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Wake up to a weekend in Cape Town this JulyIt's July and while the days are colder, it's certainly not a reason to stay indoors! There's so much happening in Cape Town over this period. With our fantastic Hello Weekend campaign and thanks to our great partner Kulula.com, you can visit Cape Town this July from as little as R2 750.
Winchester Mansions: Old school charm with a modern twist
Rob PetersPossessing an old school charm with a modern twist, Winchester Mansions in Sea Point is a Cape Town gem that is hidden in plain sight.
Top Restaurants to Visit on Loop Street
Thamar HoulistonCape Town is known for its foodie culture with a huge variety of restaurants and while Bree Street has been the reigning champion in terms of variety and top spots, Loop Street is slowly catching up in the culinary stakes.
Find bliss in Cape Town
Rob PetersYou are going to struggle to find accommodation in Cape Town that boasts a better view than Bliss Boutique in Sunset Beach.
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Your #lovecapetown weekend: What's on from Friday 18 to Sunday 20 July, 2014
Can you just feel it? That exhilarating, all consuming "OMG, the weekend is coming!" feeling running through your veins?
5 delicious reasons to dine at Harbour House, V&A Waterfront in Cape Town this winter
I could give you one reason to visit this portside establishment but I'm feeling generous so here are 5 delicious reasons to dine at Harbour House this chilly season.
Your #lovecapetown weekend: What's On from Friday 11 to Sunday 13 July, 2014
Hey #lovecapetown, are you ready for your EPIC weekend in and around the gorgeous Mother City?
Your #lovecapetown weekend: Things to do from Friday 4 to Sunday 6 July, 2014
Hey, #lovecapetown, guess what? It's the weekend, baby!
Your #lovecapetown weekend: What's on from Friday 27 to Sunday 29 June, 2014
Are you ready for an EPIC weekend in the Mother City, #lovecapetown?!
Your #lovecapetown weekend: What's on from Friday 20 to Sunday 22 June, 2014
Your 72 hours of non-stop fun awaits in the gorgeous Mother City!
Top 5 Spas in Cape Town: Your Perfect Me Time Spots in the Mother City
Sometimes we need to break away from the hustle and bustle of our daily lives. My me time means one thing; a day at the spa in Cape Town.
Win a Road Trip in Cape Town with #thando!
Where in the Western Cape is our fun, new mobile visitor information vehicle, #thando? Enter your best guess and not only could you win amazing daily prizes but you'll also be entered into a lucky draw to win a road trip in Cape Town for four people , worth R 30 000!
Your #lovecapetown weekend: Things to do from Friday 6 to Sunday 8 June, 2014
Let the countdown to the weekend begin!
What's New in Cape Town: Your Top Things to do this Winter
Thought Cape Town only had really cool new things to do in summer? Ha! Winter in the chilly Mother City is my favourite time of the year because not only are there unbelievable specials on offer but there is also a feast of GREAT fresh events, activities and products to experience.
Your #lovecapetown weekend: Things to do from Friday 30 May to Sunday 1 June, 2014
Hey, #lovecapetown, are you ready for your thrilling Mother City – loving weekend?
Your #lovecapetown weekend: Things to do from Friday 23 to Sunday 25 May, 2014
Woohoo, #lovecapetown, the weekend is here!
Five reasons why my Mother's Day experience at Cape Town's Tsogo Sun The Cullinan rocked
I love both of my moms, Cape Town the Mother City and my vivacious amazing momma Soraya ,so when the second Sunday of May rolled around, there really was only one place of choice to celebrate their fabulousness – Tsogo Sun's Southern Sun The Cullinan hotel.
How to Eat and Drink Your Way through the Good Food&Wine Show 2014 in Cape Town
Who loves gourmet events in Cape Town? I do, it's true, and I just CANNOT wait for the Good Food&Wine Show 2014 at the Cape Town International Convention Centre from Thursday 29 May to Sunday 1 June, 2014.
One Direction Headed to Cape Town:All of the important teenage girl screaming facts you need to know
By now you should know the biggest news to hit the Mother City since sliced bread - One Direction, the British boy band ,wont to drive teenage girls insane, is headed to Cape Town in April 2015.
Your #lovecapetown weekend: Things to do from Friday 16 to Sunday 18 May, 2014
Are you ready for an amazing weekend in our Mother City?
Cape Town Tourism Cares: Grannies make a difference with Gugulethu garden
At Cape Town Tourism, we're big on giving back to the Mother City's residents in need , so when we recently had the pleasure of meeting up with Rob Small of Abalimi Bezekhaya ( Farmers of Home) at one of the community vegetable gardens in Gugulethu, we just had to tell you about it.
12 Pics that will make you want to explore Stellenbosch
What more could a traveller want than wine, food, mountains, arresting architecture… and did we mention wine?
Cape Town Winter Restaurant Specials 2014: Cool places with cheap meals to eat at in the Mother City
Brave the cold air and join me for these centsable Cape Town Winter Restaurant Specials:
World Design Capital Wednesdays: Nkanyezi Gallery opens at Belmond Mount Nelson Hotel in Cape Town
What do you get when you combine the Mother City's most opulent accommodation with an up and coming designer township project? Why, the Nykanyezi Gallery, a collaborative initiative between the world-renowned Belmond Mount Nelson Hotel and World Design Capital (WDC) 2014's Maboneng Township Arts Experience, of course!
Your Guide to Travel, Transport and Cash Cards in Cape Town
It's the number one tip we've all heard when travelling: don't carry all your cash on you, use traveller's cheques or get a card.
World Design Capital Wednesday: The Live Design Woodstock Lifestyle Tour in Cape Town
We're immensely proud that Cape Town, our creative Mother City, is the World Design Capital 2014, so we're bringing you a new blog series, World Design Capital Wednesdays, highlighting just what makes our quirky, innovative hometown worthy of this title.
Your #lovecapetown Easter weekend: Friday 18 to Monday 21 April,2014
#lovecapetown, it's your Easter weekend,baby!
Cape Town takes second place in TripAdvisor TripIndex 2014 of Best Value International Cities
Cape Town has gone and done it again - lapping up accolades like it's all she was created to do. This time, the Mother City has nabbed second place in the prestigious TripAdvisor's TripIndex2014 of Best Value International Cities.
Taste of Cape Town 2014: Your bite-sized guide to foodie fun in the Mother City
Foodies, are you ready to sink your teeth into this year's premier gourmet event, the Taste of Cape Town festival?
School Holidays in Cape Town: What to do with the kids this autumn
School's out from Friday 28 March, 2014 for Cape Town's younger residents and visitors and we're sure, like most parents, you're wondering just what to do with them?
Your long #lovecapetown Weekend: top things to do from Friday 21 to Sunday 23 March, 2014
Woohoo, it's a LONG weekend in #lovecapetown! If you're not heading out of town, why not express your Human Rights with amazing free garden concerts, a colourful festival at the Grand Parade and a delicious bake-off in the Winelands.
Top Family Friendly Restaurants in Cape Town
We've all been there: eager to catch-up with friends and loved ones over a delicious meal but stressed out about finding a spot that accommodates the little people in our lives… With Easter weekend and the school holidays fast approaching, we went in search of Cape Town, the child-loving Mother City's top family friendly restaurants:
Your #lovecapetown Weekend: Things to do from Friday 14 to Sunday 16 March, 2014
It's the weekend in #lovecapetown, Mother City lovers! Get ready for 48 hours of non-stop celebration in our hometown. From colourful street carnivals to travel shows in the Winelands and Grammy award-winning artists' park concerts, there is plenty to see and do.
Grand White Dinner in Cape Town: My Tsogo Sun Picnic Experience
It is isn't everyday a girl gets to feast on a decadent Tsogo Sun picnic basket so when I was offered the opportunity to have this luxurious item sponsored for my meal at the Grand White Dinner in Cape Town on Saturday 1 March, 2014, I jumped at it with relish!


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Lyrics Depot is your source of lyrics to Black Chrome by Turbonegro. Please check back for more Turbonegro lyrics.
Black Chrome Lyrics
Artist: Turbonegro
Album: Never Is Forever
My wheels are on fire -
I can't get higher -
I've got my metal and my gum -
Gonna ride Gun City -
Just for fun baby -
Black chrome -
You want me to fry -
Black chrome -
But I'll never die -
Black chrome -
Tour of annihilation -
Black chrome -
All across the nation -
All across the nation -
Brand new sensation -
Heavy excitation -
Hyper ventilation -
Death row -
I'll ride to the end -
Death row -
No more laws to bend -
Death row -
You would like to see me fry -
Death row -
But I'll never die -
Turbonegro Lyrics
Turbonegro Never Is Forever Lyrics
More Turbonegro Music Lyrics:
Turbonegro - Denim Demon Lyrics
Turbonegro - Hell Toupee Lyrics
Turbonegro - I Will Never Die Lyrics
Turbonegro - Oslo Bloodbath pt. II Lyrics
Turbonegro - Sailor Man Lyrics
Turbonegro - What Is Rock?! Lyrics
Turbonegro - Wipe It Til It Bleeds Lyrics
Turbonegro - Zillion Dollar Sadist Lyrics

subset: commoncrawl


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May 30, 2012
Rice Owl Fans,
Thank you to those who submitted questions recently. I encourage you to continue sending me messages through the "Ask the AD" portal. I will remain focused on sharing answers and feedback with you. Thank you for your support of our Rice Scholar-Athletes.
Rick Greenspan, Rice Director of Athletics
I saw on the season ticket material that the Roost at the football stadium is going to be in the upper deck on the home side. How will that be set up? Will benches be removed to create space or will some other method be used?
The popularity of the original area for The Roost made it imperative that we look at a larger space. We wanted to expand and upgrade the area where beer would be available. After considering several options, we felt the ideal location to accomplish this goal was the East Upper Deck. This will allow fans to enjoy a beer without having to stand, since seating areas 355-357, beginning with the 9th row, are reserved for Roost patrons. Fans will be able to enjoy their favorite beverage with a much better view of the game, plus a view of the scoreboard. The serving areas will be in the shade under the East Deck, which addresses another issue that fans have raised in the past. One of concession partners, Prince's Hamburgers, will serve the Roost with similar stadium fair as they have offered in the past. We think this is an exciting upgrade over what we have offered in the past, and we will continue to study suggestions on further upgrades in the future.
Is there any plans to have a tailgate area at the stadium for football next year?
Our marketing team has been working with Bud Light to enhance our tailgating area on the east side of the stadium. This interactive fan experience will include a beer garden, a stage for live music and a food station. We are also looking to create "College Row" where each college will have a tailgating zone for both current members of each college and their alumni. We plan to hold contests for each game to encourage participation and student attendance. We are looking to create a vibrant area for our fans that will also be an attractive area for our sponsors to interact with fans, enhancing the value of their partnerships with Rice Athletics.
We believe that the unique nature of the season opener with UCLA, coming on a Thursday night and kicking off the Labor Day weekend, presents us with an exciting opportunity to launch this area.
Why did we change the stadium improvement concept from a north end zone facility to a free standing facility on the south side? Seems the end zone facility makes more sense aesthetically, is in line with what other schools are doing to their stadiums, and is closer to the grass practice field from the player's dressing room.
As you mentioned, we studied a variety of options when looking at the facilities needs at Rice Stadium. After much site evaluation, it was determined that the best solution to address the most pressing need was to create a stand-alone facility in the South End Zone. This option allows us to reinvest on that portion of the stadium where the current football facilities stand. This includes electrical and mechanical work, along with accessibility improvements. Our primary objective with stadium enhancement is to improve the area where the scholar-athletes directly impacted. While this facility is near the football stadium it will be utilized by all our scholar-athletes and the location will be most accessible.
I received a numeral as a freshman football team member in 1967. After starting as a tight end my freshman year, I was on the football team as a squad man/scout team member at various positions. I graduated in 1971. I've always been curious if a freshman numeral (Class of 1971) made one a letterman.
I can't speak to what the requirements were in order to receive a letter at that time, but I am certain that those thresholds have changed over time. I do know that the R Association (Rice Athletics Letterwinner Association) now recognizes anyone who played a sport - whether they received a letter or not. Many dedicated men and women have participated in athletics at Rice but did not see varsity action for any number of reasons. That does not diminish the commitment or sacrifice that each of you made as a member of a team. You are a Rice Owl. I encourage you and others who are in a similar situation but assumed you were not eligible for membership to contact R Association Executive Director Don Knodel at 713-348-6915
Will Elizabeth Schmidt, the Women's Tennis coach, get a significant pay increase as a result of her success? We do not want to lose her.
I agree 100%, we want to keep Coach Schmidt at Rice for a long time. While I will not publically address coaching salaries, we will do everything we can to keep Coach Schmidt as our head coach. The women's team will return all but one of the players who made their first appearance in the Sweet 16 and once we break ground on the new tennis facility before the end of the year, the future of Rice Women's Tennis is very bright.
We seem to excel in certain sports but the marquee sports have not sustained excellence. It is possible to excel both academically and athletically?
Yes, it is possible and that is the goal of Rice Athletics. We have historically been near the top for NCAA graduation rates and have displayed excellence in the classroom with Conference USA accolades, as well as national honors. We strive to have the same distinction on the field or arena as we do in the classroom. This however will require us to overcome some challenges - including increasing the funding of the program through philanthropy, ticket sales and brand growth, creating top-notch facilities for all our scholar-athletes and the overall vision to make these a reality. We continue to work at putting our teams in position to be successful with areas of increased resources.
Who has been the official scorer at games at Reckling this season?
We have had the same official scorer since the 2007 season; he is a member of the athletic department communications staff.
I'm a 1972 graduate and three-year football letter winner. Anything planned for Homecoming to recognize 40 year anniversary?
The Homecoming game this year against UTSA will be part of our Centennial Celebration Weekend - October 10-14. We are working collaboratively with the Alumni Association, Centennial Team and Public Affairs to maximize efforts that weekend. While I don't know specifically if we will have a '72 reunion, we will honor all letterwinners in attendance that weekend, not solely football players. We will announce specifics as we get closer but keep an eye out for save the date announcements for that weekend.
Both of my sons bleed "Rice Blue", and happen to be excellent athletes. However, they attend a Division 1A High School. Does Rice Athletics ever look at Texas Division 1A High Schools for recruiting athletes? And how would my boys be more visible for recruiting purposes? Our family is anxiously awaiting your input. Thanks.
Rice has football players from many different divisions. We aspire to have the best scholar-athletes, regardless of high school division. I would suggest you attend one of the Coach Bailiff's Summer Camps or contact Billy Lynch, Rice Recruiting Coordinator, for more information on the program.
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Lyons Tabbed by C-USA Coaches
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07/20/2016 - M. Golf - Kevin Reilly, who will be a senior on the Rice golf team this fall, finished in the top three of the U.S. Amateur qualifying tournament played at...
Langley Announces 2016-17 Non-Conference Schedule
07/20/2016 - W. Basketball - Rice University head women's basketball coach Tina Langley has announced the upcoming 2016-17 non-conference basketball schedule, which...
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07/19/2016 - W. Track - Belle MacFarlane and Katherine Ip have been named recipients of the 2015-16 Conference USA Scholar Athlete of the Year awards for their respective ...
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07/18/2016 - Football - Rice Football fans now have the opportunity to create their own package of reserved seats for the 2016 football season by taking advantage of the...
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Remember that Walden's Title IV Code is 025042.
Call us now toll-free on1-866-492-5336 or
Do you live outside the US?
Call us now using these toll-free numbers or visit our International Students area.
Core Faculty
John Borton
PhD, University of Colorado Boulder; MS, University of Northern Colorado; BA, Purdue University
Vladimir A. Gubanov
PhD, Ural State Technical University, Russia; MS, Ural State University, Russia; MS, American InterContinental University
Ahmed Banafa, MS, Lehigh University; BS, King Abdulaziz University
Ryan Cameron, MS, University of Phoenix; BA, Southern Illinois University-Carbondale
Mark Cohen, PhD, Nova Southeastern University; JD, University of Baltimore; BS, Villa Julie College; BS, Old Dominion University
Michael Collins, PhD, University of Arkansas; MBA, University of Nevada, Las Vegas; BS, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis
Brooke Estabrook-Fishinghawk, MS, Emporia State University; MS, University of Illinois; MS, University of North Texas; BA, University of California, Los Angeles
Martin Grossman, DBA, MS, Nova Southeastern University
Rodney E. Greer, MBA, The City University of New York; BA, Humboldt State University
Bhanu Kapoor, PhD, MS, Southern Methodist University; BTech, Indian Institute of Technology
Michael J. Kolta, PhD, MS, University at Albany, State University of New York; BS, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Kevin Lee, MS, University of Phoenix; BS, High Point University
Carr Mensa-Oduro, PhD, Walden University; MBA, BS, Azusa Pacific University
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Andre Rosenthal, MBA, University of Phoenix; BS, Florida International University
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Farhan Siddiqui, PhD, MS, Wayne State University; BS, Osmania University, India
John Stachel, PhD, Capella University; MS, University of Phoenix
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text: News MATCH REPORT V CORNISH PIRATES Bedford Blues and Cornish Pirates could both have been wearing black and white hoops on Saturday afternoon as 3.035 fans inside Goldington Road were treated to a Barbarian-esq encounter with 15 tries being run in during a 54-46 win for the home side. You can see all of the tries HERE. A hat-trick for Dean Adamson along with one apiece for Henry Taylor, Mike Le Bourgeois, Paul Tupai, George Perkins and Harry Wells did the damage while Jake Sharp converted six and Myles Dorrian one. Read more MATCH PREVIEW V CORNISH PIRATES Bedford Blues return to Goldington Road this weekend looking to bounce back from last weekend's defeat to Yorkshire Carnegie as they host Cornish Pirates in the Greene King IPA Championship. Games between the two are often high scoring and close affairs with the reverse this season being a perfect example. Bedford had looked as though they were heading towards a bonus point win thanks to tries from Pat Tapley, Tom Griffiths, Joel Conlon and Mike Le Bourgeois, but a dogged Pirates team didn't give in and snatched a 32-31 win with a converted try right at the death.Read more ACADEMY AWAY AT NOTTINGHAM The Blues Academy U19s travel to take on the Nottingham Academy side on Sunday April 3rd, Kick Off 2.00pm. The Blues make three changes to the starting line-up that played Ealing Trailfinders in their last game. In the pack Cameron Lawes starts at second row and Jack Spurr (BMS School) at flanker. In the back line Paddy McDuell, the ex-Bedford School fly half, who is home from University, starts at ten and Ben Phillips returns from injury to start at inside centre. Read more TWO HOOKERS SECURED FOR 16/17 Bedford Blues are delighted to announce the signing of exciting Loughborough Students hooker Jacob Fields as well as the re-signing of Sam James for the 2016/17 season. The news comes hot off the heels of the announcement that Charlie Clare will be moving on from Goldington Road to join Premiership side, and near neighbours, Northampton Saints at Franklins Gardens in the Aviva Premiership. Read more PRITCH NAMED PLAYER/COACH AT COV Bedford Blues can confirm that all-time leading point scorer, James Pritchard, will be leaving the club at the end of the season to take up a player/coach role with National One side Coventry. Pritchard, 36, or Skippy as he is known, celebrated his testimonial with the club last season and has been a key figure at Goldington Road for more than a decade.Read more Pages« first ‹ previous … 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 … next › last »


text: First published fifty years ago, How to Raise Good Catholic Children is a wise and readable book on child care that derives its wisdom from the Catholic home rather than from psychologists. Author Mary Reed Newland here draws on her own experiences as a mother of seven to show how the classic Christian principles of sanctity can be translated into terms easily applied even to very young children. Let Mrs. Newland show you how to introduce your littlest ones to God and develop in your growing children virtues such as: the habit of regular prayer, genuine love of the rosary, devotion to Mary and the saints, attentiveness at Mass, and dozens of other skills, habits, and virtues that every good Catholic child needs.


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Why EVERY Skin Tone Should Give Bronzer A Shot
Photo: Courtesy of PMK*BNC/WireImage.
If you've fallen prey to the notion that bronzer is only for summer, or that it only works with certain skin tones (yours not included), time to follow a new makeup mantra. Bronzer is not only a no-miss way to warm up a pale complexion during the fall and winter seasons, but it can also instantly transform and enhance any complexion and bone structure.
MAC's Director of Makeup Artistry Gregory Arlt, a self-proclaimed beauty exorcist who likes to "pull the beauty out of people," says that, yes, bronzer works on all skin tones. "I think browns pretty much work on everybody," says Arlt. "It's finding the right browns, finding the right texture."
Using a warmer palette, like golden-brown, can appear more "pleasing as opposed to grays," he adds. "Having those warm chocolate-browns and golden-browns makes the skin look more healthy and pretty."
Arlt's other tips for enhancing natural beauty?
When it comes to highlighting and conturing, the makeup master encourages finding a color that's "about two shades lighter than your own skin tone," noting that something that's a bit more yellow-based looks more natural. "General rule of thumb, whenever you lighten something, it stands out, and whenever you darken something, it recedes," Arlt says. "You want to darken underneath your cheekbone, in the little cavity area." When you highlight, "you highlight your upper cheekbone," and can also add some down the bridge of the nose and the chin as well.
"I tend not to contour unless for photography, because you can see the makeup and it doesn't look as natural," Arlt says. "So, I always try to create depth by adding light...If you highlight the upper cheekbone, [it's] already going to look like it has a lot more depth."
The same goes for the eyes. "Instead of going for a dark eye shadow in the crease, I'll do a light color on the lid, and a little underneath the brow bone. Then, it already looks like you have a natural darkness in here," Arlt says. The light color on the lid could also be a subtle, neutral shimmer.
And that, beauty buffs, is how to flaunt what you've got!
More from Makeup
We Test ColourPop's New Liquid Lipstick
PSA: I've finally found a liquid lipstick perfect for those who hate the dry feeling of a traditional formula, but crave all-day color — and it's only $6! ...
Mi-Anne Chan
Jul 15, 2016
Weird Blush Shades That Look Amazing
Mere months ago, if you'd asked us to reach for our most outlandish lip color, we might've whipped out a hot pink or super-bright red. But, today, we're well acquainted (and entirely infatuated) with lippies across the color spectrum: yellow, purple, blue — you name it. So, imagine our delight in discovering we could ...
Dianna Mazzone
Jul 21, 2016


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I'll load up on it again and sell it for another bog profit later Today or Tomorrow.
yeah, you're always out and in just at the right time, huh? you are a liar and a joke.
Check my post, I posted when I bought and I posted when I sold booking over 3K in profits. I bought back in just over 58 and will sell for a profit again. If not today tomorrow.
Now you can buy below $57.
Will that cover your SHI that you said to go all in at $41.00? If you need help with your mortgage let us know..
SHI isn't my play you got the wrong trader. I don't have a mortgage either. I own all my properties mortgage free.


text:
Eternal Abundance is hosting the East Van book launch of Deborah Rossouw's first book in her "ALIVE on RAW" series. She is garnering rave reviews for her new 200-page manual: "Alive on Raw – Get your body and energy back. Book 1: The Challenge." Eternal Abundance will be providing raw food samples!
Deborah is a local North Shore Speaker, Coach, and Author, and she'll share a brief story of her road to raw and will also give a brief presentation on this beautifully laid out manual, a manual for transitioning to a raw lifestyle, which provides clear steps and success strategies to increase your intake of living foods, reduce your risk of illness, re-ignite your energy and help you to return to your natural body weight. It also provides original raw recipes with full colour photo's.
Books will be for sale in two formats – ebook and hard copy versions.
At Eternal Abundance
Date: Tuesday, January 29th
Time: 7:30 – 8:45PM
Location: Eternal Abundance, 1025 Commercial Drive, Vancouver
Cost: $5 catering fee for raw food samples
Refunds are not offered for this Meetup.
Meetup members, Log in
By clicking "Sign up" or "Sign up using Facebook", you confirm that you accept our Terms of Service & Privacy Policy


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"Throughout the real-time transaction page when using the term we , the representative of the EBAY and ALLTECHWHOLESALE," EBAY described in its pages on real-time transactions. Nike Air Max LTD Women For example, you are in a store , you can get a piece of information by mobile service commodity ; You can also notify the merchant PAYPALCHECK-IN service you will arrive in advance , so that when you enter the store , theyll entertain you with enthusiasm for provide you with personalized service .But there are also electricity supplier experts believe that if the department store industry to strengthen the supply chain management , focusing on regional routes to go , then he has a chance to stand out much .
A large-scale footwear enterprises in Jinjiang official told reporters that the United States and manufacturing costs Jinjiang shoes Nike shoes re just a few cents , but both in the international market, the price difference of 10 times or more.Fujian Provincial Department of Commerce , said the province during the Spring Festival catering market to achieve a slight increase in the provinces 21 food and beverage total revenue of 53.Meanwhile, the big luxury gradually losing individuality, will allow the luxury industry ushered in large-scale custom development opportunities , experience and strong and can reflect a personal touch of luxury brands will be more sought after , LOGO consumption will further become the past , wealth, quality of research hospital predict that by the end of 2013, Chinas luxury market will customize the number of brands over 4000 . Nike Air Jordans AAA Exhibition organizers have begun to limit the number of Chinese exhibitors , the exhibition so as not to affect the overall results .52% , like online shopping , mostly 18-25 year olds .
In a lot of explanation, there is a view that China s reform and opening up , China established the advantages of the "best system" , which can be explained not only the achievements of the past 30 years , may also explain the economic rise of China will in the future.According to the domestic luxury electric providers Spanish-American fashion relevant responsible person said , there are still a lot of luxury electric providers website price advantage to attract consumers , " but this is not a permanent solution .Third, consumption structure upgrading residents , especially the rural market is still huge potential for consumption of traditional products ." now, with the completion of extensive drug wanglaoji National Distribution , wine dealers throughout wanglaoji help seize a large number of traditional shops and catering channels channels with JDB comprehensive scraping across multiple channels. Nike Air Max 2014 Women On the operation of the domestic consumer market2008 domestic consumer goods market continued to maintain steady and rapid growth.
At that time , dozens of businesses forced to " choose sides " can only participate in the promotion of a platform.For these brands have a certain influence on the market , mostly foreign acquisition premium . Womens Air Jordan 5 " Senior portfolio manager at Australias largest investment bank Macquarie Group is responsible for Asian equities Sam Conil (SAMCORNU) said, "We are looking at the structure of those dominant stock , it may be consumer stocks , may also be in health care stocks, ie those sectors will benefit from the wave of urbanization .One of the most striking is the worlds largest international diamond processing trade companies - Belgian Continental Star (EDT) to $ 100 million acquisition of Chinese jewelry brand " psychic emerald diamond " and the renamed TESIRO psychic .702 billion yuan in total , an increase of 22 %, 49 percent of enterprises above designated size ( 11,168 ) Gross profit decreased by 1.
Womens Air Jordan 5 I believe that the former should not be their main direction , then in the latter direction , but also a high-priced , high-margin categories, I think it is a chance to break through .For department stores , it is now part of the group s most high-quality customer resources department should be the focus of an object ."There needs to catch up with the increase in supply could also take some time to observe , but in the case of monetary and fiscal policy is expected to tighten in the fourth quarter GDP growth or decline in the third quarter from 7.Monitoring the Commerce Department show that during the Spring Festival this year, a marked decline in sales of high-end gifts , Fuzhou , luxury gift wine sales fell more than supermarkets around 70% year on year .
Womens Air Jordan 5 Economists believe that Christmas sales can indeed boost consumption to some extent , increase employment opportunities , but must not overestimate its role.During the Cultural Revolution , the Red Guards and scarves even watch such gadgets as also reflected in "bourgeois thinking" took away ." But she also wanted to , "I do not shrink food festival clothes .Timely "double 11" Merchant red performance last chance this years " double 11" , on various aspects of the entire chain for all retail channels is undoubtedly a timely rain .


text:
Whybin\TBWA\ Group Australia
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November 13, 2012: John McKelvey has been named creative director at R/GA New York. He had been creative director at Whybin\TBWA Group Australia. (AgencySpy)


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Fair Shake
di Internet Exposure
Apri iTunes per acquistare e scaricare le app.
FAIR SHAKE App for Minnesota State Fair
If you've ever been to the Minnesota State Fair, you know how it feels to be faced with the choice of literally thousands of different foods to enjoy. The Fair Shake app guides you to the perfect meal or snack by recommending food from category of your choice then helping you get to the vendor selling it.
* A free, interactive curation of hundreds of food items at the Minnesota State Fair
* Features more than 300 hand-selected food picks in 9 unique categories
* Harnesses your GPS location to easily guide you to Fair Shake-recommended booths
* Equipped with an engaging shake function that returns a recommended food item in the category of your choice.
Fair Shake randomly curates hand-picked food recommendations in the categories of your choice. Choose from categories such as Bizarre, On-A-Stick, Sweet Tooth, Vegetarian and more, and the app will help you successfully eat your way through the fairgrounds.
Don't think. Just eat. And know whatever you're munching on is going to be delicious!
* Simply pick one or more of the 9 categories displayed on the homescreen.
* Shake your iPhone and feast your eyes on Fair Shake's random food pick.
* A GPS enabled map will guide you directly to the booth that features Fair Shake's recommendation.
* Once you've arrived, stuff your face, shake again and move on to the next treat!
Please Note: The Fair Shake App is not officially associated with the Minnesota State Fair.
Novità nella versione 1.3.2
Updated for the 2013 Minnesota State Fair. Includes more vendors, more great food, and more hilarious recommendations. Updated Graphics!
Development Team:
Marketing Site:
Istantanee iPhone
Altri hanno acquistato
- Gratuiti
- Categoria: Intrattenimento
- Aggiornato: 21/08/2013
- Versione: 1.3.2
- Dimensioni: 3.3 MB
- Lingua: Inglese
- Sviluppatore: Internet Exposure, Inc.
- © 2012 Internet Exposure, Inc.
Compatibilità: Richiede iOS 6.0 o versioni successive. Compatibile con iPhone, iPad e iPod touch.


text:
|This article needs additional citations for verification. (June 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Billingshurst shown within West Sussex
|32.19 km2 (12.43 sq mi) [1]
|6,531 [1] 2001 Census
|– density
|203/km2 (530/sq mi)
|OS grid reference
|– London
|36 miles (58 km) NNE
|Civil parish
|Shire county
|West Sussex
|South East
|Sovereign state
|United Kingdom
|Post town
|Postcode district
|Dialling code
|West Sussex
|South East Coast
|EU Parliament
|South East England
|UK Parliament
Coordinates: 51°01′21″N 0°27′03″W / 51.0226°N 0.4508°W
Billingshurst is a village and civil parish in the Horsham District of West Sussex, England. It lies 8 miles (13 km) south-west of Horsham, and 5.6 miles (9 km) north-east of Pulborough.
Billingshurst is located on the A29 road (the Roman Stane Street), at a point where the A272 road forms a crossroads with it. The civil parish has a land area of 7,952 acres (3,219 hectares). In the 2001 census 6,531 people lived in 2,677 households, of whom 3,451 were economically active.[citation needed]
The village's name probably came from Anglo-Saxon Billinges hyrst = "Billa's son's wooded hill".[2]
Community facilities[edit]
The village has a secondary school and a sixth form college, known together as The Weald School. Billingshurst Primary School (formerly two separate infant and junior schools, until a decision was taken in 2009 and implemented in 2010 to combine them into one) is situated near to The Weald.[citation needed]
The Weald School site contains a leisure centre with swimming pool and gym which is open to the public. A new sports area, Jubilee Fields, contains football pitches, two cricket pitches and pavilion, a fishing lake, and an exercise (trim trail) path. In the last year a new skatepark has also been added. Other facilities in the village include a tennis club and a lawn bowling club.
Billingshurst lies on the junction of the A29 and the A272 which are routes to Petworth, Petersfield, Haywards Heath, Pulborough and Bognor Regis.
Billingshurst railway station, located on Station Rd. in Billingshurst, is on the main line from London Victoria to Bognor Regis and Chichester. It would take about 20 minutes to get to Crawley by train.
The village is near the Wey and Arun Canal, which waterway has not been fully navigable since the 1890s.
Approximate travelling times by car from the larger towns and cities near Billingshurst are 35 minutes to Guildford, 30 minutes to Crawley and Chichester, 25 minutes to Haslemere and 35 minutes to Haywards Heath.
Religious sites[edit]
Billingshurst has five churches. St Mary's Church (Church of England) is the largest, with a mix of service styles, ranging from Book of Common Prayer communion services to informal family worship. Other churches are St Gabriel's Church (Catholic), Billingshurst Family Church (Evangelical; part of the Newfrontiers family of churches) and Trinity Church (United Reformed). Billingshurst Unitarian Chapel, set back behind the High Street, was founded in 1754 and is one of southeast England's oldest Nonconformist places of worship.[3]
Football Team[edit]
Billingshurst Football Club was founded in 1981.[citation needed] The first team is currently in the second division of the Southern Combination Football League. The club's colours are red and black.
- ^ a b "2001 Census: West Sussex – Population by Parish" (PDF). West Sussex County Council. Retrieved 12 April 2009.
- ^ "Billingshurst Family Crest, Coat of Arms and Name History". www.houseofnames.com. Retrieved 2015-10-05.
- ^ Lines, Wendy (1995). Billingshurst. The Archive Photographs Series. Chalford: Chalford Publishing Company. p. 87. ISBN 0-7524-0301-X.
External links[edit]
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Billingshurst.


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502 Millbrook Avenue, Randolph, NJ 07869-3799
Tel: 973.989.7100 • Fax: 973.989.7076
Randolph Township Free Public Library
Whether you walk through the library doors or use our online links, the library staff invites you to explore our offerings. Our mission is to provide services and resources to assist users in expanding their knowledge and talents, making informed decisions, enriching their leisure hours and enhancing their daily lives.
"On Your Mark, Get Set….READ" Summer Reading Club
Race to the library to register for our summer reading club! Become a superstar reader or listener! Have fun with books, stickers and prizes. Registration for Randolph children begins June 22 and will be ongoing throughout the club. Enjoy ice cream and entertainment at the Summer Reading Club Picnic on August 3.
"Get in the Game…READ!" Teen Summer Reading Program
Weekly prize drawings for reading! Must be a Randolph resident in 7th grade or above. Ends on Friday, August 5, 2016.
Knitting Club
Meets every second Tuesday at 7:30 p.m. Club is for adult knitters, teenagers are welcome. Bring your current projects, those never completed projects, your questions and ideas. Let's have fun and learn from each other! Registration suggested
Ongoing Programs
Upcoming Events
- Snack It Up!
Wednesday, July 27
- The Kootz Band
Monday, August 1
- Summer Reading Club Picnic
Wednesday, August 3
- Super Bubble Fun Time!
Thursday, August 4
- Superstition
Monday, August 8
- Stories, Songs and Play, Oh My!
Wednesday, September 14
- Apple Cider Press
Thursday, September 22


text:
Passive Wireless Wallpaper Humidity Sensor for Building Monitoring
Award Information
Small Business Information
Boston Applied Technologies, Inc.
6F Gill Street, Woburn, MA, 01801
Principal Investigator:
Hua Jiang
(781) 935-2800
(781) 935-2800
Business Contact:
Yingyin Zou
(781) 935-2800
(781) 935-2800
Research Institution:
AbstractEnvironmental sensors are needed for the control of systems and appliances in both commercial and residential buildings, in order to increase energy efficiency and indoor life quality. In particular, wireless sensor suites are needed to minimize the cost of retrofitting buildings, especially in places where wiring would be difficult. This project will employ passive, wireless sensing technology and humidity-sensitive materials to develop a low-cost, passive, wireless, wallpaper humidity sensor, which can be used for the battery-free monitoring of indoor humidity. Phase I will develop an innovative, radio-frequency-powered wireless sensing mechanism, based on a flexible thick film resonant circuit, which can be integrated into wallpaper. Two prototypes of the wireless wallpaper humidity sensor, along with associated electronics (e.g., remote power and sensor reader), will be designed and fabricated. Commercial Applications and other Benefits as described by the awardee: It has been estimated that the potential productivity gain, through improved indoor environmental quality, is over $40 billion to $250 billion per year in the U.S. alone. In addition to improving the indoor environment, this technology should lead to large energy savings and enable the use of multifunctional, passive wireless sensors for homeland security and military applications.
* information listed above is at the time of submission.
An Official Website of the United States Government


text:
You have the power to end brain cancer.
There are many ways to quit smoking or quit using smokeless tobacco products. Some people quit suddenly, while others gradually reduce their tobacco use. The more motivated and prepared you are to quit smoking, the more likely you are to succeed.
Some people can quit on their own. But people generally have the best chance of quitting when they use a program that offers counselling or support and a quit aid.
You might quit smoking or using tobacco products on your own. Success usually depends on a number of factors, including how much you smoke, chew or snuff, how long you've used tobacco products, how much support you have and your general health.
There are many self-help materials and online resources that can help you quit without joining a formal program. For example, the Canadian Cancer Society's One Step at a Time booklets offer tips and support to help you quit.
Self-help programs or materials usually work best for people who have low levels of nicotine addiction, such as occasional smokers or people who smoke less than 10 cigarettes a day. It also really helps to have support from family and friends.
Many people benefit from joining programs designed to help people quit smoking or using other tobacco products. Counselling and advice from doctors, dentists, pharmacists or nurses can be very helpful. Some programs are tailored to the needs of certain age groups, such as teenage smokers. For example, Health Canada's Quit 4 Life is designed to help young Canadians quit smoking.
Smokers' helplines, or quitlines, are widely available across Canada. These free, confidential telephone services are available to all smokers, whether or not they are ready to quit. Callers get information, guidance and support. They are also given print resources and referrals to local programs and services. Family and friends can also use quitlines to learn how they can help a smoker quit.
Some quitlines may also offer interactive, web-based programs. These programs offer access to self-help programs, discussion forums, inspirational e-mails, text messaging programs and other resources to help you quit smoking.
Many people benefit from one-on-one counselling. Specialized smoking cessation programs or addiction clinics run by trained professionals may be available in your area. They can be very helpful for smokers who are highly addicted, have tried to quit many times without success or are trying to deal with other medical or addiction problems.
People who feel comfortable in and enjoy group settings may benefit from group programs. Some group programs are run by specially trained counsellors or facilitators. Others provide an opportunity for smokers to help each other quit smoking without a formal counsellor.
Some medicines help wean smokers off nicotine in the early stages of quitting by reducing nicotine withdrawal symptoms. Research shows that these medicines can help smokers quit when they are used as directed. They are usually most effective when they are combined with other resources, such as counselling or support. Check with a healthcare professional before using any of these products.
Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) works by managing the cravings caused by nicotine withdrawal. NRT is widely available from drugstores without a doctor's prescription. NRT comes in different forms, dosages and brands. There is no evidence that one type of NRT is better than any other. But all forms of NRT make it more likely that you will successfully quit smoking.
|Type of NRT
|How it works
nicotine chewing pieces (gum)
Chewing the pieces releases nicotine, which gets into the bloodstream through the lining of the mouth.
nicotine inhaler
An inhaler delivers nicotine in a vapour that gets into the bloodstream through the lining of the mouth.
nicotine lozenge
A lozenge releases nicotine as it slowly dissolves. The nicotine gets into the bloodstream through the lining of the mouth.
nicotine spray
Nasal and mouth (oral) sprays deliver nicotine in a mist. It is absorbed through the lining of the nose or mouth and enters the bloodstream quickly.
nicotine patch
A patch delivers nicotine to the body through the skin.
NRT patches are mainly designed to deliver a continuous, controlled dose of nicotine over time. NRT gums, inhalers, lozenges and sprays give you a more instant hit of nicotine.
Some medicines designed to help people quit smoking require a doctor's prescription. These medicines don't contain nicotine. They are designed to help ease withdrawal symptoms.
|How it works
bupropion (Zyban)
Bupropion stimulates the same areas of the brain that nicotine does. It may help reduce withdrawal symptoms and cravings when quitting. Bupropion was first developed to treat depression.
In some cases, bupropion and NRT can be used together.
varenicline (Champix)
Varenicline was developed to help people stop smoking. It stimulates the same areas of the brain that nicotine does and prevents the pleasurable effects of smoking. In doing so, it helps lower the urge to smoke and reduces withdrawal symptoms.
Varenicline should not be used with NRT.
Talk to your healthcare team to find out if these medicines might work for you. People often start taking them 1–2 weeks before they quit and keep taking them for a certain amount of time after the last time they use tobacco. You should be aware of possible side effects and interactions with other drugs before you take these medicines.
Other methods that may help you quit smoking include acupuncture, laser therapy or hypnosis. Some people also try to use nicotine products, such as lollipops or lip balm, or e-cigarettes to help them quit. There isn't enough scientific evidence to prove these methods are effective in helping people quit, but some people find them useful. Check with your doctor before using these methods to help you quit.
Other people turn to herbal products, such as clove or herbal cigarettes, to help them quit. These products are not recommended because they can pose health risks.
Acupuncture is part of traditional Chinese medicine. It uses very thin needles pushed through the skin at certain points on the body (acupoints) to help restore balance to the body. Specific spots on the body are thought to be related to the urge to smoke. Acupuncture is also thought to help the body release natural pain relievers called endorphinsendorphinsA substance made in the body that relieves pain. to mimic the effects of nicotine in the brain.
Laser therapy is based on the same theory as acupuncture. Weak laser beams are used instead of acupuncture needles to stimulate the body's acupoints.
Hypnosis is a state of relaxed and focused attention in which the person concentrates on a certain feeling, idea or suggestion. Hypnosis tries to change the person's attitude about smoking or using other tobacco products to help them quit. The person is given certain suggestions while hypnotized. These suggestions include reminders to relax when they have a craving, to resist the urge to smoke or how unpleasant smoking is.
There are a wide variety of products and devices that deliver nicotine or that people use as a substitute for tobacco products. Products that deliver nicotine include nicotine lollipops or lip balm. These have not been scientifically proven to help people quit.
E-cigarettes are small, battery-powered devices that usually look like cigarettes. The e-cigarette cartridge is usually filled with propylene glycol, which makes the vapour, and glycerol. Some cartridges also contain flavouring. People may use e-cigarettes to simulate the feeling of smokingwithout actually smoking tobacco.
Many e-cigarettes also contain nicotine. Different brands and models of e-cigarettes have different amounts of nicotine. When you puff on the e-cigarette and inhale the vapour, the nicotine enters the lungs as a vaporized solution.
E-cigarettes with nicotine have not been approved by Health Canada for safety and efficacy. They can't be sold legally anywhere in the country. Researchers are still looking at how effective e-cigarettes with nicotine can be in helping someone quit smoking. Some studies have shown that e-cigarettes with nicotine may help users quit smoking. More research is needed.
E-cigarettes that don't contain nicotine can be legally sold in Canada. However, researchers haven't shown that they are effective in helping people quit smoking. A few studies have shown that there may be low levels of harmful substances in some e-cigarettes, even if they don't have nicotine.
Some people turn to herbal products because they think they are healthier alternatives to smoking tobacco. This isn't true. The smoke from any plant product, including clove or herbal cigarettes, may contain toxins that cause long-term damage to the airways and lung tissues. Research hasn't shown that clove or herbal cigarettes are a safe or effective way to quit smoking. Similarly, there isn't enough scientific evidence to support using other herbal products, such as herbal supplements or herbal patches, to help people stop smoking.
A clinical trial led by the Society's NCIC Clinical Trials group found that men with prostate cancer who are treated with intermittent courses of hormone therapy live as long as those receiving continuous therapy.


text:
This paper studies gratings engraved in multilayer dielectric stacks for ultra high intensity laser compressors application. We design various grating profiles with high reflected efficiencies for 1780 l/mm multilayer dielectric gratings (MLD). Each grating is defined to exhibit a different electric field maximum value in the pillars of the grating. A damage testing facility operating at 1.053 µm, 500 fs pulse duration is used to damage test the parts manufactured from these designs. It is evidenced that for fixed incident angle and materials the damage of the grating is directly related to the electric field intensity maximum in the material, which depends on the groove profile. Laser induced damage thresholds of 5 J/cm2 are experimentally reached with very high and uniform efficiencies.
© 2007 Optical Society of America
1. Introduction
A Petawatt laser called PETAL is under development in the Laser Integration Line (LIL), prototype of the future Megajoule Laser, in France1. It is designed to deliver impulsions of more than 7 PW with pulse duration of 500 fs at the wavelength of 1053 nm. The laser line uses the chirped pulse amplification (CPA) method2. The compressor of PETAL is based on a synthetic aperture scheme3. A first compression stage reduces the pulse duration from few nanoseconds to some hundreds of picoseconds. It is performed with large 420×830 mm2 gratings operating in air. A second compression stage reduces the pulse duration down to 500 fs using other gratings operating under vacuum. These last gratings are 420×450 mm2 parts operating at 77.2 deg with a 1780 l/mm line density. They are being manufactured at Horiba Jobin Yvon. A diffraction efficiency in the (-1) order of more than 95 % of the incident light over the clear aperture is needed. These gratings shall also present a damage threshold higher than 3 J/cm2 in input beam normal under vacuum for 500 fs pulses. The past decade has seen a progressive replacement of classical gold gratings by multilayer dielectric gratings (MLD) in high energy CPA systems. MLD gratings have the advantage of exhibiting high damage threshold as well as high diffraction efficiency on large areas 4-6. Hence this type of grating was retained for the PETAL compressor.
The enhancement of the laser induced damage threshold of MLD grating has been widely studied in recent years. Previous studies have shown that on dielectric material, damage at short pulse duration such as 500 fs can be understood with a multiphoton ionization model7, 8. Therefore damage threshold of dielectric material such as MLD gratings should exhibit a strong dependence on the electric field intensity E2 in the MLD stack. Stuart et al. have noticed that damage on 1960 l/mm MLD gratings initiates where the electric field strength is maximal, i.e. on the edge of the groove opposite to the incident light9. More recently, Britten et al. have shown that damage of a 1800 l/mm MLD grating tested at variable incidence is slightly better fitted with an 1/E2 law than with a simple 1/cos area projection10. On this basis, theoretical optimization of the near field of MLD gratings in order to improve damage threshold has become widespread 11-12. Although, to the best of our knowledge, no one has shown that, for a given line density, different gratings with groove geometries inducing different field enhancements would exhibit damage thresholds related to their electric field maximum. We address this issue using MLD gratings with 1780 l/mm.
Section 2 provides a description of the numerical method developed to optimize the MLD gratings. It is able to accurately solve Maxwell equations in periodic devices with a trapezoidal modulation. Manufacturer capabilities as well as grating specification and electric field value inside the MLD stack are taken into account. Section 3 is devoted to the damage testing setup we have built. The facility called DERIC is able to damage test the part at the wavelength of 1057nm with pulse duration of 500 fs. 1/1 and S/1 damage testing procedure can be performed. Testing is carried out in dry or wet environment depending of part specifications. Section 4 presents the various MLD parts we manufactured. Both theoretical and controlled grating groove profiles are given. Diffraction efficiency was also measured. Finally, section 5 details the obtained results. Discussions presented in section 6 demonstrate that the damage threshold is related to the electric field intensity value in the MLD grating.
2. Design of grating profiles
Fig. 1.
We are interested in this section by the design of the grating profile as a function of the variables h, c1/2 and α. The goal is to reach a uniform efficiency on the surface of the grating (420×450mm2) higher than 95 % in the (-1) order in reflection, and a very low enhancement of the electric field intensity inside the grating. The numerical treatment is made with the use of the differential method which resolves Maxwell equations in periodic media. The recent improvements of the method such as the S-matrix propagation algorithm and the fast Fourier factorization method are included in the code13. The electromagnetic field is developed onto a discrete and truncated Fourier basis, which permits the reduction of Maxwell equations onto a set of first order differential equations. A first integration of this set of equations from the substrate to the superstrate, with the knowledge of the incident field, leads to the calculation of the electromagnetic field in both substrate and superstrate media. A second integration permits the calculation of the electromagnetic field inside the modulated area. The discretization steps Δh=0.05h, Δc1/2=20 nm and Δα=1° are taken approximately equal to the half of the manufacturing incertitude, i.e. the half of the variations of the variables over the surface of the grating, and the ranges are h=[0;H], c1/2=[300 nm; 420 nm] (d=562 nm) and α=[82°;84°]. In a first step, reflected efficiencies in the (-1) order are calculated for the whole set of combinations {h, c1/2, α}. Then for each combination {h, c1/2, α}i, the mean and the variance of the efficiency are calculated for the 27 nearby profiles: h+iΔh, c1/2+iΔc1/2, α+iΔα with i={-1;0;1}. If the mean reflected efficiency is higher than 95%, then the electric field reconstruction inside the modulated area is undertaken and the maximum of the electric field enhancement in the silica is stored. The mean reflected efficiency has to be maximized while the variance efficiency and the maximum of the electric field enhancement in silica have to be minimized. It has been shown in previous studies that the electric field is localized inside the grooves, and that thin pillars avoid a large penetration of the strong electric field inside pillars10-12.
3. Short pulse damage test setup
The experimental setup (Fig. 2) developed for laser damage testing uses a chirped-pulse-amplified laser system, developed in the laboratory. The source laser is a commercial diode pumped laser (TBW GLX200), producing a 10 nJ pulse at 100 MHz. The pulse duration is 200 fs at 1057 nm with 8 nm spectral bandwidth. The laser is stretched with a four-pass grating device (1740 l/mm groove density) and amplified through a Ti:Saphire regenerative amplifier. The pump laser is a frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser Quantaray GCR150 (SPECTRA PHYSICS) operating at a repetition rate of 10 Hz. Before compression, the pulse duration is nearly 1 ns and the energy can reach 5 mJ. After compression with a four-pass gratings device, the duration is reduced down to 500 fs. Pulse duration is controlled with a single shot autocorrelator.
Fig. 2.
For damage testing, the beam is focused with a 500 mm focal-length lens. The sample is set on a three axes motorized holder, at the lens focal plan. A rotation stage allows testing the sample at various angles of incidence, while keeping the front surface at the focal plane. The beam profile is nearly a gaussian profile with a diameter of 200 µm at 1/e2 (Fig. 3).
Fig. 3.
By using a half-wave plate before the compressor, the energy can be adjusted on the sample. The energy of each pulse is measured from a split-off portion of the beam by an energy meter (OPHIR PD10) first calibrated with an energy meter OPHIR PE10. The fluctuation of the energy is ± 5 % (deviation at 2σ). The beam profile is measured with a CCD (COHU 7713) placed in a plane equivalent to the sample optical plane. A beam-analyzer system LBA PC400 is used to record each spot. A programmable shutter inserted after the lens allows choosing the kind of test performed on the sample: 1 on 1 or S on 1 procedure.
During the test, the irradiated site of the sample is monitored with a long-workingdistance microscope equipped with a CCD camera (resolution of about 10 µm). The bench is located in a confinement enclosure (glove box) to operate under dry air (RH<10%) or argon atmosphere (RH<1%). These conditions limit potential self focusing effects or plasma generation in air.
The density if energy is given by Eq. 1:
where ξ is the energy and Seq is the equivalent area for each pulse. The equivalent area Seq is measured from the spatial profile given by the beam analyzer as the ratio of the entire energy by the maximum density of energy:
where Spixel is the elementary area of a pixel, ni is the number of pixels of fluence Fi and Fimax is the intensity maximum.
Fluences are given in beam normal and the fluctuation is ± 9% (deviation at 2σ). The threshold damage data are deduced from the probability of damage. A minimum of 200 sites are exposed to a burst of 100 laser pulses at a specified fluence. The damaged sites are observed with the microscope and the number is recorded. This operation is repeated for different fluences to express a damage probability as a function of fluence.
Self focusing is known to be an important parameter for the design of short pulse laser damage setups. Consequently, we numerically estimated the B-integral through the focal volume prior to the test surface. In our system B-integral is due to the self focusing in the air after the last focusing lens of focal f=0.5 m. For a Gaussian beam with a wavelength λ and waist radius w1, let's define the Rayleigh distance ZR:
The intensity I at the focal spot is given by the relation:
Where ξ is the energy and τ the pulse duration.
The B-integral can be estimated by:
If we assume that the intensity I is constant within the Raleigh distance ZR, combination of Eq. (3), (4) and (5) gives:
With our system, we have tested samples up to 8 J/cm2 in the beam normal at 500 fs. This fluence is obtained with an energy of 0.9 mJ. For testing carried out in air, nonlinear refractive index14 is n2=3.10-19 cm2/W and Eq. (6) gives a B-integral value of B ~0.6. We are therefore below but not so far from the self focusing limit which can be taken at B ~1. Let's outline that Jovanovic et al15 while evaluating the capabilities of a rather similar short pulse testing damage setup have shown that self focusing appears when the energy increased above 1.5 mJ for 200 fs pulses. We are well below this ξ/τ ratio in our experiment.
From an experimental point of view, we also checked that while increasing the fluence during the test of a sample well above the damage threshold up to 10 J/cm2, the damage probability kept constant at 100%. We have not noticed any random probability at high fluences as it could be suspected in presence of non linear effects. Moreover, damage morphology stays elliptical with no pinpoints typical of self focusing.
An example of a 1740 l/mm gold coated grating tested at 72.5° in TM polarization is given on Fig. 4. It can be seen that the threshold measured is in good concordance with previous works7-9.
Fig. 4.
Finally, we damage tested a 1740 l/mm grating manufactured in 2005 at Horiba Jobin Yvon on a MLD mirror coated by the Laboratory for Laser Energetics (LLE) of the University of Rochester. This grating had been damage tested at LLE in april 2005 and was cross tested on the DERIC setup. The damage threshold measured on DERIC is 2.1 J/cm2 in normal beam while being tested at an incidence of 72.5° and 500 fs while the damage threshold measured at LLE was 4.487 +/- 0.089 J/cm2 at an incidence of 61° for 10 ps pulses in N/1 mode. This threshold is equivalent to ~2.7 J/cm2 at an incidence of 72.5° for 500 fs pulses using an angular projection and a 0.33 temporal scaling law16. The damage threshold measured on DERIC setup is close from the result obtained by LLE. The relatively small difference can be due to the temporal scaling law and angular projection approximations, the differences of the damage setup (focal spot size, number of shots per site…) and the part possible aging since tests were carried out in two years time.
4. Design and manufacturing of MLD grating
Optimization of a MLD grating begins with the design of the dielectric mirror stack. The MLD mirror stack is a modified quarter wave HfO2/SiO2 (HL)7H mirror manufactured by SAGEM17 on Pyrex substrates with an additional low index top layer dedicated to the grating modulation. The stack is engineered to cope with various specifications18, 19. Both transmitted orders of the grating must be reflected. For our line density of 1780 l/mm, the mirror must have a reflectivity of more than 99.5% at 1.053 µm for an incidence of 70.6° under vacuum. The mirror shall keep its integrity while being processed during the grating etching and the MLD grating operation under vacuum. It shall typically not craze.
Once the mirror stack is retained, the grating pattern is optimized thanks to the numerical method presented in section 2. Four 120×140 mm2 1780 l/mm MLD gratings were manufactured by Horiba Jobin Yvon. The samples were then controlled in terms of diffraction efficiency, groove profile and damage threshold. Groove profile is measured with an Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) on various position of each sample. Figure 5 shows an example of such a measurement on PW08 sample. Finite width of the AFM tip induces incertitude on the profile measurement. Measurements on calibrated references have shown that incertitude on h is +/-3% and on groove width over period ratio (c1/2/d ratio) is +/-0.03.
Fig. 5.
Diffraction efficiency is measured at 77.2° incidence and wavelength of 1053 nm in TE polarization on a dedicated scanning photometer on the whole clear aperture of the part with a 2 mm×4 mm sampling step. Figure 6 is an example of such a measurement on the PW08 sample.
Fig. 6.
Diffraction efficiency is very uniform. Table 1 present the characteristic of the different MLD gratings obtained. We took care to evaluate the diffraction efficiency on an area close to the one used for the AFM measurement; this measurement is confirmed by a calculation using the AFM profile data. Sample PW02 is a mirror without grating engraved on top; the mirror is the same as those of the other MLD samples.
It can be seen that the E2 value in the MLD is distributed from 2.34 to 1.4. The E2 and data are calculated with the groove pattern obtained from the AFM measurements.
Fig. 7.
Figures 7(a) and 7(b) respectively show the reconstruction of the normalized electric field intensity E2 in the top area of the samples PW01 and PW08. The small values of h and c1/2 of sample PW01 compared to sample PW08 explain the strong enhancement of the electric field inside the pillars made of silica in grating PW01.
We also tested parts PW01 and PW04 at 64.05°, the angle paired with 77.2° through grating diffraction. At this incident angle, the electric field enhancement is increased while the diffraction efficiency remained the same as shown in table 2.
5. Results
The four samples detailed above were tested on the DERIC facility described in section 3. Testing is carried out under 10% RH air environment at an incidence of 77.2° in TE polarization. Damage probability is evaluated on the zone used for AFM and efficiency measurement in order to be sure to associate a given threshold with a E2 value corresponding to the real groove pattern. Thresholds are expressed in beam normal. Obtained results are presented on Fig. 8.
Fig. 8.
Damage testing procedure was repeated on different zones on each part. Figure 9 shows the variation of the damage threshold on the surface of sample PW01. The damage threshold is defined with the norm NF EN ISO 11254-1 as the last null point of the statistic.
Fig. 9.
Damage threshold stays quite constant. We notice that the better threshold corresponds to the highest diffraction efficiency where the profile presents the best concordance to the calculated design. This behaviour is similar on the other samples.
6. Discussion
Figure 10 gives the dependence of damage threshold with the electric field enhancement calculated using AFM measurement (see section 4) and DERIC damage testing (see section 3) of the manufactured samples.
Fig. 10.
The ratio of the damage threshold (DT) value of two gratings (g1 and g2) is equal to the inverted ratio of their field enhancement (F.E):
As a consequence, the points are found on a linear fit with a correlation factor of 0.96. With a given grating profile, the damage threshold can be predicted by calculating the maximum electric field enhancement in the grating material.
It can be noticed for PW08 that while exhibiting a slightly lower field enhancement than PW04, PW08 exhibits a rather lower damage threshold. We believe that this can be attributed to the incertitudes of both the damage threshold and AFM profile measurements.
The mirror damage threshold point stands apart from this law. We see two possible explanations for this. First, as detailed in section 3, the B-integral becomes close to unity when fluence increase up to 8 J/cm2. Measured damage threshold can therefore be erroneous. Second, the position of the electric field maximum in the mirror is different from the grating. In a MLD grating this maximum is located about 100 nm below the top layer along a pillar while in a mirror it is located in the middle of the top low index layer. The SiO2 low index material is probably not in the same state in these two cases. Moreover, grating manufacturing process shall also modify the SiO2 layer. Consequently, it is difficult to conclude on the mirror sample.
Regarding damage thresholds values, they are in the range of 3.5 J/cm2 to more than 5 J/cm2 in normal beam at an incident angle of 77.2°. These values are quite a bit higher than previously published data on MLD gratings. Barty20 reports a damage threshold of 2.5 J/cm2 at 1 ps on a 1780 l/mm MLD grating at 77.2°. It is equivalent to ~2 J/cm2 at 500fs using a 0.33 temporal scaling law16. Keck21 reports a damage threshold of 5.16 J/cm2 on 1740 l/mm MLD gratings at 10 ps. It is equivalent to ~2.6 J/cm2 at 500fs for a 1780 l/mm part at 77.2° using the same temporal scaling law and an angle projection. If our thresholds are beyond the experience of other laboratories, they are still below the damage threshold of fused silica measured at 2 to 2.5 J/cm2 at 500 fs and normal incidence8. They are also below the threshold of a SiO2 monolayer deposited by Ion Beam Sputtering (IBS) measured by Mero16 at 5 J/cm2 for a 500 fs pulse duration, normal incidence and a wavelength of 0.8 µm.
We have also studied the damage morphology. Large field observation is made on a REICHERT Nomarski microscope. More precise observations are made on an AFM. Damage morphology is very similar on samples PW01 and 08. We noticed a periodic pattern perpendicular to the grating line. The pattern seems to exist prior to the total ablation and was previously reported by Kosc22. The period of the ripples is approximately 2 µm.
Fig. 11.
On sample PW04, this specific behaviour is less present, and the pattern could be seen only on two damage sites. Damage morphology is quite different from the previous samples with more completely ablated damages as depicted on Fig. 12.
Fig. 12.
We could not find any correlation between MLD grating profile and the existence of this specific pattern.
We also tried to have a look at damage of the grating grooves. For this purpose, AFM measurements were made on damage sites of different samples. We could not see the specific damage morphology noticed by Stuart9 with damage initiating on the edge of the groove opposite to the incident light where the electric field is maximal. The S on 1 damage testing procedure retained in our experiments might be responsible for that. With about 200 shots per sites, damage growing is the prevalent phenomenon resetting the signature of damage initiation. Despite this, some evidence of the role of the electric field can be seen on the damage morphology. Figure 13 shows a section analysis made on a damage of sample PW04. We notice that the grooves are destroyed and that the damage depth (approx. 700 nm) corresponds to the second E field maximum at the second SiO2/HfO2 interface (see Fig. 7).
Fig. 13.
7. Conclusion
Damage testing at 500 fs, 1.053 µm wavelength was carried out on various 1780 l/mm MLD gratings and mirror samples. Testing was done at a fixed angle of incidence around the Littrow angle. Each sample was manufactured to exhibit a different electric field enhancement inside the MLD stack. This enhancement was calculated using a numerical treatment using the differential method to solve Maxwell equations in periodic media. Close optical and AFM inspection of damage sites shows that damage occurs where the electric field is maximum. Periodic ripples observed by Kosc22 were also noticed but not related to a specific grating and testing geometry. Experiments and electric field calculation evidenced that, for a given line density, and given materials, damage threshold of MLD grating at 500 fs is governed by the value of E2.
This work was supported in part by the Conseil Régional d'Aquitaine and is performed under the auspices of the Institut Lasers et Plasmas. DERIC damage testing facility development was performed under the auspices of Laserlab European program. We thank the ALISÉ team for access to and modular capabilities of ALISÉ facility. We thank the Laboratory for Laser Energetics of the University of Rochester for providing a 1740 l/mm MLD grating with its measured damage threshold for cross testing purposes. We thank C. Rouyer and H. Bercegol for helpful discussions and corrections of our work.
References and links
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6. H. Wei and L. Li, "All-dielectric reflection gratings:a study of the physical mechanism for achieving high efficiency," Appl. Opt. 42, 6255–6260 (2003) [CrossRef] [PubMed]
7. B. C. Stuart, M. D. Feit, A. M. Rubenchik, B. W. Shore, and M. Perry, "Laser induced damage in dielectrics with nanosecond to subpicosecond pulses," Phys. Rev. Let. 7412, 2248–2252 (1995) [CrossRef]
8. B. C. Stuart, M. D. Feit, S. Herman, A. M. Rubenchik, B. W. Shore, and M. D. Perry, "Optical ablation by high power short-pulse lasers," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 132, 459–468 (1996) [CrossRef]
9. B. C. Stuart, M. D. Feit, S. Herman, A. M. Rubenchik, B. W. Shore, and M. D. PerryHarold E. Bennett, Arthur H. Guenther, Mark R. Kozlowski, Brian E. Newnam, and M. J. Soileau, Ultrashort-pulse optical damageEds, Proc. SPIE 2714,Proceedings of Laser-induced Damage Threshold in Optical Materials616–628 (1996)
10. J. A. Britten, W. Molander, A. M. Komashko, and C. PJ. BartyG. J. Exarhos, A. H. Guenther, N. Kaiser, K. L. Lewis, M. J. Soileau, and C. J. Stolz, Multilayer dielectric gratings for petawatt-class laser systemsEds, Proc. SPIEProceedings of Laser-induced Damage Threshold in Optical Materials5273, 1–7 (2003) [CrossRef]
11. N. Bonod and J. Neauport, "Optical performances and laser induced damage threshold improvement of diffraction gratings used as compressors in ultra high intensity lasers," Opt. Commun. 260, 649–655 (2006) [CrossRef]
12. S. Liu, Z. Shen, W. Kong, J. Shen, Z. Deng, Y. Zhao, J. Shao, and Z. Fan, "Optimization of near-field optical field of multi-layer dielectric gratings for pulse compressor," Opt. Commun. 267, 50–57 (2006) [CrossRef]
13. M. Nevière and E. Popov, Light propagation in periodic medias ; differential theory and design, Marcel Dekker, New York, Basel, Honk Kong, 2003
14. E. T. J. Nibbering, G. Grillon, M. A. Franco, B. S. Prade, and A. Mysyrowicz, "Determination of the intertial contribution to the nonlinear refractive index of air, N2 and O2 by use of unfocused high-intensity femtosecond laser pulses", J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 14, 650–660 (1997) [CrossRef]
15. I. Jovanovic, C. Brown, B. Wattelier, N. Nielsen, W. Molander, B. Stuart, D. Pennington, and C. P. J. Barty, "Precision short-pulse damage test station utilizing optical parametric chirped-pulse amplification", Rev. Sci. Instrum. 75, 5193–5202 (2004). [CrossRef]
16. M. Mero, J. Liu, W. Rudolph, D. Ristau, and K. Starke, "Scaling laws of femtosecond laser pulse induced breakdown in oxide films", Phys. Rev. B 71, 115109 (2005) [CrossRef]
17. http://www.sagem-ds.com/fra/site.php?spage=02020100
18. J.B. Oliver, T.J. Kessler, H. Huang, J. Keck, A.L. Rigatti, A.W. Schmid, A. Kozlov, and T.Z. KoscGregory J. Exarhos, Arthur H. Guenther, Keith L. Lewis, Detlev Ristau, M.J. Soileau, and Christopher J. Stolz, Thin-film design for multilayer diffraction gratingsEds,, Proc. SPIEProceedings of Laser-induced Damage Threshold in Optical Materials5991 (2006)
19. S. Liu, J. Ma, Z. Shen, Y. Jin, J. Shao, and Z. Fan, "Optimization of thin-film design for multi-layer dielectric gratings," Appl. Surf. Sci. 253, 3642–3648 (2007) [CrossRef]
20. C. P. J. Barty, M. Key, R. Beach, G. Beer, C. Brown, S. Bryan, J. Caird, T. Carlson, J. Crane, J. Dawson, A. C. Erlandson, D. Fittinghoff, M. Herman, C. Hoaglan, A. Iyer, L. Jones II, I. Jovanovic, A. Komashko, O. Landen, Z. Liao, W. Molander, S. Mitchell, E. Moses, N. Nielson, H. H. Nguyen, J. Nissen, S. Payne, D. Pennington, L. Risingen, M. Rushford, K. Skulina, P. Spaeth, B. Stuart, G. Tiebohl, and B. Wattelier, "An overview of LLNL high-energy short-pulse technology for advanced radiography of laser fusion experiments," Nucl. Fusion , 44, S266–S275 (2004) [CrossRef]
21. J. Keck, J. B. Oliver, T. J. Kessler, H. Huang, J. Barone, J. Hettrick, A. L. Rigatti, T. Hoover, K. L. Marshall, A. W. Schmid, A. Kozlov, and T. Z. KoscGregory J. Exarhos, Arthur H. Guenther, Keith L. Lewis, Detlev Ristau, M.J. Soileau, and Christopher J. Stolz, Manufacture and development of multilayer diffraction gratingsEds, Proc. SPIEProceedings of Laser-induced Damage Threshold in Optical Materials5991 (2006)
22. T. Z. Kosc, A. A. Kozlov, and A. W. Schmid, "Formation of periodic microscructures on multilayer dielectric gratings prior to total alblation," Opt. Express 14, 10921–10929 (2006) [CrossRef] [PubMed]


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Date: 1849-07-25
Description: Fort Bridger in Wyoming, with wagon parts and teepees, where Wilkins camped for a night; sketched by Wilkins on his 151-day journey from Missouri to Califo...
Description: Indians on horseback hunting buffaloes (Plate 9).
"Some sixty or seventy young men, all mounted on their wild horses, and armed with bows and lances only,...
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Fire captain found guilty of conspiring to set firesJuly 24,2013By Brent Curtis
Staff Writer
A federal jury in Rutland delivered a guilty verdict today in a case against a former Wallingford Fire Department Captain.
Following a two-day trial, jurors deliberated for less than two hours before finding George Allen guilty of conspiring to set fires on federal public lands - a charge that carries a potential five-year prison term.
The jury found Allen guilty of directing younger members of the department to set wildfires around Wallingford in 2008 - including fires set on the Long Trail and Appalachian Trail parking lot and the White Rocks trail head which are all part of the Green Mountain National Forest.
No date has been set to sentence Allen.MORE IN This Just In
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