 500 by the single word subsystem which then continues to box 450. Box 450 is immediately reached when either the title processing or the abbreviation processing subsystems return 'yes'. In box 450, the string S1 is prepended and the string E1 is appended to the string W_String to form the string W. This string W is then appended to the text T2 followed by a space. Then the next word of the original text T1 is retrieved in the box 420 and the loop continues. The dotted line box 600 denotes the single word processing subsystem.
The first subsystem invoked is the punctuation processing subsystem 300, as shown in FIG. 6. The input is shown in box 310 as the word w. Some other variables are also initialized in this box, including strings W1, S1 and E1. It should be noted at this point that the use of strings is one preferred embodiment, and that other representations could be employed as well.
The string W1 is initialized to be identical to the string W, whereas S1 and E1 are empty strings. In box 345 the first character C of W is determined. In box 320 it is tested whether C is null, indicating that the end of the string was reached, in which case the capitalization recovery system 10 continues to box 365.
Otherwise, it is checked in box 325 whether it is a letter or number (for English or other characters in different languages). If it is not a letter or a number, the capitalization recovery system 10 continues to box 330. There the first character of the string W1 is removed and the string W1 is now assigned this new value. The character C is appended to the string S1. In box 335 the next character of the word W is determined and the loop continues in box 320. On the other hand, if the character C is a letter or number (as tested in box 325), the capitalization recovery system 10 proceeds to box 340 where the last character C of the word W is determined. The character is tested in box 345 and if it is null, indicating that the end of the string was reached, it proceeds to box 365. Otherwise, C is tested for being either a letter or number in box 350. In the case that C is a letter or number the capitalization recovery system 10 proceeds to box 365. Otherwise, the last character of the string W1 is removed and W1 is set to this new value in box 355 and the character C is added to the beginning of string El. In box 360 the previous character of the string W is determined before continuing in box 345. Different paths through the flowchart end in box 365 at which point there are three strings S1 and E1 containing punctuations and W1 the word itself However, a period maybe both a punctuation or a part of the word itself (as in abbreviations or titles). Hence, in box 365 it is checked whether the first character in E1 is a period. If that assertion is true, the period is appended in box 370 and removed from the beginning of E1. After box 370, or if the assertion concerning the period is false, the capitalization recovery system 10 continues in box 375 where the three strings W1, E1 and S1 are returned.
The next subsystem to be described is the single word processing subsystem 100 shown in FIG. 7. The input is a word w and the current state of the capitalization recovery system 10. The conventions are as follows: when state is equal to 1, the next word is capitalized, and a capitalized word has its first letter capitalized, and the rest of the characters can be either lower or upper case. In box 515 it is checked whether the last character is a period. If 'yes', the period is removed from the word and S1 is set to the period in box 520. Otherwise the capitalization recovery system 10 proceeds to box 535. In box 525 it is checked whether the word ends with the string "'s" (apostrophe s), in which case these two characters are removed from the word in box 530 and prepended to string S1 in box 530. It should be noted that testing the word for "." and "'s" are English language-specific, and for other languages a different end of sentence punctuation mark could be substituted for the ".", and a different string than "'s" could be substituted if appropriate. In box 535 it is checked whether the word w is in the singles dictionary 15A. The singles dictionary 15A contains the words which should be capitalized in the text and, if the capitalization is different than only capitalizing the first letter, a preferred spelling is included. If the word w is in the singles dictionary 1SA its preferred spelling is looked up in box 545. Otherwise the capitalization recovery system 10 continues to box 540 for (language dependent) algorithms for capitalization. For English, the following two algorithms are appropriate, but not exclusive: 1) if the word begins with "mc", the first letter and the character following the mc are capitalized; and 2) if the word is hyphenated, each word by itself is looked up in the singles dictionary 15A and the same rules as just described apply to each of the words separately before recombining them with a hyphen. In box 555 the state is examined and if it is 1 the method continues to box 550 where the word is capitalized. Recall that a word is also capitalized when it is in the singles dictionary 15A and, hence, after box 545. If the state is 0, or after the word has been capitalized, the capitalization recovery system 10 proceeds to box 560 where the start of the string S1 is checked. If it starts with a period or with the string "'s.", the capitalization recovery system 10 proceeds to box 565 where the state is set to 1, otherwise processing proceeds to box 570 where the state is set to 0. After the state has been set correctly, the capitalization recovery system 10 continues to box 575 where the string S1 is appended to word W before returning word W and the current state.
The operation of the phrase processing subsystem 800 is illustrated in FIG. 9. The input is a phrase which is a set of words 810 and the number n which denotes the number of words in the phrase. In one preferred embodiment, a phrase is a string of characters and, as such, it is input to the punctuation processing subsystem 300 of FIG. 6. The punctuation processing subsystem 300 was previously described as taking a word as input, however, a phrase can be viewed for this purpose as a word with embedded spaces. The output of the punctuation processing subsystem 300 is shown in box 815, and contains strings S1 and E1 (the punctuation at the beginning and at the end of the phrase) and the remaining phrase (PH_String). In box 820 the output is tested as to whether the string ends with a period, in which case a period is prepended to the string E1 and the period is removed from PH_String. In box 830 a test is made as to whether the ending string "'s" (apostrophe s) is present, in which case the string is prepended to E1 and the string "'s" is removed from PH_String. In the next box 840 a test is made as to whether PH_String is in the phrase dictionary 15B. In one preferred embodiment, the phrase dictionary 15B is structured as shown in FIG. 11. The fields 1110 of the phrase dictionary 15B include fields holding phrases 1120 and corresponding fields 1130 holding the preferred spelling, and hence the preferred capitalization for the phrases (if it differs from the standard capitalization where each word in the phrase is capitalized). If PH_String is found in the phrase dictionary 15B, the method executed by the capitalization recovery system 10 proceeds to box 870 where a check is made as to whether there is a preferred capitalization of PH_String (as indicated in the field 1130). In case there is, PH_String is set to this preferred capitalization in box 880. Otherwise, each word of PH_String is capitalized in box 875. Next, in box 845 it is checked whether E1 starts with "." or "'s" (apostrophe s) in which case the capitalization recovery system 10 proceeds to box 847 to set the state to 1. Otherwise processing continues at box 846 to set the state to 0. The string S1 is prepended to PH_String in box 885, while E1 is appended. The phrase string PH_String, the number n and the state are returned.
If the phrase string is not found in the phrase dictionary 15B in box 840, the number n is decreased by 1 in box 850. In box 855 it is tested whether this number is 1, in which case the phrase string is set to be an empty string and n is set to 0 before returning. On the other hand, if n is not 1, the processing of capitalization recovery system 10 continues in box 865 where S1 is prepended to PH_String and the last word is removed before starting the loop again in box 300.
(C i)=(c i −m i +u i)/(l i +c i +u i).
In step 1240, the named entities extracted in step 1220 are filtered. All named entities that occur in fewer than, for example, three documents are discarded, and all single-term named entities with capitalization probability (from step 1230) less than, for example, 0.5 are discarded. These values may be varied as a function of the nature of the reference corpus, and based on other criteria. The named entities that survive this filtering are stored into the singleton dictionary 15A at step 1250 and into the phrase dictionary 15B at step 1260.
The inventors have thus described their capitalization recovery system 10 as applying a series of heuristic, statistical, and dictionary-based processing steps to recover capitalization. Experimental results have shown that the capitalization recovery system 10 is both effective and robust across a variety of text genres and training conditions. Optimum performance is found to be achieved when a suitable training corpus is available, but for most applications this is not overly burdensome, since properly capitalized text is usually readily available. Unlike other applications, such as named entity recognition or document classification, the training data does not require manual labeling.
In addition to the applications discussed above for the capitalization recovery system 10, another potential application of these teachings is local document analysis, where dictionaries and statistics are modified on a per document basis as each document is processed, allowing the system to account for the occurrence of named entities that alter capitalization probabilities for the common words in those named entities.
It is also contemplated that the operation of the capitalization recovery system 10 may be improved by the use of richer statistical models, such as Hidden Markov Models, that incorporate additional features (e.g., context) into the capitalization probability calculation.
Thus, while these teachings have been particularly shown and described with respect to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the scope and spirit of these teachings.
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|Aug 28, 2012
|Google Inc.
|System and method for providing definitions
|May 21, 2013
|Sony Corporation
|Character input apparatus, character input assist method, and character input assist program
|Jul 24, 2012
|Apr 29, 2014
|Google Inc.
|System and method for providing definitions
|Mar 15, 2013
|May 17, 2016
|Sony Corporation
|Character input apparatus, character input assist method, and character input assist program
|Aug 20, 2002
|Feb 26, 2004
|Kyu-Woong Lee
|Methods and systems for implementing auto-complete in a web page
|Jun 27, 2003
|Nov 25, 2004
|Craig Nevill-Manning
|System and method for providing definitions
|Sep 30, 2004
|Mar 2, 2006
|Microsoft Corporation
|Creating a document index from a flex- and Yacc-generated named entity recognizer
|Dec 16, 2005
|Jun 21, 2007
|International Business Machines Corporation
|System and method for defining and translating chat abbreviations
|Jan 20, 2006
|May 29, 2008
|Research In Motion Limited
|Handheld electronic device with automatic text generation
|Feb 24, 2009
|Sep 17, 2009
|Sony Ericsson Mobile Communications Japan, Inc.
|Character input apparatus, character input assist method, and character input assist program
|Oct 7, 2010
|Apr 12, 2012
|Avaya, Inc.
|System and method for near real-time identification and definition query
|U.S. Classification
|715/267, 704/251, 715/260, 715/259
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jun 27, 2001
Owner name: INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION, NEW Y
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:CODEN, ANNI ROSA;BROWN, ERIC WILLIAM;REEL/FRAME:011972/0057
Effective date: 20010627
|Jan 16, 2009
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Mar 11, 2013
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Jul 26, 2013
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Sep 17, 2013
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20130726


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Attached is the Supply List for the 2016-2017 school year.
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Tuesday 29 January 2013 — Wednesday 30 January 2013
Cafe OTO
18-22 Ashwin Street, London, E8 3DL, United Kingdom
Web: http://CafeOTO.co.UK/events
The legendary Roscoe Mitchell returns to Oto following two incredible nights here last March. One of the key members of the Association for the Advancement of Creative Musicians and the Art Ensemble of Chicago, Mitchell is one of the leading figures in American creative music to emerge from the explosive musical revolutions of the 1960s. His early work, including albums such as Sound, radically expanded the language of free jazz to include new instrumentation and compositional strategies and he's carried on enlarging our musical horizons ever since, working with a staggering variety of ensembles as well as honing one of the most distinctive and powerful solo saxophone voices. For this concert he'll be joined by the incredible bass and drums coupling of John Edwards and Mark Sanders, not so much a 'rhythm section' as an irresistibly inventive music-making assemblage. The combined experience, imagination and sheer verve of this trio promises to take the music in several new directions simultaneously. Not a night to stay at home.
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InCycle Software
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- Industry Technology / Software / Internet
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- About More than Visual Studio and Agile experts – We are ALM experts! InCycle is a Microsoft Gold ALM partner and a North American leader in Application Lifecycle Management (ALM) consulting services for .NET organizations. InCycle helps development teams improve their practices by providing the process, tools and training expertise to realize the benefits of a fully integrated ALM platform with Visual Studio Team Foundation Server. InCycle was the producer of InRelease, a continuous deployment solution for .NET teams recently acquired by Microsoft.


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7 Ways to Get Excited for 2014
Join us for a free, live webinar and learn how to drive revenue with content marketing. Tune in 8/4 at 10:30 a.m. PT. Register Now »
Throughout 2013, the marketing experts on Entrepreneur's Team Digital provided answers to your burning questions about everything from the 12 Social-Media Mistakes That Entrepreneurs Make to How to Get Your Marketing Mojo Back. We're tapping their expertise again this week to get their advice for 2014. Today we ask: what books, videos and other projects can get us inspired and excited for 2014?


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Lightroom or Elements?
Started Feb 24, 2013 | Questions thread
Shop cameras & lenses ▾
Just to "get going", the Digtital Photo Professional program on the DVD that came with your Canon will work fine with that camera's RAW images. So there is no reason to rush into buying expensive programs. Elements has an ACR module included for handling RAW images. Both DPP and ACR can adjust RAW images, but in very different ways. Give yourself a break and get comfortable with one, before attempting the other. I use both. My experience has been that DPP works very well for mild adjustments, ACR can handle saving the real problem shots.
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Watch a Gay, Line-for-Line Remake of the No Strings Attached Trailer
Wow, we really miss Natalie Portman.By Eliot Glazer
Wow, we really miss Natalie Portman.By Eliot Glazer
From We Need to Talk About Kevin director Lynne Ramsay.By Zach Dionne
She wore a tiered Christian Dior gown to the New York City Ballet's Spring Gala last night.By Ally Betker
It's red, corseted, and frilly.By Charlotte Cowles
In honor of Jessica Simpson.By Stella Bugbee
All hail Queen Zooey!By Eliot Glazer
In black and white.By Zach Dionne
And Natalie Portman talks about her post-pregnancy style.
Plus, Natalie Portman names her charity of choice to receive proceeds from the sale of Dior lipsticks.
The magazine names its top stylists.By Hilary Moss
This year's New York City Ballet spring gala will come pretty close.By Ally Betker
It's Ridley Scott's movie with Michael Fassbender starring.By Kyle Buchanan
What a fabulous conversation piece!By Ally Betker
The best rebound, the worst homage, and more red-carpet hits and misses.By The Fug Girls
She's getting back to work.By Kyle Buchanan
It'll be her first TV project.By Zach Dionne
And knows that a mermaid dress is playing it safe at the Oscars.By Ally Betker
Plus, Lindsay Lohan is the new face of FCUK's "Friction" fragrance campaign, and more beauty news.
The novelist and veggie advocate says Queen Amidala herself will handle the adaptation.By Hugh Merwin
But it's 100 years too soon!By Hugh Merwin


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Acts The Church and Ministerial Training
Basically this is just a "what do we learn about the Church from Acts?" thread. As we watch Paul and Barnabas and then Paul and Silas building the Church in Acts, what can we learn about their concept of the Church as a whole? Robert suggested my original plan was too cumbersome so asked me to create new threads.
Thread Moderator: Kaitiaki
There are two aspects to this thread: the training of the local congregation (for the work of ministry - as in Ephesians) and the theological training of ministers (or pastors).
Acts shows us local congregations that trained young men (and women) for every appropriate aspect of Church work. That included the work of ministry and missions. Discuss this statement. Do you think it is valid? What implications (if any) are there for the present system in almost every denomination of sending young men to a seminary to be trained? How does your Church seek to apply those implications in the way they train ministers and missionaries?
Greetings Justin, Here is a
Greetings Justin,
Here is a partial answer to some of your input regarding these passages. I have a lot going on right now, so will need to get to these as I'm able.
II Tim. 3:16-17 writes that "every scripture is God-breathed and profitable for instruction...for correction of error and discipline in obedience..."
Justin: 1) "every scripture" refers to the OLD TESTAMENT. Check the previous verse, and you will see that Paul is referring to the scriptures which Timothy has known since his childhood. It is a big jump to use this verse to support Pauline inerrancy, since as you pointed out (we'll get to this) the early church had no New Testament to rely on.
Clark: 2 Peter 3:16 refers to Paul's letters as "some things dificult to understand, which the ignorant and unstable twist and misconstrue to their own utter destruction, just as they distort and misinterpret the rest of the Scriptures."
So while some, particularly the Judaizers, questioned and challenged Paul's apostleship, it seems that Peter was one who placed Paul's writings as "Scripture."
I have a high-view of Paul's letters as "profitable for our instruction, for reproof and correction of our errors" regarding church functioning, governance, etc.
It is fascinating that Paul on some occasions mentions when he speaks from personal opinion. But overall, I believe he wrote under inspiration of the Holy Spirit. The passage in I Corinthians 14 that we have been discussing is a case in point that Paul makes clear that this is not his personal opinion, but he speaks as the commandment of our Lord. (I Cor. 14:37-38).
My take on this is that a "commandment of the Lord" doesn't change once given or because a man-made tradition nullifies such a command.
Justin: It is important to recognize the particular situations scripture was intended to address. This passage is not written to defend the sacred nature of scripture, but rather to explain the proper role of scripture in the hands of a pastor. Timothy doesn't need to be persuaded that the Old Testament scriptures he learned as a child are holy and sacred--he needs to understand how to apply the scriptures as a pastor.
Clark: Timothy, or Titus were not "pastors" in our modern understanding of that word. The designation of these epistles as "pastoral" is a misnomer. A better term would be "itinerate workers." Timothy and Titus were apostolic co-workers, co-laborers with Paul. Check it out. Read the book of Acts as well as the epistles and notice whenever Paul mentions these brother's names, they are being "sent" somewhere to minister to the churches in his stead. They are never sent as "pastors" to take over church affairs or to preach sermons every Sunday. This is a huge misunderstanding in the Protestant/evangelical community.
"Don't neglect to assemble together but ENCOURAGE ONE ANOTHER." Heb. 10:25
Justin: Paraphrase: Let us continue in confident development, because we have been forgiven for our baser instincts, and baptized into the faith. We need to continue declaring our faith with consistency, because God will do He promised. Also, think of one another, and push each other to be better and better people. Be faithful in gathering together, unlike some, so that you can improve one another, especially since you know the big day is right around the corner."
Clark: I love your paraphrase Justin. Have you considered doing the entire New Testament? You might have something there.
Justin: This passage teaches that groups of Christians need to gather together again and again to sustain the Christian community in a hostile environment; it does not suffice for extrapolating concrete doctrine about how people gather together, with what regularity and in what intervals, with what kind of order or non-order. As long as there is exhortation and encouragement occurring in the Christian community, as long as all people in the community have interaction with other Christians...
Clark: I say "amen" to this.
Justin: there is no violation of scriptural precedent in an "Order of Service" in a large church, nor in a small group service meeting without leadership, nor in informal gatherings of Christians outside of a definite church format--by this verse, a "Men's Meeting" consisting of a BBQ and genuine conversation falls under the moniker of "church."
Clark: I agree Justin that a BBQ "Men's Meeting" can fall under the monker of "church" for mutual encouragement. I am holding to the position that a procedure which hampers the "one another encouragements" as described in Hebrews is really not a "church meeting" but is, or should be, an equipping meeting for the saints, to encourage their gathering together without the benefit of clergy directing the meetings.
And brother, that's all the time I have for this now. Will come back to the other passages later.
Just for the record, I'm enjoying this enterchange between you and I. :)
Blessings to you brother,


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July 26, 2013
Mostly, I hope to meet some interesting people. Most people in St. Louis view New York as some big, bad place, and I'm anxious to meet some people who appreciate all the great things the city has to offer.
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This group is awesome -- fun, interested, urban-oriented people. I am really looking forward to doing some city living experiences with this group.
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Tag Archives: Office
I believe your working space should always add inspiration to everything you are creating rather than take away from it. Whether you are in school, writing, blogging, grading papers, or paying bills, your creative space should be a little oasis for you. To create this little oasis, I feel organization is key so that your thoughts are always clear and ideas can come easier. The space should also showcase your personality by adding colorful prints and pieces you have collected throughout the years that are dear to your heart. Below are some of my favorite creative spaces I aspire to create for my special place.
{first image} via apartment therapy
via Olof Jakobina
via TheDesignerPad
via Plush Palate
POSTED IN: Apartment Therapy, Creative Spaces, Office, Olof Jakobina, Plush Palate, TheDesignerPad, Thriving Twenties
One of my favorite little pastimes is scouring design sites and magazines for the perfect creative spaces in the home. I have yet to post pictures of my own creative space because, well… it's just not done yet. I have my desk and chair, but the details have not come across as soon as I would have wanted. I am always trying to find the perfect look for placing prints on the walls and also great pieces to add detail to my desk area. These are just a few of my favorite finds lately on my Creative Spaces and Places board on Pinterest. Come follow me here to see more!
Do you have a great creative space that inspires you? Please send it my way! (more…)
POSTED IN: Apartment Therapy, Creative Spaces, decor pad, decor8, Design Sponge, Dwellings, loveMaegan, Mod Fox Style, Office, Stylizimo, The Office Stylist, WASF


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Speedy Veggie Stew
Total Time
Prep 3 mins
Cook 10 mins
You can probably make this recipe faster than I can post it! All ingredients and amounts are changable, though these listed work well for me; feel free to experiment! This is perfect to be made over a fire or portable stove when camping.
Ingredients Nutrition
- 14 ounces low-sodium crushed tomatoes
- 1 cup frozen mixed vegetables (corn, carrot, peas, beans, limas, etc)
- 1 cup canned black beans or 1 cup other beans
- herbs, basil, cumin, whatever you like or spices to taste oregano, basil, cumin, whatever you like
- 2 fresh garlic cloves, minced (more to taste)
- vegetable broth or water, to thin as needed
- Combine all ingredients of choice in a small pot. Bring to a boil, reduce heat and simmer 10 minutes or longer.
- Adjust flavors and serve.
Most Helpful
Fabulous and quick vegetable stew! Made as directed, except that I probably doubled the garlic. I also used the Pampered Chef's Southwest Spices blend. Thanks, White Rose Child! Made for Every Day's A Holiday Tag.
This is a very nice base recipe with a lot of possibilities for variations! I used ranch beans, corn, carrots and peppers and just a little salsa to thin the stew. All in all an easy and tasty dish!


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TAKE-TWO-AGGEDON: A list of everything EA's bought in the last 20 years
EA made public a serious move to buy Take-Two last night, a deal that would have been worth more than $2 billion to Take-Two shareholders. While Take-Two has rejected the offer and negotiations are now ongoing, MTV was kind enough to put together a list of the companies EA has acquired over the past 17 years. Just in case you need it, like.
- 1991: Distinctive Software (now EA Canada); purchased for $11 million
- 1992: Origin Systems (now defunct)
- January 1995: Bullfrog Productions (now defunct)
- 1996: Manley & Associates (became EA Seattle, now defunct)
- July 1997: Maxis (folded into EA Redwood Shores)
- 1998: Tiburon Entertainment (now EA Tiburon)
- August 1998: Westwood Studios (now defunct); purchased for $122.5 million
- November 1999: Kesmai (now defunct)
- February 2000: DreamWorks Interactive (now EA Los Angeles)
- June 2002: Black Box Games (now EA Black Box/EA Canada)
- October 2003: Studio 33 (now EA North West)
- February 2004: NuFx
- August 2004: Criterion Software; purchased for a rumored 40 million pounds ($79 million)
- July 2005: Hypnotix (now part of EA Tiburon)
- December 2005: JAMDAT Mobile (now EA mobile); purchased for $680 million
- June 2006: Mythic Entertainment (now EA Mythic)
- August 2006: Phenomic (now EA Phenomic)
- October 2006: Digital Illusions CE; approx. $24 million
- November 2006: Headgate Studios (now EA Salt Lake)
- January 2008: BioWare Corp./Pandemic Studios; purchased for $620 million
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Welcome to my eBay Store. By The Baroness is where you will find almost anything that will spark your imagination, add pizzazz, elegance and...read more
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Posted: 12/08/2004
The Left Hand Killer kidnaps Cartman.
Tags: cartman, news, left hand killer, grand canyon, parody, texas, mount rushmore, tv, red dragon, hannibal, christopher walken
Posted: 01/12/2000
Jon recaps the powers of the robot baby.
Tags: recap, dictators, grand canyon, bill clinton, robots, kids
Posted: 01/12/2000
Bill Clinton and his ass survey the Grand Canyon.
Tags: moment of zen, bill clinton, grand canyon, asses
Posted: 01/12/2000
Jon Stewart reveals the reason for President Clinton's fondness for bears.
Tags: headlines, bill clinton, grand canyon, bears, jimmy carter, theodore roosevelt, national parks
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Marketing Santa Clara, CA, United States Apply Send Jobvite Ayla Networks is an exciting start-up delivering a PaaS platform for the Internet of Things. Ayla empowers leading manufacturers by simplifying the inherent complexity of the Internet of Things (IoT), enabling them to7/26/2016 Santa Clara, CA Save This Job
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I've been taking xanax and other meds for years, as treatment for my panic and anxiety disorders. I'm also diagnosed as Bipolar. But if they do stop making xanax, I'm sure to have seizures and anxiety so bad, I won't be able to leave my home... so?
Medication- Is this rumor that they are going to stop manufacturing xanax true?
- Posted:
- 21 Mar 2013 by greenreaper79
- Topics:
- xanax, seizures, bipolar disorder, anxiety, panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, medication
Answers (2)
22 Mar 2013
I have heard no such thing, either. LaurieShay is correct. There are many more benzos that will be helpful to you in the event that this were to happen, which I find very unlikely. I was taken off of xanax and put on klonopin as it is a longer acting benzo which I have found to be more helpful in reducing my panic and anxiety disorder. My neuro prescribed it as part of my seizure medications. I don't know if you are already taking it but you may want to look into it or see if you can add it to your current meds. I can get the xanax and klonopin at the same time but I found myself too sleepy. Best of luck to you, my dear!
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I have conversion disorder going on 4 yrs among with bipolar, anxiety, panic attacks. I was on a hole lot of meds for those things but stop taking ...
6 answers • 13 May 2012
Bipolar Disorder - was on Xanax but Dr now prescribed Seroquel & wondering how it will work for me?
- I am 40yof and 7 years ago my Doc put me on Xanax started out .25mg moved to 2mg I was precribed 1poQ6h but of course I was taking 3-5 poQwhenever ...
8 answers • 10 Jun 2012
May Xanax be effective in preventing or reducing on the amount of seizures? If so, generally?
and in laymens terms , how does the xanax work to help stop or reduce seizures? I heard stress can cause seizures, in some cases, and xanax reduces ...
2 answers • 5 Dec 2012


text:
Nerve wants to be a cautionary tale about the perils of desiring fame through social media, but it isn't willing to go to the darker…
Nerve wants to be a cautionary tale about the perils of desiring fame through social media, but it isn't willing to go to the darker…
The Star Wars-ification of Star Trek continues; better than the others, but still not good enough.
"The Ballad of Narayama" is a Japanese film of great beauty and elegant artifice, telling a story of startling cruelty. What a space it opens…
Patrice Leconte's "Monsieur Hire" is a tragedy about loneliness and erotomania, told about two solitary people who have nothing else in common. It involves a…
Ken Loach's "I, Daniel Blake" wins the Palme d'Or at the 69th Cannes Film Festival.
Barbara Scharres on the cats of Cannes 2016.
"It's a madhouse!"
Wednesday, July 18, is the 20th anniversary of our marriage. How can I begin to tell you about Chaz? She fills my horizon, she is…
Writers at RogerEbert.com pick their favorite movies featuring star-crossed lovers.
Writers at RogerEbert.com pick their favorite movies featuring aliens and UFOs.
A panel report from Comic-Con 2016 on a new Smithsonian Channel documentary, "Building Star Trek."
The first films announced for the 2016 Toronto International Film Festival.
* This filmography is not intended to be a comprehensive list of this artist's work. Instead it reflects the films this person has been involved with that have been reviewed on this site.
A review of this Sunday's return of "The X-Files," which gets a lot better on Monday.
While most of the broadcast and cable networks have gone into a holding pattern during the Sochi Winter Olympics, Amazon and Netflix have taken the opportunity to offer some interesting alternatives to downhill skiing.
Dustin Hoffman doing a real Robert Evans impression in "Wag the Dog" (not at all like what Martin Landau did in "Entourage," which could never be mistaken for Evans).
It's enormously frustrating and stressful trying to live in three places at once, especially when they're: 1) the "reality-based community"; 2) the arena of critical thinking; and 3) America in the 21st century. So, who was surprised by this headline?
Prosecutors drop case in Ramsey slaying Prosecutors abruptly dropped their case Monday against John Mark Karr in the slaying of JonBenet Ramsey, saying DNA tests failed to put him at the crime scene despite his insistence he sexually assaulted and strangled the 6-year-old beauty queen.
Just a week and a half after Karr's arrest in Thailand was seen as a remarkable break in the sensational, decade-old case, prosecutors suggested in court papers that he was just a man with a twisted fascination with JonBenet who confessed to a crime he didn't commit. The only difference between this story and innumerable others (like, say the non-case for invading Iraq) is how quickly and easily it unravelled (or, rather, evaporated), after the press and the public suddenly realized they'd never had any good reason to accept it as legitimate in the first place.


text:
Source: White House on YouTube
quote: You can't make a pickup truck that gets 25 mpg in the city and 35 mpg on the highway. At least if you want it to be able to do any work. You might be able to hit 22-24 and 30 with diesels.
quote: It's not the engine necessarily, it's the poor aero of large trucks that keeps mpg down. You can hypermile a Ford 1 ton diesel to 30 mpg but only with low speeds and no stops. Getting that kind of economy with normal driving (you know where you obey traffic laws), will take a significant, expensive change in design.
quote: You can't make a pickup truck that gets 25 mpg in the city and 35 mpg on the highway. At least if you want it to be able to do any work.
quote: The point FIT was making is that nobody that pushes their trucks to the extreme will want any change in design if it means the extremes they can push them to will suffer as a result. For people that actually need a truck, such a redesign would be seen as a step backward, not forward.
quote: You can't make a pickup truck that gets 25 mpg in the city and 35 mpg on the highway.
quote: For example, I know plenty of black people who bought low mileage big vehicles that trees seems to die as they pass it. In fact, every black person I know wants to be more like republicans but always vote democrats. The truth is it's not just black people, everyone wants to be rich and own businesses.
quote: For example, I know plenty of black people who bought low mileage big vehicles that trees seems to die as they pass it. In fact, every black person I know wants to be more like republicans but always vote democrats. The truth is it's not just black people, everyone wants to be rich and own businesses.
quote: The carbon doomsayers are going to feel awfully foolish once this grand carbon myth is finally debunked.
quote: Carbon does not explain the cooling that has occurred in the last decade
quote: The rise in the surface temperature of earth has been markedly slower over the last 15 years than in the 20 years before that. And that lull in warming has occurred even as greenhouse gases have accumulated in the atmosphere at a record pace.
quote: With the EU getting very draconian on carbon - producing more efficient machinery (from a carbon release perspective) is a tremendous opportunity for greater exports for the USA.
quote: Seriously. Do you think before you speak?
quote: And why do you think we'd send it to China.
quote: 1. The oil is bound for Asia: The Enbridge Northern Gateway Project, as proposed … would carry tar sands oil by pipeline across the province, to be loaded onto supertankers for transport to Asia.2. The '"sell" by the company is economic, but the bulk of the benefits (the profits) would of course go to the company, or they wouldn't be doing it: In its written submission to the review panel on Friday, the company emphasized "the enormous economic benefits that the Project would deliver to Canada, British Columbia, Alberta and Aboriginal peoples."3. The company touts its excellence in "spill response": "Northern Gateway would have comprehensive oil spill response plans for all Project components and would substantially improve existing emergency response on Canada's pacific coast – something unprecedented for a pipeline project."4. Yet the BC review noted just the opposite: But the B.C. government's submission points out that the company's proposal indicates that "doing nothing is a possible response to a spill."
quote: Nocera might ask himself how likely this oil is really to go to China from Canada if Keystone XL is not built. He might ask why the oil companies are looking to bring tar sands almost 2000 miles south rather than just send it across British Columbia for export to Asia.The answer can be found in the deep and fierce opposition to a new tar sands pipeline in Canada -- especially by the First Nations of British Columbia. In fact, those First Nations this week sent letters to President Hu of China and to the Chinese people letting them know their tar sands grievances in advance of Prime Minister Harper's trip this week.The Keystone XL tar sands pipeline would not make the United States of America safer. Why? It would not make us safer, because the majority of the processed oil was already scheduled for export to foreign countries.That's' right, this Keystone XL pipeline's Canadian tar sands oil would have no positive impact whatsoever on America's national security. Canada wanted to send the dirtiest oil on the planet through the heart of America so that they could access export routes.And they proposed getting there by bringing the pipeline right over the Ogallala Aquifer, one of America's most important repositories of fresh water. Along the route, Democrats and Republicans alike opposed it.Nocera never mentioned that a first pipeline just like the proposed Keystone XL, built by the same foreign company, TransCanada, had over 12 spills in the U.S. (30 if you count Canada) in just its first year of operation. Some of those spills have yet to be cleaned up.
quote: The U.S. State Department has accepted assertions that the production of heavy oil will increase regardless of whether Keystone XL is built, because the Northern Gateway pipeline would bring oil for shipment to China.Denying permission for Keystone XL would not promote the U.S. national interest in reducing greenhouse gas emissions, the State Department says, because China will use the energy anyway.Canadians know better. Although the Canadian government supports Northern Gateway, and the government-appointed National Energy Board can be expected to approve, the same cannot be said of the First Nations (i.e. indigenous peoples) living along its path.The 731-mile long Northern Gateway pipeline would cross several mountain ranges and more than 1,000 rivers and streams, many of which contain sensitive salmon spawning beds.In December 2010, 61 First Nations from across British Columbia signed a declaration in opposition to Northern Gateway. The First Nations are skeptical about safety assurances provided by Enbridge, the company behind Northern Gateway.In July 2010, a leak in one of the company's pipelines in Michigan resulted in 20,000 gallons of crude oil spilling into the Kalamazoo River. A year later, more than 1,500 barrels leaked from another of Enbridge's pipelines in Canada's Northwest Territories.Fully 80 percent of British Columbians oppose Northern Gateway, and that public opinion has translated into political opposition.
quote: I'm for the keystone pipeline being built if it's a boon for the US economy and regulations are followed.
quote: although I freely admit this is not an area I have spent much time looking into.
quote: There hasn't been a new oil refinery built in the United States since 1976.
quote: The harmonic mean captures the fuel economy of driving each car in the fleet for the same number of miles, while the arithmetic mean captures the fuel economy of driving each car using the same amount of gas
quote: He declared that he will use his power to "skyrocket" energy prices and thus lower the standard of living of the American people.
quote: "More than 500 businesses, including giants like GM and Nike, issued a Climate Declaration, calling action on climate change 'one of the great economic opportunities of the 21st century.'"
quote: President Obama was new fuel economy targets for heavy duty trucks.


text:
This is your resource to discuss support topics with your peers, and learn from each other.
01-29-2012 02:10 AM - edited 01-29-2012 02:11 AM
I am a bit stuck. I created a simple app using html, css, javascript, jquerymobile.
But when I test it on the simulator and with the debug token onto the device. I can actually touch and drag the app to the right or left, exposing the grey region that is out of my main page. How do I stop this?
I have searched the forums but didn't find any easy solution. I just found these but there's not solution.
Try and check with the tip below
1. Add position:fixed to your body in css.
2.If you are working with any particular mode for landscape you just add
<meta name="viewport" content="initial-scale=1.0, user-scalable=no, width=1024, height=600"/>


text:
Many journalists from the Northwest have visited the seminars of the Danish expert on infographics Ole Rode Jensen. This June the opportunity to "pump" the knowledge and skills was given to Murmansk journalists and students of journalism. For two days the representative of the Nordic Journalism Centre, lecturer of Danish school of journalism and media told and taught how to use free and accessible data visualization tools.
On 16 June Brussels hosted a seminar on the Barents cooperation. Representatives of BPI Anna Kireeva and Amund Trellevik were also among speakers. The heads of the Russian and Norwegian Barents Press described the 20 years of successful collaboration in the field of media.
There are no blueberries or cloudberries or cranberries , or other familiar to us northern berries on the polar archipelago of Svalbard. The islands are located just a thousand miles from the North Pole and they are not very suitable for life. But over the past five centuries the Russian coast-dwellers, the Dutch, the British and the Scandinavians tried to settle there.
Journalist's rights were violated in Murmansk city council
Nadezda Sarsakova, correspondent of the paper «Territoria zakona» (Murmansk), addressed Barents Press Web-site with a letter about facts of counteraction to her journalistic work. We publish fragments of the letter and commentary by Murmansk Union of Journalists board member Svetlana Soldatova.
From Nadezda Sarsakova's letter and her appeal to Murmansk police:
«On May 27 and June 3 I had my first experience to meet rude counteraction to my journalistic work. A man «in civvies» - they said he was the chief of the guard — was very rude and aggressive to me. It looked as if he was ready to fight. I appealed to the police».
In her appeal to Murmansk police chief officer P. Karanda Nadezda Sarsakova described two situations. She is an accredited journalist having official access to the Council's sittings. Her documents answer all demands. On May 27 she showed her pass at the entrance of the assembly hall. During the break she left the hall and on her way back was stopped by a man who grasped her by the arm and pushed away. First he didn't explain anything and then said: «You are in the way».
On June 3 a similar situation took place. A policeman blocked her way and said: «I have an instruction not to let you in».
Nadezda Sarsakova asks: «Doesn't it all happen because the paper I work in supports city ciuoncil's deputies against the head of city administration. She considers both situations to be wild violation Press Law.
Svetlana Soldatova, Murmansk Union of Journalists board member comments upon the happening:
«Formally in the situations described by N.Sarsakova one can see violation of the Russian Law of the Press in the item of accreditation. The journalists should be ensured good conditions for peforming their functions. An accredited journalist has the right to be pore sent at open sittings .
As the ones in Murmansk were open the actions of the people stopping the journalist from entering the hall can be considered as the violation of the Russian Law of Mass Media».
Edited and translated by: Tatiana Polkova


text:
Creating Literacy Instruction for All Students in Grades 4 To 8 / Edition 2by Thomas G. Gunning
Pub. Date: 05/28/2007
Publisher: Allyn & Bacon, Inc.
This practical resource gives teachers step-by-step guidance for teaching students in grades 4 to 8 all major aspects of reading and writing.
In response to today's needs to tailor instruction for the middle grades, this book features sample lessons for virtually every major literacy skill/strategy and offers numerous reinforcement/b>/b>
This practical resource gives teachers step-by-step guidance for teaching students in grades 4 to 8 all major aspects of reading and writing.
In response to today's needs to tailor instruction for the middle grades, this book features sample lessons for virtually every major literacy skill/strategy and offers numerous reinforcement suggestions and generous listings of materials appropriate for the middle grades. Renowned author Tom Gunning presents the theories behind the methods, so readers will be free to choose, adapt, and/or construct their own approaches as they create a balanced evidence-based program of literacy instruction.
Because language, background knowledge, and thinking skills are the foundation of basic and higher-level literacy, the text emphasizes background building, vocabulary and overall language development, and the development of key thinking skills. Given the current emphasis on "Leaving No Child Behind" and closing the literacy gap, the text explores techniques and materials for helping below-level readers and writers. Included are listings of intervention programs for older struggling readers and suggestions for helping middle school students who are still having difficulty with decoding skills.
A Letter to Students, From the Author
Avon, Connecticut
March 14, 2007
Dear Student:
Although I receive royalties from the sales of Creating Literacy Instruction for All Students in Grades 4-8 (Second Edition), my main reason for writing the text and continuously revising it is to improve the quality of literacy instruction for students. I believe that the best way to do that is to provide for pre-service and in-service teachers a text that explains effective ways to assess and instruct students. As times change and I acquire new knowledge and insights, I add to and revise the suggestions that I make.
In preparation for the revision of this last edition, I worked three days a week for a year in an urban school as a hands-on consultant. I also visited a number of schools, talked with lots of teachers, and worked with groups of students in a variety of settings. These direct experiences were very enlightening. One of my chief discoveries was the importance of fostering higher-level reading and responding skills. To meet the demands of No Child Left Behind, many schools are focusing on decoding skills and literal comprehension. Unfortunately, this has led to a neglect of vocabulary development and higher-level literacy skills, which are key elements in developing the kinds of skills needed in today's society and which are assessed in the upper grades by today's high-stakes tests. To emphasize the importance of higher-level literacy skills, a new feature entitled "Building Higher-Level Literacy," appears at the end of each chapter.
Recognizing the reality of the requirements of No Child Left Behind and high-stakes tests, I have included suggestions for preparing students to cope with demanding tests. Using lookbacks, supporting responses, and other key comprehension and test-taking skills are featured. Also emphasized is the importance of going beyond teaching students how to respond to challenging texts in discussions to also teaching them how to respond in writing, since that is how they will be assessed.
Quickwrites, Macro-Cloze, Story Impressions, Think-Pair-Share, and a number of other intriguing teaching techniques have been added. Throughout the text, changes, large and small, have been made that I believe will enhance your knowledge of literacy and your ability as a teacher to build the literacy of the students that you teach. While I realize that the purchase of the text might mean a financial sacrifice, it should help make you a better teacher of literacy and your students' better readers and writers. Although the text is costly, potential benefits are priceless.
Thomas G. Gunning, Ed. D, Author
Creating Literacy Instruction for All Students
Product Details
- 9780205542772
- Publisher:
- Allyn & Bacon, Inc.
- Publication date:
- 05/28/2007
- Edition description:
- New Edition
- Pages:
- 576
- Product dimensions:
- 7.48(w) x 9.20(h) x 0.88(d)
Table of Contents
1 The Nature of Literacy and Today's Students
2 Evaluation
3 Fostering Emergent/Early Literacy
4 Teaching Phonics, High-Frequency Words, and Syllabic Analysis
5 Building Vocabulary
6 Comprehension: Theory and Strategies
7 Comprehension: Text Structures and Teaching Procedures
8 Reading and Writing in the Content Areas and Study Skills
9 Reading Literature
10 Approaches to Teaching Reading
11 Writing and Reading
12 Diversity in the Literacy Classroom: Adapting Instruction for English Language and At-Risk Learners
13 Creating and Managing a Literacy Program
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text:
With bikini season fast approaching, try these 10 flat stomach foods now...Summer is officially on its way - the sun is shining, our flip flops have made their first outing and we've even started buying in the Pimms for BBQ season.
With mere months to go before peak bikini season hits, we round up the best gut-friendly foods to introduce into your diet for Summer. The result? More energy and a flatter stomach by June!
'Avoid quick release carbs, which will raise your blood sugar quickly then make it plummet again. This happens because your body releases adrenaline and cortisol to stabilise things, which both contribute to fat around your middle. Swap to wholegrain alternatives that release energy slowly,' says nutritionist Dr.Marilyn Glenville.
'This good quality protein slows down the rate that the stomach processes food and delays the passage of the carbohydrates through it. As soon as you add a protein (be it animal or vegetable) to a carbohydrate, you change it into a slower releasing carbohydrate, that will keep your sugar levels steady and energy up,' says Dr Marilyn Glenville.
'Research has shown that leucine, one the essential amino acids found in eggs, can help with weight loss by stabilising blood sugar levels and encouraging the body to shed fat,' says Dr Marilyn Glenville.
'Adding walnuts to your diet will help maintain your ideal weight over time, as they contain fats that help boost your metabolism,' says Dr Marilyn Glenville.


text:
Jonathan Boncek
Farmer's Plate
Enter your address
Chef Emily Hahn puts together a menu of sharable creations like lamb meatballs and trotter and shrimp spring rolls. Plus, grown-up grilled cheese sandwiches.
Features: Dinner, Free Wifi
Hours: Dinner & Sun. BrunchPrice: $$
See all past events at Warehouse »
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Charleston City Paper


text: Man Who Gained Internet Fame for Cop Car Rendition of 'Bohemian Rhapsody' Wears Viking Helmet to Court, Represents HimselfNeetzan Zimmerman11/28/12 5:40pmFiled to: Bad ideasRobert wilkinsonBohemian RhapsodyCanada69EditInvite manuallyPromoteDismissUndismissHideShare to KinjaToggle Conversation toolsGo to permalink An Alberta man who scored instant Internet notoriety after he uploaded a video of himself belting all of Queen's "Bohemian Rhapsody" in the back of a Royal Canadian Mounted Police cruiser after a DUI arrest has had his day in court. Naturally, being the kind of person who belts all of Queen's "Bohemian Rhapsody" in the back of a Royal Canadian Mounted Police cruiser after a DUI arrest, Robert Wilkinson, 30, both wore a viking helmet to court, and represented himself. Advertisement Having a fool for a client, Wilkinson was summarily convicted and sentenced to pay a fine of $1,400. He also had his license suspended for a period of one year. On his Facebook page, the "unemployed karaoke singer" appeared to be taking the verdict in stride, writing "the system works." To a friend who pointed out that he had been convicted, Wilkinson responded, "who has the right to say that? I am not convicted in my mind." Classic Wilkinson. Sponsored [H/T: FilmDrunk, photo handout via The Canadian Press]Reply69 repliesLeave a reply


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