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Edna Boardman
Aunties: Thirty-Five Writers Celebrate Their Other Motherby Ingrid Sturgis
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An aunt is not just another mother—and aunts defy any sort of archetypal image. Like humanity, they span the spectrum, from down-home Auntie Em to the uninhibited Auntie Mame. Some aunts are smart, others are crazy. Some act bravely, others downright foolish. Now in Ingrid Sturgis's marvelous Aunties, she gives these extraordinary women their due, sharing a wonderful, eclectic collection of thirty personal essays that explore the complex, seldom-profiled bond between aunts and their nieces and nephews.
Profiling a variety of aunts from different cultures, temperaments, and walks of life—the surrogate mother, the wild aunt, the eccentric aunt, the mentor—the essays are written by well-known journalists and authors such as Pearl Cleage and M.J. Rose, as well as everyday people . . . all of whom bring their subjects to stirring life in their own unique ways.
"Tia Sonia" made her living as an old-world witch in Honduras, providing her niece, Beverly James, with a tenuous connection to the country of her birth—and imparting a valuable lesson after she fails to predict her own tragic demise; the dramatic and glamorous "Tropical Aunts"—also known as Aunt Debs and Aunt Ava—ventured north from Florida only twice, but left an indelible mark on Enid Shomer's ideas about being an independent woman; in the heartwarming "Bloodsense," Mark Holt-Shannon's magical Aunt Lolly, a woman with a heart as big as the ocean, provided unconditional love—and a bridge between three boys and the father who left them all behind.
A wonderful celebration of family, Aunties is a labor of the heart and a show of reverence to the women whose intangible gifts of love and respect often pass without recognition. Through the vivid memories of real relationships, these narratives pay tribute to aunts everywhere.
From the Trade Paperback edition.
Editorial Reviews
Edna Boardman
—TRACY PRICE-THOMPSON, bestselling author of Chocolate Sangria and A Woman's Worth
"I was moved to tears when I found my real aunts coming back to life in these the pages."
—PARRY BROWN, author of Sittin' in the Front Pew
"This eloquent collection [of personal narratives] installs all 'aunties' to their deserved place of honor in the family."
—CAROL JENKINS, author of Black Titan
"From Harlem to Alaska, the women featured in this endearing collection make us realize just how important aunties can be, and how the most untraditional families, can sometimes be the strongest."
—B. SMITH, host of B. Smith with Style
Product Details
- 9780307481764
- Publisher:
- Random House Publishing Group
- Publication date:
- 12/10/2008
- Sold by:
- Random House
- Format:
- NOOK Book
- Pages:
- 224
- Sales rank:
- 972,197
- File size:
Read an Excerpt
Chapter 1
My great aunt Irene is the oldest living relative in our family, the only link to a past that began in a tiny shtetl in Lithuania over a century ago. A petite Clairol blonde nearing ninety, Irene is visiting my home on Long Island for the weekend. It's a little past nine on this Friday night, when she taps on my bedroom door, simultaneously apologizing for the intrusion.
"Come in, come in," I say, hoping to convince her she's welcome. She approaches my bed balancing a leaning tower of clean laundry she has finished folding. Somehow, laundry touched by my aunt's warm hands never needs pressing. There is something magical in the way she arranges all things domestic, never a loose thread or speck of dust to be found in the tidy world she inhabits.
"Tired, Mommele?" she asks, using an endearment I remember from childhood. I see her gazing around my disheveled room as if searching for survivors of a twister. A week's worth of clothing is strewn over the backs of chairs, and books stacked like dominoes sit on the night table. But I don't feel judged by her: not now, not ever. I relax back on my corduroy reading pillow and motion for her to come sit near me on the edge of the bed.
"Why is he so late?" my aunt asks, still standing, squinting at the digital clock radio. I tell her that my husband had a dinner meeting and she shouldn't worry so much. I stifle a laugh when instantly reminded of the roots of my own paranoia. There is doom and disaster stamped into her light brown pupils.
"Do you want I should put away the clothing?"
"No thank you, just plop it all on top of the dresser. And please, sit down."
She walks slowly, kneeling with the pile as if she were bearing gifts to royalty. I wonder what makes her so comfortable with servitude as she carefully creates a temporary home for the laundry at the edge of my dresser.
Again, her eyes peruse the room. I think she is stalling and really wants to talk. I shimmy my body over to make more room for her. She slips off a beautiful pair of beige leather pumps, and examines them. As a child, I was constantly trying on her shoes and begging her to save them for me. She promised, but one summer my feet grew two sizes larger than hers.
"Will you save those for my Jenny?" I ask, grinning. But she's distracted and doesn't seem to connect to my wave of nostalgia. "Auntie, do you need a pair of slippers?"
"No, darling, I'm fine." She's come prepared for this visit with her chintz housecoat, a relic from the 1950s, terry-cloth slippers, pink plastic hair rollers, and several washcloths. She knows my two teenage girls and I walk around in our underwear, and use cotton balls to clean our faces and noisy hair blowers to dry our hair.
It's only a few hours since her arrival, and already she's emptied the refrigerator of fuzzy unrecognizable objects, polished the flatware, and refolded every towel in the linen closet. Her pink mottled hands look years older than her face, and her fingers are gnarled from years of fixing and touching. My aunt has the soul of an immigrant, always anxious to earn her keep. I imagine this stems from the many years she spent living under the roof of her brother (my grandfather), after he sent the money for her and her older and only sister to come to America. When she was still just a teenager, in his home, she baked, cleaned, and cooked, helping to prepare elaborate Sabbath dinners, which were a family ritual every Friday evening.
"I miss him," she says, unexpectedly bursting into tears.
"Who?" I ask, dazed, thinking of my husband, still at the office, and why his being late would make her cry.
"My Fred," she whimpers, pulling a tissue from her sleeve before I grab one from the box. It's nearly ten years since her husband passed away. They'd married just months after being fixed up by a family friend. Uncle Fred was in the army; he had the job of recruiting men and women for the Reserves because he spoke several languages. Already well into their forties, they decided not to have children. Instead they filled their lives with work and doted on their three nieces and six nephews, whom they visited often. Every August, they traveled abroad to see Uncle Fred's relatives, who lived in Wiesbaden, Germany. It was their only real luxury, since Uncle Fred made a modest living working in the royalties department of a publishing company.
When I was young, I imagined them as the couple you'd see on top of a wedding cake, nearly perfect. They lived snug and content in a studio apartment for more than thirty years. Even now, my aunt sleeps on the same Castro convertible they opened every night before going to bed.
"Oh, Auntie, I know you do," I say, taking her trembling hand in mine. Has she waited weeks or months to cry with someone she feels close to? My aunt has always been too proud to share her grief with neighbors or casual friends.
There was a time during my highly emotional, misunderstood teenage years when she was there for me while I cried. Whenever possible, my aunt shielded me from my mother's quick temper or my father's tough-love discipline. Either by telephone or in person, when hearing of my minor misdeeds, she would quietly interfere, spouting off my good virtues as if she was reading the ingredients of a favorite recipe. Sometimes just her words were enough to get me a reduced sentence in my punishments, which were usually because I talked back—which I always thought talking was all about.
My mother, a social butterfly of the postwar era, often left me in Aunt Irene's meticulous care. I was a toddler when we walked hand in hand on busy Brooklyn streets, stopping at fish markets and butcher shops with the distinctive aroma of sawdust floors. We'd sit for hours on splintery wooden benches in tree-lined parks, my aunt introducing me to people who only smiled. She bought me special gifts with the money she earned working in my grandfather's knitting plant, showing each new season's line to the out-of-town buyers, and taking orders: white cotton gloves, felt hats, and expensive velvet-collared dresses, perfect for taking me to a matinee performance of the Rockettes at Radio City Music Hall. With her compassionate words, she has painted pictures of a childhood happier than I remember. Even now, over forty, I hunger for the retelling of those stories, the insatiable need to glimpse again at that joyful child.
She stops crying as quickly as she began, then reaches out for an oversized neon-colored sweatshirt I'd thrown over the bedpost. "Can you get me one like this?" she asks. It's so electrically bright, I can't believe she likes it.
"Sure," I say, straight-faced. "I'll ask my girlfriend who makes them."
"Maybe in a softer shade of green," she says, taking another deep sigh. A few seconds later she says, "Ach, I should probably move to Florida."
My mother has been badgering her, for years, to move down south. But I know my aunt. Unlike the Dodgers she once worshiped, she will never, ever leave Brooklyn, or the antiques-laden apartment she has rented all these years.
"I don't know how your mother can stand those ceramic classes with all those yentas . . . sitting there, day after day, making those ridiculous ashtrays and clowns, breathing in all that powdery dust," she says, shielding her nose and mouth.
I can't help but laugh. She's got a point. I, myself, am overstocked with faux Lladros and misshapen serving bowls. But my mother is protected by the banality of ceramic making. It gives her something to look forward to. She still has my father, a sometimes-amicable companion. Though she may be lonely, unlike my aunt, she's not alone.
"I can talk to you," I say. "I never talked to Mom this easily."
"Your mother means well, honey," she answers, now defending her elder niece.
"It's just that she has nothing really important to discuss." She turns both her palms up like a magician. "Nothing."
"She can still drive me crazy." I'm sulking like a five-year-old, wishing that this little old woman on the edge of my bed were my mother.
"Are you sure you're not my real mother?"
She giggles. Then gets sullen, her mouth quivering. "You were like my child; I took you everywhere. People would stop me in elevators, talk to you, and say, What a personality! Uncle Fred, he knew, he said you'd be someone special."
Tears fall on my cheeks. And I wonder if there will ever be a time when I no longer hunger for this kind of validation, whether my aunt was the true giver of unconditional love.
"Oh, I didn't mean to upset you," she says.
"It's okay, really. I'm fine."
The front door slams. We hear my husband's loud footsteps downstairs in the kitchen. My aunt picks up her shoes and scurries toward the bedroom door.
"Good night," I say, blowing my nose, afraid that saying "I love you" would cause me to choke on the hard lump forming at the back of my throat.
I wish I could give her something, anything, as she reaches the threshold of my bedroom door. "Take this, Auntie, please," I say, jumping from the bed and draping the neon sweatshirt over her arm. It occurs to me that she has never asked me for anything—that she takes pride in her independence now more than ever. To my surprise, she takes the shirt and clutches it to her chest. Falling back on my pillow, I memorize my aunt's fading silhouette. She leaves behind a faint aroma of lilacs, much like the clean sweetness of freshly folded laundry.
From the Trade Paperback edition.
Meet the Author
A lifetime member of the New York Association of Black Journalists, Ingrid Sturgis is the editor of Essence.com. The former managing editor of BET Weekend and Savoy magazine, Sturgis has also worked for The Philadelphia Inquirer and Emerge. She is the author of The Nubian Wedding Book. Sturgis was born and raised in New York City and lives with her husband in New Jersey.
From the Trade Paperback edition.
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Proven faith brings joy and confidence.
Although some Christians fear that trials and persecutions can only rob them of their joy, Peter taught just the opposite. In fact, he said that joy comes not in spite of trouble but because of trouble. That's because it's easy to lose your joy if you doubt your salvation, but when your faith has been tested and proven to be genuine, doubts will disappear and you'll have joy and assurance.
Every trial you face is designed to test and perfect your faith, and God carefully controls their parameters to accomplish that purpose. Verse 6 specifies that they are temporary, necessary, distressing, and multi-faceted, but they should never diminish your joy. He won't allow you to undergo more than you can bear (1 Cor. 10:13).
Peter used the analogy of an assayer or goldsmith to illustrate the purging process that produces proven faith (v. 7). The fire symbolizes trials and the gold symbolizes your faith. Just as the refiner's fire burns away the dross and leaves only pure gold, so God purges you through trials to reveal the purity of your faith.
That's an appropriate analogy because gold was the most precious of metals and the standard for all monetary transactions. But as valuable as gold is, proven faith is infinitely more precious. Gold is temporal and perishable; proven faith is eternal.
So don't fear trials when they come your way. Welcome them as opportunities to prove that your faith is real. Be encouraged that "after you have suffered a little while, the God of all grace, who called you to His eternal glory in Christ, will Himself perfect, confirm, strengthen and establish you" (1 Pet. 5:10).
Suggestions for Prayer
If you are currently going through a time of testing, ask God for the grace and wisdom to pass the test. Thank Him in advance for the joy and confidence you'll gain when the test is over.
For Further Study
Read 2 Corinthians 11:23-28, noting the trials Paul endured for His faith in Christ.
From Drawing Near by John MacArthur Copyright © 1993. Used by permission of Crossway Books, a division of Good News Publishers, Wheaton, IL 60187, www.crossway.com.
You may reproduce this Grace to You content for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Grace to You's Copyright Policy (http://www.gty.org/connect/copyright).

subset: commoncrawl


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Phoenix Suns
Updated Nov 13, 2012 - 11:18 pm
Three Suns land on NBA All-Star ballot
A trio of Phoenix Suns are on the ballot for the 2013 NBA All-Star Game, which will be played in Houston, TX on February 17, 2013.
Goran Dragic, Luis Scola and Marcin Gortat are three of 120 players — 60 from each conference — who are on the ballot.
Fans will be able to vote via social networking sites Twitter and Facebook, as well as through text messaging and turning in ballots at NBA games.
The top vote getters will start the game.
Balloting is scheduled to conclude on January 14, and the game's starters will be announced live on TNT on January 17.
Most Popular
Suns Audio
Vinny Joe Trivia - Amar'e Stoudemire
Thursday July 28
Vince takes on AZCentral Suns reporter Paul Coro in an Amar'e quiz full of controversy
Paul Coro, AZCentral Suns reporter
Thursday July 28
Coro talks Amar'e retiring a Knick and previews the upcoming Suns season.
Alan Hahn, ESPN New York Radio Host
Wednesday July 27
Alan Hahn discusses why Amare Stoudemire retired as a Knick rather than a Sun?
Yay or Nay?
Wednesday July 27
Amar'e should be in the Suns Ring of Honor, Dave Coulier was funniest on Full House + more
Frank Isola, NY Daily News NBA reporter
Wednesday July 27
Isola talks about why Amar'e chose to retire with the New York Knicks.


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The location is good for traveling, however this hotel is not comfortable for staying, everything is dirty and old. If you care about cleaning and noise, better to select another hotel.
- Reservation Options:
- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Booking.com so you can book your Hotel Tamara reservations with confidence. We help millions of travelers each month to find the perfect hotel for both vacation and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.


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Wish me luck! Happy gambling to all.
It's like the battle between the Fed and Bears out there. Who wins at the end??? As the saying goes, "don't fight with the Fed," but this time Fed's reckless action wouldn't guarantee it to win as it used to.
Throwing your money away. FED won't let this drop a cent.
Just sold them for $2.


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Hotels in Raytown, Missouri
Search & Compare Raytown Hotels
Trending now in Raytown
- Most bookedAdam's Mark Hotel & Conference Center
496 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"Great place to stay for MLB. Free shuttle to stadium. Pet friendly. Fast friendly check in. Comfortable beds and pillows."
A Traveller, May 2016, US
165 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"We were just traveling through. I found the hotel online but we were very pleased. It was very clean and modern. The only thing missing was a hair dryer. The breakfast buffet was a little spendy for what was served."
A Traveller, Jun 2016, US
87 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"as expected drury inn always good !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"
k, Jun 2016, US
75 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"My husband and I were in KC for 1 night to attend a concert at the Starlight Theater. We were surprised that the hotel was just off of the "on" ramp for the highway and to get anywhere, we had to drive. No sidewalks or pedestrian friendly areas. To get to the Starlight was relatively direct thou..."
A Traveller, Jun 2016, US
55 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"The hotel was fine. Nothing special but nothing bad. It was clean and the breakfast was decent and included. Main thing I did not like was the smell of cigarette smoke in the hallway. But that is to be expected when there are smoking rooms. The area is commercial and deserted. But it was close to..."
A Traveller, May 2016, US
43 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"Friendly front desk staff, clean room. Good overnight rest stop during road trip."
A Traveller, Apr 2016, US
35 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"Honestly the best customer service I've had at a hotel in a long time. Super friendly staff. My only real complaint would be that I could have used a few more pillows and/ or better quality pillows. Other than that Id recommend this hotel to anyone going to a Chiefs game. Taxi ride to the game wa..."
A Traveller, Jan 2016, US
31 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"Good hotel not to noisy... Would stay again... Not bad for the money....................................."
A Traveller, May 2016, US
- A1 Inn Kansas CityNo Guest Reviews yet
5 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
- Capital Center InnNo Guest Reviews yet
4 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Best hotels in Raytown
Raytown overviewRaytown is known for its sports, theater, and waterparks. You'll enjoy the ample coffee and bar options, along with outdoor areas for running and walking. Take in some local culture at popular places like Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art and Kemper Museum of Contemporary Art. Kansas City Zoo and Arrowhead Stadium are popular places to visit. Raytown is a family- and business-friendly destination with something for everyone.
Where to stay in RaytownWhether traveling for business or pleasure, Raytown can comfortably accommodate all visitors. There are 250 hotels in the Raytown area and you can shop as many as 42 deals for rooms on Hotels.com, some with discounts of up to 50%.
- • 87 2-star hotels with an average price of $47 per night
- • 123 3-star hotels with an average price of $72 per night
- • 37 4-star hotels with an average price of $91 per night
How to get to RaytownFly in to Kansas City, MO (MCI-Kansas City Intl.), 25.1 mi (40.3 km) from downtown Raytown.
What to see around RaytownOutdoorsy fun is on hand like baseball and running, along with attractions such as:
- • Arrowhead Stadium
- • Kauffman Stadium
- • Union Station
- • Sprint Center
- • Kemper Arena
- • Kansas City Zoo
- • Lakeside Nature Center
- • Bay Water Park
- • Paradise Park
- • Adventure Oasis Water Park
- • Starlight Theatre
- • Spencer Theatre
- • Branson Of The North Theater
- • Glenwood Theatre at Red Bridge
- • Mutual Musicians Foundation
- • Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art
- • Kemper Museum of Contemporary Art
- • Country Club Plaza
- • Hallmark Visitors Center
- • Crown Center
When to visit RaytownIf you're still deciding when to visit, here are the seasonal norms to help you plan:
Seasonal temperature averages
- • January-March: 60°F day, 20°F night
- • April-June: 86°F day, 38°F night
- • July-September: 89°F day, 52°F night
- • October-December: 73°F day, 21°F night
- • January-March: 5.2 inches
- • April-June: 15.9 inches
- • July-September: 13.3 inches
- • October-December: 7.7 inches


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Editing text
Editing text
Computer drafting is all about being able to make changes. Fortunately, one of the easiest things we can edit in AutoCAD is our text. As an example, let's make some changes to the text in this detailed drawing. I'm going to start out by zooming in on this title, and let's say this title is incorrect. It should say CONCRETE DRIVEWAY APRON detail. To edit this text, I don't have to know any special commands. All I have to do is double-click on it. This selects all of the text. I'm going to click to place my cursor right here and then I'll click, hold, and drag to select these characters, and I'll press my Delete key to erase them.
I will then click down on this end, I'll add a space, and I'll type DETAIL. When I'm finished making my changes, I'll click on screen to deselect the text. Notice that AutoCAD is looking for another text object. AutoCAD always assumes you want to edit more than one. Let's take a look at this N.T.S . This stands for N...
Editing text provides you with in-depth training on CAD. Taught by Jeff Bartels as part of the AutoCAD 2011 Essential Training
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Best Books of Summer 2016This summer's crop of new books offers something for everyone.
Fall 2016 Adult Announcements: All Our CoverageThe season's big books. more...
Tune In to PW RadioAuthor Gretchen Bakke discusses her new book, 'The Grid: The Fraying Wires Between Americans and Our Energy Future.'
A New Librarian of Congress and Good News for NYPLAmong the headlines: Carla Hayden is confirmed as librarian of Congress; New York libraries land a historic budget increase; NYPL opens its new 53rd St. branch; and two significant developments in the open-access movement more...
Field Notes: PW talks with R. David LankesIn a wide-ranging conversation, PW's Annie Coreno talks with R. David Lankes about community engagement, libraries as publishers, and his new book, The New Librarianship Field Guide. more...
and more.
EveryLibrary, Rosen Publishing Team Up to Help School Libraries with ESSA Implementation
The new federal education law includes hard-win help for school libraries, but library supporters in each state must act quickly to take full advantage.
Library News: A New Librarian of Congress; A Budget Boost, and a New Branch for NYPL
Among the headlines: Carla Hayden is confirmed as librarian of Congress; New York libraries land a historic budget increase; NYPL opens its new 53rd St. branch; and two significant developments in the open-access movement.
Carla Hayden Confirmed as 14th Librarian of Congress
After a dramatic 24 hours, the Senate on July 13 confirmed Carla Hayden as the nation's 14th Librarian of Congress. Hayden is the first woman, and the first African-American to serve as Librarian of Congress, and is the first professional librarian to hold the office in over 60 years.
Anonymous Republicans Blocking Librarian of Congress Vote
PW has learned that Republican senators have placed an anonymous hold on Carla Hayden's nomination to serve as the nation's 14th Librarian of Congress.
St. Paul Friends of Public Library Head Peter Pearson To Step Down
Peter Pearson, executive director of The Friends of the St. Paul Public Library, will retire December 31.
Librarians Celebrate Diversity at ALA 2016
In the wake of the Orlando attack, themes of equity and inclusion dominated the ALA Annual Conference.
ALA 2016: Congressman John Lewis Inspires In Orlando
Fresh off leading a "sit-in" on the floor of the House of Representatives, author and Civil Rights leader Congressman John Lewis spoke to librarians at the 2016 ALA Annual Conference this weekend, delivering a message of hope and perseverance.
In ALA Opener, Michael Eric Dyson Delivers Stirring Case for Diversity
The author and political commentator praised libraries as "citadels of enlightenment" in a culture that is "peppered by a dyspeptic resistance to high intelligence in the service of deep truth."
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The attack in Orlando comes just days before the ALA's annual conference is set to open there.
Hayden Close to Making History at Library of Congress
The Senate Rules Committee on Thursday voted to recommend that the full Senate approve President Obama's nomination of Carla Hayden as Librarian of Congress. If approved she will become the first woman and the first African American to hold the post.
Looking for more stories? Browse Archive


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Black Lord Hotel
Located by Mures River, all rooms at Hotel Black Lord come with en suite bathroom and cable TV. Some include a large seating area with sofa and coffee table.
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Ciao Hotel
CIAO Hotel*** enjoys an excellent location, just 2 km from downtown and 10 km from Targu Mures International Airport, offering high quality food and accommodation, combining comfort with a new design... 更多...
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Business Hotel Conference Center & Spa in Targu Mures is a newly built modern property with the only restaurant in Romania built over the E60 road.
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Plaza V Hotel
Plaza V Hotel warranty consists of facilitation of a unique experience to every visitor regardless of frequency of visits. We assume the responsibility that every time you get to stay at the Plaza you... 更多...


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Seniors Escorted Tours and Travel Services
Mount Vernon, although not house to an real mountain, is 1 of The united states's most historical websites. In reality, here lie two of the most influential people in American history, George and Martha Washington!
Most escorted tours will have a gala evening out on the city the night prior to departure. The amusing point is that Victor Tours has not been all around also a lot time but it has swiftly turn into the authority when it arrives to escorted tours. If you wish to get gussied up, maintain your formal apparel to just one outfit. Re-invent yourself with add-ons instead than stuffing much more than 1 complete length gown into your cases and your tired arms will thank you at customs.
travel deals for seniors can be secure even with the electricity out! Every device consists of a 32 hour back up battery. The medical alert system is simple to set up. All you require to do is plug it into your phone outlet and electrical outlet. You can nonetheless use your own landlines and accept calls, all the while having the knowledge that you are becoming seemed after 24 /7/ 365.
Check your flight route firstly. This will figure out your beginning stage in Ireland. The two primary airports serving the United States are Shannon Airport in the South West of Eire and Dublin Airport on the East Coastline. Flights are most regular from March to October.
Have you already seen the sites of Boston? One of the very best methods to get acquainted with the city is to stroll the 2.five mile long Independence Path, which prospects you past sixteen historic sites substantial to the country. Many of Boston's leading locations to visit are on this path, so it arrives extremely recommended! You can consider seniors travel also, and discover a great deal about New England's rich history.
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Clutter: This might sound like a no-brainer, but it is frequently ignored. Clear absent undesirable items, particularly from all pathways in the house. In addition to reducing tripping hazards, this will assist lessen fire risks.
Your households, your lecturers, and I are performing every thing we can to make sure you have the training you require to answer these concerns. I'm operating hard to repair up your school rooms and get you the publications, gear and computer systems you require to learn. But you've got to do your part too. So I anticipate you to get severe this year. I anticipate you to put your very best effort into every thing you do. I expect fantastic issues from every of you. So don't let us down – don't let your family members or your country or yourself down. Make us all happy. I know you can do it.


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Today I wanted to feature a quick and easy dinner option that you can make almost instantly! This recipe took me about 10 minutes to make, start to finish! So try it out, up your veggie intake, and power up with some serious protein!
10 Minute Spicy Chicken Fajitas


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TEMPE, Ariz. – Senior Miranda Orr fired an even-par 72 on Friday to lead Texas A&M into fifth place after the opening round of the PING/Arizona State Invitational at the Karsten Golf Club.
A&M carded a team score of five-over (293) to trail No. 3-ranked Southern California (281) by 12 strokes going into Saturday's second round. The tournament concludes on Sunday.
No. 4 Arizona State is in second at 288, followed by No. 8 Georgia (289) and No. 14 Oklahoma State (292).
A&M leads No. 2 UCLA (294), No. 12 Denver (296), No. 10 Arizona (298), No. 16 California (298), No. 17 Pepperdine (299), No. 24 Vanderbilt (299), No. 22 New Mexico (302), San Jose State (304), No. 23 Stanford (307), San Francisco (310), Washington (310) and Oregon State (312).
USC's Dewi Claire Schreefel is the individual leader after posting a four-under 68. Orr is tied for 14th, just four shots off the pace.
A&M freshman Sarah Zwartynski is tied for 22nd (73), sophomores Ashley Freeman (74) and Danielle McVeigh are tied for 32nd (74) and junior Lauren Johnson is tied for 69th (79).
Orr was three-over through 14 holes, but finished fast with three straight birdies and a par.


text:
Hostelworld beveelt aan
Wij zijn dol op dit hostel! Ze verdienen een dikke pluim voor consequent hoge klantenbeoordelingen en uitstekende scores voor kwaliteit.
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Perfect for independent travelers, Bodrum Backpackers is well known as the only backpackers hostel in Bodrum. With clean rooms coming off a rooftop terrace, the friendly, fun staff keep international... Meer...
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Hotel Gulec
Hotel Gulec, aangeraden door The New York Times, Frommer's en Let's Go, wordt gerund door een familie en ligt in het centrum van Bodrum, in de laatste mandarijnentuin van de stad.
Dit is een rustig... Meer...
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Bodrum Nova Apart Hotel
This spa aparthotel is located in Bodrum (Gumbet), close to the beach, Oasis Mall, Bodrum Castle, and Bodrum Windmills. Also nearby are Museum of Underwater Archaeology and Myndos Gate.
Bodrum Nova... Meer...
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Hotel Centro Bodrum
The Hotel Centro Bodrum is located in the centre of Bodrum, only 800 metres from the beach on Bardakci Bay. Bodrum Antique Theatre is only 1 km away, Bodrum Castle is 2 km and the beautiful Bodrum Ma... Meer...
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Bodrum Ecofarm Camp & Hostel
Price includes delicious Breakfast and farm style homemade dinner, tea and water.all day long..We are an Eco Farm located just (2km) outsıde Turgutreıs and Gumuşluk on the Bodrum Penınsula. It ıs abou... Meer...
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Melis Pansiyon
Just over a quarter mile from Bodrum Castle, the Melis Pansiyon is very centrally located. It has free Wi-Fi and air-conditioned rooms with a satellite TV and a private bathroom. All the rooms at the... Meer...
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NilMars Otel
We embrace you and your beloved ones in this small, intimate and romantic hotel, NİL MARS, with its pool, restaurant, bar which are designed for your comfort and pleasure all 4 season.
Please Note... Meer...
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Merhaba Hotel
Hotel Merhaba is located in a narrow street and Centre of Bodrum, and has got wonderful Panoramic view and (50meters) far from Main Street from the Blue Flag Beach minutes by walking.
From the hote... Meer...
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Gardenya Pansiyon
A gardenia you stay at the pension and your cellar has stayed heartfelt your equal. Our pension to the beach and bars , shopping central at the 50 meterstick walk distances. Our foundation a family op... Meer...
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Myndos Pansiyon
Myndos Pension is located at the heart of Bodrum center with designed simple and regional 16 rooms for you and try you to serve the best.
We aimed to provide you restful and clean accomodation with... Meer...
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Club Vela Hotel
This central hotel is located in Bodrum (Gumbet), close to the beach, Oasis Mall, Bodrum Castle, and Bodrum Windmills. Also nearby are Museum of Underwater Archaeology and Myndos Gate.
Club Vela... Meer...
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Kaya Pansiyon
Our family Pansiyon welcomes you since 1987.
We are in the heart of Bodrum, everything you need is just one step away.The Marina, Sea Front, Bar Street, Resturants ,Shops and Bus Station are all... Meer...
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Hostelworld mobiele apps
Boek onderweg met de nieuwe mobiele apps van Hostelworld.


text:
Stress management expert Jeff Davidson is founder and director of the Breathing Space Institute in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, where he lives.
Joy of Simple Living: Over 1,500 Simple Ways to Make Your Life Easy and Content--at Home and at Workby Jeff Davidson, Jeffrey P. Davidson
View All Available Formats & Editions
Chances are, your life is overflowing with unnecessary clutter and confusion--from the "junk drawer" in the kitchen to the overloaded "in box" at the office to the ever-growing list of tasks to complete and errands to run. With the increasingly hectic, stressful lives that more and more people are leading today, is it possible for anyone to handle the overwhelming demands on their time and still get through the day with ease? The Joy of Simple Living will teach you just how easy it is to get back to the basics.
This book will change your life. It provides more than 1,500 easy, specific tips and techniques for cutting back, paring down, and breathing easier--without sacrificing the quality of life you deserve. Open the book to any page and you'll find it filled with practical ideas. The Joy of Simple Living examines every single room of your house, plus your car and your office. Not only will you learn to create an orderly home, you'll become a more effective spouse, parent, and worker by learning how to prioritize and simplify. You'll have more free time, more money, and a greater peace of mind when you realize the joy that simple living can bring.
Product Details
- 9780875965277
- Publisher:
- Rodale Press, Inc.
- Publication date:
- 02/15/1999
- Edition description:
- Pages:
- 480
- Product dimensions:
- 6.75(w) x 9.39(h) x 1.35(d)
Meet the Author
Stress management expert Jeff Davidson is founder and director of the Breathing Space Institute in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, where he lives.
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It's a multi step process to be able to achieve a more relaxed lifestyle. there is a lot of useful information in this book


text:
Push the box upwards it will release from its clips
Please contact us for the address to send the Control box to (it makes our job easier if you can send the key)
Bypassing your Renault immobiliser will not affect any other part of your Renault Laguna, it will only rectify your immobiliser problems
Our procedure will deactivate your immobiliser permanently.
All work is normally carried out within 24 to 48hrs
Renault Laguna Immobiliser Bypass
Remote key are specialists in the Bypass of Renault Laguna immobilisers (between 1994 and 2000).
Once we have deactivated your immobiliser, your Renault Laguna will start normally, with or without using the remote key fob.
This process still works, even if your key fob has stopped working before you send it to us.
Buy Your Renault Laguna Immobiliser Bypass Now
How to remove the Control Box
Renault Laguna Immobiliser Bypass
Renault remote key fobs are sometimes referred to as Renault plips repair kit, Renault zappers, remotes, remote plips or remote zappers.
All of these common phrases can be used to describe a Renault remote key fob.
Renault Immobiliser problems, Renault Key Fob problems
If your problem is " my Renault won't start" it may be a problem with your remote key fob
Call Us: +34 693 796 880
You will have a full 12 Month written Guarantee
You can pay online with any credit/debit card or Paypal anytime. (when paying with card you MUST provide the cardholders address, we can send to an alternative address if required)
We ship orders to most countries in the world by Asendia
We will only send ECU's (control box's) by insured postage (A SIGNATURE WILL BE REQUIRED)
The alarm / immobiliser must be the original factory fitted system.
We are not able to supply a new key fob by copying the existing one.
Check the frequently asked questions and our terms and conditions Terms & Conditions
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text:
m3 on ebay
Printable View
http://cgi.ebay.com/ebaymotors/1988-BMW-M3-37k-miles-no-paint-all-original-L-k_W0QQitemZ300028571577QQihZ020QQcategoryZ6131QQrd Z1QQcmdZViewItem
a really nice looking car but I noticed a few things.
TB have not been sync'd since it still has the yellow caps on the screws. Plastic covers that fit behind the headlights in the engine bay are missing.
If this owner spent 10k on going thru the car seems like these things would of been attended to.
still a very nice car
some push pins for the hood insulation missing too, but damn those seats are nice


text:
Latest Articles - Volume 9 No. 1
Analysis of Pattern Identification Using Graph Database for Fraud Detection
Navneet Kr. Kashyap*, B. K. Pandey and H. L. Mandoria
[ View: Abstract ] [ HTML Full Text]
Internet is the main tool for e-business. E-transaction is made faster by Internet. With the increase of e-transaction internet fraud or e-business fraud is increasing. Credit fraud in the banking sector is a growing concern. Few sort of card (debit/credit) fraud is decreasing by providing detection and prevention system from banks and government. But card-not-present fraud losses are increasing at higher rate because of online transaction as there is no chance to use Chip and PIN as well as card is not used face-to-face. Card-not-present fraud losses are growing in an un-protective and un-detective way. This paper seeks to investigate the current debate regarding the fraud in the banking sector and vulnerabilities in online banking and to study some possible remedial actions to detect and prevent credit fraud. The research also reveals lots of channels of fraud in online banking which are increasing day by day. These kinds of fraud are the main barriers for the e-business in the banking sector. This paper devised a new approach for fraud detection in these sector with help of graph database & by matching pattern of previous frauds.
Congestion Avoidance in Packet Networks using Network Simulator-3 (NS-3)
Guneet Kaur Walia, O. P. Gupta and Sunil Kumar*
[ View: Abstract ] [ HTML Full Text]
With the growth of internet, the user's requirements in terms of scale, functionality of network and performance of internet also increases. It becomes very important to guarantee the efficiency, stability and performance of a given network as per the user's requirements. There are many management techniques that need to be taken care of, so as to ensure network stability. These include queue management, queue scheduling, congestion control etc. But the most fundamental and foremost amongst these is congestion control, as it's not possible to ensure Quality of Service (QoS) with a congested network. To avoid congestion, many algorithms are available; the most basic of them is Random Early Detection (RED). This paper implements RED and its enhancement Adaptive RED (ARED) in NS-3 simulator and comparative analysis of both the algorithms has been carried out.
Development of Online Student Course Registration System
Rattan Singh, Ravinder Singh, Harpreet Kaur and O. P. Gupta
[ View: Abstract ] [ HTML Full Text]
With the advent of Information Technology in the last decade, the major focus has shifted from manual systems to computerised systems. Various systems viz. railway reservation, hospital management etc. involving manual work have been automated efficiently. Student course registration process in colleges involve filling registration forms manually, getting it signed by respective subject teachers, and then getting the documents acknowledged from the concerned Advisors, College Deans and Accounts Officers respectively. Finally the registration forms are submitted in the Administrative Branch. As is evident, this process is very laborious and time consuming. An Online Student Course Registration System has been developed to simplify the current manual procedure.This system has been developed using PHP, jQuery, Apache and MySQL. The front-end is designed using PHP with excerpts of code written using jQuery and back-end is designed and managed through MySQL. This system software is more secured, user-friendly and less time-consuming.
Evaluation of Proposed Algorithm with Preceding GMT for Fraudulence Diagnosis
Navneet Kr. Kashyap
[ View: Abstract ] [ HTML Full Text]
Formerly existing graph mining algorithms regularly accept that database is generally static. To defeat that we proposed another algorithm which manages extensive database including the components which catches the properties of the graph in a couple of parameters and check the relationship among them in both left and additionally right course, in this way embracing DFS and in addition BFS approach. It furthermore discovers the subgraph by traversing the graph and removing the planned routine. The proposed calculation is utilized for identification of wrongdoing as a part of BANK & Financial organization by catching the properties and distinguishing the relationship and affiliations that may exist between the individual required in that wrongdoing which keep a few violations that may happen in future. We have utilized the Neo-ECLIPSE for the execution of proposed calculation and Neo4j is the graph database utilized for evaluation.
On the off chance that a man endeavoring to confer fraud or engage in some kind of illicit movement, they will endeavor to pass on their activities as near authentic activities as could reasonably be expected. Here in this paper, we are giving the data that a man who is in beginning the phase of the fraud, what co-related wrongdoings or illicit exercises he can do in future. The future exercises that can be performed by the individual can be ceased by demonstrating the associations with the entries saved in the database.
Storage and Computation on Big Data: A Comparative study
CH Sravan Kumar, P. Buddha Reddy, K. Srinivas
[ View: Abstract ] [ HTML Full Text]
A huge data space includes set of interesting points; Skyline is an important operation in many applications to return a set of interesting points from a potentially huge data space [1].This survey paper highlights the characteristics of big data and their challenges. This paper also discusses the tools and techniques of big data. The existing algorithms like SaLSa, SSPL are novel computation algorithms. SaLSa exploits the idea of presorting the input data so as to effectively limit the number of tuples to be read and compared [2].SSPL utilizes sorted positional index lists which require low space overhead to reduce I/O cost significantly [1].SSPL consists of two phases. In phase 1, SSPL computes scan depth of the involved sorted positional index lists. During retrieving the lists in a round-robin fashion, SSPL performs pruning on any candidate positional index to discard the candidate whose corresponding tuple is not skyline result. Phase 1 ends when there is a candidate positional index seen in all of the involved lists. In phase 2, SSPL exploits the obtained candidate positional indexes to get skyline results by a selective and sequential scan on the table [1].PDF Downloads: 76


text:
Last week, a new report warned that alcohol is a direct cause of seven types of cancer. These scientists never leave their comfy labs often enough to realise that heavy drinkers can't be scared by things like that. As someone who now drinks a bottle of wine a day, I would absolutely love a disease to finish me off, and soon, writes LIZ JONES/. ...read
Liz Jones for The Mail on Sunday's recent articles
LIZ JONES: Pokemon Go is one more excuse to gawp at your phone and ignore reality
I tried Pokemon Go on Friday – a day after its UK launch – and it took me ages to choose my user name (most were taken, including Buggeroff!) and my outfit, writes LIZ JONES. I can appreciate that seeing a tiny monster appear in your phone screen, revealing him to be under the table, is momentarily exciting – if you are five and have parents too dull-witted to introduce you to the works of Anna Sewell or A. A. Milne. However, I simply cannot understand why adults are becoming so addicted to this new game. ...read
LIZ JONES: You need male grit to be a leader - not short skirts and silly shoes
The reason women on the whole don't make great leaders – and my God, there are so many of them! Angela Merkel, Sheikh Hasina of Bangladesh, Christine Lagarde of the IMF, two female presidents in South America, Nicola Sturgeon, the Queen! – is they don't have the myopic, single-minded vision that the job requires. The Queen has lasted so long because she has never had to race round the supermarket in her lunch hour, writes LIZ JONES. ...read
June 2016
- LIZ JONES: You're in Scotland, not Florida, Donald! And is Barack Obama really to blame for Britain leaving the EU?
May 2016
- They've all been FOILED: Hot in metal - or Christmas turkeys? Steel yourselves for LIZ JONES'S view of the latest style madness
April 2016
March 2016
February 2016
- Marks & Sexy: LIZ JONES welcomes high street giant saying goodbye to Emma Thompson and hello to a real icon of cool (and - at last! - prices we can afford)
January 2016
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- Are you REALLY in love with your partner?
- Never struggle with liquid liner again thanks to eye stickers
- Get SERIOUSLY sexy with strawberries: 15 recipes that will rock your world SPONSORED
- What a washout! Heavy rain falls on Ladies' Day at Goodwood races
- 'I can't take any more': Vlogger with 1M fans QUITS YouTube blaming trolls
- Bride is given a standing ovation after RAPPING Ice Ice Baby


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Dec 31, 2002
|Filing date
|Jun 30, 2000
|Priority date
|Jun 30, 2000
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Wilbur Krusell, Glenn Travis, Erik Engdahl, James Bagley
|Original Assignee
|Lam Research Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (39), Non-Patent Citations (5), Referenced by (17), Classifications (12), Legal Events (7)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates to polishing and planarization of semi-conductor wafers. More particularly, the present invention relates to a method and apparatus for linearly reciprocating at least a portion of a continuous polishing member to polish a semiconductor wafer.
Semiconductor wafers are typically fabricated with multiple copies of a desired integrated circuit design that will later be separated and made into individual chips. A common technique for forming the circuitry on a semiconductor is photolithography. Part of the photolithography process requires that a special camera focus on the wafer to project an image of the circuit on the wafer. The ability of the camera to focus on the surface of the wafer is often adversely affected by inconsistencies or unevenness in the wafer surface. This sensitivity is accentuated with the current drive toward smaller, more highly integrated circuit designs. Semiconductor wafers are also commonly constructed in layers, where a portion of a circuit is created on a first level and conductive vias are made to connect up to the next level of the circuit. After each layer of the circuit is etched on the wafer, an oxide layer is put down allowing the vias to pass through but covering the rest of the previous circuit level. Each layer of the circuit can create or add unevenness to the wafer. This unevenness is preferably smoothed out before generating the next circuit layer.
Chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) techniques are used to planarize the raw wafer and each layer of material added thereafter. Available CMP systems, commonly called wafer polishers, often use a rotating wafer holder that brings the wafer into contact with a non-abrasive polishing pad moving in the plane of the wafer surface to be planarized. A polishing fluid, such as a chemical polishing agent or slurry containing microabrasives, is applied to the polishing pad to polish the wafer. The wafer holder then presses the wafer against the rotating polishing pad and is rotated to polish and planarize the wafer. Another type of polisher is a linear polishing mechanism that rotates a polishing pad mounted on an endless loop. This type of polisher also utilizes an abrasive slurry to chemically-mechanically planarize or polish semiconductor wafers. With the recent introduction of fixed abrasive polishing media that does not require an abrasive slurry in order to planarize or polish a semiconductor wafer, new wafer polishers are desirable that can take advantage of the fixed abrasive media.
FIG. 1 is an elevational side view of a semiconductor wafer polishing device according to a preferred embodiment;
FIG. 2 is an elevational side view of the second embodiment of a preferred semiconductor wafer polishing device according to the present invention;
FIG. 2A is a top sectional view of a drive roller used in the wafer polishing device of FIG. 2;
FIG. 3 is an elevational side view of a third embodiment of a semiconductor wafer polishing device;
FIG. 3A is a top sectional view of a roller suitable for use in the wafer polishing device of FIG. 3; and
FIG. 4 is an elevational side view of a fourth embodiment of a semiconductor wafer polishing device.
In order to address the need for wafer polishers that are suitable for use with fixed abrasive polishing media, a wafer polisher is disclosed below that provides an apparatus and method for applying fixed abrasive polishing media to linear polishing techniques. A preferred embodiment of the wafer polisher 10 is illustrated in FIG. 1. The polisher 10 includes a pair of belt support rollers 12, 14 used to control vertical position of a polishing strip 16.
Positioned between the first and second support rollers is a polishing strip support 18. Preferably, the polishing strip is oscillated by a drive assembly made up of a central drive motor 20 connected to a pair of drive rollers 22, 28 through a belt pulley system. The drive rollers may be driven by any of a number of known types of DC servo motors.
The first drive roller 22 holds a supply of unused polishing strip material that is wound, in a continuous strip, around a portion of the circumference of the first idler roller 24, looped around the first belt support roller 12, passed over the support platen 18, and around the second support roller 14. The polishing strip continues from the second support roller 14 around a portion of the circumference of the second idler roller 26 and is held at a second end by a take-up roller 28. The take-up and feed rollers are preferably actively driven by the drive motor 20 through a pulley system. As shown in FIG. 1, the pulley system may include a plurality of belts 30, 32 interconnecting the drive motor 20 to the first and second drive rollers 22, 28. In other embodiments, chains, gears or other methods of transferring movement between the motor and rollers may be used. Tension on the polishing strip 16 is maintained by the first and second drive rollers 22, 28. Preferably, the tension is maintained on these rollers using slip clutches 36, 38 mounted on the first and second drive rollers 22, 28.
The preferred embodiment, distance measuring devices 52, 53 constantly monitor the diameter of the drive rollers 22, 28 to sense the change in diameter based on taking up or feeding out polishing strip material during operation. The distance measuring devices 52, 53 monitor a distance d1, d2 between the distance measuring device 52, 53 and the respective drive roller 28, 22. The distance data is then feed to a CPU-based controller configured to calculate the appropriate torque that is necessary at each of the slip clutches. The torque information is provided to the proper slip clutch, for example in the form of a voltage. Using the voltage signal from the controller 51, the slip clutches 36, 38 maintain a torque proportionate to the change in torque moment arm resulting from drive roller diameter changes due to taking up or feeding out polishing strip material. By slipping at the required torque value, the slip clutches thus maintain the pre-established tension on the belt at all times. In one embodiment, the distance measuring device may be a laser-type, or other optical format, distance measuring device and the particle slip clutches may be magnetic. The controller 51 may have any one of a number of commonly available CPUs and memory for maintaining logic suitable for calculating torque values necessary to maintain a desired tension based on the measured diameter changes, and subsequently generate the appropriate voltage with, for example, standard digital-to-analog converter circuitry.
The drive motor 20 is preferably a bi-directional drive motor adjustable to linearly reciprocate a length of the polishing strip through the polishing area. The polishing area is defined by the area of polishing strip positioned between the support 18 and the wafer (not shown) held by a wafer carrier 40 that is pressed against the strip 16 by a spindle assembly 42. In a preferred embodiment the length of polishing strip driven through the polishing area is adjustable from any desired incremental length to substantially the entire length of the strip. The number of oscillations of the polishing strip through the polishing area, per wafer treated, is selectable. While the polisher 10 may be adjusted to move the polishing member at various frequencies, the frequency of oscillation is preferably within the range of 0-25 Hertz.
The polishing strip 16 preferably has a width greater than the width of the wafer to be polished. Preferably the polishing strip is a consumable that may be constructed of any of a number of fixed abrasive materials suitable for use in planarization and/or polishing of semiconductor wafers. For example, the structured abrasive belts available under part numbers 3M 307EA or 3M 237AA from 3M Corporation of St. Paul, Minn. are suitable for this purpose. The polishing strip support 18 may be a platen producing a fluid bearing such as the platen used with the TERES™ polisher available from Lam Research Corporation of Fremont, Calif., or the wafer support assembly disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,558,568, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. The slip clutches may be any of a number of available types of magnetic particle adjustable torque slip clutches. The support rollers may be hollow or solid cylinders preferably having a width greater than the width of the polishing strip. The support and idler rollers may be actively driven or passively rotatable by the polishing strip as it passes over the rollers. As described above, the slip clutches 36, 38 on the first and second drive rollers preferably maintain a constant belt tension and allow for rotational speed changes as polishing strip accumulates onto or feeds off of the rollers.
Using the polisher 10 of FIG. 1, a semiconductor wafer may be polished and/or planarized by lowering the wafer against the strip of fixed abrasive with the spindle assembly and wafer carrier. The strip may be set in motion prior to or shortly after the wafer contacts the strip. In a first embodiment, the drive motor 20 rotationally reciprocates such that the drive rollers 22, 28 move the polishing strip back and forth at a desired oscillation rate. In an alternative embodiment, the drive motor 20 may be adjusted to oscillate such that substantially the entire length of the polishing strip is passed across the platen 18 each oscillation back and forth. In either instance, the wafer holder 40 and spindle assembly 42 preferably rotate the wafer while pressing the wafer against the linearly moving polishing strip.
In one embodiment, the polisher 10 may be operated to linearly oscillate a selected length of the polishing strip against the surface of a wafer and incrementally introduce new portions of the polishing strip by operating the drive rollers to steadily move the polishing strip more in one direction than the other with each oscillation. Alternatively, the polisher may be operated to treat each wafer with a different set amount of the polishing strip. In other embodiments, the polisher may use the same set amount of polishing strip for each of a group of wafers before moving a different portion of polishing strip into the polishing area for treatment of another group of wafers. Although not required, each of the embodiments described herein may utilize a non-abrasive liquid during polishing, such as deionized water, to facilitate the polishing process. The non-abrasive liquid may be applied via nozzles 43 (See FIG. 1) to the region of the polishing strip intended for contact with a wafer. In another embodiment, a pad conditioner 54 may be used to prepare the polishing strip for use. For example, if a protective coating, such as a polymer film, need to be removed from the polishing strip, the pad conditioner may be used to engage the appropriate portion of the polishing member to remove the protective coating. Any of a number of commercially available polishing pad conditioners may be used, including rotary disks and cylindrical rollers. The pad conditioner may be withdrawn from contact with the polishing strip after removal of any protective film.
Referring to FIG. 2, a second embodiment of the present invention is disclosed. The wafer polisher 110 of FIG. 2 also includes a take-up roller and a feed roller, 112, 114. Each of the take-up and feed rollers preferably include a clutch, such as commonly available variable torque, magnetic particle clutches with internal roller motor 1 16. A respective one of a pair of drive rollers 118, 120 is mounted on a belt tracking device 122 and is positioned adjacent each of the take-up and feed rollers. Preferably, the drive rollers are covered with a high friction surface 124, such as hypolon and also include internal drive motors. FIG. 2A illustrates the belt tracking device 122 in more detail. In one embodiment, the belt tracking device may use an optical detector to determine if the polishing strip 128 is moving laterally along the width of the drive roller and/or to determine the velocity of the strip. The polishing strip 128 may have a plurality of reference indicators 129, such as marks or holes, that the belt tracking device 122 may use to monitor polishing strip motion and position. Pivot arms 125 may be manipulated to tilt the drive rollers 118, 120 about pivot points 126 to compensate for the lateral strip movement.
A programmable reciprocating linear actuator equipped with a roller carriage 130 and having a pair of carriage mounted idler rollers 132 is positioned adjacent the drive rollers 118,120. The programmable actuator 140 and roller carriage 130 is operably movable in a linear direction parallel to the longitudinal direction of the polishing strip 128. As with the embodiment of FIG. 1, a pair of belt support rollers 134, 136 are positioned on the side of a support platen 138 to maintain the height of the strip passing through the polishing area and avoid access wear of the strip against the support 138. The polisher 110 applies a linear reciprocating motion to the polishing strip through linear motion of the programmable reciprocating linear actuator and roller carriage along the linear shaft 131.
In order to maintain a constant tension on the polishing strip, the slip clutch in each of the take-up and feed rollers 112,114 is adjusted by a controller 151 based on diameter measurements made with distance measuring devices 152, 153. Suitable controllers 151, distance measuring devices 152, 153 and slip clutches are described with respect to the embodiment of FIG. 1. Also, as descried in the embodiment of FIG. 1, a pad conditioner 154 may be used to remove any protective film on the polishing strip prior to planarizing semiconductor wafers.
Utilizing the polisher 110 of FIGS. 2 and 2A, a method of polishing a semiconductor wafer is described below. Preferably, a first supply of the polishing strip 128 is positioned in the polishing area (i.e. the area of the polishing strip over, or adjacent to, the support platen 138) and the take-up and feed rollers lock in position using the magnetic particle clutches. Once the take-up and feed rollers have been locked in their positions, the programmable reciprocating roller carriage is linearly reciprocated along the shaft to provide a linear motion of the strip against the wafer. As described above with respect to FIG. 1, a spindle drive assembly 144 and wafer carrier 146 cooperate to press the wafer 148 against the strip and rotate the wafer. Tension and friction are used to prevent slippage of the polishing strip on the oscillating carriage rollers 132. In an alternative embodiment, a clamping device may be used at each carriage roller 132 to hold the polishing strip and ensure that only a discrete portion of the polishing strip is used for any given series of oscillations.
A third embodiment of the present invention is best shown in FIG. 3. In this embodiment, the feed 212 and take-up 214 rollers of the polisher 210 oscillate under the control of a synchronized closed-loop servo controller 216 that maintains a desired belt tension and adjusts roller velocity based on optically, or other type of, measured movement of the polishing strip. Each roller preferably includes an internal roller motor 213, 215. A pair of idle rollers 218 are positioned on either side of the polishing strip support 220 to maintain a fixed elevation of the polishing strip with respect to the polishing plane. The polishing strip support 220 may be the same type of platen assembly as described above. Standard preprogrammed algorithms or an index mark sensing system may be used to control the speed of rotation of the take-up and feed rollers to account for diameter variations as the consumable polishing strip material transfers from the feed roller 212 to the take-up roller 214. Tension is preferably maintained through adjusting motor current for each roller motor with. The take-up and feed rollers may be hollow or solid cylinders used grip the extreme ends of the polishing strip and allow the polishing strip to roll of unroll as polishing proceeds. Alternatively, as shown in FIG. 3A, the take-up or feed roller 250, 252 may be constructed in the shape of a spool with flanges 254 so as to assist with alignment of the polishing strip on each roller.
To aid in tracking and monitoring, the edges of the polishing strip 222 may be smooth, textured, or patterned. The edges may contain holes or other physical features that serve a functional purpose, such as aiding in alignment and tracking of the belt in use or such as aiding in triggering or counting. The edges of the polishing strip and any related features may be formed during molding or may be created in a secondary manufacturing operation such as cutting, drilling, lathing or punching. An optical sensor 224 may be connected to the servo controller 220 to sense polishing strip movement and provide feedback information usable to adjust the velocity of the polishing strip or alignment on the rollers 212, 214. The polishing strip 222 may also have holes cut in it to expose a portion of the wafer W held by the wafer carrier 226 and spindle assembly 228 during polishing. Operation of the embodiment of FIG. 3 may proceed as described with respect to the embodiment of FIG. 1. Additionally, distance measuring devices may monitor roller diameter of the feed and take-up rollers 212, 214, and a pad conditioner may be used, as described in the embodiment of FIG. 1.
A fourth embodiment of the wafer polisher 310 is disclosed in FIG. 4. In this embodiment, a belt clamping mechanism 313 is attached to each of a pair of drive rollers 316 positioned adjacent opposite sides of a polishing strip support 318. The clamp attachment points 320 on each of the drive rollers 316 are preferably positioned past the top of each drive roller 316 in a direction away from the wafer polishing area defined by the region of polishing strip 322 over the polishing strip support 318. The clamping mechanism 313 may include a clamping member 311, such as a bar extending the width of the roller, that is movable into and out of engagement with the clamp attachment point 320 by a clamp driver 321. The clamp attachment point may be a recessed region having a shape complementary to that of the clamping member on each of the rollers 316. The clamp driver 321 may be any of a number of devices, such as pneumatic or hydraulic pistons and cylinders, an electrically driven motor or drive screw, or other known mechanisms.
A take-up roller 312 and a feed roller 314 are positioned adjacent a respective one of the drive rollers 316. The take-up and feed rollers are preferably actively driven and controllable to maintain a desired slack region 328 of the polishing member 322 so that the take-up and feed rollers may remain substantially stationary while the drive rollers 316 move to polish a wafer W held on a wafer holder 330. This reduces the possibility of stressing the polishing member and reduces the amount of roller mass that must be oscillated during polishing.
The motors 324 driving the drive rollers 316, preferably synchronized DC servo motors controlled by a standard servo controller 326 such as described with respect to FIG. 3, are controlled so that a tension is maintained on the portion of the polishing strip extending between the attachment points and so that the attachment points do not pass below the polishing plane as the polishing member is oscillated against a wafer. The positioning of the attachment points allows oscillation with motion control and avoids the problem of an attachment point 320 passing below the polishing plane during operation. The take-up and feed rollers 312, 314 are preferably only driven between polishing steps to draw a new portion of the polishing strip across the polishing region when the clamps 313 are released and the wafer holder is not pressing and turning a wafer W against the polishing strip. Although shown as connected to the drive rollers by belts 332, the motors may be direct drive motors, internal or external, connected to the axis of rotation of each drive roller 316. The take-up and feed rollers are preferably connected to motors 334 selectively operable to rotate the take-up and feed rollers and move a different portion of the polishing strip over the drive rollers.
It is intended that the foregoing detailed description be regarded as illustrative rather than limiting, and that it be understood that the following claims, including all equivalents, are intended to define the scope of this invention.
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Owner name: LAM RESEARCH CORPORATION, CALIFORNIA
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