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|Kippure Educational Field Studies
All of our programmes have been tailor made to cover the key learning skills in a fun and safe environment - Ecology & Geography Field Studies for post primary pupils, as well as nature walks and Discover Primary Science and Maths for primary schools. Our field studies cover the curriculum�topics for the Leaving Cert�Geographical Investigation�and Ecology for Biology students. These can be combined with adventure activities for other classes to make a full educational and fun adventurous day or overnight residential, learning both academic and outdoor adventure skills.
w: www.outdooreducation.ie e: email@example.com
Manor Kilbridge, Blessington, Co Wicklow ( 01-458 3873 )
|Rumleys Farm School Tours
Book a fantastic fun filled, educational trip for your school tour.
Primary: Guided tour around 20 acres of working farm. NEW See Rumley's Robot; it's a Voluntary Milking Machine! – State of the art farm technology. Calving and Dairy Parlour. Learn about where your food comes from and interact with the other farm and exotic animals. Indoor and outdoor play areas. Zipwire and Go Karts & Tractor trailer ride
Secondary Schools: A visit our 20 acres working farm is a must for any student contemplating a career in farming, veterinary, food production or zoology. See Rumley's Robot; it's a Voluntary Milking Machine! – State of the art farm technology. New Calving and Dairy Parlour.
See more info on our Primary and Secondary school tours.
w: www.rumleysfarm.ie
(5 Minutes from Bishopstown) Liberty Hill, Waterfall, Cork ( 021 488 5122 / 086 2613262 )
| Make Europe's only Toy Soldier Factory part of your annual school tour. There's no fake machinery or actors, it's a REAL working factory. A visit to our factory would have many benefits to the educational process and can fit into your curriculum in many subjects Science: Learn about metal. Increase the understanding of how to melt metal and shape it into new items, History: Learn the background of historical figures. Make history more interesting by introducing real model soldiers, Visual Arts: Learn how to mix colours and paint a figure. Understand how to colour in a certain sequence, Business: Learn how a real factory works. We are located in the Gaeltacht and we can provide tours in fluent Irish.
Find out more about our school tours
w: www.toysoldierfactory.ie e: firstname.lastname@example.com
Kilnamartyra Cork ( 026 40222 )
| ECO Adventure Ireland offer school tours at our 5 star centre in Knockree Hostel, Enniskerry, and Glendaloch International Hostel, Co. Wicklow. We have fun-packed adventure activities in the great outdoors. Our hostels are extremely popular with modern facilities and a beautiful location! Day trips start from just €25 per person with discounts available for large groups. Activities can include Grass Sledges, Archery, Climbing, Paintball Target Shooting, Team Games, Survival Skills, Nightline Challenge, Archery Tag. We specialise in Geography and Ecology Field Trips. Please, contact us or visit our website for more information and bookings.
w: www.ecoadventureireland.ie e: email@example.com
Knockree Hostel, Enniskerry, and Glendalough International Hostel Wicklow ( 01 2767988 )
|Glasnevin Cemetery Museum
Glasnevin Cemetery Museum offers exciting and engaging education programmes for students of all ages. Students can learn about the events and personalities which shaped the course of Irish history one hundred years ago through guided tours of the cemetery, interactive exhibits and preparatory work packs- all of which complement specific elements of the curriculum. Programmes include: historic tours for primary and secondary schools, transition year tour guiding programme, and WWI tour with object handling session. Tours can be adapted to suit your educational needs. Our aim is to capture the imagination and send your class away inspired! Cost from €6 per student, booking essential. Further details
w: www.glasnevintrust.ie e: firstname.lastname@example.com
Finglas Road, Glasnevin, Dublin 11 ( 01 8826550 )
|Newgrange Farm School Tours
Hold A Chick-Cuddle A Kitten-Pet A Rabbit-Milk A Cow-Feed The Ducks and Hens Bottle Feed A Lamb, Kid Goat or Calf. PLAY Hide And Seek in the Maze and SO Much More During your guided farmyard school tour which takes about one hour and twenty minutes. You will also be taken on a tractor trailer ride that brings you along the River Boyne through our crops and livestock and past the National Monuments. A limited number of schools may include a free trip to Newgrange National Monument. €10 per person - 1 Teacher free per 10 Pupils. More about our school packages
w: www.newgrangefarm.com e: email@example.com
Slane Meath ( 086 4676054 / 041 9824119 )
We have been providing guided raft trips on the River Liffey, Dublin since 2009. Our range of river education programmes have been specifically developed for schools by Ecologists, teachers and water safety professionals. The syllabi we deliver engages students both in the classroom & the outdoor classroom environment and introduce the concept of the living classroom. Areas covered by the syllabi include: ecology, biology, wildlife, and water safety. The trip is 8km long and takes 2.5 hours. On-site we provide changing facilities, showers and can cater for large school groups. Our trips are very accessible for all ability levels and something for everyone. Find out more
w: www.rafting.ie e: email@example.com
Canoe Centre, Mill Lane, Palmerstown, Dublin ( 01 6264363 )
|Opw - Castletown House
"This I believe the only house in Ireland to which the term palace can be applied". Richard Twiss, 1775. Castletown is Ireland's first, finest and most significant 18th century Palladian style mansion set amongst 120 acres of restored parklands along the banks of the River Liffey.� As an Office of Public Works property we offer FREE school tours with a number of site specific educational modules to support the primary and secondary school curriculum outside of the school environment (Living History, Maths and Nature Trails). Read more about School Tours to Castletown House
w: www.castletown.ie e: email@example.com
Celbridge Kildare ( 01 6288252 )
| At Stein Study we provide first class language courses throughout Europe for students of all ages. We specialise in Transition Year, 5th year and 6th year language and activity holidays. With 30 years' experience in the travel business we understand that your child's safety and security is paramount and that's why our Educational Assistants are available 24/7. New to Stein Study is a Spanish and Football course in Barcelona. Train with world class coaches at RCD Espanyol in the afternoons and learn Spanish in the mornings while staying with an experienced, friendly and warm Host. We have lots of other courses that will finally make learning a language fun
w: www.steinstudy.com e: email@example.com
Camden Street Dublin 2 ( 01 475 9646 )
|Lough Boora Discovery Park
Have your school tour in Lough Boora Discovery Park. We run guided tours of the park for schools and groups of all ages. The tours take participants through the Sculpture Park and a field study area, including a nature walk, examination of local flora and wildlife, and the history of Bord na M�na. Guided tours for schools run from April through October and can be tailored to each age group's needs. Suitable for primary and secondary students.
w: www.loughboora.com
Boora, Co Offaly ( 057�9340010 )


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Michelle Obama at DNC: This country is already great
Democrats divided over the future of their party agreed on at least one thing at their national convention in Philadelphia on Monday night: Michelle Obama was a star.
Elderly priest killed in French church, attack claimed by ISIS
A priest in his mid-80s was killed with a knife and another hostage seriously wounded on Tuesday in an attack on a church in northern France carried out by assailants linked to ISIS.
Knife attacker in Japan kills 19 in their sleep at disabled center
A knife-wielding man broke into a facility for the disabled in a small town near Tokyo early on Tuesday and killed 19 patients as they slept, authorities said, Japan's worst mass killing in decades.
Former Saudi general visits Israel, meets officials
Retired Saudi General Anwar Eshki visited Israel last week and met with foreign ministry officials, including Director-General Dore Gold Yoav Mordechai, Haaretz reported.
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WASHINGTON -The head of the Democratic Party resigned on Sunday amid a furor over embarrassing leaked emails, hoping to head off a growing rebellion by Bernie Sanders supporters on the eve of the convention to nominate Hillary Clinton for the White House.
Shooting after Florida nightclub's teen party leaves two dead
The shooting on Monday outside a party for teenagers at a Florida nightclub, where a 14-year-old and 18-year-old died and up to 17 other people were wounded, was not an act of terror, the Fort Myers Police Department said in a statement.
Muslim woman befriends frightened passenger
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Clinton picks Kaine as vice presidential running mate

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The National Arthritis Data Workgroup is a consortium of experts in epidemiology organized to provide a single source of national data on the prevalence and impact of rheumatic diseases. It is supported by the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, NIH; the National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion and National Center for Health Statistics, CDC; the American College of Rheumatology; and the Arthritis Foundation.
Estimates of the prevalence of arthritis and other rheumatic conditions in the United States: Part II†
Version of Record online: 28 DEC 2007
DOI: 10.1002/art.23176
Copyright © 2008 by the American College of Rheumatology
Arthritis & Rheumatism
Volume 58, Issue 1, pages 26–35, January 2008
Additional Information
How to Cite
Lawrence, R. C., Felson, D. T., Helmick, C. G., Arnold, L. M., Choi, H., Deyo, R. A., Gabriel, S., Hirsch, R., Hochberg, M. C., Hunder, G. G., Jordan, J. M., Katz, J. N., Kremers, H. M., Wolfe, F. and National Arthritis Data Workgroup (2008), Estimates of the prevalence of arthritis and other rheumatic conditions in the United States: Part II. Arthritis & Rheumatism, 58: 26–35. doi: 10.1002/art.23176
- †
The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, or the Department of Veterans Affairs.
Publication History
- Issue online: 28 DEC 2007
- Version of Record online: 28 DEC 2007
- Manuscript Accepted: 14 SEP 2007
- Manuscript Received: 7 JUN 2007
- Abstract
- Article
- References
- Cited By
To provide a single source for the best available estimates of the US prevalence of and number of individuals affected by osteoarthritis, polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis, gout, fibromyalgia, and carpal tunnel syndrome, as well as the symptoms of neck and back pain. A companion article (part I) addresses additional conditions.
The National Arthritis Data Workgroup reviewed published analyses from available national surveys, such as the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and the National Health Interview Survey. Because data based on national population samples are unavailable for most specific rheumatic conditions, we derived estimates from published studies of smaller, defined populations. For specific conditions, the best available prevalence estimates were applied to the corresponding 2005 US population estimates from the Census Bureau, to estimate the number affected with each condition.
We estimated that among US adults, nearly 27 million have clinical osteoarthritis (up from the estimate of 21 million for 1995), 711,000 have polymyalgia rheumatica, 228,000 have giant cell arteritis, up to 3.0 million have had self-reported gout in the past year (up from the estimate of 2.1 million for 1995), 5.0 million have fibromyalgia, 4–10 million have carpal tunnel syndrome, 59 million have had low back pain in the past 3 months, and 30.1 million have had neck pain in the past 3 months.
Estimates for many specific rheumatic conditions rely on a few, small studies of uncertain generalizability to the US population. This report provides the best available prevalence estimates for the US, but for most specific conditions more studies generalizable to the US or addressing understudied populations are needed.
The purpose of this study, definitions of general terminology, and methods used for ascertaining the data and generating the estimates are described in the companion article (1).
Osteoarthritis (OA).
OA is the most common type of arthritis. We estimated prevalence for each of the most commonly affected joints (knees, hips, and hands) as well as for overall OA.
Estimating the prevalence of OA is difficult because the structural changes of the disease occur in most persons as they get older, but these changes may not be accompanied by symptoms. Furthermore, prevalence estimates vary considerably depending on whether only moderate and severe radiographic changes are counted or mild changes are also included.
Clinically defined OA.
Study examiners characterize a person as having OA on the basis of symptoms and physical examination findings. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I (NHANES I) (2) showed that 12.1% of the US population ages 25–74 years had clinically defined OA of some joint.
Radiographically defined OA.
Generally, researchers grade radiographs according to the Kellgren/Lawrence scale (3), which defines OA on the basis of the presence of osteophytes (outgrowths of bone at the margin of the joint). We summarized prevalence data primarily from 3 recent US population-based studies: the NHANES III, the Framingham Osteoarthritis Study, and the Johnston County Osteoarthritis Project. In these studies, participants had to appear in person to undergo radiographic testing, and the validity of the estimates could be compromised if only individuals who had symptoms (instead of all individuals) attended. High participation rates for radiography (>70%) in all 3 studies make this unlikely.
In phase 2 of the NHANES III (1991–1994), prevalence of knee OA was assessed in adults age ≥60 years; this was the only study to use non–weight-bearing radiographs, a method that minimizes joint space narrowing evident with weight bearing (4). The Framingham Osteoarthritis Study was a survey of knee and hand OA in ∼2,400 adults age ≥26 years from suburban Boston, Massachusetts (5, 6). The Johnston County Osteoarthritis Project was a study of hip and knee OA in ∼3,000 African American and white adults age ≥45 years in a rural county in North Carolina (7). The prevalence of knee OA in adults age ≥45 was 19.2% in Framingham and 27.8% in Johnston County, and the prevalence among adults age ≥60 was 37.4% in the NHANES III (Table 1). The prevalence of hip OA was high (27.0%) in Johnston County adults age ≥45, but in another US community-based study of 4,855 women age ≥65 years, prevalence was found to be only 7.2% (8). In the latter study, hip OA was defined based on individual features, but the discordance among study results leaves uncertainty regarding to the prevalence of hip OA. The prevalence of hand OA in Framingham adults was 27.2% overall and reached ≥80% among older adults, but only a minority of persons with radiographic OA have pain in these joints.
|Anatomic site, age, years
|Source (ref.)
|% with mild, moderate, or severe OA
|Hands, ≥26
|Framingham OA study (6)
|Framingham OA study (5)
|Framingham OA study (5)
|Johnston County OA Project (7)
|Hips, ≥45
|Johnston County OA Project (10)
OA prevalence increased with age and affected the hands and knees of women more frequently than men, especially in persons age ≥50 years. In Johnston County and in the NHANES III, African Americans were more likely than whites to have radiographic knee OA. A study of perimenopausal women in Michigan also demonstrated that African Americans were more likely than whites to have radiographic knee and hand OA (9). In the NHANES III, the prevalence of radiographic knee OA was significantly higher in non-Hispanic African Americans than in non-Hispanic whites or Mexican Americans (52.4%, 36.2%, and 37.6%, respectively) (4). In Johnston County, the prevalence of radiographic hip OA was comparable in African Americans and whites (10).
Symptomatic OA.
Persons are considered to have symptomatic OA if they have frequent pain in a joint and radiographic evidence of OA in that joint, although sometimes this pain may not actually emanate from the arthritis seen on the radiograph. Most prevalence surveys require that a person have pain in a joint on most days of a recent month, to meet the definition for presence of symptoms.
The prevalence of symptomatic knee OA was 4.9% among adults age ≥26 years in the Framingham study, 16.7% among adults age ≥45 in the Johnston County study, and 12.1% among adults aged ≥60 in the NHANES III study (Table 2). The prevalence of symptomatic hip OA was 9.2% among adults age ≥45 in the Johnston County study. The prevalence was slightly higher among women than among men for both of these outcomes (Table 2).
|Anatomic site, age, years
|Source (ref.)
|% with symptomatic OA
|Hands, ≥26
|Framingham OA study (6)
|Framingham OA study (5)
|Framingham OA study (5)
|Johnston County OA Project (7)
|Hips, ≥45
|Johnston County OA Project (10)
The prevalence of symptomatic hand OA in the Framingham subjects (6) was 6.8% overall and was especially high in older adults. Among individuals age ≥71 years, prevalence was 26.2% in women and 13.4% in men.
Using the Framingham data on age/sex prevalence among persons age ≥26 years and the corresponding 2005 population estimates from the Census Bureau, we estimated that 9,267,000 adults have symptomatic knee OA and 13,054,000 adults have symptomatic hand OA. The generalizability of the Framingham estimates to the US population has not been determined.
For estimating overall OA, we calculated weighted age/sex-specific prevalence estimates of clinical arthritis for persons ages 25–74 from the NHANES I, the only published national source of data on OA at multiple anatomic sites and the source we used in our 1998 report (11). Using the corresponding 2005 population estimates from the Census Bureau and additionally applying the NHANES I estimate for those ages 65–74 to the Census population age ≥75 years, we estimated that 26.9 million adults age 25 and older have clinical OA of some joint. Whether the 1971–1975 NHANES I estimates reflect the 2005 US population prevalence is uncertain.
Polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) and giant cell (temporal) arteritis (GCA).
PMR and GCA, two closely related syndromes that occur almost exclusively in persons age ≥50 years, appear to be much more common in whites than in other racial or ethnic groups (12). In the US, prevalence is highest among persons of northern European descent (13, 14).
The only population-based study of PMR and GCA in the US is from Olmsted County, Minnesota, where the prevalences of PMR and GCA were derived from cumulative incidence rates. GCA was diagnosed according to the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria (15). Among persons age ≥50 years in 2000, the prevalence of PMR was 739 per 100,000 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 674–808) (16) and the prevalence of GCA was 278 per 100,000 (95% CI 192–268) (17). For each, the prevalence was higher in women than in men and increased dramatically with age (for PMR, from 21 per 100,000 among persons ages 50–54 years to 4,070 per 100,000 among those age ≥90 years) (Table 3).
|Age, years
|Prevalence of polymyalgia rheumatica†
|Prevalence of giant cell arteritis‡
In addition to these data, case series of PMR and GCA suggest that these conditions are common throughout the US. In Europe, incidence rates in populations in the northern area of the continent are similar to those of Olmsted County, Minnesota, whereas rates among southern European populations are lower (18–21).
In summary, PMR is common in older adults. GCA, which is approximately one-third as common as PMR, is the most common form of vasculitis in the population over 50 years of age. Using the Olmsted County age/sex prevalence rates and the corresponding 2005 estimates from the Census Bureau, we estimated that 711,000 Americans have PMR and 228,000 have GCA. With the aging of the US population, these estimates are likely to increase in coming years. These Olmsted County estimates are generalizable to the white US population, but their generalizability to other racial/ethnic populations is uncertain.
Gout is an inflammatory arthritis that results from phagocytosis of monosodium urate monohydrate crystals within the joint and is usually associated with an elevated concentration of uric acid in the blood, i.e., hyperuricemia. Among criteria developed to classify gout, the ACR criteria (22) have been used in recent epidemiologic studies (23, 24).
Our previous National Arthritis Data Workgroup (NADW) report (11) reviewed the population-based Tecumseh Community Health Study (25), the Framingham Heart Study (26), and the Sudbury Study (27) (Table 4), all of which were relatively small studies of gout conducted in confined geographic regions. All of these studies took place before the ACR criteria were developed, the age populations included were not consistent among studies.
|Source and year of study/gout definition (ref.)
|Age, years
|Prevalence per 100,000
|Regional population studies
|Tecumseh Community Health Study, 1960/"Rome" (25)†
|Framingham Heart Study, 1964/arbitrary (26)‡
|≥42 (mean 58)
|Sudbury Study, 1972/Rome and New York (27)
|National survey studies
|NHIS, 1988/self-report (1-year
|prevalence) (64)§
|NHIS, 1992/self-report (1-year
|prevalence) (65)§
|NHIS, 1996/self-report (1-year
|prevalence) (30)§
|1988–1994/self-report (lifetime
|prevalence) (32)¶
The prevalence of gout also has been estimated using self-reported information from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) and the NHANES (Table 4). Because these self-reports were not verified, the data may produce an overestimate of prevalence. For example, investigators in the Sudbury Study (27) could validate only 44% of self-reported cases using Rome (28) or New York (29) criteria, and in a study of health professionals (23), only 70% of cases could be validated by ACR criteria. However, in one study of physicians (24), it was reported that 100% of self-reported cases could be validated by ACR criteria and medical record review. In the most recent NHIS survey on gout (1996), the prevalence for the 1-year period was 940 per 100,000 adults age ≥18 years in the US (30). Prevalence increased with age, was higher in men than in women at all ages, and among those age ≥45 years was higher in African Americans than in whites.
One-year period prevalence estimates derived from the NHIS over time can be compared directly because the instrument has not changed. In this survey, the presence of gout is recorded if a respondent answers "yes" to the question, "Have you or any member of your household had gout within the past year?" From 1969 to 1985 the prevalence more than doubled, with the steepest increase occurring between 1969 and 1976 (30), but the increase later slowed between 1992 and 1996 (840 and 940 per 100,000, respectively) (Table 4). In a recent study from a US managed care population, the overall prevalence of gout or hyperuricemia requiring a gout or urate-lowering medication increased by 80% from 1990 to 1999 (31); however, this increase may reflect treatment change.
The lifetime prevalence estimate from the NHANES III (1988–1994) (32), based on the question, "Has a doctor ever told you that you had gout?," was 2,600 per 100,000 overall for those age ≥20 years, with a low of 400 per 100,000 in adults ages 20–29 years and a peak of 8,000 per 100,000 in adults ages 70–79 years (Table 4). Gout was reported more often by men than by women overall, but prevalence increased with age for both, especially among women after menopause.
In summary, gout appears to be increasing in frequency. Using 1996 NHIS and NHANES III age/sex prevalence data and the corresponding 2005 population estimates from the Census Bureau, we estimated that 3.0 million adults age ≥18 years had gout in the past year, and 6.1 million adults age ≥20 have ever had gout. Both are likely overestimates because they are based on self-reported data.
The 1990 ACR criteria for the classification of fibromyalgia require the presence of widespread pain for at least 3 months and pain on palpation in at least 11 of 18 anatomic sites (33). Despite its acceptance, a number of problems occur when the ACR criteria set is used to define fibromyalgia in populations, leading to difficulties in estimating prevalence (34–36). Also, fibromyalgia may be more common among persons with other medical conditions (37), so prevalence estimates of primary fibromyalgia may be lower than estimates that do not differentiate primary fibromyalgia from fibromyalgia secondary to other disorders.
Wolfe et al conducted the only study of the prevalence of primary fibromyalgia in the US, in Wichita, Kansas in 1993 (38). At the time of the study, the population of Wichita was ∼88% white, different from that of the overall US population. From a random sample of 3,006 adults age ≥18 years, 193 individuals with chronic widespread pain were examined and 36 cases of ACR-defined fibromyalgia were confirmed. The overall prevalence among adults was ∼2% (95% CI 1.4–2.7); prevalence was higher among women than among men (3.4% versus 0.5%). In women, the prevalence of fibromyalgia rose sharply in middle age, to a maximum of 7.4% in the 70–79-year age group, and then dropped off. Prevalence in men similarly peaked in the eighth decade of life, but was only slightly more than 1% among men in this age group. Fibromyalgia was associated with depressive and anxiety symptoms, current and past depression, and a history of depression in the family. Other characteristic symptoms, i.e., "pain all over," subjective swelling, paresthesias, stiffness, sleep disturbance, fatigue, and irritable bowel syndrome, were also associated with fibromyalgia (38). Women experienced more of these associated symptoms than men (34). Other factors associated with fibromyalgia included reduced income and education, higher rates of divorce, and application for disability benefits (38).
Although no recent prevalence studies of fibromyalgia in the US have been published, a population survey of 3,395 randomly selected adults (≥18 years of age) in Ontario, Canada showed 100 cases of fibromyalgia, yielding an even higher overall age/sex-adjusted prevalence of 3.3% (95% CI 3.2–3.4%) (4.9% in women and 1.6% in men) (39). As in the US study, the prevalence of fibromyalgia in women rose with age, to a peak of 7.9% in the 55–64-year age group, and declined thereafter. The prevalence in men also increased with age, and peaked at 2.5% in the 45–54-year age group.
Using the Wichita age/sex prevalence and the corresponding 2005 population estimates from the Census Bureau, we estimated that ∼5.0 million adults age ≥18 years have primary fibromyalgia. The generalizability of the Wichita estimates to the US population is uncertain.
Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS).
Because there is no gold standard for the diagnosis of CTS and no standard definition of the syndrome, and because some cases can be transient, challenges arise in determining the prevalence of this condition. The clinical examination findings associated with CTS have sensitivities and specificities in the range of 45–80% (40). The typical location of symptoms in the median nerve distribution has sensitivity and specificity in the range of 60–70% (41, 42). On median nerve conduction testing, >20% of asymptomatic individuals exhibit abnormalities consistent with CTS (42, 43).
The most well–accepted definitions of CTS involve combinations of symptom, electrophysiologic, and physical examination findings. Three population-based prevalence studies have been performed in Europe, involving a combination of history, physical examination, and nerve conduction assessments. Atroshi and colleagues (44), in a Swedish study, inquired about symptoms typical of CTS (40, 42) and studied symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects further by history-taking, physical examination, and nerve conduction studies. They estimated the prevalence of symptoms typical of CTS, of symptoms accompanied by examination findings indicative of CTS, of symptoms accompanied by positive electrophysiologic results, and of symptoms accompanied by positive findings on all tests. The prevalence of CTS was consistently higher in women than in men, and rose with age. CTS prevalence ranged from 2% to 4% in men and 3% to 5% in women, depending on the stringency of the case definition.
Ferry and colleagues (45) administered a hand symptom diagram (42) to a random population sample in the UK. Persons with and persons without typical symptoms of CTS underwent physical examination and electrophysiologic testing. The prevalence of positive nerve conduction findings did not differ between subjects with typical CTS symptoms and asymptomatic subjects. Thus, although the authors reported a prevalence of electrophysiologic evidence of CTS on the order of 10%, it is difficult to draw conclusions about the prevalence of symptomatic CTS.
In an earlier study, de Krom and colleagues (46) evaluated the prevalence of CTS in 715 persons from The Netherlands. Of the respondents, 1.6% had diagnosed CTS and 9% had nocturnal finger paresthesias. The latter underwent neurologic and electrophysiologic evaluation. The overall prevalence of CTS (either diagnosed or detected via this 2-stage screening process) was 5.8% in women and 0.6% in men.
Studies using a combination of self-report, physical examination, and nerve conduction testing have not been performed in the US. Tanaka et al analyzed data from the 1988 NHIS (47). Respondents were asked if they had CTS. An estimated 1.55% of 170 million adults (2.65 million) self-reported CTS. CTS was twice as common among women as among men (47). The self-report nature of the case definition makes these data difficult to interpret.
In summary, the prevalence of electrophysiologically confirmed, symptomatic CTS, based on studies conducted outside the US, is ∼1–4% in men and 3–5% in women, with prevalence increasing with age. Using these adult prevalence estimates and the corresponding 2005 population estimates from the Census Bureau, we estimated that 1–4 million men and 3–6 million women in the US have CTS.
Back and neck pain.
Low back pain affects most adults at some time. Because back pain is rarely permanent, terms such as incidence and prevalence may be ambiguous. Although neck pain is less common than low back pain, it shares many similar characteristics. The thoracic spine's mobility is limited by the rib cage, and is less often a cause of back pain except in osteoporosis. Thus, the prevalence of thoracic spine pain is rarely reported.
Back pain is a symptom, not a disease. For many, a precise pathoanatomic diagnosis is impossible (48, 49). There is no definitive imaging or diagnostic test to determine its prevalence. Investigators depend on patient self-report, and many patients have few objective physical findings.
In epidemiologic surveys, back pain has been defined in many ways. These include counting any episode of back pain, counting pain lasting a certain length of time, counting only "severe" pain, or counting only pain that results in work disability. We focused on population-based estimates of self-reported symptoms, separating neck and low back pain, and attempting to distinguish reports of any back pain, frequent or persistent back pain, and pain with symptoms of radiculopathy (nerve root irritation, usually manifesting as sciatica).
In the 2002 NHIS, respondents were asked whether they had low back pain or neck pain during the past 3 months. Respondents were instructed to report pain that lasted a whole day or longer (50). Approximately one-fourth of all adults in the US reported experiencing low back pain in the past 3 months, and the prevalence of neck pain was approximately half that estimate (Table 5). The prevalence was similar among men and women and among most racial groups, with the exception of a high prevalence among American Indians and Alaskan Natives, and a low prevalence among Asian Americans. Prevalence declined with increasing levels of education.
|Neck pain in the past 3 months, % (95% CI)*
|Low back pain
|LBP in the past 3 months, % (95% CI)*
|Any LBP in the past year, %†
|Frequent LBP in the past year, %‡
|Lifetime occurrence of LBP lasting ≥2 weeks, %§
|14.2 (13.7–14.8)
|27.4 (26.6–28.2)
|African American
|11.7 (10.5–12.9)
|23.9 (22.2–25.6)
|Age, years
|11.9 (11.3–12.6)
|23.7 (22.9–24.5)
|16.9 (16.0–17.8)
|29.8 (28.7–30.9)
|14.2 (12.7–15.7)
|28.8 (26.9–29.8)
|14.0 (12.5–15.5)
|28.7 (26.7–30.7)
|11.7 (11.0–12.4)
|24.3 (23.4–25.2)
|15.7 (15.0–16.4)
|28.3 (27.5–29.1)
From an analysis of the 1997 NHIS, it was estimated that 3.2% of all persons experienced activity limitations due to chronic back conditions (51). Among the poor, activity limitation was nearly 3 times more frequent than in middle- and high-income adults.
Although about half of adults report low back pain during a given year and about two-thirds report low back pain at some time in their lives (52–60), only 15–21% of the adult population reported frequent low back pain (56) and only 14% reported an episode of low back pain lasting longer than 2 weeks at any time in their lives. Pain lasting beyond 3–6 months occurs in only 5–10% of patients with back pain. Approximately 1–2% of adults report having received a diagnosis of a herniated disc.
Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging studies in small samples indicate that disc degeneration, fractures, herniated discs, and spinal stenosis are all common among asymptomatic persons (61, 62). Thus, the prevalence of radiographic findings is substantially different from the prevalence of clinically important symptoms.
In summary, back pain is common. The etiology is often unclear and classification is controversial, but most episodes probably originate in muscles or ligaments, or are the consequences of degenerative changes in the intervertebral discs and adjacent vertebrae. These changes include osteoarthritic changes in the facet joints and similar degenerative changes in and around the intervertebral discs. Back pain remains a leading cause of work disability.
Using 2002 NHIS age-specific prevalence and the corresponding 2005 population estimates from the Census Bureau, we estimated that 59.1 million adults age ≥18 years have had low back pain "in the past 3 months." Using the 1997 NHIS age-specific prevalence and the corresponding 2005 population estimates from the Census Bureau, we estimated that 7.1 million adults age ≥18 have activity limitation due to chronic back conditions. Using the same sources, we estimated that 30.1 million adults age ≥18 have had neck pain "in the past 3 months."
As discussed in the companion article (1), the burden of a chronic condition can be measured in various ways. The NADW has chosen to focus on national disease prevalence as an important measure of burden.
The prevalence of clinical osteoarthritis has grown to nearly 27 million, up from our estimate for 1995 of 21 million (11), as would be expected for such a strongly age-related disease. Gout appears to be increasing in frequency as well, with a 1-year prevalence of 3.0 million adults, a higher frequency than in the earlier study. These increases in such common conditions suggest they will have a growing impact on the health care and public health systems in the future, one that needs to be anticipated in order to provide the early diagnosis and interventions that can help reduce that impact.
We have provided estimates of prevalence and numbers of persons affected for overall arthritis and for selected rheumatic conditions and given a rough snapshot of current burden. These estimates have been made by recognized disease experts using the best data available, but, as noted in many of the sections, must be interpreted with several limitations in mind, including those detailed in the companion report (1). Given the large and growing burden of arthritis and other rheumatic conditions, we hope this work will inspire studies that better address these gaps and limitations and provide a better understanding of the burden of these conditions.
Dr. Helmick had full access to all of the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.
Study design. Lawrence, Felson, Helmick, Choi, Gabriel, Hunder.
Acquisition of data. Felson, Helmick, Choi, Hochberg, Hunder, Jordan, Katz, Maradit Kremers, Wolfe.
Analysis and interpretation of data. Felson, Helmick, Arnold, Choi, Deyo, Gabriel, Hunder, Jordan, Katz, Maradit Kremers, Wolfe.
Manuscript preparation. Lawrence, Felson, Helmick, Arnold, Choi, Deyo, Gabriel, Hirsch, Hochberg, Hunder, Jordan, Katz, Maradit Kremers, Wolfe.
Statistical analysis. Helmick, Choi.
Project initiation and organization. Lawrence.
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- 3Radiological assessment of osteoarthrosis. Ann Rheum Dis 1957; 16: 494–501., .
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- 9Radiographically defined osteoarthritis of the hand and knee in young and middle-aged African-American and Caucasian women. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2000; 8: 69–77., , , .
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- 11Estimates of the prevalence of arthritis and selected musculoskeletal disorders in the United States. Arthritis Rheum 1998; 41: 778–99., , , , , , et al.
- 12The epidemiology of giant cell arteritis: report of a ten-year study in Shelby County, Tennessee. Arthritis Rheum 1983; 26: 1214–9., , .
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- 15The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of giant cell arteritis. Arthritis Rheum 1990; 33: 1122–8., , , , , , et al.
- 16Trends in the incidence of polymyalgia rheumatica over a 30 year period in Olmsted County, Minnesota, USA. J Rheumatol 2002; 29: 1694–7., , , , .
- 17Reappraisal of the epidemiology of giant cell arteritis in Olmsted County, Minnesota, over a 50-year period. Arthritis Rheum 2004; 51: 264–8., , , , .
- 18The epidemiology of biopsy-positive giant cell arteritis: special reference to cyclic fluctuations. Rheumatology (Oxford) 1999; 38: 1208–12., , , .
- 19The incidence of polymyalgia rheumatica and temporal arteritis in the county of Aust Agder, south Norway: a prospective study 1987–94. J Rheumatol 1997; 24: 1739–43., .
- 20Giant cell arteritis in Iceland: an epidemiologic and histopathologic analysis. Arthritis Rheum 1994; 37: 1007–12., , , .
- 21Epidemiology of biopsy proven giant cell arteritis in northwestern Spain: trend over an 18 year period. Ann Rheum Dis 2001; 60: 367–71., , , , .
- 22Preliminary criteria for the classification of the acute arthritis of primary gout. Arthritis Rheum 1977; 20: 895–900., , , , , .
- 23Purine-rich foods, dairy and protein intake, and the risk of gout in men. N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 1093–103., , , , .
- 24Gout and hyperuricemia. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 1990; 16: 539–50..
- 25Estimates of the prevalence of rheumatic diseases in the population of Tecumseh, Michigan, 1959–60. J Chronic Dis 1967; 20: 351–69., , , .
- 26Epidemiology of gout and hyperuricemia: a long-term population study. Am J Med 1967; 42: 27–37., , , .
- 27Gout in a New England town: a prevalence study in Sudbury, Massachusetts. Ann Rheum Dis 1972; 31: 166–9..
- 28Report of sub-committee on criteria for the diagnosis of gout in surveys. In: KellgrenJH, JeffreyMR, BallJF, editors. The epidemiology of chronic rheumatism. Vol. I. Philadelphia: FA Davis; 1963. p. 295–7., , .
- 29BennettPH, WoodPH, editors. Population studies of the rheumatic diseases. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica; 1968.
- 301996. National Center for Health Statistics. URL: www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/series/sr_10/sr10_200.pdf., , . Current estimates from the National Health Interview Survey,
- 31Increasing prevalence of gout and hyperuricemia over 10 years among older adults in a managed care population. J Rheumatol 2004; 31: 1582–7., , , .
- 32The association between gout and nephrolithiasis: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III, 1988–1994. Am J Kidney Dis 2002; 40: 37–42., .
- 33The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of fibromyalgia: report of the multicenter criteria committee. Arthritis Rheum 1990; 33: 160–72., , , , , , et al.
- 34Aspects of fibromyalgia in the general population: sex, pain threshold, and fibromyalgia symptoms. J Rheumatol 1995; 22: 151–6., , , .
- 35Evoked pain measures in fibromyalgia. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2003; 17: 593–609., , .
- 36Widespread pain: is an improved classification possible? J Rheumatol 1996; 23: 1628–32., , , .
- 37Fibromyalgia in systemic lupus erythematosus: prevalence and clinical implications. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2003; 25: 25–8., , .
- 38The prevalence and characteristics of fibromyalgia in the general population. Arthritis Rheum 1995; 38: 19–28., , , , .
- 39The London Fibromyalgia Epidemiology Study: the prevalence of fibromyalgia syndrome in London, Ontario. J Rheumatol 1999; 26: 1570–6., , , .
- 40The carpal tunnel syndrome: diagnostic utility of the history and physical examination findings. Ann Intern Med 1990; 112: 321–7., , , , , , et al.
- 41Association of occupational and non-occupational risk factors with the self-reported carpal tunnel syndrome in a national survey of the working population. Am J Ind Med 1997; 32: 550–6., , , .
- 42A self-administered hand symptom diagram for the diagnosis and epidemiologic study of carpal tunnel syndrome. J Rheumatol 1990; 17: 1495–8., , , , , .
- 43The association between different patterns of hand symptoms and objective evidence of median nerve compression: a community-based survey. Arthritis Rheum 1998; 41: 720–4., , , , .
- 44Prevalence of carpal tunnel syndrome in a general population. JAMA 1999; 282: 153–8., , , , , .
- 45Estimating the prevalence of delayed median nerve conduction in the general population. Br J Rheumatol 1998; 37: 630–5., , , , .
- 46Carpal tunnel syndrome: prevalence in the general population. J Clin Epidemiol 1992; 45: 373–76., , , , , .
- 47The US prevalence of self-reported carpal tunnel syndrome: 1988 National Health Interview Survey data. Am J Public Health 1994; 84: 1846–8., , , , , .
- 48Low back pain. N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 363–70., .
- 49Synopsis: workshop on idiopathic low back pain. Spine 1982; 7: 141–9., .
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- 51US Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy people 2010. 2nd ed. With: Understanding and improving health and objectives for improving health. 2 vols. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office; 2000.
- 52Survey of pain in the United States: the Nuprin pain report. Clin J Pain 1986; 2: 49–53..
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- 57Factors associated with self-reported back pain prevalence: a population-based study. J Chronic Dis 1985; 38: 691–702., .
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- 64Current estimates from the National Health Interview Survey, 1998. Vital Health Stat 10 1989; 173: 1–250., .
- 65Current estimates from the National Health Interview Survey, 1992. Vital Health Stat 10 1994; 189: 1–269., .


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Talk:List of fictional rodents
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Add Dates[edit]
If someone knows how to add a column for the date, and add dates (where known), it would be mor complete.
Add Characters[edit]
Why is Splinter from Ninja Turtles not mentioned as one of the positive portrayals of rats in culture? There was an entire decade when "Splinter" was the #1 most popular name for pet rats just because of that character!
Also the main character for the film Ratatouille??? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 188.8.131.52 (talk) 12:36, 12 April 2012 (UTC)
- If you feel some characters should be added, please feel free to add them! Ncboy2010 (talk) 11:39, 20 June 2012 (UTC)
Stuart little?? GM1 (talk) 17:51, 2 January 2014 (UTC)
Moved from List of fictional animals (other)[edit]
please add these where appropriate and remove from this list, thanks. Ncboy2010 (talk) 22:48, 2 February 2012 (UTC)
Cavies (guinea pigs, etc.)[edit]
- Hooper in PBS Kids Preschool Block Interstitial program
- Linny, a guinea pig in Wonder Pets
- Olga da Polga, a guinea pig from Michael Bond's The Tales of Olga da Polga
- Samson Clogmayer, a guinea pig in Camp Lazlo
- Speak, a pet capybara in The Tick
- Alvin, Simon, and Theodore Seville from Alvin and the Chipmunks
- Chip 'n Dale, chipmunks
- Giggles, a chipmunk in Happy Tree Friends
- The Chipettes, Alvin and the Chipmunks' sweethearts in Alvin and the Chipmunks
- Titana, the chipmunk from the Jewelpet series by Sanrio, he is based on Titanite
- Goofy Gophers from Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies
- Gopher, a gopher in Disney's The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh and sequels
- Gordon the Gopher from the CBBC show, The Broom Cupboard.
- Amelie, who is based on Amethyst, is a hamster from the Jewelpet series by Sanrio
- Ebichu, a hamster in the anime show, Oruchuban Ebichu
- Hamtaro - A hamster from Hamtaro
- Penfold, a hamster in Danger Mouse
- Flaky, a porcupine in Happy Tree Friends
- Ikki, a porcupine from The Second Jungle Book by Rudyard Kipling
- Porcupine, from Franklin
- Porky Pine, in the comic strip Pogo by Walt Kelly
- Colonel K, a chinchilla in Danger Mouse
Main paragraph[edit]
I think that the explanation on mice and rats is too trivial and sounds more like opinions than facts. Besides those lists concern single characters not multitudes of those species. Suggestion: Remove information. Deltasim (talk) 12:28, 2 September 2014 (UTC)
- I think the expanded lede is a step in the right direction, but I agree that it is disorganized and perhaps over-filled with trivial details. I would recommend reworking and expanding it. The lede is intended to give a brief summary of the topic and this in turn demonstrates the notability of the list article, guaranteeing its survival at AfD. Because this is a list article the topic to be demonstrated as notable is "fictional rodents". So characteristics of the fictional rodent figure are correctly highlighted in the current version of the lede, however the sourcing that is used isn't great. Specific facts about specific fictional rodents are sourced (e.g. Mickey Mouse was a success for Disney, James Herbert's 'The Rats' is a story about rats eating a vagrant, etc.) but the sources are limited to the narrow claim and do not cover the broader topic of this article: the fictional rodent. In other words there is little or no context in the sources and we need contextual sourcing to summarize and demonstrate notability of the topic as a whole. How does the fictional mouse or rat fit into society? Are rats loathed in many cultures? Let's source that fact. Are mice less menacing and more appealing? Let's source it. What about the other rodents? How has the character of the fictional rodent differed across cultures and changed in time? I would use the lede for list of fictional badgers as a model. It's not perfect, but I think it exemplifies the basic idea we should be shooting for. -Thibbs (talk) 13:15, 2 September 2014 (UTC)
- List-Class mammal articles
- Low-importance mammal articles
- List-Class Pocket pets articles
- Unknown-importance Pocket pets articles
- Pocket pets work group articles
- WikiProject Mammals articles
- List-Class Popular Culture articles
- Low-importance Popular Culture articles
- WikiProject Popular Culture articles
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- WikiProject Fictional characters articles
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Agricultural expansion and intensification are currently among the main causes of decline in global biodiversity and ecosystem services (Phalan et al. 2013). However, large areas of agriculture will continue to be a key feature of our landscapes as the human population expands (Godfray et al. 2010). These cultivated landscapes can contribute to the persistence of biodiversity and delivery of ecosystem services, but appropriate, active management is required to achieve this (Garnett et al. 2013; Melo et al. 2013).
Successful management of biodiversity and ecological processes in tropical agricultural landscapes is especially important. Tropical landscapes are often particularly bio-diverse, highly productive for cultivation, and influence ecological functions and services on a global scale (Balmford and Whitten 2003). While primary forests are critically important for conserving tropical biodiversity and ecosystem functions (Gibson et al. 2011) and once-logged forests in Southeast Asia also have high conservation value (Edwards et al. 2011; Slade et al. 2011), focussing on these habitats alone is not sufficient. The area of land dedicated to crops or livestock is much greater than that in reserves or unmodified by humans (Ellis and Ramankutty 2008), and the landscapes surrounding protected areas may strongly influence their success (Laurance et al. 2012). Moreover, modified agricultural landscapes can also be an important habitat in their own right (Mendenhall et al. 2012).
Retaining areas of native vegetation along rivers can help maintain biodiversity and ecological functions within agricultural areas. These linear forest fragments are called riparian strips, buffer zones, stream management zones, or riparian reserves (the latter is used in Malaysia and hence in this paper). They are primarily retained because riparian forest reduces run-off into streams, improving water quality, and benefitting aquatic fauna (Sweeney et al. 2004; Mayer et al. 2007). Riparian reserves are also able to support forest-dependent communities of many terrestrial taxa, including birds, small mammals, and amphibians (Marczak et al. 2010). They are generally well protected legally and are a common feature of many agricultural landscapes (Lee et al. 2004; Barlow et al. 2010b), so offer a feasible, realistic option to improve biodiversity within cultivated areas.
Nevertheless, the ecological roles of riparian reserves remain poorly understood, particularly in Southeast Asia. The majority of existing studies on riparian reserves focus on temperate regions, and particularly on bird species (see Marczak et al. 2010 for a review). To our knowledge, there are only 15 studies in tropical regions that evaluate the ecological characteristics of existing riparian reserves, all of which focus on the neotropics or north-western Australia (Hill 1995; Laurance and Laurance 1999; de Lima and Gascon 1999; Graham and Blake 2001; Galindo-González and Sosa 2003; Harvey et al. 2006; Medina et al. 2007; Gillies and St. Clair 2008, 2010; Lees and Peres 2008; Barlow et al. 2010b; Norris and Michalski 2010; Rodríguez-Mendoza and Pineda 2010; Gillies et al. 2011; Viegas et al. 2014).
Here, we investigate the ecological impact of riparian reserves in the oil palm plantations of Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. Palm oil is now the world's primary vegetable oil, a major biofuel feedstock, and a component in many household products (Fitzherbert et al. 2008). Global annual production of palm oil more than doubled between 1970 and 2010, with over 80% of the total now produced by Malaysia and Indonesia (FAO 2014). Production in Southeast Asia is still increasing and oil palm plantations are also likely to expand in west Africa and Amazonia (Butler and Laurance 2010; Foster et al. 2011). Establishing successful conservation strategies in oil palm areas therefore has implications for landscapes across the world.
We chose dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) as a focal group to assess the conservation value of the riparian reserves. Dung beetles are described as a "high performance indicator" for tropical regions: their community metrics vary with habitat disturbance or fragmentation, they show congruency with several other taxa, and are low-cost to survey (Gardner et al. 2008; Nichols and Gardner 2011). Dung beetles also provide important ecological functions such as dung removal and bioturbation (Nichols et al. 2008), which are of wider significance to entire ecosystems.
Here, we assess whether riparian reserves support dung beetle communities and dung removal rates characteristic of larger areas of forest. We examine how the structure of riparian reserves could be managed to improve the extent to which they retain communities similar to those in logged forest. We also ask whether riparian reserves enhance the provision of dung removal services to the surrounding oil palm areas.


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Some people would say that this is actually the highest resort in Europe, but its lifts don't quite manage the same reach towards the sky as Tignes. Having said that, Val Thorens' highest lift is 3,200 metres and it's the setting of the village that's the highest in Europe, standing at 2,300 metres. Like most resorts in the Three Valleys area, some of Val Thoren's accommodation is ski-in/ski-out. If you'd like to take advantage of this, then you'll look to book your stay at Le Sherpa, which is roomy and comfortable for all the family.
The benefits of ski-in/ski-out lodging are fairly obvious, as it means that you don't have to spend much - if any - time walking around carrying your skis and other essential gear. Simply give yourself a nudge out the door and off you go towards the lifts and up to the top of the slopes. the ski-in/ski-out chalet.
It's a particular hot spot for those who enjoy taking their holidays off-piste and onto terrain that others simply find daunting. As a place that's known for having friendly locals and instructors, you'll notice the difference yourself, as it can be subtly encouraging - enough to take on the dizzying heights of the slopes that aren't open to those who are merely beginners. Val Thorens also tends to be cheaper than some of its other counterpart resorts, which is great considering the appeal of its slopes and the fact that it's the highest mountain range in Europe.
What's even better about the conditions in Val Thorens, is that the cold and dry climate at the top of the mountain provides some of the lightest powder snow you're likely to see anywhere. Due to this, the resort's season often runs as late as May, meaning that it's a popular choice for those who like to go on holiday with the family, over bank holidays and before the summer kicks in.
The Val Thorens website says that out of all the freeriding competitions and festivals there are, Poederbaas is "where experiences are created". This is because the festival is created by people who are passionate about freeriding and have been competitors in events throughout the world. The whole event is about celebrating the amazing natural terrain that are found across the mountainsides of the French Alps.
Anyone who is an enthusiast of snowsports, and in particular of freeriding, will know that the alpine region is perfect for showcasing their skill and flair on the slopes, which is exactly what you'll see when you attend this event. The rules are simple, each competitor takes their turn and the best run down the mountain wins.
This is a snowsports event with a difference that combines the surroundings of the French Alps with the Six Nations Rugby season. Each of the teams will be a mix of amateurs and professionals, with each resort benefitting from two ex-rugby players. However, it's not all about the rugby, as each team has to complete a slalom ski run and they'll need to hold a rugby ball instead of ski poles - just to make things a bit more difficult. Of course, this will also make for more interesting viewing for those attending the event!
If you fancy dropping by to watch the action of the tournament, you'll be pleased to know that entry is free for you to cheer on the players. It's a great way to spend time with the family during your ski holiday, particularly if your legs are tired after a couple of days of taking to the slopes.
For this reason, it usually means that you'll have to get up early, in order to beat the rest of the crowds and start the day the way you mean to continue. On Wednesday 10th February you can take part in The Early Ski in Val Thorens, an event that will see you at the top of the three valleys. It's one of the most beautiful views that you will come across in the area and it will remain virtually unspoiled until you hurtle down the hill.
You'll be able to join in the fun by meeting at 8am at the Funitel Peclet, from there you'll head up the mountain with the ski patrol and watch how the experts attend to the mountainside. The event is run by Magic in Motion and if you want to take part, you'll need to book ahead on the Magic Website as places are limited and it's an unsurprisingly popular activity.
For your rental at Val Thorens, Skiset takes care of everything. Reservation is quick and easy. We pass your order on to the shop in Val Thorens resort who will prepare your order in advance. Whether you want to order skis or a snowboard, we offer both adult and child packs. Skiset is made up of 800 rental shops in 400 resorts in Europe and the USA, so there's bound to be one near to your accommodation at Val Thorens
At Skiset you will be welcomed by professionals who are passionate about the mountains. Renowned skiers or instructors of Val Thorens resort, our advisors are best able to advise you according to your preferences, your level and also the snow conditions in Val Thorens resort. Located in the most convenient areas of Val Thorens resort, our shops are dedicated to the enjoyment of skiing. Depending on the range of equipment you choose to hire, you may also change your skis or try a snowboard during your stay at Val Thorens
An accompaniment to all events and to the preparation of skiers, that's the Skiset mindset.
If you liked Val Thorens, you may like our European resorts:
St Anton, Alpe d'Huez, Arc 1800, Arc 2000, Avoriaz, Belle Plagne, Chamonix, Courchevel 1850, Flaine, Les Deux Alpes, Méribel Centre, Méribel Mottaret, Morzine, Obergurgl, Saas Fee, Tignes, Val d'Isère, Val Thorens, Verbier, Zermatt
For almost 20 years Skiset have been equipping skiers, thanks to its teams of professionals in European and North American ski resorts. Hiring ski equipment is quick and easy in Val Thorens resort
Choose your closest Skiset shop in Val Thorens by using our resort map and then select the dates of your stay. Then choose your material from the array of state of the art skis and snowboards on offer, let us know your address and then pay.


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ADD/ADHD Act Out
When my ADD/ADHD child acts out at school...
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Kirk Wood
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31 of 32 people found the following review helpful
Excellent intro to basic design principles!,
This review is from: The Non-Designer's Design Book (3rd Edition) (Paperback)
I started reading this book yesterday afternoon because I wanted to spruce up my business card. The author's introduction & explanation to basic design principles was clear, easy to understand, & illustrated with plenty of visual examples. I've always been a hobbyist designer, initially relying on MS Publisher templates to put things together but then gradually started making my own designs from scratch over the years, so I thought my initial design for my business card was pretty good. But as I read through this book, the author gave several examples of amateur mistakes, many of which I was guilty of. But then the author also gave examples of how to fix these mistakes by employing the design principles she explains. This is probably one of the most useful books I've ever purchased!
Review Details
Location: Japan
Top Reviewer Ranking: 37,543,571


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What Would Jesus Deconstruct?: The Good News of Postmodernism for the Churchby John D. Caputo
View All Available Formats & Editions
Pub. Date: 11/01/2007
Publisher: Baker Publishing Group
This provocative addition to The Church and Postmodern Culture series offers a lively rereading of Charles Sheldon's In His Steps as a constructive way forward. John D. Caputo introduces the notion of why the church needs deconstruction, positively defines deconstruction's role in renewal, deconstructs idols of the church, and imagines the future of the church in addressing the practical implications of this for the church's life through liturgy, worship, preaching, and teaching. Students of philosophy, theology, religion, and ministry, as well as others interested in engaging postmodernism and the emerging church phenomenon, will welcome this provocative, non-technical work.
Product Details
- 9780801031366
- Publisher:
- Baker Publishing Group
- Publication date:
- 11/01/2007
- Series:
- Church and Postmodern Culture Series
- Pages:
- 160
- Sales rank:
- 842,829
- Product dimensions:
- 5.50(w) x 8.50(h) x 0.37(d)
Table of Contents1. In His Steps-A Postmodern Edition
2. Spiritual Journeys, Postmodern Paths
3. A Prayer for the Impossible: A Catechumen's Guide to Deconstruction
4. Jesus, the Theo-Poetics of the Kingdom, and Praxis
5. What Would Jesus Deconstruct? Or, Whatever Happened to the Sermon on the Mount?
6. The Working Church: Notes on the Future
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UCLA coach Ben Howland intimated that forward Reeves Nelson would not be entering the NBA draft this year.
"I think Reeves is coming back," Howland said. "That's what we discussed."
That comes as good news for the Bruins, who lost Tyler Honeycutt Monday and may lose Malcolm Lee. Honeycutt entered the NBA draft and will hire and agent, thus ending his college career. Lee also entered the draft but will not hire an agent, thus reserving the right to withdraw from the NBA draft and retain his college eligibility by May 8.
Nelson, a 6-8 sophomore power forward, was the team's leading scorer and rebounder last season. He averaged 13.9 points and 7.1 points per game and is considered a pro prospect, though is not projected to be drafted this season in most mock drafts.
He is an integral part of an excellent front court at UCLA, teaming with 6-10 freshman center Joshua Smith to cause many problems inside for opponents. That front court is expected to become even more formidable with the addition of North Carolina transfers David and Travis Wear, 6-10 twins who sat out this season because of NCAA transfer rules.


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Your booking history - Print Voucher and Receipt.
Enjoy the perfect golfing experience with a round of 18-holes at the world-class Siam Country Club Course (Choose from: Siam Old Course, Siam Plantation or Siam Waterside). This offer includes green fee, round-trip transfer and Caddy fees.
Enjoy daily buffet breakfast.
Receive a 45-minute Traditional Foot Massage at Breeze Spa to help release muscle tension and boost organ function through the use of reflexology technique. (Not applicable to child 12 years old and under)
Welcome Drink upon arrival & Welcome Fruit in-room.
Complimentary Wifi Internet access in room for entire stay.
20% discount on Food & Beverage (Excludes Room Service and Minibar).
Keep your room up until 16:00 hrs on departure day.
Want to tee-off at the world class Siam Country Club ? Here's the perfect package. Simply choose where you want to play your round - Siam Old Course, Siam Plantation or Siam Waterside - and we'll take care of the green fees and caddy fees as well as transfers to and from our resort. You'll also enjoy a free room upgrade, 45-minute foot massage, daily breakfast and many other great benefits when you book this offer. Don't delay, book now!


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Heidi Klum
Heidi Klum in MOTHER The Looker in Graffiti Girl
Heidi Klum posed for photos while attending the NRL Season Launch in Auckland, New Zealand. Heidi wore a pair of MOTHER The Looker skinny jeans in Graffiti Girl with a white blouse and white heels.
Heidi looks amazing in everything that she wears but I love the fit of these on her and think they hit her at a really flattering spot. I also like how the wash along the ankle has some more distressing and whiskering, it is a nice detail. You can buy MOTHER online from Shopbop.com.
Heidi Klum in R13 Skinny in Black Marble w/ Rip
Heidi Klum was all smiles as she arrived into Australia at the Sydney Airport. The supermodel wore a pair of the R13 Skinny Jeans in Black Marble w/ Rip with a two tone blazer and simple black pumps.
We haven't seen Heidi embrace the high rise jeans yet. R13 has an amazing pair that will for sure look amazing on her. I hope to see her in those next because I am sure she will style them perfectly as well. You can click here to purchase R13 from SHOPBOP.
Images Courtesy of INFPhoto.com
Heidi Klum in Citizens of Humanity Racer Skinny in Folklore
Heidi Klum was spotted making her way to the hairdresser in West Hollywood, California. The supermodel chose her Citizens of Humanity Racer Skinny in Folklore with a Saint Laurent t shirt and boots.
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Heidi Klum in MOTHER Denim The Looker Ankle Fray
Heidi Klum was spotted arriving at her children's soccer game in Brentwood, California. The supermodel wore a pair of the MOTHER Denim The Looker Ankle Fray in Welcome to Paradise with grey suede ankle boots and a plaid shirt.
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Images Courtesy of WENN.com


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Curious about the newer model? Check out the 2016 Mercedes-Benz G-Class
By KBB.com Editors
KBB Expert Rating: 6.0
One word best describes the Mercedes-Benz G-Class: extreme. Fit for use as a military vehicle, the 2014 G-Class is among the most capable SUVs ever created. Affectionately called the "G-Wagen," from the German Gelandewagen ("cross-country car"), it is rugged to the max, boasting three locking differentials and the ability to climb or descend an incredible 80-percent incline. Inside, though, Mercedes' ultimate off-roader is as luxurious as you'd expect for an SUV costing over $115,000. Like the Range Rover or a high-end Porsche Cayenne, most buyers will never use their G-Wagen to a fraction of its capabilities. But such rationale matters little. For this elite set, the reason to own a Mercedes G is much like the vehicle itself: It's all about being extreme.
If you want an ultra-tough yet lavish 5-passenger SUV with disregard to fuel efficiency or price, the Mercedes-Benz G550 or the even more exorbitant G63 AMG version is ready to command your – and everyone else's – attention.
If sedan-like comfort or combined fuel economy greater than 13 mpg are motivating factors in your purchase, the G-Class's overall excess will pose a conflict. An Audi Q5, Mercedes M-Class or BMW X5 offers kinder road manners and better fuel economy (especially diesel models) at less than half the cost.
No major changes have been made to the 2014 Mercedes G-Wagen after it received a new interior and an enhanced exterior last year.
By its rough and rugged looks alone you can accurately surmise that the 2014 Mercedes-Benz G550 SUV isn't a corner-carver. Its raised center of gravity and weight in excess of...
... 5,500 pounds disqualify this ultra-premium SUV from turning on a dime, though its steering and brake feel are refined and of top-quality. For its bulk, the G-Wagen is surprisingly quick in a straight line. Its V8 engine enables the G550 to hit 60 mph in about six seconds, while the twin-turbocharged version in the AMG version launches the G63 to that mark in an estimated 5.3 seconds. In highway and around-town driving the G-Class feels easier to manage than you might expect. Though it's far more likely to roam Beverly Hills, where the G-Class truly excels is far off the beaten path. Few owners will use it as thus, but the G-Class remains an extremely formidable off-road machine.
Whether you're navigating the urban jungle or a real one, the front seats in the Mercedes-Benz G550 and G63 AMG make an excellent command center. They offer versatile adjustment options and a firm grip.
If you're already willing to spend the $115,000 it takes to get into a G-Wagen, what's another $20,000 and change? Step up and you'll get a voracious biturbo V8 that makes 536 horsepower and 561 lb-ft of torque, vs. the 382/391 figures of the naturally aspirated model.
Though brutish on the outside, the G-Class's interior is another story. This is still a Mercedes, after all, and a 6-figure one at that. Its cabin is almost entirely handcrafted and features premium leather that covers the seats and dash. Polished wood and chrome accents abound. Controls are a fine mix of utilitarian (the three prominent locking-differential buttons displayed front and center) and elegant (a crisp, 7-inch tablet-style command screen). The G's squared shape means headroom is practically unlimited, but taller occupants may wish for more legroom. Cargo capacity is generous: over 45 cubic feet behind the 2nd-row seats and nearly 80 with them folded.
While even Range Rovers have softened their lines over the years, the latest Mercedes-Benz G-Class retains the boxy, upright look that has made it recognizable for decades. Aerodynamic it's not, but the G-Wagen's design is honest, masculine and pragmatic thanks to the interior roominess it affords. At just 184.5 inches long, the G is actually shorter than the Mercedes M-Class SUV. Last year's updates that included LED daytime running lights, electrically folding mirrors and a fresh grille for the AMG version add touches of modern, but for the most part the G remains the boxy beast it's always been. You're likely to either be enthralled or repelled by its machismo.
Both the G550 and the even more loaded G63 are stuffed with amenities and capability. Included in each model are leather and wood interior, navigation, rearview camera and 12-speaker/450-watt harman/kardon AM/FM/CD/DVD audio system with HD Radio, Bluetooth audio streaming and USB input. Other features include heated and cooled front seats, heated rear seats, and power-folding side mirrors. AMG models add richer designo leather, 20-inch wheels, high-performance brakes and sport exhaust pipes that peek out the sides. Enabling the G-Wagen's off-road prowess are permanent all-wheel drive with a 2-speed transfer case and three lockable differentials (center, rear and front).
The 2014 G-Class is stuffed to the gills in standard form, and being a low-volume vehicle it doesn't have the usual list of options and packages like most other Mercedes-Benz vehicles. Customers who want further exclusivity can get it with Mercedes' designo selection of exterior color schemes and interior trims. Also available are subscriptions to mbrace, Mercedes' suite of mobile apps, concierge and other services.
Two V8 engine choices are available in the 2014 G-Class. The G550 uses a naturally aspirated (non-turbo) 5.5-liter V8 that makes a robust 382 horsepower, while the G63 AMG ups the ante with a twin-turbocharged version that makes a thundering 536 horsepower. Both models feature permanent all-wheel drive and use a 7-speed automatic transmission with paddle shifters for those who want control of shift points. The AMG version features an Eco Start/Stop function, which cuts the engine at idle to save fuel. Both models of the G-Class are rated to return just 13 mpg combined and use premium gasoline. Towing capacity for both models is commendable at 7,000 pounds.
5.5-liter V8
382 horsepower @ 6,000 rpm
391 lb-ft of torque @2,800-4800 rpm
EPA city/highway fuel economy: 12/15 mpg
5.5-liter twin-turbocharged V8
536 horsepower @ 5,500 rpm
561 lb-ft of torque @ 2,000-5,000 rpm
EPA city/highway fuel economy: 12/14 mpg
To compare current market prices, check out KBB.com's car classifieds to view the new and used Mercedes-Benz G-Class vehicles for sale near you.
Based on 48 Ratings for the 2002 - 2016 models.Review this car
By BENZ on Sunday, May 8, 2016
I own this car - My approximate mileage is 124,000overall rating 9 of 10rating details
Pros: "BEST TRUCK EVER...no other truck is in it's league"
Cons: "Could be more cup holders"
Likely to recommend this car? (1-10): 10
"I have a 2004 with 124000 miles. It is the best truck Ive ever owned. In the past I owned a range rover and an escalade. The style is timeless and classic, EVERYONE admires the look of this truck. The interior is spacious (high ceiling and huge trunk space). This truck resale vale is the highest you will find. It is a perfect family truck for vacation. It is also the perfect truck to style and be boss in. I purchased an extended warranty since the mileage was getting high, there have been small issues but nothing serious. I will trade this truck in a year but you better believe my next truck will be a Gwagon."
6 people out of 10 found this review helpful
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By nal13 on Wednesday, January 6, 2016
I own this car - My approximate mileage is 2,000overall rating 10 of 10rating details
Pros: "Nothing like it, Amazing resale value"
Cons: "None"
Likely to recommend this car? (1-10): 10
"This is my second G. I bought my first new in 2004 and traded it in two months ago for a new 2015. The last one had just under 100K miles and it was always a rock solid car. This was/is the families work horse!!! It goes through any weather and is the only Mercedes still built like the old S class tanks from the 80's. It is a vault!!! At the same time its the car that the valet will keep in front of the restuarant. This is a special car. There is no other way to put it. Its hand made and its just down right awesome. It may not be the quickest, or the most tech savoy, but there is nothing else there quite like it. It has a charm that no other vehicle can match. Furthermore the resale value is second to none. After 11 years and nearly 100K miles, I recieved more then 50% of the initial purchase price in a trade in. I probably could have gotten another 5K for a private party sale. I plan on keeping this one for another 10 years and I highly recommend this vehicle."
9 people out of 12 found this review helpful
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By azkaki on Tuesday, December 23, 2014
I owned and sold this car
Reason: maintenace
Pros: "Absolute power, great retro look, tank like build"
Cons: "uncomfortable, high maintenance bills"
Likely to recommend this car? (1-10): 7
"I had this car for 6 years before I sold it. I can easily say it tops the list as one of the most powerful SUV's I have driven. It is based on a 30 year old design, but I think they follow the motto that goes: "if it ain't broken, don't fix it". Engine sounds like a beast, and that is exactly how the car drives too. Absolutely stable for such a car of its size, that is also shaped like a brick. Handling is surprisingly good, but the sell off is here. It is built like a tank, and is as uncomfortable as one. The suspension is so stiff, you will feel like you worked out after long drives. This car is very uncomfortable, don't let the Benz badge misguide you other wise. The final painful part that pushed me to sell was the post warranty maintenance. You will see some bills that are relevant to the price of this car. Don't be shocked to get $5000 bills. I had to fix AC, Supercharger, and coils, the bills stacked up and it just made sense to sell the car than keep paying."
73 people out of 116 found this review helpful
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By agla on Friday, July 25, 2014
I own this car - My approximate mileage is 90,000overall rating 10 of 10rating details
Pros: "go any where, pull the boat, look"
Cons: "paint job"
Likely to recommend this car? (1-10): 10
"This is the 3rd G-wagen I have: 1994, 2004, 2009 G55AMG. Total mileage I had on 1994 - 120000 mi, 2004 - 212000 mi and on 2009 now is about 100000 mi. Only minor problems. This is really one of the most reliable and fun to drive truck."
26 people out of 52 found this review helpful
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By The Safe Money on Thursday, July 3, 2014
I own this car - My approximate mileage is 120,000overall rating 9 of 10rating details
Pros: "Performance, Style, Fun, Unique, great off-road"
Cons: "price, window regulators fail, ac weak in back"
Likely to recommend this car? (1-10): 9
"I have a 2002 G wagon that I am just now finally going to be allowed to be pried away from me in order to get a newer one. The vehicle is among the most fun and satisfying to drive of any I have ever owned (a dozen plus cars so far) and I have kept it longer. Why? - Go anywhere, anytime any weather confidence in a vehicle that is perfectly acceptable for business meetings as well - Feels different from any other car I've driven, more solid and capable, and decent handling and pickup considering that its a massive SUV weighing over $5K pounds - Overall quality and reliability has been excellent, I have 120K miles on it with nothing more than regular dealer maintenance, no major failures - More capable off road with stock rims and tires than my friend's "built" off road vehicles - Distinct from all the other cookie cutter SUV's out there and UNLIKE a new rover, Escladade or GL is actually a hard-core off road vehicle - one trip on rough road in the others will blow out your poncey air suspension (speaking from experience) CONS - Rear AC is mediocre - looks bigger outside than it is inside but still big enough, I'm a size 3xl - Window regulators are a weak spot and often break, not ok in a $100K car - the G's don't get the state of the art electronics that the S and GL class do - this is stupid on the part of Mercedes HOW TO BUY By a used one (ideally a lease return) from the Benz dealer that qualifies for "certified" status then pay for the extra FACTORY (not aftermarket) warranty that adds up to 3 years and UNLiMITED MILES to the originally warranty, this both saves you 30% on the price of a new one and gets you a perfect car with a better than new car warranty. I'm VERY picky about what I buy and Mercedes has beautiful lease return cars that have been driven gently all the time - the smartest option dollar for dollar on any MB car."
20 people out of 33 found this review helpful
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By Dude on Wednesday, October 23, 2013
I own this car - My approximate mileage is 5,500overall rating 7 of 10rating details
Pros: "Fun to drive, great off road"
Cons: "lack of cup holders, needs more back seat room"
Likely to recommend this car? (1-10): 10
"Great to drive, capable on any surface. I have the factory towing package and it pulls like my F350 when loaded below 7,000lbs. Great sound, great heritage rough but refined."
15 people out of 26 found this review helpful
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Mankato Robbery Sentencing
An Austin man accused of assaulting a woman in Mankato in late January and then robbing a man on the street before leading police on a high-speed car chase was sentenced to a year in …20 Apr 13
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An Austin man accused of assaulting a woman in Mankato in late January and then robbing a man on the street before leading police on a high-speed car chase was sentenced to a year in …20 Apr 13
The employees of a meat-processing plant in St. James have filed a lawsuit against the company over allegations they weren't paid for all the hours they worked. The complaint says that workers at Armor Eckrich …20 Apr 13
From $3 more for a driver's license to higher charges for water usage, hundreds of millions of dollars in fee increases are strewn throughout the budget bills starting to pass at the Capitol. Minnesota House …20 Apr 13
The snowy and icy conditions on Minnesota roadways on Thursday are being blamed for multiple car crashes, including several in the local area. On Highway 71 in Renville County an armored truck hit a semi …19 Apr 13
Investigators have determined that a fire that destroyed a home in Clements last week started in the chimney of the house. Firefighters from Clements and Wanda battled the blaze for several hours last Wednesday, but …19 Apr 13
A rural North Mankato couple accused of starving their 8-year-old adopted son have had their parental rights terminated by a Nicollet County judge. Judge Todd Westphal says he's not convinced Mona and Russell Hauer intended …19 Apr 13
Minnesota health officials have confirmed two more flu-related deaths, bringing the state's influenza death toll to 190 so far this season. The flu season continues to wind down in Minnesota, however, with no nursing homes …19 Apr 13
New data is showing the first major improvement in Minnesota's drought situation since last fall. An updated map from the US Drought Monitor released Thursday rates two-thirds of Minnesota as still being in drought. But …19 Apr 13


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Food Oils and Fats: Technology, Utilization and Nutrition / Edition 1by H.W. Lawson
View All Available Formats & Editions
Pub. Date: 10/08/2014
Publisher: Springer US
This basic reference provides comprehensive and detailed coverage of food oils and fats in a practical, howto format. The book integrates all aspects of food oils and fats from chemistry to food processing to nutrition. Three indepth sections discuss sources; physical and chemical properties, and processing; manufacturing techniques such as deep frying, griddling, and baking; products such as salad dressings, butter, and dairy product substitutes; the latest analytical and sensory evaluation techniques; flavor control, and nutrition. The book features the latest information on flavor measurement and alteration, product development and costeffective use of oils and fats in production.
Product Details
- 9781441947376
- Publisher:
- Springer US
- Publication date:
- 10/08/2014
- Edition description:
- Softcover reprint of hardcover 1st ed. 1995
- Pages:
- 340
- Product dimensions:
- 5.98(w) x 9.02(h) x 0.03(d)
Table of ContentsDefinitions And Overview. The Basic Chemistry of Oils and Fats. Common Chemical Reactions. Physical Properties. Sources of Oils and Fats. Processing Technology. Deep Fat Frying . Griddling and Pan Frying. Salad/Cooking Oil Usage. Baking Technology (Including Icings for Baked Goods). Doughnut Technology. Other Large Commercial Uses. Nutritional Aspects of Oils and Fats. Analytical Methods for Oils and Fats. Food Product Development. Flavor. Index
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Custom Draperies, Valances, Blinds At Burnside Flooring and Specialties, we believe it is our people that really make the difference. Our staff has over 100 yeaMore
$1 mil. - $5 mil.in Revenue
10 - 20EmployeesContact people at this company
& Specialties 31 Sterns Court Burnside Industrial ParkDartmouthNova ScotiaB3B 1W7Canadaview map
(902) 468-3111
Enterprise_Iteration-NT.1545[01] SEIDXWK-31