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PASADENA, Calif.-- For the tiny soil-dwelling nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans, life is usually a situation of feast or famine. Researchers at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) have found that this worm has evolved a surprisingly optimistic genetic strategy to cope with these disparate conditions--one that could eventually point the way to new treatments for a host of human diseases caused by parasitic worms.
As reported in a paper published in the February 26 issue of Science Express, Paul W. Sternberg, the Thomas Hunt Morgan Professor of Biology at Caltech and an investigator with the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, along with postdoctoral scholar L. Ryan Baugh, looked at the worms' genetic response to conditions of scarcity and plenty.
In dozens of batches of the worms, consisting of tens of millions of individuals, Baugh, now an assistant professor at Duke University, synchronized hatching, so that all of the animals in each batch emerged from their eggs at the same time.
Some of the hatched worms were allowed to develop under conditions with scarce nutrients, and others with plentiful nutrients. At precise time intervals (3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 hours after hatching), subsets of both populations were killed en masse and ground up. Their messenger RNA--the genetic material that is produced upon the activation of genes and then translated to produce proteins--was harvested and analyzed at Caltech's Jacobs Genetics and Genomics Laboratory, a specialized facility designed to conduct large-scale genetic analyses.
In this way, the researchers measured the expression of every one of the worms' approximately 20,000 genes, to determine how that expression differed depending on food availability.
"We also did an experiment in which we took the starved worms and refed them, and took the fed worms and starved them, to see how rapid their response was to the changing conditions," Sternberg says.
The researchers found that the worms responded far more rapidly to being fed than being starved. Being fed also caused the activation of a far greater number of genes than did starvation. For example, three hours of feeding worm larvae that had previously been starved caused the activation of 381 genes, while starving formerly fed worm larvae for three hours caused the activation of only 56 genes.
In addition, the research revealed that as many genes are involved in the worms' response to nutrition as are involved in their overall development. Many of the genes that play a role in that nutritional response have to do with energy metabolism, and in changing the way the animals utilize and store energy.
"It looks like C. elegans is primed to respond faster to better conditions. It is optimistic," Sternberg says. "These worms live, most of the time, in scarcity. They are facing bad conditions--that is, no food--most of the time. Probably they've evolved to take advantage when times get better for a brief period. They grow and reproduce."
The worms' quick response to food appears to be controlled by a vital cellular protein called RNA Polymerase II (RNA Pol II), which is responsible for transcribing DNA into mRNA. In a separate experiment, Sternberg and his colleagues found that RNA Pol II accumulates on genes that respond rapidly to being fed, but in advance of that feeding.
"We speculate that this polymerase accumulation is part of the way in which they can respond so quickly. It's already engaged, ready to go, ready to send out the message. It's like having Paul Revere on the North Shore, ready to ride, when the food comes," Sternberg says.
"It is kind of interesting in hard economic times to think whether we can learn anything from this organism, in terms of being optimistic or pessimistic. Maybe the take-home message is that sometimes when you are faced with scarcity, you should still be optimistic."
Sternberg speculates that other nematodes, including the parasitic worms that cause elephantiasis in humans, and other lymphatic filarial diseases, may also go through similar transitions in nutrition as they transition from one host (say, a mosquito) to another (a human). Those transitions may be mediated by a similar accumulation of RNA Pol II on particular genes. Identifying those genes could provide potential targets for new types of therapeutic drugs.
The paper, "RNA Pol II Accumulates at Promoters of Growth Genes During Developmental Arrest," was coauthored by Baugh, Sternberg, and John DeModena, a member of the biology research staff at Caltech. The work was supported by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
PASADENA, Calif.--By listening in on the chatter between neurons in various parts of the brain, researchers from the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) have taken steps toward fully understanding just how memories are formed, transferred, and ultimately stored in the brain--and how that process varies throughout the various stages of sleep.
Their findings, published in the February 26 issue of the journal Neuron, may someday even help scientists understand why dreams are so difficult to remember.
Scientists have long known that memories are formed in the brain's hippocampus, but are stored elsewhere--most likely in the neocortex, the outer layer of the brain. Transferring memories from one part of the brain to the other requires changing the strength of the connections between neurons and is thought to depend on the precise timing of the firing of brain cells.
"We know that if neuron A in the hippocampus fires consistently right before neuron B in the neocortex, and if there is a connection from A to B, then that connection will be strengthened," explains Casimir Wierzynski, a Caltech graduate student in computation and neural systems, and first author on the Neuron paper. "And so we wanted to understand the timing relationships between neurons in the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex, which is the front portion of the neocortex."
The research team--led by Athanassios Siapas, a Bren Scholar in the Caltech Division of Biology and an associate professor of computation and neural systems--used high-tech recording and computational techniques to listen in on the firing of neurons in the brains of rats. These techniques helped them pinpoint a number of neuron pairs that had precisely the kind of synchronous relationship they were looking for--one in which a hippocampal neuron's firing was followed within milliseconds by the firing of a neuron in the prefrontal cortex.
"This is exactly the kind of relationship that would be needed for the hippocampus to effect changes in the neocortex--such as the consolidation, or laying down, of memories," adds Wierzynski.
Once these spike-timing relationships between the hippocampal and prefrontal cortex neurons had been established, the team used their high-tech eavesdropping techniques to hear what goes on in the brains of sleeping rats--since sleep, as Siapas points out, has long been thought to be the optimal time for the memory consolidation.
As it turns out, those thoughts were right--but only part of the time.
The team did indeed hear "bursts" of neuronal chatter during sleep--but only during a phase of sleep known as slow-wave sleep (SWS), the deep, dreamless periods of sleep. "It turns out that during slow-wave sleep there are these episodes where a lot of the cells in the hippocampus will all fire very close to the same time," says Wierzynski. In response, some cells in the prefrontal cortex will fire in near unison as well, just milliseconds later. "What's interesting is that the bulk of the precise spike timing happens during these bursts, and not outside of these bursts," he adds.
On the other hand, during rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep, the previously chatty neuron pairs seemed to talk right past each other, firing at the same rates as before but no longer in concert.
"It was surprising," says Wierzynski, "to find that the timing relationship almost completely went away during REM sleep."
Since REM sleep is the phase during which dreaming occurs, the scientists speculate that this absence of memory-consolidating chatter may eventually help to explain why dreams can be so difficult to remember.
As intriguing as that idea may be, the researchers caution that these findings only raise possibilities, providing avenues for further research in the field.
"Now that we've shown this link," says Siapas, "we have a framework we can use to study these questions further. This is just a step toward our goal of some day fully understanding the relationship between memory and sleep."
Other coauthors on the paper, entitled "State-dependent spike timing relationships between hippocampal and prefrontal circuits during sleep," included Evgueniy Lubenov, a postdoctoral scholar in biology at Caltech, and Caltech graduate student Ming Gu.
This work was supported by a National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate Fellowship, the Caltech Information Science and Technology Center for Biological Circuits Design, the James S. McDonnell Foundation, the Bren Foundation, the McKnight Foundation, the Whitehall Foundation, and the National Institutes of Health.
PASADENA, Calif.-- A quartet of studies by researchers at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) highlight a special feature on gene regulatory networks recently published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS).
The collection of papers, "Gene Networks in Development and Evolution Special Feature, Sackler Colloquium," was coedited by Caltech's Eric H. Davidson, the Norman Chandler Professor of Cell Biology. His coeditor was Michael Levine, professor of genetics, genomics and development at the University of California, Berkeley.
"The control system that determines how development of an animal occurs in each species is encoded in the genome, and the physical location of the sequences where this code is resident is being revealed in a new area of systems biology--the study of gene regulatory networks," says Davidson. Gene regulatory networks are the complex networks of gene interactions that direct the development of any given species.
The papers in the collection focus on the gene regulatory networks of a variety of organisms, including fruit flies, soil-dwelling nematodes, sea urchins, lampreys, and mice.
"These networks lie at the heart of the regulatory apparatus, and they consist of genes that encode proteins that regulate other genes, and the DNA sequences which control when and where they are expressed," says Davidson, who authored a paper in the special feature about a gene regulatory network found in sea urchin embryos. He and Levine also coauthored a perspective in the same issue of the journal on the properties of gene regulatory networks.
In one paper, Ellen V. Rothenberg, one of the two Albert Billings Ruddock Professors of Biology at Caltech, examines, in mice, the intricate developmental pathway that causes blood stem cells to differentiate into T cells, a varied class of immune system cells that help the body fight off infection.
The paper, Rothenberg says, represents a "codification of everything we know about T cell development. We've found that getting the right balances of the various regulatory signals is absolutely crucial for the T cells to come out right. It gives one a sense of how subtle and sophisticated the regulation can be."
Another study in the special feature by Marianne Bronner-Fraser, the second Albert Billings Ruddock Professor of Biology, focuses on the gene regulatory network underlying neural crest formation in the lamprey, the most primitive living vertebrate. The neural crest is a group of embryonic cells that are pinched off during the formation of the neural tube--the precursor to the spinal cord--and then migrate throughout the developing body to form other nervous system structures.
The study "reveals order and linkages within the network at early stages," Bronner-Fraser says. "Because the neural crest cell type represents a vertebrate innovation, our work in lampreys shows that this network is ancient and tightly conserved to the base of vertebrates," she says.
The fourth of the Caltech papers, by Paul W. Sternberg, the Thomas Hunt Morgan Professor of Biology at Caltech and an investigator with the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), and his colleagues, looks at a postembryonic gene regulatory network in Caenorhabditis elegans, a soil-dwelling worm commonly studied by developmental biologists. The gene regulatory network studied by Sternberg and his colleagues controls the formation of the worm's vulva, which connects the uterus with the outside and allows the passage of sperm and eggs.
All of the papers in the special feature arise out of presentations at a Sackler Colloquium held at the National Science Foundation's Beckman Center in Irvine, California, in February 2008.
Davidson's paper, "Gene regulatory network subcircuit controlling a dynamic spatial pattern of signaling in the sea urchin embryo," coauthored with Caltech postdoctoral scholar Joel Smith, was funded by the National Institutes of Health's (NIH) Institute of Child Health and Development and General Medical Sciences Institute and a California Institute of Regenerative Medicine (CIRM) fellowship to Smith.
Rothenberg's paper, "A gene regulatory network armature for T lymphocyte specification," represents a collaboration between Rothenberg and Hamid Bolouri, a visiting associate at Caltech, with support from the NIH, the Albert Billings Ruddock Professorship, the Louis A. Garfinkle Memorial Laboratory Fund, the Al Sherman Foundation, and the DNA Sequencer Royalty Fund. The paper was coauthored by Caltech senior postdoctoral research scholar Constantin Georgescu, and William Longabaugh of the Institute for Systems Biology in Seattle.
Bronner-Fraser's paper, "Gene regulatory networks in neural crest development and evolution," was coauthored by Caltech postdoctoral research scholars Natalya Nikitina and Tatjana Sauka-Spengler.
Sternberg's paper, "The Caenorhabditis elegans vulva: A post-embryonic gene regulatory network controlling organogenesis," was funded by the NIH and the HHMI.
PASADENA, Calif.--The Ellison Medical Foundation (EMF) has awarded Senior Scholar Awards of nearly $1 million each to three California Institute of Technology (Caltech) researchers for exploratory projects in the molecular biology of aging processes and age-related diseases.
The brainchild of Laurence J. Ellison, Oracle cofounder and CEO, and Nobel Prize-winning biologist Joshua Lederberg, the EMF supports basic research that integrates molecular biology and the biomedicine of aging. Its Senior Scholar Awards fund exploratory work by acclaimed researchers, many new to the study of aging. Over the past decade, a board of six distinguished scientists has selected awardees by adhering to Lederberg and Ellison's belief that the way to get positive scientific results was to "look for smart people who had track records of creative, productive work and who had a good idea," according to EMF's website. The foundation would then "give them money and stand back. It would favor basic research that was too risky or speculative to attract mainstream funding."
Caltech's awardees take that mandate seriously. For instance, Jacqueline Barton, the Arthur and Marian Hanisch Memorial Professor and professor of chemistry, plans to use her Senior Scholar Award to explore novel ways the body can defend itself against oxidative damage, a major contributor to aging. Barton is known for her work in understanding charge transport in DNA--examining the way in which electrical charges are moved along a DNA strand, and what role charge transport plays in creating DNA damage. But now she is beginning to consider ways in which charge transport might actually be protecting DNA as well. For instance, Barton believes that DNA charge transport may provide a way for the DNA to send out a long-range signal when it undergoes oxidative damage, alerting DNA-bound proteins such as p53--known as "the guardian of the genome" because of its role in cancer prevention via DNA repair--to set into motion the processes that will eventually lead to the mending of damaged strands. "This would be a paradigm shift with respect to current biological mechanisms for cellular activation," says Barton.
Judith Campbell, professor of chemistry and biology at Caltech, is exploring the ways in which a yeast protein her lab discovered--a DNA-synthesizing enzyme called Dna2--might work to safeguard the bits of DNA at the end of chromosomes, called telomeres. Telomeres are made of repeated sequences of DNA and act to protect the ends of the chromosome from damage, much like the plastic wrapped around the end of a shoelace. Each time a cell divides, however, its telomeres get a little bit shorter; eventually, this aging process leads to the cell's death. But what Campbell has found is that, in yeast at least, Dna2 seems to help maintain the length of the telomeres, slowing down the aging process. She intends to use her Senior Scholar Award to begin studying Dna2 in humans, rather than yeast. "Extending our work to human cells will allow me to contribute to the application of fundamental biology to the improvement of human health," she says. "This has been a burgeoning but frustratingly slow field. We hope this award will allow us to identify new targets--including but not limited to Dna2--whose manipulation can lead to telomere stability. This can, in turn, be expected to have an effect on the life span of the organism as a whole, by keeping at least some of the diseases of aging at bay."
David Baltimore, Caltech President Emeritus and Robert Andrews Millikan Professor of Biology, has been researching the role of tiny bits of RNA--called micro-RNAs or miRs--in the process of aging. First discovered in the 1990s, micro-RNAs appear to control gene expression and seem to play a role in the development and inhibition of cancer, in the development of immune cells, and in the body's response to inflammation. According to Baltimore, miRs can influence a wide variety of behaviors in cells--everything from differentiation to proliferation to functional behavior. Baltimore's group will use the Senior Scholar Award to compare the micro-RNA profiles in the cells of young mice to the profiles found in the cells of old mice. They will focus particular attention on specific miRs they have already discovered, which they have found to play a role in inflammation--a process that seems to increase as we age. "When we find an miR that is affected by aging, we will examine its targets, its cellular specificity, the effects from its overproduction, and the consequences of a knockout," says Baltimore.
"This award spotlights three of Caltech's most prominent researchers in the field," says Caltech president Jean-Lou Chameau. "It recognizes not only the promise of their research efforts, but also the originality of the ideas which they are pursuing. It is from these sorts of programs--programs that are aimed at allowing researchers to venture into new research arenas--that real creativity is nurtured."
About Caltech: Caltech is recognized for its highly select student body of 900 undergraduates and 1,200 graduate students, and for its outstanding faculty. Since 1923, Caltech faculty and alumni have garnered 32 Nobel Prizes and five Crafoord Prizes.
In addition to its prestigious on-campus research programs, Caltech operates the W. M. Keck Observatory in Mauna Kea, the Palomar Observatory, the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Caltech is a private university in Pasadena, California. For more information, visit http://www.caltech.edu.
PASADENA, Calif.--Using novel imaging, labeling, and data-analysis techniques, scientists from the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) have been able to visualize, for the first time, large numbers of cells moving en masse during some of the earliest stages of embryonic development.
The findings not only provide insight into this stage of development--called gastrulation--but give a more general glimpse at how a living organism choreographs the motions of thousands of cells at one time. Previous research has been generally limited to imaging the movements of single cells.
The work was published in the December 5 issue of the journal Science.
The Caltech team observed the vast reorganization and migration of cells that occurs during gastrulation in Drosophila, the fruit fly. During gastrulation, a single-layered tube of cells collapses and then begins to spread. The scientists focused their attention on the movement of cells from two cross sections of that tube, paying particular attention to the movements of cells in the mesoderm--the inner layer of cells in the early embryo--relative to the cells in the ectoderm, or outer layer of cells. (The endoderm, the innermost of the three primary germ cell layers, has not yet formed at this stage of development.)
The researchers used a technique called two-photon excited fluorescence imaging to get a glimpse at what goes on during gastrulation in a living embryo. "This is the first time we've been able to see mesoderm cells within a developing Drosophila embryo," says Angelike Stathopoulos, assistant professor of biology at Caltech and the paper's principal investigator. "It was important not only because we were able to watch many cells move at one time, but because we were able to take that data and make sense of it."
Making sense of the data meant reducing the movement of each cell to a vector, and then analyzing that vector not just along its x, y, and z axes, but by looking at its cylindrical coordinates. "The spreading has both an angular and a radial component," Stathopoulos notes.
What the data showed was that the mesodermal cells move in a directed manner, traveling down and moving outward--diverging--at the same time. The ectoderm, on the other hand, moves down but converges as it goes. Thus, the mesoderm--which sits atop the ectoderm--passively rides the downward wave of ectodermal movement, but has to actively swim against the tide to spread outward.
"It's as if the mesodermal cells are on a moving sidewalk," says Stathopoulos, "but as they're being moved along, they keep taking steps to the side."
The researchers found, in addition, that this choreography is anything but chaotic. The cells stayed in more or less the same order throughout their travels, following a set of "leader" cells and rarely if ever crossing over the midline of the pack.
"If you look at movies of the motion," says Stathopoulos, "you see all this jiggling, and you'd think the cells are mixing all around. And yet, they're not."
"We were able to follow the whole process," adds Scott Fraser, the Anna L. Rosen Professor of Biology, director of the Beckman Institute's Biological Imaging Center, and a paper coauthor. "We were able to label and watch the cells doing the motion, and the events that guide the motion."
In addition to looking at normal gastrulation, the scientists also looked at what happens to gastrulation when mutations occur. "We watched normal behavior, and the cues that guided it," says Fraser. "Then we could use the power of genetics to break one of the cues and analyze what was different, to determine how that cue was involved in the process. Being able to visualize groups of cells lets us do this in a more complex and powerful way. Before, you could say, 'It's broken.' Now, we can say how it is broken."
The findings turned up some other surprising tidbits about fruit-fly embryology, as well. For instance, while scientists had known that the cells in the mesoderm tended to divide twice during gastrulation, they didn't know if this was applicable only to a particular subset of cells, or if it was a hard-and-fast rule. Turns out, it was a rule. "We saw that each and every cell divides twice," says Stathopoulos. "Even more surprising, we saw that the timing of those divisions is based on the cells' original position in the tube--even though, by the time they divide, they've traveled from where they began. They actually remember where they came from."
While Stathopoulos says she's not yet sure what this timed division means, it's a clear sign that there are many more layers of order in embryonic development than had been previously suspected.
"What's fun about this," says Fraser, "is that all the different parts came together at the same time--genetics, labeling, imaging, analysis. It was like a perfect storm . . . in a good way."
The work detailed in the paper, "Dynamic Analyses of Drosophila Gastrulation Provide Insights into Collective Cell Migration," was supported by funding from the National Institutes of Health, the Searle Scholars Program, the March of Dimes, and Caltech's Beckman Institute.
Caltech graduate student Amy McMahon and postdoctoral scholar Willy Supatto shared primary authorship of this paper.
PASADENA, Calif.--Scientists from the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) have created images of the heart's muscular layer that show, for the first time, the connection between the configuration of those muscles and the way the human heart contracts.
More precisely, they showed that the muscular band--which wraps around the inner chambers of the heart in a helix--is actually a sort of twisting highway along which each contraction of the heart travels.
Their findings were published in the December issue of the American Physiological Society journal, Heart and Circulatory Physiology.
Since the days of Leonardo da Vinci, observers of the human body have known that the heart's beat is not a simple in-and-out movement--that it has more than a little bit of a twist to it. "The heart twists to push blood out the same way you twist a wet towel to wring water out of it," explains Morteza Gharib, the principal investigator on the study, and the Hans W. Liepmann Professor of Aeronautics and professor of bioengineering in the Division of Engineering and Applied Science at Caltech.
Some 50 years ago, anatomist Francisco Torrent-Guasp was the first to show the helical configuration of the heart's myocardium--its muscular middle layer, the one that contracts with each heart beat.
But what he and subsequent generations of scientists were unable to do was to connect that myocardial band to the heart's function--to prove that the helical shape is important to the effective beating of the heart. Without that connection, physicians and scientists have tended to look at the heart as "just a piece of meat," says Gharib.
Until now, that is. Using a technique pioneered by Han Wen and his team at the National Institutes of Health, Gharib and his colleague Abbas Nasiraei Moghaddam, a Caltech graduate and visitor in bioengineering, were able to create some of the first dynamic images of normal myocardium in action at the tissue level. "We tagged and traced small tissue elements in the heart, and looked at them in space, so we could see how they moved when the heart contracts," Gharib explains. "In this way, we were able to see where the maximum physical contraction occurs in the heart and when--and to show that it follows this intriguing helical loop."
With each beat of the heart, a wave of contraction starts at the heart's apex--which, despite its name, is actually at the very bottom of the heart--and then travels up through the myocardium. "The only time the whole helix shows up in the images is at the end of systole, which is when the heart is contracting," says Gharib. "This simple band structure is akin to an engine behind the heart pumping action."
In addition to going a long way toward settling the decades-long structure/function debate surrounding Torrent-Guasp's work, this finding also has major implications for the surgical treatment of heart disease, Gharib says. "It's going to change the way we repair the heart," he explains. Knowing that the contractile wave travels along the helical pathway--instead of occurring throughout the heart all at once--has implications for which parts of the heart will be most vulnerable to a surgeon's scalpel, for instance. "Seventy-five percent of the function of the heart depends on this muscle," Gharib says. "Surgeons now know what to cut and what not to cut. This will help them to come up with new and more effective surgical procedures."
The work detailed in the paper, "Evidence for the existence of a functional helical myocardial band," was supported by funding from the Caltech MRI Center through a Discovery grant.
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PASADENA, Calif.-- A new "barcode chip" developed by researchers at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) promises to revolutionize diagnostic medical testing. In less than 10 minutes, and using just a pinprick's worth of blood, the chip can measure the concentrations of dozens of proteins, including those that herald the presence of diseases like cancer and heart disease.
The device, known as the Integrated Blood-Barcode Chip, or IBBC, was developed by a group of Caltech researchers led by James R. Heath, the Elizabeth W. Gilloon Professor and professor of chemistry, along with postdoctoral scholar Rong Fan and graduate student Ophir Vermesh, and by Leroy Hood, president of the Institute for Systems Biology in Seattle, Washington.
An IBBC, described in a paper in the advance online edition of Nature Biotechnology, is about the size of a microscope slide and is made out of a glass substrate covered with silicone rubber. The chip's surface is molded to contain a microfluidics circuit--a system of microscopic channels through which the pinprick of blood is introduced, protein-rich blood plasma is separated from whole blood, and a panel of protein biomarkers is measured from the plasma.
The chip offers a significant improvement over the cost and speed of standard laboratory tests to analyze proteins in the blood. In traditional tests, one or more vials of blood are removed from a patient's arm and taken to a laboratory, where the blood is centrifuged to separate whole blood cells from the plasma. The plasma is then assayed for specific proteins. "The process is labor intensive, and even if the person doing the testing hurries, the tests will still take a few hours to complete," says Heath. A kit to test for a single diagnostic protein costs about $50.
"We wanted to dramatically lower the cost of such measurements, by orders of magnitude," he says. "We measure many proteins for the cost of one. Furthermore, if you reduce the time it takes for the test, the test is cheaper, since time is money. With our barcode chip, we can go from pinprick to results in less than 10 minutes."
A single chip can simultaneously test the blood from eight patients, and each test measures many proteins at once. The researchers reported on devices that could measure a dozen proteins from a fingerprick of blood, and their current assays are designed for significantly more proteins. "We are aiming to measure 100 proteins per fingerprick within a year or so. It's a pretty enabling technology," Heath says.
To perform the assay, a drop of blood is added to the IBBC's inlet, and then a slight pressure is applied, which forces the blood through a channel. As the blood flows, plasma is skimmed into narrow channels that branch off from the main channel. This part of the chip is designed as if it were a network of resistors, which optimizes plasma separation.
The plasma then flows across the "barcodes." The barcodes consist of a series of lines, each 20 micrometers across and patterned with a different antibody that allows it to capture a specific protein from the plasma passing over. When the barcode is "developed," the individual bars emit a red fluorescent glow, whose brightness depends upon the amount of protein captured.
In the Nature Biotechnology paper, the researchers used the chip to measure variations in the concentration of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), the hormone produced during pregnancy. "The concentration of this protein increases by about 100,000-fold as a woman goes through the pregnancy cycle, and we wanted to show that we could capture that whole concentration range through a single test," Heath says.
The scientists also used the barcode chip to analyze the blood of breast and prostate cancer patients for a number of proteins that serve as biomarkers for disease. The types and concentrations of the proteins vary from disease to disease and between different individuals. A woman with breast cancer, for example, will produce a different suite of biomarkers than will a man with prostate cancer, while a woman with an aggressive form of cancer may produce proteins that are different from a woman with a less-deadly cancer.
Those proteins can also change as a patient receives therapy. Thus, determining these biomarker profiles can allow doctors to create individualized treatment plans for their patients and improve outcomes. The ease and the speed with which results can be obtained using the IBBC also will potentially allow doctors to assess their patients' responses to drugs and to monitor how those responses evolve with time, much as a diabetic patient might use a blood glucose test to monitor insulin delivery.
The barcode chip is now being tested in human clinical trials on patients with glioblastoma, a common and aggressive form of brain tumor. The researchers are also using the chips in studies of healthy individuals, to determine how diet and exercise change the composition of the proteins in the blood.
Currently, the barcoded information is "read" with a common laboratory scanner that is also used for gene and protein expression studies. "But it should be very easy to design something like a supermarket UPC scanner to read the information," making the process even more user-friendly, says Fan, the first author on the paper.
"As personalized medicine develops, measurements of large panels of protein biomarkers are going to become important, but they are also going to have to be done very cheaply," Heath says. "It is our hope that these IBBCs will enable such inexpensive and multiplexed measurements."
The paper, "Integrated barcode chips for rapid, multiplexed analysis of proteins in microliter quantities of blood," will be featured as the cover story in the December print edition of Nature Biotechnology. The work was funded by the National Cancer Institute and by the Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies through a grant from the United States Army Research Office.
PASADENA, Calif.--Two prominent researchers from the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) have been named among the country's 24 top leaders by U.S. News Media Group in association with the Center for Public Leadership (CPL) at Harvard Kennedy School. The 2008 edition of America's Best Leaders--available online at www.usnews.com/leaders and on newsstands Monday, November 24--includes honors for Caltech's David Baltimore and Fiona Harrison.
According to U.S. News, the Best Leaders issue features "some of the country's most visionary individuals," highlighting those professionals "who continue to offer optimism and hope through their work."
Nobel Laureate David Baltimore, the Robert Andrews Millikan Professor of Biology and former president of Caltech, was lauded by the magazine for the way he has "profoundly influenced national science policy on such issues as recombinant DNA research and the AIDS epidemic. He is an accomplished researcher, educator, administrator and public advocate for science and engineering, and is considered one of the world's most influential biologists."
Baltimore was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1975, at the age of 37. He served as president of Caltech for nine years and was named president emeritus in 2006. He had previously spent almost 30 years on the faculty of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he contributed widely to the understanding of cancer, AIDS, and the molecular basis of the immune response, and where he served as founding director of the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research from 1982 until 1990. He served as president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science from 2007 to 2008, and is currently its chair.
Baltimore says he is "very honored to be named among this exceptional group of leaders."
Leadership, he says, "involves a vision of the future, and a generosity of spirit that allows the leader to take pleasure in the accomplishments of others." Leadership can't be about micromanaging every aspect of a large organization, he notes. "It's about picking the right people, motivating them, and encouraging them. You have to make sure those people are pulling in the same direction. You have to catalyze interaction between people so that they see a commonality of interests--so that they follow a common line."
Fiona Harrison, a professor of physics and astronomy at Caltech, was chosen for her work as principal investigator of the NuSTAR (Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array) Mission, a pathfinder mission that will "open the high energy X-ray sky for sensitive study for the first time," she says. She started developing the technologies necessary to realize NuSTAR more than a decade ago, and assembled and led a team of scientists and engineers to design and implement the mission. NuSTAR was selected by NASA through a competitive process and will launch in mid-2011.
Harrison "has devoted her career to studying energetic phenomena in the Universe, including massive black holes and stellar explosions, and developing advanced instrumentation for focusing and detection of X-rays and gamma-rays," notes U.S. News. She is a recipient of a NASA Graduate Student Research Fellowship and winner of the Robert A. Millikan Prize Fellowship in Experimental Physics, and was awarded a Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers by President Clinton. She joined the faculty of Caltech in 1995.
"It is an honor to be recognized among such a diverse and distinguished group of people," says Harrison.
"Most aspiring scientists don't focus on leadership as a quality necessary to accomplish their research," she adds. "As experiments and projects get larger and more complex, however, good leadership is often necessary in order to make progress. For me, creating and motivating an effective team were skills I learned in order to make the science I am passionate about happen."
In a collaborative effort between U.S. News and Harvard's CPL, the leaders were selected by a nonpartisan and independent committee, convened and organized by the center, without the participation of U.S. News editors. The selection criteria used by the committee in choosing the honorees included the ability to set direction, achieve results, and cultivate a culture of growth.
"Even though Americans have lost confidence in current leadership, over the past year they have had unique opportunities to observe and debate the qualities of strong leaders," says Brian Kelly, editor of U.S. News & World Report. "With our Best Leaders issue, we widen the lens to examine people who are showing leadership in unexpected ways across a wide variety of fields."
Other honorees include Lance Armstrong, founder of the Lance Armstrong Foundation; Herbie Hancock, chairman of the Thelonious Monk Institute of Jazz Performance Arts; Marian Wright Edelman, founder and president of the Children's Defense Fund; Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Disease; Robert Gates, U.S. Secretary of Defense; and Steven Spielberg, director and producer, and founder of the Shoah Foundation.
PASADENA, Calif.--The bacterial cell wall that is the target of potent antibiotics such as penicillin is actually made up of a thin single layer of carbohydrate chains, linked together by peptides, which wrap around the bacterium like a belt around a person, according to research conducted by scientists at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech). This first-ever glimpse of the cell-wall structure in three dimensions was made possible by new high-tech microscopy techniques that enabled the scientists to visualize these biological structures at nanometer scales.
"This is both a technological and biological advance," says Grant Jensen, associate professor of biology at Caltech, a Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator, and the principal investigator on the study.
Their research appears in the online early edition of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS).
"Bacterial cells rely on a cage-like net that surrounds them to maintain their integrity," Jensen explains. "If it weren't for this molecular bag, the bacteria couldn't survive; they would likely rupture."
This bag, called a sacculus, is made out of peptidoglycan, a mesh-like structure of carbohydrates (glycans) and amino-acid peptides. It is the sacculus, Jensen notes, that is targeted by the antibiotic penicillin; penicillin blocks a bacterium's ability to grow and remodel the bag to fit it as the bacterium itself grows. "If the bug can't make this bag," Jensen says, "it can't multiply, and you get better."
Researchers have long been interested in understanding the precise architecture of the sacculus. In particular, Jensen and his colleagues have wondered whether the so-called glycan strands--which are cross-linked by peptides to create peptidoglycan--"wrap around the cell like a belt wraps around a person," or whether they stand up from the surface of the bacterial cell, "like grass."
The answer to this debate has eluded the scientists, however, because trying to image such tiny biological objects has been beyond their technological reach. Until now, that is.
"Six years ago, a gift from the Moore Foundation allowed us to buy what is arguably the world's best electron cryomicroscope," says Jensen. "This allowed us to take a different kind of picture of small biological objects than has ever been possible before. These pictures are 3-D images to molecular resolution--you can actually start to see individual biological molecules. Using it, we were able to see this network of glycan strands. It was just remarkable."
By pairing the electron cryotomography and a purification technique that involved removing the sacculi and flattening them in a very thin layer of water, postdoctoral scholar Lu Gan, the paper's first author and a Damon Runyon Fellow, was able to image the peptidoglycan structure in three dimensions, which allows for a virtual 3-D tour of the bacterial sacculus.
"What we saw were long skinny tubes wrapping around the bag like the ribs of a person or a belt around the waist," says Jensen. "We also saw that the sacculus is just a single layer thick."
"This is a clear answer to this old question," adds Gan. "We now know what the architecture of this most basic shape-determining molecule is. We now know the right answer versus having a family of answers, some of which are wrong."
Understanding how the cell wall is built is important, says Jensen, because scientists have long been in the dark about some of the most basic physical and mechanical aspects of bacterial life, including why they are shaped the way they are. "It's hard to understand how a building is constructed unless you can see the studs," he explains. "Now that we can see the studs--now that we can see the basic architecture of the sacculus--we're closer to understanding how a bacterium could direct its own growth, and how drugs that block that process might work."
Also involved in the research reported in PNAS was Songye Chen, a postdoctoral scholar in biology at Caltech.
The paper, "Molecular organization of gram-negative peptidoglycan," was published in the PNAS Early Edition. This work was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health, a Searle Scholar Award, Caltech's Beckman Institute, and gifts from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation and the Agouron Institute. Lu Gan is supported by a fellowship from the Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation.
PASADENA, Calif.-- The transportation of antibodies from a mother to her newborn child is vital for the development of that child's nascent immune system. Those antibodies, donated by transfer across the placenta before birth or via breast milk after birth, help shape a baby's response to foreign pathogens and may influence the later occurrence of autoimmune diseases. Images from biologists at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) have revealed for the first time the complicated process by which these antibodies are shuttled from mother's milk, through her baby's gut, and into the bloodstream, and offer new insight into the mammalian immune system.
Newborns pick up the antibodies with the aid of a protein called the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn), located in the plasma membrane of intestinal cells. FcRn snatches a maternal antibody molecule as it passes through a newborn's gut; the receptor and antibody are enclosed within a sac, called a vesicle, which pinches off from the membrane. The vesicle is then transported to the other side of the cell, and its contents--the helpful antibody--are deposited into the baby's bloodstream.
Pamela Bjorkman, Max Delbrück Professor of Biology at Caltech and an investigator with the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and her colleagues were able to watch this process in action using gold-labeled antibodies (which made FcRn visible when it picked up an antibody) and a technique called electron tomography. Electron tomography is an offshoot of electron microscopy, a now-common laboratory technique in which a beam of electrons is used to create images of microscopic objects. In electron tomography, multiple images are snapped while a sample is tilted at various angles relative to the electron beam. Those images can then be combined to produce a three-dimensional picture, just as cross-sectional X-ray images are collated in a computerized tomography (CT) scan.
"You can get an idea of movement in a series of static images by taking them at different time points," says Bjorkman, whose laboratory studies how the immune system recognizes its targets, work that is offering insight into the processes by which viruses like HIV and human cytomegalovirus invade cells and cause disease.
The electron tomography images revealed that the FcRn/antibody complexes were collected within cells inside large vesicles, called "multivesicular bodies," that contain other small vesicles. The vesicles previously were believed to be responsible only for the disposal of cellular refuse and were not thought to be involved in the transport of vital proteins.
The images offered more surprises. Many vesicles, including multivesicular bodies and other more tubular vesicles, looped around each other into an unexpected "tangled mess," often forming long tubes that then broke off into the small vesicles that carry antibodies through the cell. When those vesicles arrived at the blood-vessel side of the cell, they fused with the cell membrane and delivered the antibody cargo. The vesicles also appeared to include a coat made from a molecule called clathrin, which helps form the outer shell of the vesicles. Researchers previously believed that a vesicle's clathrin cage was completely shed before the vesicle fused with the cell membrane. The new results suggest that only a small section of that coating is sloughed off, which may allow the vesicle to more quickly drop its load and move on for another.
"We are now studying the same receptor in different types of cells in order to see if our findings can be generalized, and are complementing these studies with fluorescent imaging in live cells," Bjorkman says. "The process of receptor-mediated transport is fundamental to many biological processes, including detection of developmental decisions made in response to the binding of hormones and other proteins, uptake of drugs, signaling in the immune and nervous systems, and more. So understanding how molecules are taken up by and transported within cells is critical for many areas of basic and applied biomedical research," she adds.
The paper, "FcRn-mediated antibody transport across epithelial cells revealed by electron tomography," was published in the September 25 issue of Nature. The work was supported by the National Institutes of Health, a Max Planck Research Award, the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, the Agouron Institute, and National University of Singapore AcRF start-up funds.


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tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3191596183761659449.post5551000161769745298..comments2016-07-24T22:43:37.482-04:00Comments on Origin Hunters - Genetic Genealogist: Vandals DNA: Leaving Genetic Graffiti Across EuropeMichael R. Magliohttp://firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-3191596183761659449.post-56387619879969163282016-06-14T09:34:13.773-04:002016-06-14T09:34:13.773-04:00Hello Michael, In order to add more data to your ...Hello Michael,

In order to add more data to your blog, I am spanish blond folk tested to be I2a. I did the Y-DNA test cause my surname: "Salvador" comes from one of the oldest nobiliary families from North Spain: "Los doce Linajes de Soria", were experts agree to be descendent from Visigoths.

Therefore, there is high probability that my ancestors were form the Germanic tribes, I suspect that could be Visigoths (tervingios line more in specific) but as they were mixing with Alans, Suebi and Vandals we will never know exactly.

Thanks for the article and good blog ;)Storm5http://email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-3191596183761659449.post-72964959515633882682016-05-22T01:47:03.245-04:002016-05-22T01:47:03.245-04:00Hello Michael, Great blog. I think u may be on t...Hello Michael,

Great blog. I think u may be on to something... I recently did a 37marker Y-Dna test to identify my paternal ancestry and my results came back I2A1*! 42-47 matches are Allens. (Alleyne, Allyn, Allin or Alan) All may be a form of FitzAlan (Son of Alan) I may be a LONG LOST descendant ofThomas "The Elder" Alleyne, Knight, of Outwell" This particular lineage of the Allen's may also be related to Queen Charlotte, Queen Phillipa & Prince Edward the "Black Prince". The haplogroup is prominent in 40% of Sardinians and is found in Morocco, Algeria and pretty much all the places u listed. If u are still active on this post please keep me updated. dontehttp://firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-3191596183761659449.post-17322655157273126242016-01-23T19:53:00.531-05:002016-01-23T19:53:00.531-05:00I think my H1 DNA is Vandal. I put maternal dna i...I think my H1 DNA is Vandal. I put maternal dna in MT dna search and the place name Asturias came up.I looke that up and it's in Spain. I read somewhere that Vandal name was give to Andalusia. I have a lot of matches in Poland, Ukraine, Spain, and Portugal. I Our family is Italian. I think the Byzantine men married the Vandal women.starfishladyhttp://email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-3191596183761659449.post-13527860920880473682016-01-23T19:48:34.163-05:002016-01-23T19:48:34.163-05:00This comment has been removed by the author.starfishladyhttp://email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-3191596183761659449.post-45245271009070505262015-12-09T06:35:54.347-05:002015-12-09T06:35:54.347-05:00This comment has been removed by the author.Ali Hamzehttp://firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-3191596183761659449.post-12778901706223644182015-12-09T06:34:54.247-05:002015-12-09T06:34:54.247-05:00The Vandals were relatively few to effect the nati...The Vandals were relatively few to effect the native population, as the latest estimates no longer consider the classical 80,000-strong tribe, but a mixed horde of some 20,000 people. Many were Alans, and some were also of diverse origin. The great Gaiseric had himself a slave mother. During the war of 533-34, some warriors were killed, whereas others were transported east. I think only a large scale genetic study can uncover some Vandal influence.Unknownhttp://email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-3191596183761659449.post-49884829784978178002015-11-20T12:30:09.495-05:002015-11-20T12:30:09.495-05:00Many thanks for clarification. May I ask for the s...Many thanks for clarification. May I ask for the source? This makes perfect sense. I was always puzzled where has Thracians disappeared. By the way German language was developed in Scandinavia as a combination of protoslavic and celtic language. This was around 500BC. According to Kingas paper this also suggest that Vandals could not be a germanic tribe. firstname.lastname@example.com Polakovahttp://email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-3191596183761659449.post-68458193459933430292015-11-20T11:56:58.513-05:002015-11-20T11:56:58.513-05:00I read the paper from Kinga and I need to confirm ...I read the paper from Kinga and I need to confirm that this puts Vandals as protoslavic tribe that was forced to leave their homes. Thanks Kinga for sharing Unknownhttp://email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-3191596183761659449.post-16086758234716748662015-10-09T13:56:26.824-04:002015-10-09T13:56:26.824-04:00I am Tunisian, when I did my ancestor DNA, I did f...I am Tunisian, when I did my ancestor DNA, I did found Swedish and Slovak..
Although I am not sure if that is Vandals effect or not.Unknownhttp://email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-3191596183761659449.post-55639852134097060332015-08-28T22:35:31.387-04:002015-08-28T22:35:31.387-04:00The mystery of Vandals have been solved. They were...The mystery of Vandals have been solved. They were associated with Przeworska culture and the scientists collected their DNA comparing with current inhabitants of Europe. They matched the most with Poles, the people of Przeworska culture lands.
This is all described here: http://archeowiesci.pl/2014/10/24/nowe-badania-genetyczne-dawnych-mieszkancow-naszych-ziem/Kinga Orlikowskahttp://email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-3191596183761659449.post-7987311624462125272015-02-25T17:40:13.976-05:002015-02-25T17:40:13.976-05:00I propose that the Ligurians are also a Madai trib...I propose that the Ligurians are also a Madai tribe of the Orelum from the Loire Valley: as their cities are name Mediollanum. Fortified cities land of the Medes: not a Celtic word for the middle land: the cities were mostly on hill tops! over 60 place names in France and Italy and why their languages does not quite fit with Italic or Celtic languages. And why there are Aryan words in Sicilian as the Ligurians seem to be allies of the ancient Sicilian tribes. fafdc51@gmail,com Frank Fontanahttp://firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-3191596183761659449.post-18063686218271986362015-02-25T17:30:44.791-05:002015-02-25T17:30:44.791-05:00Your Vandals please consider the possibility that ...Your Vandals please consider the possibility that the F is the Noahic Y-DNA to the IJK: then the I Y DNA the true Shemitic Y-DNA and the Vandals carried I Y-DNA and their own Tiras R1a-l664 Y-DNA as the Thracian Getae migrated into Scandinavia and then migrated to Central East Europe and finally into the southern Roman Empire the with R1a-Z284 subclade from Scandinavia. The Vandals, Visigoths and Ostrogoths are Tiras and the Alans are Madai Sarmatians:Aryans firstname.lastname@example.com Frank Fontanahttp://email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-3191596183761659449.post-51004814103201150132014-11-29T18:53:31.635-05:002014-11-29T18:53:31.635-05:00Our common Ancestory is as close as 95% going back...Our common Ancestory is as close as 95% going back many generations. This little information can help you read up on the Ancient Livorno region and those Tuscans, on my maternal side, who lived there. No doubt the best part is the Medici family. Other than your Welsh, I can only point to Ligurians as a possible connection. Best Regards.Angelic Stormzhttp://email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-3191596183761659449.post-20384922657111287722014-09-20T03:56:03.090-04:002014-09-20T03:56:03.090-04:00The Ossetians are the only western Iranian group r...The Ossetians are the only western Iranian group remaining in the Caucasus, they are the Alans themselves as is attested in the name of their Republic: Alania. And as you mention they would mesh with migrating conquering tribes through the time; Germanic tribes (Vandals, Goths), later theMongols and later on Slavic invasions.
For the Germanic (Vandal) problem haplogroup in the Iberian peninsula I think by co-relating the Gothic strands will be very useful to untangle the mark of the Vandals in their transit and settling in N Africa and Sicily. The Visigoths in Spain become the dominant nobility from 500 to 700 AD, controlling Spain from Toledo and creating the grand Duchy of Cantabria, from this last enclave the higher nobility (los Grandes de España) came the newer line of royals, from Alphonse I to the current lines of the monarchy (now dominated by the Bourbons), which from the Old Castile (Asturias-Cantabria) descended to conquest the rest of Moorish Andalusia and stablished the hub in Cordova....there; in the Spanish nobility you'll very likely find the group that can related to the Vandals. Since the Goths, Vandals and Longbardians were the original true germanic tribes that migrated from Scandinavia to Poland and later on westwards . I hope that this make sense... gerardohttp://firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-3191596183761659449.post-84644921011172586262013-09-30T06:51:33.552-04:002013-09-30T06:51:33.552-04:00This comment has been removed by the author.Roman Trojanowskihttp://firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-3191596183761659449.post-36575495896973474922012-10-13T09:58:02.372-04:002012-10-13T09:58:02.372-04:00As always great information. I like the way you d...As always great information. I like the way you do your research. My haplogroup for my dad does not match those you listed.

What great fun.

ThanksDuSylhttp://email@example.com

subset: commoncrawl


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Swofford, ACC Adamant TV Net Will Help Conference Patriots Create New Account On Medium NBC Sports Viewership Mixed For British Open Media Notes ESPN Confident Of Full ACC Net Distribution Olympic Apps Provide Unique Coverage Media Notes Real Salt Lake Reinstates Columnist's Credential ESPN Sees Jump In Unique Visitors In June FSU Will Star In Showtime Series
Upcoming Conferences and Events
SBD/Issue 245/Sports Media
Ombudsman Encourages ESPN To Lighten Up On Cross-Promotion
Published September 11, 2008
|Schreiber Says ESPN Should Lighten
Up On Cross-Promotion
TOO MUCH SYNERGY: Schreiber: "This is my suggestion to ESPN for an antidote: Lighten up on the synergy. Don't expend all your creativity devising new ways to drive viewers into the corrals of your biggest business partners. Viewers will flock there on their own." She added ESPN should "surprise us more often with something we didn't know you or we cared about, and don't rely entirely on 'Outside the Lines' to deliver the surprises." Noting the addition of the net's morning news block, Schreiber wrote, "Use those six new live hours of 'SportsCenter' to let in some fresh air, and not just every four years" (ESPN.com, 9/10).


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Top Definition
He is a strange boy and likes to suck cock. He is of course a gay boy. What a wierd boy.
Tom is gay and sucks cock. This can be used for anyone but in this case it is being used for Tom at number 19.
by richh12 January 28, 2006
Trending Now


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Toninho Cerezo, real name Antônio Carlos Cerezo, (born 21 April 1955 in Belo Horizonte) is a Brazilian former footballer. Well known for his tireless style of play and tactical awareness, Cerezo is commonly regarded as one of the finest Brazilian def...ensive midfielders.
Connect any celebrity with Toninho Cerezo to see how closely they are linked... romantically!


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Do you believe everything you read or are told?I wonder who the sources are? Could it have been his pet poodle? Couldn't be poor little nvidia that's having their CC this week? Are they afraid little ATI and Microsoft will steal their thunder? What else is new in land of nvidia BS tactics. Fwiw, there are more and better ways of designing a dual gpu graphics system than the poor attempt by nvidia with their SLI.


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Ground Beef Meat Loaf Recipes
Looking for recipes for ground beef meat loaf? Taste of Home has the best ground beef meat loaf recipes from real cooks like you, featuring reviews, ratings, how-to videos and tips.
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I Lie Pretty (Taury Goforth Remix)
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June 6- August 6
March 12, 2015, Sir Terry Pratchett, famous science fiction author passed away. Most known for his Discworld series, he was awarded Order of the British Empire (OBE) for services to literature in 1998. For more information, read this article on BBC News. To delve into, or revisit, Discworld, check out the titles available through HCPL.
Join us at Atascocita Branch Library for great Teen Tech Week programs! On March 11 at 3 PM, we have "Love your Selfie." You're probably already taking selfies and posting them to social media, but do they come out the way you really want? Come to this program if you want to learn how to improve your selfie skills.
Next in our series of Meet Your Atascocita Staff we have our Senior Circulation Assistant, Debbie.
Name: Debbie
Title: Senior Circulation Assistant
Time working at branch: 11 1/2 years
Welcome to the Meet the Staff series in 2015. You've seen us around the library and probably spoken with several of us, but here are a few items you may not know about your Atascocita Library staff. Once each month, you'll get to learn just a little bit about the people who bring great programs and library services to this area of Harris County.
I'll be starting us off.
Name: Beth
Title: Branch Librarian (aka, branch manager)
Time working at the branch: 9 years
Americanah by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie
Here are the top SF reads in Harris County Public Library for 2014. The influence of TV and movies shows up strongly this year. Because of that, I'm combining all of the Song of Ice and Fire books as one and giving it the top spot. After that are the rest of the top ten. There are a few other titles that belong in the same fictional universe, but as they are not entire series, I kept them separate.
Get ready for the Polar Express train display at Atascocita Branch Library. This four train display starts December 1. The train will run on the following schedule:
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Definition of shapewear in English:
noun[mass noun]
Women's tight-fitting underwear intended to control and shape the figure.
Example sentences
- Remaining self-funded and profitable from the start, Blakely built on the success of SPANX in 2006 by launching ASSETS, a new brand of shapewear in Target stores nationwide.
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Goodbye (Spice Girls song)
|Single by Spice Girls
|"Christmas Wrapping"
|11 December 1998
|15-18 July 1998
(Nashville, Tennessee)
|4:47 (single version)
4:35 (album version)
4:20 (radio version)
4:14 (orchestral version)
|Spice Girls singles chronology
"Goodbye" is a song recorded by British girl group Spice Girls. It was written by the Spice Girls, Richard Stannard and Matt Rowe, while it was produced by the latter two. The song became the group's first song without the vocals of Geri Halliwell. It was released by Virgin Records on 11 December 1998 as a Christmas single, along with the B-side, "Christmas Wrapping".
"Goodbye" was a commercial success, peaking at number one on the UK Singles Chart, and making the Spice Girls the first act to have three consecutive Christmas number-one singles since The Beatles.[1]
- 1 Background
- 2 B-side
- 3 Release
- 4 Reception
- 5 Music video
- 6 Live performances
- 7 Formats and track listings
- 8 Credits and personnel
- 9 Charts
- 10 Release history
- 11 Notes
- 12 References
- 13 External links
"Goodbye" was originally written in 1997 by Geri Halliwell, Emma Bunton, Matt Rowe and Richard Stannard intending it to be on Spiceworld. However, due to time constraints it was not recorded by the Spice Girls at the time. During the American leg of the Spiceworld Tour, after the departure of Halliwell, Stannard and Rowe flew to Nashville, Tennessee to meet the group and rewrite the song. The group put input on the song and recorded it.[2] In the Spice Girls' third autobiography, "Forever Spice", Melanie C said "Goodbye" was originally about a relationship ending, but now it's about Geri and it's really sad.
The single contains a cover of The Waitresses' 1981 single, Christmas Wrapping. The cover was recorded in November 1998, and only features vocals from Melanie C and Emma Bunton, due to the pregnancies of Mel B and Victoria. The lyrics in the cover features anglicized lyrics to mention the Spiceworld Tour, and British supermarket chain, Tesco.
"Goodbye" was released in a two-CD format (a standard single and a maxi single). The typical track listing internationally followed the UK track listing. In the U.S., the single was released as an EP and contained only the B-side, "Christmas Wrapping" (which only featured vocals from Melanie C and Emma Bunton due to the pregnancies of Mel B and Victoria), and live versions of "Sisters Are Doin' It for Themselves" and "We Are Family", which were recorded at their Wembley Stadium concert on 20 September 1998. The U.S. single also included a set of four stickers of the girls, portraying them as fairies, similar to their appearance in the music video of "Viva Forever". In November 2000, it was included on the group's third studio album, Forever.
Critical response[edit]
A sample of the song. This is the first song without Halliwell's vocals.
|Problems playing this file? See media help.
"Goodbye" was met with positive reception. A review of Sputnikmusic considered the song "very tasteful and emotionally sweeping,"[3] while Tania Kraines from BBC Music said "the heartbroken post-Geri 'Goodbye' provided the girls with their last really good single."[4]
Chart performance[edit]
In the United Kingdom, the single became the group's eighth number-one single, topping the charts for one week, selling 380,000 in the first week. "Goodbye" got them into the records as the first act to have three consecutive Christmas number-one singles since the Beatles. As of December 2013, the song has sold 884,000 copies in the UK alone, becoming their fourth best-selling single.[1] In New Zealand, it debuted and peaked at number one for two weeks, their second consecutive number one after "Viva Forever", which also debuted and peaked at number one for two weeks. "Goodbye" was their third and final number one hit in New Zealand, with "Wannabe" in 1996 being the first. It was also their ninth consecutive top ten hit for the girls in that country. "Holler" would be their tenth.
The song debuted and peaked at number eleven on the Billboard Hot 100, with sales of 74,000 copies[5] at number four on the Hot 100 Singles Sales, and certified Gold for shipments of 600,000 copies[5]
In Canada it peaked at number one on the Canadian Singles Chart making it their first and only number one in Canada[6]
Music video[edit]
The music video for the song was filmed at Mentmore Towers in Mentmore, Buckinghamshire on 1 and 2 November 1998. It opens with each of the girls in four different black cars: 1957 Cadillac Fleetwood 75, 1941 Cadillac Fleetwood 75, 1955 Imperial Newport, 1958 Imperial Crown, and white wolves running. They arrive at a castle and walk up the stairs arm-in-arm. When they enter there are frozen couples that the girls observe. The video also shows shots of each girl in a different setting with falling objects and then together as a group. The video ends with the ice melting off the people as they come back to life, then shows the shot of the girls entering in reverse to look like they are leaving.
Live performances[edit]
"Goodbye" was included on the setlist of Christmas In Spiceworld Tour in 1999. The song was performed at the 2000 BRIT Awards along with "Spice Up Your Life", "Say You'll Be There" and forthcoming single "Holler". During the ceremony the Spice Girls received an Award for Outstanding Contribution To The British Music Industry. It was also performed on the Royal Variety Performance, Live & Kicking, Pepsi Chart and Top of the Pops in 1998 to promote the single. Mel B and Victoria also appeared on TFI Friday to promote the single.
In 2007 and 2008, the song was performed on Return of the Spice Girls tour. Geri Halliwell sang the harmony with the rest of the girls. It was the only song recorded without her vocals that she participated in.
Formats and track listings[edit]
These are the formats and track listings of major single releases of "Goodbye".
Credits and personnel[edit]
Published by EMI Music Publishing (WP) Ltd., Universal Music Publishing.[9]
Weekly charts[edit]
Year-end charts[edit]
Release history[edit]
|United Kingdom[41]
|11 December 1998
|CD single (CD1)
|United Kingdom[42]
|14 December 1998
|CD single (CD2)
|22 December 1998
|CD single (CD1, CD2)
- ^ a b c Justin Myers (20 December 2013). "Official Charts Flashback 1998: Spice Girls – Goodbye". Official Charts. Retrieved 22 December 2013.
- ^ Biff, Stannard, Autobiography Spice Girls 1997. p. 156
- ^ David Driver (22 October 2009). "Sputnikmusic Review - Spice Girls' Greatest Hits". Sputnikmusic. Retrieved 29 December 2010.
- ^ Tania Kraines (12 November 2007). "BBC - Music - Review of Spice Girls - Greatest Hits". BBC UK. Retrieved 29 December 2010.
- ^ a b c Jeffrey, Don (26 December 1998). Hot Singles Spotligth. Billboard. Retrieved 2012-01-05.
- ^ "Spice Girls Awards". AllMusic. 24 December 1998. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
- ^ Virgin Records Us (4 May 1999). "Amazon.com: Goodbye UK CD 1: Spice Girls: Music". Amazon. Retrieved 29 December 2010.
- ^ Virgin Records Us (8 December 1998). "Amazon.com: Goodbye US CD: Spice Girls: Music". Amazon. Retrieved 29 December 2010.
- ^ Forever (CD Album liner). Spice Girls. Virgin Records. 2000. 7243 8 50467 42.
- ^ "Australian-charts.com – Spice Girls – Goodbye". ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved 29 December 2010.
- ^ "Austriancharts.at – Spice Girls – Goodbye" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved 29 December 2010.
- ^ "Ultratop.be – Spice Girls – Goodbye" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved 29 December 2010.
- ^ "Ultratop.be – Spice Girls – Goodbye" (in French). Ultratop 50. Retrieved 29 December 2010.
- ^ "Spice Girls Awards". AllMusic. 24 December 1998. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
- ^ "Spice Girls: Goodbye" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland. Retrieved 29 December 2010.
- ^ "Lescharts.com – Spice Girls – Goodbye" (in French). Les classement single. Retrieved 29 December 2010.
- ^ "Musicline.de – Spice Girls Single-Chartverfolgung" (in German). Media Control Charts. PhonoNet GmbH. Retrieved 30 December 2010.
- ^ "Irish Charts - Spice Girls - Goodbye". Irish Singles Chart. 24 December 1998. Retrieved 29 December 2010.
- ^ "Italiancharts.com – Spice Girls – Goodbye". Top Digital Download. Retrieved 29 December 2010.
- ^ "Charts.org.nz – Spice Girls – Goodbye". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved 29 December 2010.
- ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Spice Girls – Goodbye" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved 29 December 2010.
- ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – Spice Girls – Goodbye". VG-lista. Retrieved 29 December 2010.
- ^ http://www.officialcharts.com/charts/scottish-singles-chart/19981220/41
- ^ Salaverri, Fernando (September 2005). Sólo éxitos: año a año, 1959–2002 (1st ed.). Spain: Fundación Autor-SGAE. ISBN 84-8048-639-2.
- ^ "Swedishcharts.com – Spice Girls – Goodbye". Singles Top 100. Retrieved 29 December 2010.
- ^ "Swisscharts.com – Spice Girls – Goodbye". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved 29 December 2010.
- ^ "Archive Chart: 1998-12-26" UK Singles Chart. Retrieved 29 December 2010.
- ^ "Spice Girls – Chart history" Billboard Hot 100 for Spice Girls. Retrieved 29 December 2010.
- ^ Australian Recording Industry Association (1998). "Aria 1998 Charts". aria.com.au. Retrieved 3 January 2011.
- ^ 1998 Swedish Singles Chart [1] . Retrieved 31 July 2013.
- ^ "Chart Archive - 1990s Singles". everyHit.com. Retrieved 29 September 2014.
- ^ Australian Recording Industry Association (1999). "Aria 1999 Charts". aria.com.au. Retrieved 3 January 2011.
- ^ RPM 1999 (1999). "Top 100 Hit Tracks". aria.com.au. Retrieved 3 January 2011.
- ^ "I singoli più venduti del 2000" (in Italian). Hit Parade Italia. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
- ^ "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 1999 Singles". Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved 2011-09-28.
- ^ "Canadian single certifications – Spice Girls". Music Canada. Retrieved 2011-09-02.
- ^ "Top 50 Singles Chart, 10 January 1999". Recording Industry Association of New Zealand. Retrieved 2012-01-05.
- ^ "IFPI Swedish Awards 1987-1998" (PDF). International Federation of the Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 2012-01-05.
- ^ "British single certifications – Spice Girls". British Phonographic Industry. Enter Spice Girls in the field Search. Select Artist in the field Search by. Select single in the field By Format. Select Platinum in the field By Award. Click Search
- ^ "American single certifications – Spice Girls". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved 2011-09-28. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
- ^ http://www.amazon.co.uk/Goodbye-CD-1-Spice-Girls/dp/B00000I2NN
- ^ http://www.amazon.co.uk/Goodbye-CD-2-Spice-Girls/dp/B00000I2NO
- ^ http://www.amazon.co.jp/Goodbye-Spice-Girls/dp/B00000FDH4
- ^ http://www.amazon.co.jp/Goodbye-Spice-Girls/dp/B00000FDH5
- Brown, Melanie (2002). Catch a Fire: The Autobiography. Headline Book Publishing. ISBN 0-7553-1063-2.
External links[edit]
- Christmas number-one singles in the United Kingdom
- 1990s ballads
- 1998 singles
- Irish Singles Chart number-one singles
- Number-one singles in New Zealand
- Pop ballads
- Song recordings produced by Richard Stannard (songwriter)
- Songs written by Emma Bunton
- Songs written by Mel B
- Songs written by Melanie C
- Songs written by Richard Stannard (songwriter)
- Songs written by Victoria Beckham
- Spice Girls songs
- UK Singles Chart number-one singles
- Songs written by Matt Rowe (songwriter)


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Melissa Harrington-Hughes: Never in One Place for Long
Published: September 1, 2002
She so loved fine wine that when she and her fiancé, Sean Hughes, decided to marry, they chose a leafy vineyard in Napa Valley for the wedding. Her name was Melissa Harrington and after the wedding she added her husband's name to hers.
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Mrs. Harrington-Hughes, 31, was so enthusiastic about travel, her father recalled, that she would not come home after spending her junior year of college in Bologna, Italy. She took a job as an au pair in France, spent two months in Paris and then one on the Riviera. "When I called in May to wish her a happy birthday, they told me she had taken off to Africa," Robert Harrington said. "Riding camels in Morocco."
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The pollen levels are so high this year that it has the crac heads trying to convert their meth back into Sudafed.
The pollen levels are so high this year that it has the crac heads trying to convert their meth back into Sudafed.
– "Redd" Reddick
Been studying the thesaurus lately, because the mind is a terrible thing to garbage.
If you were guessing I went AWOL, that's probably fairly accurate. My last newsletter was a few weeks before Christmas. By the way, I'd like to deeply thank everyone who sent something off my wishlist, Starbucks, giftcards, Christmas cards and sweet emails. With not having family left and living in a transient state like Florida where friends come and go (most are "go" right now, with WWE), it's really nice to have something to open on the holidays.
New York and New Jersey! Come see me on Saturday!! And if you love me… you'll bring cappuccino. With extra cream. And a straw. Just putting that out there. Anyway, I'll be in Queens for The Big Event Wrestling Convention from 9-3. Then JAPW in Rahway, NJ from 5-6:30. Finally, closing out with Warrior of Wrestling at 7p in Staten Island.
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Dr. Khaja Ahsanuddin specializes in psychiatry in Morganton, North Carolina.
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"For our art, we can never do anything by half."
Sing Street (2016)
Raphina (Lucy Boynton)
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To have faith is to trust that things will work out for the best. A strong belief in self, people, or the future motivates us to be more and do more.
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| October 5, 2011 - 3:09 pm
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- Didi is a descendant of sultan Moulay Sulaiman and grandfather to the present owners. Didi had 4 wives, each of them had her own quarters on the ground floor of what is now referred to as Riad Palais Didi. Today Palais Didi is a real masterpiece of Moroccan craftsmanship. Restored in the purest Moroccan style, it is organized around a large patio and a nice fountain where you would eventually refresh during the long summer days. ... more less
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