text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Apr 8, 2003
|Filing date
|Jul 13, 2001
|Priority date
|Jul 13, 2001
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Gregory M. Jursich, Kevin Sirk
|Original Assignee
|L'air Liquide - Societe'anonyme A' Directoire Et Conseil De Surveillance Pour L'etude Et L'exploitation Des Procedes Georges Claude, American Air Liquide, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (9), Non-Patent Citations (1), Referenced by (5), Classifications (12), Legal Events (7)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to liquid level detection, and more specifically to optical liquid level detection, wherein quality of the liquid chemical is also determined.
2. Related Art
There are many processes involving liquid chemicals which require consistent and reliable delivery of liquid chemicals with very high purity. In the semiconductor manufacturing industry, for example, reliable delivery of high purity liquids to the process chamber is critical to the overall operation. Catastrophic process events can occur, for example, if liquid levels in canisters or ampoules are not monitored accurately. To make matters worse, many semiconductor manufacturing processes involve very expensive chemicals which have significant health hazards associated with them. These factors require good utilization of the chemical involved along with minimal waste. As a result, there is a need for reliable level sensing of liquid source and intermediate containers in process chemical delivery systems.
Such need for reliable level sensing has been addressed satisfactorily by a number of ways. A simple but reliable float sensor with magnetically activated electromechanical switches can be strategically placed inside the container so as to provide electrical setpoint signals when the liquid level reaches predetermined levels in the container. This concept of reliable level sensing of multiple setpoints can be expanded to any type of reliable level sensor that is internal to the container. Alternatively, with simple implementation and quantitative measure, a weighing scale can be placed under a container in order to monitor amount of liquid in any container. There are also numerous other liquid level sensing devices such as ultrasonic and capacitance. All these liquid level sensing devices are readily available commercially (for example see Zorrich, Bob "Monitoring Liquid Chemical Levels", Semiconductor International, July 1997, pages 327-336.)
Another means of liquid level sensing are optical methods. For example Fletcher (U.S. Pat. No. 5,046,925) teaches the art of utilizing Bragg optical diffraction phenomenon to sense the presence of liquid at the point of sensing. Although by description this is basically a one-position sensor, theoretically multiple sensors can be cleverly positioned so as to track liquid level within limits. Further, unlike many electrical monitoring based sensors, optical and ultrasonic sensors are less intrusive to chemicals themselves, and are least likely to induce chemical degradation. This is a particularly important point in the semiconductor industry where many process chemicals are very active and hence prone to chemical degradation. Such degradation cannot be tolerated in critical semiconductor manufacturing steps because extremely high purity chemicals are required.
Another, yet more simple, optical approach to level sensing is to use optical transmission and/or reflection phenomenon at the end of light transmission fibers in order to determine if liquid is present or not. As with Bragg diffraction, this technique is again one position level determination. But here, there is the added advantage of more easily scaling up to multiple position monitoring. Unlike the diffraction method, no critical optical alignment is required. Such method has been successfully established on numerous liquid delivery systems sold to the semiconductor industry. In these cases, the fibers are positioned along the side of the container with light propagation horizontal to the liquid level.
As has been noted by one inventor (U.S. Pat. No. 5,652,431) the optical spectral transmission properties of many chemical reagents used in the semiconductor industry is a useful and inexpensive means of evaluating concentration of the chemical reagents in the process delivery line, and as noted in such patents many organometallic reagents for chemical vapor deposition exhibits strong color properties which can be used to determine the concentration in a delivery process line.
It would be an advance in the art of chemical delivery if both level and chemical purity of chemical in a container could be determined using an optical means.
In accordance with the present invention, optical means may be used both to determine liquid level and purity of chemical in a container. This technique takes advantage of properties of some liquid chemicals, such as organometallic precursor chemicals, which tend to change optical properties, such as color, turbidity, and the like, due to impurities and chemical degradation over time. Using the methods and apparatus of the present invention, these features of the chemicals are used to monitor quality of chemical by using an inexpensive fiber optic spectrometer to monitor purity of the chemical.
In accordance with a first aspect of the invention, a method of measuring both concentration and amount of a liquid in a liquid chemical container is presented, the method comprising the steps of:
(a) viewing light emanating from a first optical member that is in visual contact with the liquid, the light emanating from the first optical member having a level indicating quality; and
(b) routing light from a second optical member that is in visual contact with the liquid to means for optical discrimination between liquid chemical based on different optical properties.
Preferred methods are those wherein the first optical member and the second optical member are one and the same member; methods wherein the first optical member and the second optical member are separate members; and methods wherein the viewing step comprises human vision. Also preferred are methods wherein the viewing step comprises machine vision. Further preferred are methods including use of a single light source to generate light which enters the first optical member and the second optical member; methods wherein multiple first optical members are installed in the walls of the liquid chemical containers; methods wherein the means to discriminate is a spectrometer, methods wherein the means to discriminate is human vision; and methods wherein the means to discriminate is a turbidity monitor. Preferably, the optical property is color or turbidity.
A second aspect of the invention is a liquid chemical container apparatus for dispensing liquid chemical, the apparatus allowing measurement of both concentration and amount of a liquid chemical in the liquid chemical container, the apparatus comprising:
(a) a container body having an optical member optically connected (in other words arranged so that the optical member has optical access) to the container body, the optical member having a distal end and a proximal end, the distal end adapted to extend into the liquid chemical contained in the container body;
(b) a light source optically connected to the optical member, the light source able to transmit light through the optical member;
(c) a light receptor optically connected to the optical member, the light receptor able to receive light reflected from the liquid chemical, the light reflected from the liquid chemical being transmitted through the optical member; and
(d) means for optical discrimination between liquid chemical of different optical properties, the means for optical discrimination optically connected to the optical member.
Preferred are those apparatus wherein the optical member is an optical fiber transmission/reflection probe; apparatus wherein the means for optical discrimination is selected from the group consisting of human vision and machine vision; apparatus wherein the machine vision is a spectrometer; and apparatus wherein the optical property is color or turbidity.
A third aspect of the invention is an apparatus for dispensing liquid chemical, the apparatus allowing measurement of both concentration and amount of a liquid chemical in the liquid chemical container, the apparatus comprising:
(a) a container body having a plurality of optical members connected to the container body, the plurality of optical members allowing optical access to liquid chemical contained within the container body, the plurality of optical members positioned on the container body in a fashion so that a user may determine the presence or absence of the liquid chemical at the points where each of the plurality of optical members is positioned; and
(b) means for optical discrimination between liquid chemical of different optical properties, the means for optical discrimination connected to at least one of the plurality of optical members. Preferred are apparatus wherein the means for optical discrimination is selected from a group consisting of human vision and machine vision, particularly wherein the machine vision is a spectrometer.
A fourth aspect of the invention is a liquid chemical container apparatus for dispensing liquid chemical, the apparatus allowing measurement of both concentration and amount of a liquid chemical in the liquid chemical container, the apparatus comprising:
(a) an optical member optically connected to the container body, the optical member having a distal end and a proximal end, the distal end adapted to extend into the container body but not touch liquid chemical contained in the container body;
(b) a light source optically connected to the optical member, the light source able to transmit light through the optical member;
(c) a light receptor optically connected to the optical member, the light receptor able to receive light reflected from the liquid chemical, the light reflected from the liquid chemical being transmitted through the optical member; and
(d) means for optical discrimination between liquid chemical of different optical properties, the means for optical discrimination optically connected to the optical member. Preferred are those apparatus within this aspect of the invention wherein the means for optical discrimination is selected from the group consisting of human vision and machine vision; especially apparatus wherein the machine vision is a spectrometer.
It is known that certain liquid chemicals, such as transition metal-amino and metal-alkoxide complexes, exhibit a difference in color and/or turbidity depending on purity and age of the chemical in storage and can form particulate matter in the presence of moisture or other contaminants. In the present invention, optical transmission/reflection phenomenon are monitored by means of simple fiber optics so that special properties can be monitored in order to evaluate purity of chemical, and such purity analysis can be incorporated into existing fiber optics often used to monitor liquid level in containers.
Many organometallic compounds used in chemical vapor deposition are reactive in nature and are difficult to obtain in pure form commercially. For example, three commercial samples of tetrakisdiethylamino zirconium can have three distinct shades of brown, depending on their age. In chemical vapor deposition processes, it is advantageous if the liquid chemicals are easily degraded at lower process temperatures; however, this leads to the use of less thermally stable compounds. The ultraviolet and visible spectral features of such compounds are typically affected by impurities present in the sample. It is known that some chemicals, for example hafnium t-butoxide, change color over time during storage due to their reactive nature (as disclosed in Material Safety Data sheet from InorgTech dated Oct. 7, 2000.) Furthermore, such compounds react with trace moisture and numerous other sources of oxides to form insoluble metal oxides that become suspended in the liquid causing the liquid to become turbid. This turbidity can also be monitored optically with fiber optics. Thus, in situ monitoring of these chemicals, such as with fiber optics then provides a convenient means of monitoring quality of liquid chemical to be used in critical processes, such as semiconductor manufacturing. At the same time, such optical monitoring can be used to monitor two or more critical parameters in liquid chemical delivery: liquid level in a container, liquid purity in the container, color of liquid chemical in the container, and change of any of these parameters.
Further understanding of the invention will be ascertained upon review of the following brief description of the drawing figures and description of preferred embodiments. The drawing figures are not to scale and are merely meant to be illustrative of the apparatus and methods of the invention.
FIG. 1 illustrates, in schematic side-cross-section, one preferred container embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 2 illustrates, in schematic side-cross-section, a second preferred container embodiment of the invention; and
FIG. 3 illustrates, in schematic side-cross-section, a third container embodiment of the invention.
In one embodiment of the present invention, optical transmission/reflection phenomenon are monitored by means of simple fiber optics. Such coupling of fiber optics to chemical canisters has been done before, but only for monitoring liquid level. In accordance with the present invention, by examining spectral profiles of light transmitted or reflected by the chemical, one can assess the purity of the liquid chemical inside the container by the presence or absence of impurities, as impurities will typically change (for example, darken) the color of the liquid chemical, or other optical properties.
In a second embodiment, use of optical monitoring "level sensing" fibers that extend out of the sides of the liquid chemical container are used to monitor both intensity for liquid level, as in the present design, and also spectral profile for chemical color or turbidity characteristics for quality/purity information.
A third embodiment employs a single optical feed through connection, preferably made on or near the top of the container, and light propagation directed perpendicularly to the liquid surface. Using more sophisticated spectral interpretation of light from the fibers, both liquid level and chemical purity can be assessed. Such installation minimizes manufacturing costs as well as limits the number of container seals required, thereby reducing potential sites for leaks and chemical degradation from sealing materials required in the optical connections to the container.
Referring now to the drawing figures, FIG. 1 illustrates a first embodiment 100 of an apparatus in accordance with the invention. Apparatus 100 includes a container 2 having a container top 4, a liquid inlet conduit 6 and control valve 8, and a liquid chemical outlet conduit 10 and control valve 12. Present is an optical element 14, an optional gas inlet 16 with gas filter 18, gas filter 18 preferably comprising gas filter media such as alumina, silica and aluminosilicates, as described in assignees' copending application Ser. No. 09/905,327, filed Jul 13, 2001 on even date herewith, and incorporated by reference herein. Optical member 14 has a proximal end 20 and a distal end 22, distal end 22 preferably having a pair of facets or faces 24 and 26. A light source 28 is connected via an optical transmitter, such as an optical fiber 30 which connects light source 28 with optical member 14 at its distal end 20. Another optical fiber connects optical member 14 at its distal end 20 to a spectrometer 34. Spectrometer 34 is preferably connected to a printing device 36 which might print a report, and/or to a computer 38.
Referring now to FIGS. 1A and 1B, the functions of optical member 14 and its construction will be described. A light ray 40 entering optical member 14, will reach facet 24, producing a light ray 42 as depicted in FIG. 1 A. In other words, very little of the light ray 40 will be reflected back towards the light source 28. This information of course is important in determining the presence or absence of liquid chemical within container 2. A light ray 43 may emanate from facet 26 and traverse in the opposite direction as light ray 40 through optical member 14, and exit through an optical fiber 48 (FIG. 1) and into a light receptor 50. Light receptor 50 is able to tell the presence or absence of liquid in container 2. Simultaneously, light ray 43 or a separate light ray emanating from optical member 14 is fed through optical fiber 32 into spectrometer 34, and the concentration of liquid chemical thus determined by spectroscopic analysis. It is also possible that spectrometer 34 could be replaced by human vision.
FIG. 1B illustrates the situation when liquid level drops below the level of the facets 24 and 26 of optical member 14. In this case an incoming light ray 44 is substantially totally reflected by facets 24 and 26 and thus exits light member 14 as light ray 46. Light ray 46 is much more intense than light ray 43 of FIG. 1A, and is routed via optical fiber 48 to optical receptor 50. Further, either ray 46 or a separate light ray (not shown) in FIG. 1B is fed through optical fiber 32 to spectrometer 34.
Thus the apparatus of FIGS. 1, 1A, and 1B is able to simultaneously determine liquid level and concentration of liquid chemical in container 2. This information of course can be fed to computer 38 and one or more outputs 54 may be used to monitor and/or control, for example, addition of liquid chemical to container 2, or withdrawal of liquid from container 2.
FIG. 2 illustrates a second embodiment 200 of liquid chemical container in accordance with the invention. Embodiment 200 comprises a container 202 having a top 204, a liquid inlet 206 and liquid inlet control valve 208. Also present is a liquid discharge conduit 210 and liquid discharge control valve 212. Optionally, container 202 may be fitted with a gas inlet line 216 which itself has a gas filtration media 218 attached thereto as previously explained in accordance with FIG. 1. In embodiment 200 of FIG. 2, a plurality of light pipes or optical fibers 260 are connected to container 202 so that both quality and level of liquid within container 202 can be determined. For example, the a quality of liquid within container 202 may be determined by spectrometer 234, which may print out quality information as illustrated at 236, or feed quality information to a computer 238. Simultaneously, liquid level data may be obtained by a light receptor 250, which may be attached optically to all light pipes or optical fibers 260. Information for light receptor 250 is fed via means 252 into computer 238. Optionally, liquid level may be viewed through human vision as depicted at 262. Quality determination may also be determined by human vision. Preferably, the outputs of light receptor 250 and spectrometer 234 are fed through computer 238 which produces monitoring and/or control outputs 254 as selected by the user.
FIG. 3 illustrates another embodiment of an apparatus in accordance with the present invention, illustrating a container 302 having liquid chemical inlet conduit 306 and control valve 308, and liquid chemical outlet conduit 310 and control valve 312. An optional gas inlet conduit 316 is illustrated, as well as optional gas filtration media cartridge 318. Container 302 has a top 304, through which an optical member 314 protrudes. While this is similar to the embodiment 100 in FIG. 1, note that distal end 322 does not protrude into or contact liquid within container 302. Optical member 314 is connected via optical fiber 330 to a light source 328. Light that is transmitted or reflected through optical member 314 indicating liquid level is transmitted through an optical fiber 348 into light receptor 350, which may have an output via connection 352 to computer 338. Simultaneously, quality determination of liquid within container 302 may be obtained through optical fiber 332 connected to spectrometer 334. The output of the spectrometer may either be to computer 338 or a printout at 336. Computer 338 may have one or more outputs 354 as described herein.
In the simplest embodiment, as illustrated in FIG. 1, a commercially available fiber optic transmission sensor probe can be attached at or near the top of the container. Axiom Analytical, Inc., of Irvine, Calif., manufactures fiber-optically coupled single-pass transmission, attenuated total reflectance, and diffuse reflectance probes which can be used in these applications. The probe can be easily optically connected to a spectrometer by means of fiber optics or other light transporting means such as light pipes. The most convenient of spectrometers is to use what is known in the art as a "PC card" spectrometer. Two manufactures of PC card spectrometers are Ocean Optics, Inc. of Dunedin, Fla., and Control Development, Inc. of South Bend, Ind.
Alternatively, as illustrated in FIG. 2, optical fibers can be attached to the sides of the container; only in this case, one monitors not only light intensity, but also spectral profile via a spectrometer in order to assess quality of the chemical. One can then easily use the fiber optic closest to the bottom of the container to perform the spectral analysis of the chemical within. This way, fiber optics provides level sensing (via total intensity monitoring) and quality control monitoring (via spectral profile analysis).
In the third embodiment, as illustrated in FIG. 3, an arrangement minimizing the number of optical ports in the container is presented. The same fiber is used both for level monitoring and spectral analysis monitoring. In this embodiment, a light source propagates substantially perpendicular to the liquid surface. Since density of liquid is so much greater than vapor, and the amount of vapor pressure of many organometallic compounds is so low, the light absorption characteristics of the vapor are negligible to that of the liquid. The effective path length for absorption is defined by depth of liquid. Hence, the amount of absorption relates to liquid level in the container. One only needs to identify appropriate wavelength(s) characteristics of the compound of interest and correlate liquid depth to absorption. As absorption may be quite strong, proper wavelength selection is preferably off of center to main absorption bands.
Further spectral analysis as to "color" of liquid chemical is best evaluated by examining a ratio of absorption intensities at different wavelengths. As discussed herein, impurities in certain organometallic compounds can cause color and/or turbidity to change and this information can be monitored by examining the spectral profile of the compound.
As of today, there are currently no known liquid chemical delivery systems, inside or outside of the semiconductor manufacturing industry, that have any purity monitoring capabilities, and yet chemical purity demands in many industries such as the semiconductor manufacturing industry are extremely high with the reactive nature of the chemicals used.
In particular, it is known that some chemicals such as transition metal complexes exhibit color which can change depending upon the purity of the chemical. By using fiber optical monitoring techniques of the invention, the color and hence the purity of such chemicals can be easily monitored at the same time that the liquid level in such a container is monitored.
Today, fiber optic sensors are already used on chemical containers which deliver chemicals to semiconductor manufacturing processes; however, the fiber optics are not designed and are only partially used in the sense that only the intensity of total light is monitored to indicate whether a liquid level is above or below that point where the fiber is installed.
In summary, the present invention improves the art of liquid chemical delivery by implementing fiber optic sensor monitoring to chemicals such as organometallic compounds and other compounds. What is important to realize is that fiber optics commonly used in liquid delivery systems can be utilized not only for liquid level determination, but also to determine at least one other property, such as purity of the liquid chemical being used, the presence or absence of flame within the container, or such other hazardous situations.
Preferred processes and apparatus for practicing the present invention have been described. It will be understood and readily apparent to the skilled artisan that many changes and modifications may be made to the above-described embodiments without departing from the scope of the present invention. The foregoing is illustrative only, and other embodiments of the processes and apparatus may be employed without departing from the scope of the invention defined in the following claims.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Dec 29, 1986
|Aug 22, 1989
|Air Products And Chemicals, Inc.
|Chemical refill system
|Sep 20, 1990
|Aug 13, 1991
|Olin Corporation
|Bubbler container automatic refill system
|Jan 8, 1991
|Sep 10, 1991
|Air Products And Chemicals, Inc.
|Gas piston liquid flow controller
|Apr 28, 1993
|Nov 14, 1995
|Advanced Delivery & Chemical Systems, Inc.
|Chemical refill system for high purity chemicals
|Jun 7, 1995
|Oct 8, 1996
|Advanced Delivery & Chemical Systems, Inc.
|Bulk containers for high purity chemical delivery systems
|Nov 28, 1994
|Mar 4, 1997
|Advanced Delivery & Chemical Systems, Inc.
|Chemical refill system for high purity chemicals
|Oct 6, 1995
|Jul 29, 1997
|The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy
|In-situ monitoring and feedback control of metalorganic precursor delivery
|Jun 7, 1995
|Jan 27, 1998
|Advanced Delivery & Chemical Systems, Inc.
|Level control systems for high purity chemical delivery systems
|Mar 12, 1997
|Mar 9, 1999
|Siegele; Stephen H.
|Refillable ampule and method re same
|Zorich, Bob, "Monitoring Liquid Chemical Levels," Semiconductor, International, pp. 327-336, Jul. 1997.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jun 24, 2003
|Oct 24, 2006
|Air Products And Chemicals, Inc.
|High purity chemical container with diptube and level sensor terminating in lowest most point of concave floor
|Feb 29, 2012
|Apr 22, 2014
|Caneel Associates, Inc.
|Container filling apparatus and method
|Feb 27, 2014
|Mar 24, 2015
|Caneel Associates, Inc.
|Container filling apparatus and method
|Jun 24, 2003
|Dec 30, 2004
|Birtcher Charles Michael
|High purity chemical container with diptube and level sensor terminating in lowest most point of concave floor
|Feb 27, 2014
|Jun 26, 2014
|Caneel Associates, Inc.
|Container filling apparatus and method
|U.S. Classification
|141/95, 73/64.43, 141/94, 141/67, 141/63, 141/198, 137/93, 141/21
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Oct 17, 2001
Owner name: L AIR LIQUIDE, SOCIETE ANONYME POUR L ETUDE ET, L
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:JURSICH, GREGORY M.;SIRK, KEVIN;REEL/FRAME:012426/0302
Effective date: 20010925
|Jan 3, 2002
Owner name: AMERICAN AIR LIQUIDE, INC., CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:JURSICH, GREGORY M.;SIRK, KEVIN;REEL/FRAME:012426/0369
Effective date: 20010925
|Aug 26, 2003
|Certificate of correction
|Sep 18, 2006
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Nov 15, 2010
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Apr 8, 2011
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|May 31, 2011
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20110408


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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Dec 8, 1998
|Filing date
|Nov 3, 1997
|Priority date
|Sep 8, 1995
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Robert W. Furtaw
|Original Assignee
|Motorola, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (7), Referenced by (39), Classifications (15), Legal Events (7)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a continuation of prior patent application Ser. No. 08/524,663 filed Sep. 8, 1995.
The present invention relates generally to communication systems, and more particularly, to cellular systems that support both air and land communications.
FIG. 1 illustrates a cellular telephone communication system. FIG. 1 illustrates a plurality of service cells distributed over a geographical surface area. This cell's structure is hierarchical and utilizes frequency reuse patterns to efficiently limit the entire frequency bandwidth required to perform cellular communications on a nation-wide or world-wide basis. At the highest hierarchical level, the cellular system covers a global surface area wherein the global surface area is represented by the entire FIG. 1. Lower in the hierarchy are cells referred to as frequency reuse patterns. One frequency reuse pattern is illustrated in FIG. 1 as reuse pattern 26 which contains cells A, B, C, and D. Each of these middle tier cellular cells, A, B, C, and D individually has further hierarchical subdivision cells wherein these smaller cells within A, B, C, and D operate using different frequencies of operation to avoid frequency collisions. In other words, cell A contains six subcells 1 through 6 where each cell 1 through 6 operates at a different frequency.
Laterally adjacent cells within the communications system of FIG. 1, utilize different communication frequencies so that interference between cells is minimized. For example, cell 1 in FIG. 1 may use a frequency of 875 MHz, whereas cells 6 through 2 would surround cell 1 use frequencies other than 875 MHz to communicate. Cells B, C, and D are similar to cell A in that each cell contains six subcells which communicate cellular messages, via different frequencies which do not conflict with one another. Therefore, cells B through D illustrate eighteen other frequency regions labeled as regions 7 through 24. Therefore, cells A, B, C, and D form a pattern which can be duplicated across a larger area in a manner wherein same frequencies are separated from one another by an adequate enough distance so that interference between similar cells with similar frequencies is not a problem. Therefore, via frequency reuse, the same frequencies can be used at several sites within a city or local region to communicate cellular information in a non-conflicting manner due to distance separation.
The service area of the cells A, B, C, or D in FIG. 1 typically have radii on the order of one to five miles. Therefore, an automobile or like cellular mobile unit within cell 1 can request to transmit vocal information via a phone call to another cell, for example cell 22, through the network communications and cells illustrated in FIG. 1. When a mobile unit requests to send a message, only one cell or adjacent cells having different frequencies are able to detect the mobile unit due to the mobile unit's close proximity to the surface of the earth. When two adjacent cells having different frequencies detect the mobile land unit, the one cell receiving the appropriate signal processes the call/request. When the mobile land unit is close to the ground, no cells which have the same frequency in the system of FIG. 1 receive the same signal from the mobile land unit. As the mobile unit rises in elevation, for example, as the mobile unit rises in a high-rise building or is being elevated via air travel, the signal transmitted by the mobile unit can be received by "same frequency" multiple cells thereby creating confusion in the cellular system rendering communication impossible.
This elevation limitation limits the use of the current cellular systems. A need exists to allow for cellular communication on a global scale by allowing communication from tall buildings and aerial borne vehicles.
FIG. 2 illustrates cells 12, 4, and 11 from FIG. 1. FIG. 2 is used to illustrate that current systems overlap cell service areas so that a car, such as car 37 can transfer or travel from one cell to another and allow for continuous communication coverage. When the mobile units 34, 36, 37, 38, 39, and 40, are close to the ground level, communication through the service areas 11, 12, and 4 via the antenna's base stations 28, 30, and 32 is possible.
FIG. 1 illustrates, in a top perspective view, a known method for creating a frequency use pattern and system for a ground-based cellular system;
FIG. 2 illustrates, in a three-dimensional diagram, a known method for overlapping cell coverage areas for continues service while traveling;
FIG. 3 illustrates, in a top perspective view, a land-mobile and air cellular cell hierarchical structure in accordance with the present invention;
FIGS. 4 illustrates, in a cross-sectional and block diagram depiction, a system for implementing a portion of the system of FIG. 3 in accordance with the present invention;
FIGS. 5 illustrates, in a cross-sectional depiction, a system for implementing a portion of the system of FIG. 3 in accordance with the present invention; and
FIGS. 6 illustrates, in a cross-sectional depiction, a system for implementing air travel transfer of a call for continuous service through a portion of the system of FIG. 3 in accordance with the present invention.
It will be appreciated that for simplicity and clarity of illustration, elements illustrated in the FIGURES have not necessarily been drawn to scale. For example, the dimensions of some of the elements are exaggerated relative to other elements for clarity. Further, where considered appropriate, reference numerals have been repeated among the FIGURES to indicate corresponding or analogous elements.
Generally the present invention teaches a cellular system and a method for allowing cellular subscribers to communicate not only with ground based mobile units, but also with mobile units located in high-rise buildings and in airborne travel vehicles such as commercial airplanes. In general, when a mobile unit transmits a request to use a cellular network, the mobile unit request is received by only one base unit operating at a particular frequency in the communications system. It is important to note that ground based mobile unit transmission that are close to the ground are not simultaneously transmitting a message that can be received by more than one cell having the same frequency.
As the mobile unit rises in elevation, it becomes possible for the mobile unit to communicate across a wider range of surface are thereby allowing multiple cells of FIG. 1 which operate using the same frequency to detect the transmission from the mobile unit. In conventional systems, the detection of an initial message from a mobile unit by multiple cells operating in the same frequency results in the communications system not functioning properly. In the description below, this dual reception of an initial message by two or more cells using the same frequency, is used to allow for detection of mobile units that rise above a threshold elevation thereby allowing proper switching of base stations to allow communication between cellular mobile units in the air (above the threshold) and cellular mobile units located on the ground (below the threshold).
Specifically, when two cells within the communication system which operate at a same frequency receive an incoming request for cellular services from a same mobile unit, the cells having the same frequency either communicate to each other or communicate to a central controller to determine if multiple sites having the same frequency have received the initial message. If no other site having a same frequency of operation has received similar information from a mobile unit, then the origination of the message was from the ground (below the threshold) and normal communication channels cells and base stations can be utilized. If two or more sites having the same frequency detected the initial transmission from the mobile unit, then the handling of the transmission is transferred to an upper hierarchical level and a different base station operating at a frequency which is different from any frequency within the ground based cellular system so that the air based mobile unit can communicate in the cellular structure above the threshold level.
FIG. 3 illustrates a system which allows ground based mobile cellular units to communicate with air based or elevated cellular units. FIG. 3 illustrates three conventional cellular systems as illustrated in FIG. 1. These three conventional cellular systems are listed in FIG. 3 as being Chicago, St. Louis, and Dallas. Each of these cities (Chicago, St. Louis, and Dallas) contain multiple frequency reuse patterns 26 as illustrated in FIG. 1. It is these cells 26 that allow conventional communications from ground-based mobile unit to ground-based mobile unit. Once the unit has crossed a threshold elevation and is being received two separate cells having a same operational frequency within the local city cite, the transmission control is transferred to a larger frequency reuse pattern illustrated by cells 41a through 42g in FIG. 3. The cells with larger surface area and larger elevation coverage which are labeled as cells 41a through 41g are controlled by controllers separate from the controllers of FIG. 2, which are used by the smaller cells in the cities, and are illustrated in FIG. 3 as being controllers 42, 44, and 46.
FIG. 3 illustrates that the controllers 42, 44, and 46 may be an integral part of the local cellular system (in close proximity to the local city system) or may be a separate unit separated from the local system by many miles. Given the system of FIG. 3, it is possible for a mobile unit to initiate a phone call at an upper elevation and be directly assigned to one of the cells 41A through 41G. In another form, it is possible for communication to be initially started and controlled by a local city cell within pattern 26 and then subsequently be transferred to a cell 41A through 41G as the elevation of the mobile unit increases. In addition, the opposite is true wherein a mobile unit may be decreasing in elevation and thereby result in being switched, for example, from a service area 41C to a cell pattern 26 in the Chicago region.
FIG. 4 illustrates a portion of the communication system illustrated in FIG. 3 in more detail. FIG. 4 illustrates two service areas labeled cells 1. These two cells 1 operate on a same frequency and are analogous to the cells 1 in FIG. 1. The two cells 1 in FIG. 4 are separated by a distance (i.e., are non-overlapping) which is also in accordance with FIG. 1. The cells 1 indicate a service area through which the antennas 48 and 50 can communicate with accuracy and quality by using physical phone lines or cables or base station to base station relaying of information. Other cells operating with different frequencies are used in FIG. 4 and lie between and around the two cells 1 but are not illustrated in FIG. 4. The additional cells having different frequencies which are not illustrated in FIG. 4 are needed so that an automobile 70 having a mobile unit can communicate to an automobile 72 using a mobile unit via the service areas 1 and adjacent service areas utilizing different frequencies and so that all mobile units have continuous service while traveling.
The antenna 50 of the first service area 1 is coupled to a plurality of transmit and receive units labeled as transmission and receive units 60 through 63. One transmission and receive unit 60 is designated as a control unit whereas the other units 61 through 63 operate to control communications that are in progress. In other words, when any mobile unit within the left-most service area 1 requests to begin a communication using the communications system, the unit 60 processes this initial message and initial control information to set up a vocal communication or data communication on one of the channels 61 through 63. If multiple communications are scheduled by unit 50 on the units 61 through 63, then frequency multiplexing or time division multiplexing is used so that multiple mobile units can communicate through the antenna 50 in an efficient manner. The units 60 through 63 communicate with a site controller 64 which controls the overall operation of the left-most cell 1. The site controller 64 in turn communicates to a central controller 68 which controls the operation of a plurality of cells and/or a plurality of reuse patterns and can control switching from one cell to another as mobile units move along the ground.
The antenna 48 of the right-most cell 1 is also connected to transmit and receive units labeled as transmit and receive units 54 through 59. The transmit and receive unit 54 is a control unit which receives all incoming requests from mobile units and schedules these requests for functional operation on one of the other transmit and receive units 55 through 59. The site controller 66 communicates information between the units 54 through 59 and the central controller 68. Cells 1 in FIG. 4 are referred to as land-based cells. FIG. 4 illustrates an air communication or air based cell 76 (also referred to as a service area 76). The cells like cell 76 and including cell 76 typically allow for cellular communication at a higher altitude and allows for a larger coverage or service area than the cells 1 which are used locally as illustrated in FIG. 3 by frequency reuse pattern 26. Antenna 52 is used to receive and communicate information within the service area for cell 76. In one form, cell 76 is analogous to cell 41C in FIG. 3 wherein the cells 1 in FIG. 4 are local cells within Chicago.
Antenna 52 is coupled to a plurality of transmission and receive units labeled units 82 through 84. The units 82 through 84 communicate through a site controller 74. The site controller 74 is optionally coupled to the central controller 68. In another form, the central controller 68 may not be needed since the site controllers in FIG. 4 may be intercoupled via a local area network or a like media which results in a central controller being not needed.
In FIG. 4, if the mobile unit 70 requests a communication, then the antenna 50 receives this request whereas the antenna 48 will not receive this transmitted request. The units 48 and 50 communicate through the respective site controllers 66 and 64 to the central controller 68 to determine that only one cell operating on the same frequency received the initial control message from the unit 70. Once the central controller 68 determines that only one cell operating on the same frequency receive the initial message, then the central controller tells the one receiving cell to process the operation as a conventional ground based communication in a cellular format. If a transmission is initiated from a high-rise building 80 or an airplane 78, then two or more cells operating on the same frequency will receive the same initial message from the sources 80 and 78. In other words, the antennas 48 and 50 will both receive initial information and send this information to the central controller 68. Once the central controller 68 determines that two or more cells operating at the same frequency have received the same initial message from the same mobile unit, then the central controller can determine that the mobile unit is operating at an elevation above a threshold elevation.
The central controller 68 then tells one of the antennas 48 or 50 to communicate to the mobile unit located within location 80 or location 78. This communication is done to tell the mobile unit located above the threshold elevation to change its frequency to the frequency received by antenna 52. While one antenna 48 or 50 transmits this information, all other antennas of the same frequency are told by central controller 68 to ignore this new incoming information. The mobile unit which is located above the threshold elevation, then communicates with the base 52 on a different frequency to allow for communication to any of the other mobile units, such as 70 and 72, as well as other mobile units above the threshold elevation.
FIG. 5 illustrates the threshold elevation concept in another graphical format. The city wide smaller service area cells for mobile ground-based units are illustrated in FIG. 5 as cells 1, 4, 13, and 16 from FIG. 1. The cells 1, 4, 13, and 16 of FIG. 5 can handle all calls below the threshold elevation X with no difficulty. Once a mobile unit rises above the threshold elevation X (which can be varied by the size, strength, and design of the cells 1, 4, 13, and 16) a larger service area having a higher operation elevation is used such as cells 112 and 110. The base units 100, 102, 104, and 106 service the cells 1, 4, 13, and 16 respectively while the base unit 108 serves the cell 110.
FIG. 6 illustrates what occurs when an airplane takes off flies to another air cell and then lands all while a call, message, or data transfer is in progress from a mobile unit. Assume that the transmission is begun on the ground in an airplane 124 at an airport in cell 129 in Dallas. Cell 129 is controlled and monitored by a base unit 120. Unit 120 will receive the initial transmission from the mobile unit, determine it is on the ground as taught above (the plane has not taken off yet), and will set up the call as a conventional cellular operation using city or local cells as in FIG. 1. The plane will then take of and the plane 124 will cross the threshold elevation after a short time. Once this change in elevation above the threshold is detected by communication within the system to determine that two bases with the same frequency are receiving the same signals from/to the same mobile unit, to avoid confusion and failure of the local system, the handling of the mobile unit is transferred from the base unit of the land cell 129 to the base unit of the air cell 128.
The airplane continues to travel and crosses into another air cell 126. Cell 128 and 126 are air cells that can have a frequency reuse pattern similar to patter 26 of a ground based system with a much larger total service area. Cells 128 and 126, since they are adjacent, operate on different frequencies and operate at frequencies that do not interfere with any frequencies of local cells within their service area. Once the signal to the base station of cell 128 is weaker that the signal to the base station of cell 126, the call is switched from the base station of cell 128 to the base station of cell 126.
Once the plane descends for a landing below the threshold elevation, the signal is transferred from cell 126 to a cell 127 near the airport when no two cells in the local ground-based reuse pattern around the landing airport which have the same frequency are receiving the same signals from the same mobile unit in the plane 124.
The procedure taught above may only be performed in part if the call is begun in the air or is terminated before landing.
While the present invention has been illustrated and described with reference to specific embodiments, further modifications and improvements will occur to those skilled in the art. For example, other communication systems besides cellular systems can use the air/land teachings herein. Another third hierarchical layer can be placed above the air cells 128 and 126 in FIG. 6 to allow for communication with very high flying vehicles. Plurality used herein means any possible value between 2 and infinity and should not be limited to any one sub-range or constant. It is to be understood, therefore, that this invention is not limited to the particular forms illustrated and that it is intended in the appended claims to cover all modifications that do not depart from the spirit and scope of this invention.
|Cited Patent
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|Schloemer Gerald R
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|Atc Technologies, Llc
|Systems and methods for increasing capacity and/or quality of service of terrestrial cellular and satellite systems using terrestrial reception of satellite band frequencies
|Jun 20, 2000
|Dec 5, 2006
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|Integrated or autonomous system and method of satellite-terrestrial frequency reuse using signal attenuation and/or blockage, dynamic assignment of frequencies and/or hysteresis
|Jul 6, 2010
|Aircell Llc
|System for integrating an airborne wireless cellular network with terrestrial wireless cellular networks and the public switched telephone network
|Sep 7, 2010
|Atc Technologies, Llc
|Systems and methods for transmitting electromagnetic energy over a wireless channel having sufficiently weak measured signal strength
|Nov 9, 2010
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|Sep 28, 2006
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|Apr 24, 2012
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|Feb 5, 2013
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|May 14, 2013
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|Jan 19, 2011
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|Jul 23, 2013
|Qualcomm Incorporated
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|May 20, 2002
|Dec 26, 2002
|Jochim Kenneth J.
|Signal Translating repeater for enabling a terrestrial mobile subscriber station to be operable in a non-terrestrial environment
|Dec 12, 2002
|Oct 14, 2004
|Karabinis Peter D.
|Systems and methods for increasing capacity and/or quality of service of terrestrial cellular and satellite systems using terrestrial reception of satellite band frequencies
|May 12, 2003
|Nov 18, 2004
|Hester Lance E.
|Non interfering group based wireless network protocols
|Sep 30, 2005
|Feb 23, 2006
|Aircell, Inc.
|Air-to-ground cellular network for deck-to-deck call coverage
|Mar 25, 2005
|Sep 28, 2006
|Soliman Samir S
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|Jul 24, 2006
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|Jun 21, 2007
|Soliman Samir S
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|Aug 1, 2001
|Jun 4, 2003
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|Dec 4, 2001
|Oct 8, 2003
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|U.S. Classification
|455/447, 455/431, 455/446, 455/428
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|May 30, 2002
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jun 25, 2002
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|May 24, 2006
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|May 21, 2010
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12
|Dec 13, 2010
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Product DescriptionYou're sure to be the winner when you add our Horse Racing Photo Prop to your Derby theme parties. Our hilariously illustrated Horse Racing Photo Prop is 3' 1" x 25" and features a hole for your guests faces to create an unforgettable photo op. Our light weight cardboard Horse Racing Photo Prop is priced per prop. Please order in increments of 1 photo prop.
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Nautical Party Ideas
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In general, a zero-voltage switching (ZVS) condition of boost-integrated DC-DC converters is load dependent and lost at a light load due to an insufficient energy stored in a leakage inductor. To extend a ZVS load range without increasing an external leakage inductor at a light load condition, a frequency modulation (FM) control is proposed. By modulating a switching frequency adaptive to a load current at a desired load range, ZVS can be recovered through an energy stored in a boost inductor so that the switching losses can be significantly reduced. Thus, the conversion efficiency at a light load condition can be improved. A ZVS boost integrated flyback (BIF) converter with a voltage doubler rectifier (VDR) is presented to apply the proposed control method as an example. Experimental results from a digitally implemented prototype are shown to demonstrate the proposed work.
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We are a neutral, nonpartisan place to learn about pending legislation, see what others are saying, and share your views with lawmakers. With POPVOX, you can follow bills, lawmakers, stakeholders or other POPVOX users; choose to support or oppose pending bills and issues; and write a message to your lawmakers.
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To provide subsidized employment for unemployed, low-income adults, provide summer employment and year-round employment opportunities for low-income youth, and carry out work-related and educational strategies and activities of demonstrated effectiveness, and for other purposes. Read more
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On April 4, 2016, Treasury released proposed regulations under Section 385 of the Internal Revenue Code ("Code") governing when intercompany debt
A March 28, 2016, decision by the U.S. District Court for the District of Massachusetts in Sun Capital Partners III, LP v. New England Teamsters &
The application of the Michigan sales and use taxes to payments for remote access to software programs has been a controversial subject for many
On September 29, 2015, a three-judge panel of the Michigan Court of Appeals unanimously affirmed a lower court decision upholding Michigan's
The United States Tax Court's decision in Kunkel v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo 2015-71 (April 8, 2015), illustrates the importance of maintaining
You may have encountered the term "bankruptcy remote". It was coined to refer to a method of endowing a company with certain characteristics which
On July 14, 2014, the Michigan Supreme Court issued its opinion in International Business Machines v Michigan Dep't of Treasury and, in a 4-3
In a split decision, the Michigan Supreme Court held that retail purchasers are liable for the Michigan use tax unless they can prove that they paid
In Hammer v. Sam's E., --- F. 3d ---, 2014 U.S. App. LEXIS 10452 (8th Cir. June 5, 2014), the Eight Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed the District
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I think they should reduce from the top. How many congressmen do we need? It seams to me that would be an area to look at. Thats where a lot of our tax dollars end up... in there pockets.
Primary tabs
Will the furloughs of civilian defense employees save us from the fiscal cliff?
No. Fulltime government jobs, perhaps even entire agencies, must be cut altogether to make a real difference.
67% (823 votes)
No, but it's a step in the right direction.
16% (191 votes)
Yes, but only temporarily, until Congress agrees on a new solution.
10% (121 votes)
Yes because furloughs will show federal agencies how much money can be saved by reducing costs without eliminating personnel.
7% (87 votes)
Total votes: 1222


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Welcome to the Dance Den
Our goal at the Dance Den is to provide our students with a well-rounded dance education. We pride ourselves in connecting to each dancer and in enhancing their dance technique, self-esteem, and socialization skills.
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Hurting bad and wanting to disappear
I'm so sorry. Please dont' blame yourself. Know that it's ok to feel anger, sadness, hateful, etc.
You will make it through this. We'll be here to support you. We understand, we've been there.
angel baby 3/7/07
Blessed with a rainbow in 08 and another in 09!
I am so sorry, and completely understand your feelings.
PLEASE don't blame yourself, it's not your fault. This will be a difficult road, so be easy on yourself and allow yourself to feel each emotion.
I just tx today. Hardest day of my life. I know we made the right decision. It's still not easy. However from the time we went thru testing, to the time we got results, to waiting until today- was the hardest.
You are in my thoughts. xoxo
Happily Married to DH 2-15-2003
Mommy to miracle baby girl born 3-25-10
and miracle baby girl born 7-20-13
^Finley^ (born to heaven 3.30.12)
Rainbow baby girl 3.7.2013
^Finley^ (born to heaven 3.30.12)
Rainbow baby girl 3.7.2013
Just wanted to offer you support and hugs. My first post here was nearly 3 weeks ago and I too asked how I could possibly make it through this. It seemed impossible at the time, but I have made it through what I hope was the worst of it. My tx was 15 days ago and I feel a bit better each day. I still feel anger and bitterness sometimes, but mostly just sad. Good luck over the next week. We are all here for you.
DS (9/07), DS (4/10), ^DS^ (3/12, 21 weeks), DD 4/13
I'm so sorry to hear about your baby. The others are 100% correct in that you should not blame yourself or think that you are being punished for anything. Women have healthy babies all the time, every single day, at all ages and in all stages of health. I don't know why those of us here were "chosen" to carry this burden of knowledge about our babies' conditions and forced to consider the unthinkable--saying goodbye to our babies early. But here we are, left to pick up the pieces and somehow carry on. And carry on we do, and YOU WILL, too. I know it seems like you are trapped in a deep dark hole that you will never be able to escape from, but there is a tiny pinhole of light if you look closely enough. In that light is all of us, reaching out to you, offering our support and love. (((HUGS)))
Mom to Miranda (2/01), ^Madison^ (4/03), Maya (5/04)
Editor of "Our Heartbreaking Choices"
Blog- 1 in 10 - We are the Face of Later Abortion
I completely agree with all of the PP. You will be ok and you will make it through this. My tx was three weeks ago tomorrow. In fact, I go in for a check-up tomorrow.
Believe me when I say, it gets better. I wish that every day could be better than the last, but it's not like that. You will have some days that seem almost normal. You will have days when you actually smile, maybe even laugh. Then, out of the blue, you will have a really rotten day, where nothing feels right. I have really tried to focus on the positive things in my life and the reasons for making the most difficult choice that I have ever made.
Do whatever you need to do to get through this.....cry, scream, throw things, sleep, stare at the wall, hide under the covers.....Just remember this, you are not alone in this and never will be. When you feel like it, pull out your computer and come to this board. We are all here for you and will not let you fall.
This board has been my lifeline for the past month. It has been very therapeutic to come here and find a safehaven, a place where I could just express my thoughts/feelings and know that I would never be judged for the way I was feeling (quite unlike real life).
Sorry for the long post. I just want you to know that you are not alone in this. We are all sending you good thoughts and wishes for peace and healing. Please don't EVER blame yourself for any of this. You did not deserve this......no one deserves this. We just have to figure out how to come out on the other side of this intact.
I am sending you prayers and wishes for peace and love during this time.


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In 2013, the International Hot Rod Association tapped Cordova (Illinois) International Raceway owner Scott Gardner to take the helm of its operations. Last week, Gardner abruptly left the organization, which swiftly named a new president and suggested that major changes to its "platform,̶ ... Read more
Santa Pod Raceway over in England is celebrating its 50th anniversary this year and released a snazzy little promo video, but we thought it'd be more appropriate to take a look at this home video from the track's opening year. * As a nice followup to last week's video of postwar ... Read more
Photos by Brian Henniker, courtesy Gooding & Company. Raw speed, indeed, is the only thing that'll get a racer to the finish line first – chrome don't get you home, as they say – but developing a professional image counts for plenty more, as Tony Nancy proved. His roadst ... Read more
The sound doesn't quite match up with the image, but the drag-racing home movie compilation that Rudi Markl sent in to The Chicane this past week almost tops the road racing home movie compilation that the same site ran last week. See how many of the drag racers you can name, particularly dur ... Read more
Photos courtesy Ron George. If any individual cars can be considered key to the existence and continuance of Chrysler's legendary 426 Hemi, it's a pair of A-body Barracudas – cars that never originally came with the 426 – driven to dragstrip dominance by Richard Petty – ... Read more
Photos courtesy Petersen Automotive Museum. First to break 180 in the quarter-mile. Member of the Bonneville 200 MPH Club. Builder, mechanic, driver, pioneer, Art Chrisman did it all and he did it well, and for his many accomplishments, the Petersen Automotive Museum has selected him for this year& ... Read more
From left to right: John Scotti, Jacques Marier, Bob Aubertin, Terry 'Zeke' Maxwell, Graham Light, Jim Rini, Dan Rini, Louis Desjardins and Alban Gauthier. Photos courtesy Canadian Drag Racing Hall of Fame. Just like us, our neighbors to the north really have a thing for drag racing. It ... Read more
While it shows no evidence of its original or previous race liveries following its restoration back to as-delivered condition, this 1966 Ford Custom lightweight drag racer does come with complete documentation from its original owners authenticating it as a factory lightweight and reportedly as the ... Read more
1963 Pontiac "Swiss Cheese" Catalina Super Duty. Photos courtesy Barrett-Jackson. In an effort to stay ahead of factory lightweight competitors in the quarter-mile, Pontiac put its Catalina on a crash diet for the 1963 racing season, shedding an impressive 270 pounds from the 1962 versi ... Read more
Hubert Platt, circa 1966. Image courtesy Ford Motorsports. People tend to think of drag racing as largely a California phenomenon. Of course, it isn't. The straight-line sport is big in the Midwest, and although it may be overlooked at times, it's equally huge in the South. One of that regi ... Read more


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3 Reviews
Delicious elegant dessert that's really pretty easy to make! I made half the recipe in 2 ramekins and it did take the full 1 1/2 hours to cook. Nice rich taste, not too sweet, and the whiskey was there but the flavor was not overpowering. Loved this - thanks for sharing the recipe! Made for the Best of 2011 event, recommended by Mikekey
Great dessert! Very flavorful. The low oven temp. was fine, but I did put my ramekins in a pan and poured hot water about halfway up before baking, like my grandma taught me :) The brown sugar caramelized under the broiler very quickly. Will be making this one again! Made for Fall 2011 PAC game.
Stormylee, I made this as one dish rather than as small ramekins for nine guests and family at a lunch meeting. I wasn't completey sure if the oven temperature was correct for this, 120C seemed *very* low to me ?.. I did start off with my oven on 180 C for the first 10 minutes as I was scared it wouldn't cook otherwise, and then turned it down.. in the end it all came out Ok after 1 hour and 18 minutes and the only other slight problem that I had was that my sugar wanted to burn and not caramelise ! so it was a tiny bit extra dark in some places on the top. Luckily none of it *tasted* burnt and as you can see by the photo I wasn't even quick enough to get a photo of the whole dish! Please see my rating system, a lovely 4 stars :) Thanks !


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About this Business
- HoursSun-MonClosedTue-Sat9:00 AM - 7:00 PM
From Our Editors
Although running a permanent cosmetics business let Andrea Lopez get creative, it left many of her beauty talents untapped. That's why she opened Joli Visage Clinique, a day spa brimming with a menu of more than 25 skin, hair, and nail services. Clients relax inside the Clinique's cozy environs amid the renovated home's Mediterranean décor while their skin soak up customized facials or revamp their hairstyles with cuts, color, or deep-conditioning techniques.


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Bejeweled Chicken and Saffron Rice
Total Time
Prep 15 mins
Cook 20 mins
I had a jar of pimentos in the pantry. It got me to thinking about how I could use them in a new way. I came up with this colorful chicken and rice dish.
Ingredients Nutrition
- 1 lb chicken breast, cut into tenders
- 1 cup jasmine rice
- 1⁄2 cup jullianned carrot
- 6 minced garlic cloves
- 3 tablespoons pimientos
- 4 tablespoons sliced black olives
- 1 cup chicken stock
- 1 tablespoon cornstarch
- 4 tablespoons fresh orange juice
- 1 tablespoon orange zest
- 1 tablespoon basil, finely chopped
- 1 teaspoon kosher salt
- 1 teaspoon sugar
- 1⁄2 teaspoon white pepper
- 1⁄2 teaspoon cardamom
- 1⁄2 teaspoon ground ginger
- 1⁄8 teaspoon saffron
- 2 1⁄8 cups water
- 3 tablespoons coconut oil
- Preheat oven to 350 degrees.
- Rinse and drain the rice. Place two cups warm water in a large saucepan. Pulverize the saffron and let it steep in the warm water for ten minutes.
- Add 1/2 teaspoon kosher salt and rice. Bring to a boil. Reduce heat to low . Cover and simmer for twenty minutes.
- While the rice is cooking, Melt the coconut oil over medium high heat in a large skillet. Cook the chicken breast until no longer pink. Remove chicken from skillet and place in a lightly greased covered casserole. Place the casserole in the oven.
- In the hot skillet, saute the carrots until crisp tender. Add the garlic, pimentos, and sliced olives. Add chicken stock, orange juice,zest sugar, salt, and all other spices. Bring to a boil.
- Stir corn starch in 1/8 cup cold water. Add cornstarch to skillet and reduce heat until the sauce thickens. Adjust seasonings if needed. Pour sauce over the chicken. Serve with saffron rice.
Most Helpful
This was a pleasant supper dish that went together quickly; the flavors blended to perfection for our leftovers. Updated: raised to 4 stars now that directions specify when to add garlic. The saffron rice was perfect! The skillet steps timed nicely with the rice's 20 minutes. I question the need to preheat the oven to 350F when the chicken has already been cooked during stir-frying; wouldn't a warm setting do the trick? For my taste, I would halve the orange zest and the cardamom. Please consider listing the ingredients in the order used, as that makes it easier to follow. Also, it would be helpful to designate whether your herbs and spices were dried/ground or fresh. I used the Shopping List and bought fresh ginger, but decided during prep that you intended ground ginger. For us, the chicken (2 U.S. super-sized breasts) made 2-3 servings, and the rice made 4-5 servings. Made for Please Review My Recipe.
Photo may be seen here (in Savor): www.annacia.com.<br/>I made 2 servings of this yummy recipe using pimento stuffed green olives (I have 3 jars that I'm trying to use, lol), sliced carrot, and added a small scatter of raisins in place of the bit of sugar. It's quick and simple to make and light enough on the calories to leave no guilt. The flavors are great and I would surely make this again.


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Posted almost 3 years ago
Symfony1 plugin for Diem CMF providing a service and a task to authenticate Google Analytics
Posted almost 3 years ago
Use your less-stylesheets in your DIEM-Application!
Posted almost 3 years ago
Use Microsoft Typescript Javascript compiler in your DIEM-Application. This supports syntax- and type-checking and some semantic sugar - included jQuery highlighting and completation!
Posted about 3 years ago
Plugin de prueba
Posted almost 5 years ago
DmSocialPlugin brings: Basic classes to permit authentification to social networks using OAuth1 or OAuth2 Model of the token used during connections Easy connection to services supporting OAuth like Facebook, Yahoo, Google For example you can use Facebook API without Fbml or Javascript Api. It can be an easy way to use Facebook Connect
Posted almost 5 years ago
miGoogleMapsNavigation plugin can be done where you can find the way to go using the Google Maps API. You can also add more than two places to go. See in action in http://misdigital.net/web/index.php/como-llegar
Posted about 5 years ago
Server moving During the night from Tuesday, July 5th to Wednesday, July 6th we will move the whole Diem project sites to a new server. Erik (4levels) did manage to get this server for our project and he will take care of the server movement. ... [More]
Posted about 5 years ago
Adds a gallery widget to the front Add menu. It allows to build image galleries and slideshows based on the Nivo Slider jQuery plugin, without writing a line of code. The plugin is fully extensible.
Posted about 5 years ago
The dmWidgetGalleryBackgroundPlugin packages a Diem front widget for displaying image galleries. It allows to build image galleries and slideshows without writing a line of code. Images are sortable, commentable and linkable. The plugin is fully extensible.
Posted about 5 years ago
After test driving Redmine as our bug tracker for a couple of weeks, it became clear we were able to centralize all community information and interaction in Redmine. Redmine is a platform written in Ruby on Rails, providing opensource tools for ... [More]


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Just worked, with next to no configuration or messing around.
Pleased to see so many good Bootstrap plugins lately.
Feature suggestion: enabling fade instead of slide.
Works like expected. Who can ask for more. Thanks.
After reading hundreds of Google posts, following tens of tutorials and trying some 20 plugins, Agnosia Bootstrap Carousel is the only solution that works 100%. Forget about Jetpack, with or without a WordPress.com connection. Forget about Lynda's and similar tutorials. If you want a Carousel that, among other things, will work independently of how many posts-per-page you set in admin and that will free you from having to create posts with featured images, Agnosia Bootstrap Carousel is your plugin. Congratulations and the best to Villareal for a truly awesome plugin.
It is OK for showing a slider that runs by its own. The only thing I miss is the capability of showing or not the title of the image, or change the CSS of the text.
It can display only one image at time! Why do you call it carousel??? it just regular slider, rather primitive and poorly written.
Anyone, return me 6 hours of my life i've lost due to this incorrect naming.. :'(
Thanks for this- I like that you can order and choose the images with this one for each slider and don't have to be restricted to just the attached of a post or page.
It works great :D
You must log in to submit a review. You can also log in or register using the form near the top of this page.


text:
Corporate performance management quiz
Test your corporate performance management (CPM) knowledge by answering 10 multiple-choice quiz questions about CPM software, trends, best practices and more.
This Article Covers
Corporate Performance Management Software
Think you know your stuff? Take the quiz below to see how CPM savvy you really are -- and then click on "see how you did" for the correct answers and detailed explanations. Good luck!
How Teams Use Analytics for Workforce Optimization
Many HR processes focus on employee skills at the expense of true business performance. Here's a look at how modern software can help change that.
By submitting your email address, you agree to receive emails regarding relevant topic offers from TechTarget and its partners. You can withdraw your consent at any time. Contact TechTarget at 275 Grove Street, Newton, MA.
You also agree that your personal information may be transferred and processed in the United States, and that you have read and agree to the Terms of Use and the Privacy Policy.
Dig Deeper on Corporate Performance Management Software
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text:
You are correct, is out of the market because it was sold las november.
You can check in my web http://www.carlos-warren.com to find the house you are looking for any area in Dayton, or call me at 937-603-5939 and I will be happy to help you find what we all want, the perfect house!
Carlos Warren
EXIT Realty Partners
Helping people accomplish real estate goals
I would be more than happy to help you get started today on your new home search! Give me a call at (937)416-2677, and tell me what area, price range, # Bedrooms, Baths, etc. With no obligation, and for free, I will put you in my client portal, and you will be emailed all of the homes that are listed on the MLS that match your criteria-It will only take a few minutes. Every time a new home is listed, it will automatically send you the homes that match your criteria..making your search a lot easier! I am a buyer and seller agent. As a buyer agent, my services are FREE to you- the seller pays my fees. I see that you are also a homeowner. As you know, 90% of homebuyers look to the internet to find their new homes. I am the agent that has all of the technology to get your home SEEN! Call me, Dayton's Best Agent, and we will get you started today! View my website at http://www.DaytonsBestAgentSite.com for more information about my services. I will send you reports, and keep you informed. You can also search the MLS from my website for free, with no obligation. My email is email@example.com. Give me a call, and view my website, and we can get started on your new home search Today!
Kelly C. Hadden-Frye, with Royce & Associates
This property sold 11/30/2010. You can go through my website to locate properties that interest you, http://www.realliving.com/thomas.page. If you find something that interest you, contact me @ 937-431-7760 and I will see if I can get you into it.
Thomas Page
937-435-2267 ext 163 or 937307-8423
That property sold on 11/30/2010
If i can be of any assistance please call


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- Swimmer Ryan Lochte reveals one of his worst dates - US Weekly
- Get the latest on Dr. Dre's arrest - TMZ
- Despite rumors, Eddie Murphy's daughter is not pregnant - Gossip Cop
- The Vampire Diaries star Michael Trevino steps out for a good cause - Just Jared Jr
- Are Blac Chyna and Kylie Jenner on good terms? - Radar
- Blue Ivy is just as stylish as her mom Beyonce! - Lainey Gossip
- This Narcos star confirms he's not coming back for another season of the show - The Hollywood Reporter
18 February 2013 at 11:39 AM
Sam Worthington: Tropfest Film Festival Judge!
About this photo set: Sam Worthington poses for photogs during the 2013 Short Film Festival as part of the Tropfest Film Festival at The Domain on Sunday (February 17) in Sydney Australia.… Read More Here
Photo #: 2814379
Posted to Sam Worthington
powered by ZergNet


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- Army of the Damned (2 pics) ... Bridge
- Dirt (51 pics) ... Mark
- Pauly Shore Is Dead (15 pics) ... Sully Ema scenes deleted
- Street Level (1 pics)
Sully Erna
Salvatore Paul "Sully" Erna (born February 7, 1968) is the American backing vocalist and harmonica player for the American hard rock band Godsmack. He is also a guitarist, percussionist and pianist, performing these on albums and at live shows. He was ranked 47th in the Top 100 Heavy Metal Vocalists by Hit Parader.
Posted Nov 23, 2011


text:
Recent NewsRead All
This dot could save your life.
July 27, 2016Read More
This dot could save your life.
July 27, 2016Read More
2016 Legislative Wrap Up
July 11, 2016Read More
Consumer Protection Alert
July 5, 2016Read More
Walter: Another Year of Start-Up NY, Another Year Of Delayed Results
Assemblyman Ray Walter (R,C,I-Amherst) today called on Empire State Development (ESD) to release its mandatory annual report on Start-Up NY, which was due on April 1. Walter said this is the second year in a row that the report has missed the...
June 30, 2016Read More


text:
Published on
Background: Eating disorders (ED) have a peak rate of onset in school-aged children. Little is known about
teachers' experiences of ED.
Method: A total of 826 school staff completed an online questionnaire exploring
their Eating Disorder experiences. Responses were analysed using content analysis principles.
Results: 74 per
cent of respondents' schools had received no training on ED, 40% did not know how to follow up
pupils' Eating Disorder concerns and 89% of respondents felt uncomfortable teaching pupils about ED.
Conclusions: School staff feel ill-equipped to support ED. Training in the recognition, support and teaching of
ED would be welcomed and could improve outcomes for young people.


text:
Round Beef Roast with Roasted Tomatoes
Credit: Lauri Patterson
Creative #: 109725035
License type: Royalty-freeRoyalty-free pricing is based solely on the size of the product you need, not the specific use. You don't have to pay any additional royalties on a use-by-use basis. Once you license a royalty-free product, you may use it multiple times for multiple projects without paying additional fees. (Pornographic, defamatory, libelous or otherwise unlawful use of any image is, of course, prohibited.)
Collection: Vetta
Release info: No release required
- Beef,
- Chopped,
- Color Image,
- Cooked,
- Copy Space,
- Focus On Foreground,
- Food,
- Food and Drink,
- Garlic,
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Similar imagesSearch ResultsSame series
Round Beef Roast With Roasted Tomatoes Stock PhotoBeef,Chopped,Color Image,Cooked,Copy Space,Focus On Foreground,Food,Food and Drink,Garlic,Gourmet,Herb,High Angle View,Homemade,Indoors,Meal,Meat,No People,Onion,Photography,Prepared Potato,Rare,Ready-To-Eat,Roast Beef,Roasted,Rosemary,Rustic,Selective Focus,Spice,Stack,Still Life,Studio Shot,Table,Tomato,Vegetable,VerticalPhotographer Lauri PattersonCollection: Vetta Lauri PattersonRound Beef Roast with Roasted Tomatoes and Potatoes -Photographed on Hasselblad H3D2-39mb Camera


text:
EpiVax and French pharmaceutical company Ipsen recently announced a collaborative project to combat neurotoxins with novel biologic therapeutics. more
By PBN Staff
Ximedica, a medical-technology-development company, has acquired Accel Biotech based in Los Gatos, Calif. more
By Lori Stabile
Dr. Susan L. Koelliker, a radiologist with Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, a Care New England Hospital, and assistant clinical professor of diagnostic imaging at The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, has been named the new chief of diagnostic imaging at the Providence hospital, effective Jan. 1, 2016. more
By Nancy Kirsch
(Updated 6:02 p.m. and 2:33 p.m., Feb. 9) Sixty Optum employees will be laid off here in April, according to a notice on the state Department of Labor and Training's website. more
By PBN Staff
IlluminOss Medical Inc. said Monday that it has completed enrollment in its first U.S. clinical trial toward U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval of its IlluminOss System, a minimally invasive system to repair bone fractures. more
By PBN Staff
Coastal Medical landed in the top 1 percent for quality nationwide in 2014 among Medicare Shared Savings Program Accountable Care Organizations. more
By PBN Staff
Rhode Island Hospital late Tuesday said it plans to eliminate the positions of 200 full- and part-time employees due to a "significant deficit" this fiscal year. more
By Patricia Daddona
Home Care & Hospice of New England has rebranded itself. Its new name is HopeHealth, effective Monday, March 14. HopeHealth, a nonprofit organization based in Providence, includes includes three affiliated entities: Providence-based Hope Hospice & Palliative Care Rhode Island, Lincoln-based Visiting Nurse of HopeHealth and Hyannis, Mass.-based HopeHealth Massachusetts. more
By Nancy Kirsch
It has now been nearly six years since the passage of the Affordable Care Act, or Obamacare, in 2010, encouraging me to revisit with my business colleagues in Rhode Island the effects of the new law to this point. One thing is abundantly … more
(Updated, 5:19 p.m.) As part of Gov. Gina M. Raimondo's push to trim costs in the state's Medicaid program, Neighborhood Health Plan of Rhode Island has formed a partnership with three community health centers to create three accountable care organizations. more
By Nicole Dotzenrod


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Programmer by
Choice, Solution Architect by
Profession, Tech Explorer, Animal Lover and Homesick. I love developing solutions for complex real world problems using modern programming languages. A Fan of
Node.js and so much excited to do something good in new language Rust by Mozilla Research.
- Lucknow, India
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Free personalized radio that
plays the music you love
The Rape Of Lucretia, Chamber Opera, Op. 37: Last Night Tarquinus Ravished Me
Features of This Tracka well-known composer
a Modern style
a symphony orchestra
a mezzo-soprano
a slow and solemn tempo
an opera
These are just a few of the hundreds of attributes cataloged for this track by the Music Genome Project.show more
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Forza Horizon shots, details surface ahead of E3
Details and the first shots of Turn 10's Forza Horizon have surfaced via the German site Forza Life.
According to the site, which pulled the information from the latest issue of GamePro Germany, the game will maintain the physics from Forza 4, but optimized for off-road as there will be 65 types of terrain ranging from mud and gravel to grass and asphalt.
It's an open-world racer with dynamic day and night cycles, and takes place in Colorado – as you can see via the screenshots below. Looks a bit like Route 550 to us.
The game will also contain gas stations, paint shops, car dealerships and players can race various vehicles in the game, including a plane.
According to Forza Life, the game is slated for release on October 23, 2012.
Expect more information on the racer Monday during Microsoft's press event at E3.
Thanks, Xboxygen.
Sometimes we include links to online retail stores. If you click on one and make a purchase we may receive a small commission. For more information, go here.


text:
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development training programs usa - download fast -=YnqA=-
development training programs usa.zip - download 2015
Name: development training programs usa.zip
Release: 2015
Type: WinZip
Total Downloads: 14196
License model: Shareware
Language: English
Last updated on: 01/26/2015 13:28:44
Supported OS: Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, Windows XP
Keys:01/26/2015 13:28:44
AMA's leadership development and management training delivers results. Discover why 98% of customers would come back for another seminar.Provides economic, development and humanitarian assistance around the world in support of the foreign policy goals of the United States while improving the lives of ...Ohio Development Services Agency Easy Program Finder. Click below to learn about specific programs that can provide services in each topic of interest.Our Mission: To foster, promote, and develop the welfare of the wage earners, job seekers, and retirees of the United States; improve working conditions; advance ...The Association for Talent Development (ATD, formerly ASTD) is the world's largest association dedicated to those who develop talent in organizations. These ...The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) is the United States Government agency primarily responsible for administering civilian foreign aid.Training-Classes.com is a directory of training seminars, education, learning and development programs and providers. The directory includes all types of training …Official website of the United States Department of Labor. Browse by topic, audience, location or agency.1/23/2015 · Official website for USDA Rural Development Program. Committed to the future of rural communities.Distance Learning. The Emergency Management Institute (EMI) offers self-paced courses designed for people who have emergency management responsibilities and …
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