text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Dec 1, 1998
|Filing date
|May 1, 1997
|Priority date
|Apr 28, 1995
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Mark W. Grenfell, Richard M. Flynn, Patricia M. Savu
|Original Assignee
|Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (25), Non-Patent Citations (4), Referenced by (2), Classifications (29), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This is a division of application Ser. No. 08/646,154 filed May 7, 1996, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,532,310, which is a division of application Ser. No. 08/430,556 filed Apr. 28, 1995, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,560,888.
This invention relates to the preparation of dispersions of fluoropolymers. More particularly, it relates to the preparation of stable fluid dispersions of polytetrafluoroethylene wherein the continuous phase includes a perfluorinated, chlorine-free liquid. In another aspect, the present invention relates to fluoropolymer-coated articles manufactured using a stable fluoropolymer dispersion wherein the continuous phase includes an inert perfluorinated liquid. In yet another aspect, this invention relates to the preparation of an emulsion of a perfluorinated liquid and a polar solvent.
Polytetrafluoroethylene, sometimes referred to as PTFE, is a widely available and widely useful fluoropolymer employed in a variety of applications such as a dry lubricant in the manufacture of, for example, medical hardware equipment, as a release agent, and as an industrial thickener. Polytetrafluoroethylene dispersed in a suitable solvent system may be applied onto a selected object or substrate by any number of known industrial coating processes. Dip coating, spray coating, and spin disk coating are among the application methods most useful to coat polytetrafluoroethylene. In accordance with these coating methods, a substrate or object to be coated with a fluoropolymer is exposed to the dispersed fluoropolymer, either by dipping the object or substrate directly into the dispersion, by spraying the dispersion onto the object or substrate, or by using centrifugal force to distribute the fluoropolymer about a spinning platform. The solvent or solvents used to create the dispersion are then removed, e.g. by ambient evaporation or by baking, leaving an even fluoropolymer coat. For a detailed description of these coating methods, see Stanley C. Zink, Coating Processes, 6 Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology 386-426 (3d ed. 1979) (detailing methods of dip and spray coating) and U.S. Pat. No. 4,587,139 (describing spin disk coating).
Some dispersions useful for coating processes are commercially available. Generally, these dispersions contain between twenty and thirty weight percent solid polytetrafluoroethylene in a liquid phase solvent system containing one or more organic solvents or water. A commercially available dispersion of this type is DuPont Vydax™ Fluorotelomer Dispersion, a low molecular weight polytetrafluoroethylene dispersed in water or isopropanol. For use in coating applications, these dispersions are most often diluted with a suitable solvent to between one and three weight percent solids prior to processing.
Prior to the phase-out of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) mandated by the Montreal Protocol, many commercially available fluoropolymer dispersions were dispersed in CFC-113 (1,1,2-trichlorotrifluoroethane) as this fluid, apart from its environmental impact, is remarkably well adapted to process conditions; it is highly volatile, is extremely inert, is both nontoxic and nonflammable, and is highly compatible with a wide range of materials. CFC-113, for example, boils at 47� C.
Currently available commercial dispersions, such as DuPont's Vydax™ Fluorotelomer Dispersion line, are sold in either isopropanol or water and are more poorly adapted to easy industrial use. Since both isopropanol and water are relatively nonvolatile (with boiling points of 82� C. and 100� C. respectively at standard pressure), fully diluted dispersions in these liquids can result in uneven coating due to their slow evaporative rates. Additionally, isopropanol-containing dispersions are flammable, and water containing dispersions can corrode ferrous metal substrates.
As a partial solution to the problems of incorporating water- and isopropanol-based PTFE dispersions into coating applications, some commercial manufacturers employ various hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) alone and in combination with perfluorocarbons (PFCs) as preprocessing diluents for isopropanol- and water-based commercial dispersions. Although HCFCs possess the advantages of higher volatility and better solvency with a wider range of materials (HCFC 141b, for example, has a boiling point of only 32� C.), because of their high solvency, they often degrade polymeric substrates and because they contain chlorine, they contribute to stratospheric ozone depletion and are also scheduled for phase-out by the Montreal Protocol. PFCs are, like HCFCs, highly volatile, nontoxic, and nonflammable. But unlike HCFCs, PFCs are chemically inert with respect to polymeric materials, and since they are chlorine free, they do not contribute to stratospheric ozone depletion. PFCs therefore can be used as diluents in combination with HCFCs to reduce the aggressiveness of the HCFC action on polymeric substrates. But because this combination still employs HCFCs, their use only reduces, and does not eliminate, ozone depletion effects.
Briefly, in one aspect, the present invention provides a homogeneous, and non-ozone depleting fluoropolymer dispersion comprising an inert perfluorinated liquid, a polar solvent, and a surface active agent selected from the group consisting of certain branched and polymeric compounds containing both pendent aliphatic and pendent fluoroaliphatic chains. In another aspect, the present invention provides a method of coating a fluoropolymer onto an object or substrate using the aforementioned stable fluoropolymer dispersion. In yet another aspect, this invention provides a homogeneous emulsion comprising a perfluorinated liquid, a polar solvent, and a surface active agent selected from the group consisting of certain branched and polymeric compounds containing both pendent aliphatic and pendent fluoroaliphatic chains.
Industrial users of fluoropolymer dispersions desire a non-ozone depleting fluoropolymer dispersion system wherein the properties of the dispersant solvents are adaptable to processing conditions. Perfluorinated liquids are ideally suited for such applications. Perfluorinated liquids as a group are volatile, chemically inert, nontoxic, and nonflammable. In addition, since these liquids are chlorine-free, they do not contribute to environmental ozone depletion, and because they exhibit better materials compatibility than hydrochlorofluorocarbons, they do not destroy underlying substrates.
For the purposes of this invention, a dispersion is considered to be stable when, upon combination of its constituent elements without the use of aggressive mixing means such as high shear mixing or temperature elevation, a homogeneous mixture is created that remains homogenous for at least 5 to 10 seconds, preferably for more than 30 seconds. However, because fluoropolymer dispersions used for coating applications are typically continuously agitated, the length of time for the dispersion to separate without agitation serves only as a relative measure of the quality of the dispersion and not as an absolute measure of its utility. Dispersions that meet other quality criteria and remain dispersed with agitation but do not remain stable for a long period of time without agitation are nonetheless considered useful and are within the scope of the present invention. "Non-ozone depleting" is taken for the purposes of this invention to mean that the dispersion contains no compounds or agents currently known to degrade atmospheric ozone.
The dispersion of this invention comprises four primary components: A perfluorinated solvent, a polar solvent, including water and polar organic solvents, a lubricious fluoropolymer, typically polytetrafluoroethylene, and a suitable surface active agent. The solvent system employed to create the dispersion, comprising the perfluorinated liquid and the polar co-solvent, may be created using any relative ratio of solvent compositions. Preferably, however, the resulting solvent system will have those properties most suitable for commercial coating applications, i.e. high volatility, chemical inertness, nontoxicity, and nonflammability. Typically, therefore, the solvent system will comprise a major amount of the perfluorinated liquid. Most preferably, the solvent system will comprise greater than 90 percent of the perfluorinated liquid by weight. It will be understood, however, that the present invention is not limited in scope to any particular ratio of solvents. The concentration of the particulate fluoropolymer in the dispersion generally will be between approximately 0.1 and 30 percent by weight of the total system. The concentration of the surfactant within the dispersion necessary to create a stable and homogeneous dispersion will vary with the particular system, but will typically be between approximately 0.01 and 5.0 percent of the system by weight.
The fluoropolymer dispersions of this invention may be prepared using any fluoropolymer which, when coated onto a selected substrate, forms a lubricious coating. Typically, such polymers are homopolymers of polytetrafluoroethylene which may be prepared, for example, according to methods described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,559,752 (Berry et al.) and 3,526,614 (Schindler et al.). These patents describe methods of batch polymerization of perfluorocarbon monomers in an aqueous medium using a dispersing agent and a water-soluble polymerization initiator to yield a concentrated dispersion of polymer in a colloidally dispersed state. The fluoropolymer dispersion may be prepared using either a dry powder of the fluoropolymer or a concentrated dispersion of the particulate fluoropolymer in a polar solvent such as water or isopropanol. The molecular weight of the particulate fluoropolymer is typically between approximately 2,000 and 100,000, and the concentrated dispersion typically contains from about 15 to about 30 weight percent solid particulate fluoropolymer. The concentrated fluoropolymer dispersion in the polar solvent may also contain small amounts of surfactants. Useful free-flowing fluoropolymer powder is commercially available as Teflon™ Fluoroadditive, and useful concentrated fluoropolymer dispersions in a polar solvent are commercially available as Vydax™ Fluorotelomer Dispersion, both available from E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company.
The perfluorinated liquids useful in the present invention are those which, in conjunction with the appropriate surface active agent and polar co-solvent, create a stable and homogeneous dispersion of the fluoropolymer and are easily evaporated under commercial coating process conditions from the coated substrate. Useful perfluorinated liquids typically contain from 5 to 18 carbon atoms and may optionally contain one or more caternary heteroatoms, such as divalent oxygen or trivalent nitrogen atoms. The term "perfluorinated liquid" as used herein includes organic compounds in which all (or essentially all) of the hydrogen atoms are replaced with fluorine atoms. Representative perfluorinated liquids include cyclic and non-cyclic perfluoroalkanes, perfluoroamines, perfluoroethers, perfluorocycloamines, and any mixtures thereof. Specific representative perfluorinated liquids include the following: perfluoropentane, perfluorohexane, perfluoroheptane, perfluorooctane, perfluoromethylcyclohexane, perfluorotributyl amine, perfluorotriamyl amine, perfluoro-N-methylmorpholine, perfluoro-N-ethylmorpholine, perfluoroisopropyl morpholine, perfluoro-N-methyl pyrrolidine, perfluoro-1,2-bis(trifluoromethyl)hexafluorocyclobutane, perfluoro-2-butyltetrahydrofuran, perfluorotriethylamine, perfluorodibutyl ether, and mixtures of these and other perfluorinated liquids. Commercially available perfluorinated liquids that can be used in this invention include: Fluorinert™ FC™-43 Electronic Fluid, Fluorinert™ FC™-72 Electronic Fluid, Fluorinert™ FC™-77 Electronic Fluid, Fluorinert™ FC™-84 Electronic Fluid, Fluorinert™ FC™-87 Electronic Fluid, Performance Fluid™ PF-5060, Performance Fluid™ PF-5070, and Performance Fluid™ PF-5052. Some of these liquids are described in Fluorinert™ Electronic Fluids, product bulletin 98-0211-6086(212)NPI, issued February 1991, available from 3M Co., St. Paul, Minn. Other commercially available perfluorinated liquids that are considered useful in the present invention include perfluorinated liquids sold as Galden™ LS fluids and Flutec™ PP fluids.
The polar co-solvents present in the solvent system of this invention include any polar solvent. Such polar solvents include water and polar organic solvents containing from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, such as low molecular weight alcohols, e.g. methanol, ethanol, propanol or isopropanol, ketones, glycol ethers, and any such mixtures thereof Preferred polar co-solvents for use in the present invention are water and isopropanol.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,089,152 (Flynn et al.), whose description is incorporated herein by reference, describes one suitable class of surface active compounds useful in this invention consisting of perfluoroaliphatic, carboxamido-, and sulfonamidoalkanols. Perfluoroaliphatic amidoalkanols represented by the following general formula and described by Flynn et al. are useful surface active agents in this invention: ##STR4## wherein Rf is a divalent, inert, perfluoroaliphatic group containing 3 to 20 carbon atoms, the skeletal chain of which may be straight chained, branch chained, and if sufficiently large, cyclic, or any such combination thereof. The skeletal chain also may optionally include one or more caternary divalent oxygen or trivalent nitrogen atoms bonded only to carbon atoms, such heteroatoms being a chemically stable linkage between fluorocarbon portions of the fluoroaliphatic group and not interfering with the inert character of the Rf group.
R1 is hydrogen or a lower alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, which can be straight chained, branch chained or cyclic, or any such combination thereof.
R2 is an aliphatic group containing 2 to 12 carbon atoms, and further contains at least one hydroxyl, one of which may be terminal. The skeletal chain of R2 may be straight chained, branch chained, and if sufficiently large, cyclic, or any such combination thereof. The skeletal chain may also optionally include one or more caternary heteroatoms such as a divalent oxygen bonded only to carbon atoms.
Z is a carbonyl (CO) or sulfonyl (SO2) group.
Y is fluorine, F5 SCF2 --, or ##STR5## wherein R1 and R2 are as previously defined.
Preferred surfactants of this type particularly useful in the present invention include the following compounds: ##STR6##
Another useful class of surfactants are those polymerized products formed from the reaction of certain fluorochemical acrylates with a suitable hydrophilic monomer such as acrylic acid, N-vinyl pyrrolidinone, methacrylic acid, or other hydrophilic monoacrylate. The chosen hydrophilic monomer cannot be one that when polymerized with the fluorochemical acrylate results in a significant amount of crosslinking in the polymerized product, such as where the hydrophilic monomer contains more than one acrylate functional group. The following general formula describes the fluorochemical acrylate monomer: ##STR7## wherein p and q are integers between 1 and 4, x and y are integers between 0 and 4 inclusive, m may be 1 or 2, n may be an integer between 3 and 10 inclusive, X' may be either a methyl group or a single hydrogen atom, g may be 0 or 1, and Q is a sulfonamido constituent group according to the following formula: ##STR8## wherein R1, identical to that defined by Formula I above, is a hydrogen or a lower alkyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, which may be straight chained, branch chained, cyclic, or any such combination thereof. The other carbon chains of the fluorochemical acrylate monomer may also be either straight-chained or branched. The resulting polymer may also include a small amount of a chain transfer agent or polymerization initiator. Representative fluorochemical monomers that contain a sulfonamido constituent group include C8 F17 SO2 N(C2 H5)C2 H4 O2 CC(CH3)═CH2 and C8 F17 SO2 N(C4 H9)CH2 CH2 O2 CCH═CH2. Preferred fluoroacrylate monomers are 1,1-dihydroperfluorooctyl methacrylate, sometimes referred to as FOMA, and 1,1,2,2-tetrahydroperfluorododecyl acrylate. The constituent monomers are combined in weight ratios corresponding to between five and twenty-five weight percent of the hydrophilic monomer where the polar co-solvent to be used is a polar organic solvent such as low molecular weight alcohols, ketones, and glycol ethers. The constituent monomers are combined in weight ratios corresponding to between one and twenty-five weight percent of the hydrophilic monomer where the polar co-solvent to be used is water.
The resulting polymerized surfactant product consists of randomly placed pendent perfluoroaliphatic and carboxylate groups as illustrated by the following formula for the particular preferred usage of acrylic acid as the hydrophilic monomer: ##STR9## wherein p, q, x, y, m, n, g, X', and Q are as previously defined.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,223,593 (McAllister et al.), 5,270,378 (Johnson et al.), and 5,380,644 (Yonkoski et al.) describe a method of batch polymerization suitable to produce these polymerized surfactants. According to the methods of these patents, a polymerizable mixture is created by dissolving the constituent monomers in desired weight ratios in ethyl acetate. The mixture is then degassed, isolated in a closed reaction vessel, and polymerized. The surfactant product is recovered as a solid following completion of the polymerization reaction. The surfactants of this invention may be made in an identical manner except that, because the polymeric compounds are insoluble in ethyl acetate, the constituent monomers must be dissolved in a suitable perfluorinated liquid.
A third class of surfactants useful in this invention are perfluorinated ether acids according to the following general formula: ##STR10## wherein z may be between 1 and 10 inclusive, s may be from 0 to 4, t may be from 0 to 4, v may be from 0 to 5, w may be 0 or 1, and Y may be either F or CF3. For a detailed description of the preparation of these fluorinated acids, see, e.g., Patricia M. Savu, Fluorinated Higher Carboxylic Acids, 11 Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology 551-58 (4th ed. 1994). Such surfactants are commercially available, for example, as Krytox™ 157 FSM Fluorinated Oil from E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, Del., and as Fomblin™ Monoacid from Ausimont Corp., Morristown, N.J.
The concentration of the surfactant necessary to create a stable and homogeneous dispersion will vary somewhat according to the particular surfactant and solvent system of interest, but will in all cases be between approximately 0.01 and 5.0 weight percent of the total system. The lowest possible surfactant concentration is preferred to reduce the expense of the overall system as well as to avoid leaving significant surfactant residue on a fluoropolymer-coated surface. The surfactants of the present invention may be used to disperse a fluoropolymer in a perfluorinated liquid and a polar solvent for any relative ratio of the concentration of the perfluorinated liquid and the polar co-solvent. The dispersed fluoropolymer may be present in the system from approximately 0.1 to 30 weight percent.
The surfactants of this invention may also be used to create a homogeneous emulsion of a perfluorinated liquid and a polar solvent in an identical manner as described above to disperse a fluoropolymer in a perfluorinated liquid and a polar solvent. The preferred surfactant class for this use are the polymerized surfactants that contain at least five percent hydrophilic monomer by weight. These surfactants may be used to create an emulsion of a perfluorinated liquid and a polar solvent for any relative ratio of the concentration of the perfluorinated liquid and the polar co-solvent. When these constituent solvents are present in equal volume concentrations, approximately 0.5 weight percent of the polymerized surfactant will create a homogeneous emulsion.
The preferred system for use in coating processes is obtained by diluting a commercially-available 30 weight percent fluoropolymer dispersion in a polar organic solvent to approximately 1.5 weight percent fluoropolymer using a perfluorinated liquid. The resulting system comprises approximately 1.5 weight percent fluoropolymer, 95 weight percent perfluorinated liquid, and approximately 3.5 weight percent polar co-solvent. For such a system, approximately 0.5 weight percent of a polymerized surfactant or approximately 3 weight percent of a perfluoroaliphatic amidoalkanol or approximately 2 weight percent of a perfluorinated ether acid is sufficient to create a homogeneous dispersion.
Representative articles that may be coated using a dispersion of the present invention to apply a fluoropolymer as a lubricating agent include the following: medical instruments, e.g. surgical staplers, razor blades, or surgical blades, photographic equipment, e.g. focusing barrels, zippers, musical instrument valves, and magnetic cartridges, e.g. video and audio tapes. The fluoropolymer dispersions of this invention may also be used to apply a fluoropolymer as a mold release agent and as a release primer for a variety of coated parts such as electric motor windings.
The following examples are offered to aid in a better understanding of the present invention. These examples present and evaluate a number of useful surfactants according to the general formulas previously defined. This list is not to be construed as an exhaustive compilation of all surfactants useful in the present invention and the examples are not to be unnecessarily construed as limiting the scope of this invention.
In the following Examples and Comparative Examples, fluoropolymer dispersions were prepared by measuring a commercially available concentrated PTFE dispersion into a vial, and subsequently adding a quantity of perfluoro-N-methyl morpholine sufficient to produce approximately a 1.5 percent solids dispersion by weight. The surfactant, either neat or in solution of the same or different inert liquid, was added dropwise and the vial agitated. If a stable dispersion formed, the dispersion was evaluated as described below and the weight percent of added surfactant was calculated and recorded. If a stable dispersion did not form, additional surfactant was aided dropwise and the procedure repeated.
Once a stable dispersion was prepared, the time in seconds for the fluoropolymer to settle out of the solvent system was recorded. In some Examples, a dispersion having a higher concentration of surfactant was additionally prepared and the time required for the dispersion to break, or lose its homogeneity and separate, at this higher concentration was recorded. The dispersion was also evaluated as to homogeneity and assigned one of the ratings shown as follows:
______________________________________Rating Rating description______________________________________1 Poor Agglomerated PTFE - not useful2 Fair Some agglomeration; extensive grainy or waxy coating on the surface of the glass vial3 Good Homogeneous dispersion; some grainy coating on the glass vial4 Very Homogeneous dispersion; little or no grainy coating on the Good glass vial______________________________________
For the purposes of this invention, a rating at least 2.5 is preferred to create a homogeneous dispersion.
The following abbreviations were used to denote individual surfactants:
"43MA/AA" is a copolymer of C4 F9 OCFCF3CH2O(CO)C(CH3)═CH2 and acrylic acid using the weight percent of the constituent monomers shown in the Table.
"C9/AA" is a copolymer of C9 F19 CH2 CH2 O(CO)CH═CH2 and acrylic acid using the weight percent of the constituent monomers shown in the Table.
"FOMA/AA" is a copolymer of C7 F15 CH2 O(CO)C(CH3)═CH2 and acrylic acid using the weight percent of the constituent monomers shown in the Table.
"FOMA/AA 1% is the same copolymer additionally containing 1% methyl thioglycolate as a chain-transfer agent.
"FOMA/NVP" is a copolymer of C7 F15 CH2 O(CO)C(CH3)═CH2 and N-vinyl pyrrolidinone using the weight percent of the constituent monomers shown in the Table.
"EtFOSEMA/CW-Acrl" is a copolymer of C8 F17 SO2 N(C2 H5)C2 H4 O2 CC(CH3)═CH2 and Carbowax-750 acrylate (30:70) prepared according to the procedure described in Example 2 of U.S. Pat. No. 3,787,351 (Olson).
"BuFOSEA/Pluronic acrylate" is a copolymer of C8 F17 SO2 N(C4 H9)CH2 CH2 O2 CCH═CH2 and Pluronic-44 acrylate (30:70) prepared according to the procedure described in Example 1 of U.S. Pat. No. 3,787,351 (Olson).
"EtFOSEMA/ODMA" is a copolymer of C8 F17 SO2 N(C2 H5)C2 H4 O2 CC(CH3)═CH2 and octadecyl methacrylate (50:50) prepared according to the procedure described in Example 3 of U.S. Pat. No. 3,787,351 (Olson).
"Fomblin™ monoacid" is a polyoxyperfluoroalkanoic acid available commercially from Ausimont corporation of Morristown, N.J.
Krytox™ 157FS fluorinated oil is a perfluoropolyether carboxylic acid available commercially from Du Pont corporation of Wilmington, Del.
The structures of other surfactants are shown in the Tables. The calculated weight percent of the fluoropolymer in the dispersion is denoted as "wt. % PTFE." The calculated final weight percent of the surfactant used in preparing the dispersion is denoted by "wt. % surfactant. "Sep'n time" is the time in seconds for the resulting dispersion to lose its homogeneity and separate. "n/a" indicates that the dispersion did not become homogeneous or that the separation was immediate.
For the following Examples and Comparative Examples Vydax™ AR/IPA Fluorotelomer Dispersion, commercially available from E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, was used. The product is a 30 weight percent dispersion in isopropanol of PTFE having an average molecular weight of 3,700. In the following Examples, surfactants used in the composition of this invention were tested at differing concentrations, and the resulting dispersions were evaluated as previously described. Table 1 presents the results.
TABLE 1__________________________________________________________________________ sep'n wt. % wt. % timeEx. PTFE Surfactant Name Surf. Rating (sec)__________________________________________________________________________C-1 1.5 No Surfactant -- 1 n/a1 1.57 43MA/AA 95/5 0.23 3.5 752 1.49 43MA/AA 95/5 0.57 4 1203 1.5 C9/AA 90/10 0.3 2.5 204 1.5 C9/AA 90/10 1.20 2 225 1.5 C9/AA 90/10 2.40 2 65C-2 1.17 C4 F9 OC2 F4 OCF2 (CO)NHCH2 CH2 OH 2.36 1 n/a6 1.34 C4 F9 OC2 F4 OCF2 (CO)NHCH2 CH2 OH 2.77 4 1507 1.52 C4 F9 OC2 F4 OCF2 (CO)NHCH2 CH2 OH 4.03 4 1508 1.5 FOMA/AA 80/20 0.32 3 1209 1.44 FOMA/AA 80/20 0.96 3 15010 1.49 FOMA/AA 80/201% 0.22 4 4511 1.44 FOMA/AA 80/201% 1.08 3.5 6012 1.5 FOMA/AA 87/13 0.12 4 6013 1.5 FOMA/AA 87/13 0.25 4 12014 1.45 FOMA/AA 87/13 0.37 4 18015 1.59 FOMA/AA 90/10 0.11 4 9016 1.48 FOMA/AA 90/10 0.19 4 12917 1.49 FOMA/AA 90/10 0.21 4 2018 1.48 FOMA/AA 90/10 0.42 3.5 42019 1.48 FOMA/AA 95/5 0.07 3.5 5520 1.98 FOMA/AA 95/5 0.47 3.5 75C-3 1.50 FOMA/AA 98/2 5.01 1 n/aC-4 1.50 FOMA/AA 99/1 1.90 1 n/a21 1.49 FOMA/NVP 95/5 0.39 4 6022 1.40 FOMA/NVP 95/5 1.61 3.5 6023 1.50 C8 F17 SO2 NC2 H5 (CH2 CH2 O)n H (n = 1-4) 1.83 2.5 1024 1.52 C8 F17 SO2 NC2 H5 (CH2 CH2 O)n H (n = 1-4) 2.89 3 2025 1.56 C8 F17 SO2 NC2 H5 (CH2 CH2 O)n H (n = 1-4) 4.69 3 2026 1.58 EtFOSEMA/CW-Acrl 0.46 3 1227 1.50 EtFOSEMA/CW-Acrl 1.06 3.5 4028 1.50 EtFOSEMA/CW-Acrl 2.49 3.5 40C-5 1.55 EtFOSEMA/ODMA 1.18 1.5 n/aC-6 1.55 BuFOSEA/Pluronic acrylate 1.5 1.5 n/aC-7 1.56 C8 F17 SO2 N(C2 H5)(Cn H2n O)5.5 CH3 2. 19 1.5 n/a29 1.45 C8 F17 SO2 N(C2 H5)(Cn H2n O)13 H 2.36 2 n/aC-8 1.48 C6 F13 OC2 F4 CO2 H 0.67 1 n/aC-9 1.50 C6 F13 OC2 F4 CO2 H 1.39 1 n/a30 1.50 C6 F13 OC2 F4 CO2 H 2.77 3 11031 1.48 C6 F13 OC2 F4 CO2 H 2.78 3.5 18032 1.24 Fomblin ™ monoacid 3.31 3.5 8533 1.48 Fomblin ™ monoacid 3.27 3 8534 1.17 Krytox ™ 157F5 fluorinated oil 4.44 3.5 6535 1.48 Krytox ™ 157F5 fluorinated oil 1.86 3 30__________________________________________________________________________
As can be seen in the data of Table 1, useful dispersions of polytetrafluoroethylene, a perfluorinated liquid and isopropanol can be prepared using the method of this invention. When isopropanol is used as the polar solvent, the polymerized surfactant must contain at least 5 weight percent of the hydrophilic monomer. Those that contain less than 5 weight percent (see Comparative Examples 3 and 4) or do not contain a hydrophilic monomer (Comparative Examples 5) or that contain a crosslinked, polymeric surfactant (Comparative Example 6) do not produce useful dispersions. Separation time generally increased with surfactant concentration indicating that surfactant performance generally increases with the amount of the surfactant within the dispersion. The preferred surfactant class, on the combined basis of qualitative dispersion rating, separation time and amount of surfactant required to create a quality dispersion appears to be the FOMA/AA class that contain between 5 and 20 weight percent AA monomer, with a most preferred AA concentration between 10 and 13 weight percent.
For the following Examples Vydax™ ARW Fluorotelomer Dispersion, commercially available from E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, was used. The product is a 20 weight percent dispersion in water of PTFE having an average molecular weight of 3,700. In the following Examples, surfactants used in the composition of this invention were tested at differing concentrations, and the resulting dispersions were evaluated as previously described. Table 2 presents the results.
TABLE 2__________________________________________________________________________ wt. % wt. % sept'nEx. PTFE Surfactant Name surf. Rating time (sec)__________________________________________________________________________C-10 1.5 No Surfactant -- 1 n/a36 1.59 43MA/AA9515 0.09 3 7537 1.49 43MA/AA95/5 0.5 3.5 12038 0.83 C9/AA90/10 1.58 3 --39 0.94 C4 F9 OC2 F4 OCF2 (CO)NHCH2 CH2 OH 0.05 4 12040 1.0 C4 F9 OC2 F4 OCF2 (CO)NHCH2 CH2 OH 0.14 4 6041 1.5 FOMA/AA 80/20 0.39 3 6042 1.45 FOMA/AA 80/20 0.91 3 10043 1.36 FOMA/AA 80/20 1.5 3 15044 1.47 FOMA/AA 80/20 1% 0.6 3 9045 1.37 FOMA/AA 80/20 1% 1.18 3.5 18046 1.49 FOMA/AA 87/13 0.56 2.5 6047 1.36 FOMA/AA 87/13 0.94 2.5 7548 1.51 FOMA/AA 90/10 0.04 3 9049 1.4 FOMA/AA 90/10 0.55 3.5 18050 1.44 FOMA/AA 90/10 0.77 3 9051 0.94 FOMA/AA 98/2 0.58 3 12052 1.50 FOMA/AA 98/2 0.50 2 1453 1.49 FOMA/AA 98/2 1.84 2.5 2854 1.46 FOMA/NVP 95/5 0.75 2 6055 1.4 FOMA/NVP 95/5 1.44 2 6056 1.49 EtFOSEMA/CW-Acryl 0.47 2.5 5057 1.50 EtFOSEMA/CW-Acryl 1.02 3 5558 1.50 EtFOSEMA/CW-Acryl 2.07 2.5 4559 1.50 EtFOSEMA/CW-Acryl 4.02 3 12060 0.95 C8 F17 SO2 NC2 H5 (CH2 CH2 O)n H (n = 1-4) 0.09 3 1061 0.92 C8 F17 SO2 NC2 H5 (CH2 CH2 O)n H (n = 1-4) 0.19 4 18062 1.50 C6 F13 OC2 F4 CO2 H 0.53 3.5 24063 1.50 C6 F13 OC2 F4 CO2 H 0.75 3.5 24064 1.49 C6 F13 OC2 F4 CO2 H 1.04 3.5 24065 1.48 Fomblin ™ monoacid 1.79 4 18066 1.50 Fomblin ™ monoacid 0.50 3 12067 1.54 Krytox ™ 157SM 1.26 4 17568 1.50 Krytox ™ 157SM 0.53 4 125__________________________________________________________________________
As can be seen in the data of Table 2, useful dispersions of polytetrafluoroethylene, a perfluorinated liquid and water can be prepared using the method of this invention. When water is used as the polar solvent, the polymerized surfactant may contain less than 5 weight percent of the hydrophilic monomer, although having greater than 5 weight percent is preferred. The preferred surfactant for use with a perfluorinated liquid and water is the carboxamidoalkanol. Although this material displayed a shortening of separation time with increased surfactant, the dispersion rating did not suffer. The efficacy at concentrations of 0.05 weight percent is very positive. The sulfonamidoalkanol also displayed good performance, exhibiting efficacy at low concentration levels.
For the following Examples Vydax™ HD Fluorotelomer Dispersion, commercially available from E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, was used. The product is a dry PTFE powder having an average molecular weight between 70,000 and 100,000. The Vydax™ HD Fluorotelomer Dispersion was first dispersed in isopropanol at 30 weight percent, then further dispersed in perfluoro-N-methyl morpholine to about 1.5 weight percent using the composition and method of this invention. In the following Examples, surfactants used in the composition of this invention were tested at differing concentrations, and the resulting dispersions were evaluated as previously described. Table 3 presents the results.
TABLE 3__________________________________________________________________________ wt. % wt. % sept'nEx. PTFE Surfactant Name surf. Rating time (sec)__________________________________________________________________________69 1.54 43 MA/AA 95/5 0.15 3 9070 1.5 43 MA/AA 95/5 0.18 3.5 18071 1.50 C4 F9 OC2 F4 OCF2 (CO)NHCH2 CH2 OH 1.01 3.5 7572 1.49 C4 F9 OC2 F4 OCF2 (CO)NHCH2 CH2 OH 2.05 4 8073 1.50 C4 F9 OC2 F4 OCF2 (CO)NHCH2 CH2 OH 3.00 4 9674 1.45 FOMA/AA 80/20 0.55 3.5 3075 1.43 FOMA/AA 80/20 0.85 3.5 4576 1.52 FOMA/AA 80/20 1% 0.15 3.5 18077 1.39 FOMA/AA 80/20 1% 1.46 3.5 9078 1.48 FOMA/AA 87/13 0.14 3.5 12079 1.48 FOMA/AA 87/13 0.31 3.5 18080 1.5 FOMA/NVP 95/5 0.35 3.5 9081 1.43 FOMA/NVP 95/5 1.28 3.5 6082 1.02 C8 F17 SO2 NC2 H5 (CH2 CH2 O)n H n = 1-4 0.23 3.5 6083 1.47 C8 F17 SO2 NC2 H5 (CH2 CH2 O)n H n = 1-4 0.67 3.5 3084 1.3 C8 F17 SO2 NC2 H5 (CH2 CH2 O)n H n = 1-4 1.1 3.5 90__________________________________________________________________________
As can be seen from the data in Table 3, useful dispersions of polytetrafluoroethylene can be prepared from dry powder by addition of isopropanol as the polar solvent.
In the following Examples useful emulsions of perfluorinated liquids and a polar solvent were prepared and evaluated using polymerized surfactants and the method of this invention. In each Example, 3 mL each of perfluoro-N-methylmorpholine and the polar solvent were added to a glass vial followed by a measured quantity of a polymerized surfactant. The vials were agitated and the time, in seconds, for the resulting dispersion to lose is homogeneity and separate was recorded. The surfactant evaluated was "FOMA/AA" with the weight ratios of monomers shown in Table 4.
TABLE 4______________________________________ Polar Wt. % SeparationExample Solvent Surfactant Surfactant time (sec.)______________________________________85 Isopropanol FOMA/AA 90/10 0.046 3086 Isopropanol FOMA/AA 90/10 0.146 7587 Isopropanol FOMA/AA 95/5 0.598 24088 Isopropanol FOMA/AA 98/2 0.43 14089 Isopropanol FOMA/AA 98/2 0.57 140C-11 Isopropanol FOMA/AA 99/1 0.05 0C-12 Isopropanol FOMA/AA 99/1 0.15 090 Water FOMA/AA 90/10 0.34 1591 Water FOMA/AA 95/5 1.07 16C-13 Water FOMA/AA 98/2 0.53 0C-14 Water FOMA/AA 98/2 1.91 0C-15 Water FOMA/AA 99/1 0.16 0C-16 Water FOMA/AA 99/1 0.34 0______________________________________
As can be seen from the results in Table 4, useful emulsions can be prepared using polymeric surfactants having a hydrophilic monomer, when the content of the hydrophilic monomer is at least 5 weight percent. When the content is less than 5 percent by weight, the emulsion immediately separates.
In the following Examples the weight percent polytetrafluoroethylene and the surfactant concentration were held constant and the concentration of the perfluorinated liquid and the polar solvent were varied. In all of the Examples listed in Tables 5 and 6, the perfluorinated liquid used was perfluoro-N-methyl morpholine. In the Examples of Table 5 the polar solvent used was isopropanol, while water was used in the Examples of Table 6.
TABLE 5______________________________________ Sep'nWt % Wt % Wt % TimeEx. PTFE Surfactant Surfactant Isopropanol Rating (sec)______________________________________92 151 FOMA/AA 0.01 3.63 3.5 96 90/1093 1.49 FOMA/AA 0.04 7.18 4 60 90/1094 1.49 FOMA/AA 0.03 14.92 3 75 90/1095 1.50 FOMA/AA 0.03 30.0 2.5 70 90/1096 1.45 FOMA/AA 0.12 3.5 4 60 90/1097 1.45 FOMA/AA 0.11 7.89 3.5 15 90/1098 1.50 FOMA/AA 0.11 15.03 3.5 25 90/1099 1.49 FOMA/AA 0.12 29.75 3 90 90/10100 1.44 FOMA/AA 0.33 3.47 4 >600 90/10101 1.43 FOMA/AA 0.30 6.94 3.5 600 90/10102 1.47 FOMA/AA 0.32 14.77 3.5 >600 90/10103 1.52 FOMA/AA 0.33 30.50 3 420 90/10______________________________________
TABLE 6__________________________________________________________________________ Sep'n Wt % Wt % Wt % TimeEx. PTFE Surfactant Surfactant Water Rating (sec)__________________________________________________________________________104 1.50 C4 F9 OC2 F4 OCF2 (CO)N 0.07 6.59 4 60 HCH2 CH2 OH105 1.50 C4 F9 OC2 F4 OCF2 (CO)N 0.07 13.22 4 70 HCH2 CH2 OH106 1.50 C4 F9 OC2 F4 OCF2 (CO)N 0.07 26.59 3 25 HCH2 CH2 OH107 1.50 C4 F9 OC2 F4 OCF2 (CO)N 0.07 52.96 3.5 >600 HCH2 CH2 OH108 1.50 C4 F9 OC2 F4 OCF2 (CO)N 0.14 6.61 4 90 HCH2 CH2 OH109 1.50 C4 F9 OC2 F4 OCF2 (CO)N 0.13 13.23 4 100 HCH2 CH2 OH110 1.50 C4 F9 OC2 F4 OCF2 (CO)N 0.12 26.6 3.5 180 HCH2 CH2 OH111 1.50 C4 F9 OC2 F4 OCF2 (CO)N 0.13 52.90 3.5 >600 HCH2 CH2 OH112 1.48 C4 F9 OC2 F4 OCF2 (CO)N 0.30 6.50 4 120 HCH2 CH2 OH113 1.50 C4 F9 OC2 F4 OCF2 (CO)N 0.31 13.39 4 115 HCH2 CH2 OH114 1.50 C4 F9 OC2 F4 OCF2 (CO)N 0.30 26.32 3.5 110 HCH2 CH2 OH115 1.50 C4 F9 OC2 F4 OCF2 (CO)N 0.30 52.94 3.5 >600 HCH2 CH2 OH__________________________________________________________________________
As can be seen in the data of Tables 5 and 6, useful dispersions of PTFE can be prepared using a wide range of concentrations of both the perfluorinated liquid and the polar solvent.
Various modifications and alterations of this invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the present invention, and it should be understood that this invention is not to be unduly limited to the illustrative embodiments set forth hereinabove.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Mar 6, 1951
|Jul 10, 1951
|Du Pont
|Aqueous colloidal dispersions of polymers
|Jul 27, 1949
|Sep 30, 1952
|Du Pont
|Polymeric tetrafluoroethylene dispersions
|Jan 9, 1952
|Jun 16, 1953
|Minnesota Mining & Mfg
|Fluorinated acrylates and polymers
|May 12, 1953
|Jun 12, 1956
|Du Pont
|Dispersion polymerization process for tetrafluoroethylene
|Dec 22, 1954
|May 17, 1960
|Du Pont
|Colloidal dispersions of polytetrafluoroethylene in certain alcohols, ethers, or amines and process for preparing same
|Dec 24, 1956
|Aug 30, 1960
|Du Pont
|Preparation of filaments from polytetrafluoroethylene emulsions
|Feb 23, 1967
|Jun 17, 1969
|Minnesota Mining & Mfg
|Perfluoroalkyl sulfonamides and carboxamides
|Apr 24, 1972
|Dec 11, 1973
|Allied Chem
|Fluorocarbon microemulsions
|May 15, 1972
|Feb 19, 1974
|Minnesota Mining & Mfg
|Water-in-fluorocarbon emulsion
|Jun 19, 1978
|Jan 29, 1980
|E. I. Du Pont De Nemours & Company
|Process for obtaining colloidal dispersion of polymeric tetrafluoroethylene
|Sep 19, 1983
|Feb 11, 1986
|Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company
|Perfluoropolyether compositions which are soluble in non-fluorinated solvents
|Dec 21, 1984
|May 6, 1986
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Magnetic disk coating method and apparatus
|Mar 14, 1985
|Sep 2, 1986
|E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company
|Process for separating surfactants used in the manufacture of concentrated fluoropolymer dispersions
|Apr 19, 1991
|Feb 18, 1992
|Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company
|Water displacement composition
|Aug 8, 1991
|Jun 29, 1993
|Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company
|Fluorine containing plastic optical fiber cores
|Oct 26, 1992
|Dec 14, 1993
|Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company
|Acrylic surfactants and compositions containing those surfactants
|Sep 29, 1992
|Jul 19, 1994
|Ausimont S.R.L.
|Stable emulsions of perfluoropolyethers
|Dec 18, 1991
|Nov 29, 1994
|Ausimont S.P.A.
|Stable emulsions of perfluoropolyethers and fat substances and process for preparing them
|Aug 10, 1993
|Jan 10, 1995
|Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company
|Additive for the reduction of mottle in photothermographic and thermographic elements
|Jun 6, 1994
|Oct 8, 1996
|Ausimont Spa
|Stable emulsions of perfluoropolyethers
|Dec 2, 1992
|Aug 4, 1993
|KABUSHIKI KAISHA KOBE SEIKO SHO also known as Kobe Steel Ltd.
|Lubricant for wire feeding and wire drawing and a welding wire manufactured by using the same
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Aug 31, 1992
|Mar 18, 1993
|E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company
|Solvents for tetrafluoroethylene polymers
|Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, "Coating Processes," 3rd Ed., vol. 6, pp. 386-426, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (1979).
|Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, "Flourine Compounds, Organic (Higher Acids)," 4th Ed., vol. 11, pp. 551-558, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (1994).
|Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Coating Processes, 3rd Ed., vol. 6, pp. 386 426, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (1979).
|Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Flourine Compounds, Organic (Higher Acids), 4th Ed., vol. 11, pp. 551 558, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (1994).
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|May 8, 2006
|Feb 24, 2009
|E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company
|Hydrophilic stain release agents
|May 8, 2006
|Nov 8, 2007
|Ying Wang
|Hydrophilic stain release agents
|U.S. Classification
|524/462, 524/368, 524/545, 524/243, 524/244, 524/520, 524/546, 524/544, 524/379, 524/366, 524/385
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jul 27, 1999
|Certificate of correction
|May 31, 2002
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jun 18, 2002
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Jun 21, 2006
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Dec 1, 2006
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Jan 30, 2007
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20061201


text:
Dulce' is a beautifully conformed 16.1 grey KWPN registered mare by Prestige VDL, out of a Riverman Hilltop mare. Dulce' has excellent breed show scores…$19,500
Son wants to change to Reining-working cow horse, otherwise we would be keeping him forever. He has been shown in the AQHA circuit in California in Western…$8,500
Amazing palomino paint stud. He does it all! Registered name Hollywood Hero, he is Hollywood Dun It bred and moves just like him! Very cowy, calm, and…Stud Fee: $300
Out of Playboy's Buck and Olena Cielo. Professionally trained for two years in Tucson, Arizona with Adam Bradley. Well mannered. No vices. Has been used…$9,500
Bo is a 15yr old bay quarter horse. He was a junior rodeo horse, was on a ranch for about two years, and has now been a trail horse/pleasure horse for…$2,000
Cassie is a Welsh Cross Pony. She is around 15 years old. Ours kids have ridden her for the past three years and take lessons on her. She is an easy…$2,000
Redfeather Roan AKA " Stella " is a 19 yr. old AQHA mare. She is a super solid head horse that will give you a chance to win on every steer She has been…$10,000
Thalias Cute Desire 2000 Reg. AQHA Mare 16.1h Thalia Tha Leigha is a been there done that kind of horse I have done a little bit of everything on her from…$5,500

subset: commoncrawl


text:
The higher your anxiety, the higher your risk for stroke
A new study shows that people suffering from high anxiety appear to be at a significantly higher risk for stroke.
The long-term study, published online this month in the journal Stroke, is believed to be a first-of-its-kind to demonstrate a link between anxiety and stroke.
Researchers found that study participants who had the greatest levels of anxiety had a 33 percent greater risk for stroke than those whose anxiety levels were lower.
But not everyone is convinced that the results of the study are real.
Dr. Aviva Lubin, an associate stroke director at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York who was not involved in the study, remains a "little skeptical" of the findings, pointing out that even the researchers said anxiety can also be attributed to high blood pressure, increased pulse or smoking, all of which are major factors contributing to stroke.
"It still seems a little hard to fully buy into the fact that anxiety itself is a major risk factor that we need to deal with," Lubin said.
In this regard, she said that treating anxiety itself isn't likely going to reduce the risk of stroke. Instead, she says the focus should be on prevention by treating the risk factors for stroke, such as high blood pressure, smoking and diabetes.
For the study, led by Maya Lambiase, a cardiovascular behavioral medicine researcher in the department of psychiatry at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, researchers gathered data on over 6,000 people who had enrolled in the first U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, which began in the early 70s.
The people were between the ages of 25 and 74 at the time of enrollment, and all were interviewed by the researchers and also completed questionnaires designed to measure how much anxiety and depression they suffered. Medical tests were also conducted on the participants.


text:
Our climate is the engine for life support systems that sustain and nurture us all. Climate and weather drive the ebb and flow of life, making rivers run, crops grow, and forests flourish. But now this vital foundation of life has been pushed off balance.
Sea levels are rising, glaciers are melting, and coral reefs are bleaching. The ride to a hotter climate is becoming rougher still on the back of more extreme droughts, fires, heat waves and other extreme weather. Every land, all life on Earth is affected. Even remote polar ecosystems are at risk.
Climate change threatens to unravel Earth's complex web of life, and puts livelihoods, coastal cities and food production at risk. It's the gravest threat to life we know.
A dirty energy system, fuelled by coal, oil, gas and nuclear power, has failed us. It pollutes our air, land and water. It chokes our cities with unhealthy air, making us sick. It parches and floods our earth, creating grave uncertainty for farmers and those who depend on them. Drilling, fracking and mining spoil priceless landscapes, rip apart communities and destroy the nature we love.
The polluters profit, while the rest of us pay the price.
We must break our remaining ties to this old, lumbering energy system of the past. If we don't act now, the threat to our children and grandchildren will be far, far worse.
We've already begun to change. And the shift to clean energy from the sun, wind, water, and earth now has unstoppable momentum. Safe and secure renewable energy is big and growing fast, creating jobs, changing lives and transforming whole communities. Sustaining and re-growing crucial forested areas is good not only for our climate but also for communities and economies.
We're winning, but we must move faster still to avoid the worst impacts of climate change. The time is now!
Greenpeace is driving the urgent shift to the future we all want: 100 percent renewable energy from the sun, wind, water and earth. We believe today's children will be the first to live in a world totally powered by these clean, safe and secure energy sources.
Around the world, we connect people, schools, communities, countries, and champions. We help energise and empower people with vision, creating new agents for change.
We campaign for solutions, from renewable energy to energy efficiency and sustainable transport.
We also tackle the problem. We fight to put an end to polluting coal, oil and gas projects. We challenge the power of fossil fuel corporations, and seek to hold the big polluters to account. We also work to stop the flow of money to dirty and destructive fossil fuel and nuclear industries.
We've been given a new future. We just need to grab it with both hands, and make sure we all get there together. The good news is real, practical solutions are within reach. Help Greenpeace put the planet on the path to the clean energy future we all want.
The social networking giant, Facebook, turned ten today, but what does that have to do with Greenpeace?
Well, whether you've signed in or not, Facebook has become a prime mover in digital activism. It's played a role in, and...
In the small town of Aasiaat in Western Greenland, the sleigh dogs are becoming restless and fewer in numbers. Located on one of the many islands at the edge of the picturesque Disco Bay, the dogs have played an important role in...
Kumi Naidoo, the Executive Director of Greenpeace International, addressed the struggle of climate change during an interview with HuffPost Live at Davos.
'God save thee, ancient Mariner! From the fiends, that plague thee thus! Why look'st thou so?' 'With my cross-bow I shot the Albatross.'
Samuel Taylor Coleridge The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, 1798
A little over ten...
Amsterdam, 30 January 2014 - Speaking with investors today, Royal Dutch Shell CEO Ben van Beurden announced that the company would not attempt to drill in the Alaskan Arctic in 2014.
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text:
Horseshoe Crabs Dwindle, And Birds Are Endangered;Winged Migrants Need the Crab Eggs for Food
By ANDY NEWMAN
Published: May 30, 1996
REED'S BEACH, N.J., May 23— As the tide goes out, the beach disappears beneath a blanket of birds, screaming and near starvation after flying nonstop for 4,000 miles from South America.
Around them are spawning horseshoe crabs: jumbo-sized, helmet-shelled relics of the Paleozoic Era, clacking against each other in the surf, forming amorous conga lines six or seven creatures long, turning the water cloudy with millions of milky-green eggs, getting flipped over by waves on the beach and writhing mutely as they die.
For 350 million years, the greenish-brown, spike-tailed horseshoe crabs -- not crabs at all, but 10-legged arthropods closely related to spiders -- have surged ashore every spring in a slow-motion mating frenzy. For the last few thousand years, they have gathered in greater concentration along the mucky shores of the Delaware Bay than anywhere else in this hemisphere, a fact that has not escaped the notice of the participants in the largest shorebird migration east of Alaska. The birds -- more than a million sanderlings, red knots, ruddy turnstones and a few other species -- each gobble up to 9,000 little green eggs a day for two weeks, doubling their weight before flying off to the Canadian tundra to nest.
But the spectacle that usually accompanies the high tides of the full and new moons in May has been muted along the bayshore for the last two years: the crabs' numbers, state researchers say, have dropped sharply, posing a threat not so much to the crabs, who are found all along the Eastern seaboard, as to the shorebirds, who have no other plentiful food source at this time of year to fuel their migration.
"I was looking at a photograph the other day from four or five years ago," said Fred Mears, a naturalist for the New Jersey Audubon Society's Cape May Bird Observatory who leads daily tours of Reed's Beach, 12 miles up the coast from Cape May. "There was no way you could walk down to the water without stepping on crabs. Now there's maybe half as many."
No one is certain about what happened to the crabs. This year, the cold spring has set them behind schedule. But state wildlife officials suspect that the main culprit may be overfishing by crabbers who dredge the creatures from the bay or simply pick them from the beach like fallen fruit, and sell them as bait for eel and conch traps.
Estimating the total population of horseshoe crabs has proven difficult. A half-dozen surveys of the bay's crab population over the last decade show widely varying numbers, from hundreds of thousands to more than four million. But all show a downward trend.
And in the three years that the state has been requiring crabbers to report their catches, the harvest has jumped to 369,000 crabs from 252,000, due in large part to increased demand for eels in Japan and Europe.
Last month, the State Bureau of Marine Fisheries, which issued 300 permits last year, cut back on horseshoe crabbing, moving the hand-crabbers a thousand feet off the beaches into back bays and tidal streams, limiting hand-crabbing to two days a week, and closing the offshore crab beds during May.
The crabbers say the counters are using the wrong equipment and are simply looking for crabs in the wrong places. "There is no shortage of horseshoe crabs in the Delaware Bay whatsoever," said Charles F. Burke Jr., a fisherman from Cape May who fought the new regulations.
Even a modest decline in the spawning population could spell trouble for the birds, because it takes a high density of crabs to make the eggs accessible. The she-crab deposits her eggs -- up to 4,000 at a time -- seven or eight inches down in the sand, out of reach of the relatively short-billed birds. When another crab comes along to lay in the same spot, she disturbs the first nest, pushing the eggs up toward the surface where the birds can get at them.
"The shorebirds depend on there being not just a lot of horseshoe crabs, but a really lot of horseshoe crabs," said Joan Walsh, a biologist with the Cape May Bird Observatory.
Despite last year's poor showing by the crabs, the birds are back in full force on Reed's Beach, said Kathy Clark, a principal zoologist for the State Division of Fish, Game and Wildlife. But that does not mean they are getting the nourishment they need.
If they are not, Ms. Clark said, the birds might stay longer on the bay to feed, cutting into their short nesting season. Or they might depart on partially empty stomachs and arrive in Canada too weakened to lay a full clutch of eggs. Two-thirds of this hemisphere's population of the red knot -- an orange-breasted, robin-sized bird -- are believed to visit the Delaware Bay each year, as are 35 percent of the sandpiper-like sanderlings.
"These birds are on a really strict timetable about getting to the Arctic," Ms. Clark said, "so for them to be compromised by low weight really has an impact."
A few miles up the coast from Reed's Beach and 2,000 feet inland, along a road through the marsh that floods with every tide, Mr. Burke's claims of abundance seemed justified. At the stroke of midnight today -- the beginning of one of the week's two permitted crabbing days -- Mike Litchko and his four-man crew fanned out along a stretch of what looked like horseshoe-crab soup. For at least five feet out, the water, illuminated by powerful lights mounted on Mr. Litchko's truck, was thick and churning with crabs.


text:
Select Local Merchants
Cedar Acres Custom Meat PlantRead MoreWhether you're building a sandwich or roasting dinner, Cedar Acres Custom Meat Plant's meat is among the best in Cedar Rapids. Both sugary and high-fiber cereals are delicious and this store carries them all. When you have a hunger craving in between meals, these snacks will come in handy. Make your cooking life as easy as possible and grab some frozen food today. It's perfect for when you don't have the time or energy to make something from scratch! Who's hungry? A frozen entree will fool anyone's palate, so why waste time cooking up a storm? Make sure you always have the ingredients to make a delicious dessert on hand. Whether you cook it or eat it raw, the produce from Cedar Acres Custom Meat Plant will be tasty no matter what. Experience a new blend of coffee or tea from Cedar Acres Custom Meat Plant and sip your way to happiness. Kick off your weekend with a barbecue. Pick up some fresh and tender meats from here and start cooking. If you're a lover of all things dairy, help yourself to some great products at Cedar Acres Custom Meat Plant for all your protein and calcium needs. Perfect for cooking! Almost every delicious dish begins with oil and vinegar as an ingredient or for simply making sure your food doesn't stick to the pan! With a bottle of water in hand, it's easy to refresh and refuel. Grab a couple drinks from Cedar Acres Custom Meat Plant and stay on the go all the time. Make sure you always have a variety of beverages on hand, especially during the warmer months. This drink is sure to take care of business. Planning your meals for the week? Don't forget to pick up a loaf of freshly-baked bread from Cedar Acres Custom Meat Plant. Don't settle for bland food. Pick up some spices and seasonings from here and make your next meal a hit. Looking for comfort food? What's better than spaghetti or a savory pasta dish? Grab some of this pasta today and your next meal will be on-point! Ready, set, fish! For heart-healthy fare, super fresh seafood is readily available. Stock up the pantry with tasty canned goods from the shelves here. Here you can find a range of nearby parking spots, which helps make your commute less stressful. When you know the start of any good meal depends on the quality of ingredients, you'll be sure to place an order for fresh meat at Cedar Acres Custom Meat Plant's butcher in Cedar Rapids.3303 Ely Road SouthwestCedar Rapids, IA US
New Shack TavernRead MoreChow down on all of your pub favorites at New Shack Tavern. Bring the New Shack Tavern's great food to your place. Drivers will find parking not far from the restaurant. Store your bike safely at one of the main bike racks near New Shack Tavern. You'll typically spend about $30 per person to dine at New Shack Tavern, so plan your budget accordingly. When pub fare is calling your name, head on over to New Shack Tavern and snack on all of your favorite eats.2545 Old River Road SouthwestCedar Rapids, IA US
Kelly's BootcampRead MoreWhat services does your business offer and what makes your business stand out from the competition? Do you want a gym or do you want to experience a workout in the outdoors with fresh air, the feel of sunshine on your skin, the smell of wildflowers in the air, and in a setting with a lake for a backdrop ? Exercise is challenging. How do you keep clients motivated and engaged? "Nature's peace will flow into you as sunshine flows into trees. The winds will blow their own freshness into you, and the storms their energy, while cares will drop away from you like the leaves of Autumn." - John Muir What was the inspiration to start or run this business? My love of being outdoors, my exercise routine and mindfulness keep me centered and balanced in life. I want everyone to have the opportunity to experience this too!! What do you love most about your job? "I love helping people gain a sense of awe and wonder of the outdoors while working hard to keep or gain fitness. They are then astonished that they can feel this way... in Cedar Rapids Iowa... while they are exercising."1848 Memorial Drive SoutheastCedar Rapids, IA US
Board Walk FloorsRead MoreFor any odd job or fix-it task around the house, save yourself some time and get help from the experts at Board Walk Floors in Cedar Rapids. Replace any dingy looking floor with the quality construction services by Board Walk Floors. When it's time to take care of all those fixer-uppers around your house, remember to call the helpful handymen at Board Walk Floors.1700 Memorial Drive SoutheastCedar Rapids, IA US
Automotive Finishes - WarehouseRead MoreMaintain the value of your car by taking it into Automotive Finishes - Warehouse's body shop whenever it has any surface issues. If you want to take your ride to the next level, deck it out with some trendy and fashionable accessories from here. Next time you're in need of an excellent body shop, be sure to call Automotive Finishes - Warehouse. If you've been disappointed by the rest, it's now time you stopped by Automotive Finishes - Warehouse for the best.905 41st Avenue Drive SouthwestCedar Rapids, IA US
Cedar River Paper Co.Read MoreStop by Cedar River Paper Co. in Cedar Rapids and pick up all of your office supplies, such as pens and paper. Cedar River Paper Co. is located near a variety of parking options, making your selection a quick and easy one. So clean up your cubicle. The friendly staff at Cedar River Paper Co. in Cedar Rapids are here to make it happen.4600 C St SWCedar Rapids, IA US


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The Arboretum
The Arboretum offers a wide variety of different workshops and educational activities for all interests. Learn more . . .
University of Guelph Arboretum workshops
The Arboretum
University of Guelph,
Guelph, Ontario
June 6th-10th, 2016
University of Guelph
Program Information and Registration:
International Association of Great Lakes Researchers
59th Annual Conference on Great Lakes Research
Fellow researchers from around the world will gather at the University of Guelph in Guelph, Ontario, for IAGLR's 59th annual Conference on Great Lakes Research.
A great program is in store with four days of scientific sessions and speakers focusing on our theme Great Lakes Solutions: Integrating Across Disciplines & Scales. Mark your calendars for June 6-10, 2016. You won't want to miss it!
June 12th-16th, 2016
Toronto, Ontario
Don't miss out on the upcoming CZC 2016 where coastal zone scientists and practitioners get together to share their knowledge from their research and projects conducted all over the world.
The conference will be full out plenary sessions, workshops, networking opportunities, and career development opportunities in this specific niche of science and coastal conservation.
Individuals, government departments, environmental consultants, and non-profit practitioners will meet to discuss various issues that they see in their part of the world.
October 4-6, 2016
Allstream Centre
The Great Lakes Public Forum 2016 will provide an opportunity for the Governments of Canada and the United States to discuss and receive public comments on the state of the lakes and binational priorities for science and action, as well as an opportunity for the International Joint Commission to discuss and receive public input on the Progress Report of the Parties.
The Forum takes place once every three years, and allows for significant public input into the implementation of the 2012 Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement.


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Round 1 of the Altered States logo for rebranding.
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Ready in 45 minutes
PREP TIME: 15 min READY IN: 45 min Ground beef is a staple in our kitchen and bakes up very tasty in this great casserole when topped with the cheesy mashed potatoes.
472 people want to try | 535 have favorited
Heat oven to 350 degrees F. In a large skillet, cook ground beef and onion until beef is thoroughly cooked; stirring frequently. Drain. Stir in 1/2 teaspoon of the salt, pepper, corn and soup. Spoon into ungreased 1 1/2 quart casserole.
In medium saucepan, bring water, butter and remaining 1/4 teaspoon of salt to a rolling boil. Remove from heat. Stir in milk and potato flakes with fork and mix until potatoes are of desired consistency. Stir in the egg until well blended.
Spoon potatoes in mounds over beef mixture. Sprinkle the cheese over all. Bake at 350 degrees for 25-30 minutes or until thoroughly heated.
TIPS: Frozen (thawed), or canned green beans can be added to the beef mixture with the soup. Use about 1 1/2 cup of vegetables.
I prefer Mexicorn over regular corn and SHARP cheddar cheese. I also use Campbell's Healthy Request Tomato Soup to cut the sodium content. Bacon bits may be added to the casserole during the last few minutes of cooking, if desired.
jdriemeyer 9m agoNice comforting dish - my family loved it. Very versatile, too.
Valerie411 1y agoVery easy to make!
mogriff1 2y agoI added 2 cloves of garlic which I chopped with my onion in the food processor. I seasoned my ground turkey with garlic salt, garlic powder, onion salt, onion powder in addition to salt & pepper. I used frozen peas instead of corn. I used real potatoes which I sliced in the food processor and microwaved for 2 minutes first. I topped with extra cheese prior to baking at 350 for 50 minutes (for the milk/egg mixture) to absorb.
paulavaskeroeterdink 2y agoI used real mashed potatoes and added garlic. Turned out great!
tedfritchlee 2y agoLove it!
Rsplitt 2y ago
pludrew 2y agoMy family and I loved them. We didn't have corn so we used mixed vegetables and green beans. We also used real potatoes and two eggs. But it turned out awesome. My 4 year old who doesn't like to eat all of his food cleared his plate with out us even asking him to.
mssnaz 3y agoThis recipe is The BOMB! But along with the corn I also add peas, green beans and an extra egg or two to hold it all together! It's the only way I can ge my 20 and 22 yr olds to eat vegetables! They love it!
taylorbranch90 3y ago
Justen24 3y ago


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Our mission is to ensure the Housing Government-sponsored Enterprises operate in a safe and sound manner so they serve as a reliable source of liquidity and funding for housing finance and community investment. Together these institutions provide more than $5 trillion in funding for the U.S. mortgage markets and financial institutions.
Read about the agency's 2015 examinations of Fannie Mac, Freddie Mac and the Home Loan Bank System.
Submit comments and provide input on FHFA Rules Open for Comment by clicking on Rulemaking and Federal Register.
Goal: Help restore confidence, enhance capacity to fulfill mission, and mitigate systemic risk that contributed directly to instability in financial markets.
MAINTAIN foreclosure prevention activities and credit availability, REDUCE taxpayer risk, and BUILD a new single-family securitization infrastructure. Read more in the 2016 Scorecard and Conservatorships Strategic Plan.
Plans and Reports
FHFA experts provide reliable data, including all states, about activity in the U.S. mortgage market through its House Price Index, Refinance Report, Foreclosure Prevention Report, and Performance Report.
Jan. 26 - Monthly
Feb. 25 - Quarterly
March 22 - Monthly
April 21 - Monthly
May 25 - Quarterly
June 22 - Monthly
July 21 - Monthly
Aug. 24 - Quarterly
September 22 - Monthly
October 25 - Monthly
Nov. 23 - Quarterly
Dec. 22 - Monthly
HARP - the Home Affordable Refinance Program was created by FHFA specifically to help homeowners current on their mortgage payments, but underwater on their mortgages.
FHFA economists and policy experts provide reliable research and policy analysis about critical topics impacting the nation's housing finance sector. Meet the experts….
Key Topics pages provide information about FHFA's work on a range of issues facing the nation and highlight the most relevant related news releases, reports, statements and web pages on the respective topics.
The Honorable Melvin L. Watt of Charlotte, NC sworn in on January 6th to a 5-year term as the first Senate-confirmed Director of FHFA.
Read more about Director Watt
Washington, D.C. – The Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA), as conservator of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, today announced it has reached a settlement with Deutsche Bank AG, related companies and specifically named individuals for $1.925 billion to resolve claims in FHFA v. Deutsche Bank AG, et al., as well as certain other matters. The settlement addresses claims alleging violations of federal and state securities laws in connection with private-label mortgage-backed securities (PLS) purchased by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac between 2005 and 2007.
Under the terms of the agreement, Deutsche Bank will pay approximately $1.63 billion to Freddie Mac and $300 million to Fannie Mae. As part of the settlement, FHFA, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac will release certain claims brought against Deutsche Bank related to securities sold to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac between 2005 and 2007.
The settlement agreement does not release Deutsche Bank from any claims relating to LIBOR manipulation and does not include claims made against Deutsche Bank in two
other PLS lawsuits presently the subject of ongoing litigation: FHFA v. SC Americas,Inc., et. al., and FHFA v. Countrywide Financial Corp., et. al. The other parties to those lawsuits were not part of the negotiations with Deutsche Bank.
This is the sixth settlement that FHFA has attained pursuant to the 18 PLS lawsuits filed in 2011. FHFA remains committed to satisfactory resolution of the remaining actions.
Link to Settlement Agreement; confidential materials omitted
The Federal Housing Finance Agency regulates Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and the 12 Federal Home Loan Banks. These government-sponsored enterprises provide more than $5.5 trillion in funding for the U.S. mortgage markets and financial institutions.
© 2016 Federal Housing Finance Agency


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For decades the United States and Turkey have benefited from a dynamic, multifaceted relationship. President Barack Obama highlighted the importance of this partnership when he traveled to Turkey on his first trip overseas in 2009. Since then, however, the Middle East has undergone a profound transformation, Turkish-Israeli relations have deteriorated, Europe has stagnated under a financial crisis, and the situations in Syria and Iran have become increasingly volatile. Each of these developments has posed challenges for the relationship and raised questions about whether U.S. and Turkish strategic priorities may be diverging.
On December 4, the Center on the United States and Europe (CUSE) at Brookings hosted a discussion exploring U.S.-Turkish relations during President Obama's second term. Panelists included: Brookings Nonresident Senior Fellow Ömer Taşpınar; Kemal Kirişci of Boğaziçi University; and Soli Özel of Kadir Has University. Brookings Managing Director William Antholis and Ümit Boyner, chair of the Turkish Industry and Business Association (TÜSİAD), provided introductory remarks. CUSE Director and Senior Fellow Fiona Hill moderated the discussion.
William J. Antholis
Nonresident Fellow, Governance Studies
Ümit Boyner
Turkish Industry and Business Association (TÜSİAD)
Fiona Hill
Director, Center on the United States and Europe
Senior Fellow, Foreign Policy
Kemal Kirişci
Boğaziçi University, Istanbul
Soli Özel
Kadir Has University, Istanbul
Ömer Taşpınar
Nonresident Senior Fellow, Foreign Policy, Center on the United States and Europe
December 4, 2012
Brookings Institution
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events [at] brookings.edu
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July 27, 2016,
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July 27, 2016,
Fiona Hill
July 26, 2016,
Constanze Stelzenmüller and Constanze Stelzenmüller
July 26, 2016
July 25, 2016,
Philippe Le Corre
July 23, 2016,
Constanze Stelzenmüller
July 22, 2016,
Jeremy Shapiro
July 22, 2016,
Kemal Kirişci
Center on the United States and Europe ›
The Brookings Institution is a nonprofit organization devoted to independent research and policy solutions. Its mission is to conduct high-quality, independent research and, based on that research, to provide innovative, practical recommendations for policymakers and the public. The conclusions and recommendations of any Brookings publication are solely those of its author(s), and do not reflect the views of the Institution, its management, or its other scholars.
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Former Caps player and head coach Adam Oates has joined Twitter. That's Adam Oates, hall-of-famer and scorer of 341 goals and 1079 assists. That's Adam Oates, current skills coach to NHL stars across North America. That's Adam Oates, who was summarily fired as coach after one and a half seasons in Washington.
That guy is on Twitter now.


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Curious about the newer model? Check out the 2017 Kia Sorento
By KBB.com Editors
KBB Expert Rating: 7.6
The 2013 Kia Sorento is one of the best examples of a "right-sized" SUV – big enough to fit seven passengers in three rows of seats, yet small enough to easily maneuver through traffic and tight spaces. The Sorento's Goldilocks nature doesn't end there. This mid-size crossover offers three engine choices, and perhaps most impressive is the one in the middle, a direct-injection 4-cylinder that offers both power and fuel economy. With its good looks, host of amenities and premium options such as ventilated leather seats, the U.S.-built Kia Sorento is a seriously pleasing family vehicle. Throw in Kia's value pricing and its 10-year/100,000-mile powertrain warranty, and the Sorento becomes an even more attractive alternative to rivals like the Chevrolet Equinox and Toyota Highlander.
If you're looking for a capable and family-friendly crossover SUV that won't break the bank yet still has plenty of features, put the Kia Sorento on your shopping list.
If you regularly need to carry seven passengers and still need room for their gear, the Sorento might be too small. In that case, look to a larger 3-row SUV like the Chevrolet Traverse, Ford Explorer or Honda Pilot.
For 2013 the Sorento receives a new Kia badge up front, leather seating becomes standard for the mid-tier EX trim, and the 3rd-row seats are now standard on LX V6 models and optional on EX V6 and SX trims.
Around town or on the open road, the Sorento is a fine travel mate. The SUV is well-mannered, easy to maneuver, and relatively comfortable. Front-wheel drive (FWD) is standard, with...
... all-wheel drive (AWD) optional on all trim levels. In a nice surprise, all-wheel-drive versions have a switch that locks the center differential for better traction on slippery surfaces and for when things get rough on occasional off-pavement excursions. With the base engine, acceleration is adequate, but there isn't much power in reserve for passing. More welcome is the newer direct-injection 4-cylinder engine that is optional in LX models and standard in EX versions. For those wanting the most power and towing capability (up to 3,500 pounds), a V6 is offered across the line. The Sorento's sole transmission is a smooth, refined 6-speed automatic. Seating position is good and interior controls are a cinch to locate and use.
Though it's the same size as the base 4-cylinder, this engine benefits from direct-injection technology, which makes more efficient use of fuel to boost both fuel economy and power.
Rare on a crossover SUV, this feature on all-wheel-drive Sorentos helps the SUV gain better traction in slippery and off-pavement environments.
Peek inside a well-equipped Kia Sorento and you might think you're looking at a car from a premium brand. Details abound on the dash and door panels, and soft-touch surfaces are easy on the eyes and hands. Numerous cloth patterns and leather combinations help the Sorento to further distance itself from the plebeian models of its past. Legroom is good in the 3-passenger second row, but expectedly tight in the 2-seat third row. That last row is best for children, and folds flat when not in use. With both rows folded, cargo capacity swells to 72.5 cubic feet.
The Sorento has a boxy, angular profile of classic SUVs versus the rotund shape of competitors such as the Nissan Murano. In addition to endowing it with looks that will likely hold up well in the future, they also help make the most of the Sorento's passenger and cargo space. Up front is the new Kia badging surrounded by a honeycomb grille, which itself sits between menacing headlights. Exterior bits vary by model, with higher trims receiving items like silver roof rails and a rear spoiler. LX models ride on 17-inch wheels, and EX and SX trims ride on 18-inch wheels.
A base 2013 Kia Sorento comes with a 175-horsepower 4-cylinder engine and 6-speed automatic transmission, black wood trim, Bluetooth wireless connectivity, and AM/FM/CD/satellite audio system with USB and auxiliary inputs. Higher trim levels bring bigger and more power engine choices and features like leather seating, automatic climate control with rear compartment air conditioning, push-button start/stop, and the voice-activated UVO telematics system. Top-line SX models are stuffed with features like heated front seats, a 10-speaker Infinity premium audio system, and auto-dimming rear-view mirror.
Availability of extras depends on trim levels, but Kia has clustered popular options into packages. The Convenience Package on all-wheel-drive base models, for example, includes roof rails, backup warning system, UVO telematics system, and fog lights. EX and SX models include premium packages that include amenities like a navigation system, panoramic sunroof, air-cooled driver's seat, illuminated scuff plate, and heated steering wheel. Note that the packages can cost thousands extra, and are your only way of getting particular options such as a built-in nav system.
The 2013 Kia Sorento offers a choice of three gasoline engines. Its port-injected 2.4-liter 4-cylinder makes 175 horsepower and 169 lb-ft of torque, while the 3.5-liter V6 turns out a far more energetic 276 horsepower and 248 lb-ft of torque. The GDI (gasoline direct-injection) 2.4-liter 4-cylinder may be the perfect choice, with 191 horsepower and an EPA estimated 30 mpg on the highway. All versions feature a Kia-designed 6-speed automatic transmission with Sportmatic manual shift mode. Towing capacity is rated at 1,650 pounds maximum for models with the 4-cylinder engines and 3,500 pounds for those with the V6.
2.4-liter inline-4
175 horsepower @ 6,000 rpm
169 lb-ft of torque @ 3,750 rpm
EPA city/highway fuel economy: 21/29 mpg (FWD), 21/27 mpg (AWD)
2.4-liter inline-4 (gasoline direct-injection)
191 horsepower @ 6,300 rpm
181 lb-ft of torque @ 4,250
EPA city/highway fuel economy: 21/30 mpg (FWD), 20/26 mpg (AWD)
3.5-liter V6
276 horsepower @ 6,300 rpm
248 lb-ft of torque @ 5,000 rpm
EPA city/highway fuel economy: 20/26 mpg (FWD), 18/24 mpg (AWD)
To compare current market prices, check out KBB.com's car classifieds to view the new and used Kia Sorento vehicles for sale near you.
Based on 297 Ratings for the 2011 - 2015 models.Review this car
By Poppie on Thursday, May 19, 2016
I own this car - My approximate mileage is 58,000overall rating 7 of 10rating details
Pros: "acceleration, interior features, panoramic roof"
Cons: "stiff ride, road noise"
Likely to recommend this car? (1-10): 8
"Purchased car "Certified" used with 48K miles on odometer. Super clean inside and out. The leather interior seems stiff but very supportive, many options on the vehicle make driving it a fun experience. Handling is tight and firm sort of rides like a mini pick up truck. The V6, however, is very responsive - press on the accelerator and hang on she gets up and goes. The Sorento could use more insulation in the doors, road noise a bit of an issue."
7 people out of 11 found this review helpful
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By Rich on Friday, April 22, 2016
I own this car - My approximate mileage is 57,000overall rating 5 of 10rating details
Cons: "Underpowered, low quality"
Likely to recommend this car? (1-10): 2
"2.4L eng under powered for a SUV (175 HP) Vehicle is too light and rides very rough over bumps. Problem with sporadic hesitation during initial acceleration. Was over priced, bought when 2 years old. Internet price was 17K but ended up being 23K when deal completed."
10 people out of 17 found this review helpful
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By Georgia Peach on Friday, April 15, 2016
I own this car - My approximate mileage is 8,000overall rating 10 of 10rating details
Likely to recommend this car? (1-10): 10
"I have had this SUV for over one year. Still smells new! Happy with gas mileage(4 cylinder) - 25 mpg around town. Would purchase again which is saying a lot because I had a Chevy minivan years ago and was ready to get rid of it after the first year. Only time back to the dealership was to get the oil changed."
4 people out of 8 found this review helpful
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By MiddleIncomeInRaleigh on Thursday, December 17, 2015
I own this car - My approximate mileage is 16,000overall rating 8 of 10rating details
Pros: "Nice style, decent value, good on maintenance cost"
Cons: "Engine not smooth, seat movement"
Likely to recommend this car? (1-10): 4
"Liked the transmission feel over the Ford Edge and saved a little money with the v6 Sorento LX. Unfortunately, the tranny has slight heistations in normal acceleration now and then, even with high octane fuel. When you start it up, it is unsually loud for a new car, sounding more like a Toyota truck from the 80's. Seats are difficult to operate when moving the backs down and up and seats foward and back. Doesn't get the gas mileage we were looking for in a new SUV."
12 people out of 16 found this review helpful
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By coastalVA on Tuesday, December 1, 2015
I own this car - My approximate mileage is 17,000overall rating 10 of 10rating details
Pros: "great value, drives well, Kia is the real deal"
Cons: "MPG but still better than rest of cars this class"
Likely to recommend this car? (1-10): 9
"I wanted a lot for a little, and got it when I purchased my pre-owned 2014 Sorento SXLimited. Gave it an 8/10 for driving dynamics because doesn't drive like a MB, BMW, or Acura, but nothing does. The loaded Sorento is truly the next best thing to the expensive luxury SUVs. A luxury SUV with all the options that I have in my Sorento would have cost twice as much, TWICE AS MUCH people. I also liked the exterior stylings of the Sorento more than the Hyundai, GM, Ford etc counterparts."
33 people out of 52 found this review helpful
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By grammie on Tuesday, December 1, 2015
I own this car - My approximate mileage is 100,126overall rating 10 of 10rating details
Pros: "fun to drive"
Cons: "no flaws !"
Likely to recommend this car? (1-10): 10
"I have been very happy to have this car but I have gotten a disability that makes it difficult to enter and exit the car so I would like to replace it with something just a little lower with a wider front doors!!!"
8 people out of 15 found this review helpful
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