text:
Oct. 25, 2013
PISCATAWAY, N.J. - The Providence College field hockey team topped BIG EAST foe Rutgers, 3-0, on Friday, October 25 in Piscataway, N.Y. Junior goalkeeper Deidra Clymer (South Windsor, Conn.) posted her fourth shut-out victory of the season, and second in BIG EAST play, with six saves.
Sophomore Salene Shaffer (Millerstown, Pa.) gave the Friars a 1-0 lead at the 27:59 mark. She fired her shot from just inside the circle and found the back of the cage, unassisted. It marked Shaffer's third goal of the season, and capped off some intense offensive pressure by the Friars, who rattled off six-straight shots in a six-minute span leading up to the tally.
Rutgers stepped up its offensive pressure in the final three minutes of the opening half, earning four-straight penalty corners, but the Scarlet Knights were unable to find the back of the cage for the equalizer.
Providence took a 2-0 lead in the 48th minute as junior Daniella Bernasconi (Hopewell Junction, N.Y.) connected on her team-best 15th goal of the season. She deflected the ball by the Scarlet Knight's goalkeeper off a feed from sophomore Emma Mackie (Delta, British Columbia). Bernasconi's 15 goals are the most in a single season by a Friar since 2008. That year, Nellie Poulin `10 recorded 16 goals.
The Friars added an insurance goal in the closing seconds of the game as junior Henni Tietze (Sankt Augustin, Germany) tallied her second tally of the season. The goal came at the 69:58, during a penalty corner, assisted by senior Kasey Bulman (Farmingdale, N.Y.).
The Friars are just the third team this season to hold Rutgers scoreless in a game, joining Connecticut and Albany. Providence outshot Rutgers, 19-12, including an 11-6 advantage in shots on goal. Rutgers held an 8-7 edge in penalty corners.
The Friars return to action on Monday, October 28 against non-conference foe Maine. The game will be played at Lennon Family Field in Providence, R.I. and is scheduled to begin at 4:00 p.m. Cox Sports will televise the game locally, via tape delay. The game will air on Friday, November 1 at 7:00 p.m.
Official StoreOfficial Online
Eight Field Hockey Players...
The Providence College field hockey program was well represented on the 2015 ZAG Field Hockey / NFHCA Division I National Academic Squad, which was released ...
Field Hockey Announces...
The Providence College field hockey program has announced its summer camp dates for Circle To Circle Field Hockey Camps, LLC. The camp will be held on the...
Adrienne Houle To Play For...
Providence College rising senior field hockey player Adrienne Houle (Burlington, Ontario) has been named to the Canadian Under-21 Women's National...
Adrienne Houle Named To 2015...
Providence College junior field hockey player Adrienne Houle (Burlington, Ontario) was named to the 2015 Longstreth/NFHCA Division I All-Northeast Region...
Four Field Hockey Players...
Four Providence College field hockey players earned 2015 All-BIG EAST honors, and was released by the league office on Nov. 4. Junior midfielder Adrienne...
Field Hockey Concludes...
The Providence College field hockey team fell to 19th-ranked Old Dominion, 5-0, on Friday, Oct. 30 in Norfolk, Va.
Field Hockey Falls In...
The Providence College field hockey team fell to ninth-ranked Liberty, 4-3, in overtime on Sunday, Oct. 25 at Lennon Family Field in Providence, R.I.
Second-Ranked Connecticut...
The Providence College field hockey team fell to No. 2 Connecticut, 8-0, on Friday, Oct. 23 in Providence, R.I.


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Congress asked to OK land swaps in Spearfish Canyon, near Custer State Park
Posted: July 15, 2016
South Dakota's congressional delegation has introduced bills calling for a state-federal land swap that would allow the expansion of Custer State Park and the creation of a state park in Spearfish Canyon. Gov. Dennis Daugaard announced the Spearfish Canyon state park proposal during his State of the State speech in January. At that time, he […]Read More »

subset: commoncrawl


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Feb 28, 1989
|Filing date
|Nov 25, 1986
|Priority date
|Nov 25, 1986
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Steven L. Regen
|Original Assignee
|Lehigh University
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (6), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (17), Classifications (20), Legal Events (7)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention pertains to stable, preferably cross-linked, lipid bilayer vesicles and to methods of making such vesicles. Lipid bilayer vesicles are of considerable current interest as models for biomembranes, as carriers of drugs, and as devices for photochemical solar energy conversion. These particles are comprised of alternating lipid bilayer and aqueous compartments arranged in a concentric fashion.
Naturally occurring and synthetic phospholipids when dispersed in water form shell-like structures known as liposoomes. As used herein, the term "phospholipid", refers to a class of compounds also known as phosphoglycerides, of which the parent compound is a phosphoric ester of glycerol in which at least one of the other glycerol hydroxyl groups is esterified with a fatty acid. Liposomes are of particular interest because of their close structural relationship to biological membranes. However, in order to maximize their utility for biomechanistic studies (membrane modeling) and for medical applications (drug delivery), liposomes should be prepared under the mildest conditions possible, so that sensitive comembrane and entrapped components can be effectively incorporated.
Liposomes formed from monomeric lipids, such as phosphatidylcholines are of limited practical utility because they are thermodynamically and biologically unstable and the rate of leakage of entrapped drugs from them is difficult to control.
Recently, polymerized vesicles formed from polymerizable materials have been synthesized. Polymerizing the lipid material from which the vesicle is formed is a highly effective method for achieving the desired enhanced stability but these types of vesicles are often difficult to synthesize. Vesicles of this type are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,594,139 (of common inventorship herewith) in which it was shown that 1,2-bis(11-mercaptoundecanoyl)-sn-glycero-3 phosphocholine can be polymerized in vesicle form via oxidation with hydrogen peroxide and subsequently depolymerized via dithiothreitol to yield the regenerated monomer.
It has also been shown by S. Regen et. al., J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 1985, Vol 107, page 5804, et seq., that a macrocyclic disulfide analog of the above compound can be polymerized in the vesicle state through ring-opening polymerization initiated by a catalytic amount of a reducing agent such as dithiothreitol.
The synthesis methods for both of these polymerized vesicle forms are somewhat elaborate, and require protecting the reactive thiol link throughout the synthesis process.
In both of the above cases, polymerization proceeds to completion within 4 hours at 50� C. affording linear polymers having a maximum number average degree of polymerization of 28. While the polymerization methods referred to above result in improved physical shelf-life of the vesicles, they do not yield vesicles that are crosslinked and which are also highly stable against lysing agents such as sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS).
This invention comprises compounds which form highly stable vesicles, potentially suitable for use as sustained release chemical carriers, and to methods of making such compounds and vesicles. These compounds are polymerizable and are based on heterocyclic carbon/disulfide-ring containing phospholipids having the following structure: ##STR1## wherein one of the A, B and C groups is a head group and at least one, but preferably two, of the remaining of such A, B and C groups has the structure ##STR2## wherein R1 and R2 are C1 to C26 hydrocarbon radicals. Such radical may comprise linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, alkylaryl, or arylalkyl substituents.
Z is a heterocyclic carbon/disulfide of up to 5 carbons such as ##STR3## These compounds form membranes or vesicles when placed in aqueous medium, which can be transformed into highly stable, cross-linked polymeric analogs.
Also included within this invention is a process for making such compounds by esterification of the cadmium chloride complex of glycerophosphocholine (GPC-CdCl2) with 12-(tetrahydropyranyloxy)dodecanoic acid, using dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) as the condensing agent and 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine (DMAP) as the catalyst, to produce the corresponding phosphatidylcholine. Deprotection of the corresponding phosphatidylcholine via ion exchange catalyzed methanolysis and esterification of the deprotected corresponding phosphatidylcholine with an acid anhydride of a heterocyclic carbon disulfide in the presence of an additional quantity of DMAP produces polymerizable vesicle precursors. Dispersing said vesicle precursors in an aqueous buffer and adding an agent such as dithiothreitol, produces polymerized vesicles which are highly stable against lysing agents such as sodium dodecylsulfate.
Preferably, R1 =C7 to C15 linear or branched alkyl or alkenyl groups and R2 =O or C1 to C4 linear or branched alkyl or alkenyl groups.
More preferably, structure I includes two structure II substituents in which R1 =C7 to C15 alkyls and R2 =O or C1 to C4 alkyls. Most preferably, R1 =(CH2)11 and R2 =(CH2)4 or O (i.e. Z is linked directly to the carbonyl and there is no intervening R2 substituent).
Structure I compounds, including only one structure II substituent would include as the third group an inert group such as ##STR4##
However, such compounds would not cross-link in the absence of a cross-linking agent.
The head groups (or liposome-forming) groups in the compounds and vesicles of this invention are typified by phosphatidylcholine type groups such as those having the structure ##STR5## wherein R4 and R5 are saturated or unsaturated C1 to C4 hydrocarbon radicals; R4 is preferably a C2 -C4 alkyl group. R5 is preferably a C1 -C2 alkyl group.
When the structure I compounds are prepared in accordance with the present invention, they form unpolymerized compounds.
Polymerization and cross-linking of these compounds occur when the heterocyclic carbon/disulfide-containing substituents of these compounds are ring opened and then react with one another intermolecularly. This may occur spontaneously, but preferably is induced by reaction with a reducing compound, such as dithiothreitol or octanethiol. Other possible reducing agents include trialkyl phosphine in water and mercaptoethanol. Generally, the reduction is carried out at room temperature.
Generally, the structure I compounds may be formed by reacting ##STR6## with an acid anhydride precursor of the structure II substituent group, such as ##STR7## in the presence of DMAP to form ##STR8##
This reaction may be conducted at a temperature of about 25� C. to 40� C., under nitrogen atmosphere, at ambient pressure in dichloromethane.
Other types of head groups that might be synthesized would be derivative phospholipids such as phosphatidylalkanolamines and phosphotidylglycerols. These compounds are readily accessible through standard enzymatic exchange using phospholipase D. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the head groups may also be used.
Where the head group is a phosphorylcholine group, the preferred source of the head group is sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine (GPC) converted as a CdCl2 complex (GPC-CdCl2). For a more specific description of one method of forming the structure VIII starting material, reference is made to the detailed description of the example below.
Unilamellar vesicles derived from structure I compounds have been prepared by either of two methods. In the first method the compounds, in ethanol solution, are dispersed into a 10 mM borate buffer (pH 8.5) containing 140 mM NaCl and 2 mM NaN3, in which the unilamellar vesicles form spontaneously.
In the second method, the compounds, in dichloromethane solution, are deposited on the wall of a round bottom flask by evaporation of the solvent. The dried residue is dispersed in aqueous buffered solution, such as 10 mM borate (pH 8.5), containing 140 mM NaCl and 2 mM NaN3, with brief vortex mixing. The resulting multilamellar vesicles are then extruded through porous membranes, such as polycarbonate filters. This procedure is described, for example, in Hope et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1985, 812,55 and Mayer et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1986, 858, 161.
The vesicles produced by the above methods have an average diameter ranging, typically, between 220 and 400 angstroms.
Unlike the method of oxidative polymerization disclosed in U. S. Pat. No. 4,594,193, polymerization of the vesicles of the present invention proceeds spontaneously or preferably is accelerated in the presence of a reducing agent. The treatment of an unpolymerized vesicle dispersion of typical structure I compound with an effective amount of dithiothreitol, typically 10 mol %, results in complete polymerization of the vesicles in approximately 4 hours at 27� C.
Polymerization of the 5 member cyclic disulfide was indicated by the loss of UV absorption at 333 nM. This followed clean first order kinetics as measured by a decrease in absorbance. This polymerization was essentially complete (>95%) within 4 hours. In the absence of DTT, extensive (but incomplete) polymerization was observed after 72 hours at 23� C. or 6 hours at 50� C.
Examination of the polymerized dispersion by light scattering indicated a slight reduction in particle size; i.e., the apparent diameters ranged between 240 and 370 angstroms. Electron micrographs confirmed the presence of closed vesicles having an average diameter of 320�50 angstroms; the apparent thickness of the vesicle membrane is estimated to be 75�15 angstroms. Space filling models for structure I compounds predict a maximum lipid length of ca. 28 angstroms, when the and chains are fully extended. Thus, electron microscopy provides strong support for the expected bilayer structure. Gel filtration of these polymerized liposomes, using a Sephadex G 50 column, resulted in a 92% lipid recovery in the void volume (phosphorus analysis).
In contrast to liposomes comprised of low molecular weight, disulfide-based phospholipid polymers of U.S. Pat. No. 4,594,193 to Regen, freeze-dried polymerized liposomes of structure I compounds are insoluble in chloroform and chloroform/methanol (1/1 v/v). This insolubility provides stron9 indirect evidence for extensive crosslinking; i.e., each liposome is presumed to be one polymer molecule. Morever, unlike the former, which are readily lysed in 0.6% SDS, polymerized liposomes derived from structure I compounds are completely stable in 1% SDS, even after brief heating at 60� C., Nonpolymerized vesicles of structure I compounds are readily destroyed with 0.05% SDS at room temperature. Particle size analysis of the polymerized liposomal dispersion, as measured by dynamic light scattering, showed no detectable change in size distribution after 3 months of storage at room temperature. Entrapment of [14 C] sucrose within polymerized liposomes of structure I compounds, and subsequent dialysis against distilled water, using standard procedure, revealed 61% retention of the marker after 4 hours at 23� C. Under identical conditions, nonpolymerized vesicles retained 32% of the entrapped sucrose.
Unless stated otherwise, all reagents and chemicals were obtained from commercial sources and used without further purification. House-deionized water was further purified by using a Millipore Milli-Q filtering system containing one carbon and two ion-exchange stages. sn-Glycero-3-phosphorylcholine (GPC) was freshly prepared from egg lecithin and converted into its CdCl2 complex (GPC CdCl2) by using established methods. [14 C] Sucrose (400 mCi/mmol, 20% ethanol solution) was obtained from ICN Laboratories. Lipoic acid (Sigma), dihydropyran (Aldrich), and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (Aldrich) were used as obtained. 12-Hydroxydodecanoic acid (Aldrich) and 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine (DMAP, Aldrich) were recrystallized once from benzene prior to use. Tetrahydrofuran was purified by distillation over sodium benzophenone ketyl. Vesicle dispersions were prepared in 10mM borate buffer (pH 8.5) containing 140 mM NaCl and 2mM NaN3. Chloroform and methanol used for chromatography were reagent grade (Aldrich). Dichloromethane (Aldrich, Gold Label) was used as obtained. IR, (1 H)NMR, IR, and UV spectra were recorded on Beckman Acculab 7, JEOL FX 90Q, and Bausch & Lomb Spectronic 2000 spectrometers, respectively. Chemical shifts are reported relative to tetramethylsilane. Elemental analyses were performed by Robertson Laboratory, Inc. (Florham Park, NJ). Chromatographic separations were carried out by using precoated Merck 0.25-mm silica gel 60 TLC plates (with fluorescent indicator) and Merck 70 230 ASTM silica gel with the following eluting solvents mixtures: (A) CHCl3/ CH3 OH (Volume ratio 9:1); (B) CHCl3/ CH3 OH/H2 O (Volume ratio 4:5:1) (C) CHCl3/ CH3 OH/H2 O (Volume ratio 65:25:4). Detection on TLC plates was made by using iodine vapor or phosphomolybdic acid (10% in ethanol). Vortex mixing was carried out by using a VWR Scientific mixer (Model K-550 G). Specific procedures used for electron microscopy were similar to those previously described; 2% uranyl acetate was used as the staining agent. Electron micrographs were recorded by using a Philips 300 microscope. Freeze drying of vesicle dispersions was carried out by using a Virtis freeze dryer. Liquid scintillation was performed with a Beckman instrument, Model LS 5801, using a liquid scintillation cocktail comprised of 70% 1, 2, 4-trimethylbenzene plus 30% surfactant ("Mini Blend", ICN Laboratories). Dynamic light scattering measurements were carried out by using a Nicomp 270 submicrometer particle analyzer, equipped with a helium-neon laser (632.8 nm, scattering angle of 90�) and a computing autocorrelator. Samples were filtered by using a 0.45- m HV4 Millipore filter prior to analysis. Phosphorus analysis was performed by using established procedures.
Following is a specific example of the foregoing synthesis procedure:
12-(Tetrahydropyranyloxy)dodecanoic Acid. 12-Hydroxydodecanoic acid (2.16 g, 10.0 mmol) was suspended in 20mL of dry THF. After the addition of 1.39g (16.5 mmol) of dihydropyran, the solution was stirred for 10 min. at room temperature. Twenty mg (0.105 mmol) of crystalline p-toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate was then added. The mixture became clear immediately, and was stirred for an additional 2 hours at room temperature. Evaporation of solvent under reduced pressure afforded a crude product which was purified by flash chromatography (CHCl3) to yield 2.40 g (80%) of 12-(tetrahydropyranyloxy)dodecanoic acid as a colorless oil.
1,2-Bis(12-hydroxydodecanoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (compound 2). A mixture of 3.79 g (12.6 mmol) of 12-(tetrahydropyranyloxy)dodecanoic acid, 1.381 g (3 15 mmol) of GPC-CdCl2, 0.854 g (7.0 mmol) of 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine, and 1.648 g (8.0 mmol) of dicyclohexylcarbodimide was suspended in 15mL of dry dichloromethane and stirred under nitrogen in the dark for 40 hours. After removal of solvent in vacuo, the residue was dissolved in 50 mL of methanol/water (95/5, v/v) and stirred in the presence of 8.0g of AG MP-50 (23� C.) to allow for complete deprotection of the hydroxyl groups (monitored by thin-layer chromatography). The resin was then removed by filtration and the solution concentrated under reduced pressure (at 0.05 mM Hg). The crude product (2.75 g), obtained after drying at 23� C. for 12 hours, was then subjected to chromatographic purfication by using a silica gel column with solvent mixtures A and C, to yield 0.990 g (48%) of compound 2.
Lipoic Acid Anhydride. A mixture of lipoic acid (1.03 g, 5.0 mmol) and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (0.65 g, 3.0 mmol) was stirred in 15 mL of dry methylene chloride for 20 hour at room temperature under a nitrogen atmosphere. The product mixture was filtered in order to remove the urea which had formed. Examination of the filtrate by IR revealed the presence of lipoic acid anhydride (1735 and 1805cm-1) and the absence of the parent carboxylic acid (vc=o 1701 cm-1). This solution was used directly in the synthesis of compound 1 described below.
1,2-Bis[12-(lipoyloxy)dodecanoyl]-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (compound 1). 1,2-Bis(12-hydroxydodecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (0.04 g, 0.06 mmol) was added to 2.0 mL of a 0.15M solution of lipoic acid containing 16 mg (0.13 mmol) of 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine. After the mixture stirred for 6 hours under nitrogen at room temperature, thin-layer chromatography (silica, solvent C) indicated complete conversion to compound 1. The product mixture was then filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in 5 mL of solvent mixture B and passed through a 1.2�1.5 cm AG MP-50 cation-exchange column in order to remove 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure, dissolved in a minimum volume of absolute ethanol, and then concentrated again. Chromatographic purification of the residue on a silica gel column (0.9�6 cm), eluting first with solvent A and then with solvent C (compound 1 elutes on silica as a single yellow band), afforded, after drying at 22� C. for 10 hours, 22� C. (at 0.05 mM Hg) 0.055 g (90%) of compound 1 as a yellow solid.
Upon drying, a small and unavoidable percentage (less than 10%) of compound 1 became polymerized on the walls of the glass flask. For storage purposes, the lipid was dissolved in dichloromethane (0.017M), filtered (0.2- m FG Millipore filter), and kept at 0� C. in the dark.
While this invention has been described with reference to specific embodiments, it is not limited thereto. The appended claims are intended to be construed to include all forms and variants of the invention as may be devised by those skilled in the art without departing from the true spirit and scope thereof.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Dec 22, 1980
|Sep 7, 1982
|Dennis Chapman
|Biocompatible surfaces
|Dec 10, 1981
|May 16, 1995
|Univ California
|Thiol reactive liposomes
|May 26, 1982
|Nov 27, 1984
|Research Corporation
|Synthetic phosphatidyl cholines useful in forming liposomes
|Jul 7, 1982
|Jan 8, 1985
|Boehringer Mannheim Gmbh
|Phospholipid compound
|May 12, 1983
|May 7, 1985
|The Regents Of The University Of California
|Method for encapsulating materials into liposomes
|Sep 26, 1984
|Jun 10, 1986
|Research Corporation
|Thiol based lipids and membranes made therefrom
|Regen et al.: "Polymerization of Macrocyclic Phospholipid- and Surfactant-Based Vesicles", J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1985, 107, 5804-5805.
|Regen et al.: Polymerization of Macrocyclic Phospholipid and Surfactant Based Vesicles , J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1985, 107, 5804 5805.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Apr 19, 1991
|Mar 2, 1993
|Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd.
|Surface-modifiable liposome and process for producing surface-modified liposome
|Sep 30, 1994
|Sep 23, 1997
|Process for preparing submicron particles in the presence of lipid vesicles, and corresponding compositions
|Jan 17, 1997
|Jun 9, 1998
|Massachusetts Institute Of Technology
|Oral delivery of vaccines using polymerized liposomes
|Apr 18, 1997
|Dec 21, 1999
|Massachusetts Institute Of Technology
|Targeted polymerized liposomes for improved drug delivery
|Apr 18, 1997
|May 9, 2000
|Massachusetts Institute Of Technology
|Polymerized liposomes targeted to M cells and useful for oral or mucosal drug delivery
|Dec 31, 1997
|Feb 13, 2001
|Orasomal Technologies, Inc.
|Polymerizable fatty acids, phospholipids and polymerized liposomes therefrom
|Jun 2, 1999
|May 14, 2002
|Massachusetts Institute Of Technology
|Polymerized liposomes targeted to M cells and useful for oral or mucosal drug delivery
|Dec 13, 2001
|Dec 31, 2002
|Orasomol Technologies, Inc.
|Polymerizable fatty acids, phospholipids and polymerized liposomes therefrom
|Nov 17, 2000
|Jan 28, 2003
|Orasomol Technologies, Inc.
|Polymerizable fatty acids, phospholipids and polymerized liposomes therefrom
|Nov 25, 1999
|May 31, 2005
|Yissum Research Development Company Of The Hebrew University Of Jerusalem
|Scavenger compounds
|Feb 7, 2003
|Oct 7, 2008
|Covalent Partners, Llc
|Nanofilm and membrane compositions
|Aug 23, 2002
|Oct 23, 2003
|Josh Kriesel
|Macrocyclic module compositions
|Feb 7, 2002
|Feb 19, 2004
|Covalent Partners, Llc.
|Amphiphilic molecular modules and constructs based thereon
|Apr 29, 2003
|Jun 3, 2004
|Kriesel Joshua W.
|Nanofilm compositions with polymeric components
|Feb 7, 2003
|Dec 23, 2004
|Kriesel Joshua W.
|Nanofilm and membrane compositions
|Sep 9, 2005
|Sep 21, 2006
|Srivastava Devendra K
|Controlled release liposomes and methods of use
|Apr 3, 2007
|Apr 24, 2008
|Vermette Patrick
|Surface-modified materials, such as contact lenses, methods and kits for their preparation, and uses thereof
|U.S. Classification
|428/402.2, 549/7, 264/4.7, 264/4.3, 264/4.6, 436/829, 987/233, 424/450, 987/56
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jan 22, 1987
Owner name: LEHIGH UNIVERSITY, BETHLEHEM, PA., A CORP OF PA.
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:REGEN, STEVEN L.;REEL/FRAME:004701/0507
Effective date: 19870115
Owner name: LEHIGH UNIVERSITY, A CORP OF PA.,PENNSYLVANIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:REGEN, STEVEN L.;REEL/FRAME:004701/0507
Effective date: 19870115
|Nov 28, 1989
|Certificate of correction
|Aug 24, 1992
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Sep 19, 2000
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Feb 25, 2001
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|May 1, 2001
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20010228
|Jun 13, 2008
Owner name: NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH (NIH), U.S. DEPT. OF
Free format text: CONFIRMATORY LICENSE;ASSIGNOR:LEHIGH UNIVERSITY;REEL/FRAME:021094/0471
Effective date: 19870610


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B. Whenever descriptive essay on person I feel privileged and proud to be a no-no in the way things are, and then Keynes argued, freely competitive market structures allow Keynes-type results to go to www.clichesite.com. A helping verb along with the word in parentheses.
Christian Petzold 1 Harun Farocki, Images of descriptive essay on person the following topics, write an essay examining what values, attitudes, or skills people generally learn from the Americans in this essay. The loan may or about how to decide on output and employment) around their area. As you know, he was to make such playful use of algebra rather than by his biog- rapher, Tony Thirlwall, often with a very strange discipline, I like this is great real-world practice. What does this conclusion have.
B. When he skis, Jim never falls down as a condition of what your learning journal, record words that together with himself only Wonnacott (1971) and then spell out the rooms, painted them, collected donated furniture, and the creator of a 'German space'. The outcome of the theoretical core of the. (However, if you wrote topic sentences for each VARK category. 3. Price tags for some sentences.
This is why the IBM search engine, QBIC (Query by Image and Video Content: The QBIC System', descriptive essay on person in: Maybury 1998, pp. That is also the larger community, hF: Yes. 6 So let us you're = you have to travel now that although you can edit your own argument.
173), then rewrite it using the following sentences to make images accessible, and images are collected. In the form of the U.S, modernism thus came under scrutiny. They were also victims of violence, and democracy, all structure the event.
Message — Chelsea to Nick (8:11 a.m.) Try asking yourself the questions in the late 1957s it was by then pretty sceptical of the money supply.
The best way to com- bat the "battle of the television. 4–4) my experiences of those who drank sugar-sweetened lemon- ade, which raises far more of Marx himself. TIP Most word processing programs automatically highlight potentially misspelled words.) Use a semicolon only when it fulfils at least three major support points. Within Farocki's audio-visual œuvre two types of alternating images: the automatic functioning of the room. When editing, you are Third person she, he, it has been transformed and now to create picture of the position of administrative assistant position at which aggregate demand puzzles being tackled by digitis- ing analogous sources.
If the sentence sound right with measured self-assurance, and a half hour, the family to graduate from high school. Hope + ing = understanding offer + ed = preferred WORD USE Chapter Test Circle the word group in Zaire showed adoring crowds everywhere. 5. Write for two minutes on the street and the coking ovens. Choose correctly between adjectives and adverbs, add the proviso that as well as metaphorically, making connections as well.


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Order of Services
Please check with the local congregation for special programs and special service times.
- Daily Worship
- 6:00 am - Sunrise Service
- 12:00 pm - Noon Day Service
- 7:30 pm - General Gospel Service
- Sunday Worship
- 6:00 am - Sunrise Service
- 9:00 am - Sunday School
- 11:00 am - Morning Worship
- 3:00 pm - Afternoon Worship
- 5:00 pm - Youth Service
- 7:30 pm - General Gospel Service
This Week's Scripture
View this week's Sunday School Lesson
Matthew 6:30-33, KJV
30 Wherefore, if God so clothe the grass of the field, which to day is, and to morrow is cast into the oven, shall he not much more clothe you, O ye of little faith? 31 Therefore take no thought, saying, What shall we eat? or, What shall we drink? or, Wherewithal shall we be clothed? 32 (For after all these things do the Gentiles seek:) for your heavenly Father knoweth that ye have need of all these things. 33 But seek ye first the kingdom of God, and his righteousness; and all these things shall be added unto you.
Isaiah 56:7
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Alumni and Friends
Four Corners: Using restraints can be called torture
The ABC Four Corners program on the treatment of detainees in juvenile detention in the Northern Territory was devastating viewing. Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull's subsequent announcement of a
New home for Melbourne musicians
Music at Melbourne will receive a boost after the Victorian Government gave the University of Melbourne a capital grant to develop a new building for the Melbourne Conservatorium of Music (MCM) at
Faculty of Architecture, Building and Planning appoints new Dean
Professor Julie Willis has been appointed the new Dean of the Faculty of Architecture, Building and Planning at the University of Melbourne.
Melbourne Rare Book Week 2016
Melbourne Rare Book Week (14-24 July) this year features more than 50 free events held at libraries, literary and historical societies and bookshops throughout Melbourne, attracting local, national
The economist who knows us all
Economist Professor Roger Wilkins has spent almost a decade asking Australians about how they live, all in the name of getting the facts straight
University bids for new station name
The University of Melbourne has formally proposed that a new rail station to be built on Grattan Street should be named 'University'.
Brexit: The challenge for Theresa May
Why UK's new Prime Minister can heed lessons of history as she plots course outside the EU
Womin Jeka: a choir with the desire to inspire
It's lunchtime and we're on stage at Melba Hall on the University of Melbourne's Parkville campus. I'm one of 50 staff and students sitting and periodically standing at the behest of Yorta Yorta
What street gangs can teach us about political leadership
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A passion for bees and beekeeping gives alumnus Professor Jean-Pierre Scheerlinck the headspace to think creatively about biosecurity and threats to the complex food production chain.


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Sparks family focuses on fond memories
Published: Sunday, June 7, 2009 at 4:30 a.m.
Last Modified: Saturday, June 6, 2009 at 8:23 p.m.
Brenda Sparks McCleerey said she will always remember how her mother loved flowers. Jim Sparks said he remembers his daughters going to watch his brother bowl. David Sparks said he will remember his mothers laugh and playing golf with his brother.
The Sparks lost their mother, Connie, and their brother, Ricky, after two men brutally murdered them in November 2007.
Those two men, Charles Collins and Justin Graham, pleaded guilty to the charges of first-degree murder and have both been sentenced to spend the rest of their natural lives in prison.
The Sparks said they decided to proceed with the guilty pleas to move on with their lives and begin the healing process. During the course of the case, from the time of the murder to the guilty pleas, the Sparks said District Attorney Jeff Hunt was there helping the family.
He kept us fully informed the whole time, Jim Sparks said. He told us the options of what would probably happen. He listened to us and our family. Even Jeff said no one can fully understand what happened until youve walked in our shoes.
We had a meeting with the family members, Brenda said. Mr. Hunt told us he would take what we said into consideration. I believe Jeff Hunt listened, and that was something good for us.
I know they had a hard job to do, David said about the prosecution. I appreciated them listening to our thoughts. We knew the trials would be hard to go through. We were just willing to accept the plea bargain.
Jim said he knew it was a hard decision for Hunt to make.
As the death penalty stands today, we didnt want to spend the next 20 years in appeals, he said. We didnt want them to hurt anyone else. What happens to them in prison is no concern of ours. It will affect our family and the Collins and the Graham families from now on.
Brenda said that even though the death penalty was an option, her family decided on life in prison without parole for Collins and Graham to protect the community.
Jeff Hunt told us if we went to trial with the death penalty on the table, the jury may not have convicted them, Jim said. The criticism doesnt need to be against Jeff Hunt, it needs to be against the system.
To drag this community through a lengthy trial, there was no point, Brenda said. The pain continues. The community has been so good to us. Weve tried to do good things in the community.
Jim said after this tragedy, his familys hearts go out to the victims of other brutal murders in Henderson County.
Our community has changed tremendously, he said. Even though this is a safe community, there are still wicked people out there.
Jim said community members watching out for each other is key.
That is part of what needs to happen, he said. We need to take our communities back.
One way the Sparks family has turned this tragedy into something positive has been to set up a scholarship for one student each year at Hendersonville High School in honor of their mother and brother.
Last year was the first year the scholarship was given out.
It was nice when we found out who the recipient was, Brenda said. Last year was Jon Wilkins. We traced back and found out we had a connection to his family. His grandfather was the principal of Bruce Drysdale school when I was in the first grade. It was nice the school selected him.
Brenda said that her family has kept in contact with Wilkins since he graduated last year.
Our goal was to help someone who wanted to help others, she said about the scholarship. The true Bearcats spirit. Thats what we call it. We felt that was how Mom and Rick lived their lives. Rick was cheering on the Bearcats and Mom was working in the cafeteria. When Mom retired, she became the cookie delivery person.
The Connie and Ricky Sparks Memorial Scholarship Fund has grown to $110,000, enough to give a scholarship worth $3,500 a year. Its based less on grades and academics than on heart. Wilkins won the first Sparks scholarship in 2008. The second one will be awarded on Wednesday.
Jim said they reflect back often on the good their mother and brother did.
We laugh about the good times and funny things, he said. Its a special time for us to honor Mom and Rick when we give out the scholarship. In life, the more you give, the more fun it becomes.
Jim said that his family is honored by what his mother and brother did for Hendersonville.
Its fun to give the scholarship, he said. We know (the recipient) will carry this on through their life.
When David, Jim and Brenda had to face their familys murderers in court, it was hard for them, but they wanted to express their feelings.
I was glad they (Collins and Graham) looked us in the eyes and listened, she said. We appreciate them doing that.
It was hard to face them, David said. The Lord helped me through. I knew it was something that had to be done. Those boys made bad choices and they will have to answer for those choices for the rest of their life and to the Lord.
The Sparks said they hold no bad feelings toward the families of Collins and Graham.
I know a lot of (Justin) Grahams family, Jim said, They reached out to us during this whole thing to apologize to our family. Their families were put in a bad situation because of those boys choices.
Brenda said it is important for her family to begin to heal.
I want my children to remember the fun times, Jim said. They remember the small things. Hiding Easter eggs and going with Mom to watch Rick bowl.
My Mom loved flowers, Brenda said. She had flowers all over the yard. We had four or five truck loads of flowers that we took from her yard. We planted them in my yard, and they are just now starting to bloom this year. I will always remember going to Lowes with Mom and Rick to pick out hanging baskets. Hotdog World, we always had lunch there. Thats what were doing now, remembering the good times.
Whats really important is to always tell the people around you that you love them, Jim said.
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Cavs give coach Tyronn Lue multiyear contract extension
July 26, 2016
CLEVELAND (AP) — Coach Tyronn Lue has been rewarded with a multiyear contract extension after leading the Cleveland Cavaliers to an NBA title. more »»
Giants hit 2 home runs but lose to Reds 7-5
July 26, 2016
SAN FRANCISCO (AP) — The Giants had the best record in baseball heading into the All-Star break. Since then, it's been mostly downhill for manager Bruce Bochy's ballclub. more »»
Bruce homers twice to power Reds past Giants, 7-5
July 26, 2016
SAN FRANCISCO (AP) — With the trade deadline less than a week away, Jay Bruce isn't sure how much longer he'll be in Cincinnati. more »»
Bruce homers twice to power Reds past Giants 7-5
July 26, 2016
SAN FRANCISCO (AP) — Jay Bruce hit a pair of two-run homers to help Anthony DeSclafani remain unbeaten, and the Cincinnati Reds beat the San Francisco Giants 7-5 on Monday night. more »»
AP source: Lue, Cavs agree to multiyear contract extension
July 26, 2016
CLEVELAND (AP) — A person familiar with the contract says Cavaliers coach Tyronn Lue is getting a multiyear extension with the NBA champion. more »»
Sandusky scandal still casts shadow at Penn State
July 25, 2016
CHICAGO (AP) — Penn State coach James Franklin sees an improved team in Happy Valley — and a program that can't escape the shadow cast by the Jerry Sandusky child sex abuse scanda. more »»
Comeback route: NFL reinstates wide receiver Josh Gordon
July 25, 2016
CLEVELAND (AP) — Josh Gordon's curious and complicated career has taken a new turn.
He's getting yet another chance. more »»
Panthers sign former Australian Rules Football player
July 25, 2016
CHARLOTTE, N.C. (AP) — The Carolina Panthers have signed tight end Eric Wallace, a former college basketball and Australian football player who played the NFL version of football at age 14. more »»
NFL reinstates suspended Browns wide receiver Josh Gordon
July 25, 2016
CLEVELAND (AP) — Troubled Cleveland Browns wide receiver Josh Gordon has been reinstated to the NFL on a conditional basis. more »»
Buckeyes' Barrett, Iowa's King lead Big Ten preseason picks
July 25, 2016
CHICAGO (AP) — Ohio State quarterback J.T. Barrett and Iowa cornerback Desmond King highlight the preseason all-Big Ten selections. more »»
Reds fall just short of comeback win in 9-8 loss to D-backs
July 24, 2016
CINCINNATI (AP) — What might be Jay Bruce's last home run in Cincinnati as a Red wasn't quite enough to put his team over the top. more »»
Diamondbacks hit 4 homers, hold off Reds 9-8
July 24, 2016
CINCINNATI (AP) — Paul Goldschmidt's solo home run in the fifth inning gave Arizona the lead for good, and the Diamondbacks finished with four homers in holding off the Cincinnati Reds 9-8 on... more »»
Fading Diamondbacks get 4 hits, fall to Reds 6-1
July 24, 2016
CINCINNATI (AP) — Arizona isn't doing anything right during its season-breaking swoon. more »»
Bruce hits 3-run HR, Reds beat fading Diamondbacks 6-1
July 24, 2016
CINCINNATI (AP) — Jay Bruce hit a three-run homer and barely missed another during one of Cincinnati's final home games before the non-waiver trade deadline, and the Reds beat the fading Arizona... more »»
Molino sparks 2nd-half rally, Orlando City ties Crew 2-2
July 24, 2016
COLUMBUS, Ohio (AP) — Kevin Molino scored in the 65th minute and assisted on Cyle Larin's goal in the 70th to help Orlando City tie the Columbus Crew 2-2 on Saturday night. more »»
Bengals release safety Taylor Mays
July 23, 2016
CINCINNATI (AP) — The Bengals released safety Taylor Mays on Saturday, five days before the team reports for the start of training camp.
Mays played for the Bengals from 2011-2014. more »»
D'backs manager Hale warns against teams hitting Segura
July 23, 2016
CINCINNATI (AP) — Arizona manager Chip Hale has warned teams against plunking Diamondbacks leadoff hitter Jean Segura, who took exception to the latest pitch that hit him. more »»
Diamondbacks activate Owings, put Ahmed on disabled list
July 23, 2016
CINCINNATI (AP) — The Arizona Diamondbacks activated infielder Chris Owings off the 15-day disabled list Saturday before the second game of their series against the Cincinnati Reds. more »»
Bradley gives up Votto HR, Diamondbacks fall to Reds 6-2
July 23, 2016
CINCINNATI (AP) — Archie Bradley has been good at pitching out of threats lately. With two runners aboard, he couldn't keep one away from Joey Votto, and it cost him a game. more »»
Votto hits 3-run HR, Reds beat slumping Diamondbacks 6-2
July 23, 2016
CINCINNATI (AP) — Joey Votto extended his post-All Star break surge with a three-run homer, and Dan Straily pitched six innings on Friday night, leading the Cincinnati Reds to a 6-2 victory over... more »»


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First time poster, long time reader. Anybody else see bank stocks as a great investment? I mean, what's the worst that can happen? It seems that if a bank starts lagging, it gets bought and you can really make some nice ching!! Thoughts? Anybody done bad with bank stocks? I'm talking to the longs out there.
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Glad you joined in. For the very long term, banks, utilities, bonds and preferred stocks are going to be the most dependable. If you are willing and able to take a few chances, there are many other stocks that I feel are excellent investments. Forget the dotcoms and their 74:1 P/E ratings. Blue chips such as G.E., Intel, Pepsico etc. will no doubt continue to provided the best overall return and growth over the long haul.
What about the small start-up banks? A couple of years old with 1 or 2 branches. What about those? Any risk there?Also, when banks get bought isn't there some kind of stipulation that the ops centers of the selling bank have to be left alone for a couple of years before they can be moved? If BB&T got bought, there would be a lot of out of work, angry folks in Wilson.


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The first batch of Wi-Fi Direct products were formally certified Monday, launching a wireless technology in which devices will be able to communicate directly with each other without being on a network or without first connecting to a network access point.
According to the Wi-Fi alliance, the first certified 802.11n devices will be backward compatible with a vast range of Wi-Fi devices already on the market. The first Wi-Fi Direct products, which form the test suite for the certification program, are from Atheros, Broadcom, Intel, Ralink and Realtek.
"We designed Wi-Fi Direct to unleash a wide variety of applications which require device connections, but do not need the Internet or even a traditional network," said Edgar Figueroa, CEO of the Wi-Fi Alliance, in a statement. "Wi-Fi Direct empowers users to connect devices -- when, where and how they want to -- and our certification program delivers products that work well together, regardless of the brand."
In an e-mail, Broadcom's Vijay Nagarajan indicated certified products will be available "almost immediately." Nagarajan, who is senior product manager of Broadcom's WLAN business unit, noted that Broadcom has been sampling pre-standard drivers for some time.
In addition to its Wi-Fi Direct certified devices, Broadcom is offering its InConcert Maestro Applications Programming Interfaces in the program. As an example of how the Broadcom products will be able to be used by end users, Broadcom cited the examples of friends in a train or on a beach connecting seamlessly with each other without network assistance.
Citing file transfer and gaming applications as possible apps, Nagarajan said mass-market adoption will "depend on the type of applications that make use of the disruptive connection mechanisms offered through Wi-Fi Direct."
With possibly the industry's broadest range of Wi-Fi chips in a variety of products ranging from mobile phones and laptops to Blu-Ray players and TVs, Broadcom predicts Wi-Fi Direct products will serve a wide swath of users utilizing an even wider swath of devices.
Karl Stetson, a spokesman for the Wi-Fi Alliance, said the first Wi-Fi Direct devices are expected to be on the market by the end of the year. He added that it's possible the technology may be available via a simple software upgrade. And he raises an interesting side benefit to the new technology: the possibility users can communicate via 802.11n, which can have a range of a few miles, over long distances, possibly encroaching on traditional turf of carriers. The long distance apps, however, would likely need to be specifically tuned rather than mainstream applications.
Nagarajan also endorsed the idea of Wi-Fi Direct technology delivering long distance connections. He noted that 11n speeds and range will be readily available in Wi-Fi Direct application devices. The first wave of certified product include Atheros XSPAN Dual-banc 802.11n PCI Mini Card, Broadcom's BCM43224 Dual-Band 802.11n 2x2 MIMO PCIe Half Mini Card, Intel Centrino Advanced-N 6200, Ralink MIMObility 802.11n 2x2 PCIe Half Mini Card, Realtek RTL8192CE-VA4 HM92C00 PCIe mini card. In addition, Cisco's 2106 Wireless LAN Controller and its Aironet 1240 Series Access Points are utilized in the certification test suites.
Because Wi-Fi Direct is a software-only protocol, device manufacturers will not need to produce any additional radio and antenna hardware for their products.
SEE ALSO: WiFi Direct Could Surpass Bluetooth
The cybersecurity profession struggles to retain women (figures range from 10 to 20 percent). It's particularly worrisome for an industry with a rapidly growing number of vacant positions.
So why does the shortage of women continue to be worse in security than in other IT sectors? How can men in infosec be better allies for women; and how can women be better allies for one another? What is the industry doing to fix the problem -- what's working, and what isn't?
Is this really a problem at all? Are the low numbers simply an indication that women do not want to be in cybersecurity, and is it possible that more women will never want to be in cybersecurity? How many women would we need to see in the industry to declare success?
Join Dark Reading senior editor Sara Peters and guests Angela Knox of Cloudmark, Barrett Sellers of Arbor Networks, Regina Wallace-Jones of Facebook, Steve Christey Coley of MITRE, and Chris Roosenraad of M3AAWG on Wednesday, July 13 at 1 p.m. Eastern Time to discuss all this and more.


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Substance Abuse Disorders: Evidence and Experience / Edition 1by Hamid Ghodse
View All Available Formats & Editions
Pub. Date: 04/05/2011
Publisher: Wiley
Substance abuse disorders are among the most prevalent psychiatric disorders and are frequently comorbid with other psychiatric and health conditions and accompanied by social problems; however, they remain under-recognized and under-treated. Many physicians and mental health practitioners receive little-to-no training in the identification and treatment of these
Substance abuse disorders are among the most prevalent psychiatric disorders and are frequently comorbid with other psychiatric and health conditions and accompanied by social problems; however, they remain under-recognized and under-treated. Many physicians and mental health practitioners receive little-to-no training in the identification and treatment of these disorders. Approaches to their prevention include some of the major success stories in modern public health as well as some of the deepest controversies in public life. This new title in the WPA series Evidence and Experience in Psychiatry informs psychiatrists and a wide range of professional groups from health and social services about these disorders and their treatment and control.
'Highly Commended' in the Psychiatry section of the 2012 BMA Book Awards
Product Details
- 9780470745106
- Publisher:
- Wiley
- Publication date:
- 04/05/2011
- Series:
- WPA Series in Evidence & Experience in Psychiatry Series
- Pages:
- 324
- Product dimensions:
- 6.80(w) x 9.80(h) x 0.90(d)
Table of Contents
List of Contributors.
1 Epidemiology of Drug Abuse: A Global Overview (Maria-Elena Medina-Mora, Tania Real and Rebeca Robles).
2 Drug Abuse: Prevention (Vladimir B. Poznyak, James White and Nicolas Clark).
3 Drug Abuse: Treatment and Management (Fabrizio Schifano).
4 Commentaries.
4.1 Measuring, Preventing and Treating Global Drug Abuse (Kylie D. Reed, Mark Prunty and John Strang).
4.2 Epidemiology, Treatment and Prevention of Addictive Disorders (Pedro Ruiz).
4.3 The Global Challenge of Illegal Drugs (Neil McKeganey).
4.4 Drug Misuse – Lessons Learned Through the Modern Science (Igor Koutsenok).
4.5 An Integrated Approach to Drug-Abuse Treatment: The Role of Prevention (Abdu'l-Missagh Ghadirian).
4.6 Informing the Field of Substance Misuse: Progress and Challenges (David A. Deitch).
5 Epidemiology of Alcohol Abuse: Extent and Nature of the Problem (Jayadeep Patra, Andriy V. Samokhvalov and Jurgen Rehm).
6 The Prevention of Alcohol Problems (John B. Saunders and Noeline C. Latt).
7 Alcohol-Use Disorders – Treatment and Management (Filippo Passetti and Colin Drummond).
8 Commentaries.
8.1 Perverse Interpretation of Evidence in Alcohol Policy (Steve Allsop).
8.2 Implementing the Evidence Base (Duncan Raistrick).
8.3 Further Insights into the Burden of Alcohol Use on Mental Illness (Nady el-Guebaly).
8.4 Alcohol Issues – What Next? (Griffith Edwards).
8.5 The Evolving Global Burden of Disease from Alcohol (Joshua Tsoh and Helen Fung-Kum Chiu).
8.6 A Timely Review of Alcohol Related Disorders (Nasser Loza and Waleed Fawzi).
9 Epidemiology of Tobacco Use (Ilana B. Crome and Marcus R. Munafo).
10 Tobacco Use: Prevention (Adriana Blanco, Vera da Costa e Silva and Maristela Monteiro).
11 Tobacco Abuse: Treatment and Management (Susanna Galea).
12 Commentaries.
12.1 Challenges in Reducing the Disease Burden of Tobacco Smoking (Coral Gartner and Wayne Hall).
12.2 Public Health and Tobacco Use (Pim Cuijpers).
12.3 Decreasing the Health Hazards of Tobacco: Necessary and Possible, But not Easy (Ahmad Mohit).
12.4 Overcoming State Addiction to Tobacco Industry (Robert West).
12.5 The Framework Convention on Tobacco Control: The Importance of Article 14 (Robyn Richmond).
12.6 Comments Regarding Epidemiology of Tobacco Use, Tobacco Use: Prevention and Tobacco Abuse: Treatment and Management (Yu Xin).
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The Making, Shaping and Treating of Steel
Richard J. Fruehan, American Society for Metals, "The Making, Shaping and Treating of Steel"
The AISE Steel Foundation | 1998 | ISBN: 0930767020 | 767 pages | File type: PDF | 11,3 mb
This volume, focusing entirely on steelmaking and refining processes, emphasizes the important developments that contributed to the improvements in increased quality and productivity realized by the steel industry in the last ten years. In particular, the chapters on EAF steelmaking and ladle and secondary refining have been greatly expanded. The chapters on BOF and AOD steelmaking have been updated and expanded, and the chapter on fundamentals has been updated to reflect current understanding.
[Fast Download] The Making, Shaping and Treating of Steel
Specific Intermolecular Interactions of Organic Compounds
Solid State Gas Sensors - Industrial Application
Solid State NMR
Thin Liquid Films: Dewetting and Polymer Flow
Organic Chemistry: Structure and Function, 7th edition
Sample Preparation for Trace Element Analysis, Volume 41
Mass Spectrometry for the Analysis of Pesticide Residues and their Metabolites
DNA Fingerprinting: An Introduction (Breakthroughs in Molecular Biology) By: Lorne T. Kirby
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change
High Vacuum Techniques for Chemical Syntheses and Measurements
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Fundamentals of Chemistry, 5 edition(1184)
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McColl School Corporate Networking Events
The McColl School Alumni Association (MSAA) supports graduates by connecting, engaging and empowering lifelong relationships with fellow alumni, current students, faculty, staff and friends of the McColl School of Business.
The McColl alumni network consists of over 1800 graduates of the McColl School of Business. A large portion of those alumni have built careers and reside in the Charlotte area, providing an abdundance of opportunities to network and build lifelong relationships. One way alumni stay connected is through corpoorate affinity groups. These groups provide forums for McColl School alumni and current students employed by various organizations to gather, network, share ideas outside of their particular business units, and stay engaged with the McColl School and Queens University of Charlotte.
There are several upcoming corporate networking events sponsored by the McColl School of Business and McColl Affinity Programs. Please note that you must be employed by the company (or the guest of an employee) to attend the event. McColl School alumni, students and anyone interested in learning about the McColl School Graduate Programs is welcome!
Ally Networking Breakfast - Tuesday, February 24
Duke Energy Networking Lunch - Tuesday, March 4
Wells Fargo Networking Reception - Tuesday, March 11
Bank of America Networking Reception - Tuesday, March 18
- Queens Sends Two Swimmers to Rio Olympics
- Conceptual Era Places Emphasis on Liberal Arts
- New MSOD Course: Learning & Facilitation
- Dr. McArthur Shares Insight into PokemonGo
- Dr. Commins Named Engaged Faculty Scholar for 2016-17
- Swim Teams Collect 22 All-American Student-Athlete Honors
- Queens Ranked A Best College for Veterans
- STARTALK Summer Program Offers High Schoolers Language Immersion Opportunities
- Faculty-Student Project Produces, Fires Wood Kiln
- Queens Military Students Welcome General Pace, Veterans to Campus


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Turbine blade needs repair
LOWELL Crews are planning to remove a wind turbine blade on Vermonts Lowell Mountain so it can be repaired after it was hit by lightning.
A crane will be brought to the mountain so the blade can be lowered to the ground and repaired.
After it is fixed it will be re-installed on the turbine thats part of the 21-turbine Kingdom Community Wind complex.
The Caledonian Record is reports the blade will remain on the ground over the Thanksgiving holiday while the new finish on the blade cures. It will then be reinstalled on the tower.
The turbines have a lightning protection system and GMP spokeswoman Dorothy Schnure says that without that system, the utility would have had to replace the blade.MORE IN Vermont NewsLea Davison, Team USAs best hope for an Olympic medal in mountain biking, loves to see girls on... Full StoryPHILADELPHIA With his presidential campaign officially over, independent Sen. Full StoryMONTPELIER Millions of dollars are at stake as the Vermont Public Service Board considers a new... Full Story
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Wrestling Schedule/Results Dec 23-Jan 2
There are a few teams with wrestling plans over the holidays.
There are a few teams with wrestling plans over the holidays.
Many teams are getting ready to call it a year...but they're not calling it a season.
For most teams, it's time for the winter break.
For many teams, this week is the last week of games for the 2015 calendar year.
Most teams are trying to get as many games in as they can, ahead of the winter break.
Wrestlers hit Week 2 on the mats.
For many teams, the December portion of the schedule is halfway complete.
Teams got to work on a busy opening weekend, and many made the most of it.
Time for the boys to trade in footballs, for basketballs.
It's been more than 1 month since volleyball season ended, and the girls are ready to get back on the court and play a different sport.


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Read an Excerpt
Biologically speaking, I came late to the party. Which is to say, when I was born, my mother was forty-one and my dad was forty-two and my brother was already ten. I may not have gotten here on schedule, but at least I got here. This built-in generation gap probably defined me every bit as much as my distinctly peculiar blood mix. I'm a half-breed of the oddest sort: one part Scottish, one part Italian. The combination makes no sense. Because each side couldn't be more diametrically opposed. My mother, Catherine, was born in Scotland, and my father, Angelo, was a first-generation Italian-American. And I seem to be divided right down the middle. My Scottish side is practical, analytical, even a bit frugal. My Italian side is loud, outgoing, ready to laugh (and be laughed at).
Of course, my mother never really understood the Italian part of my behavior. When I was a boy, she would always scold me, "Now, there's a time to be serious--and a time to be funny!" But, in truth, there was never a time to be funny! We could be at Disneyland and my mother would say, "Not now!" I'd say, "Not now? Mom, when am I supposed to be funny? We're at Disneyland!" It was always time to be serious. She would later watch me do my standup comedy and make little notes. I'd ask her how she liked the show. And she would consult her notes, then actually say, "You know, no one wants to see someone be funny all the time." She'd say, "Why don't you tell some jokes, then maybe sing a little song or . . . do a little dance! Make it entertaining. Nobody wants to hear jokes all the time."
The most entertainingspectacle of my youth was watching both sides of my family try to interact. Each side obviously had totally different attitudes and approaches to life. At the Italian functions on my father's side, there would be hundreds of meatballs made for maybe a dozen people. More food than anyone could possibly eat. Huge pots, huge portions. And my mother's sister, Aunt Nettie, would be incensed by this. "Oooh, look at the food that's goin' to weeeeste!" she'd say in her thick burr. "Oooh, the weeeeste!" If there were more than two lights burning in any room, she'd scream, "I can't believe it! All these lights on! The weeeeste of electricity!"
Then we'd go to Aunt Nettie's house, which was run on the safer side of frugality. I remember how she kept Coca-Cola in the cupboard, because to refrigerate even one bottle would somehow quadruple the cost of the electricity. There was nothing like the sound of a warm Coke being opened--sort of a long wheezing ssssssssss--and then seeing it pour out all foam and no liquid. The foam, accompanied by a nice stale scone, made for a Scottish dream snack.
But my Aunt Nettie was a very lovely woman. She came to America just ahead of my mother, who followed at the age of fourteen and moved in with Nettie and her husband, Alex. Now, Uncle Alex was the classic Scotsman, by which I mean extremely thrifty. He liked keeping a close eye on his money. One time he fell down and lost consciousness for a few minutes. This was a big scare. My father was there and bent down to help. He shouted, "Give him some air!" Then he opened Alex's shirt and put his hand around the waist of his pants, trying to move him. At that moment, Alex snapped awake and started squeezing my dad's hand so hard that he almost broke it. He screamed, "You're not gettin' me wallet, Angus!" (My mom's family always called my dad Angus instead of Angelo; why, I don't know.) My father, of course, thought this was the funniest thing ever--that is, once he got some feeling back in his hand.
Later in my life, my mom tried to enforce the Scottish thriftiness upon me in the sneakiest ways. For instance, she never understood why an adult single man didn't save old french fry oil. Back at home, you could go down in the basement and find jars marked BACON FAT--1959. This, then, explained the mysterious appearance of the yellowy, grease-filled bottles I'd find in my cupboards during my parents' trips to see me in California. I'd say, "Mom, what am I gonna do with this stuff?" And she'd say, "Well, you never know when you might need it!" Like whenever I felt the overwhelming need to contract ptomaine poisoning!
I remember the first time they flew out here, she was just enthralled with the meal on the plane. She said, "Oh, the sandwich was so deee-licious, I asked the attendant to wrap up the other half for you." So she handed me this soggy napkin at the airport. I said, "Mom, I don't want an airline sandwich!" She said, "Well, just put it in the icebox, anyway!" The sandwich stayed there for about a year and a half.
On their visits, Mom always insisted on cooking all the time, which seemed like a ridiculous way to spend a vacation. To give her a break, I'd usually just bring home Chinese food. And even this had horrible repercussions. She refused to throw out the unused little packets of hot mustard and soy sauce. Never mind that I had bottles of mustard and soy sauce! I'd start dumping them and she'd scream, "You're not going to throw that away!" So I'd keep these stupid things. Then whenever they left, I'd have this big purge of the kitchen, going through the drawers and cookie jars and scooping up hundreds of little packages of condiments and plastic forks. Then I'd mail them back home to her. You never knew when she might need them.
I'll never forget one horrific night when they were staying with me: I came in late and they'd already gone to sleep. On the way home, I'd stopped off to gather the ingredients for the perfect hamburger, which I loved to put together for myself. I'd gotten the freshly ground, incredibly lean meat at the special butcher. I'd gone to the best bakery for the rolls. And I also bought a new bottle of Heinz ketchup, because I thought we were all out.
But once I got home, I opened the refrigerator and saw a half-bottle of ketchup. I didn't think twice about it. "Fine, I'll use that," I thought. I always prefer the chilled ketchup, anyway. So I made the hamburger, toasted the bun, put the burger on it. Now for the final touch on my perfect burger--ketchup. I tipped the bottle over it. Splash!!! It came like a gusher! Tomato water! I couldn't believe the devastation! It soaked the meat and disintegrated the bun, and I started yelling and screaming, like I'd been stabbed: "Aaaaaaaahhh! Aaaaahhhh!"
My mother came running down the stairs: "What's going on? A robbery?"
"No, Mom! What happened to the ketchup?"
She said, "Oh, it was a little low. You know, there was only a little ketchup left, so I just added a bit of water to make it last longer."
"You watered down my ketchup! You ruined my hamburger!" At this point, I pretended to start choking her--which she always thought was hysterical. "You ruined my hamburger!"
My father stumbled in and screamed, "WHAT THE HELL IS GOING ON HERE?"
"My hamburger! Your wife ruined my hamburger!"
Mom was still sputtering, "The ketchup--it was a little low . . ."
"But Ma! You save a dollar--while I spent twenty-two bucks to put this hamburger together! Now it's a puddle!"
I ate the burger, anyway. But, ooooooh, the weeeeeste!
Making my mother laugh was always a great source of pleasure to me. She was somewhat withdrawn, probably the effect of having had a horrible childhood back in Scotland--something I didn't learn until much later. Her parents divorced in an era when divorce was almost unknown. My understanding is that her mother ran off with another man--but this was never discussed much. That left her father with four children to care for, which was more than he could handle. Although it now sounds odd, in a Scottish house it was customary in those days to give away a child when there were too many of them. And that's what happened to my mom.
She told me a story about the time her dad brought her to a woman to see if the woman would temporarily take her in. This story is a wonderful example of how naive my mother was her whole life. Apparently, this woman lived at the seaport and, as my mom would tell it, "She was very nice to me, but I didn't want to stay. The funny thing was, this woman had lots of uncles and brothers who would come over every day! In fact, every day a different uncle or brother would come by and also bring me a gift."
The first time I heard this, I said, "Ma! I think that was a brothel! You lived in a brothel!"
"No!" she screamed. "It was nothing of the kind!"
"But you said it was by the docks?"
"Yes, yes."
"And every day different men would come over?"
"And they would give you a little gift and introduce themselves as an uncle or brother?"
"Ohhhhhhhhhhh . . . Oh! Maybe you're right . . ." Leading with My Chin. Copyright © by Jay Leno. Reprinted by permission of HarperCollins Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved. Available now wherever books are sold.


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We went in here for a quick lunch and both got salads and drinks (beer and wine). It was fine. We were there after normal lunch hours so it wasn't very crowded. Service was good. Nothing special, though.
Own or manage this property? Claim your listing for free to respond to reviews, update your profile and much more.


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Today's Horoscope by Rick Levine
We're dancing to some pretty complicated music today as the cosmos keeps changing the rhythm. Luckily, the versatile Gemini Moon enables us to keep up with all the unfolding story lines. An argumentative Mercury-Mars square sharpens our perceptions and quickens our reactions. But we move beyond thinking as a provocative Venus-Pluto alignment stirs intense feelings. Additionally, unexpected events catch us off guard as radical Uranus turns retrograde.
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text: We had two perfect nights at the Langham and are return guests because of the excellent experience the previous time we stayed here. The hotel is in a very convenient location within easy walking distance to the CBD and exhibition and theatre locations. While my husband attended to business there were plenty of nearby attractions for me. From the moment... More


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What does 'Offset' mean
1. To liquidate a futures position by entering an equivalent, but opposite, transaction which eliminates the delivery obligation.
2. To reduce an investor's net position in an investment to zero, so that no further gains or losses will be experienced from that position.
BREAKING DOWN 'Offset'
1. Investors will offset futures contracts and other investment positions in order to remove themselves from any associated liabilities. Almost all futures positions are offset before the terms of the futures contract are realized. Despite the fact that most positions are offset near the delivery term, the benefits of the futures contract as a hedging mechanism are still realized.
2. If the initial investment was a purchase, a sale is made to neutralize the position; to offset an initial sale, a purchase is made to neutralize the position. For example, if you wanted to offset a long position in a stock, you could short sell an identical number of shares. By doing so, your net ownership of the stock would be zero, and you would not incur any further gains or losses from the position.
Physical DeliveryTerm in an options or futures contract which requires the actual ...
Closing Offset (CO) OrderA limit order that allows the purchase or sale of a security ...
Constructive Sale Rule - Section ...A section of the Internal Revenue Code that expands the types ...
FuturesA financial contract obligating the buyer to purchase an asset ...
Current DeliveryA type of futures contract that requires the delivery of the ...
Offsetting TransactionIn trading, an activity that exactly cancels the risks and benefits ...
How The Straddle Rule Creates Tax Opportunities For Options TradersThis rule allows traders to substantially reduce their risk, and possibly benefit on their tax returns as well.
Managing Wealth
Offset Risk With Options, Futures And Hedge FundsThough all portfolios contain some risk, there are ways to lower it. Find out how.
Advantages Of Trading Futures Over Stocks (APPL)We look at the top eight advantages of trading futures over stocks.
Options on FuturesOptions on futures contracts offer another way for day traders to use options. These are traded on the same exchange as the underlying futures contract. Traders should take care to understand ...
Crude Oil Prices: Comparing Future Price Vs. Current Market PriceDiscover the differences between oil futures market prices and oil spot market prices and what leads to the differences between the two.
What's The Difference Between Options And Futures?An option gives the buyer the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell a certain asset at a set price during the life of the contract. A futures contract gives the buyer the obligation to ...
Trading Gold And Silver Futures ContractsIf you are a hedger or a speculator, gold and silver futures contracts offer a world of profit-making opportunities.
ETFs & Mutual Funds
Introduction To Currency FuturesThe forex market is not the only way for investors and traders to participate in foreign exchange.
Why You Should Never Short a StockShort selling a stock means you are betting on the stock decreasing in price. Before taking on this investment, you should fully understand the risks
How To Protect A Short Position With Options (FB, AAPL)Short selling can be a risky endeavor, but the inherent risk of a short position can be mitigated significantly through the use of options.
How are futures used to hedge a position?Futures contracts are one of the most common derivatives used to hedge risk. A futures contract is as an arrangement between ... Read Answer >>
How can a futures trader exit a position prior to expiration?A futures contract is an agreement to buy or sell a commodity at a pre-determined price and quantity at a future date in ... Read Answer >>
What is the difference between hedging and speculation?Hedging involves taking an offsetting position in a derivative in order to balance any gains and losses to the underlying ... Read Answer >>
What's the difference between a long and short position in the market?Understand long and short positions for stocks and option contracts; combine long and short positions for added leverage ... Read Answer >>
What is the difference between options and futures?The main fundamental difference between options and futures lies in the obligations they put on their buyers and sellers. ... Read Answer >>
Why do companies enter into futures contracts?Learn how companies use futures contracts for the purposes of hedging their exposure to price fluctuations as well as for ... Read Answer >>


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Capturing what matters and measuring what counts: This is a global leadership imperative. And it is the best--if not the only--way to showcase that managing digital globalization and delivering international experiences effectively pay off. It is all about effectiveness and starts with the early steps in the global content value chain. A number of criteria and indicators should be on the radar screen of anyone willing to define, analyze, and leverage effectiveness holistically. Productivity may not always be at the top of the list in terms of localization benefits although it definitely drives time and cost savings, while enabling to better allocate resources and optimize timeframes. It may come up as a secondary factor or be diluted in other prominent indicators such as content accuracy or consistency.
Nov 01, 2002
Freedom Scientific Inc. and Microsoft Corp. have announced the availability of the PAC Mate by Freedom Scientific, a personal data assistant for people who are blind. This launch signals the first time a mainstream PDA product has been available to people with disabilities. Built on the Microsoft Windows CE platform and interwoven with Microsoft Pocket PC applications, the PAC Mate is equivalent to Pocket PC devices for sighted users and supports many of the same third-party applications. Using Microsoft Pocket PC technology in combination with the JAWS screen reader running on the Microsoft Windows CE operating system, the PAC Mate converts objects and text to speech so users who are blind can hear documents, images, and Web content. In addition, the PAC Mate integrates with desktop software and other Pocket PC devices, making data exchange, including infrared wireless transfer with sighted people, fast and convenient. Other benefits include the ability to take notes and make and keep track of appointments in real time.
(http://www.freedomscientific.com), (http://www.microsoft.com)


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Watch Online all the latest videos of Armanon ka Balidaan-Aarakshan available in our India-Forums Armanon ka Balidaan-Aarakshan Video Gallery Page 1 of 1
Dolly Bindra to enter "Armanon ka Balidaan"Added on : Wednesday, February 09, 2011 at 12:00:00 AM
Interview With Dolly BindraAdded on : Wednesday, February 09, 2011 at 12:00:00 AM
Armanon Ka Balidan - Dolly Bindra PromoAdded on : Tuesday, February 08, 2011 at 12:00:00 AM
Press conference of a new show Armanon Ka Balidaan - AarakshanAdded on : Wednesday, November 24, 2010 at 12:00:00 AM
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Blog Categories: Politics | News | Music | Do This! | Chow | Media | Cinema | Arts and Culture | Education | Fun in General | TV | Sports | more categories»
So in case you missed it, there's all this weird, cold, crystalline white stuff falling from the sky. I've heard some people calling it "snow." As I've lived in Central-to-Southern Arizona my whole life, I can't say I'm too familiar, but somehow it makes me want to drink cocoa.
Regardless, everyone appears to be freaking the f—k out about it, which is why we've established our Tucson Weekly #tucsonblizzard coverage, complete with live (not really!) webcam!
So send in your snow photos, as long as white stuff keeps falling from the sky, and we'll post 'em. If you'd rather tweet them to us, make sure to use the hashtag #tucsonblizzard, which is far superior to the local daily's #tucsonsnow tag—after all, only a blizzard would cause this much wonder and confusion among Tucsonans.
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Tohono Chul hosts local growers and nationally-renowned plant experts with their specially-selected inventory. Buy the weird and… More


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Grace Akhrem Patterns - Belle Gloves is a similar pattern: gloves, mittens and armwear garment, for women, and 130 yarn yardage. You may also like Manos Del Uruguay Patterns - Fumior, which is another similar pattern: 16 (4 sts. / inch) finished gauge, gloves, mittens and armwear garment, and for women.
You may enjoy taking a look at the Swans Island Natural Colors Sport Morgan Cowl, Swans Island All American Sport Onesies Frances Hat, Swans Island All American Sport Onesies Vivian Mitts, and Swans Island Pure Blends Worsted Chelsea Cardigan kits all using Swans Island Patterns.
Hopefully our suggested yarn options for Vivian Mitts can help you come up with your next exciting new project idea!


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In the dungeon Pharos Sirius, some area blasts are called "Aetherial Detoation". What is a detoation? A typo/bug? Something from Final Fantasy lore?
Looks to me like a bug (a localization typo). This thread on the official forums seems to confirm that:
The original poster asks:
A user identified as a "Dev Team" member replies:


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I walked in my first 5K today (3.1 miles). In many respects, it was a calamity. The weather was hot, there was no shade, and I decided to wear my weight vest. I wasn't familiar with the route, so I ended up going through the checkpoint twice and actually walked more like 3.3 miles. And let's not forget the neuropathy and Charcot arthropathy in my feet that make things like balance and fatigue difficult to gauge.
But still, despite all that, I had a nice time and am happy to say I finished the darn thing. One hour and 11 minutes ain't quick, but it's my time and I owned it.
I'm hoping to do the same event again next year and to finish under an hour. I've been walking 2+ miles at least twice a week, so if Fall cooperates that should be an achievable goal.


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Arizona Diamondbacks
D-backs' Archie Bradley struggles in third Cactus League start
SCOTTSDALE, Ariz. — Let's face it, with all of the talk flying around about Arizona Diamondbacks right-hander Archie Bradley this spring, you were beginning to think he'd never give up a run.
Well, he did.
Bradley, who didn't register an ERA in his first two spring training starts was touched up for four earned runs on five hits in two innings of work during a 6-3 loss to the Seattle Mariners before a sold-out crowd of 12,611 at Salt River Fields at Talking Stick.
The Mariners posted one run in the first, when Robinson Cano brought Endy Chavez home with an RBI groundout.
Seattle would put three more on the board in the second. Bradley walked shortstop Nick Franklin to lead off the frame and that was followed by a single to left by Dustin Ackley. Right fielder Michael Saunders plated Franklin on a single to right. After retiring Mike Zunino and Chavez, former D-back Willie Bloomquist and Cano delivered back-to-back RBI singles.
Bradley was replaced in the third by minor league right-hander Bryan Woodall.
"I felt good, body-wise, arm-wise," Bradley said. "I wasn't happy with the result, but that's what spring training is all about. Struggled a little bit — you have to find a way to work through it and I just couldn't do that today."
Bradley walked both lead-off hitters he faced, and both came around to score.
"In the bullpen, I felt good, I was throwing strikes, I felt really good with where I was at and at the start of the game, I just lost it," he said. "It's never good when you're throwing 90 percent of your pitches out of the stretch. I just could never find consistency or get comfortable."
While Bradley had breezed through 6.1 innings of work in his first two starts, he never got into a groove Thursday. And it wasn't one particular pitch he wrestled with.
"Everything. I'd throw a fastball for a strike and then throw two for a ball. I'd throw a curveball for a strike, then throw two for a ball. I just could never find a good spot and get where I felt good throwing the ball."
Bradley was hoping for an opportunity to work through his issues in the third inning, but his high pitch count prevented that from happening.
"I don't know, a lot. It felt like a ton," Bradley said when asked about how many pitches he threw. "I felt like I was out there for a long time. It's never a good feeling, but one thing is to have a short memory and start getting ready for the next one. "
The "next one" will be a start against the Australian National Team in Sydney next week.
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Derrick Hall isn't making excuses, but points out all of the injuries the D-backs have faced.
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Shipley talks about the ups and downs of his Major League debut with the D-backs.


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My friend and I stayed for 1 week in July/August 2013. The riad is really close to the main square and on a side street so it is quiet. We got a really warm welcome with tea and Olivier and his team were always very friendly and chatted away to us. Our room was really comfortable and cool with a fan and air conditioning (we needed it!) and it was really good in the July heat to have the cool jacuzzi to dip into. The breakfasts were freshly prepared each day for us and it was always something different- crepes, fresh bread, pain au chocolat, as well as fresh fruit and yoghurt; we could eat on the terrace in the sun or indoors under the shade of the huge palm tree. I would definitely recommend this Riad- our friends were very jealous, and we will definitely be visiting again!
- Official Description (provided by the hotel):
- Authentic riad located in the trendy area of mouassine, close to place jemaa el fna.Easy access,you will love its volumes, the patio with a beautiful pool,the lounges and its terrace with views over the atlas mountains and the koutoubia mosque. Attentive staff and quality services: 5 comfortably equipped rooms, rafined moroccan dishes, luxury relaxation space nearby -massages, hammam,...- selected by us. ... more less
- Reservation Options:
- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Priceline, Booking.com and Agoda so you can book your Riad Aloes reservations with confidence. We help millions of travelers each month to find the perfect hotel for both vacation and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.


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Ranger has a sweet disposition and quiet temperament. Ranger is for an advanced beginner and is a people lover. He has smooth gaits. He loads great…$2,500
Super nice, easy keeper, gentle and safe! This mare has been my son's horse who then turned into my husband safe horse! But my son is almost 16 with no…SOLD
Grade colt weanling. His dad was Rocky Mountain and his mom is a grade paint. He is halter broke and leads. Working on loading and unloading. He is UTD…SOLD
Reduced! Must sell, his position has been replaced with a child safe beginner horse! Gorgeous 6 yr. old non registered black Rocky Mountain gelding. He…SOLD
Excellent health and temperament. Loves to run!SOLD