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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Publication date
|Aug 14, 1973
|Filing date
|Nov 4, 1970
|Priority date
|Nov 4, 1970
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Audretsch L, Elsner M
|Original Assignee
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (9), Referenced by (7), Classifications (7)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
United States Patent Audretsch, Jr. et al.
DISTINCT COMPLEX SIGNALS FORMED BY PLURAL CLIPPING TRANSFORMATIONS OF SUPERPOSED ISOCI-IRONAL PULSE CODE SEQUENCES Inventors: Leo M. Audretsch, Jr.; Matthew Eisner, both of Poughkeepsie, NY.
Assignee: International Business Machines Corporation, Armonk, NY.
Filed: Nov. 4, 1970 Appl. No.: 86,688
U.S. Cl 179/15 BC, 340/147 SY Int. Cl. H04j 1/00 Field of Search 179/15 BC; 340/147 References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 6/1953 Levy 340/169 X 3/1972 Kuhlmann 3/1959 Evans 3/1962 Lindner 5/1962 Franco 179/15 BC 1 Aug. 14, 1973 3,394,224 7/1968 Helm 179/15 BC 3,484,554 12/1969 3,488,445 1/1970 3,511,936 5/1970 Saltzberg 179/15 BC Primary Examiner-Harold l. Pitts Attorney-l-lanifin and Jancin and Robert Lieber 57 ABSTRACT tal form in which the intelligence of the composite is 1 singularly retained. At receiving terminals the clipped composite is analyzed by digital matched filter circuits.
8 Claims, 16 Drawing Figures CH5 SYNCH PULSE a MULTIPLEXED CHANNEL 3 5i 5 a s 1 cu CH CH DEVCES D1 D2 5 4 5 6 CHANNHS 1 2 5 4 q il p fi li )Lh Jij lU PULSE SEQUENCES Patented Aug. 14, 1973 3,752,921
8 Sheets-Sheet 1 M 59* AND cums NETWORK(ANDS,0RS,ETC.)
c COMPARE cmcun MODULO 2 ADDER MOD FIG.1 2
DELAY COAXIAL CABLE on .1: COAXIAL CABLE WITH DIRECTIONAL T- COUPLER SELECTIVE T0 SIGNALS o I I nowmc IN /DIRECTION 0R 1:: COAXIAL CABLE WITH DIRECTIONAL "'F COUPLER SELECTIVE T0 SIGNALS x Z0 FLOWLNG IN) DIRECTION HULTIPLEXED DEVICE DATA CH3 SYNCH PULSE 5 PULSE SEQUENCES SEOUENCES EYE E 1 2 3 4 5 e I QQE CM 2 3 4 tL'L LL tL'L Ll )Lj Li-7r 4 f 1r Lair 2? 52- 2 "T a" E -1. 2/ .;h z. h h d h .LL .3L .v
MULTIPLEXED CHANNEL 5 5 PULSE SEOUENCES INVENTORS LEO M. AUDRETSCH, JR. MATTHEW ELSNER FIG. 2 BY fig gm ATTORNEY Patented Aug. 14, 1973 8 Sheets-Sheet 4 FIG. 7
L'VEE RESET SOURCE sELE cT LINS I Y I! 10 \g/ G 2 106 W 2 3 R81 RESETc 105 A 1 [m1 \J \J SHH' 2 a FSR1 M002 vm A cm (T0 (Hm) (FROMD1PROC 120 FM Patented Aug. 14, 1973 3,752,921
8 Shea Ira-Sheen 1.
7 ALERT MATCH MATCH FIG. 9 1114 I85 1 18-6 L L L L 178 S R R 5 R WP" WP WP" (I 2 (=0) I5I\ 153 I8I |1B 1 0 I A A A I I I 0 1m I6I 00111 05115 11 UP I i I52 O 1 2 3 UP-DOWN 156 DOWN 2 2 2 2 COUNTER' I A 164 WP" RESET T0 I coumsn RESET FIG. 10 @F 209 PG) 1 Q GP A 511111 1 2 3 \FSR (1,1,1)
INHIBIT RESET 230\.' DY WP INHIBIT Patented Aug. 14, 1973 3,752,921
8 Sheets-Sheet 6 RESET (101) FIG. 1 I 248 smn l 1 2 3 FSR/SYNCH 5 t WP/CHS cp/cus 254 CLOCK D1 02 A TEST SIGNALS FOR DECODED DEVICE S SYSTEM INSTALLATION SEQUENCE PULSES D7 ADJUSTMENTS L TE ")L TC XT O b 4: l( F /4L). J
o1 DIPLEX M "u M I CH2 CH1 (SAME AS CH1) CH5 "PX ag)? m DIPLEX DIPLEX Euconq I' DECODE A L NPX U I ENCODE PROC TIME i V SYNCH M PX MPX NPX DECODE ENCODE DECODE PROC TIME PROC TIME SYNOH l FIG. 12
DIsTINCT COMPLEX SIGNALS FORMED BY PLURAL CLIPPING TRANSFORMATIONS or SUPERPOSED IsOCIIRoNAL PULSE CODE sE uENCEs SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE Separated peripheral device units and input-output channel units of a data processing system exchange intelligence by directed transmissions of additively superimposed pulse code modulated signals. The individual pulse transmissions are produced selectively in undivided isochronal time intervals and carried as an amplitude-multiplexed composite upon a shared cable.
In each undivided interval transmitting units selectively couple to the cable, or fail to couple, respectively allocated sequences of pulse code modulated signals. Coupling and non-coupling of an allocated modulation sequence serves to represent respective i and bit states of binary transmission intelligence of the orignating unit. Allocated sequences correspond to words of a particular pulse code. Transmission intervals are established with relative phase differences at the multiplexed transmitting units such that contemporary unit transmissions become identically superimposed as they propagate along the cable. Consequently, individual pulses combine by algebraic addition of amplitudes into composite pulses which have a multi-amplitude (i.e. amplitude-multiplexed) modulation sequence in each interval. Commonly directed transmissions of individual transmitting units are progressively attenuated in initial amplitude in the directional succession of the transmitting units. Installation adjustments of the transmitting units relative to a common receiving unit establish unit transmissions at relatively equal levels relative to the receiving unit. Demultiplexing is accomplished by standard binary threshold circuits and binary logic Circuits. For a particular transorthogonal pseudo-noise code of length seven circuits are used to convert the sequence of composite multiamplitude pulses on the cableinto a uniquely corresponding sequence of pairs of binary pulse signals. The binary signal pairs have a ternary range of combined states selected to represent uniquely the amplitude states of corresponding signal pulses of the composite. The three ternary states are assigned respectively to composite pulses which respectively exceed, are bounded by or are exceeded by predetermined upper and lower amplitude limits. The ternary representation of the composite is analyzed by a digital matched filter circuit composed exclusively of standard binary logic elements (Ands, Ors, Counters, etc.). The filter circuit calculates the cross correlation coefficient of the ternary signal and a binary reference signal produced at the analyzing terminal. The successive coefficients are translated into binary signals corresponding to the original binary intelligence represented by the transmission of the one transmitting unit which presently has allocated to it the code word corresponding to the binary reference signal.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION l. Field of the Invention The invention relates to multiplex pulse signalling systems. In particular the invention pertains to a form of multiplex signalling in which concurrent pulse coded directional transmissions of plural terminals are combined in one channel of communication into a directionally propagated transmission of multiamplitude (i.e. amplitude multiplexed) composite signals. The invention moreover contemplates conversion and handling of the composite transmission in a reduced (e.g. ternary) form having unique correlation with the original composite. The reduced composite is demultiplexed with considerable fidelity by digital matched filter circuit arrangements composed of an unexpectedly small complement of standard binary logic circuit elements.
2. Description of the Prior Art There is much art pertaining to multiplex pulse signalling by frequency and time division methods. In the time (frequency) division method individual subscribers are allocated distinct time 2. Description of the Prior Art There is much art pertaining to multiplex pulse signalling by frequency and time division methods. In the time (frequency) division method individual subscribers are allocated distinct time (frequency) slots (bands, channels) for respective pulse transmissions. An alternate technique affording access, timing and bandwidth usage advantages is disclosed in U. S. Pat. No. 3,432,619, granted to H. L. Blasbalg on an application filed July 31, i963 which is assigned to the assignee of the present application. Blasbalgs subscribers, in asynchronous fashion, selectively produceundirected transmissions having a quasi-orthogonal relation. At receivers the randomly composited transmissions are converted to binary pulse samples which are analyzed by digital matched filter circuits. One problem inherent in the Blasbalg method is that there is not a unique relation of correspondence between the binary pulse samples and the original composite. While the associated uncertainty of analysis may not be objectionable for an application such as sampled voice communication it could be less than satisfactory for communications requiring tighter control of the recovered intelligence; for example processing of precision data through a computer network.
Accordingly the present invention seeks to provide a system and method embodying the timing and rapid access advantages of the Blasbalg technique with signal to noise signalling quality comparable to conventional time and frequency division techniques.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION A prime object of this invention is to provide an efficient system of controllably timed intelligence transmission characterized by equal and instant availability to all transmitting terminals, as contemplated by Blasbalg, and simplicity and fidelity of reception comparable or superior to ordinary time division demultiplexmg.
in its most basic aspect the invention contemplates: establishment of isochronous transmission intervals, with progressively advanced phase, at a succession of directionally ordered stationary transmitting terminals which are directionally coupled to a common transmission channel; each terminal selectively coupling or not coupling an associated series of pulse code modulated signals to the common channel in each respectively established interval the coupled signals becoming superimposed, due to the progressive phasing of interval establishment, and propagating in a common direction in said channel as a multiamplitude composite pulse modulated signal having pulse modulation amplitudes corresponding to sums of the amplitudes of correspondingly ordered pulses in the individually coupled signals; the coupled signals having unique waveforms corresponding to code words of one orthogonal, biorthogonal or transorthogonal code; the individual coupled signals having progressively decreasing pulse modulation amplitudes adjusted to contribute relatively equal absolute magnitudes of amplitude increments to the propagational composite; modification of the composite to a modified composite signal having a smaller range of amplitude variation than the composite yet correlating uniquely with the composite; and analysis, or further transmission handling followed by analysis, of the modified composite signal by digital matched filter circuits of unique design.
Ancillary features include: coupling and non-coupling of said pulse code modu lated signal series by individual transmitting terminals in order to represent complementary bit states of binary transmission intelligence of respective terminals;
establishment of amplitude regulation by individual installation adjustments of transmitting terminals relative to one receiving terminal;
establishment of timing coordination by recurrent transmission of a particular code word signal sequence from one terminal to all other terminals;
provision of signal switching means and directional coupling means between each terminal and the shared transmission cable to reduce interference between oppositely directed transmissions;
provision of additional receiving terminals coupled to said cable for receiving said transmissions of said transmitting terminal and said signals for establishment of timing coordination;
varying allocations of code word representations to enhance transmission efficiency;
adaptation of foregoing to form a reduced cabling system of intelligence transmission between peripheral device' units and input-output channelunits of a data processing system.
The foregoing and other objects, features, applications, and attendant advantages of the invention will be more fully appreciated and understood by referring to the following detailed description and accompanying drawings.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 contains a legend showing symbols and drawing conventions which are employed herein;
FIG. 2 is a generalized schematic of one highly useful form of application of the invention to the problem of accomplishing signalling between plural peripheral device units and plural input-output channel units of a digital data processing system with reduced cabling between units;
FIG. 3 is a schematic block drawing of a representative peripheral device unit D1. Since device units Dl-D7 shown in block form in FIG. 2 have substantially identical construction, for present amplitude multiplexed signalling functions, disregarding numbering of parts this Figure serves as well to illustrate the construction of each of the units D2-D7;
FIG. 4 is a schematic block drawing of the channel unit CH] of FIG. 2, which serves as well to illustrate the channel unit CH2, as units CHI and CH2 have substantially identical constructions in respect to present multiplex signalling functions;
FIG. 5 is a block schematic of the channel unit CH3 of FIG. 2 the construction of which differs slightly from that of units CH1 and CH2;
FIGS. 6 and 13 show intelligence and timing signal waveforms associated with foregoing device and channel units;
FIGS. 7-11 are circuit level schematics of various parts of the device and channel units represented in block form in FIGS. 2-5;
FIG. 12 is a generalized schematic of an alternate amplitude-multiplex signalling configuration employing a single cable for all inter-unit signalling functions;
FIGS. 14-16 are schematics of another embodiment of the invention based upon a PN code of length 15.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS INTRODUCTION The present invention concerns a system of amplitude multiplex signalling in isochronous time intervals. The system is based upon selective transmission and superimposed combination of multiple pulse code modulated signal waveforms of predetermined relative form and equal duration. Composite signal transmissions are formed by combination of component pulse code modulated signals. The component signals are representations of code words of a code selected from a particular class of codes. The composites have unique correlation with associated component representations. Exhaustive calculations indicate that the composite signals can be modified and handled in a simpler (e.g. ternary) signal form having a smaller range of variation without loss of correlation correspondence. Systems based upon use of such signals can have advantageous noise rejection, access timing and economy of reception in comparison to prior signalling methods discussed above.
Codes useful as a basis for the foregoing composite signalling method include the orthogonal, biorthogonal and transorthogonal codes. As used herein the term orthogonal code characterizes a set of code words having zero cross-correlation for every pair of non-identical words and auto correlations of n for individual words; where n is the code length. A biorthogonal code is a set of code words having either 0 or -n cross-correlation for each pair of non-identical words and +n auto correlation for individual words. A transorthogonal code is a set of code words having cross-correlation --l for every pair of non-identical words and +n auto correlation for individual words. An interesting aspect of amplitude multiplex signalling as described herein is that it permits efiicient use of bandwidth in a shared pulse transmission facility and at the same time provides transmitting terminals with virtually instantaneous unilateral access to the facility; even, in appropriate instances, without acknowledgement from intended receiving terminals.
EXAMPLE OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENT-PN CODE LENGTH 7 A. General Description FIG. 2 which incorporates symbols explained in FIG. 1 illustrates a preferred applicational embodiment of the present invention based upon the use of a particular transorthogonal pseudo-noise (PN) code of length 7 (i.e. 7 bits or pulse elements per word) as specified in detail hereafter. Terminal units D1-D7 represent separated peripheral device units of a data processing sys tem installation. These are coupled in succession, for
amplitude-multiplex signalling in accordance with the invention, to a cable I which consists for example of a single coaxial transmission line. Cable 1 is also coupled in succession to units CH1, CH2 and CH3, which represent input/output channel units serving as intermediaries of communication between the peripheral device units D1-D7 and a central processor (not shown).
In this particular embodiment two coaxial cables, 1 and 2, are provided. Cable 1 is used to convey pulse code modulated intelligence signals isochronously from the device units to the channel units in an amplitude multiplexed composite form and to convey unmultiplexed pulse code modulated synchronizing signals in the reverse direction from CH3 to the other channel units and to each of the device units. .Cable 2 is used to convey pulse code modulated intelligence signals isochronously, in amplitude multiplexed composite form, from the channel units to the device units. An embodiment discussed later uses a single cable to convey all intelligence and synchronizing signals between units in multiplex form.
Device units Dl-D7 utilize respectively allocated code words of one PN code as respective multiplex channels of communication with the channel units. Each manifestation of an allocated code word representation which is coupled to cable 1 from a respective device unit constitutes a transmission of a bit of intelligence of particular value; e.g. binary l. Complementary bit states (e.g. binary 0) are implicitly manifested by' non-transmission of the allocated code word representation in available transmission intervals. A similar allocation and utilization of code words is made for handling multiplex transmissions from channel units to device units over cable 2.
Device unit transmissions to cable 1 are adjusted to have equal amplitudes relative to receiving terminals in the channel units, in order to compensate for the different unit attenuation distances. Channel unit tranmissions on cable 2 are similarly adjusted relative to a common device unit receiving circuit.
The isochronous intervals for multiplex pulse transmissions are relatively displaced in phase at;the participating units so that there is pulse for pulse coincidence on the shared cable of pulses originating from different sources.
Device unit pulse transmissions are directionally coupled to cable I and thereby propagate preferentially towards the channel units. Thus, for example when DI and D2 transmit respectively allocated code waveforms in the same interval, the individual pulse signal elements of the waveform allocated to D2 are coupled to cable I just as the corresponding signal elements of the waveform originated by D] pass the coupling juncture between the cable and D2. Likewise, D3 places signal elements of its allocated waveform of transmission upon cable I in precise spatial registration with corresponding elements of contemporary selective transmissions of DI and/or D2. By extension elements of transmissions of D4, D5, D6 and/or D7 are timed to register spatially upon cable I with corresponding elements of selective transmissions originated by lower numbered units.
Device units and channel units are ac coupled to cables 1, 2 through respective directional coupler arrange-ments 3,4. The steady state (D.C.) condition of each cable line is a zero voltage derived through ground terminations such as 5. Thus, device unit bit transmissions are manifested by appropriately timed conveyance to respective couplers 3 of the specific pulse waveforms allocated to respective device units. Since a code of length 7 is employed in the present instance, each allocated modulation waveform consists of seven discrete pulse elements. Accordingly phased isochronous transmission intervals established at the various signalling units will have durations sufficient to accommodate 7 pulse elements. With pulse contributions of the units relatively equalized in amplitude, and regulated in time to coincide on the cable, it is seen that the composite transmission in each interval is a sequence of multiamplitude (i.e. amplitude multiplexed) pulses the amplitudes of which are related to the algebraic sums of the amplitudes of the individual contributions.
B. Device Unit Organization Referring to FIG. 3 device units D according to the specific instant embodiment contain respective diplex signal switching circuit means 6 interfacing with cable 1 through respective directional couplers and respective simplex signal transfer means 7 interfacing with cable 2 through respective directional couplers 4. Means 6 (shown in FIG. 7) operates to transfer signals bi-directionally, without interference, between internal circuits of the respective device unit and cable L'Outgoing intelligence signals are transferred from device unit encoding means 8 (shown in FIG. 8) to cable 1. Incoming synchronizing signals originating at CH3 (note FIG. 2) are transferred via cable l to device unit decoding means 9 (shown in FIG. 10).
Arrow d indicates the preferential directions of signal propagation associated with couplers 3. Device unit outputs are directed towards the channel units and synchronizing pulses from CH3 are directed preferentially towards the device units. Decoding means 9 includes a digital matched filter circuit for distinguishing the phase and form of the CH3 synchronizing signals. Corresponding reference timing pulses are generated and transferred to device unit timing circuits 10 (also shown in FIG. 10) to control the timing of device unit transmissions to cable 1 and device unit receptions from cable 2.
Circuit means 7 transfers multiplexed channel unit signals from cable 2 to device unit demultiplexingldecoding circuits 12 (shown in FIG. 9). Circuits 8 and 12 are coupled to internal processing circuits 14 of the de' vice unit; for example tape storage, disk storage, etc.
In device unit transmission operations circuits 8 of active device units receive isochronously timed l and 0 bit signals serially from internal process circuits l4 and convert each 1 bit into a seven element pulse code modulated signal corresponding to the PN code word representation allocated to the device unit. Corresponding code modulated signals, suitably timed, gated and adjusted in amplitude are transferred to the channel units via means 6, coupler 3 and cable 1.
ln device unit receiving operations amplitudemultiplexed composite signals formed isochronously by calling channel units are transferred to circuits 12 of called device units via cable 2, coupler 4 and means 7. Circuits l2 analyze the composite by cross-correlation relative to an internally produced reference signal and reconstruct original intelligence of the calling channel units. Reconstruction intelligence bits are transferred from circuits 12 to internal device unit processing circuits l4.
The technique of amplitude adjustment whereby outputs of calling units are relatively equalized in amplitude with respect to called units is discussed later. Likewise, the technique for controlling the relative timing of calling unit transmissions to obtain spatial coincidence of unit pulses for additive composition, is explained in depth later.
C. Channel Unit Organization CH1, CH2
Channel units such as CH1 and CH2 are organized generally along the lines suggested in FIG. 4. Directional couplers 20 and 21 are coupled to receive oppositely directed signals from cable 1. Couplers 20 couple device unit composite transmissions, via signal switching means 22, into demultiplex/decoding circuits 23 similar to circuits 12 (FIGS. 3, 9). Synchronizing signals originated by CH3 are transferred, via directional couplers 21 and switching means 22, to decoding circuits 24 which are generally similar to synch decoding circuits 9 (FIGS. 3 and Circuits 24 derive synchronizing signals from the coded transmission of CH3. The derived signals are applied as reference timing pulses to timing circuits 25 which correspond generally in construction and function to timing circuits 10 (FIGS. 3, l0).
Demultiplexed device unit intelligence analyzed and selected by circuits 23 under control of timing signals from circuits 25 is delivered, in a signal form corresponding to the form of signals handled by process circuits 14 (FIG. 3) of source device units, to process circuits 26 of respective linked channel units. Process circuits 26 exchange intelligence with the not shown central processing unit of the system by separate means also not shown.
Outgoing transmissions of CH1, CH2 originate in the internal process circuits 26 as binary O and 1 bit signals isochronously timed by circuits 25. Each 1 bit is selectively encoded by circuits 27, under control of circuits 25, into a group of seven appropriately timed code modulated pulses which correspond in form to the PN code word allocated to the destination (i.e. called) device unit. The encoded signals, relatively adjusted in amplitude, are directed by couplers 28 to cable 2'and proceed thence to the device units.
D. CH3 Organization lnternal organization of CH3 is indicated separately in FIG. 5. Signals are bidirectionally coupled between diplex signal switching circuit means 30 and cable 1 by directional coupler 31. Device unit composite transmissions are directed from the cable into demultiplexing/decoding circuits 32. Code word timing signals originated internally by timing circuits 34 (detailed schematically in FIG. 11) are encoded in and sent to the cable from circuits 35 (FIG. 11). The output of circuits 35 is a representation of one of the code words of the PN code in which intelligence transmissions are represented.
Binary intelligence reconstructed by circuits 32, is transferred for central process handling to internal processing circuits 37. Circuits 37 also supply intelligence to encoding circuits 38 for outgoing transmissions on cable 2. Circuits 38 are functionally and constructionally similar to encoding circuits 27 (FIG. 4) and 8 (FIGS. 3, 8). Directional coupler 40 functionally identical to directional coupler 28 (FIG. 4) directs the outgoing transmissions to cable 2 in the direction of the device units.
E. Signal Waveforms and Timing Considerations Signal waveforms and timing considerations pertinent to foregoing transmission process are indicated in FIGS. 6 and 13. Word (WP) and clock (CP) timing pulses (e.g. WPj/Dj, CPj/Dj in device units and WP/CHk, CP/CHk in channel units) establish fundamental isochronous transmission intervals in respective units to coordinate transmission and reception functions. Code words CWl-CW7 of a PN code as described below are allocated to the device units and channel units for respective transmission operations. Methods of code word allocation, alternately on a fixed or a dynamically varying basis, are discussed later.
Pulses WPj, CPj of individual units Dj involved in the formation of one particular composite are observed to be relatively displaced in phase by amounts d(j-l) proportionate to distances between units taken in the direction of transmission. Phase difference d7 is proportionate to the distance separating CH1 and D7. Code word transmission intervals defined by pulses WP include seven discrete code bit transmission intervals defined by respective clock pulses CP. As indicated in the drawing the PN code representation for a 1 bit transmission (Vin/l) of each unit comprises a sequence of mark pulses (+K) and space pulses (-K) patterned to correspond to the allocated PN code word CW and timed by associated clock pulses CP. Binary 0 transmissions (Vin/0) and idle states generally are represented by a constant output (non-transmission) from the respective unit.
Pulses of respective units Dj (CHk) have respective amplitude parameters :Kj (:Kk). The magnitudes Kj (Kk) are adjusted in a manner described later so that unit contributions to the multiple composite signal are effectively equal, as indicated in the exemplary composite waveforms of FIG. 13.
F. Signal Switching and Transmission Considerations FIG. 7 shows the construction of diplex signal switching circuit means designated by 6 in FIG. 3 and 30 in FIG. 5. Such means are fully specified and described in the co-pending application Ser. No. 844,528, D. J. DaCosta et al., Simultaneous Bi-Directional Transmission System, filed July 24, 1969, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by this reference. For the present purpose it is sufficient to note that the circuit serves to provide non-interfering switching paths for bi-directional transferral of signals between internal circuits of the respective unit and respective cable couplings.
G. Multiplex Signal Encoding FIG. 8 indicates the construction of multiplex encoding circuits as contemplated at 8 in FIG. 3, and at 27 and 38 in FIGS. 4 and 5, respectively. Although the circuit shown is designated as a section of device unit DI, by appropriate generalization of subscripts corresponding circuits of respective device units Dj or channel units CHk are immediately comprehended.
Register FSRl is a 3-stage feedback shift register which can be made to have cyclically repetitious shift sequences when set to appropriate initial states. Initial states are established by parallel transfer of the content of 3-stage buffer register RBI to FSRI through gates 101 under control of signals on the line designated Reset". Content of R81 is pre-established by selection gates 102 in one of a plurality of initial state conditions presented by plural sources RS1.
The foregoing though rather elaborate has specific utility for establishing a variety of initial shift states in FSRl for purposes considered later. Quite obviously if one and only one initial state had been required gates 101, 102 and RS1 and RBI could have been eliminated and the line designated Reset could have been coupled directly to appropriate inputs of the individual stages of FSR.
After initial setting FSRI is shifted by shift pulses conveyed conditionally to line 103. Upon successive shifts stage 3 of FSRl assumes previous states of stage 2, stage 2 assumes previous states of stage 1, and stage 1 assumes states corresponding to the modulo 2 sums of the previous states of stages 2 and 3. The signal representing this sum is produced by modulo 2 adder 104 and transferred conditionally to FSRI stage 1 through And 105. And 105 is conditioned by a delayed element clock pulse on line 106 coincident with a signal level of appropriate binary magnitude at Fls. Fls extends from the correspondingly denoted (set) output of flip-flop Fl. Flip-flop F1 is conditioned to set state S (Fls active) by pulses of suitable polarity on line 107 and to reset state R (Fls inactive) by pulses conveyed from And 108.
And 108 is conditioned by bit clock pulses CP coincident with output at Compare circuit 109, the latter being activated only when the varying state of FSRl coindices with the relatively constant state of RBI.
Set pulses are conveyed to F1 from And 110. And 110 is activated by coincidence of a bit clock pulse (CP), a word clock pulse (WP) and a pulse signal level at 114 representing a 1 bit of process intelligence to be encoded for transmission. Line 114 extends from Dl process circuits 14 (FIG. 3). With F1 in state ,8 And 116 is enabled to transfer delayed element clock pulses to FSRl as shift signals.
Accordingly at commencement of word transmission intervals coinciding with manifestation of a 1 bit at 114 F1 is set to state S releasing shift pulses to FSRl which shift FSRl until it cycles to the state corresponding to the content of RBI. F1 is reset to state R and if a bit is then manifested at 114 further shifting of FSR1 is blocked. Shifting thereafter resumes only when a I bit is again manifested at 114.
And 120, conditioned by state Fls conveys output of FSRI stage 3 to V terminal of diplex circuits 6 (FIGS. 3, 7). Circuits 6 transfer corresponding signals, at suitably amplified levels, to directional coupler 3 (see FIGS. 1, 3, 7). Coupler 3 couples these signals to cable 1.
Suppose then that the three stages of RBI hold respective binary states: I, 0, 0, so that FSRl is set to a corresponding initial state: I 0 0. The associated FSRI shift sequence, for a I bit at 114, would be:
In this shift sequence, stage 3 of FSRl traces the sequence of states: 0, 0, 1.0, l, l, l. correspondingly, diplex circuits 6 and directional coupler 3 (FIG. 3) would convey to cable 1 (FIG. 3) a sequence of pulse signals with amplitudes: +K1, +Kl, K1, +Kl, -Kl, -Kl, -Kl, where K1 is an adjusted pulse amplitude level (voltage or current) associated with device unit D1.
It will be observed that if the initial state of FSR! had been selected instead to be 0 l 0, FSRl stage 3 would have traced the sequence of shift states: 0 1 0 l l l 0. More generally the following table indicates shift states of FSRl stage 3 and associated code word sequences (CWj) derived from indicated initial state settings of FSRl.
TABLE Initial State Successive Code Word of FSRI Shift States of Stage3 001 IOOIOII CW1 011 ll00l0l CW2 Ill IIIOOIO CW3 I10 OlllOOl CW4 lOl IOIIIOO CW5 010 OlOlllO CW6 00l0lll CW7 Above code word shift sequences are seen to comprise a transorthogonal code of length 7 with individual sequences CWj representing different words of the code. As each device unit and channel unit is equipped with at least one encoding network such as that shown in FIG. 8 it is seen that each unit can be conditioned to produce signals corresponding to any of the indicated CWj code word sequences. w H. Composite Multiplex Transmissions It is seen therefore that for one specific allocation of code word assignments device unit contemporary transmissions corresponding to binary 1 intelligence would have the form suggested in FIG. 6:
Where the signal amplitudes (voltage or current) Kj (j=l,2,7) represent relatively equalized output pulse amplitudes established at respective device units Dj by individual adjustments relative to CH3.
Thus, if we assume for instance (see FIG. 13) that in one particular word transmission interval only device units D1, D3 and D7 have binary I intelligence for transmission. The composite intelligence transmission S1, 3, 7 formed on cable 1 at the coupling juncture of device 7 would consist then of seven pulses having amplitudes: 81,3,7: (Kl-K3'+K7), (+Kl'-K3'+K7),
Kl K3 K7;
and therefore 51,3,7 reduces to the sequence:
or, in general, at any distance X on the cable, relative to D7 as origin, 51,3,7 could be expressed as:
l(x, +Kx, Kx, +Kx, +Kx,31(x, K x; where Kx represents an amplitude related to K7 and the distance X.
By extension it follows that in any word period WPy the composite device unit transmission S, at distance X on cable 1 relative to D7, could be expressed as:
ay Kx, by Kx, cy Kx, dy Kx, ey Kx,fy Kx, gy Kx;
where Kx is defined as above and each coefficient ay, by, gy has a value in the range: 4, 3, -2, I, 0, +1, +2, +3, according to the number and identity of device unit transmissions merged in the composite.
As shown hereafter the component device transmissions are uniquely separable from the composite by demultiplexing techniques to be described. For the present it is noted that by an exclusive allocation of foregoing code words CWj among the device units a system of composite multiplex signalling may be established. I. Demultiplexing/Decoding FIG. 9 shows a demultiplexing/decoding circuit as contemplated at 12 (FIG. 3), 23 (FIG. 4), or 32 (FIG.
The multiplex composite signal is received on line 150 from one of the cables 1, 2 and associated coupler and switching apparatus (3, 6 or 20, 22 or 31, 30; according to which unit is receiving). Line 150 connects to positive and negative binary threshold detecting circuits 151 and 152, respectively. The threshold circuits are simply threshold biased switching circuits. Circuit 151 connects to Ands 153 and 154 and is so biased that it will provide enabling input to these Ands only while the signal input on line 150 has a positive magnitude relative to a positive biasing reference, r Circuit 152 connects to Ands 155 and 156 and is so biased that it will supply enabling inputs thereto only while the signal on line 150 has a magnitude more negative than the negative biasing reference, r It is seen that circuits 151 and 152 have binary outputs and considered as a 2-rail combination have only three possible states representable as: 0 O, I 0, or O I corresponding to composite signal levels on line 150 respectively within, above and below the range bounded by the above-mentioned positive and negative reference magnitudes.
Ands I53 and 155 couple through Or 160 to an incrementing (count up) input 161 of a forwardbackward counter 162. Ands 154 and 156 couple, via Or 163, to a decrementing (count down) input 164 of the same counter. As shown the counter has 4 stages and is therefore capable of manifesting 16 binary digital states; which may be grouped into 7 forward or positive states, 8 backward or negative states and one zero (all ()'s) state, with the sign of the count state indicated in the highest order state (2).
And 153-156 are also variously conditioned by a reference binary pulse signal corresponding to a representation of one of the code words CWj above. The reference signal is conveyed in a two-rail from upon leads 170 and 171 and is timed in synchronism with word and element timing pulses WP, CP. Pulses CP adjustably delayed are supplied to each of the Ands 153-156 via line 172. Counter 162 is reset to the zero state (0 0 0 0) by adjustably delayed pulses WP. Input states of counter 162 are completely defined by the following table.
Foregoing table indicates that coincidence of either positive threshold output at 151 and a reference level of l at or negative threshold output at 152 and a reference of l at 171 yields a match" or increment input to the counter at clock pulse time. The table further shows that coincidence of positive threshold output at 151 and I at 171 or negative threshold output at 152 and I at 170 is treated as a no-match condition for which the counter is decremented at clock pulse time. Finally the table shows that non-occurrence of a threshold condition at clock pulse time (i.e. composite level between positive and negative reference limits) is treated as a condition for which the count is not modified.
Or 178 and Latch 179 sample and hold the indication of the occurrence of threshold outputs during a word reception period. Adjustably delayed word timing pulses WP sample the state of counter 162 through Ands 180-182 at completion of each matching period. (Shortly thereafter the counter is reset by WP"). If the count accumulated in the previous matching period is exactly 0, and a count has been received (Latch 179 set), And 180 sets Alert Latch 184 thereby indicating possible occurrence of transmission or circuit error (note discussion of examples below). If the accumulated count is either negative or zero And 181 sets latch to indicate No Match. If the accumulated count is positive and 182 sets latch 186 to indicate a Match. Latches 179 and 184-186 are reset by WP" following utilization of indications therein by not shown process circuits of the respective unit.
Operation of the above demultiplexing (digital filtering) system may be understood by considering several examples. Example 1: Signal at 150 corresponds to normalized composite 81,4,6 of CW1, CW4, CW6 (i.e. +1, 1,+l,3,+1, -1,l) and reference input on 171 corresponds to CW1 above (i.e. l, 0, 0, I, 0, I, I). Input and count sequences are given by the following table. The positive final count in the table indicates a Match between the composite and reference (which will be understood to be accompanied by setting of latch 186 prior to resetting of the counter), indicative of the presence of CW1 as a constituent of the received composite signal. This of course signifies receipt of binary 1 intelligence from the transmitting unit which has been allocated CW1 as a basis for transmission.
Example 2 Signal corresponds to 81,4,6 above and reference corresponds to CW2 (i.e. l, l, 0, 0, 1, 0, I):
151 I52 170 171 Count In Count Count State Value I I) O l Decrement I l I I 1 I 0 I Increment 0 O 0 0 0 I 0 I 0 Increment I 0 0 0 l 0 I I 0 Decrement 0 O 0 0 0 l O 0 l Decrement I I l I I 0 I I 0 Decrement 0 l I I 2 0 I O I Increment 1 l I I 1 The final negative count in this table (understood to be accompanied by setting of latch 185) indicates a nomatch condition or equivalently transmission of binary 0 intelligence (or non-transmission) from the signalling unit presently assigned CW2.
Example 3 Signal corresponds to normalized composite 82,3 of
CW2 and CW3 (i.e. 2,2,0,+2,0,0,0) and reference corresponds to CW2:
Signal corresponds to normalized composite 82,3 of CW2 and CW3 (i.e. -2,-2,0,+2,0,0,0) and reference corresponds to CW2:
Net final count with positive polarity signifies presence of CW2 in signal as component. Example 4 Signal corresponds to 82,3 with injection of unit noise underscored in third pulse interval, i.e. 2,2,+I,+2,0,0,0; and reference corresponds to 151 I52 I70 171 Count In Count Count State Value 0 I 0 I Increment l 0 0 0 I 0 I I 0 Decrement 0 0 0 0 0 l 0 I 0 Increment I 0 0 O I I 0 0 l Decrement 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I 0 None 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 O I None 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I None 0 0 0 0 0 Final count value of zero above (accompanied by setting of latches 179, 184 and 185) signifies probable mutation of signal and is also interpreted correctly as a non-match indication of non-occurrence of CW1 in composite signal. Note that without the noise mutation no count would have been transferred in the third step.
Exhaustive calculations by programmed computation indicate that for the above transorthogonal code:
I. There is an exact one-to-one correspondence between each possible unmutated analog composite sequence and the associated 2-rail ternary signal sequence derived therefrom.
2. Therefore the Z-rail ternary sequences corresponding to the unmutated composites can be analyzed with percent accuracy in filter circuits as shown in FIG. 9.
3. A zero count accumulated in the counter section of the digital matched filter has significance as both a noise indication and a meaningful non-match indication.
4. For all possible single injections of unit level noise in any composite the accuracy of analysis of the corresponding ternary signals reduces to 50 percent for composites formed from more than four code word sequences and remains 100 percent for composites of four or fewer code word sequences.
J. Synchronization Circuits for synchronizing device units and channel units are indicated in FIGS. 10 and 11. The circuits in FIG. 10 essentially comprise a digital matched filter for comparing code word signals from CH3, received as synchronizing signals at terminal 201, with internal reference pulse signals supplied from the third stage of feedback shift register 202. Terminal 201 corresponds to the terminal V indicated in FIG. 7. Circuits in FIG. 10 represent synch decoding and timing circuits used in both the device units indicated in FIG. 3 and the channel units other than CH3 indicated in FIG. 4.
The synchronizing signals at 201 are applied to a threshold comparator circuit 203 having a two-rail binary output 204, 205. Lines 204, 205 connect to respective Ands 206, 207. Ands 206, 207 are further conditioned by complementary outputs of the third stage of feedback shift register 202 and receive therefrom reference pulse signals having arbitrary phase in relation to the signals received at 201. Ands 206, 207 are further conditioned by bit clock pulses CP originated elsewhere in FIG. 10.
Consequently, outputs of Ands 206 and 207 are pulses which indicate matching states of individual pulse elements of the synchronizing and reference signals. Such match indicating outputs are supplied as increment inputs to at lowest order (2) stage of 3-stage (forward only) counter 209. The counter may be arranged to count in the ordinary binary system of notation. Thus it will hold a count state of l, I, 1 (decimal 7) upon receiving seven counts; assuming its initial count state to be zero (0, 0, 0). Count state I, I, I is sampled by a clock pulse CP in And 210 to form the word pulse WP.
When the clock pulses CP and the shift pulses applied to register 202 are adjusted in timing and sequence phase in the manner to be described the pulses CP and WP of the subject unit are essentially coordinated with pulses CP and WP of all other units of the system and respectively define pulse and word intervals of generation of subject PN code word sequences.
Pulses C? may be derived from an oscillator such as 212 having phase lock circuit means 213 for controlling the phase of the oscillator output within a pulse interval. The pulse repetition rate should of course correspond to the pulse repetition frequency of the pseudonoise code signals of the subject signalling system. Circuit 213 may be controlled by transitions of the pulses received from CH3 at 201. Delay 214 is adjusted appropriately at system installation to coordinate the timing phase of pulses CP in the subject unit relative to CH3. Adjustment is effected by establishing C? as reference timing of subject device (respectively channel) unit transmissions (respectively receptions) relative to reception of such transmissions at CH3 (respectively a selected device unit). Additional adjustments of delay 215 relative to CH3 establish timing of pulses C? to coordinate timing of device unit receptions of channel unit transmissions.
Register 202 is reset initially to an arbitrary one of the initial code states indicated in paragraph G above (e.g. I, l, 1) and thereafter shifted in a cyclic code word sequence by shift pulses derived from clock pulses transferred selectively through And 221 to shift input 222 of register 202. And 221 is inhibited (disabled) by active output from And 224. Output of And 224 is activated by coincidence of a l, l, 1 shift state in register 202, represented by active output from And 226, and non-occurrence of WP. Output of And 226 delayed is connected to reset input of counter 209.
Accordingly, referring to the shift state table contained in paragraph G above, it may be seen that at instances of occurrence of arbitrarily selected shift state I, I, 1 input of a shift pulse to register 202 from And 221 will be prevented if output of And 224 is active (i.e. if shift state 1, 1, l is not coincident with a word pulse WP). Consequently since counter 209 is reset after each cycle of shifting marked by shift state 1, 1, l the shifting and counting sequences are progressively adjusted by the skipping of a shift input until sequence phases of register 202 and input signal 201 become coordinated. Only then will counter 209 reach the count state I, l, 1 cyclically and produce the pulses WP.
As all device and channel units except CH3 have Ands such as 226 for conditioning the shift-skipping function upon 1, 1, 1 states of respective shift registers such as 202, all will be effectively coordinated in word phase.
As suggested at 230 the foregoing timing system can be elaborated to provide for monitoring of the frequency of drift of the system by monitoring th rate of occurrence of shift inhibiting pulses at output of And 224. Loss of synchronization due to system malfunction may be detected thereby and utilized as failure indication. Other refinements will become immediately apparent.
FIG. 11 indicates the timing circuits of CH3. Register 248 is a feedback shift register with feedback through Mod. 2 adder 250. Synchronizing pulses (VOUT) are derived from the third stage of register 248 and coupled to cable 1 for directional transmission to the device units and other channel units. Word pulses WP are derived from And 251 at shift state 1, l, l of register 248. Thus, word phase coordination of all units is completed. I
Clock pulses CP/CH3 are supplied by oscillator 254. For installation adjustment of device unit pulse transmissions And 255 receives directional transmissions of the device units via cable 1. Device unit delays 214,215 (FIG. 10) are respectively adjusted to establish coordinated relative timing of device unit multiple transmissions to the channel units and device unit reception of channel unit multiplex transmissions. Channel unit multiplex transmissions and receptions are coordinated indirectly by adjustments of delays 214,215 in CH1 and CH2 relative to a designated adjusted device unit.
K. Amplitude Equalization and Threshold Adjustments Device unit transmissions are adjusted in relative amplitude by installation adjustments of resistances 256 (FIG. 7) in individual device unit diplexing circuits. The individual adjustments are made by monitoring individual device unit transmissions as received at one channel unit (e.g. CH3) and establishing predetermined threshold reception levels in CH3 for all device units by varying respective attenuating resistances in the device units. The demultiplexing thresholds of the other channel units are then adjusted relative to transmissions of one device unit.
Channel unit transmissions are adjusted simularly to relatively equalized levels by individual adjustments of transmission levels referenced to predetermined demultiplexing reception levels at one device unit. Demultiplexing thresholds in the other device units are thereafter adjusted relative to transmissions of one of the adjusted channel units.
L. Code Word Allocation In the embodiment of FIG. 2 the seven code words CW1-CW7 of the exemplary length 7 transorthogonal code (paragraph G above) are allocated individually to the device units as channels of communication for device unit transmissions (cable 1). The same words are employed by the channel units to convey multiplex transmission on cable 2 to the device units respectively associated with the words.
It will be appreciated that the need for the second cable 2 arises only because the synch transmission from CH3 is encoded as a code word. Obviously, if six code word channels are sufficient to carry all channel unit multiplex transmissions (i.e. if there were only six device units) the second cable would be superfluous and the single cable organization of FIG. 12 could be used to accomplish all inter-unit transmissions. It is noted however that the synch decoding circuits 257 of FIG. 12 should be a complete decoding filter such as the eir cuit of FIG. 9 rather than the simplified circuit of FIG. 10, as it must be able to distinguish the synch word transmission from CH3 within the composite multiplex transmission of all channel units.
The allocation of code words or code slots" may be either constant or dynamically varied in a manner analogous to the allocation of time slots in time division systems. Thus for example a channel unit (or device unit) containing multiple independently operable encoding circuits, each arranged as indicated in FIG. 8, and multiple associated coupling circuits, could be allocated multiple code word slots" when its traffic is relatively more demanding.
Individual receiving units may also be equipped with multiple matched filter circuits (each organized as in FIG. 9) tuned to different code word slots". In effect the equivalent of multiple parallel cable would be formed when a pair of such communicating units is allocated multiple code words for a higher speed comm unication.
The mechanics of allocation is considered optional and not material to the invention. For most purposes selection of code word encoding and decoding sequences by manual switching will be adequate. For faster selection one of the channel units can be operated as a master unit and programmed to automatically supervise allocations. Supervision would entail communication of re-allocation intelligence in the amplitude multiplex transmissions of the master unit. The other channel units could be reached indirectly by having reallocation messages relayed from the master through a device unit. Alternately, a master allocation list could be provided in the central processor and the channel units and associated device units would derive reallocations therefrom.
By dynamic allocation of code words on a word cycle by word cycle basis it would be possible to timemultiplex amplitude multiplexed transmissions. Such as arrangement might be-employed to secure additional 354, 355 for the range i1 units). These ternary indications are applied to logic circuit net 358 together with two-rail binary reference signals on leads 360, 361. Relatively exclusive counting inputs are supplied by net privacy in communication or to enlarge the traffic ca- 358 to forward-backward counter 365. The six counter pability of an existing time division network. inputs 370 375 operate to produce respective equiva- As mentioned previously the 2-rail ternary signal prolents of 3, 2 and 1 forward count increments and 1, 2, vided by the threshold circuits in demultiplexing (FIG. and 3 reverse count decrements in response to pulses 9) has one-to-one correlation correspondence to the translated to respective inputs by net 358. In other resingle rail analog" composite signal from which it is 10 spects the operation of the counter and treatment of its derived. Accordingly, it is immaterial whether the conoutput correspond to the operation and treatment indiversion to 2-rail ternary form is made at the receiving cated in FIG. 9. units or in a conversion" unit positioned in the path We have shown and described above the fundamenof the analog composite transmission. tal novel features of the invention as applied to several Indeed it is also contemplated that the composite l5 preferred embodiments. It will be understood that varimay be simply hard-limited before transmission in anaous omissions, substitutions and changes in form and log form to range in amplitude over a range just slightly detail of the invention as described herein may be made greater than the range defined by the receiving threshby those skilled in the art without departing from the old circuits. true spirit and scope of the invention. It is the intention When permitted by other system consideration each therefore to be limited only by the scope of the followof the foregoing clipping before sending arrangeing claims. ments would enhance performance by reducing the dy- What is claimed is: namic range of the composite transmission. 1. In an amplitude multiplexed intelligence transmis- Example of Embodiment Length 15 Code sion system, including a multiplex signal conductor car- FIGS. 14-16 indicate a system organization for ampli- 'rying composite transmissions of sequences of multiple tude multiplex handling of a length 15 orthogonal code. amplitude pulses in individual time slots of a succession Feedback shift registers FSR for the encoding process of undivided time slots with each composite transmishave four stages as shown in FIG. 14. Matched filter sion formed by superposed combination of selective demultiplex/decoding circuits are organized along the pulse code mudulated transmissions of a plurality of lines suggested in FIG. 15. FIG. 16 indicates the systcm' separate signalling sources, said selective source transoverall and its cabling. missions having modulation correspondingto relatively The 15 possible initial states of the FSR registers in distinct code words of a particular code selected from FIG. 14 and the associated code word sequence outthe class of orthogonal, biorthogonal and transorthoputs of the fourth stage of the register are illustrated by gonal pulse codes, a receiver comprising: the following table. at least two binary threshold comparator circuits TABLE PN sequence phase Reset state FSR stage -1-1-1-1111-1111-11111-11-1 1-1-111111-1.11-1-11-1-1-1-11 1111-111111I1-1-I1I1l1 1-11-1-1-1-1111-111-1-1-11-11 11-111111111-11111-111 -1-11-11-1-1-1-1111-111-11-1-1 11-11-11-1-111111111-111 11-1-1111-1-11-1111-1-1-111 -111-1-11-11-1-1-1-1111-111-1 1-111-1-11-11-1-1-1-11111-11 1I111-111-lI11I--1I1-1Il 111-111-1-11-11-1-1-1-1-1111 1111-111111-11-111111-1 11111111-11i-11-1-1111-1 -1-1-1111-111-1-11-11-1111-1 The matched filter decoding circuits (FIG. 15) are coupled in parallel to said signal conductor for dis more elaborate than corresponding circuits in the tinguishing amplitudes of said received composite length 7 code embodiment (FIG. 9). Six threshold cirtransmission falling above and below respective cuits 352457 provide three pairs of binary outputs upper and lower threshold limits represented by bieach pair having ternary significance. The outputs indiasing conditions of said circuits; cate discrete threshold level states of the multilevel a source of sequences of reference pulse code moducomposite above, between and below respective amplitude bounds (one pair 352, 357 for the range :3 units, one pair 353, 356 for the range 12 units and one pair Iated signals; and means consisting exclusively of binary logic switching circuits coupled to the binary outputs of said threshold circuits and said source and responsive to the combination thereof for calculating correlation coefficients of said composite transmissions and said source sequences.
2. In a digital information processing system, including multiple sources of information signals to be handled in multiplex composite form and multiple receiving units capable of receiving said information in said composite form and extracting the information of individual sources, in combination:
multiple (up to 2"1) sources of digital signal sequences of length 2"1 (n greater than 2) having a bipolar pulse form; said sources operating selectively; issuance or non-issuance of a said sequence representing the value of one data bit to be transmitted from a respective source to at least one of the receiving units; the sequences of different said sources being representations of distinct code words of one orthogonal, biorthogonal or transorthogonal code;
means including a plurality (less than 2"l) of threshold detection circuits responsive to different amplitude levels of the pulses of said analog sequence to produce a like plurality of parallel binary pulse signal sequences containing in combination all of the source data bit information of the composite in a form subject to extraction by binary correlation handling; and
at least one receiving unit consisting exclusively of binary handling circuits coupled to receive said parallel trains of binary pulse signals and to extract therefrom information corresponding to the individual data bit transmissions of said multiple code word sources by correlation filtering operations involving only binary handling functions.
3. A system according to claim 2 wherein said sequence sources are located at various different transmission distances relative to said threshold circuits and are maintained in isochronal and amplitude-equalized transmitting relationships inter se in order to selectively provide time synchronous and amplitude equalized signal elements for combination into said composite.
4. In an information processing system containing a medium of communication serially linking a plurality of sources of binary information pulse signals and a plurality of associated receiving units in a serial type multiplex signalling network, the improvement comprising:
means establishing isochronal timing relationships and amplitude equalizing relationships between said sources;
respective means at up to 2"1 of said sources (n greater than 2) coupled to said medium cooperative with said establishing means to selectively produce and transmit via said medium equalized amplitude binary pulse signal sequences of digit length 2"l representing distinct code words of an orthogonal, biorthogonal or transorthogonal code; said pulse signals having bipolar form consisting of manifestations of equal positive and negative amplitude conditions; said code word representations produced selectively by individual said sources in corresponding time intervals being subject to being combined in said medium into a composite sequence of 2"1 multi-amplitude analog pulses by algebraic addition of amplitudes of individual bipolar pulses; said composite sequence containing all of the source information represented by the selective production and non-production of the individual bipolar sequences;
respective means at said receiving units responsive to said composite sequence to convert said composite sequence to plural (less than 2"l) sequences of binary pulses, said parallel binary sequences in combination containing all of the source information of said composite in a form eligible for extraction by binary handling; and
binary correlation filtering means in said receiving units for extracting from said parallel binary sequences in combination the information represented by the bipolar transmissions of the individual sources.
5. A system according to claim 4 wherein each said binary processing circuit comprises a forward backward counting'circuit with plural counting inputs arranged to receive said plural binary sequences and a reference sequence.
6. In a network of binary data processing circuits in combination:
m discrete data transmission sub-networks comprising:
.m binary data signal channels;
.m relatively synchronized respective sources of repetitively presented code word function signals representing distinct respective words of a predetermined code having an orthogonal, transorthogonal or biorthogonal property;
.m respective means for logically multiplying the respective code word functions by the data signals in respective said channels;
means for linearly combining the outputs of said m multiplying means in precise time overlap to produce a composite transmission pulse representation subject to ranging in amplitude over a range of in discrete amplitude levels; and
a reception sub-network comprising:
.first and second threshold discrimination circuits receiving said m-level composite transmission and responsive to particular amplitude conditions thereof to provide distinct first and second binary output representations; the first discrimination circuit responding to composite amplitudes in excess of a first level and the second dis crimination circuit responding to composite amplitudes exceeded by a second level; said first level exceeding said second level; said first and second levels encompassing a range of three levels of said composite range of m-levels; and
a binary correlation circuit coupled to said threshold discrimination circuits for logically translating said first and second binary output representations by binary logical manipulations into binary data functions corresponding faithfully to said data signals in said channels.
7. A data signalling organization according to claim 6 wherein said data transmission and reception subnetworks are all relatively remote from each other and said combining means comprises a transmission line having coupling connections to outputs of said multiplying means and inputs of said discrimination circuits. 8. A data signalling organization according to claim 6 wherein said correlation circuit of said reception subnetwork comprises:
a source of repetitively manifested binary code word reference signals corresponding to one of said respective said first and second levels, according to a logical selection function conditioned according to predetermined logic rules upon the coincident states of said discrimination circuit outputs and said reference code word signal.
|Cited Patent
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|U.S. Classification
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|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification

subset: commoncrawl


text:
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Mellanox Technologies will announce an "important milestone" on the road to high data rate 200Gb/s InfiniBand and Ethernet networks during the Optical Fiber Conference this week in Anaheim, Calif. The company will demonstrate 50 Gb/s silicon photonics optical modulators and detectors, which will comprise key elements of 200 Gb/s and 400 Gb/s LinkX cables and transceivers. "We are the first ... Full article
Cisco Systems (NASDAQ: CSCO) rolled out its new network architecture this week designed to make it easier to deploy software-defined platforms, virtualization, analytics and other digital enterprise capabilities. The strategy aims to make promising but as-yet underperforming approaches like software-defined networking ready for primetime in the enterprise by automating deployment and management. Cisco also stressed that its software-driven network ... Full article
Fibre Channel market leader Brocade today announced the G620 Switch, which the company says is the industry's first Gen 6 fixed port Fibre Channel SAN switch designed to support the explosion in in storage networks. Nearly 100 percent of the world's banks, airlines and retailers use Fibre Channel, and companies in those and other sectors conduct 30 billion transactions ... Full article
While a global network of connected devices and sensors touted as the Internet of Things (IoT) remains mostly on the drawing board, the industrial sector is rolling up its sleeves to wring out key components of an industrial IoT that is closer to reality. Among the technical issues raised by a connected factory floor are standards for reliable, high-throughput ... Full article
Networking is becoming a bottleneck as enterprises store, move and sift through vast quantities of structured and unstructured data from a growing list of sources. In an effort to accelerate adoption of network virtualization, a new open source effort seeks to provide a high-performance input/output services framework for developing the next generation of virtualized network and storage software. The ... Full article
Video streaming and emerging concepts like the Internet of Things (IoT) are beginning to overwhelm datacenters. For networking providers, that's proving to be a good thing as growing demand for data services are lighting up "dark" fiber optic lines installed over the last decade. Indeed, a telecommunications industry forecast notes that cloud computing, machine-to-machine (M2M) communications and big data ... Full article
None of us is getting any younger, and the same is true of the Internet. Experts who track major outages are warning that the Internet is not aging well, and that the network architecture of a decade ago is not built to handle the growing volumes of data and streaming video. Add to that growing network security concerns and ... Full article
Cisco Systems is taking an infrastructure approach to container-based application deployment via an open source project designed to define operational specifications for networking, storage and computing. Project Contiv unveiled by the networking giant earlier this month is designed to help automate policies for the micro-services used to deliver applications delivered via containers. Cisco (NASDAQ: CSCO) said the container infrastructure ... Full article
With the expansion of their global software-defined network (SDN) dedicated to the capital markets industry, Lucera Financial Infrastructures and fiber optics vendor Perseus assert they have cracked one of the most vexing problems faced by traders: shortening the process of onboarding new clients from weeks to one or two days. Delays in provisioning clients can cost traders $1,000 a ... Full article
New fabric interconnect technology could be "a game changer," according to market watcher International Data Corp. (IDC), with the potential to break the price/performance mold established by interconnects based on Infiniband and Ethernet. IDC Research Vice President Steve Conway fleshed out the emerging interconnect approach during a recent webinar, focusing on Intel's Omni-Path architecture (OPA) that has been in ... Full article
The networking branch of the Open Compute Project announced a pair of new standard switches this week along with plans in the upcoming year to focus on faster networking hardware and moving software development beyond lower layers while expanding testing. The networking group announced on Monday (Nov. 2) two new OCP switches from member Mellanox (NASDAQ: MLNX) that feature ... Full article
While SDN and IoT will undoubtedly alter the networking landscape, they shouldn't distract from other business and tech trends that impact enterprise networks right now. Full article
Cisco Systems continues to expand its considerable presence in China despite growing friction between U.S. high-tech companies and the government of Chinese President Xi Jinping. On the eve of President Xi's visit to the U.S., Cisco CEO Chuck Robbins provided more details about a joint venture with Chinese cloud computing and datacenter company Inspur Group. The Chinese server maker ... Full article
Internet pioneer Larry Smarr is now spearheading an initiative to create a high-speed virtual super highway for big data. EnterpriseTech shares the details in a Q&A. Full article
The current IT infrastructure shaped by the proliferation of mobile devices will soon give way to a "sensory swarm" that will overtake the current Internet of Things (IoT) while adding intelligence to a range of networks and infrastructure, a futurist predicts. "In the near future, we are going to have a sensory swarm, a great deal, a great variety ... Full article


text:
Sustainability Saturday: Take 20% off 1+ yards of Eco Canvas Fabric Through 11:59 PM EDT July 30th.
Fiber Art: I paint, dye fabric, discharge fabric, paint on fabric, make small monoprints using fibers, sew my own and others' fabrics (but not quilts) and knit a lot. I hang out at high end craft shows when I can. Sometimes I read and sleep.
© 2008-2015 Spoonflower Inc


text: You have been subscribed to a public bug by Charlie_Smotherman (porthose) (cjsmo): Binary package hint: ampache The ampache package for intrepid appears to be missing the symlink at /etc/apache2/conf.d/ampache which points to /etc/ampache/ampache.conf. This prevents ampache from being browsable in Firefox. $ ls /etc/apache2/conf.d/ampache ls: cannot access /etc/apache2/conf.d/ampache: No such file or directory ** Affects: ampache (Ubuntu) Importance: Undecided Assignee: Charlie_Smotherman (porthose) (cjsmo) Status: In Progress -- [intrepid] missing /etc/apache2/conf.d/ampache.conf https://bugs.edge.launchpad.net/bugs/275790 You received this bug notification because you are a member of Ubuntu Sponsors for universe, which is a direct subscriber.


text:
Brooklyn, NYUSA
February 13, 2014
friends, acquaintances and inspiration.
Incorporation, copyright & trademark, contract, web documentation, legal research etc.
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3L at Brooklyn Law School
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text:
Refinements Should Continue to Improve Appropriateness of Provider Payments
T-HEHS-00-160: Published: Jul 19, 2000. Publicly Released: Jul 19, 2000.
Additional Materials:
- Full Report:
(202) 512-7114
Office of Public Affairs
(202) 512-4800
Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO discussed the effects of recent Medicare payment reforms, focusing on the Balanced Budget Act of 1997 (BBA) payment reforms affecting home health agencies, skilled nursing facilities (SNF), and the health plans in Medicare's managed care program, known as Medicare Choice.
GAO noted that: (1) the reactions by providers serving Medicare beneficiaries to BBA and the Balanced Budget Refinement Act of 1999 payment reforms share a similar scenario; (2) tightened payment policies have required many providers to adjust their operations; (3) the adjustments have been particularly disruptive for providers that took advantage of Medicare's previous payment policies to finance inefficient and unnecessary care delivery; (4) industry representatives are advocating the partial restoration of payment cuts; (5) there are recent developments that have ensued since the BBA's implementation in the areas of home health services, SNF services and the Medicare Choice program; (6) home health utilization has dropped substantially, well below what would have been required to remain within the BBA-imposed payment limits; (7) GAO expects the new Medicare payment system for home health services, scheduled for implementation in October, to generally provide agencies a comfortable cushion to deliver necessary services; (8) some corporate chains have declared bankruptcy; (9) the new Medicare payment system for SNF services adequately covers the cost of beneficiaries' services but no longer supports the extensive capital expansions or the ancillary service business that corporate chains relied on to boost revenues; (10) many plans are withdrawing from Medicare; (11) the withdrawals are tied to a combination of Medicare program changes and plans' business decisions; (12) in addition, GAO's ongoing work shows that payments to plans for their Medicare enrollees continue to exceed the expected fee-for-service costs of these individuals; (13) the significance of this finding is that Medicare managed care, although originally expected to achieve program savings, continues instead to add to program cost; (14) the basis for potential changes to BBA reforms should be how they affect beneficiaries' access to necessary services and the long term outlook for this program; (15) therefore, progress needs to continue to better align provider payments with the expected costs of the beneficiaries served and to bring about the fiscal discipline needed to contain Medicare spending in these areas over the long term; and (16) GAO will continue to monitor the payment reforms' effects to help Congress ensure that beneficiary access is protected, providers are fairly compensated, and taxpayers do not shoulder the burden of excessive program spending.
Jul 7, 2016
Drug Shortages:Certain Factors Are Strongly Associated with This Persistent Public Health ChallengeGAO-16-595: Published: Jul 7, 2016. Publicly Released: Jul 7, 2016.
Jun 23, 2016
Defense Health Care:Availability and Quality Measurement of Women's Health Care Services in U.S. Military HospitalsGAO-16-596: Published: Jun 23, 2016. Publicly Released: Jun 23, 2016.
Jun 20, 2016
Federal Autism Activities:Agencies Are Encouraging Early Identification and Providing Services, and Recent Actions Could Improve CoordinationGAO-16-446: Published: May 20, 2016. Publicly Released: Jun 20, 2016.
Jun 15, 2016
Food and Drug Administration:Comprehensive Strategic Planning Needed to Enhance Coordination between Medical Product CentersGAO-16-500: Published: May 16, 2016. Publicly Released: Jun 15, 2016.
Medical Product Oversight:FDA Needs More Strategic Planning to Guide Its Scientific InitiativesGAO-16-432: Published: May 16, 2016. Publicly Released: Jun 15, 2016.
Jun 9, 2016
Medicare Fee-For-Service:Opportunities Remain to Improve Appeals ProcessGAO-16-366: Published: May 10, 2016. Publicly Released: Jun 9, 2016.
Jun 7, 2016
VA Health Care:Improvements Needed for Management and Oversight of Sole-Source Affiliate Contract DevelopmentGAO-16-721T: Published: Jun 7, 2016. Publicly Released: Jun 7, 2016.
Jun 3, 2016
VA's Health Care Budget:In Response to a Projected Funding Gap in Fiscal Year 2015, VA Has Made Efforts to Better Manage Future BudgetsGAO-16-584: Published: Jun 3, 2016. Publicly Released: Jun 3, 2016.
Jun 1, 2016
Medicare:Utilization and Expenditures for Complex Wheelchair AccessoriesGAO-16-640R: Published: Jun 1, 2016. Publicly Released: Jun 1, 2016.
May 24, 2016
Medicare Program:Continued Action Required to Address Weaknesses in Provider and Supplier Enrollment ControlsGAO-16-703T: Published: May 24, 2016. Publicly Released: May 24, 2016.
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text:
Private Profits and Public Health: Does Advertising of Smoking Cessation Products Encourage Smokers to Quit?
We study the impact of smoking cessation product advertising. To measure potential exposure, we link survey data on magazine-reading habits and smoking behavior with an archive of print advertisements. We find that smokers who are exposed to more advertising are more likely to attempt to quit and to successfully quit. While some increased quitting involves product purchases, we find that product advertisements also prompt cold turkey quitting. Identifying the causal impact of advertising is difficult because advertisers target consumers. Although reverse causality could bias our estimates upward, our baseline results are not sensitive to a series of checks.
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Volume (Year): 115 (2007)
Issue (Month): ()
Pages: 447-481
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text:
The Foundation of the University
The history of Otto-von-Guericke University goes back to the year 1953, and is closely linked to the history of mechanical engineering in Magdeburg. Shortly after the Second World War, reconstruction of the heavily destroyed city began including the historically evolved machinery construction.
The first step was the founding of Magdeburg College for Mechanical Engineering. In 1961, the institution was granted the status of a Technical College and named after the renowned German physicist and politician Otto von Guericke. In 1987, the founding of the University continued, and in 1993, all Magdeburg college institutions merged to today's Otto von Guericke University.
The Otto-von-Guericke University offers courses of studies in the following faculties:
- Mechanical Engineering
- Process and Systems Technology
- Electrical Engineering and Information Technology
- Computer Science
- Mathematics
- Natural Sciences
- The Faculty of Medicine
- The Humanities, Social Sciences and Education
- Economics and Management
The following study programmes could be studied at the Otto-von-Guericke University after completing our Studienkolleg.
Facts about the University:
- About 14000 students are currently enrolled, of whom about 2000 are international students from more than 90 countries.
- 70-plus courses are offered at the university, of which 38 Bachelor's programmes and 33 Master's.
- About 200 Professors and 1.650 employees teach and work at the university.
The objective of the University…
To carry this know-how into the world. The excellent and very affordable study and living conditions make Otto-von-Guericke University even more attractive to both groups of students, national and international.
Lecture halls, classrooms and the modern university library are all located within walking distance. University's on-site gyms, fields and other student facilities offer diverse activities for students throughout the academic year. With a student ID, public transportation can be used within the city, for FREE.


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the most extreme of all noobs. one that sucks at gaming and life so much they cant function. they also have man boobs
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text:
All hotels in Napa, California, United States of America
1 room, 2 adults
500 Silverado Trail, Napa, CA, 94559, United States of America, 800-491-6126
Napa Discovery Inn, Napa Valley
Lowest price$115
Best Price Guarantee
No-frills motel in Napa
- Free breakfast, free WiFi, and free parking
Main amenities
- 15 smoke-free guestrooms
- Coffee/tea in a common area
- Air conditioning
- Picnic area
For families
- Rollaway/extra beds available
- Microwave
- Refrigerator
- Premium TV channels
- Iron/ironing board
- Hair dryer
What's around
- Oxbow Public Market (0.9 mi / 1.4 km)
- Riverbend Plaza (0.9 mi / 1.5 km)
- Napa Opera House (1 mi / 1.6 km)
- Uptown Theater (1 mi / 1.6 km)
- Napa Valley Wine Train (1 mi / 1.7 km)
See all 161 Hotels.com reviews
Great location
Service is adequate
Room is not nice
TripAdvisor Traveller Rating: 3
From 211 reviews
Napa Discovery Inn, Napa Valley
Hotel Info: 866-539-8117from $115
- Standard Room, 2 Queen Beds
- Standard Room, 1 Queen Bed
Also popular with travelers from the USA
At a glance
Key facts
Hotel size
- This hotel has 15 rooms
- This hotel is arranged over 1 floor
- Check-in time starts at 3 PM
- Check-out time is 11 AM
Required at check in
- Credit card or cash deposit required
- Government-issued photo ID required
Travelling with others
- Children (6 years old and younger) stay free when occupying the parent or guardian's room, using existing bedding
- No cribs (infant beds)
- Pets not allowed
Extra people
- Roll-away beds available, charges may apply*
- Free WiFi in public areas
- Free WiFi in rooms
- Free self parking
Other information
- Smoke-free property
Nearby Two Star Napa Valley hotels
In the hotel
Food and drink
- Free breakfast
- Coffee/tea in a common area
Things to do
- Bicycle rentals nearby
- Hiking/biking trails nearby
- Picnic area
In the room
Home comforts
- Air conditioning
- Iron/ironing board
Freshen up
- Hair dryer
Be entertained
- Premium TV channels
Stay connected
- Free WiFi
- Free local calls
Food and drink
- Refrigerator
- Microwave
Top Napa Valley hotels
Recently reviewed hotels in Napa Valley
- Staybridge Suites Fairfield Napa Valley AreaFrom
"Nice hotel for a three star. Response to requests for assistance with TV settings prompt. Very clean and quiet. Nice furnishings."Jun 17, 2016
- Sheraton Sonoma County - PetalumaFrom
"We felt the hotel was perfect for the location. It was very comfortable and quiet. The staff was very nice. We would stay again."Jun 17, 2016
- Motel 6 Fairfield - Napa ValleyFrom
"Nice rooms, good size. A little loud on freeway side. Free wi-fi.."Jun 16, 2016
- Four Points By Sheraton San RafaelFrom
"Average hotel , it's nice for spending nights there"Jun 16, 2016
Nearby hotels
Napa Discovery Inn, Napa Valley's small print
Also known as
- Discovery Inn
- Discovery Inn Napa
- Napa Discovery
- Napa Discovery Inn
- Napa Discovery Hotel Napa
- Napa Discovery Inn Napa Valley, CA
Optional extras
Rollaway beds are available for USD 20 per night
We have included all charges provided to us by this hotel. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.
Is the description of this hotel not correct? Tell us


text:
Sonic Blast Man
| |
Release Date: September 24, 1992
Sonic Blast Man Cheats & Codes
Check out our 2 cheats & codes for Sonic Blast Man.
2 CheatsSubmit a Cheat.
Submitted by:IGN_Cheats
Submitted by:IGN_Cheats
Level Select
Choose Music on the Option Screen. Set the music number to the number of the stage you wish to play, then hold Select while pressing L, R, R, L, Start. After a few seconds, you'll warp directly to the level of your choice. To select a bonus stage, select "HIT" for your music. To play against a boss, select "BOSS."
You must be Logged in to submit a cheat.
Game Details
Published by: Taito
Developed by: Taito
Genre: Action
Release Date:
United States: September 24, 1992
UK: Released
Australia: Released
Japan: Released
Also Available On:
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text:
The Holocaust is woven into the very existence of those who lived during that time some seven decades ago. Today, young people's knowledge of this horrific chapter of history is limited by educators' choices in planning their classroom curriculum. Although the mandate of "Never Again" has proved difficult to achieve, the lessons of the Holocaust remain relevant and significant in the lives of youth, including the dangers of silence, the consequences of indifference, and the responsibility to protect the vulnerable. Through programs and curriculum, ADL helps educators bring these lessons to life for students.
Programs and resources for educators, students, community leaders, and familes that explore the enduring impact of the Holocaust and apply its lessons to contemporary issues of prejudice and moral decision making.
Echoes and Reflections prepares educators to teach about the Holocaust in a way that stimulates engagement and critical thinking while providing opportunities for students to see the relevance of this complex history to their own lives.
Echoes and Reflections includes professional development offerings, a comprehensive Teacher's Resource Guide, visual history testimonies, and an expansive website with supplementary multimedia assets and supportive tools for secondary educators.
About Echoes and Reflections ▶
Anne Frank was a young victim of the Nazis during the Holocaust, when 6 million Jews, including 1.5 million children, were systematically murdered during World War II in Nazi-occupied Europe. Anne has become one of the most well-known victims of the Holocaust because of the diary she kept during her time in hiding before being captured by the Nazis.
Anne was born on June 12,1929. As persecutions of Jews increased in July 1942, the family went into hiding in secret rooms in Anne's father's office building when she was 13 years old. After two years of hiding, the family was betrayed and transported to concentration camps. Anne and her sister, Margot, were eventually transferred to the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp, where they both died of typhus in March 1945. Anne gained international fame posthumously after her diary was found and published by her father, Otto Frank.
Discover ways to teach about her experience, and attend upcoming professional development from Echoes and Reflections to receive historical context, classroom resources, and instructional tools for teaching the Diary of Anne Frank effectively.