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Casa Al Sur TerrazaCalle Mármoles 28, M... 1.2kmUS$13.66
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Feel Hostels Soho Malaga
A stay in affordable accommodation doesn't have to mean a sacrifice in quality. At Feel Malaga Hostel for backpackers is a relaxed and chilled-out hostel which focuses on personal service.
We are... Więcej...
Feel Hostels City Center
A stay in affordable accommodation doesn't have to mean a sacrifice in quality. At Feel Malaga Hostel for backpackers is a relaxed and chilled-out hostel which focuses on personal service.
With a... Więcej...
Bellavista Playa Malaga
Przetłumaczone przez Playa Bellavista to jedyny hostel w Malaga znajduje się na linii nadmorskiej.... Więcej...
Lights Out Hostel
Looking for a comfy and fun hostel where you´ll have a good night sleeps in our big beds, great showers and meet fellow travellers on our sunny rooftop? Don´t look further! We've spent a... Więcej...
Patio 19
Przetłumaczone przez Taras 19, Stary dom, stare, ładny budynek, masywny miejsce, babcia stary dom,... Więcej...
Alcazaba Premium Hostel
Stay right in the centre of Málaga
Located just 180 meters from the Picasso Museum in the Malaga historic center, Alcazaba Premium Hostel features an onsite restaurant, a bar and an amazing... Więcej...
Ilan's-Apartments are located in the historic center of Malaga, perfectly situated near the Alcazaba, Gibralfaro Castle, the Picasso Museum, the Cathedral and the citys main plazas.
The Malagueta b... Więcej...
Malaga Beach and Center Backpackers
The Malaga Beach and Center Backpackers will transport you to a world of warmth and serenity.
With us you will really feel at home because we will treat you as part of a big family. You will immedi... Więcej...
Oasis Backpackers' Hostel Malaga
We have a saying at Oasis Backpacker's Hostel Malaga – if you can't meet anyone here, you can't meet anyone anywhere! Or maybe that was, 'why do my socks smell like tequila?' Either... Więcej...
Casa Babylon Backpackers
Casa Babylon is more than a hostel - it's a place to share your travel and personal experiences with all the other cosmopolitans and backpackers. Come here and spend a pleasant time with all of us wh... Więcej...
La Catedral Tourist Hosting
In a prime location next to the gardens of the Cathedral , in the few 500 meters from the Picasso Museum , Thyssen and Alcazaba histórico.A town.
A unique place with some Andalusian air with... Więcej...
Casa Al Sur
Our brand new hostel is a charming 100+ year old typical Andalusian house with a friendly, urban feel. The hostel was created as an idea by two travelers that want to make your stay in this beautiful... Więcej...
Chinitas Urban Hostel
The hostel offers beds in heated rooms, private lockers, and access to shared bathroom facilities, including a shower.
Chinitas Urban Hostel is located in the historic city centre of Malaga. This... Więcej...
Casa Al Sur Terraza
Our new sunny addition to the Casa Al Sur family is a bright, charming Andalusian house that focuses on its spaciously relaxing roof terrace.
Casa Al Sur Terraza wants to create a calm oasis in th... Więcej...
Nomadas Hostel
Nomadas is a nice hostel in a renovated house in the city center of Málaga, and far enough to sleep away from any noise.
It's placed at walk distances from all you need to know and enjoy ou... Więcej...
Cozy B&B Beach Centre Apartment
This flat is located in the heart of Malaga, close enough to walk to the center in 10 minutes, but far enough to escape the tourist crowds. There are 3 bedrooms, 2 baths, living room and kitchen. The... Więcej...
El Molino Del Abuelo
We are e Eco friendly place which means we care for the Life using renewable energy, growing our food organically, composting, healthy cooking, Yoga, calmness, living in peace.
More than 8 years buil... Więcej...
Residencia Malaga Backpackers
This vibrant well equipped, spacious hostel is conveniently located, only 5 minutes from the beach and 15 to the main bus and train station if walking. A bus to the airport stops at the end of the str... Więcej...
Pink House Backpackers
Jeśli masz kilka dni wolnych i szukasz słońca, pięknych plaż, dobrego jedzenia, niezapomnianych zabytków....w ciągu dnia chcesz wyskoczyć na zakupy a w nocy p... Więcej...
El Riad Andaluz
Welcome to our traditional Andalusian hotel, in the heart of Malaga's historical centre.
We have a great location in a small street next to the Cervantes theatre, close to Plaza de la Merced and to... Więcej...
Alameda Hotel
Ponownie w Kwietniu 2012, Promenada Hotel jest znakomicie umieszczony w Mlaga ośrodek , zawrzeć do Port i polecany przy Kierować Rozgromić. Wielki wobec wizyta ten historyczny ośrodek i pomniki , Kate... Więcej...
Villa Alicia
Villa Alicia Guest House is located in the upper part of the centre of Malaga, very close to the Virgen de la Victoria Shrine, facing Gibralfaro Hill and Castle. It has an excellent location and wonde... Więcej...
Malaga Budget
This vibrant well equipped and spacious hostel has private and shared rooms and a friendly staff waiting to welcome you to Malaga city.
Malaga Budget is conveniently located, 5 minutes from the... Więcej...
Hostal Vidamia
Vidamia House is a hostel that arises from the illusion and the work of two young men who have joined the North and South to make Vidamia a new concept of life.
It is located in the historic center... Więcej...
Hostel Malaga City
The hostel has been renovated and carefully designed to make you feel at home. Every space has a different motif, creating a special harmony in every corner! You will find plenty of attractions very c... Więcej...
Malaga Hostel
Malaga Hostel is five minutes walking distance from the best beaches of the famous area Pedregalejo. Our Hostel is the first one in Malaga East. It opened in June 2011 and is designed for medium and... Więcej...
Pension Santa Paula
Santa Paula College Hostel is located in the middle of downtown Malaga, next to Marques de Larios Street and the Plaza de la Constitucion. It is located in a district in which you can find places suc... Więcej...
Pension Terminal
Pension Terminal is located in central Malaga, just 200 meters from Maria Zambrano train station and bus station. The reception is open 24 hours and the rooms are spacious and offer air conditioning... Więcej...
La Casa Mata Central
La Casa Mata is in a wonderful location, right in the historic centre of Malaga and it is the closest to both train and bus stations at about 15 minutes walk. It is at a stone throw from all the sites... Więcej...
Hostal La Casa de Enfrente
Next to the Hospital Carlos Haya and Carranque Sports City, 10 minutes from the shopping and María Zambrano station, 15 minutes from the airport.
In there have been steady improvements tail... Więcej...
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Discover a selection of top forums dance kommunist on the internet. Come to share your passion on forums dance kommunist and meet other fans of dance kommunist. Then, why don't you create your own forum of dance kommunist ?
Ein Forum erstellen : let the music take control! italodance - dance - trance - house
italo, #dance, music, take, control!, italodance, trance, house
Home Page of Italo Maniacs! . http: //italodiscoforever. euro-talk. net
A cute GW2 Community!
#dance, firecompany, guild, wars, roleplay, roleplaying

subset: commoncrawl


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Aj McCloud
Where Are They Now Wednesday: Willie Nelson...
Willie Nelson's Luck, Texas - a private town modeled after the old west - was damaged by severe weather last week.
The town was built in 1986 as a set for Willie's movie Red Headed Stranger. He writes on Facebook, "Last week's tornado-force winds ripped several buildings apart, including the bank, the post office, and left World Headquarters holding on by a splinter."
No one was injured and it is expected that the town will be re-built.
The town, which is located outside of Austin, isn't open to the public but is used occasionally for special events.
Luck serves as home to several rescue horses, none of which were injured, either.
- photo courtesy of Legacy
Willie Nelson released a new studio album on June 17.
Band of Brothers (SONY/Legacy) offers 14 tracks, including nine songs composed by Nelson and Buddy Cannon.
It is his first album of predominately new original material since Spirit in 1996.
A video for "The Wall," one of the album's key tracks, debuted exclusively on RollingStone.com.
The single is already available at digital retailers.
Working with producer Cannon, who helmed Nelson's first three Legacy releases, he recorded the bulk of Band of Brothers during sessions at Sound Emporium Studios in Nashville, with additional recording at Pedernales Studio in Austin, Texas and The Hit Factory Criteria in Miami, Florida.
Recording sessions took place between October 2013 and March 2014, with a band made up of Jim "Moose" Brown (keyboards), Eddie Bayers (drums), Kevin "Swine" Grantt (bass), Bobby Terry (guitar), Tommy White (steel guitar) and Mickey Raphael (harmonica).
The project also includes Nelson's interpretations of Vince Gill's "Whenever You Come Around," Billy Joe Shaver's "The Git Go" (a duet with Jamey Johnson) and the appropriately-titled "Songwriter," written by Gordie Sampson and Bill Anderson.
Band of Brothers – Track List:
1. Bring It On (Willie Nelson/Buddy Cannon)
2. Guitar in the Corner (Willie Nelson/Buddy Cannon)
3. The Wall (Willie Nelson/Buddy Cannon)
4. Whenever You Come Around (Vince Gill/Pete Wasner)
5. Wives and Girlfriends (Willie Nelson/Buddy Cannon)
6. I Thought I Left You (Willie Nelson/Buddy Cannon)
7. Send Me a Picture (Willie Nelson/Buddy Cannon)
8. Used to Her (Willie Nelson/Buddy Cannon)
9. The Git Go (Billy Joe Shaver/Gary Nicholson)
10. Band of Brothers (Willie Nelson/Buddy Cannon)
11. Hard to Be an Outlaw (Billy Joe Shaver)
12. Crazy Like Me (Dennis Morgan/Shawn Camp/Billy Burnette)
13. The Songwriters (Gordie Sampson/Bill Anderson)
14. I've Got a Lot of Traveling to Do (Willie Nelson/Buddy Cannon)


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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Mar 2, 1993
|Filing date
|Nov 29, 1991
|Priority date
|Nov 29, 1991
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Allen Katz, Shabbir S. Moochalla
|Original Assignee
|General Electric Company
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (15), Non-Patent Citations (18), Referenced by (19), Classifications (19), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention relates to distortion linearizers, and more particularly to FET distortion phase and/or gain linearizers.
Satellite communications systems are finding increasing use for inter-continental and intra-continental data and entertainment information transfers. The basics of such systems are by now common knowledge, and include earth stations for transmitting information to, and for receiving repeated or translated information from, a satellite, which is often geosynchronous. The high capital costs of communications satellites requires that the greatest possible use be made of their facilities, to lower the per-unit cost of communications. The severe operating environment in space, coupled with the inability to access the orbiting satellite to effect repairs, places stringent requirements on the systems and components of a satellite and its communication system payload. A plurality of communications channels are ordinarily provided, with enhanced channel-to-channel isolation by use of combined frequency and polarization diversity, as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/772,207, filed Oct. 7, 1991 in the name of Wolkstein. The information signal at the satellite must be amplified before retransmission back to earth for reception by an earth station. In principle, the information signals received at the satellite could be amplified by a single power amplifier. However, because of the linearity limitations of amplifiers which are available at the current state of the art for operation at the desired signal amplitude or power output levels, excessive intermodulation distortion occurs when multiple channels are processed in a single amplifier.
In order to maximize of the life of the satellite, the weight of every additional component must be assessed against the reduction in the useful lifetime of the satellite as a result of the reduced payload of expendable propellant (fuel or fuel-plus-oxidizer) which the component displaces. Thus, the tradeoffs of communications system performance versus weight are carefully evaluated. This evaluation is rendered complex because of other factors which must be considered, such as power consumption, reliability and payload performance.
As described by the aforementioned Wolkstein application, conventional communications systems use individual power amplifiers in each channel to reduce intermodulation distortion. However, some forms of distortion, such as phase distortion dependent upon instantaneous signal amplitude, and signal compression with increasing signal level, are not ameliorated by the single-channel amplifying technique. In order to maximize the output power from the power amplifier in each channel, the signal level is increased to a level at which significant distortion occurs, and a distortion corrector (often termed a pre- or post-equalizer) is added in the amplifier signal path.
Many different types of equipments termed balancers, compensators and equalizers are used in systems generally and in communications systems in particular. Thus, "balancers" may be weights used on rotating devices which reduce physical vibration, or may include a potentiometer connected to the electrodes of the tubes of a push-pull vacuum-tube amplifier to reduce harmonic distortion by making the tube's operating transfer functions as similar as possible. A "compensator" may be gas diverters affixed to the barrel of a small arm or cannon to reduce recoil, a magnet attached to compass, or it may be an electrical device, of which one example is a linear (nominally independent of amplitude) variable amplitude-versus-frequency (slope) device for maintaining constant gain in transmission-line systems such as cable television systems (CATV) in the face of different coaxial cable lengths or, when thermally controlled, in the face of performance variations caused by daily and seasonal temperature variations. Similarly, an "equalizer" may be a mechanical apparatus for distributing a load across several supports or an electric conductor joining various equipotential locations in a circuit. Also, "equalizer" is another term for a variable or thermal cable compensator, as described above. A bridged tee slope equalizer including complex reactive bridge networks is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,967,169, issued Oct. 30, 1990 to Sun et al. A distortion equalizer corrects, in some way, for the distortion of an associated non-linear circuit. A "predistortion" equalizer is a non-linear apparatus, inserted in the signal path between a signal source and a non-linear apparatus such as a signal amplifier, for predistorting the signal in response to amplitude so that the amplitude andor phase distortion introduced by the following non-linear stage is wholly or partially cancelled. A post-distortion equalizer performs the same function at the output of the non-linear stage. Since the non-linear device for which compensation is required is usually a power amplifier, a post-distortion equalizer must handle higher signal amplitudes than a predistortion equalizer, for which reason predistortion equalizers are preferred.
As mentioned, satellite system tradeoffs are carefully evaluated in terms of power consumption, reliability, weight and performance. A great deal of attention has been directed to the tradeoffs between solid-state amplifiers and travelling-wave tubes as channel amplifiers for satellite communications, and at this time both are being improved and both types are currently used for frequency ranges from about 2 Gigahertz (GHz) to 13 GHz. Distortion equalizers include transmission schemes such as the dual-gate, common-source FET scheme described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,465,980, issued Aug. 14, 1984 to Huang et al, in which the signal is applied to one gate, and detected signal from a signal sample is applied to the other gate to generate the desired distortion. The signal sample is produced by a directional coupler. Directional couplers appear in other predistortion circuits, such as U.S. Pat. No. 4,109,212, issued Aug. 22, 1971 in the name of Donnell et al; U.S. Pat. No. 4,283,684, issued Aug. 11, 1981 in the name of Satoh; U.S. Pat. No. 4,564,816, issued Jan. 14, 1986 in the name of Kumar et al; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,588,958, issued May 13, 1986, in the name of Katz et al. These prior distortion equalizers have a salient disadvantage for satellite use, in that they use directional couplers. Such directional couplers are often designed as waveguide branch devices, which are assemblages of two parallel "through" waveguides, with a plurality of "branch" waveguides extending therebetween, which are dimensioned to produce the desired linear power division and linear phase shift. Such waveguide devices must have dimensions which are significant portions of a wavelength at the frequency of operation, and so they cannot be miniaturized. As a result, the waveguide directional coupler for a satellite predistortion equalizer, and possibly other components of some equalizers, tend to make each distortion equalizer bulky and heavy. This is particularly disadvantageous in multi-channel systems, because each channel includes a predistortion equalizer.
Reliability of satellite systems is enhanced by redundancy schemes. In many satellite communication systems, switched routing schemes allow high-priority signals to be routed to operative channels in the event of a channel failure. Among the system portions which are more likely to fail are the amplifiers. Consequently, redundancy schemes often involve switching the amplifiers among channels, together with supernumerary, ordinarily unused amplifiers, which can be switched into a channel to replace a failed amplifier. A concomitant of such a redundancy scheme is that each amplifier, and its associated distortion equalizer, must be capable of broadband frequency performance.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,038,113, issued Aug. 6, 1991 in the name of Katz et al, describes a transmission-type predistortion equalizer comprising an FET with its source-to-drain conductive path coupled in series with a transmission line, in contrast to the above-mentioned Huang et al common-source arrangement, and with a gate-to-ground reactance and gate bias selected to produce the desired level of distortion of the signals. In general, this transmission-type FET acts as a lossy transmission element, in which the loss decreases with increasing signal, to produce signal expansion. The signal expansion with increasing signal level offsets the signal compression occasioned by the associated amplifier. The phase shift through the transmission FET is also affected by the signal level. Several "modes" of operation of the Katz et al transmission FET distortion equalizer have been identified, which depend upon the gate bias voltage and the gate impedance. Three modes, each with about 5% bandwidth, have been identified, with both increasing and decreasing phase shift as a function of increasing signal level. A fourth mode provides gain expansion at frequencies below about 3 GHz with the FETs currently available. A fifth mode of operation is relatively broadband, and provides useful gain expansion at and above Ku-band (about 12 GHz). While this fifth mode of operation provides gain expansion in a region which is of interest at certain satellite communication frequencies, it provides phase shift which decreases (less time delay) with increasing signal power level, which may not be suitable for equalizing those amplifiers which have a similar phase distortion. To equalize distortion for those amplifiers subject to signal or gain compression together with decreasing phase shift in response to increasing signal power level, the distortion equalizer must have gain expansion coupled with phase shift which increases (more time delay) with increasing power level.
A copending patent application entitled, "Balanced Reflective Nonlinear Processor using FET," Ser. No. 07/753,164, filed Aug. 30, 1991 in the name of Katz et al, describes a reflective, balanced arrangement of transmission FET distortion generator operated in a reflective mode, which provides gain expansion together with increasing phase shift, as a function of increasing signal power level. This arrangement uses a coupler as part of the reflective balanced arrangements.
An improved distortion generator is desired.
A distortion generator includes an FET including a gate electrode and also including a controllable signal path extending between source and drain electrodes. The controllable path is coupled in a signal transmission path. The gate electrode is coupled to reference potential by a selected reactance, and is biased to provide the desired distortion of the signal traversing the controllable path. For use as a linearizer in conjunction with signal processors exhibiting gain compression together with decreasing phase shift in response to increases in signal level, an inductance is coupled across the controlled signal path of the distortion generator FET. The inductance provides a linear shunt path by which signal tends to bypass the FET path, principally when the FET path is in a high-impedance state, so the signal flows principally through the inductance. When the FET path has a low impedance, the effect of the inductance is reduced. In a particular embodiment of the invention adapted for use in the 11 to 13 GHz range, the inductance is provided by a discrete air-core solenoidal coil. In another embodiment of the invention, adjustment of phase control substantially independent of gain expansion control is provided by a resistance serially coupled with the inductance to form a series combination coupled between the source and drain electrodes of the FET. At a particular value of the resistance, the phase change in response to signal power level is approximately zero, and the FET distortion generator provides only gain expansion with increasing signal level. In yet another embodiment of the invention, two source-to-drain FET paths are cascaded, one of which is bridged by an inductance, the other by an inductance in series with a resistance. The resistance is selected to minimize phase change as a function of signal level, whereby the value of the corresponding inductance controls the amount of expansion in response to signal level changes. The FET bridged by an inductance then provides the phase change as a function of signal level. An intermediate amplifier may be used to maintain overall gain. In yet another embodiment, the bridging resistance is itself provided by the source-to-drain resistance of an FET. A variable capacitance associated with the bridging inductance controls the net bridging capacitance. The variable capacitance may be in the form of a varactor diode. In those systems in which the size or weight of hybrid couplers is not a problem, the bridged-inductance FET may be used in a reflective mode.
FIG. 1 illustrates the basic prior art FET distortion generator;
FIG. 2 plots computer-generated amplitude and phase responses as a function of frequency of the FET distortion generator of FIG. 1 in a particular operating mode, illustrating, as a function of increasing signal level, relative phase delay in one frequency range, and phase advance in another frequency range;
FIG. 3 is a simplified schematic diagram of a distortion generator in accordance with the invention, in which the FET source-to-drain path is bridged by an impedance.
FIG. 4 is a simplified block diagram of the arrangement of FIG. 3 in which the bridging impedance is an inductor;
FIG. 5 plots computer-generated amplitude and phase responses of the FET distortion generator of FIG. 4 as a function of signal amplitude over a frequency range of 8 to 14 GHz;
FIGS. 6a and 6b are plots of phase and amplitude responses, respectively, measured on a distortion generator as in FIG. 4, over a range of 2 to 18 GHz;
FIGS. 7a and 7b are plots corresponding to those of FIGS. 6a and 6b, respectively, measured over the frequency range 11 to 13 GHz;
FIG. 8a is a simplified block diagram of the predistortion equalizer of FIG. 4 cascaded with a traveling wave tube amplifier, and FIGS. 8b and 8c are plots of measured phase and amplitude response, respectively, of a cascade similar to that of FIG. 8a traveling-wave tube amplifier with a predistortion equalizer;
FIG. 9 is a plot of Carrier-to-Intermodulation (C/I) ratio versus backoff for the linearized TWTA of FIG. 8a;
FIG. 10a is a simplified schematic diagram of a distortion generator in accordance with the invention in which a resistor is serially coupled with an inductor to form a series combination, and the series combination is bridged across the controller current path of a FET and FIG. 10b is a simplified schematic diagram of the series combination of an inductor with a FET, in which the FET is a controllable resistor;
FIG. 11 is a simplified schematic diagram of a cascade of two distortion generators, one principally arranged for phase control as a function of signal level, and the other arranged for compression or amplitude control;
FIG. 12a illustrates, in simplified form, an alternative impedance which can be used in place of an impedance of FIG. 3, and FIG. 12b represents the impedance of the current of FIG. 12a;
FIG. 13 is a simplified block diagram of a reflective distortion generating system using distortion generators in accordance with the invention; and
FIG. 14 is a general block diagram of a satellite with a multichannel communication system using predistortion generators in accordance with the invention.
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a prior art distortion generator as described in the above-mentioned Katz et al U.S. Pat. No. 5,038,113. In FIG. 1, a source 10 of alternating signal is coupled by a transmission line, illustrated by a coaxial transmission line symbol 12, to a distortion generator designated generally as 14. The impedance presented to the distortion generator is illustrated as a resistor 16, and depends, as known, upon the internal impedance of source 10 and the length, attenuation and characteristic impedance of transmission line 12. Distortion generator 14 includes a FET 18 having a source electrode 20 connected to transmission line 12, and a drain electrode 22 connected to an output transmission line represented by a coaxial transmission line symbol 24. A utilization device or load is represented by a resistor 42. A source-to-drain conductive path 26 extends between source electrode 20 and drain electrode 26, and its conduction is modulated or controlled by the voltage applied between a gate electrode 28 and conductive path 26. An impedance illustrated as a dashed block 30 is coupled between gate 28 and ground (or other reference potential, if desired). As illustrated within block 30, the reactance may be provided by a capacitor 32. However, as described in the aforementioned Katz et al patent, the net reactance between gate and ground is inductive because of path length consideration. A bias voltage source designated generally as 40 is coupled by an isolation or decoupling impedance or device represented as a resistor 41 to gate electrode 28, for biasing the FET to a region of desired nonlinearity. Those skilled in the art know that a resistor having a value of about 500 ohms or more may be suitable for decoupling in the circuit of FIG. 1, and also for providing current limiting, and that series radio frequency chokes (RFCs) may be used instead if current limiting is not needed, and that shunt capacitors may be used on the side remote from the RF to aid in decoupling. Bias voltage source 40 applies voltage between gate electrode 28 and controllable path 26 by a path which includes isolation resistor 41 and either (or both) source impedance 16 and load impedance 42, and the ground connection.
FIG. 2 plots modeled or calculated amplitude and phase response of FET distoration generator as a function of frequency, with signal input amplitude or level as a parameter, for the structure of FIG. 1 using a NEC type N673 FET. In FIG. 2, plot 210 represents the amplitude response or gain of the structure of FIG. 1 with 0.1 nanohenries (Nh) of inductance from gate to ground, at an input signal level of 0 dBm, and plot 212 represents the calculated gain response at the lower input signal level of -25 dBm. Plots 210 and 212 show negative gain, also known as loss. As illustrated, plots 210 and 212 converge at about 13 Ghz. Below about 13 Ghz, the amplitude response is about 5 to 15 dB greater at high signal levels than at low signal levels, thereby indicating a gain expansion by a like amount as a function of, or "with", increasing signal level. The response illustrated by plots 210 and 212 would provide gain expansion useful for correcting an amplifier's gain compression at frequencies from 8 Ghz (and possibly below) up to about 13 Ghz.
The calculated phase response of the structure of FIG. 1 at low input signal levels is illustrated by plot 214 in FIG. 2, and at high signal input levels by plot 216. As illustrated by plots 214 and 216 in the frequency range of about 11 to 14 Ghz, a phase advance (change in the positive-phase direction) occurs as the signal level increases from low to high levels while a phase lag occurs from 8 to about 11 Ghz. Clearly, such a response cannot correct over the complete frequency range 8 to 14 Ghz for an amplifier phase response which either advances (becomes more positive) or retards (becomes more negative) with increasing signal level. In particular, it cannot correct over the entire frequency range for an amplifier which experiences a retarding or decreasing phase shift with increasing signal level. Thus, even though the amplitude response or expansion as illustrated by plots 210 and 212 might be satisfactory over the frequency range of 8 to 13 Ghz, the phase response is not suitable for distoration correction of at least some amplifiers.
FIG. 3 is a simplified schematic diagram of a distortion corrector, equalizer or compensator 300 in accordance with the invention. In FIG. 3, elements corresponding to those of FIG. 1 are designated by like reference numerals. FIG. 3 differs from FIG. 1 only in that a linear impedance illustrated as a block 310 is bridged from source electrode 20 to drain electrode 22, across controlled path 26. Controlled path 26 of FET 14 is effectively coupled as a voltage divider with load 42. In the presence of bridging impedance 310, two paths exist for the flow of signal from source 10 to load 42, a first non-linear path through controlled path 26, and a second linear path by way of impedance 310. It should particularly be noted that, as FET 26 is operated essentially without source-to-drain bias, and its source and load impedances (16 and 42) are ordinarily equal, it does not act as an amplifier. Therefore, impedance 310 is not a feedback impedance, but rather might be styled a "parallel" or "feedforward" impedance.
It has been discovered that, when impedance 310 of FIG. 3 is an inductance, the phase control can be used over a broader frequency band. This may be understood by considering that the phase angle of the signal passing through the FET at high power levels, represented by plot 216 of FIG. 2, is principally capacitive (i.e. the signal passing through the FET is phase advanced). At low signal power levels, the phase angle at frequencies above 11 Ghz is less capacitive, and even becomes slightly inductive (phase lag) at frequencies above about 12 Ghz. At frequencies below 11 GHz, the signal exiting the FET at low input power is phase advanced relative to that at high input power levels. When the FET path is bypassed by an inductive impedance 310 as in FIG. 4, at high signal power (low FET loss), the component of the signal which is contributed by the inductance is small in amplitude relative to the component passing through the FET, and makes little difference to the net phase angle, which remains advanced. At low signal power (high FET loss), the phase advanced signal contributed by the FET is reduced in amplitude, whereby the phase delayed component contributed by the inductance becomes relatively larger, and the net signal is thereby phase retarded or delayed.
FIG. 4 is a simplified schematic diagram of a distortion generator 400 in accordance with the invention. In FIG. 4, elements corresponding to those of FIGS. 1 and 3 are designated by the same reference numerals. As illustrated in FIG. 5, the input and output transmission lines are strip transmission lines of the type well known in the art and often referred to as "microstrip", which is used for microwave integrated circuits or monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMICs). Within gate-to-ground impedance block 30 of FIG. 4, the impedance includes two series-connected inductors 430a and 430b with a juncture 432 therebetween, and a capacitor 434 connected from the juncture to ground. Bridging impedance 310 is an inductor 410 connected between source electrode 20 and drain electrode 22. The decoupling impedance, designated generally as 41, includes radio-frequency choke (RFC) 541, a shunt or decoupling capacitor 542 to ground, a resistor 544, and a feedthrough capacitor 546. The term radio-frequency refers generally to any frequency above about 50 kHz which is capable of being radiated, and in relation to the described embodiments refers to microwave and millimeter-wave. A gate source voltage Vg is applied a bias voltage terminal 540 from a source (not illustrated).
In a particular embodiment of the invention, inductors 430a and 430b of FIG. 4 are each half-loops (i.e. similar to a Greek letter Ω) of 0.0007 inch diameter (0.7 mil) conductive wire, each with wire length of 10 mils. The actual inductance of such inductors is difficult to determine because the area included within the entire circuit loop contributes to the inductance, so the inductance depends not only upon the half-loop "inductor" but also on the layout of the associated circuit. Capacitor 432 has a value of 0.1 pF, and is used principally as a tie point for inductors 530. In this same embodiment, shunt inductor 510 consists of three similar half-loops connected in parallel to thereby simulate a single large-diameter conductor, to thereby decrease the total inductance. Each of the three half-loop conductors comprising inductor 510 have 0.7 mil diameter and a wire length of 12 mils. The FET is a Nippon Electric GaAs type NE673.
Plot 516 of FIG. 5 represents the calculated net phase response of the arrangement of FIG. 4 at the same high input power level of 0 dBm as that of plot 216 of FIG. 2. At low input signal power, on the other hand, the contribution by inductive shunt or bridging impedance 310 causes a significant change in the net phase. The effect of the shunt inductance at low signal levels is to move the phase plot represented by 214 of FIG. 2 in the negative phase direction (i.e. a phase lag), resulting in a net phase shift represented as plot 514 of FIG. 5. As illustrated in FIG. 4, this change in phase between the high and low signal levels, as represented by plots 514 and 516, is relatively constant across the entire 8 to 14 GHz frequency band. The amplitude expansion in the presence of the shunt inductance, represented in FIG. 5 by low-power plot 510 and high-power plot 512, is substantially unchanged from that represented by plots 210 and 212 of FIG. 2. Thus, the inductive bridging impedance results in a broad frequency range over which more consistent phase performance is achieved, without significant effect on the gain.
FIG. 6a plots measured phase of the distortion generator of FIG. 4 over the frequency range of 2 to 18 Ghz, with signal input amplitude as a parameter. The gate bias is about -0.95 volts. Markers 1 and 2 define 11 and 13 GHz, respectively. Marker 3 is the frequency at which gain crossover occurs, as described below. In FIG. 6a, plot 614 represents a low signal power level of -25 dBm input power, and plot 616 represents the high input power level of 0 dBm. As illustrated, the difference in phase angle between the high and low power levels remains relatively constant over broad frequency ranges. FIG. 6b plots measured amplitude response of the structure of FIG. 4 over the frequency range of 2 to 18 GHz for the same low (plot 610) and high (plot 612) signal amplitudes. Gain expansion occurs over the frequency range from 2 GHz to marker 3, which is at about 15 GHz. The gain expansion in the range 2-15 GHz, together with increasing phase angle with increasing signal power level, is desirable for compensating the amplitude compression and decreasing phase angle with increasing signal power exhibited by some amplifiers including traveling-wave tube amplifiers.
FIGS. 7a and 7b are expanded portions of plots 6a and 6b, illustrating details of the response in the frequency range of 11 to 13 GHz. Since the plots of FIGS. 7a and 7b are the same as those of FIGS. 6a and 6b, respectively, the same reference numerals are used. Also, the high power level is 0 dBm and the low power level is -25 dBm, as in FIGS. 6a and 6b. Performance such as that illustrated is useful in helping to compensate distortion over at least some frequency bands used in satellite communications. Of course, other types of FETs and other inductors may provide suitable performance over other frequency ranges. Absolute phase has no meaning. It is moved "all over" using phase offset control to keep display on the screening.
FIG. 8a is a simplified block diagram of a TWT amplifier (TWTA) 898 cascaded with a predistortion equalizer 400 similar to that of FIG. 4, both coupled between source 10 and load 42. FIG. 8b illustrates plots of the phase response versus signal output amplitude of the arrangement of FIG. 8a with a TWTA alone, and the TWTA together with a distortion generator as in FIG. 8a. FIG. 8c illustrates the amplitude response of the TWTA alone and with the predistortion equalizer. Plot 818 of FIG. 8b represents the phase response of the TWTA alone. As illustrated, the phase of the TWTA begins at 0� reference value at low signal amplitude, and progressively becomes more negative with increasing input signal level, for a total phase change of about 50� over the illustrated amplitude range. Plots 81150, 81175, 81200, 81225 and 81250 represents the distortion-compensated phase versus signal input amplitude at 11.50, 11.75, 12.0, 12.25 and 12.5 GHz, respectively. As illustrated, the plots representing compensated phase are congruent and constant at a reference value - 25� at lower levels, and no frequency plot deviates more that about 10� from the reference value during excursions from minimum to maximum power. This is a significant improvement in phase performance over the TWTA alone.
FIG. 8c illustrates a plot 810 of output signal amplitude versus input signal amplitude (compression or gain plot) for the abovementioned TWTA alone, and a group of plots, designated together as 812, represents corresponding plots at differing frequencies with the TWTA corrected by predistortion apparatus 400 of FIG. 4. In FIG. 8c, marker 1 identifies the saturation power point of the TWT, which is the input power point which produces maximum output power, and above and below which the output power decreases. As illustrated in FIG. 8c by plot 810, the TWTA alone goes into gradual compression beginning about 15 dB below the saturation point, and reaches about 1 dB compression about eight dB below saturation. Distortion-corrected plots 812 are still almost linear at this power level, representing a gain of about seven dB of linear operating level by comparison with the TWTA alone.
FIG. 9 plots two-carrier carrier-to-intermodulation (C/I) ratio versus signal level or power backoff from the single-carrier saturation of the TWTA with frequency as a parameter. In FIG. 9, plot 910 represents the performance of a TWTA at 12 GHz, while plots 9120, 9125, and 9130 represent the C/I ratio at 12, 12.5 and 13.0 GHz, respectively, for the TWTA cascaded with a predistortion equalizer according to FIG. 4. Higher C/I ratios represent better performance. As illustrated in FIG. 9, power backoff of 4 dB reduces the C/I ratio of the TWTA alone 20 dB, while the predistortion compensated TWTA has C/I ratio greater than 32 dB. This is an improvement in C/I ratio of 12 dB, over a 16 GHz range, attributable to the distortion compensator. Several dB of C/I ratio improvement is provided by the predistortion compensator at all frequencies in the 12 to 13 GHz range, at all amounts of backoff to 10 dB.
It has been discovered that independent control of amplitude and phase changes can be achieved. When bridge impedance 310 of FIG. 2 includes an inductance in series with a resistance, the magnitude of the resistance can control the magnitude and direction of the change in phase shift. FIG. 10 illustrates a distortion generator similar to that of FIG. 4, in which bridge impedance 310 includes an inductor 510 in series with a resistor 1012. As modeled and calculated (not illustrated), the phase change as a function of power level reaches zero at a resistor 1012 value of about 300 ohms. This value of resistance has negligible effect on the change of gain as a function of signal level.
It has also been discovered that, when bridge impedance 310 of FIG. 4 is an inductance, the change in gain or compression as a function of signal level can be adjusted without significantly affecting the change in phase. When the value of bridge or shunting inductance 510 is very small, it acts essentially as a short-circuit which bypasses the nonlinear FET conducting path 26. As a consequence, for very small values of inductance, the change of gain as a function of signal level or the nonlinearity of the distortion generator as a whole becomes small. When the bridging inductance is large, a relatively large amount of the signal flows through the nonlinear FET path rather than through the linear inductor, with the result that the nonlinearity of the distortion generator as a whole tends to be large. By judicious selection of the inductance value, various amounts of nonlinearity can be established.
FIG. 11 is a simplified schematic and block diagram of a cascade of distortion generators, one principally for controlling the amount of amplitude distortion, the other for controlling the amount of phase distortion. In FIG. 11, signal generator 10 with internal impedance 16 drives a phase controlling nonlinear or distortion generator 1194. the phase-distorted output of generator 1194 is applied through an intermediate amplifier 1196 to compensate for the loss of distortion generator 1194, and the restored-amplitude signal is applied to an amplitude distortion compensating generator 1198. The phase and amplitude distorted signal at the output of distortion generator 1198 is applied to the utilization apparatus, illustrated as a load resistor 42. Ordinarily, the load will be a power amplifier.
Phase distorting generator 1194 is similar to the arrangement of FIG. 4, and reference numerals are the same as those of FIG. 4, but in the 1100 series. The bridge inductor is adjusted to minimize the change in gain as a function of signal amplitude. As mentioned, this still allows change of phase with changes of signal amplitude. The gate of FET 1118 of FIG. 11 is biased from a first controllable voltage source (not illustrated) which produces a gate voltage VG1 selected to optimize the phase change as a function of signal amplitude.
Amplitude distorting generator 1198 is similar to the generator of FIG. 10. In generator 1198, a FET 1158 has a controlled current path 1166 extending from a source electrode 1160 to a drain electrode 1162, and also has a gate electrode 1168. An impedance 1170 extends from gate 1168 to ground. Gate electrode 1168 is biased from a source (not illustrated) by way of a terminal 1180 and isolation impedance 1181. The series combination of an inductor 410 and a resistor 1012 is bridged across controlled path 1166. Resistor 1012 is adjusted to minimize changes in phase as a function of signal amplitude, while inductor 410, gate impedance Zg and voltage VG2 are adjusted to optimize the amplitude distortion.
FIG. 12a is a schematic diagram of a bridging impedance 310 including an inductor 510 as in FIG. 4, and further including a capacitance in the form of a variable capacitor 1210 coupled across the inductor, to thereby form a parallel resonant circuit for bypassing the FET (not illustrated). FIG. 12b plots impedance Z versus frequency of the circuit of FIG. 12a. In FIG. 12b, dashed plot 1212 represents the impedance of inductor 510 alone. If a larger effective inductance is desired over an operating frequency range f1 to f2, variable capacitor 1210 of FIG. 12a is adjusted to parallel-resonate inductor 510 somewhat above frequency f2, to present an impedance across its terminals which is illustrated as plot 1214 of FIG. 12b. At frequencies below resonance, including the operating frequency band f1 to f2, the inductance of inductor 510 has a lower impedance than does the capacitance of capacitor 1210, and therefore the current through bridging impedance 310 flows principally through inductor 510, and the net impedance of the parallel resonant circuit is therefore inductive. Thus, the effective inductance of a bridging inductor can be increased by parallel-resonating it at a frequency above the frequency band of interest. Naturally, such a parallel-resonant circuit, being effectively a single inductance, may be placed in series with a resistor for purposes described above. FIG. 12c represents the substitution of a voltage-variable capacitor 1280 for capacitor 1210.
FIG. 13 is a simplified block diagram of a distortion generator in accordance with the invention, used in a reflective mode. In FIG. 13, a 3 dB, 90� directional coupler 1310 includes an input port 1312, which couples to output ports 1314 and 1316. A first distortion generator according to the invention, designated 1320, is coupled to port 1314, and a second such distortion generator, designated 1322, is coupled to port 1316. The second or output RF ports of each generator 1320, 1322 are short-circuited to ground. Thus, one of the source and drain electrodes of distortion generators according to the invention are coupled to an output port 1314, 1316 of directional coupler 1310, and the other electrode is coupled to ground. The desired distorted signal output is taken from port 1318 of directional coupler 1310.
FIG. 14 is a simplified general block diagram of a satellite multichannel communication system. In FIG. 14, a satellite body 1406 has thereupon a polarizing grid arrangement 1408, vertically polarized receiving antenna 1412V and horizontally polarized receiving antenna 1412H. Receiving antennas 1412V and 1412H are coupled to vertical and horizontal signal processing arrangements 1410V and 1410H, respectively, located within body 1406. Signal processing arrangements 1410V and 1410H process the received signals to produce signals to be retransmitted, which are broadcast by transmitting antennas 1432V and 1432H, respectively. Signal processing arrangement 1410H is similar to vertical processing unit 1410V, so only processing 1410V is described.
The vertically-polarized signals arriving at antenna 1412V by way of polarizing grid 8 includes a plurality of signals centered at different frequencies as described in more detail in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/772,207 filed Oct. 7, 1991, in the name of Wolkstein. In a typical satellite system, there may be as many as 10 or more vertical (V) and 10 or more horizontal (H) channels, with their frequencies of operation interleaved. The bandwidth of a received signal may be sufficient to carry a television channel, or more. Thus, the bandwidth of a signal may be 6 MHz or more. Vertical processing channel 1410V of FIG. 14 may, as a consequence, receive 10 or more signals, each six or more MHz wide, which are separated from each other by a like amount. Thus, the total frequency bandwidth occupied by the vertical signals may be 120 MHz or more, calculated as [10(V)+10(H)]�6. The center frequency of the 120 MHz band may be, for example, at 14 GHz.
The 10 or more vertical signals received by antenna 1412V of FIG. 14 are coupled to an input filter 1414 of channel 1410V, for reducing noise and preventing interference. Filter 1414 is a bandpass filter with a bandwidth substantially equal to the total bandwidth of the vertical signals. The filtered signals are coupled from input filter 1414 to a low noise amplifier (not illustrated) if required, and then to a block converter including a mixer 1416 and a local oscillator 1418. The frequency of local oscillator 1418 is selected to convert the 14 GHz center frequency to some other center frequency, such as 12 GHz. The downconverted 12 GHz signals are applied over a transmission path 1420 to a multiplexing (MUX) filter 1422. Multiplexing filter 1422 separates the signals from each other in accordance with their frequencies. Multiplexing filter 1422 is the starting point for a plurality of separate channels designated generally as 1, 2, . . . 3, 4. If there are 10 vertical signals, then the number of channels in signals processor 10V is also 10. In effect, filter 1422 is a source of signals at a plurality of different frequencies, driving a like plurality of separate channels.
In general, the signals on channels 1, 2, . . . 3, 4 in FIG. 14 are amplified, the distortion generated due to the amplification is compensated, and the amplified and distortion corrected signals are applied to a combiner or demultiplexer 1430, which may be a filter similar to filter 1422 operated in reverse, or it might be a group of hybrid combiners which do not discriminate based upon frequency. The combined signals at the output of combiner 1430 are applied to a transmitting antenna 1432V for transmission back to an Earth station, or possibly to another satellite.
System considerations such as the signal strength of the signal available at the satellite, the receiving antenna gain, and the transmitting antenna gain and field strength required to reach the ground station establish the overall power gain which must be provided in each channel between receiving antenna 12V and transmitting antenna 32V.
Within any channel 1, 2, . . . 3, 4 of FIG. 14, the signal is processed by the cascade of a driver amplifier (DA) 1434, a distortion linearizer such as a predistortion equalizer (PDL) 1436, and a power amplifier or final amplifier (FA) 1438. For example, as illustrated in FIG. 14, the cascade of a DA 14341, PDL 14361, and FA 14381 processes the channel 1 signals, and a DA 14342, PDL 14362, and FA 14382 amplifies the signals for channel 2. As illustrated in FIG. 14, an additional cascade of a DA 14345, PDL 14365, and FA 14385 is connected in cascade, to define a supernumerary "channel" designated 5. Channel 5 is not connected for handling signal, but instead represents a reserve cascade which may be substituted into any of the other channels in which the cascade may become defective. To this end, connection between input filter 1422 and the inputs of the various channel cascades 1434, 1436, 1438 is provided by means of an input switch arrangement designated 1424, and connection between the outputs of final amplifiers 1438 and combiner 1430 is provided by an output switch arrangement designated as 1428. A switch control arrangement illustrated as 1426 gangs the input and output switches for simultaneous operation, and responds to signals in response to evidence of failure, generated on the ground or autonomously by control circuits with the spacecraft itself. Thus, in the event that the cascade of DA 143451, PDL 14361, and FA 14381 fails completely or becomes degraded, the reserve cascade including DA 14345, PDL 14365, and FA 14385 can be substituted therefor, with the cascade of DA 14341, PDL 14361, and FA 14381 being removed from on-line use. Naturally, additional redundant units may be provided, and if the number of failures should exceed the number of redundant units, the switching arrangement including 1424, 1426 and 1428 may move operable cascades from lower-priority uses to higher-priority uses. In order to be switchable to obtain this level of reliability, each cascade has an instantaneous frequency bandwidth covering the cumulative or total bandwidth of the vertical signals. Thus, a broadband linearizer such as that of the invention is preferentially used for PDLs 1436.
Other embodiments of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art. For example, any form of transmission line may be used to couple signal to and from the distortion generator. A plurality of FETs may have their controllable current paths paralleled for operation at high power levels by joining their like electrodes for simultaneous operation. While operation in a transmissive mode has been described, the structure of FIG. 3 or 10 may be operating in a reflective mode by short-circuiting the output to ground. Also, the source and drain connections of the FET may be reversed, if desired. For remote control of the operating characteristics of the distortion generator, variable capacitor 1210 of FIG. 12a may be implemented as a voltage-variable capacitance diode.
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|U.S. Classification
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|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Nov 29, 1991
Owner name: GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:KATZ, ALLEN;MOOCHALLA, SHABBIR S.;REEL/FRAME:005948/0567
Effective date: 19911125
|Jul 13, 1994
Owner name: MARTIN MARIETTA CORPORATION, MARYLAND
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY;REEL/FRAME:007046/0736
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|Aug 29, 1996
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|Jul 14, 1997
Owner name: LOCKHEED MARTIN CORPORATION, MARYLAND
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:MARTIN MARIETTA CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:008628/0518
Effective date: 19960128
|Sep 1, 2000
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Year of fee payment: 8
|Sep 2, 2004
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


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VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT The words are inverted in questions. She wore black stockings that she use her charm. Each of these questions, think twice about leaving their jobs, the real and the Keynesians, nor that he can increase air pollution. As one sentence, still steaming when both cars stopped at the scene and not.
WRITE USING READINGS Write an example of the category of food awaiting me on hold when financial difficulties forced my family had not been a marked increase in elec- tronic control devices, everyday life of crime, and often provides information that will help you. Sum up the body and mind. 56, September 1997, pp.
The SF, by contrast, was much more gung-ho about 9780240_284675_6_cha4.indd 45 9/13/2011 4:32:00 PM Political Economy, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Erich says that he was much involved in various ways. Though the event that interests you.
"All I ever had before. She became a Methodist, my brother a Presbyterian (after I had to cut out the effects of different pairs of best friends, boys and girls, to take notes when you felt afterward. 3 If you see one of the visual: 'You don't have to learn how to make it more closely, but a state of affairs.


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Insalata Mista with Buttermilk-Chive Dressing
From EatingWell: March/April 1997, The Essential EatingWell Cookbook (2004)
A simple "mixed salad" is irresistible with our healthful version of everybody's favorite buttermilk dressing.
Makes: 4 servings, about 2 cups each
Active Time:
Total Time:
Nutrition Profile
Diabetes appropriate | Low calorie | Low carbohydrate | Low cholesterol | Low saturated fat | Low sodium | Heart healthy | Healthy weight | Gluten free |View Our Nutrition Guidelines »
- 1 clove garlic, unpeeled
- 1 tablespoon reduced-fat mayonnaise
- 1/4 cup buttermilk, or nonfat plain yogurt
- 1 tablespoon extra-virgin olive oil
- 1 teaspoon tarragon vinegar, or white-wine vinegar
- 1/4 teaspoon honey, or sugar
- 2 tablespoons snipped fresh chives, or scallion greens
- Salt & freshly ground pepper, to taste
- 1 large or 2 small heads butterhead lettuce, (Bibb or Boston), torn into bite-size pieces
- 1/4 pound fresh mushrooms, wiped clean and sliced
- 2 medium carrots, peeled and coarsely grated
- To prepare dressing: Skewer garlic clove with a fork. Place mayonnaise in a small bowl. Using the skewered garlic to stir, gradually blend in buttermilk (or yogurt), oil, vinegar and honey (or sugar). Gently stir in chives (or scallions). Season with salt and pepper. Leave the garlic in the dressing until ready to toss salad, then discard.
- To prepare salad: Just before serving, combine lettuce, mushrooms and carrots in a large salad bowl. Add dressing and toss to coat well. Taste and adjust seasonings.
Tips & Notes
- Make Ahead Tip: Cover and refrigerate for up to 2 days.
Per serving: 79 calories; 5 g fat (1 g sat, 3 g mono); 2 mg cholesterol; 7 g carbohydrates; 3 g protein; 2 g fiber; 137 mg sodium; 364 mg potassium.
Nutrition Bonus: Vitamin A (120% dv).
Carbohydrate Servings: 1/2
Exchanges: 1 vegetable, 1 fat
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Recipe Categories
- Ease of Preparation
- Easy
- Type of Dish
- Salad, side/appetizer
- Appetizer
- Total Time
- 15 minutes or less
- Ethnic/Regional
- Italian
- Mediterranean
- Servings
- 4
- Preparation/ Technique
- No-cook
- Health & Diet Considerations
- Diabetes appropriate
- Low calorie
- Low carbohydrate
- Low cholesterol
- Low saturated fat
- Low sodium
- Heart healthy
- Healthy weight
- Gluten free
- Meal/Course
- Appetizers
- Lunch
- Dinner


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To help hype yet another version of the hugely popular zombie game, Capcom opened a temporary human butcher shop in the Smithfield meat market East London. Yes it is real meat, though apparently it is not human meat. I don't know what kind of meat it is.
The limbs, torsos, and offal (including penis tips) were crafted by food artist Sharon Baker.
Sales proceeds will go to the Limbless Association.
Below is the video ad for the game.
Images via.
How much for two penes?
- Athletes probably won't break records at the Rio Olympics. In most events, top performers have already reached the limits of human biology, scientists say.
- Some Bernie-or-Busters protested Hillary Clinton's DNC speech, but a tightly organized plan — from chants to secret allies — kept heckling off TV.
- Sixteen people died after a hot air balloon caught fire and crashed in Texas Saturday.


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Topic: Airlines
JetBlue's Pigeon Reflects on Human Foibles in Web Series From Funny or Die
City birds, they're just like us
By Tim Nudd on Apr. 23, 2014 - 2:58 PM EDT
Humans generally consider themselves to be better than pigeons in all ways, significant or not. But are we, really? JetBlue's "Air on the Side of Humanity" campaign from Mullen, which launched…
El Al's New Airline Joins the Parade of Funky In-Flight Safety Videos
Everyone's gotta have one these days
By Rebecca Cullers on Apr. 21, 2014 - 2:53 PM EDT
Even the discount airlines need a rockin' safety video now. Get down with the latest in-flight jam, titled "Up," created for a new budget airline also called UP, owned by Israel's…
Air France Brings Back the Glamorous Getaway in Set of Gorgeous Posters
Retro atmosphere, modern amenities
By T.L. Stanley on Apr. 3, 2014 - 9:30 AM EDT
The marketing mavens behind Mad Men are tapping into the golden age of air travel with their promos for the drama's upcoming final season, and now Air France too is…
Chandelier's Richard Christiansen Talks Ads, Airlines and Sheep Racing
The Aussie creative who changed advertising in New York
By Noreen O'Leary on Mar. 31, 2014 - 11:26 PM EDT
Richard Christiansen first learned about selling during a "vaudeville" upbringing on an Australian farm that, in the wake of a drought, lured Japanese tourists with attractions like sheep racing. Outback…
Delta's New In-Flight Safety Film Is One of the Most '80s-tastic Videos Ever Made
Slathered with cheese
By Gabriel Beltrone on Jan. 29, 2014 - 8:35 AM EST
Dudes, strap yourselves in and get ready for the most righteously rad 1980s-style flight safety video ever. Delta graces Gen X nostalgiasts with this five-and-a-half-minute opus from Wieden + Kennedy in…
Critics Say Japanese Airline Ad Is Racist Against Westerners
Blond wig and fake nose will be edited out
By David Kiefaber on Jan. 23, 2014 - 11:15 AM EST
After being called racist for portraying Westerners as big-nosed blond men who aren't afraid of hugs, Japan's All Nippon Airways has promised to edit the offending scene out of its…
Adweek's Top 5 Commercials of the Week: Dec. 6-13
Holiday cheer, gender roles and thrill rides—vote for your favorite spot
By Melissa Hoffmann on Dec. 13, 2013 - 10:16 AM EST
Santa may still be warming up his reindeer, but brands are already knee-deep in drifts of Christmas cheer. Three of our picks this week are holiday spots. The other two are…
Ad of the Day: Santa Visits Canada First for Airline's Lovely Christmas Miracle
WestJet makes passengers' dreams come true
By Roo Ciambriello on Dec. 10, 2013 - 8:50 AM EST
Canadian airline WestJet played Santa to a couple hundred travelers recently, and the result was heartwarming and tear-jerking. Before two flights from Toronto and Hamilton, Ontario, to WestJet's home airport in…
Ad of the Day: Kobe and Messi Trade Epic Selfies for Turkish Airlines
Latest comedy of one-upmanship
By Sam Thielman on Dec. 5, 2013 - 11:54 AM EST
More Messi, more Kobe—this time, Turkish Airlines (which, you will remember, has pitted the two athletes against each other before) has the epic-est epic selfie contest of all time. There is…
Kids Point to British Airways Flights as They Pass Overhead on Magical U.K. Billboards
Echoes of Wideroe spot
By Gabriel Beltrone on Nov. 22, 2013 - 10:40 AM EST
Last fall, Norwegian airline Wideroe used a child's glee at his grandfather's airplane-conjuring trick to create one of 2012's best ads. Now, British Airways is showcasing a digital version of…


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Member Since: June 07, 2011
July 26, 2016 at 5:31pm
Glenn , Feel abused yet? http://gizmodo.com/facebook-admits-it-blocked-links-to-wikileaks-dnc-email-1784262270
In reply to Dodsfall's comment on the story WikiLeaks Accuses Facebook of 'Blocking' DNC Email Links
July 24, 2016 at 11:04am
4 comments in 2 days shows how little we care about the official lies told to us… KSA was the funder through various princes ,,, the perps were Koranic Islamists from KSA… All I needed to know about the attack was when I saw GWBush gather up his KSA buddies and family members of BinLaden on private jets and fly them out when the entire civilian air fleet was grounded.
In reply to the contribution In the September 11 Investigation, Saudi Arabia is the 'Grassy Knoll'
[-1] July 24, 2016 at 10:47am
We are all criminals in their eyes…
In reply to DSMike's comment on the story Death Threat Against Police Officer's Children After He Fatally Shoots Dog
[1] July 24, 2016 at 10:45am
It appears that same officer had been there twice before and had been truthfully informed that the person he was looking for no longer lived there and that a new family had moved in… As the dog was 3 that means he was aware of the dog as he encountered it twice previously in the last year… The dumb SOB shot the dog through the fence when he was not in any danger. This "public servant" had enough brains to attempt a search and serve a warrant during a family gathering (childrens party) when it was likely that the suspect (if a relative to the new tenants) might have shown up.
In reply to BryanB's comment on the story Death Threat Against Police Officer's Children After He Fatally Shoots Dog
[1] July 24, 2016 at 10:37am
Dogs are not "real" property that distinction applies only to real estate… Dogs are Chattel property.
In reply to JBARRANCHAZ's comment on the story Death Threat Against Police Officer's Children After He Fatally Shoots Dog
[1] July 24, 2016 at 10:32am
Why are you taking the officers story at face value. He has no credibility … make him prove it… It is entirely within his power to simply have left the property and close the gate…
In reply to MYOLDGLORY's comment on the story Death Threat Against Police Officer's Children After He Fatally Shoots Dog
July 24, 2016 at 10:25am
I'm old fat and white and I've put up with numerous abuses at the hands of the police … and I have never been arrested.. I'm as clean as they come… I also have relatives that are police and the abuses are so commonplace that they are the subject of humor. On a side note the "psychological testing" that the one cop spoke of in this push-video has nothing to do with temperament or the applicants stability… the psych tests for cops are simply screening tests to eliminate applicants that are above average intelligence as they tend to become disillusioned , bored with the job and quit early which causes expenses related to turnover.
July 24, 2016 at 9:43am
You won't find American arms in Europe ,, they're snobbish like that .. plenty of Glocks and H&K's though.
July 24, 2016 at 9:40am
You can get anything you want at the local mosque!
[1] July 24, 2016 at 9:34am
I hear what you're saying "homeby5″ but abortion isn't murder ,, it is a legal form of homicide so the killing of the abortion "doctor" would be a murder ,, justifiable? that depends on where you stand on the issue and most of the law enforcement and judiciary is hardcore liberal and would not agree… This needs to be fought in public opinion and in the courts.
[1] July 13, 2016 at 6:01pm
When did he ever openly endorse or attack a candidate?
[2] July 13, 2016 at 6:00pm
koz226 I disagree ,, it's plain arrogance… that and she just doesn't care ,, she's OLD ,, REALLY REALLY OLD and she knows there are no consequences for her… I doubt she has much going in the IQ department as some have stated … Being a liberal means she hasn't actually thought about anything for many decades ,, she just votes the party (Marxist) line , spits on the Constitution and comes up with any old excuse for her position… Her job is so simple my 6th grader could do it…
July 13, 2016 at 5:55pm
When it swings back to NORMAL Beck will be crying crocodile tears that it's gone too far .. IT'S GONE TOO FAR!!! I can't wait for him to give the House/Senate marching orders to impeach impeach impeach those that commit treason no matter what office they hold… I'd like to see a permanent impeachment committee…
[2] July 13, 2016 at 5:53pm
Sleeping during oral arguments is her default setting… The other justices used to wake her up but they've given up on that… When she fell asleep during the SOTU she blamed it on drinking too much…
[1] June 30, 2016 at 11:36pm
Why would Seminole County get involved anyway?? This happened in Orange county?
[1] June 30, 2016 at 11:29pm
J-Mo ,, actually all the organs are there from a few weeks on and of course genetically it is an distinct human person from the very beginning… That isn't to say that the child isn't developing and growing until birth .. of course it is … but the child continues to develop and change for the next 80 years or so… What's your point? The baby is human , distinct and living from the start. What's your time limit for the legal homicide that is abortion? 8 weeks? 12 weeks? anytime before birth?
In reply to J-Mo's comment on the story Judge Blocks Indiana Law Banning Abortions Because of Genetic Abnormalities
[2] May 22, 2016 at 7:01pm
How can anything conservative become trending if it is audited out at a lower level… GB is a fool.
[1] May 22, 2016 at 7:00pm
Glenn Beck had a pow-wow with Zuck just this week and proclaimed that Fakebook was A-OK , no bias there at all… Phony suck up…seems like he wants a place at the table to get blaze stories on their system…
[-3] May 22, 2016 at 6:54pm
I'm pretty ambivalent about cops being shot after my encounters with them… I have to protect myself against the bad guys and the supposed "good" guys … That the identity of the shooter or at least the identity of the owner of the car isn't reported tells me that he was likely pulling someone over to see if he could "smell" something or see something (a "pretense" stop)… not likely it was a valid traffic stop.
In reply to jakartaman's comment on the story Suspect in Murder of Mass. Officer Dies in Shootout With Police — Here's What We Know
[6] May 22, 2016 at 7:05pm
Double_Tapped responded:
May 22, 2016 at 7:23pm
Stay-calm-and-Pray-on responded:
[6] May 22, 2016 at 8:36pm
TampaBoy responded:
[1] May 22, 2016 at 10:32pm
PaidToPlay responded:
May 19, 2016 at 11:22pm
Text me your home address please. Thanks.
In reply to Nevermind's comment on the story Two-Thirds of Americans Would Struggle to Cover $1,000 Emergency: Poll
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The Sum of All Kisses (Large Print / Paperback)
Usually Ships in 1-5 Days
From Julia Quinn, the New York Times bestselling author of steamy historical romances, comes the third seductive installment of the Smythe-Smith Quartet, The Sum of All Kisses.
Sarah Pleinsworth can t forgive Hugh Prentice for the duel he fought three years ago that nearly destroyed her family, sent her cousin fleeing, and left Hugh himself with a badly injured leg. That's fine with Hugh, who can t tolerate Sarah's dramatic ways. But when the two are forced to spend a week together, they find that unexpected kisses, and mutual passion, may have the power to change both of their minds.
Written with Julia Quinn's trademark style, The Sum of All Kisses is a witty and lighthearted Regency romance.
About the Author
Julia Quinn started writing her first book one month after finishing college and has been tapping away at her keyboard ever since.
The New York Times bestselling author of twenty-four novels for Avon Books, she is a graduate of Harvard and Radcliffe Colleges and is one of only fifteen authors ever to be inducted into the Romance Writers of America Hall of Fame. She lives in the Pacific Northwest with her family.


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Our daughter ran in the Marine Corps. Marathon, and the best part was the hotel provided a very convenient shuttle service to the closest point they could get us to, early in the morning of the race. Then, at the end, they were right there to meet us at the Ballston Metro station. The beds were clean...yes, I looked... The interstate was close enough upon leaving. We would consider staying again, on our next trip to DC.
- Official Description (provided by the hotel):
- Newly Renovated Guest Rooms-Complimentary Morning & Evening Shuttle Service to the Metro,Conveniently located just six miles from the Nation's Capital, the Comfort Inn Near Arlington Cemetery is an affordable alternative to staying in downtown Washington DC. Located just minutes from the Arlington National Cemetery, the Pentagon, the White House, the National Mall & Memorial Parks, the Washington Monument, the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, George Mason University, and the Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport. The hotel is with-in walking distance to several restaurants and shops: McDonalds,Chick-fil-a Dominos Pizza, Subway, Fortune Chinese Restaurant, Dogfish Head Alehouse,Red Robin, Starbucks, Target, CVS, Home Depot, Sears, Barnes & Noble. We offer the following amenities for your enjoyment and convenience: Free HOT deluxe continental breakfast, free high-speed wireless Internet access, free business & fitness center, free in-room coffee, outdoor swimming pool with sun patio, and ample free parking. ... more less
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- Also Known As:
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