text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Mar 5, 2002
|Filing date
|Jun 17, 1999
|Priority date
|Jun 17, 1999
|Fee status
|Publication number
|John F. Foss
|Original Assignee
|Michigan State University, Board Of Trustees Operating Michigan State University
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (15), Referenced by (4), Classifications (7), Legal Events (7)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
Motor vehicle manufacturers continue to study, improve and refine their products. Nearly every aspect of motor vehicle performance is under scrutiny. Passenger cars, sport utility vehicles and pickup trucks are significant objects of such study in areas of passenger comfort. One of the more esoteric areas under examination is cabin (passenger compartment) air infiltration and exfiltration. The flow of air into and out of the cabin affects not only noise levels and thus passenger comfort but also heating and cooling requirements. As permitted and average actual highway speeds again increase, proper understanding and quantitative analysis of air infiltration and exfiltration takes on added importance.
The infiltration/exfiltration of air during the forward motion of a "closed" vehicle is an undesirable but natural phenomena associated with the non-uniform pressure values at the external surface of the vehicle and the numerous small openings between various passenger compartment components such as doors and door openings. Such infiltration and the corresponding exfiltration is the result of the relative motion between the vehicle and the surrounding air which creates positive pressure on the forward region of the vehicle and negative pressure over the remainder of the vehicle's perimeter. Such positive and negative pressures exist with respect to the undisturbed ambient pressure.
Since the perimeter area that experiences negative pressure values is considerably larger than the area that experiences positive pressure, it can be expected that, in general, the passenger compartment will adopt a subatmospheric pressure condition at forward speeds.
The consequence of this is that the infiltration mass flow rate:
will be non-zero. (By convention, {circumflex over (n)} is the outward drawn normal and, hence, the integral value is negative if the control surface surrounds the vehicle. The symbol "Ain" represents the total of the infiltration areas.) The ρ of equation (1) is that of the ambient air and, given the condition that Vvehicle/aambient<0.2 where a=the speed of sound in the ambient, the entering ρ is safely assumed to be that of the atmosphere. In a steady state, the entering and exiting {dot over (m)} values are equal and this value ({dot over (m)}in) will be referred to as the "infiltration rate" although it, of course, with equal accuracy quantitatively represents the exfiltration rate.
The fact that {dot over (m)}in is distributed over the forward region of the motor vehicle makes its direct assessment quite difficult. A stratagem to measure and determine such infiltration rate would therefore be highly desirable to assist in the analysis and improve performance and comfort of motor vehicles and similar structures such as unpressurized airplane cabins, train passenger cars and the like.
An apparatus and method for measuring the infiltration flow rate into the passenger compartment of a moving motor vehicle includes a controlled source of a gas such as carbon dioxide (CO2), a plurality of sensors disposed about the passenger compartment which provide data from which the concentration of such gas over time can be deduced and a multi-channel data storage device which discretely stores the concentration data from such plurality of sensors for later analysis and computation. The decay rate of the gas concentration within the passenger compartment is a function of the infiltration/exfiltration rate and the former rate can be deduced from the latter. Preferably, the vehicle will be stationary and disposed in a wind tunnel. However, testing with moving, remotely controlled vehicles on test tracks is also suitable. The apparatus and method have broad utility to determine infiltration/exfiltration rates of vehicular and non-vehicular compartments and containment structures such as unpressurized airplane cabins, train passenger cars, busses and the like subjected to an airstream.
Thus it is an object of the present invention to provide an apparatus for determining the infiltration/exfiltration rate of air into/out of a motor vehicle passenger compartment while in relative motion with respect to the approach air flow.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a method of determining the infiltration/exfiltration of air into and or out of a motor vehicle passenger compartment while the vehicle is in motion.
It is a still further object of the present invention to provide an apparatus for measuring the concentration of a released quantity of a gas within a passenger compartment of a motor vehicle in actual or simulated motion to infer the infiltration/exfiltration rate.
It is a still further object of the present invention to provide a method for measuring the concentration of a released quantity of a gas within a passenger compartment of a motor vehicle in actual or simulated motion to infer the infiltration/exfiltration rate.
It is a still further object of the present invention to provide an apparatus for determining the infiltration/exfiltration rate of a compartment or containment structure subjected to an airstream.
It is a still further object of the present invention to provide a method for determining the infiltration/exfiltration rate of a compartment or containment structure subjected to an airstream.
Further objects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent by reference to the following description of the preferred embodiment and appended drawings wherein like reference numbers refer to the same assembly, element, component or feature.
FIG. 1 is a top plan view of a passenger car undergoing an air infiltration/exfiltration test according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a side elevational view of a passenger car undergoing an air infiltration/exfiltration test according to the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a fragmentary, side elevational view in partial section of a passenger car instrumented for an air infiltration/exfiltration test according to the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a fragmentary, top plan view in partial section of a passenger car instrumented for an air infiltration/exfiltration test according to the present invention;
FIG. 5 is an enlarged, side elevational view of an ultrasonic sound speed sensor assembly according to the present invention;
FIG. 6 is an enlarged, side elevational view of a first alternate embodiment ultrasonic sound speed sensor assembly according to the present invention;
FIG. 7 is a fragmentary, elevational view of a portion of a passenger car instrumented for an air infiltration/exfiltration test illustrating a first alternate embodiment test gas supply;
FIG. 8 is a side, elevational view of a portion of a first alternate embodiment test gas supply according to the present invention taken along line 8—8 of FIG. 7;
FIG. 9 is a fragmentary, elevational view of a portion of a passenger car instrumented for an air infiltration/exfiltration test illustrating a second alternate embodiment test gas supply;
FIG. 10 is a full, sectional view of a second alternate embodiment test gas supply according to the present invention taken along line 10—10 of FIG. 9;
FIG. 11 is an exploded, perspective view of a second alternate embodiment test gas supply according to the present invention;
FIG. 12 is a graph presenting pressure within the passenger compartment versus time wherein 0 is atmospheric pressure during a typical infiltration/exfiltration test run according to the present invention;
FIG. 13 is a graph of the mass of carbon dioxide (CO2) within the passenger compartment versus time during a typical infiltration/exfiltration test run according to the present invention;
FIG. 14 is a graph of the infiltration mass flow rate versus time during a typical infiltration/exfiltration test run according to the present invention; and
FIG. 15 is a reference graph of the sound speed ratio (am/aA) for various mixtures of air and carbon dioxide (CO2) mixtures.
Referring now to FIGS. 1, 2 and 3, a motor vehicle 10 which may be a passenger car, sport utility vehicle, pickup truck or station wagon, for example, the motor vehicle 10 defines an interior or passenger compartment 12 which is accessible in conventional fashion through a plurality of hinged doors 14. The motor vehicle 10 may be a mockup, prototype, shell or more typically, an actual vehicle in the mid to latter stages of development and may include passenger seats 16 and other interior components. Given such a motor vehicle 10, the test and quantitative evaluation regarding infiltration and exfiltration of air will be utilized to assist final designs, particularly those relating to door and window seals, door and window moldings and other components and features which include openings or passages between the interior or passenger compartment 12 of the motor vehicle 10 and its exterior and environment.
The motor vehicle 10 is disposed in a wind tunnel 16 having a source of high velocity air such as one or a plurality of fans 18. The fans 18 must be capable of providing air movement through the wind tunnel 16 at a speed generally in the upper range of motor vehicle speeds such as eighty miles per hour (128 kilometers per hour) and preferably in the range of from sixty miles per hour (96 kilometers per hour) to one hundred miles per hour (160 kilometers per hour). A multi-channel data storage device 22 which may be a multi-channel digital or analogue tape recorder or a properly configured computer having discrete multi-channel data storage capabilities is connected through a suitable multi-conductor cable 24 to instrumentation and sensors within the passenger compartment 12 of the motor vehicle 10 to be described directly below.
Turning now to FIGS. 3 and 4, the instrumentation within the interior or passenger compartment 12 of the motor vehicle 10 comprises a plurality of sensor assemblies 30 disposed thereabout. Each of the sensor assemblies 30 is mounted to a wall or floor member or panel 34 as illustrated in FIG. 5, and are disposed somewhat uniformly about the interior of the passenger compartment 12 as illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 4. Note that nine of the sensor assemblies 30 are disposed generally along each interior side wall of the passenger compartment 12, three are disposed across the front and the rear, one is disposed in each of the left and right front and rear footwells and four are disposed generally centrally within the passenger compartment 12 adjacent the roof.
It should be understood that the use of thirty-two of the sensor assemblies 30 is generally illustrative and representative as are the specific locations illustrated. More or fewer of the sensor assemblies 30 may be utilized depending upon the size of the passenger compartment 12 and the size and configuration of components such as seats 16 within the passenger compartment 12 and other variables. It should be appreciated that the relatively large number of sensor assemblies 30 facilitates extensive post-test analysis of the recorded data. For example, all the data may be averaged together to provide a gross or average infiltration/exfiltration rate, they may be individually examined to pinpoint leaks and significant infiltration sources and exfiltration sinks or only data from certain sensors (e.g., those located along the lower left door seals) may be examined to focus on a certain area or problem.
As illustrated in FIG. 5, each of the sensor assemblies 30 preferably comprises a generally C-shaped bracket 32 which is attached to a member or panel 34 in the passenger compartment 12. The bracket 32 rigidly mounts and maintains at a defined separation of, for example, 5.9 inches (15 cm) an ultrasonic transceiver transducer 36 which may be a piezoelectric device or similar transducer capable of both operation at ultrasonic frequencies and both transmitting and receiving, i.e., sensing, ultrasonic frequencies. Spaced from the transceiver transducer 36 the aforementioned known and fixed distance is a reflector 38. The reflector 38 defines a smooth, hard, flat or spherically curved surface which reflects ultrasonic waves produced by the transceiver transducer 36 back to the transceiver transducer 36. The transceiver transducer 36 is connected through conductors of the multiple conductor cable 24 to the data storage device 22. As will be explained in more detail subsequently, the sensor assemblies 30 and more specifically the transceiver transducer 36 are provided with short bursts (packets) of high frequency energy and the time which the short burst of energy takes to travel the distance from the transceiver transducer 36 to the reflector 38 and return is recorded in the data storage device 22 for each of the sensor assemblies 30. The transit time recorded reflects the composition of the gas through which the ultrasonic energy packet travels and such data may be utilized to compute the infiltration/exfiltration rate as more fully described below.
FIG. 6 illustrates a first alternate embodiment sensor assembly, each of the sensor assembly 30′. The first alternate embodiment sensor assembly 30′ preferably comprises a generally C-shaped bracket 32 which rigidly mounts an ultrasonic transmitter transducer 36′ at a defined separation of 5.9 inches (15 cm) from a complementary ultrasonic receiver transducer 40 disposed in opposed (facing) relationship therewith. The transmitter 36′ and the receiver 40 are connected through conductors of the multiple conductor cable 24 to the data storage device 22. The transmitters 36′ of the sensor assemblies 30 are provided with short bursts (packets) of high frequency energy and the time which the short burst of energy takes to traverse the distance separating the transmitters 36′ and the receivers 40 is recorded in the data storage device 22 for each of the sensor assemblies 30 at its specific location. The transit time recorded reflects the composition of the gas through which the sound burst travels and such data may be utilized to compute the infiltration/exfiltration rate as more fully described below.
Returning briefly to FIG. 3, the determination of the infiltration/exfiltration flow rate is achieved by charging the interior or passenger compartment 12 of the motor vehicle 10 with a gas, preferably carbon dioxide (CO2), and then monitoring the reduction over time of the concentration of the carbon dioxide and inferring that such reduction is the result of the replacement of the carbon dioxide with air that has infiltrated the passenger compartment 12. Thus, it is necessary to provide a test gas charging assembly 42 which provides such carbon dioxide or other distinct and therefore identifiable gas. The carbon dioxide is preferably supplied to the passenger compartment 12 by two or more containers 44 which are preferably large flexible thin walled bladders placed upon the passenger seats 16 of the motor vehicle 10. Such containers 44 preferably occupy or displace approximately 5 to 40 percent of the air within the compartment. The containers 44 are preferably filled with carbon dioxide (CO2) and are at slight positive pressure. Each of the containers 44 includes one or more electromechanical valves 46 and/or a powered centrifugal blower 47 which may be activated remotely to allow the carbon dioxide (CO2) within the container 44 to escape into the passenger compartment 12 at a preselected time. Two alternate embodiment test gas supply devices are described below.
Rigid walled containers such as metal tanks wherein the carbon dioxide (CO2) is stored under significant pressure are not desirable inasmuch as release of the contents significantly cools the carbon dioxide and the containers and disturbs the thermal equilibrium of the air within the passenger compartment, thereby interfering with accurate measurements.
Referring now to FIGS. 6 and 7, a first alternate embodiment gas charging assembly 50 which may be used singly or in pairs is illustrated. The alternate embodiment gas charging assembly 50 which may be placed upon one or both of the passenger seats 16 of the motor vehicle 10 includes a lower horizontal planar member 52 which rests on the seat 16. The lower planar member 52 is pivotally coupled to an upper planar member 54 by four single pantograph-like connector arms 56 which are pivotally secured at their respective ends to the lower planar member 52 and upper planar member 54 by appropriately disposed pivot pins 58. A weight 62 having a mass of several pounds is placed upon the upper planar member 54. A generally rectangular flexible walled container 64 which is similar to the containers 44 of the preferred embodiment is positioned between the lower planar member 52 and the upper planar member 54 and filled with a traceable gas such as carbon dioxide as described above. A plurality, preferably at least three, apertures 66 are formed in the vertical walls of the container 64 and are closed with an overlying flap 68 which functions as a one-way valve. A latch or release mechanism 70 includes a latch arm 72 which is pivotally secured to the lower planar member 58 by a pivot pin 68. A solenoid 74 or similar electrically or pneumatically activated device includes a release plunger 76 which is received within a suitably disposed aperture 78 formed in one of the connector arms 56.
To provide the necessary supply of carbon dioxide or other tracer gas to the interior 12 of the motor vehicle 10, the container 64 is filled with carbon dioxide or similar gas and placed between the planar members 52 and 54 and the connector arms 56 and the latch arm 68 are disposed as illustrated. When the solenoid 74 is activated, the release plunger 76 is driven toward the bottom of the solenoid 74 and out of the aperture 76 in the pantograph-like connector arm 56. The weight 62 is thus free to and does collapse the container 64 and drive the carbon dioxide or other tracer gas out the ports or apertures 66. Through the first alternate embodiment gas charging assembly 50, gas may also be dispersed within the interior 12 of the motor vehicle 10 which has not undergone significant expansion and cooling as would be the case if it were stored and released from a compact, pressurized container, as discussed above.
Referring now to FIGS. 9, 10 and 11 a second alternate embodiment gas charging assembly 80 is illustrated. The second alternate embodiment gas charging assembly 80 will preferably be utilized in multiples; three or four of the assemblies 80 provide a sufficient concentration of the test gas such as carbon dioxide within the interior 12 of the motor vehicle 10 to achieve excellent test results. The multiple gas charging assemblies 80 are, once again, preferably disposed on the front and rear seats 16 of the motor vehicle 10 as illustrated. Each of the second alternate embodiment gas charging assemblies 80 include an elongate cylindrical body 82 and a base 84. The body 82 has circumferentially continuous side walls 86 whereas the base 84 defines a castellated bottom having circumferentially equal sized notches or apertures 88 and side wall portions 92.
At the top of the gas charging assembly 80 is positioned a top cap 94 having open regions 96 and a center bar 98 defining an aperture 102 which receives an elongate rod 104 disposed concentrically about the center axis of the body 82. The elongate rod 104 is received within a similar aperture 106 formed in a bottom cap 108 which is secured to the side wall portions 92 of the base 82. Received upon the elongate rod 104 for bi-directional axial translation is a bearing sleeve 112. The bearing sleeve 112 includes a pair of spaced apart linear bearing assemblies 114 which engage the exterior of the elongate rod 104. The bearing sleeve 112 also includes a radially extending flange 116. Secured to the radially extending flange 116 is a disc or piston 118 which has a diameter substantially equal to the inside diameter of the body 82 such that it may translate bi-directional therewithin while providing a reasonably gas tight seal thereagainst. Adjacent the top cap 94 of the body 82 is disposed a first solenoid 122 having a plunger 124 which interferes with the axial travel of the piston or disc 118. If the disc 118 is positioned between the plunger 124 of the first solenoid 122 and the top cap 94 and the solenoid is then activated, the piston or disc 118 will be released to descend toward the base 84.
Disposed between the body 82 and the base 84 of the second alternate embodiment gas charging assembly 80 are a pair of circular discs, one of which is fixed and the other of which is rotatable. A first fixed disc 126 defines a center aperture 128 and three equally spaced apart apertures 132 each occupying slightly less than 60� of arc. Disposed in sliding contact with the fixed disc 126 is a second rotatable disc 136 defining a center opening 138 and three equally spaced apart apertures 142 each extending over slightly less that 60� of arc. The fixed disc 126 and the rotatable disc 136 are, as noted above, disposed adjacent one another and it will be appreciated that from a position in which the apertures 132 and 142 are aligned such that fluid passage therethrough is achieved, rotation of the rotatable disc 136 through approximately 60� of arc will fully close off the apertures 132 and thus terminate fluid flow or communication. The fixed disc 126 is supported by a cylindrical inlet member 144 which extends from the fixed disc 126 to the bottom cap 108 and includes a fill port 146. A reinforcing or bearing member 148 may be secured to the rotatable disc 136 to facilitate its rotation about the inlet member 146.
To achieve rotation of the rotatable disc 136 relative to the fixed disc 126, a watch spring 150 or similar circular spring may be wrapped about the inlet member 144 and one end secured to it and the other end secured to the rotatable disc 136. Suitable interfering stops 152 are mounted upon the rotatable disc 136 and the base 84 to define a limit of rotation driven by the watch spring 150 such that the apertures 132 and 142 are aligned and therefore open. A second solenoid 154 is secured to the base 84 and includes a plunger 156 which interferes with one of the stops 152 on the rotatable disc 136 in its closed position and restrains motion of the disc 136 against the force of the spring 150. When the second solenoid 154 is activated, retraction of the plunger 156 permits the rotatable disc 136 to rotate approximately 60� and open the apertures 132 in the fixed disc 126.
To charge the second alternate embodiment assembly 80, the rotatable disc 136 is rotated such that the apertures 132 are closed and it is restrained by the plunger 156 of the second solenoid 154. At this time, the piston or disc 118 will be at its lowermost position, adjacent the fixed disc 126. The first solenoid 122 may be activated at this time. Carbon dioxide or other gas is then supplied through the fill port 146 in the inlet member 144 and the interior of the body 82 is filled with carbon dioxide as the piston or disc 118 rises. When the piston or disc 118 is driven to its uppermost limit of travel, adjacent the top cap 94, the first solenoid 122 is deactivated such that the plunger 124 restrains the disc or piston assembly 118 against downward motion. When it is desired to discharge the carbon dioxide from the charging assembly 80, both of the solenoids 122 and 154 are activated, releasing the piston or disc 118 and opening the apertures 132 thereby releasing the carbon dioxide.
As a further alternative, the carbon dioxide may be provided to the passenger compartment 12 of the motor vehicle 10 through pipes, conduits or the like (not illustrated). However, the use of the self-contained internal containers 44 or 64 has the advantage of eliminating piping or conduits from the exterior of the motor vehicle 10 to its interior as well as the need to create openings in the body of the vehicle 10 to accept such conduits thereby permitting more accurate simulation of the vehicle and its operating conditions.
Finally, the instrumentation in the passenger compartment includes at least one sensor assembly 48 which provides data to the data storage device 22 over the multi-conductor cable 24. Preferably, the sensor assembly 48 includes an electric air pressure (barometric) sensor and temperature sensor such as a thermistor which provide signals and information regarding the instantaneous air or mixture pressure with respect to the static pressure of the approach air and the temperature of the air within the passenger compartment 12 of the motor vehicle 10.
Referring now to FIG. 6, the motor vehicle 10 whose {dot over (m)}i value at a given relative flow speed (i.e., the speed of the approach air with respect to the vehicle) is desired, is placed in the wind tunnel 16, outfitted with the appropriate sensor assemblies 30 as described above and connected to the data storage device 22. Once the fans 18 of the tunnel have started and the interior pressure of the passenger compartment 12 comes to equilibrium: (p(Uo)<patm), this pressure value will be sensed by the air pressure sensor 48 and recorded on the data storage device 22 and used as a reference condition for subsequent measurements. Note, if the vehicle is aerodynamically bluff, then p(Uo) may be larger than Patm.
The large, flexible wall containers 44 filled with CO2 will have been placed in the passenger compartment prior to the initiation of the test and will have reached temperature equilibrium with the surroundings 12.
Following the establishment of P(Uo)<Patm, the electromechanical valves 46 will be energized and the CO2 will be released from the containers 44 with the consequence of a slight pressure rise within the passenger compartment 12. The time of this release will be designated as tr and the symbols (tCO
The corresponding pressure at the time of tCO
The natural infiltration and exit leakage of the (air+CO2) mixture will cause the CO2 to be displaced by fresh air. However, since the outflow is delivering a mixture of density greater than pure air, the driving pressure [p(t)−pexterior] will necessarily be larger than [p(Uo)−pexterior]. Hence, there will be a decay process in which p(t)→p(Uo).
By monitoring p(t), it is inferred that the condition for which {dot over (m)}i(t)→{dot over (m)}i(∞) can be identified given p(t)→p(Uo). Also, it will be possible to infer {dot over (m)}i(t)→{dot over (m)}i(∞) by observing the time for which the CO2 concentration approaches zero.
FIGS. 1 and 2 illustrate a control volume (CV) that has been placed around the motor vehicle 10. The external surface of the CV is the external surface of the motor vehicle 12.
The conservation of mass for this CV can be expressed as (from, e.g., Potter, M. C. and Foss, J. F. Fluid Mechanics (1975))
Per the above discussion, the symbol {dot over (m)}i represents the desired quantity: the infiltration mass flow rate of air into the passenger compartment 12 of the motor vehicle 10. Equation (2) can be written in terms of {dot over (m)}i as
where Aexit is defined as the sum of the area segments at which mass leaves the motor vehicle 10. The ρ values in equation (3) represent, in general, the density, ρm, of the gas mixture: air plus CO2.
As noted above, term I of equation (3) is zero when p=p(Uo) before the released carbon dioxide is flushed from the passenger compartment 12 of the motor vehicle 10. However, during the transient period: tCO
As illustrated in FIG. 14, since {dot over (m)}i(t) will increase to {dot over (m)}i(∞) as the interior pressure is decreased to p(Uo), an extrapolation of the {dot over (m)}i(t) magnitudes will yield the desired infiltration rate.
Equation (2) can be equivalently written for carbon dioxide as well as the air/carbon dioxide mixture that is described by equation (2). That is,
Note that there is (effectively) no influx of carbon dioxide; hence, term Ic is simply balanced by the efflux of carbon dioxide as described by IIc.
Consider that experimental techniques to evaluate term I of equation (3) and term Ic of equation (4) are available. Specifically,
will be determined at a sufficient number of locations within the passenger compartment 12 that the integral values of I and Ic will be adequately approximated. The spatial average of pCO
The symbol ∀, which represents the volume of the passenger compartment 12, times the time derivative in equation (5) is equal to Ic in equation (4) by definition. The central assumption of the present method is contained in the presumed equality of IIc and IIc′ where qexit is the volume flow rate of the exiting gas. Namely,
As stated above, Ic can be approximated by measurements. Hence, qexit will be inferred from equation (5a).
The symbol Ic″ is now introduced to differentiate between the mathematically defined <ρCO
The approximate equality represents both the assumption regarding the density in IIc″ and the measurement uncertainty between Ic″ and the mathematical quantity Ic.
Returning to equation (3) for the time period between tCO
where the approximate equality is as described for equation (5c) above.
Equation (6) has the same integrity as equation (5c). Terms Im″ and IIm″ can, therefore, be determined in equation (6) and the desired {dot over (m)}i(t) can be inferred as the sum of these two terms. (Note that Im″<0 and IIm″>0).
It can be expected that {dot over (m)}i(t) will gradually approach {dot over (m)}i(∞) as indicated in FIG. 14. It is important to note that the discrete measurements to be used for the evaluation of Im″ in equation (6) can be expected to exhibit scatter about a smooth distribution that would represent the behavior of I in equation (3). This scatter, however, will be a result of random processes and a smoothed representation of the terms in equation (6) should be readily extracted from the data. This expectation has been confirmed by measurement at Michigan State University in January, 1999.
The following section defines the strategy to infer <ρ″CO
Experimental Technique
Thermodynamic Considerations
Consider that the CO2 and the air temperatures and pressures are in equilibrium for all relevant times of this analysis. Hence, for ρm as the mixture density:
where all terms in equation (7) are evaluated at (xj, yj, zj, t) which represents a discrete position in space for the specified instant (t). The ρ′c and ρ′a quantities are equivalent to the concentrations of CO2 and air, respectively.
A speed-of-sound technique will be used to infer ρm at an adequate number of locations within the passenger compartment 12. The sound speed (a) can be described as
where γ=ratio of specific heats (γ=cp/cv), and R=gas constant. For this binary mixture
Using the thermodynamic quantities:
and developing a relationship for the sound speed of the mixture (am) in terms of the sound speed for air alone (aA), the following equation can be developed. Specifically,
Equations (9a), (9b) and (9c) are represented in graphical form in FIG. 15.
The magnitude of ρ″CO
i) The sound speed, in pure air, can be solved for explicitly from
Hence, the left hand side denominator of (9a) is known for each of the sensor assemblies 30 once the CO2 has been completely flushed from the compartment 12.
ii) The time dependent aM(t) values, between the release of the CO2 and its complete extraction from the compartment 12, are known from
iii) Since αM 2(t) can be expressed as
and since the (absolute) magnitude of the pressure in the compartment 12 can be measured as a function of time during the depletion of the CO2, the unknown values in (9e) can be expressed as
where λ(t) is an experimentally known coefficient.
iv) The desired mixture density, ρM(t), can therefore be written as
v) The required CO2 concentration can then be evaluated from
The (9a) function: ρ′α=ρ′α(αm/αA) can be expressed as a second order polynomial; namely,
If equation (10) is evaluated over the range: 0.9≦ρ′α≦1.0, then β0=−2.8174, β1=2.8728 and β2=0.9446. As noted, the second order fit is quite adequate for the indicated range of ρa′ values and this function permits ρα′ to be inferred if the ratio of sound speeds is known.
Equations (9) and (10) shows that a direct measurement of the sound speed (in a given spatial domain of the compartment 12) will permit the local values of ρ′a to be determined. With these values at a sufficient number of points in space, {dot over (m)}i(∞) can be computed as described above.
Determination of {dot over (m)}i(t)→{dot over (m)}i(∞)
It is envisioned that thirty-two sensor assemblies 30 may be utilized to determine the "semi-local" values of (am/aA) and hence the concentration of air (i.e., ρa′) at the measurement locations.
Several viable methods to determine the am value along the length of the measurement path exist. Specifically, over the burst duration of N cycles where, for example, N=4, the ultrasonic output for each pair of transmitters 36′ and receivers 40 can be processed to evaluate the time-of-flight of the wave packet.
Specifically, consider that the frequency of the four-cycle burst is 40 KHz and that the distance traveled is nominally 15 cm. The burst duration:
whereas the transit time (ΔtT) will be nominally
Hence, the responding receiver 40 can be "blanked" for the duration of the "send" pulse (thereby eliminating noise effects related to vibration modes in the support member) and the receiver 40 can then be interrogated to identify the passage of a "pulse train." This will obviate the need to respond to a particular or detailed feature of the transmitted signal which will simplify the time-of-flight evaluation. Alternatively, the receiver 40 can be replaced by a spherical reflector cap such that the emitter "receives" the chirp. In this case the transit length would be 30 cm.
The received signal can be processed with a high speed (e.g., 10 MHz) A/D converter. It is estimated that the uncertainty in the processed signal will be ca �2 "aperture times" or �0.2 microsec. Hence, the time-of-flight will be resolved to
More importantly, the capacity to resolve the ρ′A value given that ρ′A is of order 0.99 can be assessed.
This resolution is quite adequate for the present purpose. Note that these thirty-two discrete measurements will be combined to approximate the integral value of the concentration in the passenger compartment 12. The uncertainty of the integration, i.e., the approximation of the integral value from the discrete measurements, will dominate the evaluation of <ρa>. Hence, the available resolution in the determination of the discrete ρα′ values is quite satisfactory.
Given that the analysis is referenced to the magnitude of (am/aA), the measurement system can also be self-calibrated by recording the transit time of a pulse in the air environment either prior to the initiation of the CO2discharge or after ρ′c→0. Test experience suggests the latter is the preferred technique.
The determination of the spatially averaged ρα′ value in the space occupied by each of the N sensor assemblies 30 or 30′ will contribute to the integrand of IIm″ in equation (3). It can be expected that each measurement will exhibit random fluctuations. However, by summing the N values to approximate the integral and by identifying the "smooth" representation of term I (as it experiences an "exponential decay") in equation (3), one can infer {dot over (m)}i(t) from that equation.
Hence, the stated objective, of determining the {dot over (m)}i(∞)value, will be met by recording the limiting value of {dot over (m)}i(t) as the CO2 is flushed from the passenger compartment 12.
Additional information regarding the location of the leaks can be expected in terms of the records from the individual sensor assemblies 30 or 30′ that are placed at the perimeter of the passenger compartment 12.
The foregoing disclosure is the best mode devised by the inventor for practicing this invention. It is apparent, however, that apparatus incorporating modifications and variations will be obvious to one skilled in the art of air infiltration testing. Inasmuch as the foregoing disclosure presents the best mode contemplated by the inventor for carrying out the invention and is intended to enable any person skilled in the pertinent art to practice this invention, it should not be construed to be limited thereby but should be construed to include such aforementioned obvious variations and be limited only by the spirit and scope of the following claims.
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|Mar 6, 1990
|Al-Ko Polar Gmbh Maschinenfabrik
|Fan assembly and a method for checking the function thereof
|Mar 27, 1989
|Jun 5, 1990
|Haden, Inc.
|Apparatus for measuring and controlling fluid flow across a boundary
|Dec 9, 1991
|Jul 21, 1992
|Zweben Ronald J
|Refractive velocimeter apparatus
|Sep 29, 1995
|May 26, 1998
|Horiba Instruments Inc.
|Method and apparatus for providing diluted gas to exhaust emission analyzer
|Nov 2, 1995
|Sep 21, 1999
|Meckler; Milton
|Automotive by-pass air cleaning and particulate motor vehicle interior air quality system
|May 15, 1998
|Nov 9, 1999
|Daimlerchrysler Ag
|Arrangement and process for the ventilation of a vehicle interior as a function of harmful gases
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|May 31, 2005
|Jun 19, 2007
|Chen-Kuei Hsieh
|Vehicle steering wheel lock with a burglar-proof alarm device
|Dec 22, 2004
|Jul 10, 2007
|Daimlerchrysler Corporation
|Aerodynamic noise source measurement system for a motor vehicle
|Dec 22, 2004
|Jun 29, 2006
|Mallebay-Vacqueur Jean P
|Aerodynamic noise source measurement system for a motor vehicle
|May 31, 2005
|Nov 30, 2006
|Chen-Kuei Hsieh
|Vehicle steering wheel lock with a burglar-proof alarm device
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Aug 2, 1999
Owner name: MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY, BOARD OF TRUSTEES OPERA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:FOSS, JOHN F.;REEL/FRAME:010136/0332
Effective date: 19990727
|Sep 21, 2005
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Nov 14, 2005
|Surcharge for late payment
|Nov 14, 2005
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Oct 12, 2009
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Mar 5, 2010
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Apr 27, 2010
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20100305


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Welcome to Eagle-Gryphon Games - and more.
Our mission is to produce the best quality games on the market in terms of both game play and components, as well as to provide great customer service.
The Eagle-Gryphon Games Catalog includes games that promote fast, friendly, family fun that appeal to game players looking for light- to medium-weight strategy games, as well as for games that require deeper strategy and thought that may take up to several hours to play. Their theme is interwoven into the game play so that each game is unique, creating a world you inhabit as long as the game lasts. When you finish one of these games, you feel as though you've really accomplished something!
Our lighter fast family fun games include our acclaimed Bookshelf Series with titles such as Roll Through the Ages, For Sale,Incan Gold, and Masters Gallery; our new E•G•G series which includes Fleet Wharfside, 12 Days of Christmas, King's Kilt, Krakatoa, and Seven7s (to name a few), award-winning games like Fantastiqa, Fleet, Pastiche, I'm the Boss, Cheeky Monkey, Take it Easy, the Pick A Pig/Pick A Dog/Pick A Polar Bear/Pick a Seal series, and many, many more - all suitable for the entire family, game groups, classrooms, retirement villages and social gatherings of any size or kind. Our deeper strategy titles include classics like our Railways of World series, Through the Ages, Age of Steam, Defenders of the Realm, Empires: Age of Discovery and newer games like The Gallerist.
From this site, you can learn about our games, download the rules, see videos of gameplay or reviews to help you decide which Eagle-Gryphon Games are right for you and your gaming group. Find a retailer near you or purchase games directly from us. With an ever-growing lineup, this is the one stop you want to make for your next game night.
Eagle-Gryphon Games has The Games You've Always Dreamed Of...
In Xenon Profiteer, find out if you have the ingenuity, strategy, and tactical fortitude it takes to be recognized by several reputable business publications as the owner of the most influential domestic supplier of Xenon?
Loop, Inc. puts you and the other players at work for Loop, Incorporated - the most prestigious time travel agency in the world! . . . Well, uh, that's not entirely true. Truth be told, it's a mismanaged third-tier agency owned by the slick Mr. Loop who cares more about making a buck than making sure the delicate weave of the space-time continuum stays tight and safe.
Click here for more information and to purchase your copy before time runs out.
Wombat Rescue is a novel game by designer Matt Wolfe in which you play a Mama wombat. The dastardly dingo has stormed your burrow and chased away 4 of your baby wombats! You will need to eat and digest food in order to produce poop cubes, with which you will build smell areas so you can navigate your environment, find your baby wombats, and bring them home. The player who best plans their smell areas and moves most efficiently will find their 4 babies, bring them home and prove victorious!
Click here to get more information and to order your copy today.
Fleet Wharfside: What happens when Fleet gets to port? Find out in this stand-alone, follow up to the award winning games Fleet & Fleet: Arctic Bounty.
Cast your line to get more information and to order your copy today.
Floating Market utilizes polyhedral dice, worker placement, and dice speculation to create a unique and accessible experience for gamers of all levels. The rules and turns are simple and intuitive and the game teaches quickly, making it perfect for a family or group of new gamers. Experienced gamers will appreciate the unique blend of new and familiar mechanics and the quick, fun gameplay that uses polyhedral dice in a new and interesting way.
Extremely low quantities! Don't miss out! Hit the market and order your copy today.

subset: commoncrawl


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A new map of human cortex combines data from multiple imaging modalities and comprises 180 distinct regions.
Book Excerpt from Blood Sugar
July 1, 2016|
Author Anthony Ryan Hatch relays his personal experience with metabolic syndrome.
July 1, 2016|
Author Anthony Ryan Hatch relays his personal experience with metabolic syndrome.
July 1, 2016|
The Scientist reviews Serendipity, Complexity, The Human Superorgasism, and Love and Ruin
July 1, 2016|
Scientists who study the lifestyle disorder must do a better job of incorporating political and social science into their work.
July 1, 2016|
Human Genome Project-Write; viruses are alpha predators; Zika and the Olympics
June 29, 2016|
Two different vaccines confer complete immunity for two months, researchers report.
June 28, 2016|
Researchers examine the blood of people infected with dengue virus, finding a few Zika-neutralizing antibodies among mostly enhancing ones.
June 21, 2016|
Ancient DNA research suggests that there were two independent agricultural revolutions more than 10,000 years ago.
June 1, 2016|
In Chapter 2 author J.D. Trout highlights the dividing line between truth and scientific "fact."
June 1, 2016|
Beyond Biocentrism, The Sting of the Wild, The Birth of Anthropocene, and Ordinarily Well
June 1, 2016|
14-day-old embryos, prioritizing biodiversity, and more


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Small businesses may have new tools, but the Old School fundamentals of running a business still apply. » More
Recent Articles: Startup - Home-Based - Franchising
This is a story about three small business owners who had one thing in common: a wise man named Luther. Oh, by the way, Luther is their janitor ... » More
Jim Blasingame explains the business values of service and giving through examples of Rotary International and Business Network International. » More
Noted leadership expert, Brett Clay, reveals if you adopt a purposive mindset, you are determining and initiating the changes that enable you to create the life you desire, and you will likely be h... » More
Do you want to get off to a good start in 2016? Steven Gaffney offers 8 simple things you can do to make this your most meaningful year yet. » More
Jim explains why small business owners are different than other people on the planet in how they view the world and think about risk and opportunities. » More
In my last column I revealed four reasons why the economic recovery since 2008 has produced fewer startups than those in the past, and the implications of that decline on economic growth. This week... » More
As the financial crisis was being resolved in December 2008 I heard someone say, "Wait 'til the startups get going – they'll end this recession and crank up the economy again." Of course, this maxi... » More
The first encounter that a potential customer has with a company begins to forge the entire series of interactions with that buyer. In today's world, the first impression that a client receives li... » More
Shopping malls are becoming the 21st-century version of ghost towns. While mall owners blame the trend on the closing of anchor stores, like Macy's, JC Penney and Sears, the real reason behind the... » More


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Davis at the Legislature: Paying tribute to the cowboy culture
Mail: Grateful to Mid-Nebraska Community Foundation
More opinion
South Dakota Supreme Court: Cattle died from drowning in blizzard
Town Hall set to discuss mega-chicken plant near Fremont
More Ag News
The Hershey girls basketball team defeated Bridgeport Saturday, 52-19.
Tayler Baker scored 14 points for Hershey and Maddie Seamann had 10.
Hershey is 11-1 on the season. Next, they face Sutherland (7-3) on Tuesday.
Score by quarters
Sutherland: 12-15-14-11 - 52
Bridgeport: 0-6-8-5 - 19
Flatrock Publishing, Inc.
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text:
Thousands 'March for Babies'
March for Babies is one of the organization's two major fundraisers.
March for Babies is one of the organization's two major fundraisers.
To hear more about this invention and how it connects to the world of racing, click on the videos.
To watch the interview and to hear more about these classes, click on the video.
To hear more about Lemonade Day Indy, click on the video.
Cape Fear Tattoo co-owner and artist Eddie Stewart isn't surprised with the new findings.
To hear more about adding asparagus and making your food healthier, click on the videos.
Dominguez said he shared his story to remind people how important it is to microchip their pets.
Vee surprised everyone including Ben as she made flying pigs a reality for her elaborate "promposal."
The letter also said schools must not treat transgender students any differently than other students.
Temps dropped through Saturday morning into the 40s and stayed that way all day.


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Animation Anecdotes #232
With the popularity of Mickey Mouse, animation studios began to produce their own cartoons with characters that looked suspiciously like Walt's alter ego. Here's the low-down on that.
With the popularity of Mickey Mouse, animation studios began to produce their own cartoons with characters that looked suspiciously like Walt's alter ego. Here's the low-down on that.
Very little has been written about Ham Luske who had a lengthy career as an animator and director at Disney. In March 2012, I interviewed his children about him.
Hitler loved Disney cartoons and had a copy of Snow White delivered to his private movie theater. He considered it one of the greatest movies ever made. His personal collection also included eighteen Mickey Mouse shorts.
Among today's anecdotes: Lou Scheimer of Filmation Studios talking about runaway production, Peter Chung on "Reign", and whatever happened to Disney's "Secret Lab"?
Jim Korkis quotes Joe Dante on Looney Tunes; Gary Goldman on The Land Before Time; Jack Bradbury on working at Disney with Walt Kelly; and much much more.
I interviewed Chuck several times over the years and I later realized that Chuck, like many others, had "canned/pre-prepared" answers and anecdotes that he would repeat. This particular interview took place in 1976.
The first animated series broadcast in prime time was probably UPA's "Gerald McBoing-Boing Show" on CBS in 1956. CBS was so excited about the show that they took out a seven year option on the series – but it only lasted three months. So what happened?
Most people believe that Warners' overbearing Foghorn Leghorn character was inspired by Kenny Delmar's Southern politician Senator Claghorn on the Fred Allen radio show. This is not the case! Read on…
Jim Korkis with anecdotes on Woody Woodpecker, Gigantor, Lilo and Stitch, Jeffery Katzenberg, dubbing Miyazaki, Betty Boop and the Incredibles.
"The Bulletin" was the Disney Studio in-house employee newsletter. Ward Kimball was asked write his own brief autobiography, knowing it would entertain the readers as Ward already had the reputation of being a jokester.
Animated Movie Guide1937-1980
Animation ScoopCartoon News, Reviews and Commentary!
Books by JerryThe 100 Greatest Looney Tunes
Hanna Barbera Treasury
Pink Panther: Ultimate Visual Guide
Classic StudiosUniversal/Lantz
Columbia/Screen Gems
Warner Bros.
MGM Cartoons
Van Beuren
David Gerstein Presents1930s TOM & JERRY
Frequently Asked QuestionsI answer your questions!
HornswiggleJerry Beck's own cartoon!
Totally Tooned InPart I
Part II
Part III


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"What kind of society isn't structured on greed? The problem of social organization is how to set up an arrangement under which greed will do the least harm; capitalism is that kind of a system"
Related quotes
"When the corporate interest of financial gain is allowed to influence the vital and all inclusive interest of the welfare of people and ideas, then being the slaves of a complete monetary system of economy is and always will be the hollow-hearted and inevitable outcome of our society."
"For a life of simplicity, one must be detached from complexity of wants and greed's of life. But the biggest detachment of life is death, but seldom do we understand death as a form of detachment, void of fear associated with it."


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More than 20 people, most of whom are children, were shot and killed at a Newtown, CT, elementary school on Dec. 14, 2012. School shootings have happened in many places throughout the United States. Here is a map showing details on some of these shootings.
Dozens of families have started to trickle out of war-ravaged Aleppo, days after the Syrian army announced it had encircled the city and cut off rebel supply routes, according to reports.
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The Post Hostel
The Post is a stylish urban hostel, serving as a cozy and convenient base for travelers, wanderers and experience seekers from all corners of the globe. We offer an eclectic and contemporary blend of... Více...
Abraham Hostel Jerusalem
Abraham hostel byl cestovateli na webu Hostelworld.com zvolen nejlepším izraelským hostelem.
Abraham je znám nejen jako praotec monoteistických náboženstv&... Více...
Palm Hostel
We are located in the heart of Jerusalem right outside of the Old City Damascus Gate and the bus stations. We are 1 min walk to the Old City, with all the holy sites, and 10 min walk to the New City,... Více...
Citadel Youth Hostel
Nás hostel se nachází v 700 let staré budově, kterou se snazíme udrzet co nejvíce autentickou.
Svým hostům můzeme... Více...
Jaffa Gate Hostel
Welcome to the Jaffa Gate Hostel. LOCATION LOCATION LOCATION See the most beautiful view from our roof top! We are centrally located and just 5 minutes walking from all the religious places of interes... Více...
New Swedish Hostel
Welcome! We are located in the heart of the bazaar of the old city, 2 minutes from Jaffa Gate, 2 minutes from the Church of the holy Sepulcher, 2 minutes to the old city markets, and just 10 minutes f... Více...
Hashimi Hotel
The newly renovated HaShimi Hotel stands monumentally in the heart of the Old City. We have double, family & dormitory rooms, all with private bathrooms.
The building itself is over 400 years o... Více...
Hebron Hostel
Only one minute away from the Church of the Holy Sepulchre and minimum five minutes walk away from Via Dolorosa, Dome of the Rock, Al-Aqsa mosque and the Western Wall.
Lonely planet on Hebron Host... Více...
Petra Hostel
Petra Hostel is a large and remarkable hostel that is located directly inside Jaffa Gate, and offer a prime location.
in our place we have wide range of options , we have deluxe and super deluxe... Více...
The Jerusalem Hostel
Welcome to The Jerusalem Hostel in the heart of the city!
We have taken a charming historic hotel and converted it into a warm & friendly hostel!
We are located in the center of the new city, in... Více...
Ambassador Hotel
The Ambassador is one of the first hotels in East Jerusalem, located in the consulate district, it is a 20-minute walk from East Jerusalem's commercial district, the Old City and holy sites. The cozy... Více...
Victoria Hotel
Victoria Hotel has been serving guests to the Holy Land from around the world since 1963. Our very warm welcome will always enable you to feel at home whenever you choose to visit us.
Victoria Hote... Více...
Eldan Hotel
Overlooking the Old City Walls from its convenient location in the central tourist area, Eldan Hotel offers an attentive service. It is a 10-minute walk from the Jaffa Gate to Jerusalem's Old City. Th... Více...
Jerusalem Panorama Hotel
Jerusalem Panorama Hotel, is a family run tourist Hotel, situated on the Hill of Gethsemane, with a breathtaking view of the Old City.
The Hotel is within walking distance from the Church of all n... Více...
The Jerusalem Little Hotel
Welcome to a great accommodation option for the budget tourist to Jerusalem - The Jerusalem Little Hotel!!
The hotel is located in the heart of town - at Zion square, in the middle of it all - cafes,... Více...
East New Imperial Hotel
With a fabulous, impossible-to-miss location just steps inside Jaffa Gate, the East New Imperial was the last word in luxury when it opened in the 1880s: The ground floor courtyard was once an elegant... Více...
Allenby #2 Jerusalem
Allenby #2 is a small guesthouse located right next to Jerusalem central bus terminal, allowing east access to all main attractions in the city. We are serving tourists from 1993, offering short and l... Více...
Notre Dame Center
Between Jerusalem's city hall and the historic quarter, this large historic building is less than a 10-minute walk from the Holy Sepulchre Church. The main dining room serves a buffet breakfast, and i... Více...
HI Agron - Jerusalem
HI Agron - Jerusalem resides in the center of Jerusalem, near the tourism sites of both the old and new city.
55 rooms with A/C, shower and bathroom, T.V. and internet connection. Some of the rooms... Více...
Beit Ben Yehuda
The Beit Ben Yehuda guesthouse is located in the quiet neighborhood of Talpiot. We welcome individual guests, families and groups. Our seminar room with a projector and other technical devices, can be... Více...
Zion Hotel Jerusalem
Zion Hotel, get up in the morning, have a hot/cold shower, eat breakfast and enjoy walking through Jerusalem 'to the max'...!
Our building is out of Napoleon times and the facade is the original st... Více...
Rivoli Hotel
Rivoli Hotel lies in the heart of colorful Salah Eddin Street, close to the major shopping centers, tourist bureaus, banking and restaurants.
Rivoli Hotel is centrally located, within few minutes w... Více...
Jerusalem Gardens Hotel and Spa
Jerusalem Gardens is the perfect place to experience the ancient beauty and modern excitement of the City of Jerusalem. During your stay you can take advantage of the outdoor and indoor pools (a fresh... Více...
Royal Jerusalem
The Hotel complex offers a variety of restaurants, shops and services for our guests, including a beauty salon, fine jewelry and gift shops, massage and body treatment options, laundry/dry cleaning se... Více...
Capitol Hotel Israel
Capitol Hotel is centrally located, within few minutes' walk to the Old City Walls, and from the major historical and biblical sites of the Holy City.
Capitol Hotel lies in the heart of Salah Eddi... Více...
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Typically turnkey means the property comes furnished. Each listing can vary somewhat and may not include sellers personal property so it is best to check with the Realtor for specifics or possibly an inventory list.
Turn key properties are especially appealing for second homes and rental properties, where the new owner does not intend to move furnishings and personal items. Turn key properties typically are ready to use immediately.
I hope this answers your question. Feel free to contact me if I can be of further assistance.


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The future of the Immortals is in the hands of an orphan
"My greatest fear was that they would find us and make of us a sacrifice beneath a full moon. Now you, Thomas, must help us destroy the circle of evil."
The last words of a dying woman would change the life of young Thomas. Raised behind monastery walls, he knows nothing of his mysterious past or imminent destiny. But now, in the heart of medieval England, a darkness threatens to strangle truth. An ancient order tightens their ghostly grip on power, creating fear and exiling those who would oppose them. Thomas is determined fulfill his calling and bring light into the mysterious world of the Druids and leaves the monastery on an important quest.
Thomas quickly finds himself in unfamiliar territory, as he must put his faith in unusual companions a cryptic knight, a child thief, and the beautiful, silent woman whom may not be all she seems. From the solitary life of an orphan, Thomas now finds himself tangled in the roots of both comradery and suspicion.
Can he trust those who would join his battle or will his fears force him to go on alone?
About the Author
Sigmund Brouwer is the author of the Lightning on Ice series, featuring mysteries that revolve around hockey. His desire to create a love of reading in youngsters prompted his Short Cuts series. These short, quick, entertaining sports stories are designed to reach reluctant readers. With titles about extreme sports, young readers are drawn to exciting stories that interest them. His latest series, the Bug's Eye View books, takes a humorous look at everyday life situations through the eyes of Annie and Arnie Ant and their family. The books are fun for everyone, and children will learn the importance of Christian values. Sigmund divides his time between Nashville, Tennessee, and Red Deer, Alberta, where he lives with his wife, Christian recording artist Cindy Morgan, and their daughter.


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Don't Think Twice
Mike Birbiglia's beautiful, sneakily profound comedy shows a world where "Yes, and ... " is the default.
Mike Birbiglia's beautiful, sneakily profound comedy shows a world where "Yes, and ... " is the default.
The Star Wars-ification of Star Trek continues; better than the others, but still not good enough.
"The Ballad of Narayama" is a Japanese film of great beauty and elegant artifice, telling a story of startling cruelty. What a space it opens…
Patrice Leconte's "Monsieur Hire" is a tragedy about loneliness and erotomania, told about two solitary people who have nothing else in common. It involves a…
Ken Loach's "I, Daniel Blake" wins the Palme d'Or at the 69th Cannes Film Festival.
Barbara Scharres on the cats of Cannes 2016.
"It's a madhouse!"
Wednesday, July 18, is the 20th anniversary of our marriage. How can I begin to tell you about Chaz? She fills my horizon, she is…
Writers at RogerEbert.com pick their favorite movies featuring star-crossed lovers.
Writers at RogerEbert.com pick their favorite movies featuring aliens and UFOs.
A look at one of the most important and valuable Blu-ray releases of the year, which brings to light important aspects of black and cinema…
An interview with Kathleen Reinmuth and Cathy Rock, the subjects of "Inquiring Nuns."
* This filmography is not intended to be a comprehensive list of this artist's work. Instead it reflects the films this person has been involved with that have been reviewed on this site.
Marie writes: Behold a truly inspired idea...Age 8: Eileen's pink creature It started with a simple idea: to make a recognizable comfort toy for her 4 year-old son Dani, based on one of his drawing. His school had asked the children to bring in a toy from home; an emergency measure in the event of a tantrum or crying fit. Fearing he might lose his favorite, Wendy Tsao decided to make Dani a new one. Using a drawing he often made as her guide, she improvised a plush toy snowman. Five years later, Wendy Tsao has her own thriving home-based craft business - Child's Own Studio - in which she transforms the imaginative drawings of children into plush and cloth dolls; each one handcrafted and one-of-a-kind. She receives requests from parents all over the world; there's 500 people on waiting list. Note: kudos to club member Sandy Kahn for submitting the piece.


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***The official Alden thread *** Share enthusiasm, reviews, sizing, advice, and photos. - Page 2570post #38536 of 12241612/3/12 at 8:08amLeather soles can be slippery at first, but after you scuff the leather soles up a bit, they gain traction. After wearing leather soled shoes to work for years, you get used to wearing them in most conditions. In really bad weather, switch to a shoe with a commando sole or do something like wear Bean boots on the way to the officepost #38537 of 12241612/3/12 at 8:40am
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I hate when offices don't have carpets on the floor. Walked in for an interview once on a rainy day and slipped
Made myself look like a dumbass to the receptionistpost #38538 of 12241612/3/12 at 8:49am
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Just a small plug for Robert Amore:
I received my #8 LWBs from Amore Clothing last week. $570 shipped, got the tip here. They look great, I cannot find a single flaw. This is the second LWB for me and I believe the Barrie last may be the most comfortable shoe for me.post #38539 of 12241612/3/12 at 9:42am
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Moulded Shoe has a natural CXL Indy boot. It's on the Modified last. I'm not sure they have any widths other than D, though.post #38540 of 12241612/3/12 at 9:45am
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luckily the receptionist has zero impact on whether or not you get hired. Impress the decision makers.post #38541 of 12241612/3/12 at 9:46am
Quote:Originally Posted by Bakes11771
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Not necessary in my opinion. It will be slippery only at first, until the bottoms of the soles get scuffed up from walking outside. Wet wether however does soften up the leather sole and make it wear down much faster, so you might still consider getting them toppy'd for that reason if you plan on walking on wet pavement with them.
Edit: Yes, it would be slippery on wet marble, but aren't all shoes?
I'm sorry if you misunderstood, the marble inside of Grand Central wasn't wet. My shoes were wet from the rain outside of the station.
Now with the vibram sole protector, the shoes slip no more.post #38542 of 12241612/3/12 at 10:26am
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cigar lhsargyles otc
uncle, these cigar LHS are o/s, better than your ravello LHS in my opinion.post #38543 of 12241612/3/12 at 10:50am
post #38544 of 12241612/3/12 at 11:07ampost #38545 of 12241612/3/12 at 11:09ampost #38546 of 12241612/3/12 at 11:12ampost #38547 of 12241612/3/12 at 11:23am
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Gorgeous combination.Quote:Quote:
You might want to rethink that theory. I know first hand of employers who will ask reception folks about the behavior of potential employees who were waiting in the lobby before interviews.post #38548 of 12241612/3/12 at 11:40ampost #38549 of 12241612/3/12 at 11:47am
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2.1 (a)
(c) By Eqs. (2.14) and (2.21): du + d(PV) = cp⋅dT
Since P is constant, this can be written:
MH2O⋅CP⋅dT = MH2O⋅dU + MH2O⋅P⋅dV
Take Cp and V constant and integrate: MH2O⋅CP⋅(t2-t1) = ΔUtotal
(d) For the restoration process, the change in internal energy is equal but of opposite sign to that of the initial process. Thus
(e) In all cases the total internal energy change of the universe is zero.


text:
Photography Techniques
From lens focal lengths and fill-flash to portraits, macro or stunning landscapes there are techniques for everyone. Learn how to use metering, considering composition and shoot everything from classic cars to derelict buildings. We also have 100s of easy to follow step by step photo editing tutorials.
Top Motorsport / Car Photographers On ePHOTOzine
Here is a round up of just some of the top motorsport and car photographers found on ePHOTOzine.
- 2 Nov 2012
Beginner's Guide To Photography Part 6
Mike Browne is back sharing his knowledge with beginners. This time he has tips on lenses and focal lengths.
- 13 Jan 2012
Correcting Verticals In Gimp
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- 4 Mar 2012
Cutting Out Fur In Photoshop
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Rain Photography Tips
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Photographing Spring Flowers In Towns
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Logo for a facial oil to be sold at salons in North Carolina. Hand made using a bunch of crazy natural oils for anti-aging and sun protection stuffs.
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Show and tell for designers
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171 vehicles matched;
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1978 Chevrolet Corvette Pace Car Edition For Sale - L82, 4 Speed, Only 8,545 Miles LMC is proud to offer
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Lady owned, low mileage, super clean, original 350 V8, Original 4 speed car. T-tops
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On Mon, 2005-09-12 at 14:06 -0400, Greg DeKoenigsberg wrote: > Talking with Tammy Fox, the editor of Red Hat Magazine, and she's going to > be focusing entirely on Fedora for the November issue. > > Consider this a call-to-arms. :) Let's brainstorm some stories. A few > ideas to start: > > * FUDCon London 2005 overview > * Fedora CMCs (assuming we've got the program in place) > * HOWTO build your own Fedora Live CD > > I'm sure there's plenty more ideas out there. Let's hear 'em. Any interest in an article about how we've modularized release notes writing? "Release Notes Beats: Old Journalism for the New World" Something like that ... Also, a "book review" of the Fedora Installation Guide might nice. How about, "Contributing to Fedora, It's More Than Coding" that highlights bug triage, documentation, packaging, Legacy support, etc. - Karsten -- Karsten Wade, RHCE * Sr. Tech Writer * http://people.redhat.com/kwade/ gpg fingerprint: 2680 DBFD D968 3141 0115 5F1B D992 0E06 AD0E 0C41 Red Hat SELinux Guide http://www.redhat.com/docs/manuals/enterprise/RHEL-4-Manual/selinux-guide/
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Pelican Island Sunset
February 9th, 2015
An evening moored near The Indians in the British Virgin Islands. Pelican Island can be seen in the distance.
Adobe Lightroom 5, Adobe Photoshop CC.
Canon EOS 5D Mark III, Canon EF 17-40mm f/4.0L USM.
Map: 18.3324, -64.6296
The River's Edge
By jdphotopdx
February 7th, 2015
This was taken at Indian Beach in Oregon. The edge of the stream looked like a cliff in a miniature world. I love the texture of the rocks. I used a second image to darken the sky a little bit.
Lightroom 5, Photoshop CC
Turquoise Night
February 6th, 2015
Bremanger, Norway.
Taken from the Norwegian beach Grotlesanden just like my previous contribution Light Blue Night. This time around, my aim was to keep the post-processing more clean and natural.
Adobe Photoshop Lightroom 5, Adobe Photoshop CC.
Canon EOS 5D Mark II, Canon EF 24-70mm f/2.8L USM.
Photo Settings: 24mm, f/10, 91 seconds, ISO 100.
Sydney at Dusk
By johnhmoody
February 5th, 2015
This view of Sydney CBD (Central Business District) and the Sydney Opera House was taken from the north shore of the harbor. Days of rain and overcast skies finally broke for a few colorful sunsets.
Adobe Lightroom 5, Adobe Photoshop CC (2014), MeFOTO GlobeTrotter tripod.
Nikon D750, Tokina AT-X 16-28mm f/2.8 Pro FX.
Photo Settings: 16mm, f/22, 30 seconds, ISO 100.
The Pit
By jdphotopdx
January 29th, 2015
The top of Haleakala on Maui, Hawaii. The most amazing place I have ever been.
Adobe Lightroom 5.
January 28th, 2015
A car on the sea ice. Ice crystals in the air made the pillar effect to the sky. The temperature was over minus 20 degrees celsius. Looks like an explosion.
Adobe Photoshop Lightroom 5.3,
Canon EOS 5D Mark III, Canon EF 70-200mm f/2.8L IS II USM.
Photo Settings: 168mm, f/2, 1/60 second, ISO 5000.
Rock, Wood, and Water
January 25th, 2015
Another scene captured from West Seattle looking at downtown Seattle at dusk. I used a 4-stop ND filter on this one for a longer shutter speed.
Canon EOS 6D, Canon EF 16-35mm f/4L IS USM.
Photo Settings: 16mm, f/8, 15 seconds, ISO 50.
Autumn Sky in New York
By WJ
January 24th, 2015
Daytime view of mid Manhattan from Hamilton Park in Weehawken, New Jersey.
Adobe Photoshop Lightroom 5.
Canon EOS 6D, Canon EF 24-105mm f/4L IS USM.
Photo Settings: 50mm, f/11, 1/13 second, ISO 100.
Map: 40.7711, -74.0161
Upper Crystal Springs Reservoir
By John
January 23rd, 2015
This is a 30-second exposure taken during sunrise at the Upper Crystal Springs Reservoir in Silicon Valley, California.
The lake looked so peaceful.
Adobe Lightroom 5.7.
Canon EOS 5D Mark III, Canon EF 16-35mm f/4L IS USM.
Photo Settings: 16mm, f/13, 30 seconds, ISO 100.
Map: 37.5095, -122.3517
Copyright 2000-2016 L-bow Grease, LLC.


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I am using the -P option to grep a list of phone numbers. My results are excellent with this option, but the list is not returned without it. The grep man page says using -P will 'interpret PATTERN as a Perl regular expression'. Since I don't know Perl and am just learning grep and regex this isn't very meaningful to me.
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