text:
Comment Re:So,do we know the physical limits on the Q mile (Score 1) 183
it has about as much in common with a street vehicle as a cessna 172 has with an F16
The economies of scale that might apply to power plant level CO2 sequestration do not apply here
from a sequestration standpoint, yes. Although using methane as the energy source instead of diesel cuts down on C02, and virtually eliminates the other nastiness that comes from burning diesel.
Yeah, I'm mildly surprised. Tesla doesn't MAKE ball joints.
You shouldn't be. Car manufactures are in large part system integrators. It's been this way since the 80's, and the trend has only increased recently. Especially ancillary things like brakes, ball joints, alternators, whathaveyou; they are generally bought, not made..
That is why when you have something like a defective Takata airbag, you see it showing up in Japanese makes, domestics, etc...
Its actually considered a good anti-fraud practice to have anyone who handles accounting or inventory to take a least one mandatory five consecutive business day vacation each year!
Accountants who never take a vacation is a classic red flag for auditors, both private and government.
Congratulations! You are the one-millionth user to log into our system. If there's anything special we can do for you, anything at all, don't hesitate to ask!


text:
One Of The Oldest Fencing Clubs In London Est.1949
Fencing Lessons
Our Coaches
Fencing Kit Advice
Beginners Next Steps
Beginners Course
1st September 2016
More information
Fencing Club Dates
Streatham Fencing Club is one of the biggest Fencing Clubs in London.
All standards of fencer are catered for, and beginners and intermediates are especially welcome at our
fencing lessons
. All three weapons are fenced at the club, including Foil, Epee and Sabre. Many of our fencers have medalled at both county level and national tournaments, and although we take our fencing seriously, we don't take ourselves too seriously.
We are the biggest fencing club south of the river and fence at Dunraven School.
(Click here for a map)
We attract fencers from all over London. The facilities are excellent for fencing, the recently built sports hall offers bright lighting and a good floor surface to fence on and we have plenty of equipment, you won't be waiting around for a piste.
Every Thursday 7:00pm to 9:00pm (adults / 16+) , 6:00pm to 7:00pm (8 - 15 yrs). See the clubs dates to the left.
The clubs fees are amongst the best value in London at Ł90 Per Term or Ł225 for the whole year, which includes Fencing Lessons. This also entitles experienced fencers, to fence at two other clubs in south london for FREE (with your own kit), giving you a potential 3 nights of fencing a week.
Try us out, first night is Free
Being a friendly club, there's always a crowd of us going to the Crown and Sceptre after fencing..... and if we're not fencing there'll be a social event.
Match Results
Helen gets great result in the Vets British Championship, Match with Lansdowne Club
See More
View and join our
facebook page
the latest news and social events.
© 2007-2016
Contact Us
| Website Designed and Developed By
Gavin Moulton
Fitness Music

subset: commoncrawl


text:
STARmeterSEE RANK
Up 112,507 this week
Elizângela was born on December 11, 1954 in Resende, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil as Elizângela do Amaral Vergueiro. She is an actress, known for The Clone (2001), The Favorite (2008) and Once in a Blue Moon (2005). She was previously married to Jorge Humberto Moreira. See full bio »
Born:in Resende, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil


text:
I am working on a library for subdivision surfaces. In order to represent the mesh topology I'm using a kind of split-vertex lath data structure (see the diagram on the left side).
During the construction of a mesh, that also can be seen as a graph, it create nodes that should point to another ones that don't exist yet (see diagram on the right side - dashed arrow represent future links). The classical solution is to create a node with an empty pointer and then update it when the other one is created. Since I'm working on Haskell :) and I don't want to go to the dark side of the code (impurity) I'm wondering if it is possible to construct a mesh (graph) without update the data. I guess that CPS (Continuation Passing Style) could do the job but I can't figure out a way.
Is it just a dream?
Let me clarify my question a little bit. I am looking for a method to create nodes with direct links (pointers) and by direct link I mean no intermediate tables or maps. Just a plain data definition like that:
data Mesh = Edge Vertex Mesh Mesh Vertex | Ground
If I'm not wrong and if it is doable, CPS would allow an efficient creation (without node updates) and efficient transverse (without lookups on maps) of a graph. On the other hand the graph would become totally immutable i.e. a single change needs to be propagated through the whole graph e.g. changing the tail of a list.
Am I wrong? If no, how to do it?


text:
Skip to Main Content
The San José State University Electrical Engineering (EE) Department implemented a skill audit exam for graduating seniors in 1999 with the purpose of assessing the teaching and the students' mastery of core concepts in EE. However, consistent low scores for the first years in which the test was administered suggested that students had little incentive in reviewing for passing the test. To promote the concept that there is a set of basic skills every graduating senior should master, improvements were implemented that included creating an online exam used for review and requiring students to earn a 70% or higher score on an in-class exam that is a requirement for graduation. After the improvements were made, all students demonstrated at least 70% mastery of the core EE concepts as measured by the improved in-class skill audit exam. The details of these improvements are presented. Anonymous survey results of graduating seniors indicate that students feel that preparing for the skill audit exam was a good use of their time and that the exam should be made more rigorous for future students.


text:
Bell's Extended Stay and Suites, St. Robert
- Free continental breakfast, free WiFi, and free parking
Main amenities
- 95 smoke-free guestrooms
- Indoor pool
- 24-hour fitness center
- 24-hour business center
- 24-hour front desk
- Air conditioning
- Daily housekeeping
- Convenience store
- ATM/banking services
- Self-serve laundry
- Barbecue grills
- TV in a common area
For families
- Rollaway/extra beds (surcharge)
- Sofa bed
- Kitchenette
- Cookware, dishware, and utensils
- Stovetop
- Microwave
What's around
- Hidden Valley Plaza (0.2 mi / 0.4 km)
- St. Robert Museum (0.3 mi / 0.5 km)
- Tiger Typhoon Aquatic Center (0.3 mi / 0.5 km)
- Bosa Heights Park (1.1 mi / 1.8 km)
- Fort Leonard Wood (1.6 mi / 2.6 km)
Bell's Extended Stay and Suites, St. Robert
Hotel Info: 020 3027 9803from £91
- Studio
- Family Suite (1 Queen, 2 Bunk Beds and 1 Sofa Bed)
- Family Suite
- Standard (Test)
- Standard (Test)
- Deluxe One King Bed
- Suite, 1 Queen Bed with Sofabed, Non Smoking
- Standard (Test)
Also popular with travellers from the UK
At a glance
Key facts
Hotel size
- This hotel has 95 rooms
- This hotel is arranged over 2 floors
- Check-in time starts at 3 PM
- Check-out time is 11 AM
Required at check in
- Credit card or cash deposit required
- Government-issued photo ID required
- Minimum check-in age is 18
Travelling with others
- No cribs (infant beds)
- Pets not allowed
- Free WiFi and wired Internet access in public areas
- Free WiFi and wired Internet access in rooms
- Free self parking
Other information
- Smoke-free property
Nearby Two Star St. Robert hotels
In the hotel
- Free continental breakfast daily
- Barbeque grills
- Indoor pool
- 24-hour fitness facilities
- 24-hour business center
- 24-hour front desk
- Laundry facilities
- Number of buildings/towers - 6
- Year Built 2012
- ATM/banking
- Television in common areas
- Accessible bathroom
- In-room accessibility
In the room
- Air conditioning
- Coffee/tea maker
- Iron/ironing board
- Sofa bed
- Sofa bed size double
- Premium bedding
- Pillowtop mattress
- Private bathroom
- Shower/tub combination
- Free toiletries
- Hair dryer (on request)
- 46-inch LCD TV
- Cable TV channels
- Free WiFi
- Free local calls
- Refrigerator
- Microwave
- Kitchenette
- Stovetop
- Cookware, dishware, and utensils
- Daily housekeeping
Top St. Robert hotels
Nearby hotels
Bell's Extended Stay and Suites, St. Robert's small print
Also known as
- Bell's Extended Stay
- Bell's Extended Stay Hotel
- Bell's Extended Stay Hotel St. Robert
- Bell's Extended Stay St. Robert
Only registered guests are allowed in the guestrooms.
This property does not have elevators.
Optional extras
Rollaway beds are available for USD 10.00 per night
We have included all charges provided to us by this hotel. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.
Recent reviews
Excellent 4.4 /5 from 8 reviews
Staff was great! This is a great location for families!
Don't let the term "Extended Stay" fool you... go instead for the next two words, "And Suites". While this isn't the most posh of hotels, even for the area, this is a warm, comfortable and friendly hotel operated by people who genuinely care about your well-being. Would definitely stay here again if in St. Roberts, MO.
Bells was great! Our room was clean and comfortable as well the staff very friendly!
Bell's was one of the best hotels I've ever stayed at. The employees We're super nice and helpful!!! I honestly would stay there 100 times more. The room was immaculate, super nice kitchen area and the bathroom was very nice as well. I would recommend this hotel to anyone!!
Is the description of this hotel not correct? Tell us


text:
So I am fairly new to asp.net MVC. When someone requests a list of items from the database, the controller gets the items and sends them to the view with
the view knows what they are via:
@model IEnumerable<SomeType>
and then the list is displayed via:
foreach (var item in Model) {

@Html.ActionLink("Edit", "Edit", new { id = item.id })@item.id	@item.name

but lets say I want to click on edit (which I guess triggers some controller, I haven't even implemented the edit page yet), how can I pass that object that was used to fill that particular row to the edit controller? Or do I have to get the object again via a lookup of its id into the database? Or do I just fill all of that new { } with my variables and they get passed in that way?


text:
- 14
- 100%
Excuse the crappiness of this vid. I'm new to this and i just learned how to use Windows movie...
I am leaving this pic and uploading more of my progress of getting healthy ^_^
Exactly as the Title suggests.
A few pics of me in the un*****s. More pics will be added in this set eventaully.
Kinda weird for me to take pics like this but I wanted to try it out. Plus I know someone one...


text:
|Home | About | Journals | Submit | Contact Us | Français
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Early events in vertebrate liver development have been the major focus in previous studies, however, late events of liver organogenesis remain poorly understood. Liver vasculogenesis in vertebrates occurs through the interaction of endoderm-derived liver epithelium and mesoderm-derived endothelial cells (ECs). In zebrafish, although it has been found that ECs are not required for liver budding, how and when the spatio-temporal pattern of liver growth is coordinated with ECs remains to be elucidated.
To study the process of liver development and vasculogenesis in vivo, a two-color transgenic zebrafish line Tg(lfabf:dsRed; elaA:EGFP) was generated and named LiPan for liver-specific expression of DsRed RFP and exocrine pancreas-specific expression of GFP. Using the LiPan line, we first followed the dynamic development of liver from live embryos to adult and showed the formation of three distinct yet connected liver lobes during development. The LiPan line was then crossed with Tg(fli1:EGFP)y1 and vascular development in the liver was traced in vivo. Liver vasculogenesis started at 55–58 hpf when ECs first surrounded hepatocytes from the liver bud surface and then invaded the liver to form sinusoids and later the vascular network. Using a novel non-invasive and label-free fluorescence correction spectroscopy, we detected blood circulation in the liver starting at ~72 hpf. To analyze the roles of ECs and blood circulation in liver development, both cloche mutants (lacking ECs) and Tnnt2 morphants (no blood circulation) were employed. We found that until 70 hpf liver growth and morphogenesis depended on ECs and nascent sinusoids. After 72 hpf, a functional sinusoidal network was essential for continued liver growth. An absence of blood circulation in Tnnt2 morphants caused defects in liver vasculature and small liver.
There are two phases of liver development in zebrafish, budding and growth. In the growth phase, there are three distinct stages: avascular growth between 50–55 hpf, where ECs are not required; endothelium-dependent growth, where ECs or sinusoids are required for liver growth between 55–72 hpf before blood circulation in liver sinusoids; and circulation-dependent growth, where the circulation is essential to maintain vascular network and to support continued liver growth after 72 hpf.
Hepatogenesis in zebrafish has been intensively studied in recent years and these studies indicate that the early stages are rather similar in mice and zebrafish [1-9]. As detected by expression of ceruloplasmin [2] and GFP expression in the gut-GFP transgenic line [5], the liver anlagen initially appears as a small compact protrusion of the intestinal rod at ~30 hpf (hours postfertilization) on the left side of the embryo. By 2 dpf (days postfertilization), the liver bud starts to enlarge and forms the hepatic duct connecting the intestinal bulb primordium to the liver, which marks the end of the budding phase and the beginning of the growth phase [5,10]. Despite these progresses, the late events of hepatogenesis and the underlying developmental mechanisms are not fully understood. A further analysis of liver development during the growth period will complement existing studies and will be highly desirable as during this period the liver develops its vasculature and becomes functional.
Liver organogenesis in vertebrates coincides with the appearance of ECs adjacent to the endoderm. In mice, before the formation of functional blood vessels, ECs provide a very early morphogenetic signal to the liver bud. It has been shown that in Vegfr2/Flk-1-/- mouse embryos that lack ECs, the liver undergoes the initial step of hepatic specification and forms a multi-layered epithelium anlage, but further liver morphogenesis fails prior to mesenchyme invasion [11]. In zebrafish cloche mutant embryos in which EC differentiation is disrupted at the stage prior to Vegfr2/Flk-1 expression [12,13], liver budding and differentiation have been found to proceed normally [5]. However, the interaction between vasculature and liver, as well as the role of ECs and growing vessels in late hepatogenesis in zebrafish, remain largely unclear.
To investigate the late events of liver development and the roles of vasculogenesis and blood flow, in the present study, a two-color transgenic line Tg(lfabf:ds-Red; elaA:EGFP) named LiPan for Liver- and Pancreas-specific transgene expression, was generated and it displayed strong expression of Ds-Red RFP (red fluorescent protein) in the liver and GFP in the exocrine pancreas. To visualize liver vasculogenesis, the LiPan line was crossed with Tg(fli1:EGFP)y1[14]. Liver vasculogenesis and growth was traced in embryos of compound transgenics on wild type and mutant backgrounds using single- and multi-photon laser scanning microscopy. By taking the advantage of recently developed non-invasive method of fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) [15], the initiation of blood flow in liver vessels in live zebrafish embryos was determined. Finally, by analyses of the EC-less cloche mutant and blood flow defective Tnnt2 morphants, we demonstrated the interaction of ECs with hepatocytes and blood flow act in sequence to sustain the continued growth of liver in late development.
The two-color LiPan transgenic line was generated by co-injection of the dsRed RFP reporter gene under a liver-specific lfabp promoter [16] and the GFP reporter gene under an exocrine pancreas-specific elaA promoter [17]. The LiPan transgenic line allowed simultaneous monitoring of the temporal and spatial development of two major digestive organs in live embryos/fish, the RFP-expressing liver and GFP-expressing exocrine pancreas. Generally, the red fluorescence appeared in the position of the liver bud from the left side at 48–53 hpf (Figure (Figure1A)1A) and the green fluorescence appeared in position of the exocrine pancreas at the right side of the dorso-anterior intestine of the embryos at 67–72 hpf with its anterior part (head pancreas) at the level of the 3rd somite and its posterior part (tail pancreas) at the level of the 6th somite. At 72 hpf, the liver actively grew and further expanded laterally and antero-ventrally beyond the 1st somite (the first or left lobe, Figure Figure1B),1B), it remained its initial shape and was restricted to the left side of the body. At 80–84 hpf, the liver rapidly expanded in several directions: anteriorly towards the ear vesicle and ventrally across the midline to the right side of the body (Figure (Figure1C),1C), where it formed the second lobe (the right or gall-bladder lobe, Figure Figure1D).1D). Soon after, hepatocytes of the right lobe established tight contact with the gall bladder (80–96 hpf), and a yellow-greenish substance, probably bile, appeared in the intestinal bulb (not shown), suggesting that at least some hepatocytes were sufficiently mature to function in food digestion.
At 120 hpf, the left lobe spread even more anteriorly to the mid-ear and posteriorly along the gut (Figure (Figure1E).1E). While anteriorly both lobes were almost at the same A-P level and in contact with the pericardial cavity, posteriorly the right lobe was much shorter due to the presence of the gall bladder and pancreas immediately posterior to it (Figure (Figure1F).1F). The size of both liver and exocrine pancreas varied slightly, but at this A-P level the liver and pancreas were invariably projected onto opposite sides of the body as compact and separated organs (Figure 1D, F, G).
Between 5–10 dpf, the liver continued to grow in size. Around 15 dpf, the ventral most portion of the liver began expanding posteriorly (Figure 1H, I), leading to the formation of the third flat ventral lobe caudally to the first two lobes. The timing of development of the third lobe varied between 15–20 dpf. After 15 dpf, the exocrine pancreas was enlarged mostly posteriorly following the looped intestine [17]. We observed the exocrine pancreas in the adult zebrafish to be a less compact structure compared to that in the larvae. GFP-expressing exocrine tissue was consistently observed only on one side of the intestinal mesentery along all three intestinal loops and it never surrounded the intestine (21 male and female LiPan zebrafish, Figure 2A, B), [17]. While the liver in general occupied the anterior region of the body cavity, exocrine pancreas occupied the posterior part of the body cavity (Figure (Figure2B).2B). In addition, liver-expressed RFP and exocrine pancreas-expressed GFP could be observed in live adult LiPan zebrafish under a fluorescent microscope (Figure 2C, D).
To observe in vivo how and when the ECs developed the liver vascular network, we crossed the LiPan line with the transgenic line Tg(fli1:EGFP)y1 in which GFP was specifically expressed in ECs [14]. In LiPan/Tg(fli1:EGFP)y1 embryos, we directly observed events of liver vasculogenesis from the late liver budding stage and during the liver growth phase. After the liver budding stage was complete at 50 hpf, distinct GFP-expressing ECs bordered the liver. These ECs probably represented components of nascent branches from the subintestinal vessels [5,18]. At this stage, hepatocytes on the surface and inside the liver bud remained tightly interconnected and showed no obvious morphological organization as observed by confocal microscopy (Figure 3A–F) and histological staining (not shown). During the growth phase at 55–58 hpf, GFP-expressing ECs edged the liver completely and sprouts of ECs contacted seemingly less associated superficial hepatocytes and penetrated between them (Figure 3G, H), whereas inner hepatocytes remained tightly connected (Figure 3H, I).
As sprouts of ECs penetrated between the surface hepatocytes of the liver, some RFP-negative areas appeared between inner layers of hepatocyte and a distinctive daisy pattern of hepatocytes around RFP-negative areas became visible in the innermost liver layers (Figure (Figure3J).3J). Subsequently, ECs penetrate deeper and appeared between internal layers of hepatocytes and RFP-negative areas were extended to near the liver surface layers (Figure (Figure3K).3K). Thus, the timing of ECs and hepatocyte interaction seems correlated with the daisy organization of hepatocytes around the RFP-negative areas. The RFP-negative areas might represent ductal cells previously identified in zebrafish liver at around 60 hpf [19]. While the liver extended laterally and anteriorly, the daisy pattern of hepatocytes was evident in nearly all liver layers and ECs appeared around the daisy patterned hepatocytes (Figure (Figure3K).3K). However, in some cases, we also observed ECs inside the daisy structure of hepatocytes as well (not shown at this time point but see Figure Figure3M)3M) and it seemed that ECs and hepatocytes moved towards each other. Between 68–72 hpf, ECs formed the structure of the first sinusoids. The sinusoids were 5–8 μm in diameter and contributed to the substantial increase of the liver in size. Up to this stage, ECs were arranged into non-functional vessels as no erythrocytes were detected within the liver (Figure 3I, L).
After initiation of vasculogenesis, the liver grew rapidly and by 80–84 hpf it extended across the midline to the right side. Sinusoids were enlarged to 8–10 μm in diameter (Figure (Figure3M).3M). At 96 hpf, the liver was extended further. At 120–130 hpf, the diameter of sinusoids was around 12–16 μm, while hepatocytes of liver parenchyma were around 10–14 μm in diameter. Sequential endothelium-epithelium interaction during liver vasculogenesis significantly altered the structure of liver parenchyma. In both left and right liver lobes hepatocytes were surrounded by endothelia and almost every hepatocyte was associated with a sinusoid (Figure (Figure3N,3N, also see Figure Figure4F).4F). Histological analysis confirmed the presence of blood cells in sinusoids at this stage (Figure (Figure3O3O).
Although we observed an increase of sinusoids in size from the very beginning of their formation up to 120 hpf, it remained unknown when they became functional in liver. Therefore, we used a recently described non-invasive and label-free approach of fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) to determine the timing of blood flow initiation in vessels of zebrafish embryonic liver [15]. Using the LiPan/Tg(fli1:EGFP)y1 embryos, the FCS method allowed measurement of blood flow in sinusoids of zebrafish liver in vivo during development. While first sinusoids were already formed in liver at around 68–70 hpf, no blood flow was detected in liver sinusoids within a depth of 70 μm from the liver surface in all analyzed larvae (n = 7, Figure Figure4A),4A), but in each of them blood flow was detected in trunk vessels by FCS at this developmental stage. Soon after, at 72–75 hpf, we detected initiation of blood flow in external sinusoids of dorso-lateral part of liver parenchyma in three out of seven analyzed points (Figure (Figure4B).4B). It is likely that these sinusoids were already connected to the supraintestinal artery (SIA) and subintestinal veins. It seemed that the time course of initiation of blood flow in liver sinusoids correlated well with the development of intestinal vessels [8]. After initiation of the circulation, the mesh of sinusoids in the liver developed extremely fast and the liver increased significantly in size between 84–120 hpf. By 120 hpf, blood flow was detected in 8 out of 10 points located at different confocal planes as deep as 70 μm in both left and right liver lobes (Figure (Figure4C).4C). Due to a limit of light penetration, the detection of blood flow was restricted to 70–80 μm in depth from the liver surface. At around 120 hpf, liver vasculogenesis was almost complete and circulation was present in almost the entire liver when measured in left and right liver lobes.
Collectively, our data suggested three distinct stages of liver vasculogenesis: first, establishment of contact between ECs and hepatocytes at approximately 55–58 hpf (Figure (Figure4D);4D); second, formation of first sinusoids at around 58–72 hpf (Figure (Figure4E);4E); and third, initiation of blood flow in first sinusoids and formation of sinusoidal network (Figure (Figure4F).4F). At 120 hpf, confocal 3D projections revealed a dense penetrating vascular network and formation of the primary hepatic portal vein (HPV), which drained directly into the liver (18; Figure Figure4F4F).
In adult zebrafish, the pattern of sinusoidal network was comparable to that in larvae at 5–6 dpf. A confocal analysis of liver parenchyma in 1.5-mpf live LiPan/Tg(fli:EGFP)y1 fish revealed a dense penetrating vascular network with long stretches of sinusoids separating two rows of hepatocytes (Figure 4G, H). This pattern of sinusoidal network was comparable in all liver lobes (not shown).
Previously, it has been shown that there are two distinct phase of liver development in the zebrafish, budding phase from 24 hpf to 50 hpf and growth phase after 50 hpf. It seems that ECs are not essential for the initiation of liver budding as the liver buds normally in cloche mutants that lack ECs [5]. By taking advantages of LiPan/cloche mutant, we confirmed that at 50 hpf the liver bud in cloche is similar to that in wild type siblings (not shown). The livers in LiPan/cloche embryos expanded normally during early growth phase; at 55 hpf, they were similar to those of controls. However, at 60 hpf, while the size of the LiPan/cloche and wild type embryos was comparable, the size of liver was noticeably smaller in LiPan/cloche embryos than that in controls (Figure 5A, B). At 68–72 hpf when the first sinusoid was formed in wild type embryos, the arrest of liver growth in LiPan/cloche larvae became more obvious (Figure 5D–E). Concurrently, the confocal analysis of LiPan/Tg(fli1:EGFP)y1/cloche did not show GFP-expressing ECs associated with hepatocytes and there was no obvious daisy pattern of hepatocyte organization (Figure (Figure5H)5H) as observed in controls (Figure (Figure5G).5G). Only in the innermost layers of cloche liver did we observe a few RFP-negative areas among RFP-positive hepatocytes (Figure (Figure5H)5H) which could represent ductal cells detected in the cloche mutants at 70 hpf [19]. Thus, the absence of ECs contact in cloche mutants might significantly affect the size of liver and this effect was even more obvious during the formation of first vessels. Apart from the reduction in size, the structural organization of hepatocytes in cloche liver was less obvious than that in non-cloche siblings (Figure 5G, H). It appears that ECs through their contact with hepatocytes provided some specific morphogenetic signals for hepatocyte organization and liver growth.
To further investigate the role of ECs in liver development, we introduced the Tnnt2 morphants, which phenocopied the zebrafish silent heart (sih) mutant with defects in cardiac contractility and blood circulation [20,21,2]. We found that in LiPan/Tnnt2 morphants, the liver bud formed (as detected by in situ hybridization with the ceruloplasmin probe, not shown) and during early growth phase was about the same size as that in controls (323/323 morphants; Figure 5A, C). A confocal examination of the liver of LiPan/Tg(fli1:EGFP)y1/Tnnt2 morphants revealed normal progression of the initial stage of EC interaction with hepatocytes at 55–58 hpf (not shown). Tnnt2 morphants suffered from a cardiac edema. Despite that increased cardiac edema was almost comparable to that of cloche, in contrast to the small liver in cloche, livers of Tnnt2 morphants (96%, 310/323) expanded notably up to 70 hpf and had about same size and shape as in controls (Figure 5D, F). Based on the examination of ~400 cloche mutants and > 300 morphants, we failed to see any correlation between the volume of edema and size of liver. Moreover, the livers in LiPan/Tg(fli1:EGFP)y1/Tnnt2 morphants had similar morphological organization of hepatocytes to those in non-morphant controls, in contrast to the absence of prominent daisy organization of hepatocytes in LiPan/Tg(fli1:EGFP)y1/cloche mutants (Figure 5G–I). Thus, it seems that in embryonic zebrafish the initial liver growth and organization is promoted by the contact with ECs but not by blood circulation,
After the initiation of hepatic blood circulation at 72 hpf, the liver in wild type larvae was enlarged laterally, ventrally, and across the midline. In LiPan/Tnnt2 morphants, though the liver crossed the midline and extended moderately by 75 hpf, we observed significant reduction of liver size in 95% (282/297) morphant larvae by 80 hpf (Figure 6A–C). It seemed that the liver growth in Tnnt2 morphants was arrested in late development (Figure 6D, F). The lack of blood circulation in Tnnt2 morphants eventually resulted in vascular regression. The liver phenotype of LiPan/Tnnt2 morphants progressively became similar to that of LiPan/cloche mutants. A confocal analysis of LiPan/Tg(fli:EGFP)y1/cloche mutants revealed a compact arrangement of hepatocytes similar to that observed in LiPan/Tg(fli:EGFP)y1 siblings at the liver budding stage, i.e. hepatocytes were tightly attached to each other without obvious morphological organization (n = 8; Figure Figure6H).6H). The liver of LiPan/Tg(fli:EGFP)y1/Tnnt2 morphants at the corresponding stage displayed similarly poorly organized hepatocytes with only remnants of ECs in the external layers of liver (Figure (Figure6I)6I) in contrast to the well developed sinusoids and organized hepatocytes in liver of LiPan/Tg(fli:EGFP)y1 siblings (Figure (Figure5G).5G). Thus, by 120 hpf, the absence of circulation in Tnnt2 morphants causes liver deficiency comparable to that of cloche mutants lacking ECs (Figure 5G–L), indicating a vital role of blood circulation in formation of the sinusoidal network in the liver and liver growth in late development.
According to Field et al. [5] the liver development in zebrafish consists of two phases – budding and growth. Our current study further defined the timing of formation of three liver lobes during growth phase (Figure (Figure7A).7A). In combination with in vivo analysis of liver vasculogenesis and determination of initiation of blood flow in the liver of live embryos by FCS, we also defined three phases of liver vasculogenesis: 1) contact of ECs and hepatocytes, 2) formation of nascent sinusoids, 3) initiation of blood circulation and formation of the vascular network in liver (Figure (Figure7B).7B). Furthermore, by analysis of liver vasculogenesis and liver growth in wild type as well as in cloche mutant and Tnnt2 morphant larvae, we provided additional details to define three distinct stages of liver growth: 1) avascular growth, which could be considered a transition from the budding phase to the growth phase, 2) endothelium-dependent growth, and 3) circulation-dependent growth (Figure (Figure7C7C).
Although the early stages of endodermal organogenesis in the zebrafish have been a subject of intense studies [1-9], some of the late developmental events in liver growth and morphogenesis are still relatively poorly understood. To fill this gap, we re-evaluated liver morphogenesis in the zebrafish by focusing mainly on late events. We generated a two-color transgenic zebrafish line, LiPan, that expresses dsRed RFP specifically in the liver and GFP specifically in the exocrine pancreas to observe how liver growth is coordinated with that of pancreas during development in live embryos/larvae and adult zebrafish. The expression patterns of the two reporter genes are essentially identical to a combination of expression patterns in the two previously reported transgenic lines, Tg(lfabp:egfp) [16] and Tg(elaA:egfp) [17], both of which express only GFP in the liver and exocrine pancreas respectively. The LiPan zebrafish expresses two distinct fluorescent proteins markers with high intensity, rendering it an excellent experimental tool for detailed analysis of liver and pancreas organogenesis.
While morphological investigation of visceral organs in larvae and adult fish is often difficult due to similar colors of most of internal organs, the LiPan larvae and adults offer a convenient way to discern not only the liver and pancreas but also other internal organs due to the exclusion of the two fluorescent organs. Liver occupies the cranial region of the body cavity and the exocrine pancreas by and large occupies the posterior region of this cavity. It is clear that zebrafish, unlike some other fish, have separated and distinct liver and pancreas organs and do not form hepatopancreas (Figure (Figure2)2) [23]. We consistently observed the formation of three distinct liver lobes: the first, left lobe forms at ~80 hpf; the second, right lobe at ~96 hpf, and the third, ventral lobe at 15–20 dpf during liver growth phase (Figure (Figure1).1). This is in contrast to many other Teleostei species such as rainbow trout [24] and Liza saliens Risso, Liza aurata Risso [25], where no lobulation was recognized. In some species such as Chondrichthyes and Dipnoi, two liver lobes were found [23].
Using Lipan/Tg(fli1:EGFP)y1 transgenic zebrafish, we traced liver vasculogenesis from the very beginning until the liver became functional and showed sinusoidal network in adult zebrafish. These transgenic lines in combination with cloche mutant and Tnnt2 morphants, allowed us to investigate developmental mechanisms involved in liver vasculogenesis. Strong RFP expression in hepatocytes and GFP expression in ECs allowed the observation of the dynamic process of vasculogenesis in the liver from discrete ECs around the liver bud to the formation of functional sinusoids. Our study showed the dynamic formation of sinusoidal network in zebrafish liver and revealed some similarities and differences in liver vasculogenesis between zebrafish and other vertebrates.
Based upon morphological characteristics, liver development in zebrafish has been separated into two phases, budding (24–50 hpf) and growth (after 50 hpf). Hepatocytes differentiation takes place at the end of liver budding phase and before growth phase and lfabp is the molecular marker specific to fully differentiated hepatocytes [5,34]. It has been previously shown that ECs are adjacent to, but not encasing, the liver bud at 48 hpf [5]. In our current in vivo analyses, we found that during avascular growth stage, discrete ECs rim the liver bud completely and then physically interact with hepatocytes prior to blood vessels formation similar to that in mice [11]. In mouse Vegfr2/Flk-1-/- embryos that lack mature ECs, the multi-layered liver epithelia forms but later fail to grow [11]. In zebrafish cloche mutant embryos, which lack ECs, the size of liver was found to be comparable to that of wild type siblings during avascular growth stage up to 55 hpf and the growth of liver was arrested during vascular stage (Figure 7B, C). It appears that the role of ECs during liver morphogenesis is conserved among vertebrates since ECs in both zebrafish and mice provide a crucial growth stimulus to the hepatic tissue before formation and function of local vessels [11]. Previous observation of liver development in the cloche mutant was limited to 48 hpf due to an increased severity of the cardiac edema [5]. Using live LiPan/cloche mutant we were able to analyze liver development at later time points. This study showed that during endothelium-dependent growth stage, the size of liver in cloche mutants was significantly reduced compared to that in controls and supported the previous hypothesis that the liver of cloche mutant may be affected during growth phase if the endothelium is important for liver development in zebrafish [5]. Furthermore, we also showed that at the cellular level, liver morphogenesis in cloche mutant was also affected and a prominent daisy pattern of hepatocytes was absent.
To eliminate the possibility that the arrest of liver growth in cloche mutants was due to the lack of blood circulation that may transport certain factors required for liver growth, we analyzed Tnnt2 morphants that lack blood circulation. In contrast to the reduced and unorganized liver in cloche mutants, the size of liver and the pattern of ECs and hepatocytes interaction in Tnnt2 morphants embryos were similar to that of wild type siblings during both avascular and endothelium-dependent.growth stages. Thus, ECs in zebrafish may provide some morphogenic signals important not only for liver growth but also for structural organization of hepatocytes.
Despite similarities there are some differences in liver development between zebrafish and mice. In mice, where the liver is an early hematopoietic organ, endothelial-endoderm interaction is initiated during the early phase of liver budding, whereas in zebrafish this interaction starts much later and during the growth phase. Moreover, mouse homozygous mutant Flk-1-/- allele causes embryonic lethality by E10.5 (1 day after initiation of hepatocytes migration into the surrounding septum transversum mesenchyma) [26], but homozygous cloche mutants lacking ECs survive 6 days (almost 4 days after initiation of liver vasculogenesis). This time of development (5–6 dpf) corresponds with the appearance of the adult form of the heart and the transition from diffusive to convective oxygen supply.
In mice and human, ECs provide stimuli for hepatocytes to outgrow towards septum transversum mesenchyme [27,11]. Previously it has been proposed that vasculogenesis in zebrafish is achieved by endothelial invasion of liver [5]. In contrast, our data suggested that both ECs and liver grow towards each other. As ECs rim the liver completely and contact seemingly less associated surface layers of hepatocytes, the liver extends simultaneously, effectively moving hepatocytes towards endothelia. In mice, after growing into the septum transversum mesenchyme, hepatocytes organize around already formed sinusoids. In zebrafish, discrete ECs contact liver and then form nascent sinusoids. Formation of the daisy pattern of hepatocytes and nascent sinusoids proceeds at the same time. This interaction significantly changes the liver morphology, but molecular mechanisms underlying this developmental process remain to be elucidated.
After the initiation of blood flow in the first liver vessels, circulation became essential for further liver growth. From 72 to 120 hpf, the liver enlarges 8–10 times in size. The developing sinusoidal network directly contributes to the increased liver volume. Before the initiation of blood circulation in the liver, the size of sinusoids is 5–8 μm in diameter, while with the blood flow in the liver, sinusoids progressively increased in size up to 12–16 μm. Before the initiation of circulation, liver size and its early structural organization depend on the presence of ECs. However, after its initiation, circulation becomes an essential factor for subsequent liver development and growth, as evident by comparative analyses of LiPan/Tg (fli1:EGFP)y1/Tnnt2 morphant and LiPan/Tg(fli1:EGFP)y1/cloche mutant (Figure 5J–L). Therefore, the blood circulation stimulates development of the vascular network and this network remarkably enlarges liver size because of its own volume as well as delivery of nutrients to support liver growth by cell proliferation. Further analysis of mutants with defects of vascular patterning and vessels maintenance could uncover additional critical factors involved in liver vasculogenesis [28].
The development of the hepatic vascular architecture is a multistep process through the interaction of the two tissues, hepatocytes of endodermal origin and endothelia of mesoderm origin. Further to the model on early liver development proposed by Field et al. [5], we, based on new observation of developmental events during the liver growth phase, proposed to divide the liver growth phase into three distinct stages: avascular growth as a transition to the growth phase, where ECs are not required and liver extended by proliferation of hepatocytes; endothelium-dependent growth, when liver grew due to proliferation of hepatocytes and ECs, and circulation-dependent growth stage, when the blood circulation stimulates development of the vascular network which increases liver size because of its own volume and releases nutrients to support cell growth and proliferation (Figure (Figure7).7). This model could be useful as a roadmap to design further experiments addressing the role of the key factors required for liver vasculature development, the functions of signaling pathways and interactions between them during intriguing events of liver vasculogenesis.
In the present study, a two-color transgenic zebrafish line (LiPan) with RFP expression in the liver and GFP expression in the exocrine pancreas was generated and the LiPan line allowed us to analyze detailed liver development in live embryos and larvae. By crossing the LiPan line with Tg(fli1:EGFP)y1, we found that liver vasculogenesis started at 55–58 hpf when ECs first surrounded the hepatocytes from the liver bud surface and then invaded the liver to form sinusoids and later the vascular network. Fluorescence correction spectroscopy detected blood circulation in the liver first at ~72 hpf. Analysis of cloche mutants and Tnnt2 morphants led us to conclude that both ECs and blood circulation are required for continued liver growth and morphogenesis. Collectively, we propose to divide the growth phase of liver development in zebrafish into three distinct stages: avascular growth between 50–55 hpf, where ECs are not required; endothelium-dependent growth, where ECs or sinusoids are required for liver growth from 55 hpf to 72 hpf before blood circulation in the liver sinusoids; circulation-dependent growth where the circulation is essential to maintain vascular network and to support the continued liver growth and morphogenesis after 72 hpf.
Zebrafish were maintained in the fish facilities at the Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore (NUS) and the Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB) of Singapore according to established protocols [29] and in compliance with Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) guidelines. Developmental stages are presented in hour post fertilization (hpf), day post fertilization (dpf) or month post fertilization (mpf).
Isolation of elaA promoter (1.9 kb) and construction of the chimeric plasmid pElaA-EGFP have been described previously [17] The liver-specific promoter (2.8 kb) derived from the zebrafish liver fatty acid binding protein gene was provided by Dr. G.-M. Her and was inserted into pDsRed-Express-1 (Clontech, USA) to make the chimeric plasmid pLFABP-RFP. Both plasmids were linearized, mixed with 0.25% phenol red solution (1:1:1) at a final concentration of 100 ng/μl of each plasmid. Microinjection was carried out at the 1–2 cell stage. The DNA solution was injected into the boundary between the yolk and blastodisc. After microinjection, the embryos were maintained in egg water [29] with ~0.0005% methylene blue in a 28.5°C incubator. Transgenic founders were screened by observation of F1 embryos for RFP and GFP expression. 444 injected embryos were raised to adult and 66 of them were screened for transgenics. Two of them were found to produce F1 embryos with strong liver-specific RFP expression and exocrine pancreas-specific GFP expression. Thus, two stable transgenic lines were established and both showed standard Mendelian inheritance from F2 generation onwards. Since identical reporter gene expression patterns were observed in the two lines, only one line, named LiPan, was used for further characterization. Homozygous LiPan zebrafish were viable and had no visible phenotype. The LiPan line has been maintained in our laboratories for over eight generations and co-expression of RFP in the liver and GFP in the exocrine pancreas is always observed. Thus the two injected DNA constructs are likely co-integrated into the same chromosomal locus.
To facilitate visualization of liver and exocrine pancreas of larval zebrafish in whole-mount preparations, pigmentation of skin was inhibited by raising embryos and larvae in egg water [29] containing 0.2 mM 1-phenyl-2-thiourea (Sigma, USA). Microscopic observations and photography of live embryos were performed using the dissecting fluorescent microscope SZX12 (Olympus, Japan), compound microscope Zeiss Axioscope 2 and confocal microscope Zeiss LSM510 (Zeiss, Germany). Three images were taken at the same focal plane, using a DIC filter for transmitted light for the first, epifluorescence with a Rhod for the second and FITC filter for the third. These three images were then superimposed using Zeiss AxioVision software or Photoshop (Adobe, USA). Three-dimensional confocal projections were generated using Zeiss LSM510 software (Zeiss, Germany). In all confocal studies, at each time point, 5–8 embryos/larvae from random pairs were examined.
Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) is a single-molecule sensitive fluorescence technique which can provide information about diffusion coefficient, concentration, microfluidic flow, etc. [30,31]. It is based on an autocorrelation analysis of fluorescence fluctuations from a small focal volume in the specimen that is defined by a high numerical aperture objective and a small pinhole. Autocorrelation functions are derived for different cases such as 3D diffusion and microfluidic flow, and the models can be used to fit the experimental data. The two-flow model to extract the diastolic and systolic blood flow velocity at the same blood vessel in zebrafish larva was developed and the detailed setup was described previously [32]. The blood flow velocity in the liver sinusoids of zebrafish larvae was obtained by FCS measurement at the points of interest after the confocal image acquisition which helps to locate the position of sinusoids in the liver. In this work, each larva was anesthetized with freshly prepared 0.05–0.1 mg/ml Tricaine (ethyl m-aminoboenzoate, Sigma, Singapore) dissolved in egg water [29], immobilized in 1.5% low-melting-temperature agarose (Invitrogen, Singapore) (agarose was dissolved in 0.05 mg/ml of Tricaine in egg water), in WillCo-dish® glass bottom dish (GW-3512, WillCo-Wells, The Netherlands), placed in a temperature-controlled environment and immediately proceed for measurements. For each larva, blood flow was measured in a trunk vessel as a control and then in the vessels of liver parenchyma at 7–10 randomly selected points at different depths of liver tissue up to 80 μm. For each stage 3–5 larvae were measured. With this technique, we were able to measure blood flow inside the liver parenchyma as deep as 70 μm from the liver surface.
To visualize vascular development in the liver in live embryos, LiPan homozygotes were mated with Tg(fli1:EGFP)y1 homozygotes and triple transgenic embryos were generated. To analyze effect of endothelia on liver development and growth, we used cloche mutants (clos5 [point mutation allele]) which lack almost all endothelial cells [5,12,33]. Both LiPan and LiPan/Tg(fli1:EGFP)y1 transgenic fish were crossed with cloche heterozygotes to transfer the transgenes into the cloche mutants. After their progeny reached maturity, these fishes were crossed randomly to identify cloche heterozygotes that carry the transgenes. These fishes were crossed to obtain homozygous mutants with double (LiPan) or triple [LiPan/Tg(fli1:EGFP)y1] transgenic background and their development was monitored.
To analyze the role of circulatory defects in liver development, Tnnt2 antisense morpholino oligonucleotide (5'-CATGTTTGCTCTGATCTGACACGCA), which is targeted the Tnnt2 translation start codon and phenocopies the silent heart (sih) mutation [22], was obtained from Gene Tools (USA). A total of 4 ng of Tnnt2 morpholino oligonucleotide was injected into 1–2 cell stage of LiPan or LiPan/Tg(fli1:EGFP)y1 embryos and a stable non-contractile heart phenotype was observed in 98% of injected embryos and larvae from 24 hpf to 7 dpf (their last day of survival). Morphants without obvious motility defect and lacking blood circulation (with pericardial edema) were used for analysis of liver growth and vasculogenesis.
For cryosection, zebrafish embryos were ice-chilled and fixed with ice-cold 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA) in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at 4°C overnight. After fixation, embryos were embedded in 1.5% Bacto agar containing 5% sucrose and incubated in 30% sucrose at 4°C overnight. The embedded embryos were oriented and sectioned with a cryostat microtome (10 μm thickness). For paraffin sections, the embryos and larvae were fixed with either 4% PFA in PBS or Bouin's fixative, followed by paraffin embedding and sectioning (4 μm). Serial sections (from at least 3–5 embryos or larvae at each time point) were de-paraffinized, stained with hematoxylin-eosin, dehydrated, and examined.
SK – made genetic crosses and selection, systematic analyses of organogenesis and vasculogenesis in transgenic and mutant fish, and wrote the manuscript; XP – designed and made the LiPan transgenic line; MGL – made confocal microscopic images; CLM – made genetic crosses; XP-analyzed blood flow in liver; TW- developed blood flow measurement method; VK – developed the concept of the project, wrote and approved the manuscript; ZG – developed the concept of the project, designed the LiPan transgenics, wrote and approved the manuscript.
We are thankful to Dr. G.M. Her for the plasmid pLFABP-EGFP, Dr. B. Weinstein for Tg(fli1:EGFP)y1 transgenic line (through Drs. Z. Wen and R. Ge), Dr. D. Stainier for cloche mutant, Dr. K. Osborne for careful reading and comments, and personnel of NUS and IMCB fish and histology facilities for technical help and discussion. The financial support for this project came from Biomedical Research Council of Singapore. V.K. laboratory in the IMCB has been supported by the Agency for Science, Technology and Research of Singapore.
PubMed Central Canada is a service of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) working in partnership with the National Research Council's national science library in cooperation with the National Center for Biotechnology Information at the U.S. National Library of Medicine(NCBI/NLM). It includes content provided to the PubMed Central International archive by participating publishers.


text:
you are viewing a single comment's thread.
Personally the whole Fritzl thing is completely repulsive to me as a parent. One of the ways many people cope knowing what we do is to laugh in the face of adversity. It's the best way many nurses on A&E departments cope. It's got nothing to do with trying to upset people, it's got everyting to do with enabling them to move on and help the next patient. I couldn't cope with some of the stuff my missus has had to cope with working in SCBU and more recently as a special needs teacher. Just too upsetting.Laughter sometimes is the best medicine, it doesn't cure all ills though. That much is obvious.


text:
Having triplets is special, and it's becoming even more so.
In a society rampant with "you shouldn't eat that" messaging, figuring out what to eat can be a trip down negativity lane.
Once considered "nature's perfect food," milk is falling out of favor with consumers — unless it's made from almonds or cashews.
From a teenager posing as a physician to a chiropractor practicing "pastoral medicine," some people sound like doctors, but they're not. A report on NPR this week highlights why it's important to check out the initials that come after your doctor's name.
Keeping the Sabbath isn't optional, at least not in God's book. But observing the day of rest prescribed in the 10 Commandments can be more difficult for busy families than honoring their parents or not swearing.
New research shows why we feel groggy while traveling even if we're in the same time zone. It's because our brains refuse to shut down completely when we're in a strange place; they stay half-awake all night, protectively scanning for danger.
Struggling to forget "those things which are behind" is perhaps one of the most tragic things that unites the human race.
If it sounds too good to be true, it probably is.
Mirna Valerio, a Georgia teacher and coach, is 5 feet 7 inches tall and weighs — to the best of her knowledge — between 245-250 pounds.
Suicide is on the rise in America, and two groups in particular show a significant spike: middle-aged whites and adolescent girls.
Processed sugar, research increasingly suggests, makes us prematurely old, wrinkly and obese. But its position as Public Health Enemy No. 1 is relatively new, despite the warnings of a British scientist a half-century ago.
When Queen Elizabeth was born in 1926, the average British woman could expect to live about 70 years. The British monarch turned 90 last Thursday, however, and her expected successor, Prince Charles, continues to await his turn on the throne.
Twin brothers Mark and Mike Patey, both dyslexic, both diagnosed with ADHD and both inclined to get into trouble at school, were determined to prove they could offer the world something great.
Do you wish the old wives' tale of eating for two while pregnant was actually true? Why is it that you feel famished so often while pregnant? It's because you have a growing baby who is demanding more nourishment from you.
It looks beautiful even in winter, repels insects and never needs mowing, but artificial turf used on sports fields is beginning to raise questions about potential health hazards for young athletes.
Italian researchers say pasta eating is linked to a healthy body weight. Before you roll your eyes, know that an older study in the U ...
Pregnancy is not an excuse to skip your workout, a new study confirms.
Kids are natural climbers. They climb trees, fences and just about anything they can grab hold of.
Recently, my 6-year-old daughter, Azure, was sitting at the computer when some instructions popped up that required some reading that she had difficulty doing herself ...
Young adults are staying on their parents' health-insurance plans longer, and they're seeing their childhood pediatricians even when they're old enough to have ...
Everyone knows they shouldn't eat cookie dough because of the risk of salmonella from raw eggs. (Not that this stops many of us from ...
With modern life as fast-paced and busy as it is, many of us find ourselves exhausted not only by the end of the day, but ...
Living comfortably within your own skin is difficult when you have had to share it with a baby for nine months. Learning how to embrace ...
For the first time, Americans are spending more money in restaurants than at grocery stores, a trend that worries health professionals.
If the Social Security Administration had been around in 1776, the Founding Fathers might have retired on disability instead of giving birth to a nation ...
From soft drinks to hummus, every kind of food and drink seems to have a fun-sized version these days as manufacturers take a cue from ...
© 2016 Hinesville Publishing - All Rights Reserved
Powered By


text:
Moonrise Tea Garden
Hilo, Hawaii
Family Farm
Organic tea grown in a peaceful garden on the slopes of Mauna Kea, overlooking tranquil Hilo Bay. The tropical sun, fragrant rain, deep rich soil, and cool mountain breezes together form conditions ideal for tea. The result is a cup of rich tea, with a floral note unique to Hawaii. With Moonrise Tea you get Aloha in every cup.
We also grow fruit, herbs, spices, medicinals, natives, and vegetables in a riot of color. Our focus is on preserving native and heritage varieties. Our mission is to develop and promote island sustainability.
We welcome your visit, but we are a family run farm, open by appointment only.
Korean Natural Farming Demo Farm. Growing hand picked, hand rolled Hawaii grown artisan tea, hand made local fusions, herbs & spices. Open by appointment only.
Markets on LocalHarvest
Know a market serving this farm? Tell them to connect here on LocalHarvest!
Schedule and Location:
Hilo Farmers Market 9am-2pm Wednesday & Saturday
Latest Reviews
No reviews available. Be the first!
Products and Crops
- dried fruits - recipe
- teas
- dried herbs
- teas
- dried herbs
- teas
- dried herbs
- teas
- dried herbs


text:
Search BizReport
News by Topic
- Advertising
- Search Marketing
- Email Marketing
- Loyalty Marketing
- Mobile Marketing
- Social Marketing
- Viral Marketing
- Trends & Ideas
- Internet Marketing 101
Beyond Marketing
BizReport : Ecommerce : May 26, 2014
Survey reveals age is no barrier to confident Internet use
If you believe older generations struggle with technology you could be falling for an outdated stereotype. New research among those age 50 and over reveals that they are just as confident with technology and Internet use as those in their 30s and 40s.
A survey of 1,012 British consumers aged 30 and over by digital marketing firm iProspect found that age is no barrier to Internet use and online activity. In fact, iProsepct's report, 'The Ageless Internet: From Silver Surfers to Golden Geeks', found that those on the other side of 50 regularly and confidently engage with ecommerce.
Eight out of ten respondents aged over 50 said they did not see their age as a barrier to online use, and they intend to make more use of it in the future. That sentiment was expressed by even more (88%) among those aged 60-69 and as much as 92% of those aged 70+.
Chris Whitelaw, CEO of iProspect, says that the "patronizing approach to older generations needs to be put to rest".
"They are time-rich, and, accounting for their lower financial commitments, comparatively cash-rich too. They research online, and are strong believers in the power of search to make their lives easier; they 'reverse-showroom', researching products online and buying in store; they are comfortable buying many products online," writes Angus Wood, Head of Earned Media, on the iProspect blog.
Image via Shutterstock
Tags: demographic trends, ecommerce, Internet use, silver surfers
Subscribe to BizReport
Please enter your e-mail here:
Latest Headlines
- H1 2016's most-used and most-downloaded apps
- Gen Z's in-store expectations - the next challenge for retailers
- Brands: Why revenue based loyalty programs are a better draw
- Retail Roundup: Coupons key for all shoppers
- Study: In-game ads pushing engagement
- Expert: Why branded content appeals to consumers
- Reports: M:Comm up, privacy concerns abound
- Expert: What Pokemon Go phenomena means for businesses
Featured White Papers
- The 5 Principles of Engagement Marketing
In this ebook, we define each of those five principles, and show you what an engagement marketing strategy truly looks...
BizReport Research Library
Download the latest marketing research & free white papers


text:
...I have been a Spanish tutor for several years for students ranging from private colleges to elementary schools. My first language is Spanish and my goal as a tutor is to help the student to understand the grammar rules that Spanish languages has. The teaching style I use is to practice as many times necessary that way when the student walks away from the session they feel satisfied.
Hayward, CAView Tutor
...I have taught one-on-one classes for both children and adults and small group classes. These classes have focused on grammar as well as conversational lessons. I also taught for two years in a private language school for adults in Berkeley, CA.
Moraga, CAView Tutor
...I am a 2010 graduate of Washington State University, with a B.A. in French language and a B.A. in Political Science. I recently completed my M.A. in International Studies at the University of San Francisco. I began tutoring beginning and intermediate level French students during my sophomore year of college.
San Francisco, CAView Tutor
...I speak, read and write Spanish fluently. I lived in Mexico and traveled throughout Spain. I earned a MA degree in Spanish Language and Literature from SFSU.
San Mateo, CAView Tutor
...I also have experience being a tutor last year with Reading Partners at Sherman Elemantary school in Russian Hill neighborhood. I also freelance as a Spanish Tutor. I have my Bachelors Degree.
San Francisco, CAView Tutor


text:
Heather Banks' Profile
Although a quilter through and through, I also love to sew most anything crafty!
I recently left my full time job to pursue quilting, sewing and pattern designing full time. It was a scary decision but ultimately I decided I didn't want to look back on my life and regret what I never did due to fear.
I've recently split my "passions" on Etsy. I'm just about to launch a new Etsy shop called; "Inventive Denim". At this site you'll find all of my Denim Creations including my denim patterns!
Here at my "Passionate Quilter" store, you find a lot of quilt TOPS. I love to piece and I love novelty fabrics so this seemed like a good place to put those efforts! You'll also find my (in the works) patterns designed for non-denim projects!
Catch my blog at: www…
- Female
- Born on December 14
- Joined May 13, 2010
Favorite materials
- Heather Banks
United States
Passionate about Sewing, Quilting and LIFE!


text:
Gil Bellows and Rya Kihlstedt have been married since 1994. [view couple]
Gil Bellows (born June 28, 1967) is a Canadian film and television actor. He is best known for the roles of Tommy Williams in The Shawshank Redemption, Billy Thomas in the television series Ally McBeal, and as CIA agent Matt Callan in the television ...series The Agency.
Connect any celebrity with Gil Bellows to see how closely they are linked... romantically!
el es una persona maravillosa capaz de llegar y hacer sentir importante a una camarera que lo atiende en un restaurante eso solo lo logran personas grandes
ouch he looks so old now
I would like to write just one letter to actor Gil Bellows.Please, if anyone can help me with any kind of his p.o.box. or any kind information i will really be very thankfull....


text:
Capitol Hill Critics Second-Guess Agencies Using...
Keep the Opportunities, Lose the Opportunists
Researchers Now Have a Myriad of...
Reader Contributions Are Encouraged So We...
Novartis is paying Quark Pharmaceuticals $10 million for an option to obtain exclusive worldwide rights to develop and commercialize the latter's Phase II-stage siRNA candidate QPI-1002. If Novartis exercises its option Quark could receive another $670 million in option exercise fees and milestone payments, plus additional royalties on product sales. QPI-1002 is an siRNA-based temporary inhibitor of p53, in development for use in the prevention of acute kidney injury in patients undergoing major cardiovascular surgery, and for the prophylaxis of delayed graft function in patients receiving deceased donor kidney transplants.
Quark points out the drug is the first synthetic siRNA to be administered systemically in humans. QPI-1002 has been granted orphan designation by FDA and the European Medicines Agency for the prophylaxis of delayed graft function in kidney transplant patients.
Quark is a clinical-stage pharmaceutical company focusing on the development of RNAi-based therapeutics.
The firm's clinical pipeline includes the synthetic siRNA QPI-1007, which is designed to temporarily inhibit expression of the pro-apoptotic protein Caspase 2. The candidate is being developed as a neuroprotectant for the treatment of nonarteritic ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) and other optic neuropathies such as glaucoma that result in the death of retinal ganglion cells. Quark claims QPI-1007 utilizes a novel siRNA structure that preserves activity while attenuating off-target and immunostimulatory effects. The drug is currently being tested in Phase I trials in patients with optic nerve atrophy and NAION.
PF-655 (formerly REDD14NP and RTP801i) is a synthetic siRNA designed to inhibit the expression of RTP801, a target identified by Quark using its BiFAR™ target discovery platform. The drug has been licensed to Pfizer on an exclusive worldwide basis, and is currently undergoing Phase II studies against diabetic macular edema and age-related macular degeneration.
Quark's preclinical pipeline includes potential siRNA candidates in fields as diverse as lung diseases and lung transplantation disorders, acute and chronic neurodegenerative disorders, and hearing loss due to chemotherapy.
To save this item to your Favorites,
log into GEN Select.
We'll be sure to take you back here after you do.
Not a member of GEN Select?
To comment on this article,
log into GEN Select.
We'll be sure to take you back here after you do.
Join 110,000 colleagues who rely on GEN Highlights for breaking news and exclusive articles shaping today's life science tools and technologies.
You're all set! Thank you for subscribing to GEN Highlights.
MDMA (commonly known as the empathogen "ecstasy") is classified as a Schedule 1 drug, which is reserved for compounds with no accepted medical use and a high abuse potential. Two researchers from Stanford, however, call for a rigorous scientific exploration of MDMA's effects to identify precisely how the drug works, the data from which could be used to develop therapeutic compounds.Do you agree that ecstasy should be studied for its potential therapeutic benefits?
Be sure to add [email protected]
to your Address Book or Safe Senders List.
here for instructions.
If you have any questions about your subscription, click
here to email us or call at (914) 740-2189.
You may also be interested in subscribing to the GEN magazine, an indispensable
resource for everyone involved in the business of translating discoveries at the
bench into solutions that fight disease and improve health, agriculture, and the
environment. Subscribe
today to see why over 60,000 biotech professionals read GEN to
keep current in the areas of genomics, proteomics, drug discovery, biomarker discovery,
bioprocessing, molecular diagnostics, collaborations, biotech business trends, and
© 2016 Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News All Rights Reserved


text:
The measurement of the spectral broadening, or temporal coherence property of very narrow linewidth lasers is not an easy task, while such a measurement is essential in any interferometric applications of the lasers. The beat note between two assumingly identical lasers only provides the convolutional spectral profile of the two lasers, but not characterizes the single laser. The delayed self-heterodyne interferometer (DSHI) would not be effective for kHz linewidth range because the finite delay cannot realize complete de-correlation. Here, we demonstrate, for the first time to our knowledge, the complete characterization of the modulus of the degree of coherence (DOC) of kHz linewidth lasers, with a self-referenced fashion where any other reference beam is not used, accordingly, characterize the spectral profile. The method is based on speckle statistical analysis of the Rayleigh scattering in the coherent fiber reflectometry, and would be a novel strong tool to characterize very narrow linewidth lasers.
1. Introduction
Fourier spectroscopy [1–3] is a powerful tool particularly in relation to infrared spectroscopy. As with any types of spectrometric diagnosis, the resolution is determined by the maximum delay, hence, the size of the interferometer. This fact imposes a large burden when deploying the technique with narrow bandwidth lasers. Here, we present a novel Fourier spectroscopic approach to evaluate the modulus of the degree of coherence (DOC) over a very long range by using a speckle analysis in coherent fiber reflectometry. The term "quasi-" in the title is used to indicate the missing phase modulation of the DOC, with the result that only the even-functional information of the spectral profile is observed. We have already provided a preliminary result and intuitive theoretical description [4], and here we confirm the validity of the technique in a delay of hundreds of microseconds (several tens of km in a vacuum), which enables kHz-level resolution.
The laser speckle is a well-known phenomenon closely related to the coherence of light [5–8], and it has been intensively investigated in such areas as imaging applications, metrology for detecting displacement, deformation, and vibration. Generally, since the ability to form speckle patterns stems from a coherent interaction, an appropriate optics set-up can measure the DOC by monitoring the speckle's contrast [9, 10]. In silica optical fibres, a micro-size fluctuation in refractive index originates from such amorphous nature features as "rough surfaces". In particular, our interest here is focused on a reflectometric measurement of such scattered lights (Rayleigh scattering) in single-mode fiber (SMF) [11]. With coherent fibre reflectometry, the reflected intensity is jagged along the propagation direction [12]. It is known that observing the alternation of the speckle pattern with respect to the reference pattern allows us to measure local changes in the optical length of the fibre caused by strain and/or temperature [13].
2. Theory of principle
The system set-up is shown in Fig. 1 . The beam emitted from the laser under the test (LUT) is used as a light source for coherent optical frequency domain reflectometry (C-OFDR) [13–16], which observes the Rayleigh backscattered beam in the fiber as a function of the distance or roundtrip delay to the scattering point in a SMF. The linear frequency sweep of the LUT is accomplished by sweeping the modulation sideband of an external single-sideband (SSB) modulator. Let be the modulated beam, i.e., the input into the SMF, where g is the sweep rate (Hz/s), is the optical frequency, and is the random fluctuation of the phase of the laser beam, which degrades the coherence. A single point reflection at the roundtrip time τ' in the fiber is detected as the spectrum (Fourier transfer), of the beat signal between the local beam and the reflected beam (replica of the local beam delayed by τ), The amplitude of the speckle, observed at τ is the superposition of the spectrum, weighted by the random but time-invariant scattering coefficient where is a scattering point located in the vicinity of τ [12].
Fig. 1
Suppose that another separate but identical measurement is accomplished, represented by the suffix "s", with respect to "q". The sole difference is the fluctuation of the tested beam represented by and the two beams are modulated with an identical waveform, and the speckle amplitudes are superposition of with an identical random coefficient, . Therefore, their correlation should directly reflect that between and or between their inverse Fourier transforms (Parceval's theorem). Thus, we obtain
At the final stage, the exchange of for τ is based on the assumption that the correlation is constant in the vicinity of . If the integration time T is sufficiently long compared with the coherence time so that the time average equals the ensemble average, and the average product of the independent q-th and s-th processes equals the product of each average. Hence, we obtain17].
3. Experimental set-up and laser under test
Two fiber lasers and a laser diode emitting at 1.55 μm were prepared as LUTs. LUT#1 was an NKT Photonics Koheras E15, LUT#2 was an Orbits Lightwave Ethernal and LUT#3 was a RIO PLANEX (RIO0194-1-01-1). The linewidth (full width at half maximum, FWHM) estimated by the self-delayed heterodyne method with a 160 km delay was about 110 kHz in LUT#3.
The frequency of the LUT was swept by using a single sideband (SSB) modulator. A frequency synthesizer with a ramp function (Agilent E8257D) generated the sinusoidal RF signal whose frequency was linearly swept. The modulation sideband of the optical beam was swept accordingly.
The sweep rate g and integration time T, which determine the sweep range ΔF = gT, can be selected very flexibly, but the following considerations are necessary. First, T must be sufficiently large compared with the expected coherence time so that it involves every random fluctuation. To realize this, we tested several different Ts, and looked for one that seemed to provide sufficient randomisation. The second issue stems from the requirement that the DOC should be constant over the range in which the speckle correlation is obtained. The reflectometer's resolution is Δτ = 1/ΔF. If we use N samples, or the NΔτ range to obtain the correlation, the spectral width Δν of the LUT must be smaller than 1/ NΔτ so that the DOC is constant in the range. Hence, ΔF > NΔν is required. Therefore, if the sweep is accomplished with an electrical modulator, its bandwidth restricts the maximum spectral width that can be measured. The parameters used in the experiment are shown in the figure captions.
The output powers of the LUTs were typically 10 dBm. The SSB modulator imposed a total loss of ~-19 dB, so an optical amplifier was used to obtain a power of ~6 dBm at the entrance of the SMF. The C-OFDR provided a signal to noise ratio of about 25 dB even at a 40 km range.
The measurements were performed every 0.2 s, and a succeeding pair of obtained speckle patterns was used for the correlation analysis. The x- and y- polarizations of the scattering were obtained with polarization diversity, and the speckle correlation was analysed by using the inner product of the Jones vectors,
4. Experimental results
We tested three LUTs experimentally. Figure 2 shows an example of the observed reflection speckle at delays both shorter and longer than the laser's expected coherence time (τc). Since the SMF we used was a non-polarization-hold type, the polarization diversity was incorporated in the coherent receiver. The intensity plot of the scattering is the square sum of the x- and y-polarizations. The blue plots show the results of the first (q-th) measurement, and red dashed plots shows those of the second (s-th) measurement that was performed successively with the same LUT. As shown in the figure, when τ <τc, these two results exhibit a strong correlation, whereas when τ >τc, the correlation diminishes. This tendency was observed for all the LUTs used in the experiment, and was well predicted by the theoretical analysis.
Fig. 2
The results of the correlation for the three LUTs are shown in Fig. 3 . The real and imaginary parts of the correlation are displayed in Fig. 3(a). Their correlation value should theoretically be real, but the practical value was complex and includes oscillation, as shown in the figures. The oscillation may be attributed to the bias of the laser frequency or a change in the fiber temperature imposed between the two measurements . The modulus of the complex numbers is calculated from these real and imaginary parts, and shown in Fig. 3(b), where the modulus shows the squared DOC. Three typical measurement results for LUT#1 (light-green, blue and brown) and #2 (red, green and purple) are plotted, and the results for LUT#3 are plotted in orange in the same figure (also shown separately on a larger scale). These DOC curves decrease monotonically with respect to the delay, but we see that the rates of decrease are unique to each LUT.
Fig. 3
By taking the squared-root of we obtain the modulus of the DOC. From the Wiener-Khinchin relationship, the even-functional information of the power spectrum can be obtained, while the lack of the phase of the DOC veils the odd-functional information. Spectral profiles thus obtained are depicted in Fig. 4 . The measurements were performed every 0.2 s, and the succeeding pair of speckle charts were processed to examine their correlation. We found no significant deviation of the observed spectra for the same LUT throughout the measurement. The full-widths at half-maximum (FWHM) were about 6, 10, and 120 kHz, for LUT#1 to #3, respectively.
Fig. 4
To examine the dependence of the above results on the sampling time T, we collected data for several Ts, as shown in Fig. 5 . The observed tendency in LUT#1 in particular, which has the longest expected coherence time of the three, is that the obtained curves exhibited the curvature perturbation in every experiment when the integration time T was short, while the perturbation disappeared when T was long. As described in the theoretical consideration, we presumed that the observed perturbation is a result of the fact that there is insufficient sampling time to contain all possible random events. In such cases, the light sometimes appears coherent even with very large delays, while the interference may diminish at a specific delay, and the cases are dependent on each individual event.
Fig. 5
Finally, to examine the validity of the results, we conducted a reference experiment, in which we used a Mach-Zehnder interferometer with a few fixed delays. Figure 6(a) shows the reference measurement set-up we used to characterize the phase noise of a laser using a Mach-Zehnder interferometer with a fixed delay. The continuous light produced from the laser under test (LUT) was divided into two paths. One path was delayed by time τ through a single-mode fiber (SMF), and frequency-shifted by an acousto-optical frequency shifter (AOF) to allow the use of an ac-coupled photodetector. The two beams were mixed by a 90-degree hybrid to produce the constellation diagram. After removing the constant rotation, we evaluated the phase variance at a few fixed delays (0 ~200 μs). The DOC was estimated by
Fig. 6
By obtaining the phase-error variance at delays of 0, ~25, ~50, ~100 and ~200 μs, we were able to analyze the DOC as indicated within the red and grey bars, for LUT#1 and #2, respectively, for each delay in Fig. 3(b). We can clearly see that there is very good agreement with the results obtained with the proposed method. In addition, we describe the effect of the mechanical vibration of the SMF, which could lead to an underestimation of the coherence. The amplitude of the sound pressure density was typically 58 dB (16 mPa) outside the soundproof box, and 54 dB (10 mPa) inside it. SMFs with identical 40 km lengths (~200 μs delay) were inserted in both paths of the interferometer. The two SMFs were placed apart from each other in different soundproof boxes, so we believe that their vibrations were uncorrelated. The observed phase variance was much smaller than that observed when the path length was different and laser's phase noise was incorporated.
We examined the phase variance caused by the mechanical vibration of SMFs with identical 40 km lengths (~200 μs delay) in soundproof boxes (Fig. 7(b) ). The amplitude of the sound pressure density was approximately 54 dB (10 mPa) in the soundproof box. Clearly, the broadening of the constellation is much smaller than that caused by the LUT's phase fluctuation. On the assumption that the vibrations of the two SMFs are uncorrelated, we estimate the variance caused by a single SMF to be ~0.1 rad2; this corresponds to ≅ 0.95, whereas the observed DOC at the corresponding delay was almost eliminated. Thus, we conclude that the DOC was slightly underestimated, but the effect was not significant.
Fig. 7
5. Conclusion
In summary, we have described a Fourier spectroscopic measurement with a range of several hundreds of microseconds with the aim of characterizing the coherence of narrowband laser beams, and have successfully determined the spectral profile of kHz-level lasers. The unique feature of this new technique makes it attractive for characterizing narrowband beams. This is because the existing technique using a delayed self-heterodyne interferometer [18, 19], which only observes a beat spectrum with a finitely delayed portion, includes a fundamental error when it is adapted for such narrowband sources.
References and links
1. P. Fellgett, "Thesis," in University of Cambridge, (1951).
2. P. L. Richards, "High-resolution Fourier transform spectroscopy in the far-infrared," J. Opt. Soc. Am. 54(12), 1474–1484 (1964). [CrossRef]
3. J. Connes and P. Connes, "Near-infrared planetary spectra by Fourier spectroscopy. I. Instruments and results," J. Opt. Soc. Am. 56(7), 896–910 (1966). [CrossRef]
4. M. Inoue, Y. Koshikiya, X. Fan, and F. Ito, "Coherence characterization of narrow-linewidth beam by C-OFDR based Rayleigh speckle analysis," Opt. Express 19(21), 19790–19796 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
5. J. D. Rigden and E. I. Gorden, "The granularity of scattered optical maser light," Proc. IRE50, 2367–2368 (1962).
6. B. M. Oliver, "Sparkling spots and random diffraction," Proc. IEEE 51(1), 220–221 (1963). [CrossRef]
7. J. W. Goodman, "Speckle phenomena in optics," in Roberts and Company, (Englewood, 2007).
8. J. C. Dainty, "Some statistical properties of random speckle patterns in coherent and partially coherent illumination," Opt. Acta (Lond.) 17(10), 761–772 (1970). [CrossRef]
9. F. M. Mottier and R. Dandliker, "A simple spectrum analyzer for laser light using speckles," Opt. Commun. 3(5), 366–368 (1971). [CrossRef]
10. R. A. Dandliker and F. M. Mottier, "Determination of coherence length from speckle contrast on a rough surface," Z. Angew. Math. Phys. 22(3), 369–381 (1971) (ZAMP). [CrossRef]
11. E. Brinkmeyer, "Backscattering in single-mode fibres," Electron. Lett. 16(9), 329–330 (1980). [CrossRef]
12. P. Healey, "Fading in heterodyne OTDR," Electron. Lett. 20(1), 30–32 (1984). [CrossRef]
13. M. Froggatt and J. Moore, "High-spatial-resolution distributed strain measurement in optical fiber with Rayleigh scatter," Appl. Opt. 37(10), 1735–1740 (1998). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
14. W. Eickhoff and R. Ulrich, "Optical frequency domain reflectometry in single-mode fiber," Appl. Phys. Lett. 39(9), 693–695 (1981). [CrossRef]
15. K. Tsuji, K. Shimizu, T. Horiguchi, and Y. Koyamada, "Coherent optical frequency domain reflectometry using phase-decorrelated reflected and reference lightwaves," J. Lightwave Technol. 15(7), 1102–1109 (1997). [CrossRef]
16. X. Fan, Y. Koshikiya, and F. Ito, "Phase-noise-compensated optical frequency domain reflectometry with measurement range beyond laser coherence length realized using concatenative reference method," Opt. Lett. 32(22), 3227–3229 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
17. M. Born and E. Wolf, Principles of Optics, 7th ed. (Cambridge University Press, 1999).
18. T. Okoshi, K. Kikuchi, and A. Nakayama, "Novel method for high resolution measurement of laser output spectrum," Electron. Lett. 16(16), 630–631 (1980). [CrossRef]
19. L. E. Richter, H. I. Mandelberg, M. S. Kruger, and P. A. McGrath, "Linewidth determination from self-heterodyne measurements with subcoherence delay times," IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 22(11), 2070–2074 (1986). [CrossRef]


text:
0 reads Leave a comment
So far, I've given you the "M" and the "A" for MAZDA! Now, it's time for the "Z"! You have to figure out all the letters that spell out MAZDA3 to win a $300 gas card, courtesy of Mazda and 92Q Jams!
Here is this week's location:
Email your answers to email@example.com or FAN my FACEBOOK PAGE at www.facebook.com/mskikibrown to submit your answer!
And don't forget to test drive the 2012 Mazda 3 today at your local Mazda dealer! Zoom! Zoom!!
Also On 92 Q:
Who's That? Shocking Plastic Surgery Transformations
15 photos Launch gallery


text:
Showing Results 1-8 of 3,510 within 50 miles of Zion. Show Zion Results Only
Photo by Sgt. Karen Sampson | 108th Training Command- Initial Entry Training | 07.26.2016
Task Force Wolf, Army Reserve instructor Staff Sgt. Tyler Martin instructs Frantz Pierre, a Cadet Initial Entry Training (CIET) candidate from Marion Military Institute in Northern Alabama, on the Individual Movement Training (IMT) lane at Christensen Range, during Cadet Summer Training (CST16), at Ft. Knox, Kentucky, July 11. (U.S. Army Reserve photo by Sgt. Karen Sampson/ Released)...
Hometown: Chicago, IL
Story by Sgt. Karen Sampson | 108th Training Command- Initial Entry Training | 07.26.2016
"He said 'set.' it's your turn to move, right?"
A Cadet nods.
"My weapon's on safe, cover me while I move!"
The Cadet rushes forward, hits the mud in the prone. Transitioning into the kneeling position he throws a grenade.
In low-visibility with a continuous drizzle, eyes and rifle muzzles are alert and down-range.
Cadets perform low-crawl, high-crawl, three......
Hometown: Chicago, IL
Photo by Justin Connaher | Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson Public Affairs | 07.24.2016
Army Pfc. Camill Hernandez, a native of Milwaukee, Wis., left, and Spc. Caleb Clark, a native of Rome, Ga., both assigned to U.S. Army Alaska's 1st Stryker Brigade Combat Team, 25th Infantry Division, prepare to fire an 81mm mortar in the Yukon Training Area near Fort Wainwright, Alaska, during the Arctic Anvil 2016 exercise, Saturday, July 23, 2016. Arctic Anvil is a joint, multinational......
Hometown: Milwaukee, WI
Video by Lance Cpl. Nichole Stoehrer | American Forces Network Iwakuni, Japan | 07.18.2016
Every Marine is a rifleman and using weapons go hand in hand with defense tactics. Lance Corporal Nichole Stoehrer reports. This story includes sound bites from 1st Lt. Samuel Ernst, Westchester, Illinois, and Lance Cpl. AJ Mercado, Brooklyn, New York. This story is also available in high definition....
Hometown: Westchester, IL
Video by Lance Cpl. Nichole Stoehrer | American Forces Network Iwakuni, Japan | 07.18.2016
This video contains footage of Marines from Marine Wing Support Squadron 171 filling sandbags and practicing defense tactics during Exercise Eagle Wrath 2016. To view the story involving this footage, search "Marines learn defense tactics during Exercise Eagle Wrath 2016" or visit the American Forces Network DVIDS unit page....
Hometown: Westchester, IL
Photo by Cpl. Diamond Peden | 6th Marine Corps District | 07.18.2016
Second Lieutenant Rebecca Reynolds recites the Oath o Office with Cpt. Clifton E. Payton in front of family and friends in the University Club July 15, 2016, at the University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama. Reynolds, a native of Muskego, Wisconsin joined the Platoon Leaders Class her freshman year and was later selected in the PLC Juniors and again with PLC Seniors in 2015. Payton, a native......
Hometown: Muskego, WI
Story by Ismael Ortega | Mobilization and Deployment, DPTMS Fort Bliss | 07.18.2016
While most people were celebrating their Fourth of July weekend with barbeques and fireworks, the 32nd Military Police Company from the Wisconsin Army National Guard were departing from the Silas L. Copeland Arrival/Departure Airfield Control Group, here, for Guantanamo Naval Base, Cuba....
Hometown: Milwaukee, WI
Photo by Ismael Ortega | Mobilization and Deployment, DPTMS Fort Bliss | 07.18.2016
Soldiers assigned to the 32nd Military Police Company, Wisconsin Army National Guard, are processed, weighed and manifested prior to boarding a flight to Guantanamo Naval Base, Cuba July 1....
Hometown: Milwaukee, WI


text:
Stat Man: Poor putting not an issue in NOLA
Will Gray breaks down the minimal effect that poor putters have on winning the Zurich Classic.
MD Headlines: Can Tiger turn the tide?
Tiger Woods tells the media he is frustrated with not contending and winning golf tournaments at the 2015 Quicken Loans National. Bailey Mosier brings you the latest headlines from the world of golf.
Stat Man: Mickelson needs big week to move on
GolfChannel.com writer Will Gray takes you inside the numbers to preview this year's BMW Championship at Cherry Hills.
Spider-Man returns: Villegas wins at Wyndham
Camilo Villegas talks about what it means to win for the first time in four years. Golf Central recaps the final round of the 2014 Wyndham Championship. Watch Golf Central 6PM ET.
Watney to sit out rest of season with ailing back
A month break to let his back heal has turned into much longer for Nick Watney, who says he is done for the rest of the season.
Oral history: DJ and the bunker at the 2010 PGA
Rex Hoggard talks with the people who were closest to the controversial ending of the 2010 PGA.
YOK: Watney trying to complete revival at Wyndham
The Wyndham Championship remains up for grabs. Here's what You Oughta Know heading into the final round.
Holmes, English share Farmers lead through 54
J.B. Holmes and Harris English share the Famers lead through 54 holes, but a crowded leaderboard will push them come Sunday.
Snedeker wins at Pebble, heading back to Augusta
Brandt Snedeker broke his own scoring record and won the AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am for the second time in three years.
Final tee shot costs Watney at Wyndham
The 18th hole at Sedgefield Country Club plays sharply downhill, so Nick Watney couldn't see as his title hopes at the Wyndham Championship hit a cart path and bounced out of bounds.
Watney leads Wyndham as Sunday shootout looms
... Dreams? A big break or big heartache loom at Sedgefield where Nick Watney leads by 1.
Days after close call, Watney opens with 66
Nick Watney posted a 5-under 66 to move atop a crowded leaderboard at Riviera on the heels of his close call just days ago.
Notes: Like Sneds, Watney trying to get back in top 50
One month into the new year, Nick Watney already is putting last year out of his mind.
Kuchar shoots 64, edges ahead at Humana Challenge
It's a birdie-fest at the Humana Challenge, and after rounds of 65-64, no one is lower than 36-hole leader Matt Kuchar, who leads by one.


text:
Bike-Friendly Routes
June 27, 2016
I like riding my bike for leisure. I don't consider myself a cyclist, but I have much respect for those that are. Many Clevelanders use cycling as a mode of transportation during the nice weather months. Some even use it as a mode of transportation in the winter!
I love seeing this trend of more bicycle-friendly roads in Northeast Ohio. I give kudos to the City of Cleveland and surrounding suburbs who are planning safer routes for commuters.


text:
Virgin Trains East Coast Homepage
Tickets are available for travel up to and including Friday 21 October 2016
Tickets are also available up to and including Friday 13 January 2017 for journeys between stations north of York (including York) and London and journeys between any two stations north of York (including York). Take a closer look at availability and exclusions
Travelling right now?
View live departures & arrivals
Timetable Changes Saturday, 30 JulyTimetables - Check another date
There are no planned changes to the train timetable today
19:00 from Edinburgh to Doncaster will be a T-Total train
The 19:00 service from Edinburgh to Doncaster, Saturdays only, will be an alcohol free train. You will not be able to bring alcohol in any form, onto the train, or consume it whilst on board. This policy has been put in place to ensure that all of our customers can enjoy a more pleasant journey.
Virgin Trains East Coast have prohibited the possession of intoxicating liquor from the above mentioned train service.
It is an offence under Byelaw 4(2) of the Railway Byelaws, for any person travelling on the services listed above to be in possession of intoxicating liquor or to attempt to enter any of the above trains with intoxicating liquor.
These changes are reflected in the timetables when planning your journey or booking your ticket using the online booking engine.
Amended service in the Doncaster area from 21:00 Saturday 30 until 11:50 Sunday 31 July
Engineering work is taking place between Doncaster and York / Leeds, closing some lines. Read more about engineering work and why it is necessary.
20:30 (Saturday) Birmingham New Street to York service will be diverted between Sheffield and York, not calling at Doncaster.
20:27 (Saturday) Coventry to Leeds service will be diverted between Sheffield and Leeds, not calling at Doncaster.
Connecting passengers should use alternative services between Sheffield, Doncaster and York / Leeds.
Grand Central
07:55 (Sunday) Bradford Interchange to London Kings Cross service is re-timed to start later than usual at 08:16. The train will run later throughout.
11:50 (Sunday) London Kings Cross to Bradford Interchange service is re-timed to start later than usual at 12:36. The train will also run later throughout.
22:19 (Saturday) Leeds to Doncaster service will be replaced by a bus between Wakefield Westgate and Doncaster.
09:12 (Sunday) Doncaster to Leeds service will start from Wakefield Westgate at 09:40. A bus will operate between Doncaster and Leeds, calling to set down only at Wakefield Westgate.
Virgin Trains East Coast
21:00 (Saturday) London Kings Cross to Newcastle service will be diverted between Doncaster and York, extending journey times by up to 30 minutes.
22:00 (Saturday) London Kings Cross to Leeds service will be replaced by a bus between Doncaster and Leeds.
08:00 (Sunday) York to London Kings Cross service will be cancelled.
08:05 (Sunday) Leeds to London Kings Cross service will start from Doncaster at 08:37.
09:37 (Sunday) Doncaster to Edinburgh service will start from York at 10:01.
10:20 (Sunday) London Kings Cross to Newcastle service will start from Doncaster at 11:59.
Planning your Journey
To check your journey, please use our online journey planner
These changes are reflected in the timetables when planning your journey or booking your ticket using the online booking engine.
Bag a bargain
Get there, for less
All fares indicated are one way
Things are about to get hotter
Glorious new carriage interiors. Free Wi-Fi in Standard Class. A spanking new on-board entertainment service (on us!). 42 extra weekly services. Sexy spruced First Class lounges. An exclusive new First Class menu. You name it.
Explore more
We'll take you to some of the best places in the UK
Why choose Virgin Trains East Coast
Keep in touch!
Virgin Trains fleet refurbishment programme milestone achieved29/07/16
Refurbishment programme part of £40 million investment pledge to improve current fleet
David Baddiel boards Virgin Trains to become Summer Author with exclusive story for children26/07/16
Virgin Trains has teamed up with the award-winning children's author and comedian to create an exclusive children's story this summer
Youngsters imagine the Train of the Future12/07/16
Private pet carriages and solar powered propulsion are amongst the inventive ideas that children have designed into their ultimate train of the future.
Virgin Trains new executive chef James Martin serves up sweet surprise23/06/16
Newly appointed Virgin Trains' executive chef, James Martin, introduces customers to his new menu now available to First Class customers on the east coast route.


text:
searching for Jill Parrish 1 found (7 total)
alternate case: jill Parrish
Gone (2012 film)
(1,182 words)
[view diff]
exact match in snippet
view article
Powers into his office to investigate the new leads. Amanda Seyfried as Jill Parrish Wes Bentley as Det. Peter Hood Sebastian Stan as Billy Daniel Sunjata


text:
Emergency Physician
33 years of experience
Accepting new patients
33 years of experience
Accepting new patients
Dobson Ranch
1660 S Alma School Rd
Mesa, AZ 85210 Phone number & directions
1660 S Alma School Rd
Mesa, AZ 85210 Phone number & directions
License & Identifications
A medical license is required for a doctor to practice medicine in a particular state. Requirements vary by state but most require, at a minimum, post-graduate training in the doctor's specific specialty. An NPI number is a national identifier unique to an individual health care provider and is managed by the Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS).
Learn more about Dr. Robin Silver:
View the full profile to get information on:
- Qualifications
- What's important to you
View full profile
Patient Reviews
Patient comments (0)
The overall average patient rating of Dr. Robin Silver is Excellent.
|Patient Ratings
|Ease of Appointment
|Courteous Staff
|Accurate Diagnosis
|Bedside Manner
|Spends Time with Me
|Follows Up After Visit
Education & Awards
Dr. Silver graduated from University of Arizona, Tucson.
Home > Find an Emergency Physicians > AZ > Mesa Emergency Physicians > Dr. Robin Silver, MD
Similar doctors nearby
Dr. Brad Harrison
Emergency Medicine
10 years experience
Mesa, AZ
Dr. Charles Pahaenich
Emergency Medicine
18 years experience
Mesa, AZ
Dr. Gary Lucchesig
Emergency Medicine
20 years experience
Mesa, AZ
Dr. Tanya Kne
Emergency Medicine
18 years experience
Mesa, AZ
Dr. Thomas Winter
Emergency Medicine
6 years experience
Mesa, AZ
Dr. Bertram Okorie
Emergency Medicine
32 years experience
Mesa, AZ
- Additional Information
- Dr. Robin Derek Silver MD is a male Emergency Medicine Specialist, has 33 years of experience and practices in Emergency Medicine.
- Where does Dr. Robin D. Silver practice?
- Dr. Robin Silver has 2 office locations.
Dr. Robin Silver practices Emergency Medicine near Mesa, AZ.
See Mesa Emergency Physicians.