text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jan 27, 2009
|Filing date
|May 10, 2001
|Priority date
|May 10, 2001
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Takeshi Hoshida, Hiroshi Onaka, Takafumi Terahara
|Original Assignee
|Fujitsu Limited, Fujitsu Network Communications, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (67), Non-Patent Citations (9), Referenced by (6), Classifications (19), Legal Events (2)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is related to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/853,318 entitled "Receiver and Method for a Multichannel Optical Communication System," U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/853,316 entitled "Method and System for Demultiplexing Non-Intensity Modulated Wavelength Division Multiplexed (WDM) Signals," U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/853,340 entitled "Method and System for Tuning an Optical Signal Based on Transmission Conditions," and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/853,319 entitled "Method and System for Communicating a Clock Signal Over an Optical Link, all filed on May 10, 2001.
The present invention relates generally to optical communication systems, and more particularly to a method and system for transmitting information in an optical communication system using distributed amplification.
Telecommunications systems, cable television systems and data communication networks use optical networks to rapidly convey large amounts of information between remote points. In an optical network, information is conveyed in the form of optical signals through optical fibers. Optical fibers are thin strands of glass capable of transmitting the signals over long distances with very low loss.
Optical networks often employ wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) to increase transmission capacity. In a WDM network, a number of optical channels are carried in each fiber at disparate wavelengths. Network capacity is increased as a multiple of the number of wavelengths, or channels, in each fiber.
The maximum distance that a signal can be transmitted in a WDM or other optical network without amplification is limited by absorption, scattering and other loss associated with the optical fiber. To transmit signals over long distances, optical networks typically include a number of discrete amplifiers spaced along each fiber route. The discrete amplifiers boost received signals to compensate for transmission losses in the fiber.
Signals may also be boosted in the fiber using Raman effect amplification. In the Raman effect, optical signals traveling in the fiber are amplified by the presence of a lower wavelength pump light traveling in the same fiber. The pump light may travel forward with the signal or backwards in reverse of the signal. Because forward pumping amplification causes cross talk between channels in WDM systems due to cross gain modulation (XGM), reverse pumping amplification is typically used in connection with WDM and other multichannel systems. This limits the use of Raman effect amplification in multichannel systems to unidirectional transmission fibers and prevents bi-directional distributed amplification.
The present invention provides an improved method and system for transmitting information in an optical communication system using distributed amplification. In a particular embodiment, phase, frequency or other non-intensity modulated information signals are used to transmit data across an optical link which allows for forward, or co-pumping, and backward, or counter-pumping, distributed Raman amplification (DRA) while still providing a superior signal-to-noise ratio.
In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, a method and system for transmitting information in an optical communication system includes modulating a non-intensity characteristic of an optical carrier signal with a data signal to generate an optical information signal. The optical information signal is transmitted over an optical link. The optical information signal is amplified over a length of the optical link with a co-launched amplification signal traveling in the optical link in a same direction as the optical information signal.
More specifically, in accordance with a particular embodiment of the present invention, the optical information signal is amplified with the co-launched amplification signal by DRA. In this and other embodiments, the optical information signal may be multiplexed with other optical information signals to generate a wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) signal for transmission over the optical link. The non-intensity modulation characteristic may comprise the phase and/or frequency of the carrier signal.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, the optical information signal may be remodulated with a transmission clock frequency using an intensity modulator to generate a multimodulated signal. The multimodulated signal is transmitted over the optical link and amplified over the length of the optical link with the co-launched amplification signal.
Technical advantages of the present invention include providing an improved method and system for transmitting information in an optical communication system using distributed amplification. In a particular embodiment, phase or frequency modulation is used to transmit data over an optical fiber to allow bi-directional DRA without cross talk between channels due to cross-gain modulation (XGM). As a result, signals may be transmitted over longer distances with high signal-to-noise ratios and DRA may be used in connection with long-haul optical transmission systems.
Another technical advantage of one or more embodiments of the present invention includes providing a bi-directional multichannel optical communication system using distributed amplification. In particular, data is transported using non-intensity modulation to allow data transmission in the forward and reverse directions of DRA pump lasers. Accordingly, amplification of bi-directional communication systems are improved and distances over which data may be communicated bi-directionally is increased.
Still another technical advantage of one or more embodiments of the present invention include providing an optical transmission system with improved power tolerance. In particular, data is modulated using phase or frequency shift keying to eliminate XGM with the resulting signal being remodulated with the transmission clock using intensity modulation. As a result, non-linear and chromatic effects creating signal recovery problems at phase edges are minimized while still allowing for forward and/or reverse DRA and high signal-to-noise ratios.
Other technical advantages of the present invention will be readily apparent to one skilled in the art from the following figures, description and claims.
For a more complete understanding of the present invention and its advantages, reference is now made to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein like numerals represent like parts, in which:
Referring to
The WDM transmitter 12 includes a plurality of optical senders 20 and a WDM multiplexer 22. Each optical sender 20 generates an optical information signal 24 on one of a set of distinct wavelengths λ1, λ2. . . λn at the channel spacing. The optical information signals 24 comprise optical signals with at least one characteristic modulated to encode audio, video, textual, real-time, non-real-time or other suitable data. The optical information signals 24 are multiplexed into a single WDM signal 26 by the WDM multiplexer 22 for transmission on the optical link 16. It will be understood that the optical information signals 24 may be otherwise suitably combined into the WDM signal 26. The WDM signal is transmitted in the synchronous optical network (SONET) or other suitable format.
The WDM receiver 14 receives, separates and decodes the optical information signals 24 to recover the included data. In one embodiment, the WDM receiver 14 includes a WDM demultiplexer 30 and a plurality of optical receivers 32. The WDM demultiplexer 30 demultiplexes the optical information signals 24 from the single WDM signal 26 and sends each optical information signal 24 to a corresponding optical receiver 32. Each optical receiver 32 optically or electrically recovers the encoded data from the corresponding signal 24. As used herein, the term each means every one of at least a subset of the identified items.
The optical link 16 comprises optical fiber or other suitable medium in which optical signals may be transmitted with low loss. Interposed along the optical link 16 are one or more optical amplifiers 40. The optical amplifiers 40 increase the strength, or boost, one or more of the optical information signals 24, and thus the WDM signal 26, without the need for optical-to-electrical conversion.
In one embodiment, the optical amplifiers 40 comprise discrete amplifiers 42 and distributed amplifiers 44. The discrete amplifiers 42 comprise rare earth doped fiber amplifiers, such as erbium doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs), and other suitable amplifiers operable to amplify the WDM signal 26 at a point in the optical link 16.
The distributed amplifiers 44 amplify the WDM signal 26 along an extended length of the optical link 16. In one embodiment, the distributed amplifiers 44 comprise bi-directional distributed Raman amplifiers (DRA). Each bi-directional DRA 44 includes a forward, or co-pumping source laser 50 coupled to the optical link 16 at a beginning of the amplifier 44 and a backward, or counter-pumping source laser 52 coupled to the optical link 16 at an end of the amplifier 44. It will be understood that the co-pumping and counter-pumping source lasers 50 and 52 may amplify disparate or only partially overlapping lengths of the optical link 16.
The Raman pump sources 50 and 52 comprise semiconductor or other suitable lasers capable of generating a pump light, or amplification signal, capable of amplifying the WDM signal 26 including one, more or all of the included optical information signals 24. The pump sources 50 and 52 may be depolarized, polarization scrambled or polarization multiplexed to minimize polarization sensitivity of Raman gain.
The amplification signal from the co-pumping laser 52 is launched in the direction of travel of the WDM signal 26 and thus co-propagated with the WDM signal 26 at substantially the same speed and/or a slight or other suitable velocity mismatch. The amplification signal from the counter-pumping laser 52 is launched in a direction of travel opposite that of the WDM signal 26 and thus is counter-propagated with respect to the WDM signal 26. The amplification signals may travel in opposite directions simultaneously at the same or other suitable speed.
The amplification signals comprise one or more high power lights or waves at a lower wavelength than the signal or signals to be amplified. As the amplification signal travels in the optical link 16, it scatters off atoms in the link 16, loses some energy to the atoms and continues with the same wavelength as the amplified signal or signals. In this way, the amplified signal acquires energy over many miles or kilometers in that it is represented by more photons. For the WDM signal 26, the co-pumping and counter-pumping lasers 50 and 52 may each comprise several different pump wavelengths that are used together to amplify each of the wavelength distincts optical information signals 24.
In one embodiment, as described in more detail below, a non-intensity characteristic of a carrier signal is modulated with the data signal at each optical sender 20. The non-intensity characteristic comprises phase, frequency or other suitable characteristic with no or limited susceptibility to cross talk due to cross-gain modulation (XGM) from a forward pumping distributed amplifier or a bi-directional pumping distributed amplifier. The non-intensity modulated optical information signal may be further and/or remodulated with a clock or other non-data signal using an intensity modulator. Thus, the non-intensity modulated optical information signal may comprise intensity modulation of a non-data signal.
In a particular embodiment, as described in more detail below, the WDM signal 26 comprises phase or frequency modulated optical information signals 24 which are amplified using the bi-directional DRAs 44 with no cross talk between the channels 24 due to XGM. In this embodiment, the bi-directional DRAs 44 provide amplification at a superior optical signal-to-noise ratio and thus enable longer transmission distances and improved transmission performance.
The modulator 72 modulates the carrier signal with the data signal 74 to generate the optical information signal 24. The modulator 72 may employ amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, phase modulation, intensity modulation, amplitude-shift keying, frequency-shift keying, phase-shift keying and other suitable techniques for encoding the data signal 74 onto the carrier signal. In addition, it will be understood that different modulators 72 may employ more than one modulation system in combination.
In accordance with one embodiment, modulator 72 modulates the phase, frequency or other suitable non-intensity characteristic of the carrier signal with the data signal 74. As previously described, this generates a non-intensity optical information signal 24 with poor susceptibility to cross talk due to XGM in long-haul and other transmission systems using bi-directional DRA or other distributed amplification. Details of the carrier wave, frequency modulation of the carrier wave and phase modulation of the carrier wave are illustrated in
Referring to
Referring to
Referring to
Referring to
Referring to
The Mach-Zender interferometer 100 splits the received optical signal into two interferometer paths 110 and 112 of different lengths and then combines the two paths 110 and 112 interferometrically to generate two complimentary output signals 114 and 116. In particular, the optical path difference (L) is equal to the symbol rate (B) multiplied by the speed of light (c) and divided by the optical index of the paths (n). Expressed mathematically: L=Bc/n.
In a particular embodiment, the two path lengths 110 and 112 are sized based on the symbol, or bit rate to provide a one symbol period, or bit shift. In this embodiment, the Mach-Zender interferometer 100 has a wavelength dependent loss that increases the rejection of neighboring channels when channel spacing comprises the symbol transmission rate multiple within 0.4 to 0.6 of an integer as previously described.
The detector 102 is a dual or other suitable detector. In one embodiment, the dual detector 102 includes photodiodes 120 and 122 connected in series in a balanced configuration and a limiting amplifier 124. In this embodiment, the two complimentary optical outputs 114 and 116 from the Mach-Zender interferometer 100 are applied to the photodiodes 120 and 122 for conversion of the optical signal to an electrical signal. The limiting electronic amplifier 124 converts the electrical signal to a digital signal (0 or 1) depending on the optical intensity delivered by the interferometer 100. In another embodiment, the detector 102 is a single detector with one photodiode 122 coupled to output 116. In this embodiment, output 114 is not utilized.
Referring to
The multichannel format converter 131 converts phase modulation to intensity modulation and may be an asymmetric Mach-Zender interferometer with a one-bit shift to convert non-intensity modulated signals to intensity modulated signals as previously described in connection with interferometer 100 or suitable optical device having a periodical optical frequency response that converts at least two phase or frequency modulated channels into intensity modulated WDM signal channels. The intensity-conversion interferometer may be prior to the first stage demultiplex element 130, between the first and second stages or between other suitable stages. The other demultiplex elements 130 may comprise filters or non-conversion Mach-Zender interferometers operable to filter the incoming set of channels 132 into the two sets of output channels 134.
In a particular embodiment, the multichannel format converter 131 is an asymmetric Mach-Zender interferometer with a free spectral range coinciding with the WDM channel spacing or its integer sub-multiple. This allows all the WDM channels to be converted within the Mach-Zender interferometer simultaneously. In this embodiment, a channel spacing may be configured based on the channel bit rate which defines the free spectral range. Placement of the intensity-conversion Mach-Zender interferometer in the demultiplexer 30 eliminates the need for the interferometer 100 at each optical receiver 32 which can be bulky and expensive. In addition, the demultiplexer 30 including the Mach-Zender and other demultiplexer elements 130 may be fabricated on a same chip which reduces the size and cost of the WDM receiver 14.
Referring to
Referring to
Proceeding to step 144, the WDM signal 26 is amplified along the optical link 16 utilizing discrete and distributed amplification. As previously described, the WDM signal 26 may amplified at discrete points using EDFAs 42 and distributively amplified using bi-directional DRAs 44. Because the data signals are modulated onto the phase of the carrier signal, cross talk between channels from XGM due to forward pumping amplification is eliminated. Accordingly, the signal-to-noise ratio can be maximized and the signals may be transmitted over longer distances without regeneration.
Next, at step 145, the WDM signal 26 is received by the WDM receiver 14. At step 146, the WDM signal 26 is demultiplexed by the demultiplexer 30 to separate out the optical information signals 24. At step 147, the phase modulated optical information signals 24 are converted to intensity modulated signals for recovery of the data signal 74 at step 148. In this way, data signals 74 are transmitted over long distances using forward or bi-directional pumping distributed amplification with a low bit-to-noise ratio.
At each end point, the WDM transmitter and receiver set is connected to the optical link 156 by a routing device 158. The routing device 158 may be an optical circulator, optical filter, or optical interleaver filter capable of allowing egress traffic to pass onto the link 156 from WDM transmitter 152 and to route ingress traffic from the link 156 to WDM receiver 154.
The optical link 156 comprises bi-directional discrete amplifiers 160 and bi-directional distributed amplifiers 162 spaced periodically along the link. The bi-directional discrete amplifiers 160 may comprise EDFA amplifiers as previously described in connection with amplifiers 42. Similarly, the distributed amplifiers 162 may comprise DRA amplifiers including co-pumping and counter-pumping lasers 164 and 166 as previously described in connection with DRA amplifiers 44.
In operation, a WDM signal is generated and transmitted from each end point to the other end point and a WDM signal is received from the other end point. Along the length of the optical link 156, the WDM signals are amplified using bi-directional-pumped DRA 162. Because data is not carried in the form of optical intensity, cross talk due to XGM is eliminated. Thus, DRA and other suitable distributed amplification may be used in long-haul and other suitable bi-directional optical transmission systems.
Referring to
The optical receiver 202 comprises an interferometer 220 and a detector 222 which operate as previously described in connection with interferometer 100 and detector 102. A forward error correction (FEC) decoder 224 uses header, redundant, symptom or other suitable bits in the header or other section of a SONET or other frame or other transmission protocol data to determine bit errors. The FEC decoder 224 corrects for detected bit errors and forwards the bit error rate or other indicator of transmission errors to a controller 226 for the optical receiver 202.
The controller 226 communicates the bit error rate or other indicator to the controller 216 in the optical sender 200 over an optical supervisory channel (OSC) 230. The controllers 216 and 226 may communicate with each other to fine-tune modulation depth during initiation or setup of the transmission system, periodically during operation of the transmission system, continuously during operation of the transmission system or in response to predefined trigger events. In this way, modulation depth is adjusted based on received signal quality measured at the receiver to minimize chromatic dispersion, non-linear effects, receiver characteristics and other unpredictable and/or predictable characteristics of the system.
Referring to
For intensity modulation such as intensity shift keying, the modulator 212 includes a bias circuit 240 coupled to an electrical driver 242. The bias circuit 240 is controlled by the controller 216 to output a bias signal to the electrical driver 242. The bias signal acts as an intensity modulation index. The electrical driver 242 amplifies a network, system or other suitable clock signal 244 based on the bias signal and outputs the resulting signal to the intensity modulator 246. The intensity modulator 246 is coupled to the phase modulator 234 and modulates the receive bias-adjusted clock signal onto the phase modulated optical information signal 236 to generate the bi-modulated optical information signal for transmission to a receiver. It will be understood that phase and intensity modulation at the transmitter may be otherwise suitably controlled based on receiver-side feedback to minimize transmission errors of data over the optical link.
Proceeding to step 254, the data signal 214 is recovered at the optical receiver 204. At step 256, the FEC decoder 224 determines a bit error rate for the data based on bits in the SONET overhead. At step 258, the bit error rate is reported by the controller 226 of the optical receiver 202 to the controller 216 of the optical sender 200 over the OSC 230.
Next, at decisional step 260, the controller 216 determines whether modulation is optimized. In one embodiment, modulation is optimized when the bit error rate is minimized. If the modulation is not optimized, the No branch of decisional step 260 leads to step 262 in which the modulation depth is adjusted. Step 262 returns to step 250 in which the data signal 214 is modulated with the new modulation depth and transmitted to the optical receiver 202. After the modulation depth is optimized from repetitive trails and measurements or other suitable mechanisms, the Yes branch of decisional step 260 leads to the end of the process. In this way, transmission performance is improved and transmission errors minimized.
Referring to
The optical signals 294 from the clock and data channels 296 and 297 are multiplexed into a signal WDM signal 298 by the WDM multiplexer 292 for transmission on the optical link 284. Along the optical link 284, the signal may be amplified by discrete and/or distributed amplifiers as previously described.
The WDM receiver 282 receives, separates and decodes the optical information signals 294 to recover the included data and clock signals. In one embodiment, the WDM receiver 282 includes a WDM demultiplexer 310 and a plurality of optical receivers 312. The WDM demultiplexer 310 demultiplexes the optical information signals 294 from the single WDM signal 298 and sends each optical information signal 294 to a corresponding optical receiver 312.
Each optical receiver 312 optically or electrically recovers the encoded data or clock signal from the corresponding signal 294. In the clock channel 296, the clock signal is recovered and forwarded to the optical receivers 312 in the data channels 297 for use in data extraction and forward error correction. The transmission of pure clock in an information channel allows a more stable clock recovery with less jitter. The stable clock may be used by forward error correction to improve the bit error rate even in the presence of jitter and poor optical signal quality.
Referring to
A clock recovery element 326 comprises a photodiode and/or other suitable components to recover the clock signal before phase-to-intensity conversion of the data signal. The clock recovery element 326 may comprise a phase lock loop, a tank circuit, a high quality filter and the like. The clock recovery element 326 receives the multimodulated signal and recovers the clock signal 332 from the intensity modulation.
The data signal 330 and the recovered clock signal 332 are output to a digital flip flop or other suitable data recovery circuit 334. In this way, the optical receiver 320 extracts the clock information from the optical signal before the phase-to-intensity conversion of the data signal and provides a stable clock recovery with less jitter even with poor optical signal quality corresponding to a bit error rate in the range of 1e−2.
Although the present invention has been described with several embodiments, various changes and modifications may be suggested to one skilled in the art. It is intended that the present invention encompass such changes and modifications as fall within the scope of the appended claims.
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Owner name: FUJITSU LIMITED, JAPAN
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:HOSHIDA (NMI) TAKESHI;ONAKA, HIROSHI;TERAHARA, TAKAFUMI;REEL/FRAME:012772/0934;SIGNING DATES FROM 20020304 TO 20020313
Owner name: FUJITSU NETWORK COMMUNICATIONS, INC., TEXAS
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:HOSHIDA (NMI) TAKESHI;ONAKA, HIROSHI;TERAHARA, TAKAFUMI;REEL/FRAME:012772/0934;SIGNING DATES FROM 20020304 TO 20020313
|Jun 27, 2012
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4


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Learn Alphabet with Cursive Write
By Dev IT Solutions Pvt. Ltd.
Open iTunes to buy and download apps.
Learn Alphabets with Cursive Write
Welcome to most amazing way to harness cursive writing skills. Now you can also be part of that elite group of people who has calligraphy skills. We have put together this unique app with a view to teach how to write the cursive way for the kids of all ages.
There are A-Z flash cards with seamless navigation system. There are two spellings for each letter to be learnt as part of your journey. There is a Speech option on each word to improve your accent.
This helps you get either Flash cards or Practice Cursive Writing worksheet or both. There will be times when you want to sharpen your pencils and writings skills so we have worksheets that help you do just that.
Facebook & Twitter
Share with your friends and followers what this wonderful app has to offer on Facebook and Twitter.
iPad Screenshot
Customer Reviews
Worthless, misleading.
This app only allows you to view a letter. You can not practice writing cursive unless you "unlock" a worksheet by paying $2.99. The app is worthless and I deleted it immediately. Don't waste your time.
Yeah never get this app. I only gave it one star because that's the lowest you can go
- Free
- Category: Education
- Released: Feb 11, 2012
- Version: 1.0
- Size: 8.1 MB
- Language: English
- Seller: Dev IT Solutions Pvt. Ltd.
- © Dev IT Solutions Pvt. Ltd.
Compatibility: Requires iOS 5.0 or later. Compatible with iPad.
Top In-App Purchases
- Learn and Practice Cursive Writing$1.99
- Flash Cards$1.99

subset: commoncrawl


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COOL's NBA Game May Have Limited Appeal 8 commentsApr 27, 2012 1:47 PM | about stocks: COOL
COOL announced its new NBA game for the Kinect platform this week. They also released a trailer, which can be found on www.nbaballerbeats.com/.
I think the concept is very innovative. The idea of using an object (in this case, a basketball) as the primary focus of the Kinect controller could take COOL in many directions going forward.
In this case though, I have to wonder how many Kinect owners are going to buy into the idea of bouncing a ball in the house. It really comes down to demographics (i.e. how many Kinects are used by children vs adults...is the device in a room large enough to facilitate dribbling a ball...and how many devices sit in a nice living room versus a basement or garage).
Personally, I picture a lot of parents and a lot of nice living rooms where basketball bouncing is not allowed. If so, the game's appeal could prove limited, serving as a drag on the stock. Thus, I'm inclined to take some off the table here.
But I could be wrong. Let me know...
Disclosure: I am long COOL.Stocks: COOLBack To Mark Gomes' Instablog HomePage »
Instablogs are blogs which are instantly set up and networked within the Seeking Alpha community. Instablog posts are not selected, edited or screened by Seeking Alpha editors, in contrast to contributors' articles.Comments (8)Track new comments
Full index of posts »
I've been supportive of the company, but my first impressions of this important title are quite honestly tepid.
Mark, just noticed the instablog. I see the sunshine and rose scenario to be decided by one criteria only. The current negative tone is very impressive imo (Cool Booth at the E3 will be the top hot spot imo). From a first look its a perfect Kinect game. To enter the Megahit universe that is not enough though. That PS3 fangirl describes it the best and inline with what i think:
I hear you, my friend. However, there aren't that many bball camps around the country...and while that could expose the game to a larger number of prospective buyers (though still not in the millions), the game would still have to overcome installed base and no-ball-in-the-house issues.
Mark, no reason to get pessimistic imo because there is no reason yet. In case the NBA Game cant handle high speed bball dancing it looks different for that game. I might be overly optimistic but i see potential hit titles all over (Double Dragon, Pasternak,Z3) and, depending on the gameplay demo, NBA.
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Are you Neal B Patel?Claim your profile
Publications (10)
- [Show abstract] [Hide abstract] ABSTRACT: We present a series of patients with discitis and osteomyelitis who were surgically treated via a minimally invasive lateral transpsoas approach to the lumbar spine. Surgical treatment for spinal discitis and osteomyelitis presents challenges because of comorbidities that are common in patients undergoing this procedure. A retrospective review found six patients who met strict operative criteria including instability, intractable pain, neurological deficit, and disease progression. All patients were non-ambulatory before surgery because of intractable back pain. The patients underwent standard lateral minimally invasive surgery using either the extreme lateral interbody fusion (NuVasive, San Diego, CA, USA) or direct lateral interbody fusion (Medtronic Sofamor Danek, Memphis, TN, USA) system. The patients underwent debridement with a discectomy and partial or complete corpectomy, with polyetheretherketone or titanium cage placement. Two patients had additional posterior fixation with percutaneous pedicle screws, and none had immediate perioperative complications. The postoperative CT scans demonstrated satisfactory debridement and hardware placement. All patients experienced significant pain improvement and could ambulate within a few days of surgery. So far, the 1year follow-up data have demonstrated stable hardware with solid fusion and continued pain improvements. One patient demonstrated hardware failure secondary to refractory infection, 2months postoperatively, and required additional posterior decompression and debridement with pedicle screw fixation. The lateral transpsoas approach permits debridement and fixation coupled with percutaneous pedicle screw fixation to further stabilize the spine in a minimally invasive fashion. Due to the significant comorbidities in this patient population, a minimally invasive approach is a suitable surgical technique. A close follow-up period is necessary to detect early hardware failure which may necessitate more extensive treatment. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Article: An Analysis of 88 Patients with Diffuse and "Benign" Perimesencephalic Subarachnoid Hemorrhage[Show abstract] [Hide abstract] ABSTRACT: Background and study aims: Perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage (PMSAH) was previously defined as a variant of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) associated with a relatively benign clinical presentation and better outcomes than aneurysmal SAH. However, several prior studies have shown complications associated with PMSAH including vasospasm and hydrocephalus, and the need for follow-up imaging. We therefore reviewed our experience to further characterize the clinical consequences of PMSAH. Materials and methods: Eighty-eight consecutive patients who sustained spontaneous intracranial SAH and whose cerebral angiograms did not show any obvious source for SAH were retrospectively studied to characterize their prognosis and outcome based on SAH pattern. Glasgow Coma Scale and Hunt-Hess scores on admission, the incidence of vasospasm or hydrocephalus, the need for an external ventricular drain, and shunt dependence, along with Glasgow outcome score (GOS) at discharge and follow-up, were used to draw comparisons between perimesencephalic and diffuse SAH patient populations. Results: Patients with perimesencephalic SAH differed statistically (p < 0.05) from patients with diffuse SAH in regard to age, Hunt-Hess score on presentation, hospital length of stay, GOS at discharge, and incidence of hydrocephalus, angiographic vasospasm, and clinical vasospasm. Conclusion: Our data demonstrate that although the patients with perimesencephalic SAH fared better than those with diffuse SAH, their outcomes were worse than those of similar patients with PMSAH who have been previously reported in the literature.
Article: Radiographic and clinical outcome of syringomyelia in patients treated for tethered cord syndrome without other significant imaging abnormalities[Show abstract] [Hide abstract] ABSTRACT: Object: The surgical management of patients with symptoms of tethered cord syndrome (TCS) who lack significant radiographic abnormalities is controversial. One potential MRI marker for TCS is a spinal cord syrinx or syringomyelia. Alternatively, a syrinx may be a benign and incidental finding. In this report the authors evaluated a highly selected cohort of patients with symptoms of TCS with minimal radiographic abnormalities other than syringomyelia. They analyzed clinical and radiographic outcomes after tethered cord release (TCR). Methods: A retrospective review of data from 16 children who met the study inclusion criteria was performed. All patients had been surgically treated at Riley Hospital for Children in Indianapolis, Indiana, between 2006 and 2011. All children had clinical symptoms of TCS as well as available pre- and postoperative MRI data. Results: The most common presentation (12 [75%] of 16 patients) was urinary dysfunction, defined as symptoms of urgency or incontinence with abnormal urodynamic studies. Clinical follow-up data were available in 11 of these 12 patients. All 11 had improvement in symptoms at an average follow-up of 17 months. Seven (87.5%) of 8 patients presenting with back or leg pain had improvement. Three patients had progressive scoliosis; 2 had stabilization of the curve or mild improvement, and 1 patient had worsening deformity. Radiographic follow-up data were obtained an average of 14.5 months after surgery. Twelve patients (75%) had stable syringomyelia after TCR. Four patients showed improvement, with 2 having complete radiographic resolution. Conclusions: Highly selected patients with symptoms of TCS did very well clinically. Patients with abnormal urodynamic studies, pain, and gait disturbances showed a high rate of symptomatic improvement. However, a smaller percentage of patients had radiographic improvement of the syrinx. Therefore, the authors suggest that the decision to perform TCR should be based on clinical symptoms in this population. Symptomatic improvement was not necessarily related to radiographic resolution of the syrinx.
- [Show abstract] [Hide abstract] ABSTRACT: Rathke's cleft cysts are benign, non-neoplastic sellar lesions that are often asymptomatic. The rare patient with symptoms may present with pituitary dysfunction, headache, or visual problems. Visual deficits are generally consistent with a chiasmal syndrome as associated with other sellar lesions. Therefore, the most commonly described deficit is bitemporal hemianopsia. We describe a 16-year-old female patient who presented with rare, rapidly progressing monocular blindness without signs of apoplexy or hemorrhage. She had complete return of vision after surgical decompression. The rapid loss and recovery of vision suggest that ischemic factors, rather than deformation of the optic apparatus, contributed to her symptoms. The relevant literature is reviewed.
Article: Cyst-ventricle stent as primary or salvage treatment for posterior fossa arachnoid cysts Clinical article[Show abstract] [Hide abstract] ABSTRACT: The optimal treatment of symptomatic posterior fossa arachnoid cysts is controversial. Current options include open or endoscopic resection, fenestration, or cyst-peritoneal shunt placement. There are potential drawbacks with all options. Previous authors have described stenting a cyst into the ventricular system for supratentorial lesions. The current authors have used a similar strategy for posterior fossa cysts. The authors performed a retrospective review of 79 consecutive patients (1993-2010) with surgically treated intracranial arachnoid cysts. The authors identified 3 patients who underwent placement of a stent from a posterior fossa arachnoid cyst to a supratentorial ventricle. In 2 patients the stent construct consisted of a catheter placed into a posterior fossa arachnoid cyst and connecting to a lateral ventricle catheter. Both patients underwent stent placement as a salvage procedure after failure of open surgical fenestration. In the third patient a single-catheter cyst-ventricle stent was stereotactically placed. All 3 patients improved clinically. Two patients remained asymptomatic, with radiographic stability in a follow-up period of 1 and 5 years, respectively. The third patient experienced initial symptom resolution with a demonstrable reduction of intracystic pressure. However, he developed recurrent headaches after 2 years. Posterior fossa cyst-ventricle stenting offers the benefits of ease of surgical technique and a low morbidity rate. It may also potentially reduce the incidence of shunt-related headaches by equalizing the pressure between the posterior fossa and the supratentorial compartments. While fenestration is considered the first-line therapy for most symptomatic arachnoid cysts, the authors consider cyst-ventricle stenting to be a valuable additional strategy in treating these rare and often difficult lesions.
Article: Analysis of the risk of shunt failure or infection related to cerebrospinal fluid cell count, protein level, and glucose levels in low-birth-weight premature infants with posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus[Show abstract] [Hide abstract] ABSTRACT: Premature, low-birth-weight infants with posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus have a high risk of shunt obstruction and infection. Established risk factors for shunt failure include grade of the hemorrhage and age at shunt insertion. There is anecdotal evidence that the amount of red blood cells or protein levels in the CSF may affect shunt performance. However, this has not been analyzed specifically for this cohort of high-risk patients. Therefore, the authors performed this study to examine whether any statistical relationship exists between the CSF constituents and the rate of shunt malfunction or infection in this population. A retrospective cohort study was performed on premature infants born at Riley Hospital for Children from 2000 to 2009. Inclusion criteria were a CSF sample analyzed within 2 weeks prior to shunt insertion, low birth weight (< 1500 grams), prematurity (birth prior to 37 weeks estimated gestational age), and shunt insertion for posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus. Data points included the gestational age at birth and shunt insertion, weight at birth and shunt insertion, history of CNS infection prior to shunt insertion, shunt failure, shunt infection, and the levels of red blood cells, white blood cells, protein, and glucose in the CSF. Statistical analysis was performed to determine any association between shunt outcome and the CSF parameters. Fifty-eight patients met the study entry criteria. Ten patients (17.2%) had primary shunt failure within 3 months of insertion. Nine patients (15.5%) had shunt infection within 3 months. A previous CNS infection prior to shunt insertion was a statistical risk factor for shunt failure (p = 0.0290) but not for shunt infection. There was no statistical relationship between shunt malfunction or infection and the CSF levels of red blood cells, white blood cells, protein, or glucose before shunt insertion. Low-birth-weight premature infants with posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus have a high rate of shunt failure and infection. The authors did not find any association of shunt failure or infection with CSF cell count, protein level, or glucose level. Therefore, it may not be useful to base the timing of shunt insertion on CSF parameters.
Article: Circumferential fixation with craniofacial miniplates for a cervical spine injury in a child: Case report[Show abstract] [Hide abstract] ABSTRACT: Unstable pediatric cervical spine injuries present significant challenges in terms of fixation. Given the smaller cervical vertebral bodies in the preschool-aged population, commercially available pediatric cervical fixation instrumentation may be unsuitable because of the inappropriately large size of the screws and plates. The authors describe a 2-year-old girl who sustained an unstable C6-7 distraction injury during a motor vehicle accident. Because of the small size of her vertebral bodies, standard cervical spine instrumentation was not feasible, and posterior wiring alone was believed to be insufficient because of the complete distraction of all 3 spinal columns. The patient was taken to the operating room where craniofacial plates with an inherent locking mechanism were used to circumferentially stabilize the cervical spine. Follow-up examination 6 months postoperatively demonstrated stable cervical spine alignment and fusion with no evidence of the failure of either the anterior or posterior hardware. The use of craniofacial miniplates with an intrinsic locking mechanism represents a superior alternative for both anterior and posterior cervical fixations when spinal instrumentation is needed in the pediatric age group.
- [Show abstract] [Hide abstract] ABSTRACT: We present the first reported case of a spinal accessory nerve cavernous malformation. A 54-year-old Caucasian male presented with a several-year history of progressive, vague bilateral upper and lower extremity paresthesias and pain. MRI of the spine revealed a heterogenously enhancing mass in the dorsal aspect of the spinal canal at the level of the atlas with mild spinal cord compression. The lesion was resected and upon gross and histologic examination it was a cavernous malformation embedded within a branch of the spinal accessory nerve. Post-operatively, the patient had no complications and some improvement in his symptoms. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a patient with a spinal accessory nerve cavernous malformation, and this should be considered in the differential of lesions in the craniocervical region.
Article: A unique experiment in neurological surgery: Intracerebral injection of antitoxin for tetanus: Historical vignette[Show abstract] [Hide abstract] ABSTRACT: The discipline of neurological surgery was considered primarily "hopeless" and, at best, experimental in the late 19th century. Harvey Cushing's efforts during his initial uncharted voyage through the surgery of the human cranium were rudimentary and exploratory. A direct review of his available patient records from early in his career provides the opportunity to look back at Cushing as a physician-scientist, uncovering work that demonstrates that he was at the forefront of neurosurgical intervention in avenues that have been largely overlooked. The authors present Cushing's notes pertaining to a case of tetanus. This case represents the intersection of neurosurgery and tetanus treatment in Dr. Cushing's intracerebral injection of antitoxin to treat generalized tetanus.
Top Journals
Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis
Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
- Department of Medicine


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This week, area teachers can stop by the Alamo to win prizes from Kernstown Commons businesses!
This week, area teachers can stop by the Alamo to win prizes from Kernstown Commons businesses!
Details and photos from the Ultimate Marvel Marathon, Double Feature and AGE OF ULTRON festivites at South Lamar!
The roof is being assembled and soon enough we will have what you all have been waiting for...a Grand Opening date and a beautiful new theater!
There's hope, in other words, in this conversation that even while women are still grossly-underrepresented amongst the director ranks, there is at least the beginnings of the conversation.
Winner and a guest get to go to Vegas, baby, and elope in extraterrestrial style!
Mondo presents the PHANTASM soundtrack on vinyl and a gorgeous new screen print to be released exclusively at Alamo Drafthouse Richardson!
"Chewie, we're home."
Get your tickets today!
Get your tickets today!
Drafthouse Films has some cool stuff brewing. Literally brewing. (It's beer.)


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July 29, 2016 (Friday)
Let's start this journalling section of the webpage with not starting, but relaxing. It is one of my joys to come to the end of the week and spend a few moments relaxing with my dogs in the backyard.
(Notice the lovely sock tan line. I love to wear socks and shoes. Maybe a little too much.)
resteveningdogspetssandalsrelaxhappinesssummerSouth CarolinaCharlestonDawnita Hall, from


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I'm a bit stumped ny some text that's appearing on my test WordPress site, that I don't want to appear, and can't figure out where I can make it disappear.
You can view the test site at http://paultking.com/play/ronnie/
I used Artisteer 4 to create the theme, but... the text doesn't appear in the theme, or when I view the site while still logged into my WordPress dashboard.
Any help would be appreciated.


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We invite you to learn about Panama, its people, places to visit and investment opportunities that we feel are of merit. Our mission is simple. Offer our clients up to date relevant news and provide unparalleled service.
Official website of Panama
Click on Picture
Panama – The Way
Click on Picture
Featured Villa
New to Market – Totally Renovated Golf III Villa
I have finished a complete renovation of this Villa in preparation for market. We did a total home paint job from floor to ceiling, repaired some cabinetry, metal work, screens, plumbing and electric. Thousands of dollars later we now have a virtually new Villa to show you.
I lived in the Villa next door for 7 years and these places are real nice, great views, great neighbors and a dead end street . These are 3 bedroom 2 and a half bath, walk-out designed Villas with the primary living space on the main floor. Asking $389,000 the price is negotiable.
Vista Volcan, Luxury Mountain Paradise
Views from this beautiful mountain home are outstanding and can be seen from almost every room.
Built by a well known builder in 2005, the owner has spared no expense in upgrading all the finishes much of which are brand new. Sitting on a hectare of botanical gardens.
All of this for only $699,000 More….
2 New Exclusive Listings in Valle Escondido
We have just listed 2 Golf III Villas for sale. They are great places to live in and make excellent vacation rental investment properties as well.
The main area is on one level in this villa with master bedroom, master bath, kitchen, dining, living room and a half bath. This one has a loft upstairs and both have 2 more bedrooms and a bathroom downstairs.
Vaulted ceilings and a loft give these villas a special feeling of luxurious spaciousness
These are really magical places. This villa is listed for $398,000.


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SOURCE: NPR News
comments powered by Disqus
The Immigration Debate [multiple audio clips]
This is NPR's microsite for multiple stories, articles and links on President Bush's call to deploy National Guard troops to tighten border security and Congress's debate of the most sweeping overhaul of U.S. immigration law in two decades. The Senate's plan includes a guest-worker program and a path to citizenship for illegal immigrants already in the country. A House measure is far less forgiving.
comments powered by Disqus


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Book your room at Holly Croft
Get an overview of this hotel3-star bed & breakfast in Scalby with free breakfast
Situated in Scalby, this bed & breakfast is within 2 mi (3 km) of Scarborough Open Air Theatre, Scarborough North Cliff Golf Club, and Sea Life and Marine Sanctuary. North Bay Railway and Military Adventure Park are also within 3 mi (5 km).
Property Features
Along with an arcade/game room, this smoke-free bed & breakfast has tour/ticket assistance and a garden. Other amenities include a TV in a common area and free breakfast.
Room Amenities
All 2 rooms feature TVs with DVD players, plus thoughtful touches like bathrobes and slippers. Guests will also find premium bedding, separate bathtubs and showers, and coffee makers.Would you like to give us feedback? Share it! Opens in a new window
Hotel Amenities
Hotel Amenities
A complimentary breakfast is offered. This Scalby bed & breakfast also offers tour/ticket assistance, an arcade/game room, and a garden.
Holly Croft is a smoke-free property.
- Arcade/game room
- Free breakfast
- Garden
- Number of floors - 2
- Smoke-free property
- Television in common areas
- Total number of rooms - 2
- Tours/ticket assistance
Room Amenities
- Bathrobes
- Coffee/tea maker
- DVD player
- Individually decorated
- Premium bedding
- Private bathroom
- Separate bathtub and shower
- Slippers
- Television
Where to Eat
A complimentary breakfast is offered.
Hotel Policies
Check-in time ends at 9 PM
Check-in time starts at 5 PM
Special check-in instructions:
Check-out time is 11 AM
Payment types
- Pets not allowed
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
No rollaway/extra beds available
No cribs (infant beds) available
Hotel Name
- Holly Croft
- Holly Croft B&B
- Holly Croft B&B Scarborough
- Holly Croft Scarborough


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Lending Club Blog
A Recap: Credit Strength on the Lending Club Platform
We are proud of our track record of delivering attractive, risk-adjusted returns to investors, and have delivered 8 consecutive years of positive returns. We are highly focused on maintaining that track record, and committed to transparency. To that end, we are providing a recap of recent credit performance on the Lending Club platform, re-emphasizing recent changes made to strengthen investor returns. As reported in late… Read More »
A Message to Investors from our President and Acting CEO
Today, our President and acting CEO, Scott Sanborn, sent an update to our individual investors on the Lending Club platform. We've posted it here so you can hear the latest. **** Hello,… Read More »
Lending Club Receives Tribeca Disruptive Innovation Award
Disruptive innovation comes in many forms the world over. There are those who free fall a record 135,899 feet from outer space, deploy advanced technology to dig clean water wells… Read More »
Lending Club Awards


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Really nice performance prospect. Sire: Strait to Hollywood (Hollywood Dun it) is a NRCHA, SBA Cowhorse Co. money earner and a 2 X APHA Res.World Champion…SOLD
Beautiful filly by the Smart Bet out of a daughter of Shine With A Twist. With only 45 days ground work and handling she works in the round pen, loads…SOLD
KC Bo Peep has lots to offer. She is bred like crazy, Freckles Playboy, Mr Gunsmoke, double bred Peppy San Badger on her papers as well as goes back…SOLD
Cherokee is quiet and gentle. Very sweet, loves people, easy to catch. Loads, stands tied, etc. Used for lessons, arena and trail riding, fun shows…SOLD
Jeanies Little Leo [aka] Magic he is a beautiful bay well bred registered 4 year old gelding. Look up his pedigree on allbreedpedigree.com He has some…SOLD
Beautiful Grulla tobiano colt. Excellent cowhorse/reining prospect. Sire: Strait to Hollywood (Hollywood Dun it) out of Little Rush daughter. Sire is a…SOLD
Guys if your looking for one fantastic mare it dont get any better than Playgirl. She is a ranch sorting deluxe. MONEY EARNER and really cowy. This mare…SOLD
AQHA 2013 Foundation buckskin filly with high black socks and no white on her. Sire is a smoky grullo homozygous black stallion that is 97% foundation…SOLD


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I'm very new to the Wikipedia API, but I recently came across a Chinese website built on top of wikimedia and I would like to use it to help me parse various pages into a workable format for eventual processing with XPATH. After reading for a bit, I found that the action=parse parameter was what I am looking for. For instance, the following query loads without difficulty: (from Wikipedia)
It presents the text, followed by language links, followed by links. I am particularly interested in the links section, as I would be using this data to crawl through this wikipedia-based site to create a hierarchy of pages.
Attempting to replicate these results, I tacked the query onto the end of the page for my site:
%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC resolves to the chinese characters for Beijing, btw. Anyhow, I get the following result:
<error code="params" info="The page parameter cannot be used together with the text and title parameters"/>
All I have done is to replicate the query from Wikipedia and replace the name of the page. It is unclear to me why this has suddenly thrown an error. There is no problem running other API queries on this page, as the following shows:
I read recently that this may be due to htaccess rewrite rules adding a title by default. Is there a way to bypass these, given that I am a client of this website?


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Cooper ruled out of Clare showdown
Colm Cooper has been ruled out of Kerry's All-Ireland SFC quarter-final against Clare due to his shoulder injury.
Colm Cooper has been ruled out of Kerry's All-Ireland SFC quarter-final against Clare due to his shoulder injury.
Clare boss Colm Collins put a memorable All-Ireland SFC qualifier defeat of Roscommon down to a powerful first-half display against the wind in Pearse Stadium.
Clare and Tipperary will take part in a mouthwatering Croke Park doubleheader next Sunday, 31 July, after memorable All-Ireland SFC qualifier victories sent them in to the quarter-finals.
Tipperary qualified for their first All-Ireland SFC quarter-final with a 1-21 to 2-17 victory over Derry at Kingspan Breffni Park.
Read how it all unfolded on a day when Clare and Tipperary recorded wins over Roscommon and Derry respectively in the All-Ireland SFC Round 4A qualifiers.
Conor Sweeney hailed Tipperary's "bottle" after their memorable All-Ireland SFC qualifier victory against Derry on Saturday, and insisted he knew his team-mates would not falter in their quarter-final quest.
Clare produced another superb second-half to book their place in the last twelve in the race for the All-Ireland SFC title with a deserved success in Sligo.
Clare manager Colm Collins showered praise on his men after their All-Ireland SFC qualifier dismissal of Sligo, and said the Banner possess players that would make any county side in the the country.
Read how it all unfolded as Clare, Cork, Derry and Mayo all recorded wins in the All-Ireland football qualifiers.
Pete McGrath on the defining moment against Mayo where his Fermanagh side conceded what he described was "an exceptionally soft penalty".
Good scoring contributions from captain Paul Kerrigan and Mark Collins helped Cork overcome the challenge of Limerick by 2-12 to 0-10 in this afternoon's All-Ireland SFC round 2B qualifier in Thurles.
Victory at the second attempt was sweet for Laois who shook off the seven substitutes saga of a fortnight ago to advance past Armagh in the All-Ireland SFC qualifiers, 1-11 to 1-10.
Longford scored two goals in extra-time to send Down packing out of the All-Ireland SFC series and complete a humiliating season for the Mourne county.
Offaly overcame a dismal start at O'Connor Park this afternoon as they came from five points down to record a comfortable 0-17 to 1-07 win over London in the first round of the All-Ireland SFC qualifiers.
The GAA's Central Competitions Control Committee are believed to have recommended that the Laois v Armagh All-Ireland SFC qualifier be replayed after the Leinster county used too many substitutes in their win last weekend.
Laois' participation in the All-Ireland SFC qualifiers is in doubt over the number of substitutes they used in their 1A qualifier win over Armagh at O'Moore Park on Saturday last.
Leitrim manager Shane Ward has said that he feels the current All-Ireland SFC qualifier system does not work for weaker counties.
Dean Rock hails travelling Dublin support as All-Ireland champions ease to victory over battling Laois.
Tómás Ó Sé doesn't expect to learn anything new about All-Ireland champions Dublin this weekend and believes Down lack the players and confidence to defeat Monaghan in the Ulster SFC.
Former Mayo star Conor Mortimer believes the GAA made a "boo-boo" in fixing Dublin's Leinster SFC clash with Laois in Nowlan Park - but said that a cakewalk for the All-Ireland champions would be on the cards no matter where the game was played.


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The Chicago Coin Club is a group of collectors interested in all aspects of numismatics. With one exception, we meet monthly in downtown Chicago on the second Wednesday of every month at 6:45 pm. Note the earlier time! You are always welcome to join us and learn with us.
Choose any of the following to learn more about us. Or just scroll through and read it all.
The objective of the club is to pursue numismatic knowledge through the study and research of coins, currency, medals, tokens, and other related items and the sharing of this information through monthly meetings, dialogue, and the publication of literature.
The Chicago Coin Club was founded in 1919 and has continued uninterrupted for over 90 years.
The Chicago Coin Club does not buy, sell, or offer opinions as to the price or grade of a coin. The Club's operating revenues come from annual dues paid by members, bequests, contributions, and gifts. All expenditures are for operating expenses or for the advancement of numismatics.
Any person interested in numismatics is eligible for membership.
|Carl F. Wolf
We meet monthly in downtown Chicago on the second Wednesday of every month at 6:45 pm.
Except for the December banquet, our current downtown meeting space is at the Chicago Bar Association, 321 S. Plymouth Court, 3rd floor meeting room. Plymouth Court is located between State and Dearborn Streets; Plymouth is a short street, going south from Jackson. Please remember the security measures at our meeting building: everyone must show their photo-ID and register at the guard's desk.
In addition to our monthly meetings downtown, we also meet at some local shows. In February or March we meet at 1 pm on a Saturday at the Chicago Paper Money Exposition (CPMX). In March or April we meet at 1 pm on a Saturday at the Chicago International Coin Fair (CICF). And we usually meet at Central States when their convention is nearby. The photo-ID and pre-registration security measures are not needed for attending our meetings at CPMX, CICF, or ANA and Central States when they are in town.
July 13, 2016 - CCC Meeting - Featured Speaker:
Harlan J. Berk on
Civic Mint: Athens' First Tetradrachms, 520-500 BC
For the first time, the first tetradrachms of the so called Civic mint will be placed in order of creation and defined for why they where actually struck, properly ordered and why the Civic mint never existed. In 52 years, Harlan had only one of these exquisite coins — until now. A Collection obtained in 1970 became available in a Munich auction and by private treaty. When in hand, these coins finally gave him the inspiration to do what is available now for the first time, rather than looking at two plates of a 95 year old volume. Be sure to attend and hear the story of the how experimental designs evolved in 520-500 BC into what is the most recognized ancient coinage. The Chicago Coin Club will be the first group to hear this presentation. Do not miss it.
Programs from Past Meetings
Our monthly newsletter is called the Chatter and is mailed to all members at the beginning of each month. Here is the current issue.
The 2011 and 2013 ANA summer conventions were in Chicago — the Stephens Convention Center in Rosemont, to be exact. We were the host club, and we are the host club again this year when they return to the Stephens Convention Center August 5-9.
A one-day ANS/CCC Symposium was held on March 27, 1996. The program consisted of ten original papers by outstanding numismatic scholars from the Midwest and the curatorial staff of the American Numismatic Society. A 7 PM dinner was separate from the symposium. All events took place at the Sheraton Chicago Hotel & Towers, 301 E. North Water St., Chicago, on March 27, 1996. This was the headquarters hotel for the Chicago International Coin Fair, held from March 29-31, 1996.
We celebrated the club's 90th Anniversary with medals and a banquet in 2009.
The one-thousandth meeting of the Chicago Coin Club was honored with a banquet dinner meeting in April, 2002, held on Saturday night during CICF, at the show's hotel (a new location for 2002). Mark Wieclaw chaired the planning committee.
The club hosted the annual summer convention of the American Numismatic Association at the Rosemont Convention Center in 1999 and 2011. They will be back this year, and in the next two years, before meeting in other cities; check their schedule of future conventions, to see if they will be close to you.
One of the items honoring the 800th meeting of the Chicago Coin Club, on September 14, 1985, is the book Perspectives in Numismatics. Its 19 manuscripts cover many aspects of numismatics: Sear on Roman Coinage, Lhotka on Medieval European Coinage, Newman on Maryland's Dollar Denominated Paper Money, van Beek on Jetons, and Pearlman on the Hobby are only some. So far, the text from 18 of the manuscripts are avaible online. The illustrations will be brought up from the original artwork where possible, so the illustrations will take some time.
From 1989 through 2011, the club prepared a handout for all attendees at the meeting held in conjunction with the Chicago International Coin Fair, under the general heading of Odd and Curious Money. In 1996, the club started a similar handout for the meeting in conjunction with the Chicago Paper Money Exposition, with each handout looking at a bank from the Chicago area. Although the handout is free to each attendee, extras are available for sale.
The club is pleased to host an online numismatic library containing works in HTML to make viewing more flexible and searching possible. Please send comments, questions, and requests to us and include library as part of the subject line.
Some medals and handouts are still available. See the order form for pricing and availability.
To become a member of the Chicago Coin Club you must attend a meeting and fill out and submit an application along with a membership fee of $20 ($10 for Junior membership).
A 1st reading of your application will be held at this meeting for membership approval.
A 2nd reading will be held at the next monthly meeting, following publication of your name in the club newsletter. Upon membership approval, applicant will become a member. Applicant not required to be present at 2nd reading.
Comments and questions are always welcome. These Chicago Coin Club pages are created and maintained by Paul Hybert, with design advice from Mike Metras.


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: bad government
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The people of that country have endured many years of misrule.
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Aerobic exercise program while getting treated for cancer
For information about this topic, please click here
Lora Packel, MS, PT
Copyright © Lora Packel, MS, PT
Last Modified: October 8, 2012
It is important to check with your doctor before starting an exercise program during your cancer treatments, as there may be some days when you shouldn't exercise.
You should try to exercise at least 3 days per week during your treatment for cancer.
Warm Up
This is an important part of any exercise program. It is even more important if you are not used to exercising, if you have a heart problem or if you are older than 55.
- Walk slowly for five minutes. This helps to get your muscles and heart ready for exercise.
Aerobic Exercise – Training Zone
In this part of the program, you should try to sweat. You will know if you are exercising hard enough if you use an exercise chart.
Use an exercise chart.
- The chart below is called a Borg Scale. Look at the scale and ask yourself how hard you are working during your exercise.
Try to work hard enough so that you are between 11 and 13
Borg-RPE-Scale® [PDF]
Cool Down
At the end of your exercise, you need to cool down your heart, body temperature and muscles. You should walk slowly for 5 minutes before stopping. If you have a heart condition, your doctor may ask you to cool down for more than 5 minutes.
How many days each week should I exercise?
During treatment, you should try to exercise 3 days each week. Each time, you should try to exercise for 30 minutes. If you have not exercised before, or you are having a lot of side-effects from treatment, you should start more slowly.
- Start with 5 minutes, 2 times each day
- When you can walk for 5 minutes, try to add two more minutes.
- Keep adding a minute or two to your exercise time once a week until you are able to walk for 30 minutes at a time.
Exercise after treatment has stopped
Exercise can help you get back to the activities you enjoy. Always check with your doctor before starting to exercise.
Your exercise program should change in a few ways after treatment has ended.
Warm Up
- Walk slowly for 5 minutes
- You should take longer to warm-up if you have a heart condition or had a lot of side-effects from treatment
Aerobic Exercise – Training Zone
- You are now trying to sweat during activity for 30 minutes
- Use can use an exercise scale to see if you are working hard enough to get the most out of the program.
Borg-RPE-Scale® [PDF]
Heart Rate & Aerobic Exercise
- If you don't use an exercise scale, you can use your heart rate to see if you are working hard enough during exercise.
- By using heart rate, you will make an exercise program that is made just for you.
1. Subtract your age from 220. This is your maximum heart rate.
- For example, if you are 60 years old, your maximum heart rate would be (220-60) = 160
2. After sitting for a few minutes take your heart rate.
- Put your pointer finger and middle finger at the top of your thumb.
- Slide these two fingers down your thumb until you get to your wrist.
- Count how many beats you feel under your fingers for 60 seconds or 1 minute. This is your resting heart rate. Most people will have a resting heart rate between 60 and 100.
- Now you will figure out a heart rate range where you will break a sweat during exercise.
(HR max – HR rest) x .5 + HR rest = low end of training zone
(HR max – HR rest) x .65 + HR rest = high end of training zone
For example, I am a 60 year old woman who has finished treatment for colon cancer. I talked to my doctor about exercise and she says that I can and should start a program.
My maximum heart rate is: 220-60 = 160.
I count 78 beats at my wrist in 1 minute. This is my resting heart rate.
My training zone is:
(HR max – HR rest) x .5 + HR rest = low end of training zone
(160-78) x .5 + 78 = 119
(HR max – HR rest) x .65 + HR rest = high end of training zone
(160-78) x .65 + 78 = 131
After my 5 minute warm-up, I will walk faster. When I walk faster, I will take my heart rate. My goal is to have my heart rate between 119 beats/minute and 131 beats/minute. If my heart rate is between these numbers, I am walking at the right speed to get the most out of my exercise program.
If my heart rate is less than 119 beats/minute when walking, I should Walk Faster.
If my heart rate is more than 131 beats/minute when walking, I should Walk Slower.
**Important Information**
Chemotherapy and exercise
If you have gotten chemotherapy to treat your cancer, you must talk to your doctor about exercise. Each type of chemotherapy is different in how if affects your body. Some days, your doctor might ask you not to exercise because of low blood counts or fever. Some side-effects of chemotherapy that may affect your exercise are:
- If you have anemia, you may feel tired or short of breath.
- Many people walk more slowly or walk for shorter amounts of time if they have anemia.
- Ask your doctor if you should exercise.
Low platelet counts (Thrombocytopenia)
- Platelets help to stop bleeding.
- Please talk to your doctor about activity suggestions when your platelets are low.
Tingling in your hands or feet (Peripheral neuropathy)
- Some types of chemotherapy cause tingling in your hands and feet.
- Tingling may affect your balance
- Talk to your doctor about exercise with peripheral neuropathy
- Find a physical therapist who knows about chemotherapy and peripheral neuropathy. They may be able to help with the tingling feeling and help your balance.
Food and Weight Loss
- If you have lost weight during treatment, you have also lost muscle.
- Exercise can help you get stronger
- Talk to a nutritionist about what foods you should eat to help you have enough energy to exercise.
Radiation Therapy and Exercise
Radiation therapy is a common treatment for cancer. Most people who have radiation feel tired. Exercise can help you deal with feeling tired and give you more energy.
OncoLink has a large section on cancer related fatigue, with helpful tips and information.
Radiation and the sun. You are more likely to get a sunburn during and after radiation therapy. Talk to your doctor about skin protection. You may want to exercise in the morning or in the early evening so that you are less likely to get a sunburn.
If you got whole body radiation therapy, you should be careful about exercising in hot weather. Your body may have trouble getting rid of the heat you make during exercise, which can be dangerous. Dress in light clothes and exercise in the morning or early evening. Talk to your doctor about when and how you should exercise.
Your Bones and Cancer
Some cancers affect the bones in the body, making them weak. Other times, the treatment you get for cancer can cause the bones to be weak. Exercise, if done right, can help to strengthen your bones.
Cancers that MAY affect your bones are:
- Multiple myeloma
- Lung cancer
- Sarcoma
- Breast Cancer
- Prostate Cancer
- Testicular Cancer
It is important that you talk to your doctor about the health of your bones.
Your doctor may tell you it is safe to exercise.
Your doctor may ask you to stop exercising until after treatment has ended.
You doctor may tell you not to use heavy weights for strengthening.
- Talk to your doctor BEFORE starting an exercise program
- Tell your doctor if you:
- Have pain above your stomach while exercising (chest pain, left arm pain, jaw pain, neck pain or nausea)
- Dizziness
- Fall
- Feel unsteady
- Bruise a lot
- Have a fever
- Have Pain with walking
- Have Pain with sneezing, coughing or laughing
- Have numbness or tingling
- Have diarrhea
- Have constipation
- Urinate or pee a lot
- Urinate or pee less than usual
- Have swelling
Talk to your doctor about an exercise program
Do something that you find is fun and makes you happy
Find a partner
Talk to someone who has had cancer
Listen to music while you exercise
Do different types of exercise
Seek out an exercise specialist who knows about cancer
Set goals that you can reach
Be kind to yourself
Exercise Survey for People with Cancer
We know a lot about exercise in the general population, but are still learning about exercise in the person with cancer. After you read one of the articles below on OncoLink about aerobic and strength training during and after cancer treatment, please consider filling out a brief survey.


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