text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Nov 11, 2008
|Filing date
|May 17, 2001
|Priority date
|Oct 29, 1999
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Dennis L. Saunders, Radislav A. Potyrailo
|Original Assignee
|Avery Dennison Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (44), Non-Patent Citations (7), Referenced by (3), Classifications (46), Legal Events (3)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a continuation-in-part claiming priority to previously filed PCT patent application Ser. No. PCT/U.S.00/29854 filed Oct. 30, 2000 and PCT patent application Ser. No. PCT/U.S.00/29990 filed Oct. 30, 2000, which both in turn claim priority from prior U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/162,349 filed Oct. 29, 1999.
1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates generally to methods and apparatus for identification and optimization of coating materials and properties for desired applications. More specifically, the invention relates to an improved process of creating coatings, involving identifying candidate materials and screening and optimizing formulations and coating parameters for desired applications, for example the measurement of the moisture barrier properties of films.
2. General Background and State of the Art
Development of coating materials, for example adhesive coatings, release coats, protective coatings, and the like as well as films and laminate constructions of layered materials, has conventionally been a time consuming and labor intensive process. Candidate materials are identified primarily based on knowledge and experience with what compositions have worked before in related applications and investigating like materials and combinations of materials. This usually involves preparing a coating formulation, preparing a test coating for evaluation (often involving several tries to attain the desired parameters such as coat weight, cure, etc. for evaluation), drying the coating, then evaluating the coating by testing the property of interest, such as permeability, tack, shear, bending strength, surface roughness, etc., and entering the results in a database for comparison with further coatings to be developed and tested. Problems of cross-contamination and holdover further limit the number of formulations that can be screened in a given time period. This is a time-consuming process and as a result one skilled in the art, even with support staff to assist and carry on tasks in parallel, has conventionally been able to screen at most a few coatings per day, most often only one or two.
Because of the lengthy time required to screen and then investigate candidate materials and associated coating application parameter values to select and optimize coatings, those skilled in the art generally must focus on families of materials known to possess properties likely to prove successful in the intended use. Investigation of unconventional or simply previously untried materials is usually limited. Moreover, development of coating materials for a particular application is also a time-consuming process, and development of new coatings, while potentially beneficial, sometimes cannot be pursued due to economic considerations arising out of the time and effort involved.
Requisite in the development of new coating materials is the use of a particular coating method as well as consideration of holdover or carryover effects. Holdover effects result in the contamination of one candidate coating material due to residual coating material remaining in the coat dispensing apparatus and/or coat-receiving substrate from a prior test coating material. Contaminations as a result of holdover effects are generally additive and provide a level of error in coat formulation that is difficult to control. It is therefore preferable, especially when the volume of coating material to be tested is small, to use a coating method that either eliminates or significantly reduces holdover effects. Use of a disposable method for dispensing as well as receiving the test coat material would eliminate problems associated with holdover effects.
A variety of methods for coating desired substrates or materials are available and include spin coating, die coating and non-contact jet coating methods. Spin coating is a technique commonly used in the field of electronics where the coat material is dispensed onto a spinning plate where it is spread by centrifugal force. The coatweights resulting from this method are limited to very thin coatings and there is a significant loss of material during the coating process. In both the die coating and non-contact jet coating methods, die and jetting nozzle costs prohibit their modification to disposable units. Prior to the instant application, an inexpensive, efficient and disposable method for testing a large number of coating materials has not been known. While many significant advances in coating technology have been made in recent years, acceleration of the rate at which coating materials can be identified, screened, investigated and optimized will be recognized as a desirable goal by those skilled in the art.
An object of the invention is to provide a multi-well apparatus for making arrays of coating materials. Such arrays are suitable for analysis and may comprise a disposable two-layer assembly where the first layer contains a plurality of wells and the second layer is a substrate layer. Both layers can be flexible, with the second or bottom layer being detachable from the overlying first layer. Such an apparatus can be made of disposable material, thus providing a cost-effective, efficient and reliable means of making and testing numerous formulations of coating material.
The invention also provides a method of developing a new coating having a desired performance characteristic with regard to a property of a coating, comprising: a) providing an array of coating wells, b) placing a coating material having the known parameter in each coating well, varying the parameter so as to provide a plurality of coatings having different parameter values in a plurality of coating wells; c) correlating the value of the parameter for the coatings deposited in each of the plurality of coating wells with the position of the coating well in the array, whereby a parameter value is associated with each coating well position in the array; d) applying a leveling force to the array of wells to level the coating material in the coating wells; and e) testing the coatings in the array to analyze the relationship between the position in the array and performance with regard to the property of the coating material, whereby the value of the parameter can be correlated to the performance of the coating with regard to the property of the coating. Optionally, the coatings in the array can be dried or cured while the leveling force is applied. The above combinatorial, high-throughput method of screening candidate coat materials results in a significant increase in the discovery rate of new coating materials. In a preferred embodiment the leveling force may be provided by a centrifuge.
One of many possible characteristics that may be desirable in a new coating or film formulation is the vapor barrier characteristics/vapor transmission rate of various materials to various vapors. As an example, the present invention provides apparatus and associated methods of use that allow for high throughput screening and identification of moisture barrier properties of coatings and/or films. Therefore, in accordance with the functional aspects of the composition and construction of exemplary illustrative embodiments of the present invention, a vapor transmission sensor is provided comprising a film, or substrate, upon which a vapor sensitive coating is placed. Furthermore, after depositing the vapor sensitive coating on one side of the film, the coating formulations to be tested are disposed onto the opposing side of the film. Once the coating formulations to be tested are so placed, the film, now with the vapor sensitive coating on one side and the coating formulations to be tested on the other, is laminated onto a transparent backing that displays a high barrier characteristic to the vapor of interest. The side having the vapor sensitive coating is mounted so as to be sandwiched between the film and transparent backing. By assembling the exemplary vapor transmission sensor in this manner, the vapor of interest is limited in its interaction with the vapor sensitive coating.
There are two routes by which the vapor of interest will interact with the vapor sensitive coating located between the film and the transparent backing. The first route is a "direct" route. In this instance, the vapor of interest only has to pass through the film or substrate portion of the vapor transmission sensor. After passing through the film, the vapor of interest interacts with the components of the vapor sensitive coating. As a consequence of these interactions, the vapor sensitive coating undergoes a chemical change that results in some measurable, quantitative change. The second, informative route, has the vapor of interest passing through the coating formulations and then through the substrate/film, where it interacts with the vapor sensitive coating, as previously mentioned. In an exemplary embodiment detailed below, this change is chromatic and is measured by recording the changing absorbance of particular, informative positions (having a material, including a coating material) of the vapor sensitive sensor over time. This will provide quantitative measurements of the barrier characteristic of each of the samples of materials.
With regard to the method and apparatus of the proposed system, in one aspect it involves utilization of a vapor sensitive film with the film or coating sample to be measured overlying the vapor sensitive film and exposing the film sample to be measured to the vapor, and then measuring changes in the vapor sensitive film. The substrate on which the films are mounted may be transparent, with the two films on opposite sides thereof; or the substrate may be opaque, with the film or coating to be measured directly overlying the vapor sensitive film, and reflection type color measurements being employed in testing the vapor sensitive film. For high throughput testing, arrays of samples may be used. The samples may be measured successively after successive exposures to the vapor; or a standard testing interval may be employed, with the testing occurring only once after exposure to the vapor for a predetermined interval of time.
Further features, details, and advantages of the invention will be more apparent with reference to the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, which illustrate, by way of example, principles of the invention.
In accordance with one aspect of the invention, it has been recognized that by using automation of certain development processes, miniaturization of samples to be tested, database development and manipulation, and using algorithms to identify candidate materials from information contained in databases, one can increase the number of coating materials that can be developed to meet identified needs. As used herein, the term "combinatorial" refers to the combined approach of high-throughput analysis of libraries consisting of arrays of coat material formulations. Included in the high-throughput analysis are automated or robotic processing of the sample arrays.
Combinatorial methods have been used in the medical, pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries to develop chemical compositions, particularly pharmaceuticals and medicaments, for a number of years. However, these prior combinatorial methods have not been well suited to development of new coatings. Applicants herein provide techniques for generating arrays of coating formulations, well suited to the application of combinatorial chemistry methods. These techniques allow new coatings to be screened and evaluated on a high throughput basis, in order to produce new coatings economically.
Combinatorial Approach
With reference to
At the outset it should be understood that combinatorial methods could be applied to both the process of creating coating materials by formulation or synthesis, and to creating coating parameters or desired characteristics.
Returning to consideration of one example of a combinatorial approach to coating development, the next step 13 is to select likely candidate materials. These can comprise formulations of generally solutions of raw material ingredients 14 that are contemplated as likely elements or components that may provide a coating material with desired characteristics. In the next step 16 a material library of a few to a few hundred thousand, or more, chemical combinations are formed and dispensed into an array of coating wells 18 using a robot or other automated device 17 to make a library or array of coating materials. Incidentally, the "libraries" may include the samples in a single array, or the samples may form a plurality of arrays, processed either concurrently or successively. The chemical combinations forming at least part of the library are then processed in parallel as indicated at reference numeral 19. Processing can include exposing the coating array to a variety of processing variables such as heat, and time as well as applied leveling forces to shape the resultant library or array of coat samples, as can be accomplished, for example, by a centrifuge 20. In the next step 21 high throughput analysis is performed whereby the library is screened by detectors that quickly scan various properties of the coating materials. After the high throughput analysis, materials with the desired properties are identified 22 with the results entered into a large database 23, allowing many variations of materials to be tested at one time. Each library is comprised of one or more arrays of variations of materials to be tested. Each individual site in an array will correspond to a specific formulation of a coat material, wherein the parameter or coat descriptor(s) of the material located at that site is known. Miniaturization of the sample size facilitates processing and greatly saves cost and time thereby increasing efficiency and the rate of discovery. The end result is discovery and determination of the most successful new material(s) and the process or parameters used to produce the new materials. These materials are then selected for large scale production and commercialization 24.
As an example, a parameter that may be of particular interest is the vapor barrier characteristics of newly formulated material(s). The barrier characteristics of these materials to a vapor of interest, or, similarly, the transmission rates of particular vapors, through various materials and/or coatings are important functional aspects of materials utilized in various applications.
As an example, plastic materials tend to be permeable to various vapors or gases, including water vapor. For materials, including coating materials, that are used in packaging and electronic components, low permeability to vapors is a characteristic that is often preferred. In one embodiment of the present invention, a multi-layered assembly is provided that provides users a method to characterize and test the rates of vapor transmission through sample formulations of material, including coatings and films. In the particular embodiment detailed herein, the present invention provides an efficacious method for high throughput screening of a plurality of materials, including coatings and films, to determine their barrier properties to vapors/gases, and similarly the rates of transmission of these vapor(s) of interest through the samples of materials. A detailed description of the design of an exemplary multi-layered apparatus is provided below.
The combinatorial approach to development and testing of novel coat materials greatly benefits from use of devices and apparatus that allow flat coating samples in the arrays or within wells in the arrays. Additional embodiments encompassing such devices and apparatus are included in the present invention and further described below.
When trying to coat one formulation after another in a rapid fashion using conventional equipment, "holdover" considerations are important. As used herein, the term "holdover" is defined as the volume of material that is residual in a cavity after it is emptied and could contaminate the next batch of material deposited into the cavity. As volumes of the cavity get smaller, the potential for holdover increases. For example, tubes, pipette tips, material dispensers and such all have potential holdover volumes. The contamination is also a function of the rheological nature or viscosity of the material that is deposited into the cavity. Holdover effects in traditional methods of developing coating materials greatly increases the level of error, compromising the identification of correct parameters of a new coat material. In the present invention, holdover and its contaminating effects are eliminated by use of a disposable dispensing device 25, such as disposable pipettes or disposable pipette tips, for example (
Multi-well Apparatus for Parallel Processing of a Material Library
An initial step in the development of a coating is to create the various mixed formulations to be placed in the wells in the array. In one embodiment of the present invention, such sample formulations can be mixed or prepared in a multi-well plate format (
As used herein, a "mother" well plate is defined as a source well plate. For example, a 25 micron thick coating that is 1 cm2 in domain size with a coating solution that is 50% solids, will require (1 cm2�25 microns/0.5) volume units or 0.0050 cc of solution. "Domain size" as used herein, refers to the minimum area required for the coated sample as determined by downstream testing. The appropriate volume of individual formulations from this mother well plate can then be dispensed to a sample or "daughter" well plate to make a coating with the desired domain size for subsequent analysis and data collection. It should be understood, that alternative embodiments include use of a single well plate as both the mother and daughter well plate. In such a case, the well plate into which the sample formulations are mixed will also serve as the well plate from which the coating materials will be tested. Again, considerations of desired coating thickness, domain size and formulation of coating solutions will be included in determination of minimum volume of well size required. Additional embodiments of well plate apparatus design will be discussed further below.
Automated Dispensing of Candidate Coat Materials for Testing
A disposable metering device can be used to dispense the formulations from a mother well plate to a daughter well plate. A robotic dispenser (available commercially for example, from Hamilton, Zinser, or Packard) (
Alternatively, in the case where a single well plate is used as both the mother and daughter wellplate, a robotic device can also be used for mixing as well as dispensing component materials for the sample coating formulation to be tested. Such a device could have multiple dispensing units 30 from which specific and precise amount of an individual component is dispensed into a single well. The sample solution can be dispensed using disposable pipette tips 30 b attached to the pipettors 30 c. For example, a separate dispensing unit for each component can be used to dispense the appropriate amount of a respective component into a single sample well. Such a dispensing unit can be disposable which will allow rapid and accurate automation of the combinatorial method for formulating or synthesizing a new coating with elimination of holdup or contamination problems. Examples of disposable dispensing units include, polyethylene or other type of tubing and disposable pipette tips.
Alterative Designs of Multi-well Apparatus for Parallel Processing
Alternative embodiments of well plate design include providing a two-piece coating well apparatus having at least a substrate portion 32 and a multi-well or sample-containing template 34 which can be separated from one another (
An additional embodiment of the present invention includes multi-well plates designed to obtain flat coatings in all of the wells of the assembly. Current commercially available multi-well plates have a flat-bottom surface for the entire plate. This results in an uneven distribution of sample material in the wells located along the perimeter of the multi-well plate 68 when current swing arm type of centrifuge rotors 70 are used to apply a leveling force.
A specialized laminate well plate construction is also envisioned as an alternative embodiment of the present invention.
In an additional embodiment, in accordance with the teachings of the present invention, a multi-well plate design (multi-layered assembly) is provided that is useful in the determination of a material's barrier properties to various vapors/gases. As mentioned previously, the measurements provided may also be utilized to determine a vapor's transmission rate through a sample of a material, such as a coating or film.
In order to assess the barrier properties of a sample coating or film material, another specialized laminate multi-well plate is provided, the construction of which is herein disclosed. In an exemplary construction, a multi-layered assembly is configured to ascertain the barrier properties/vapor transmission rates of water vapor through sample coating materials and/or films.
Similar methodologies, detailed in this specification, of providing arrays of sample materials, including coatings and films, on a substrate 32 are utilized in the formation of the multi-layered assembly to ascertain the barrier properties/vapor transmission rates of water vapor through sample coating materials and/or films.
In order to provide a substrate 32, upon which the barrier properties/vapor transmission rates of water vapor through sample coating materials and/or films may be determined, we turn to
Still referring to
An exemplary formulation for a water vapor sensitive composition that is utilized to coat one side of substrate 32 is comprised of methanol, water, crystal violet and Nafion�. Crystal violet is a cationic dye that contains three N-phenyl terminal groups and is frequently utilized as an acid-base indicator that undergoes a color change. Nafion� (E. I. du Pont Nemours, Wilmington, Del., USA) is a perfluorosulfonate ion exchange polymer and commercially available in a 5 wt. % solution in aliphatic alcohols and 10% water.
An exemplary solution of methanol, water, crystal violet and Nafion�, that, when coated onto substrate 32 effectively makes substrate 32 into a water vapor sensor, is prepared as follows. A crystal violet solution having a concentration of about 0.015 M in methanol is prepared, making sure all of the crystal violet crystals have dissolved. About 52 mls of this solution is mixed with about 76 mls of Nafion� solution (Aldrich 27,470-4) and about 15 mls of water. This gives rise to a coatable water vapor sensitive composition 84 depicted as being coated onto one side of substrate 32 in
The coating of the water vapor sensitive composition 82 is allowed to dry. Once dry, a phase inversion occurs with the Nafion� polymer and crystal violet dye, entrapping the dye in an ionic cluster. Nafion� has highly acidic sulfonate groups which place the crystal violet dye in that acidic environment. The acidity of the protons in Nafion�'s sulfonate groups depends on the water content in the film or coating of water vapor sensitive composition 82. When the film of water vapor sensitive composition 82 is dry, the acidity of Nafion� is high. This results in the crystal violet displaying a diprotonated form, imparting a yellowish color to the coating of the water vapor sensitive composition 82. However, with increasing water content of the film of water vapor sensitive composition 82, the sulfonate groups become less acidic and the diprotonated crystal violet loses its protons, which consequently changes the color of the water vapor sensitive composition 82 to a bluish color. It is this color change, or absorbance at specific wavelengths, over time, that is utilized in the determination of the barrier properties/vapor transmission rates of materials, including sample coating materials and/or films.
It is important to note that the vapor-sensitive material herein disclosed is an exemplary formulation for the determination of the transmission rate and/or barrier properties of films and coatings. While the presence and/or transmission of the vapor of interest is, for example, indicated by exemplary absorbance measurements, optical measurements other than absorbance may also be utilized; and other indicator dyes, as known in the art may be employed. Similarly, it should be noted that utilization of Nafion� and crystal violet is exemplary, and that other polymers, organic dyes (crystal violet or another light absorbing dyes), as well as other organic dye compositions available for utilization in the present invention, alone or in combination, may also be utilized.
Once the coating of the water vapor sensitive composition 82 on substrate 32 is dry, a plurality of material, such as coating material 36, for example, in an array 41 may be disposed onto the side of the substrate 32 that is not coated with water vapor sensitive composition 82 as seen in
Once the water vapor sensor 85, as illustrated in
Referring to
Having arranged the coating samples in an advantageous array 41, the unit 100 is placed into a well plate reader, such as a Biotek μQuant, exemplified by
After initial absorbances are noted for each sample location in the array 41, as well as the references 90 and 91, if calibration is necessary, the unit 100 in placed into a chamber containing the vapor of interest. The exemplary vapor of interest in this embodiment is water vapor, and accordingly, the unit is placed into a 100% humidity chamber.
As the water vapor permeates through the sample coatings in the array 41 and substrate 32, and reaches the coating of water vapor sensitive composition 82, the initially yellowish water vapor sensitive composition 82 begins to change color via the reaction detailed previously. The color change, beneath each sample location, of the water vapor sensitive composition 82 is correlated to the amount of water vapor that has permeated the sample coating 36 in the array 41 and substrate 32. With increasing amounts of water vapor penetrating through the sample coatings/films or barriers in the array 41 and substrate 32, the water vapor sensitive composition 82 underneath each sample location changes color from its initial yellowish coloration to a greenish tinge and then becomes bluish, or any range of colors in between. If water vapor sensitive composition 82 is exposed to a very high amount of water, the vapor sensitive composition 82 may become violet. It is this commensurate color change of the vapor sensitive composition 82 that is utilized to measure the moisture barrier properties of the sample coatings in the array 41.
At various times, the unit 100 is removed from the humidity chamber and the absorbancies of the various sample locations in the array 41, as well as the references 90 and 91, if calibration is necessary, are recorded and plotted onto a graph. The reference absorbancies over time provide a measure to which the barrier or vapor transmission properties of the sample coatings in an array 41 may be compared.
This graph typically plots the changing absorbance (color) of the water vapor sensitive composition 82 located underneath the coating samples of the array 41 and substrate 32. By plotting these absorbance changes, at the wavelengths previously mentioned, over time, the rate of transmission of the vapor through each of the sample coatings may be determined. This will be representative of the moisture barrier properties of the sample coatings to water vapor at 100% humidity.
It should be noted that in another exemplary configuration, the test formulations for coating materials or films may be coated directly on top of the water vapor sensitive composition 82. In this manner, the vapor of interest, here water vapor, that passes through the test formulations for coating materials or films does not then have to permeate the substrate 32 in order to interact with the water vapor sensitive composition 82. This provides for a more expedient method to determine vapor barrier characteristic of a coating material, for example. However, it may be noted that this configuration may not be optimal if the material to be tested in some way detrimentally modifies the water vapor sensitive composition 82.
While the well plate reader utilized in this particular embodiment measures the color change, or absorbance, of the water vapor sensitive composition 82 as an indication of the overlying coating material's 36 vapor barrier properties or vapor transmission rate, other measuring devices are further contemplated. For instance, if a device that measures color by reflectance is utilized, the backing 96 need not be transparent. As an example, backing 96 may be metallic. Additionally, if the sample coating material 36 is disposed directly upon a vapor sensitive composition 82 and color is measured by reflectance, the substrate 32 upon which the vapor sensitive composition 82 is coated need not be transparent.
Leveling Force
Once the different formulations are dispensed into a multi-well plate assembly 63, the coat formulations are made into flat coatings 64 within the wells by use of a leveling force. A "leveling force" as used herein, is defined as any force sufficient to cause a sample or coat material to distribute evenly and flatly onto a substrate. A leveling force will also remove any residual air bubbles present within the sample coat formulation. A variety of leveling forces are contemplated for use in the present invention including, for example, use of centrifugal force, use of a vacuum or negative pressure force, use of an electrostatic force, or use of a magnetic field. In the case where magnetic leveling force is used, the test coat formulation will contain magnetic particles, powder, or a compound such as ferrite, that is responsive to a magnetic force. Use of a leveling force need not be limited to single-coat assessments. Where the processing of a multi-layer construction of coat material is desired, a leveling force can be repeatedly applied following dispensing of individual layers of a coat to be tested. The final array obtained will be a planar sheet containing discrete areas in a grid format of multi-layer coat formulations.
Additional methods of casting sample coat formulations include those which can also simultaneously dry the coating material during casting. For example, a centrifuge which has been modified to hold circulating hot air or other gas which will aid in the evaporation of carrier solvents in the coating formulations is also contemplated for use in the present invention and is diagrammed schematically in
High Throughput Analysis, Data Storage, Data Modeling and New Materials Discovery
The above methods provide an array 40 of coating materials with each site in the grid array containing a coat material having a known parameter which differs from parameter values of the materials contained on the other sites (
This example demonstrates the use of a multi-well plate combined with a centrifugal leveling force for estimation of coat weight of a sample coat material formulation. This example is intended to be representative of one embodiment of the invention, and not intended as limiting the scope of the invention.
The emulsion polymer formulation used was S-2000. S-2000 is a nondispersable emulsion acrylic polymer manufactured by Avery Dennison Corporation, Pasadena Calif. in accordance with U.S. Pat. No. 5,221,706. A 96-well plate obtained from Polytronics was used as a daughter well plate. The well plate remained flat during centrifugation. Each well contained an equivalent sample material formulation for determination of coat weight.
Diameter of each well=0.6 cm
Cross-section of each well=3.14�0.6 cm2=1.884 cm2
Weight of coat material in E7 position of array=0.0153 gm
Wet coat weight in E7=0.0153/0.0001884=81.21 gsm
% solids in wet solution=52.1%
Dry coat weight in E7=42.3 gsm
The emulsion did not dry fast and remained opaque. Hence the need for higher temperature drying. Material in wells located on the perimeter wells did not level evenly. Coat material dispensed into the center wells were centered and evenly flattened in the horizontal direction. The uneven leveling observed in the perimeter wells is believed to be a result of the centrifugal force acting at an angle to the bottom of the well, unlike the preferred flexible configuration of
This example demonstrates the utility of using a multi-well plate combined with a leveling force for high-throughput analysis of specific parameters or characteristics of coat material formulations in an individualized manner.
The invention has been described with reference to various specific and preferred embodiments and techniques. However, it should be understood that many variations and modifications may be made while remaining within the spirit and scope of the invention. More specifically, for examples, (1) the apertured plate 47 could remain in place as part of the assembly of
Accordingly, the present invention is not limited to the specific detailed description and showings set forth in the drawings.
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|Kumar, R.S., et al., "Low moisture permeation measurement through polymer substrates for organic light emitting devices", Thin Solid Films, vol. 417, Issue 1-2, Sep. 30, 2002, pp. 120-126.
|Machevskaya, R.A., Sharapova, I.A., Karaseva, T. M., Tsyganova, M. P., Shuvalova, A. I.; "Study of the Interrelation of Properties of Coatings and the Compostion of Epoxy-Phenol Compositions", Lakokras. Mater. Ikh Primen (1), pp. 35-36; 1981.
|Otsuki, et al., A novel fiber-optic gas-sensing configuration using extremely curved optical fibers and an attempt for optical humidity detection; Elsevier; Sensors and Actuators B 53 (1998), pp. 91-96.
|Raimundo Jr. et al.; Evaluation of Nafion-Crystal Violet films for the construction of an optical releative humidity sensor, The Analyst, 199, 124, pp. 1623-1627.
|Taylor, S. Ray, "Assessing the Moisture Barrier Properties of Polymeric Coatings using Electrical and Electrochemical Methods", IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation, vol. 24, No. 5, Oct. 1989, pp. 787-806.
|Yutaka Amao, Keisuke Asai, Ichiro Olura, Hiromi Shinohara, and Hiroyuki Nishide; "Platinum Porphyrin Embedded in Poly(1-Trimethylsilyl-1-Propyne) Film as an Optical Sensor For Trace Analysis of Oxygen" ; The Analyst Communication, 125, pp. 1911-14; Oct. 12, 2000.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Mar 29, 2011
|Whirlpool Corporation
|Automatic clothes dryer
|Aug 9, 2011
|Apr 8, 2014
|Artel, Inc.
|Artifact apparatus to mimic reflection losses of solution-filled microtiter plate readers and related uses thereof
|Feb 14, 2013
|Artel, Inc.
|Artifact apparatus to mimic reflection losses of solution-filled microtiter plate readers and related uses thereof
|U.S. Classification
|73/73, 356/437, 427/8, 356/402
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|May 17, 2001
Owner name: AVERY DENNISON CORPORATION, CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:SAUNDERS, DENNIS L.;REEL/FRAME:011829/0197
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Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:POTYRAILO, RADISLAV A.;REEL/FRAME:011829/0159
Effective date: 20010515
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Marshmallow Popcorn Balls
|Popped corn
|12 Cup (192 tbs)
|6 Tablespoon
|Tiny marshmallows
|3 Cup (48 tbs)
|Raspberry flavored gelatin
|1 1⁄2 Ounce (Half Of A 3 Ounce Package, 3 Tablespoon)
Keep popped corn warm in 225° oven.
In saucepan melt butter or margarine over medium heat.
Add marshmallows; stir till melted.
Blend in raspberry- flavored gelatin.
Pour over popped corn, mixing well.
With buttered hands, form into balls.
Recipe Summary
Rate It
Nutrition Rank
Nutrition Facts
Serving size: Complete recipe
Calories 1218 Calories from Fat 647
% Daily Value*
Total Fat 74 g113.3%
Saturated Fat 46.2 g231.2%
Trans Fat 0 g
Cholesterol 193.5 mg64.5%
Sodium 129 mg5.4%
Total Carbohydrates 139 g46.3%
Dietary Fiber 0 g
Sugars 83.9 g
Protein 10 g19%
Vitamin A 45% Vitamin C
Calcium 2.2% Iron 0.1%
*Based on a 2000 Calorie diet


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Networking Tips for College Success: How to Build Relationships and Land a Great Job After College
How to Talk About Your Unconventional Background in a Conventional World
Podcast #211: Difficult Conversations, Small Talk, and Charisma
Podcast #196: The Science of Self-Motivation & Productivity
A Simple Cure for Restlessness: Work When You Work; Play When You Play
Podcast #175: How to Improve Your Work and Life With Systems
So You Want My Trade: Concrete Mason
So You Want My Trade: Elevator Mechanic
So You Want My Trade: Automotive Mechanic/Technician
So You Want My Job: Crooner
Social Skills
Browse Relationships & Family
How to Comfort Someone Who's Sad/Crying
The 3-Encounter Rule
Podcast #179: The Science of Cheating -- How to Prevent and Deal With Infidelity
7 Quirky Kisses from the 1930s to Spice Up Your Smooching Sessions
2 Ways to Make Kid #2 a Smooth Transition
Podcast #209: What the Navy SEALs Can Teach You About Raising Your Kids
The Most Valuable Gift Is Your Time: Spend It With Dad
Podcast #201: Rules for My Newborn Daughter
How Not to Be Disappointed With Your Friends
How to Comfort Someone Who's Sad/Crying
The 3-Encounter Rule
Podcast #176: The Vanishing Neighbor & The Transformation of American Community
How and Why to Hold a Weekly Marriage Meeting
How to Comfort Someone Who's Sad/Crying
Podcast #179: The Science of Cheating -- How to Prevent and Deal With Infidelity
7 Quirky Kisses from the 1930s to Spice Up Your Smooching Sessions
5 Ways to Build Your Personal Magnetism
Podcast #211: Difficult Conversations, Small Talk, and Charisma
How to Comfort Someone Who's Sad/Crying
The Complete Guide to Giving a Great Handshake
Podcast #220: Tyrants -- A History of Power, Injustice, and Terror
Podcast #219: The Real Life Story of Hemingway and The Sun Also Rises
Podcast #218: The Lost Arts of Modern Civilization
Podcast #217: The Importance of Having a Tribe
Archive for 2013 August
Announcing the Newest Member of the McKay Family and a Two Week Hiatus
AoM Book Club September 2013: For Whom the Bell Tolls
Krav Maga Technique of the Month: Overhand Direct One-Handed Strike Defense
Creating a Positive Family Culture: How and Why to Create a Family Mission Statement
Outfitted & Equipped: First Day of Class
Things All Scouts Should Know: 16 Camping and Life Hacks from 1911
What Strengthens and Weakens Our Integrity – Part IV: The Power of Moral Reminders
Get the FREE AoM Sandwich Recipe E-Cookbook
Manvotional: The Call
Balanced Strength: A Primer on Single Limb Training
Art of Manliness Store End of Summer Sale
Managing Stress Arousal for Optimal Performance: A Guide to the Warrior Color Code
How to Make a Rope Swing and Fly Like Tarzan: An Illustrated Guide
Preventing Swamp Crotch: 10 Products "Scientifically" Tested
What Strengthens and Weakens Our Integrity – Part III: How to Stop the Spread of the Immorality Virus
The Brad Pitt Rule [VIDEO]
The Weekly Huckberry Giveaway: August 9, 2013
How to Follow Up After Meeting Someone in Person
Outfitted & Equipped: Deep Sea Fishing Trip
What Strengthens and Weakens Our Integrity – Part II: Closing the Gap Between Our Actions and Their Consequences
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Toothbrush is such an indivisible part of our daily routine that we cannot imagine our day and night without it. With the advancement of technology we have different types of toothbrushes in the market claiming to be different from each other in design, cleaning and teeth protection. Electric toothbrushes are gaining ground nowadays with people understanding the need and importance of these things. Toothbrush Best is a platform where you can collect all the information about these advanced brushes.
Consider electric over manual
So, a general question that is often asked by those who are considering buying an electric tooth brush is that which one is better- manual toothbrush or electric toothbrush. Answer to this is yes as the electric brush is known to reduce the plaque more effectively than the manual brush which is one of the strongest points in favor of the former. There have been various studies and researches which have concluded that electric brush removes the plaque considerably. You will find electric toothbrushes in various shapes and sizes and also varied pricing. There are brushes which are designed only with the purpose of cleaning the front teeth and then you will find other and more expensive types which can tackle 360 degree mouth cleaning. Some electrical toothbrushes also come with timers which tell you duration for which you should brush.
Before buying the toothbrush, you should know about different types of electric toothbrushes. Generally, there are four broad categories such as rotary, ultrasonic, Ionic and Sonic. In rotary brush the head revolves in a circular motion counting up to 3000 to 7000 strokes per minute. You will find rotation oscillation in rotary toothbrush. The second type is ultrasonic which has a fast and side to side motion and when you compare the speed of rotary and sonic, latter has speed up to 10 times faster than the former one. Now, the name itself enunciates that ultrasonic would be way faster than the sonic. Last one is ionic in which the head of the brush does not move and the plaque is removed by the low electric current in the bristles.
One of the common mistakes that first timers do is using the electrical brush as the manual brush and trying to control the oscillations and pulsation. It is imperative to read the manual before using the electric toothbrush so that it can clean your teeth most effectively. There is no area where manual toothbrush has proved to be better than the electric ones. However, if you are not in a mood to spend a hefty amount on electric tooth brush then probably it is better to drop the idea of buying an electric toothbrush. Dentists advice that you should select one brush that you can use instead of getting into the dilemma of which is the best.


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I'm literally in Hitbox right now complaining about how Lion isn't here yet.
Hopefully he's not too busy to come tonight.
Type: Posts; User: Marche100
I'm literally in Hitbox right now complaining about how Lion isn't here yet.
Hopefully he's not too busy to come tonight.
Can you be any more specific with the time and place?
It's true, though.
You guys are more of friends than anyone I know. You guys are more of a family than my own family. You guys put a smile on my face, in good times and in bad. You guys have made...
I'll just say this:
You guys are part of what makes life worth living.
What do you mean?
Thank you Charlie. That Solid Snake bit was simply godlike.
Thanks, Dream/Opium.
I wish I had more to say, but my head's kind of in the clouds right now. :lol:
Time for me to make a depression thread post myself. This 'ought to be fun (as usual). I feel like putting this out there might help, though. And maybe it will help some people understand how my mind...
How'd you do that?
I think I did. Although I've never been on the receiving end of a friend request, so I don't know where it shows up. In your notifications maybe?
- - - Updated - - -
Anyways if you don't find...
I'm abusing the friend system on the forums. I just sent like 20 friend requests out for fun.
Now comes the fun part...waiting to see who accepts. If they don't...they are no friend of mine, but...
Funny. You say you didn't share your feelings so they could be understood, but after this post you made, I think I do understand. At least, to some degree.
I'm not sure what the right choice of...
I did not know this. That's good to hear.
This man speaks the truth. But that all said, I just want to remind you that my door is always open if you need someone to talk to (or simply to listen).
Fixed that for you.
Big update. Updated my own list as well, now that I've finished episode six of Umineko.
Up to 45.
I'm just reporting the facts based on what people have been telling me.
I estimated 5-6 hours. Although you guys are slower than me, so maybe 7-8 hours?
Crap, I keep forgetting to post about this in here now that the forums are back...So during Otakon we got a few announcements from Mangagamer.
First off is Supipara Volume 1. I've never heard of...
Lost Odyssey is one of the best console RPGs ever.
Just wanted to say that.
This sounds like a boss theme for an RPG or something.
Love the bit from 1:33 to 1:50.
I can't. I have to go to work. :p
You're no fun.


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Parking Pass: Los Angeles Sparks vs Washington MysticsSun, June 23, 2013 - 5:25 PMStaples Center Parking Lots in Los Angeles, CA
We are sorry, the date for this event has already passed. This event took place on 6/23/2013. Click here to view upcoming events for Los Angeles Sparks Parking Passes.
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After hiking through Grand Canyons, I took a drive up to Monument Valley, Utah. Grand Canyons was inspiring, but I thought that this area was so much more impressive.
Select your destination in Southwest Utah. Browse thousands of listings for accommodations, adventures, tours and travel services.


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Attendees requiring a supporting visa invitation letter need to submit their passport information during the registration process. Attendees can log in at any time to request a visa invitation letter by selecting 'Request a Visa Invitation Letter'.
The GSMA will only assist with registration confirmations letters in support for a visa application once the applicant has registered to the Congress and the registration fee has been paid in full. Please note the following important terms:
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The following stocks were the biggest movers and shakers in the Manufacturing sector today. More
- Poll of the Day
- Partners
The following stocks were the biggest movers and shakers in the Manufacturing sector today. More
The Manufacturing sector saw plenty of trading activity today, including the following leaders and losers. More
If you're an income investor, dividend stocks are a valuable part of your portfolio -- but don't chase valuations. Buy these 3 cheap stocks! More
If you're missing the excitement of sports after Sunday's Super Bowl, the finance world offers you plenty of sports-related stocks ... you just might pick a winner for your portfolio. More
The S&P 500 slipped from a four-year high Tuesday, and Apple tracked back after reaching another landmark. Dell took an after-hours hit on dour earnings news. More
Daktronics posted fiscal first-quarter earnings that beat Wall Street estimates and predicted increased sales in the current quarter, sending its shares up. More


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For almost two-and-a-half years, an identity theft ring run by a man known as "Big Head" defrauded hundreds of people, including Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke.
On August 7, 2008, Bernanke's wife Anna had her purse stolen off the back of her chair in a Starbucks in Southeast Washington, D.C.
News of the theft and its relationship to Chairman Bernanke was first reported by Newsweek.
"Identity theft is a serious crime that affects millions of Americans each year," Bernanke said in a statement provided by a Federal Reserve spokesperson. "Our family was but one of 500 separate instances traced to one crime ring. I am grateful for the law enforcement officers who patiently and diligently work to solve and prevent these financial crimes."
On August 13, 2008, according to the affidavit filed by a postal inspector who helped investigate the case, a man named George Lee Reid entered a Bank of America in Hyattsville, Maryland and proceeded with a scheme known as a split deposit transaction.
"The split deposit transaction is a transaction where the co-conspirator first makes a deposit into one victim's account by writing a personal check to that victim account from another identity theft victim's bank account," explains U.S. Postal Inspector William J. Aiello in his affidavit. "The purpose of this deposit is to falsely inflate the victim's account balance and/or identify the specific account number. This deposit would then be followed by a series of counter withdrawals, check-cashing, or electronic withdrawals."
Among other transactions, Reid deposited $900 into the bank account of an identity theft victim identified as "K.N." using a fraudulent check linked to the Bernanke's joint checking account at Wachovia, according to the affidavit. He also cashed two $4500 checks.
Reid was charged in Washington D.C. with identity theft in October, 2008, in connection with the fraud committed against Ben and Anna Bernanke. According to the affidavit, Reid confessed his involvement and said that he had made as much as $50,000 in a single day since beginning this type of fraud in 2006.
Newsweek reports that charges against Reid were subsequently dropped and that there's an outstanding arrest warrant for Reid, whose whereabouts are unknown.
"Big Head," otherwise known as Clyde Austin Gray Jr., a leader of the identity theft ring, pleaded guilty to bank fraud charges in Virginia last month.
A significant break in the investigation occurred in September, 2007, when a dutiful FedEx employee in South Holland, Illinois refused to send a package from Leonardo Darnell Zanders, an alleged member of the identity theft ring, because it violated corporate policy -- the package's return address listed the FedEx facility rather than the sender's address.
"Zanders immediately left the facility leaving the packages behind," the affidavit states. "A supervisor for FedEx opened the packages in accordance with its corporate policies and procedures prior to contacting FedEx security and law enforcement. The packages contained stolen personal checks, identifications, bank cards, credit cards, and other similar documents. The packages also contained counterfeit military identification cards and driver's licenses."
InformationWeek Analytics has published an independent analysis on data-loss prevention. Download the report here (registration required).
The cybersecurity profession struggles to retain women (figures range from 10 to 20 percent). It's particularly worrisome for an industry with a rapidly growing number of vacant positions.
So why does the shortage of women continue to be worse in security than in other IT sectors? How can men in infosec be better allies for women; and how can women be better allies for one another? What is the industry doing to fix the problem -- what's working, and what isn't?
Is this really a problem at all? Are the low numbers simply an indication that women do not want to be in cybersecurity, and is it possible that more women will never want to be in cybersecurity? How many women would we need to see in the industry to declare success?
Join Dark Reading senior editor Sara Peters and guests Angela Knox of Cloudmark, Barrett Sellers of Arbor Networks, Regina Wallace-Jones of Facebook, Steve Christey Coley of MITRE, and Chris Roosenraad of M3AAWG on Wednesday, July 13 at 1 p.m. Eastern Time to discuss all this and more.


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Seven Ways to Get Your Family Into Back-to-School Mode »
Get ready for back to school while you have the time to do it. From shopping and haircuts to dentists and auto repairs.
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CCAC closed in 2005, unfortunately for those of us in the immediate area. I think he retired but I'm not sure of the reason.
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My experience at Don's Dental was excellent. Not only are they professional but also very personable. I went to them a couple of months ago for a …
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\r Don has repaired several cars of several people in my family. He is very courteous and honest about what he can repair. When he gives you a quo…
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From Business: With over90 years of hands-on experience and all of the necessary tools and equipment, you can trust that the mechanics of Don's Auto and Truck Repair will diagnose…
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From Business: Serving Uniformed Professionals Since 1973
1015 Chestnut StPhiladelphia, PA 19107
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Get ready for back to school while you have the time to do it. From shopping and haircuts to dentists and auto repairs.
If you see your airbag light on, there could be an issue that prevents the bags from deploying. Find out what's wrong with your ve…
Oil change prices vary among professionals, but it's easy to do this task yourself. Find out all the information you need to properly maintain your vehicle.
Ive been meaning to post this review for a while but havent had the time recently, but here it goes! I can not recommend highly enough a better place to take your car for any type of service be it mechanical or auto body. I found Pinnacle Automotive & Tires through Yelp and, based on the reviews, decided to bring my car there for service. I had just bought a used 1982 Mercedes Benz 300D Turbo Diesel and needed a good mechanic because I was going to use the car to commute from Philly to DC on a daily basis, so I needed my car reliable. I brought my newly bought car in for a thorough inspection (which I should have done before I bought it) and Pinnacle gave me a laundry list of problems. They were very nice however and well aware that I didn't have a lot of money, so they kindly told me what absolutely needed to be repaired and then helped me form a plan to take care of the other repairs in the future. Long story short, the Mercedes ended up being a money pit and I sold it lol. Then, I bought a 2009 VW New Beetle and decided to continue to use Pinnacle as my repair shop rather than the dealer just because of their superior customer service. Mark, Dennis, Demond, and the rest of the team are great. They know me by name and remember little details about me which really makes a difference. They always address me as Mr. Pinto and are always enthusiastic when they greet me. I'm picky when it comes to my car, so when I requested a specific type of oil be used during an oil change that they didn't carry, Demond went out of his way to special order the oil for me and get the oil change done within a matter of hours. Then, I got into an accident with my new car and did some body damage and damage to the rear axel. I took my car to Pinnacle and they arranged everything with my insurance company and got the job done efficiently. The work was spectacular, second to none,and you wouldn't even know that I had gotten into an accident. I was very very very pleasesed and cant thank them enough. At the time, I also had them change the oil in my car since it was at the shop anyway and the owner, Mark, was kind enough to give me a discount on those services since I just dropped close to $4000 in repairs at their shop. Trust me guys and gals, Pinnacle Automotive is the place to go to get your car serviced! They are staffed by wonderful people, expert technicians, and do exceptional work. I can honestly say from experience Pinnacle is definitely THE one stop shop for all of your auto repair needs.
with a repair shop i feel comfortable going to!! Let me start by saying, This is the first review i have ever written. ever- i feel i need to spread the word, especially to all females, and car illiterate people such as myself. So, I have had my car for 6 years, since then i have had numerous problems, and a complete rebuild of my engine! a year and a half ago i started to experience, again, the same problems which led to the rebuilding of my engine which cost me very close to $5,000 altogether!! I towed my car to a few of the local mechanics here in the Manayunk area whom all told me that it would cost me *thousands* of dollars to repair! i did not have the $$ for this so i had the car sitting in the road for a year not knowing what to do and since i had just paid off the car i did not want to just get rid of it. so i waited. I met Chuck a couple of weeks ago and explained to him my situation. he gave me a rundown of what the potential problems could be, and said first things first, replace the battery and if it turns over, or hopefully starts, we will go from there. being that my car did not run in the first place i couldn't get it to the shop to do this. so he offered to come to where the car was on his off time and put it in for me! ( a mechanic making house calls?? unheard of!)so he did, and it started! so in less than a week my car was back to life, running beautifully and has cost me less than $300!!! Much better than the other estimates of thousands of dollars i got in the past! Chuck walked me through, and showed me step by step what he was doing, AND why! he didn't try to scam me because im a female and didn't know much about cars by adding extra unnecessary repairs, (which happens more often than not!) I am so thankful to have stumbled upon this repair shop!!! Chuck and his staff are VERY friendly and attentive, which makes going to the mechanic less stressful than it already is! I have been to many mechanics in my day and this was the first time i didn't feel as if i was being ripped off and being taken advantage of. I will never go to any other mechanic. I highly recommend Chuck's garage! Thanks Chuck.
I had my transmission rebuilt here over a year ago, I intended to write a review at the time but creating a yp.com login was a pain!! So sorry for the delay :-) When the transmission went on my car I was horrified. I researched the problem and found that it was a very common failure in my make and model, and most owners had to replace the transmission costing between $3000 - $4000. Given I still had over a year worth of payments left, I was NOT willing to accept this financial burden. I researched reviews, and felt most comfortable with Affordable Transmissions. The only negative reviews seemed written by people I couldn't really relate to (one was whining that the office was dirty... who cares? I wouldn't trust a CLEAN mechanic!!). I was quoted $1700 for a rebuilt transmission. They assured me that a rebuilt transmission would serve as well for my purposes as a brand new, and this was an acceptable risk given the huge savings. The work was done quickly, and the owner was very generous about being flexible with me in repaying him. I didn't have the money at first, so he ended up having to store my car for three weeks while I got it together. I called him with updates constantly, he seemed to genuinely not mind keeping it for me! The car has not given me problems since!! I was very concerned that this would be a case of getting a few months out of it before having to replace the transmission altogether, but this wasn't the case. I would recommend anyone to take their car here for a transmission issue! THANKS GUYS!!!
There are more than 700,000 auto service technicians and mechanics in the U.S. Finding the right one to repair a dent in your car door or fix an engine that won't start can be overwhelming, especially when it's an emergency. Review a few important facts about auto repair professionals and what you can do to get the best possible mechanic working on your vehicle's issues for a fair price.
Looking For Reliability
Unlike home repair services that evaluate a property, meet with homeowners and have time to prepare before their physical work begins, auto repair businesses are often asked to make fixes on the spot. If you come into a garage with a tire issue, the expectation is the mechanic will know how to correct that problem quickly.
That is why reliability is so vital when searching for a trusted auto repair shop. It may take going to several different mechanics before you find one you are truly comfortable with. Pose questions to this professional to find out what approach they will take to repair your car or what alternatives are available. Shopping around also gives you the best opportunity to find the cheapest rate or the fastest service, as some garages may be backed up with other vehicles that need repair first.
A recommended way to locate a trustworthy auto repair professional is to seek out customer reviews. Online sites offer honest opinions from real customers who have used a business. Read through this feedback to learn how a business operates and what you can expect if you were to take your vehicle there. Look for reviews about how quick maintenance was completed and if prices were fair. By learning what other people have said about a garage, you can gain a better idea if it's the right place to go when you have a car problem in need of fixing.
It can be difficult to know which automotive problems are serious enough to require expert assistance. A ripped seat cushion or broken radio don't involve safety and will not warrant enough of a problem that going into a garage is required. However, setbacks with brakes, lights and other parts that are vital to the safety of your car's driver and passengers, as well as others on the road, necessitate quick fixes. Many modern automobiles will notify drivers of an issue, in the form of a signal on the dashboard or a noise within the vehicle.
In the event of an accident, even if your vehicle does not appear to have any damage on the outside, it is generally recommended that you see a trusted auto repair professional. Internal damage may have occurred, or an important part may have been knocked out of place. Fixing these issues before driving much further can prevent further vehicle breakdowns in the future. In the case of a serious accident, a body shop can assess the problems and determine the best course of action for repairs, as well as evaluate how much they will cost.
Beyond that, regular checkups are recommended. Tires must be rotated, fluids needs to be replaced and the engine must be evaluated. After driving 25,000 miles, most auto dealers suggest having the vehicle checked out to ensure everything is running smoothly. Taking the car into the auto repair professional you trust will protect you from further problems down the road.
Not every type of auto repair work needs to be done by a certified mechanic. You can fix some of a vehicle's issues just by paying attention to how the automobile is running and having a basic understanding of auto repair. Look over the ways weather may impact your car and what preventative measures you can take to avoid having to take it into the shop. At the same time, be aware of mechanic scams that can impact your experience.
Preventing Trips To The Professional
Some fixes to your car can be done without paying a specialist. Issues like replacing oil and air filters are relatively simple, with instructions provided in the owner's manual on how to make these changes. The same goes for replacing broken windshield wipers or burnt-out headlights. Such issues should be repaired quickly to guarantee safety, but don't require a visit to a garage. By handling these types of tasks on your own, you'll gain a better understanding for how your car operates and save time and money.
Along with understanding how to fix manageable vehicle issues that may arise, taking preventative measures to avoid future problems is a valuable time saver. Many problem-solving best practices are related to the seasons. Your vehicle will be in different conditions in the winter than in the summer, meaning it requires a different type of preparation.
In the spring and summer, you want to be sure your air conditioner and cooling systems work correctly. Given the high temperatures the vehicle will be exposed to, overheating is a common problem. Look over the system by ensuring there is enough coolant available. If it needs to be refilled, it is best to open the hood and add more to the car before it gets too warm out. Also, clean out fan ducts and other ventilation sources necessary for summertime driving.
For winter driving, features such as the defroster, heater and exhaust system are paramount. Look in your owner's manual for specific directions on how features should be checked and repaired. Many newer cars have a cabin air filter that can be replaced when needed, allowing warm air to continue to flow in. Also, check your tires before winter driving, as they need to be at the proper pressure to perform well on snow and ice.
Avoiding Scams
There is a common worry among many people that auto repair professionals take advantage of the general public. Because so many people are unaware of how to fix the problems in their vehicle, they are nervous of being overcharged by mechanics or worried that the improper work is being done.
While the great majority of professionals in the industry are honest, hard-working people, a few bad apples can ruin everything. You should be extra careful when first visiting a mechanic to guarantee that the price you're charged and maintenance the vehicle receives are fair.
Among the common scams pulled are needless repairs, where a garage charges you for work that isn't necessary. Another popular one is attracting customers through a cheap oil change or tire pressure check. Then, when you are in the shop and your car is being repaired, they give you a long list of other corrections they'd like to make, therefore boosting the total cost of your bill.
The best way to combat these types of problems is getting a written estimate before work is done. That way, you can see how much repairs are expected to cost. If the final bill is higher than the estimate projected, ask to specifically see the work. Make sure information is put in writing as well. If a problem remains, you can have proof that work was not done to your satisfaction.
By working closely with an auto repair professional and doing some of the tune-up work on your own, you will be less likely to fall for these scams. At the same time, you'll be able to drive out with a clean and healthy vehicle, thanks to the repairs made by a trained professional.


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(RNS) The most religious Americans also have the highest rates of
well-being, according to a new Gallup survey.
The finding is based on a survey of more than 550,000 people about
their physical and emotional health and their work environment.
I suppose I should have said something about being Lutheran this week, after all Reformation is the Lutheran 4th
of July and you wouldn't celebrate independence without some flag
waving and fireworks.
Is celebrating a holiday that honors ghouls, demons, ghosts, and everything that goes bump in the night dangerous or even evil?
Luke 20:27–38
Years ago, the brilliant but cantankerous Baptist preacher Carlyle Marney was speaking to some students at a Christian college. When a student asked, "Dr. Marney, would you say a word or two about the resurrection of the dead?" Marney replied, "I will not discuss the resurrection with people like you: I don't discuss such things with anyone under 30. Look at you all: in the prime of life.
A few years ago, when I was researching a story
in Veracruz, Mexico, the proprietor of a small cantina and I struck up a
conversation. When talk turned to religion, Señor Gonzalez shyly asked if I
would like to see one of his most highly prized treasures.
LifeWay Research found that 53 percent of 1,000 Protestant pastors polled agreed that sometimes their congregations seem to love America more than God: 59 percent of pastors in the South, as compared to 51 percent in the Midwest and 42 percent in the West (LifeWay Research, June 30).


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Today's Richard Stockton College women's tennis match against Georgian Court University in Galloway Township has been postponed due to weather.
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The Phoenician Resort is a AAA Five Diamond luxury resort located in Scottsdale, Arizona and offers championship golf, the Centre for well being spa, Mary Elaine's fine dining.
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