text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jul 26, 1988
|Filing date
|Aug 11, 1986
|Priority date
|Aug 11, 1986
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Albert V. Crewe
|Original Assignee
|Electron Beam Memories
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (29), Non-Patent Citations (17), Referenced by (78), Classifications (15), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is related to, but in no way dependent upon, my copending applications Ser. No. 825219, filed 2/3/86, Ser. No. 909015, filed 9/18/86, Ser. No. 895200, filed 8/11/86, and Ser. No. 895202, filed 8/11/86.
The technological society in which we live appears to have an insatiable appetite for the storage of data, but there is a significant mismatch between the amount of data (particularly in digital form) and the devices currently available to store such data.
Examples of the need for digital storage are not difficult to find. Computer programs of 10-100 megabytes are not uncommon. To simply record social data in our population of 250 million people might require 106 megabytes of storage. Images of various forms need considerable storage capacity--a single television frame may require two megabytes while a full color page of a magazine needs 10 times that amount. A year's supply of images from a single LANDSTAT satellite system has been estimated at 1015 bits.
It is also very apparent that the new Fifth Generation Computer will require a vast data base for its effective implementation. One might consider a base as large as the Library of Congress with perhaps 1016 bits.
Presently available data storage devices are totally inadequate to store this volume of digital information. For example, a magnetic hard disc system can typically store about 4�109 bits of information. Optical disc systems can store in the order of 5�1010 bits. There is an obvious need, then, for a system which could store 1014 bits or more of information in digital form.
There are also substantial benefits which are not quite so apparent. For example, the existence of a vast memory on line would obviate destroying interim data and would allow its retrieval at any time. In such areas as image processing for a program development, this could be a very substantial benefit.
It is perhaps obvious that in order to develop memories of substantially greater storage capacity, resort must be had to the use of electrons or other charged particles with wavelengths less than the wavelength of light, or a system which does not depend upon radiation. Visible light is entirely inadequate; optical storage systems are already close to the wavelength limit of visible light.
Electron beam recording and retrieval of information has been explored for many years in laboratories and in some cases, practiced commercially. In the television field, there has been developed the now-commercial diffraction-type optical projection system in which electrostatic charges are deposited by an electron beam on a thermally softenable tape. Upon heating of the tape, the surface of the tape is deformed in accordance with the pattern of electrostatic charges. The television picture information stored on the surface-deformed tape is displayed by projecting a coherent beam of light through the transparent tape and spatially filtering the information diffracted by the surface deformations (R1, R2). An exhaustive treatment of television recording is given by Abramson (R2A).
Another approach is disclosed in the literature which follows this same general electron recording beam technique, but electron beams are used to read out the stored information by detection of emitted secondary electrons (R3). The literature describes a similar disc-based system which can be played mechanically, as well as by the use of electron beams to stimulate secondary emission from the thermoplastic medium (R4, R5, R6). There is also disclosed the application of the same thermoplastic recording technique in a real-time disc, tape or drum mass memory electron beam reading/erasing system with simultaneous optical read-out in vacuum (R7).
Others have suggested using electron beam recording to make mechanically readable video disc grooves by using a laterally vibrated electron beam to form the grooves in the disc (R6, R8).
Electron beams have been used to read out the surface deformations formed on an electrostatically deformed thermoplastic medium which has been negatively charged to create an electron mirror at the medium surface (R9).
Substantial engineering efforts have been expended developing video disc recording and retrieval technology--mainly optical and mechanical, but also using electron beams. An electron beam recording system has been developed for making the masters for capacitance-based (mechanical) video disc systems (R10). The prior art also includes a technique for an archival electron beam accessed memory in which a high intensity electron beam selectively melts columnar bits in a two-dimensional lattice supported by a thin membrane (R11).
It is clear that a disc-based system is best for quick access to high density information. In spite of the obvious need for an ultra-high density memory system and the obvious choice of electron beam radiation as the means by which the information is stored, no practical electron beam memory system has yet been developed because of the inability of the art to develop an electron gun having the requisite properties and capabilities.
The writing gun must be ultra-compact and have a mass of no more than a few hundred grams to make possible random accessing in a few seconds or less of any selected file or area on the disc. Rapid random access to any disc file is necessary for making additions or corrections to files at any location on the disc. Further, since the gun or guns used to read out the information will inevitably have to have the capability of rapid random accessing of any file or area of the target disc, the writing electron gun, in order to be functionally and structurally compatible with the reading gun system, must also be movable relative to the disc.
The writing gun must be ultra-compact also for the reason that it not physically interfere with the reading gun or guns which may be operating simultaneously with the writing gun. Because of the vast amount of information storable in an electron beam memory system, it will not be desirable in many applications to permit the awaiting of storage of all information, which might take weeks or months, before any of the stored information can be accessed. Hence the need for a system with multiple reading and writing guns.
Further, the writing electron gun must be capable of developing a writing probe current of sufficiently high current density to make possible surface ablation or other power-intensive no-develop recording. The advantage of no-develop recording is that the information recorded can be read out immediately without the need to devacuate the system, develop the record medium, and re-evacuate the system.
Yet, the gun's accelerating voltage can be no more than a few kilovolts if undue beam penetration and spreading is to be avoided. Low voltages are desirable also in the interest of minimizing the bulk and mass of the voltage insulating structures required and thus minimizing the size and mass of the gun.
The writing electron gun for a practical electron beam memory system must also be capable of producing a writing probe having a diameter small enough to achieve the desired ultra-high recording densities.
It is most important to an appreciation of the significance of the invention to understand why previous electron beam memory guns have failed to meet the minimum needs of a practical electron beam memory system. There have been a number of disc-based electron beam memory systems disclosed in the literature in which the electron beam writing gun or head is movable. RCA has disclosed in the literature a disc-type electron beam recording system for use in making video disc masters (R12, R10). In this system the electron probe diameter is said to be 4 microns by 0.1 micron--far too large for use in the ultra-high density electron beam memory system with which this invention is concerned. The disclosed electron optical column is massive and adapted to be moved unidirectionally across the master disc upon which information is being recorded. The column is of far too great a mass and size to be usable in a system requiring a rapid random accessing writing head.
Teldec discloses in the patent literature a system for recording video information on a disc which employs a movable electron beam head (R6). The head is shown schematically, however the beam probe diameter is said to be 1 micron--far too large for use in a practical ultra-high density electron beam memory system.
The prior art also discloses a number of disc-based electron beam memory systems employing stationary electron beam writing columns. A number optically read out the stored information (R13, R14, R15, R5). In every case the electron optical column is far too cumbersome to give the requisite rapid random access capability of the commercially practicable electron beam memory system which I contemplate. Also, in every case the requisite combination of high beam current density and small probe size is not taught.
The prior art literature also discloses other systems which, while full details are not available, clearly appear to fall far short of the requisite capabilities in current density and probe size as well as compactness and low mass (R7, R16).
As will be discussed in more detail below, there is a basic incompatibility at relatively high electron beam current densities between the amount of electron current which can be developed in an electron beam probe and its minimum diameter. This is due to space charge effects which become significant as the electron density of an electron beam probe increases. In 1978 I showed in a very general context that the effects of space charge in an electron beam can be represented by a term proportional to the current, the length of the system, and the focal length and inversely proportional to the angle of convergence of the probe (R17). At the time I failed to realize the implications of this work in electron beam memory systems. As I will describe, I now see in the design of a practical electron gun for electron beam memory systems of the rapid random accessed type, the powerful implications of controlling the length of the gun's source-to-image distance.
Typical scanning electron microscope electron optical columns are monlithic structures totally unsuited for rapid movement across an electron beam memory medium. Further, they typically develop probe currents which would be, at best, marginal for a practical high rate, ultra-high density electron beam memory system of the type I contemplate.
In recent years, as a result of the development of field emission type electron guns, of which development I was instrumental (R18, R19), a scanning electron microscope with a less cumbersome, single focusing stage was developed (R20, R21, R22, R23, R24). The scanning electron microscope developments utilizing field emission guns represented a step in the direction toward an electron gun useful in an electron beam memory system of the type I contemplate, however, even these guns fall far short of what is needed. Whereas they are of reduced size and mass, these guns are nevertheless too massive to be utilized in an electron beam system having a rapid random accessing writing electron gun. These guns also fall short of the minimum electron probe current needed in a no-develop high recording rate electron beam memory system.
Electron beam lithography systems are capable of developing adequately high current densities in the electron beam probe, however, they are massive monolithic devices having no useful applicability in an electron beam memory system of the type I envision. They also operate with accelerating voltages which are far too high for this application. Reducing this voltage would impair performance.
My referent copending application Ser. No. (EBM-1) describes the claims in a rapid random accessing electron beam memory system a very compact, low mass field emission electron gun having a magnetic focus lens. It is an object of this invention to provide an electron beam memory system having an electron gun with a mass significantly less than the gun of the aforesaid copending application for even faster access times--a gun whose overall length is in the order of 1-2 centimeters or less, with a mass of less than 20 grams. An objective of 20 grams or less of mass rules out electron guns with a magnetic focus lens due to the mass of the focus coil and associated support structures.
Electrostatic gun systems are inherently simpler and less massive than guns with magnetic focusing. Focusing is accomplished by varying the potentials on metal electrodes rather than by establishing a magnetic field in an iron circuit using a copper coil of wire. The reduced mass of an electrostatic gun means that such guns can be more quickly moved by a given applied force. In addition, the voltages one needs to apply usually bears some simple relationship to one another, making possible the use of the simple voltage divider to provide the necessary potentials for the gun. In the case of electron guns with a field emission cathode and magnetic focusing, a voltage source is needed to establish the electron beam as well as a current source to establish the magnetic focusing field.
Electrostatically focused guns have the further attribute of requiring very little or no power for performing the focusing of the beam. Further, it is possible to obtain very short focal lengths with electrostatic lenses.
The disadvantages of electrostatic lenses are that voltages must be distributed in the kilovolt range to several closely spaced electrodes, with the possibility of electrical arcing between the electrodes. Importantly, the aberration coefficients are always considerably higher for electrostatic lenses than for magnetic lenses. This latter shortcoming means that the angular extent of the electron beam must be limited. That in turn means that the intensity of the probe current must necessarily be lowered. For an electron beam reading gun, this limitation may not be a disadvantage, but it imposes severe limitations for an electron gun used for information writing purposes where no-develop recording is essential.
The gun of this invention utilizes a three-electrode electrostatic focus lens of the so-called "Einzel" type. In general terms, three electrode Einzel electrostatic lenses are well known in cathode-ray tubes and other electron beam devices unrelated to this invention. I know of an electron microscope manufactured by Siemens Corporation having an Einzel type lens; however, that system lacked the compactness, ultra-low mass, high beam intensity and small probe size described and claimed herein.
In conclusion, I am not aware of any devices or disclosures either in the field of electron beam memory systems, or any other field, of an electron gun having the aforedescribed properties and minimum capabilities necessary for use in a rapid random accessed electron beam memory system.
A. Referenced above:
R1--U.S. Pat. No. 3,113,179
R2--U.S. Pat. No. 3,116,962
R2A--A Short History of Television Recording, A. Abramson, JSMPTE Vol. 82, March, 1973, pages 188-198
R3--U.S. Pat. No. 3,168,726
R4--U.S. Pat. No. 3,750,117
R5--U.S. Pat. No. 3,952,146
R6--U.S. Pat. No. 3,737,598
R7--U.S. Pat. No. 3,239,602
R8--U.S. Pat. No. 3,842,217
R9--U.S. Pat. No. 3,278,679
R10--U.S. Pat. No. 4,010,318
R11--Target Design of an Archival Electron Beam Memory, J. Wolfe, J. App. Phys. 53 (12), December 1982, pages 8429-8435
R12--U.S. Pat. No. 4,074,313
R13--U.S. Pat. No. 3,381,097
R14--U.S. Pat. No. 3,361,873
R15--U.S. Pat. No. RE: 30,974
R16--U.S. Pat. No. 4,001,493
R17--"Some Space Charge Effects in Electron Probe Devices" Optik, A. V. Crewe, 52 (1978/1979) No. 4, 337-346
R18--"Electron Gun Using a Field Emission Source", A. V. Crewe, Rev. Sci. Instru., Vol. 39, No. 4, 576-583, April 1985
R19--"A High Resolution Scanning Electron Microscope, A. V. Crewe, Jour. App. Phys., Vol. 39, No. 13, 5861-5868, December 1968
R20--"Dramatic Desk-Type S.E.M. Performance Upgrade; Real-Time Energies with a 100A Resolution", Jour. of Elec. Eng. (Japan), November/December 1975 (page unknown)
R21--"Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope--S310A" (Sales Brochure, 7 pages, Hitachi, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan)
R22--U.S. Pat. No. 4,274,035
R23--U.S. Pat. No. 4,020,353
R24--U.S. Pat. No. 4,099,055
R31--U.S. Pat. No. 3,978,338
R32--U.S. Pat. No. 4,534,016
B. Not Referenced Above:
R25--U.S. Pat. No. 4,427,886
R26--U.S. Pat. No. 3,731,095
R27--U.S. Pat. No. 3,786,268
R20--Recent Advances in Electron Beam Memories, J. Kelly, in Advances in Electronics and Electron Physics, ed. by L. Morton, Academic Press, 1977
R30--U.S. Pat. No. 4,245,159
R33--U.S. Pat. No. 3,626,184
R34--U.S. Pat. No. 3,350,503
R35--U.S. Pat. No. 3,278,679
R36--Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopes with Parallel Plate Gun Electrodes, R. Shimizu et al, Scanning Electron microscopy/1973 (Part I), Proc. of the Sixth Annual Scanning Electron Microscope Symposium, pp. 73-79.
It is an object of this invention to provide an electron beam memory system having an electron gun capable, for the first time, of high enough electron probe current densities to permit no-develop recording and small enough probe sizes to permit ultra-high density recording, yet of low enough mass to make feasible rapid random accessing of any area on the system's recording medium.
It is an object of this invention to provide a rapid random accessed electron beam memory system having an electron gun which is capable of developing electron beam probe current densities high enough to make feasible ablative or other no-develop recording at rates of 10 megahertz and above.
It is another object of this invention to provide a rapid random accessed electron beam memory system having an electron gun which achieves such current levels using accelerating voltages of no more than a few kilovolts.
It is still another object to provide a rapid random accessed electron beam memory system having an electron gun which is also capable of producing at such minimum probe currents and maximum accelerating voltages electron beam probe diameters of 500 angstroms or less in order to make feasible recording densities of at least 1014 bits of information on a 12 inch disc.
It is yet another object to provide a rapid random accessed electron beam memory system having an electron gun which is capable of these achievements, and yet which is ultra-compact and has a mass of only 20 grams or less in order to make feasible accessing of any selected file or area on the recording medium within 1-2 seconds or less.
It is an object to provide such a gun useful in a variety of electron beam devices in which compactness, low voltages, relatively high beam currents and small probe diameters are desired or required.
It is still another object to provide an extremely compact and low mass field emission electron gun of the electrostatic type for use in a variety of electron beam devices, having a novel set of parameters endowing it with a mass of less than 20 grams, yet rendering it capable of producing a relatively high intensity, but very small electron beam probe.
It is an object to provide such a gun which is useful for either writing or reading of information in an electron beam memory system.
FIG. 1 is a highly schematic illustration of an electron beam memory system constructed according to the teachings of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a perspective, partly sectioned view of a head constituting part of the FIG. 1 system and containing a writing or reading electron gun implementing an aspect of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a sectioned side elevation view of the electron beam memory system head and electron gun shown in FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating the manner in which integrated deflection and/or stigmatizing coils are wound on a mandrel constituting part of the FIGS. 2-3 gun;
FIGS. 5A, 5B and 5C are diagrams showing the manner in which an electron beam is deflected using integrated deflection coils constituting part of the FIGS. 2-3 gun; and
FIGS. 6-10 are diagrams depicting certain operating characteristics of the FIGS. 2-3 gun.
The electron gun according to the present invention has numerous uses in applications receiving or desirably utilizing ultra-compactness, extremely low mass and a relatively high current density. The most promising application envisioned is in an electron beam memory system.
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of an electron beam memory system 10 embodying the present invention. The FIG. 1 system 10 is shown as including a vacuum enclosure, depicted schematically in dotted line form at 12. Within the enclosure is a storage medium 13 supported on a rotatable disc 14. The disc 14 is rotated by a disc drive shown schematically at 16.
In nearly all disc-type electron beam memory systems disclosed in the prior art, the electron optical head or column is monolithic and immovable, requiring that the turntable be translated within the vacuum enclosure. Vacuum compatibility for such drive systems introduces lubrication and other problems. In the present system, the drive 16 is stationary and is therefore preferably located outside the vacuum enclosure 12. Further, compared with a system in which the turntable is moved, the vacuum enclosure volume is greatly reduced.
The electron beam memory system 10 includes a plurality of electron beam heads adapted for simultaneous operation. In the illustrated embodiment, I have shown three heads--a writing head 18 containing an electron gun for recording information, a verification head 19 containing an electron gun for verifying the fact and integrity of the stored information, and a reading head 20 containing an electron gun for retrieving the stored information.
The electron beam memory system 10 is illustrated schematically as including head drives 21, 22, 23 interconnected with the heads 18, 19, 20 by support arms 24, 25, 26 for moving the heads 18, 19, 20 across the disc 14.
Auxiliary electronic and electrical apparatus, shown schematically at 27, provides the necessary drive signals through conductors 28, 29, 30 for energizing head drives 21, 22, 23. Apparatus 27 also supplies through conductor 31 suitable drive signals for disc drive 16, as well as the necessary heater current for the field emission source heater and energization potentials for the gun electrodes through bundles of conductors 33, 34, 35.
FIG. 2 illustrates a writing electron gun 36 contained within writing head 18. As will be described, the FIG. 2 gun is capable of developing a finely focused electron beam probe at high beam current densities, yet is ultra-compact and of extremely low mass. For the first time, the electron gun of this invention makes possible a truly random accessed electron beam memory system for high rate, ultra-high density electron beam data recording, and yet with recording power making possible no-develop recording, i.e., recording without the need for developing the recording medium after exposure. With the writing electron gun according to this invention, a very high capacity electron beam storage medium can be employed using multiple accessory verification and reading heads to permit simultaneous recording and reading over long periods of time--a critically important capability for a great many applications. As noted above, because of the vast storage capability of an electron beam memory system such as this, it may be totally impractical in many applications to delay access to the memory until the memory is filled (which could take weeks or months), during which time the stored information is inaccessible.
An electron beam memory system becomes truly universally useful only when it has the capability as is now provided by this invention, to record without any development of the medium using a rapid random accessing head and with simultaneously operable pick-up heads for verifying and/or retrieving the stored information as soon as it is recorded.
Before engaging in a detailed discussion of the FIG. 2 electron gun practicing this invention, I will first discuss in general terms the performance requirements imposed on a writing gun of an electron beam memory system of the character described herein. A few of the performance, packaging and other requirements imposed on the gun are, in general terms, as follows: (1) as stated, the gun must be of sufficient compactness and low mass as to be readily capable of being rapidly accelerated and decelerated to effectuate a rapid random accessing of the electron beam memory medium; (2) the gun must be capable of producing an extremely fine probe to permit ultra-high density recording on the medium; (3) the probe produced must not only be extremely fine, but must have high current densities, in order that no-develop recording can be achieved--that is, recording characterized by an alteration of the physical state of the recording medium which can be detected immediately after recording, as by use of an electron beam probe; (4) the gun must be capable of working with relatively low accelerating voltages in order that the beam penetration and spreading is not excessive, and so that the insulation requirements do not drive up the size and mass of the gun; (5) the head must have a modest power consumption in order that massive cooling structures are not required; (6) the gun must have an electron source which not only is extremely bright, but is also stable and of long life in order that the system in practice is easy to use by operators of ordinary skill; and (7) the gun must have a commercially tolerable cost of manufacture.
The simplest way to effect an irreversible change in the physical state of the recording medium is to induce melting or boiling of the recording material to create a depression or pit in the medium. The pit can be detected, for example, with a less-intense electron beam probe and accompanying means for detecting secondary, back-scattered or transmitted electrons.
The melting temperature "Tm" of a material can be approximated by the relation Tm=(31 V/2π Ka), where "I" is the electron beam current in amperes, "V" is the beam voltage in volts, "K" is the thermal conductivity of the material in joules per centimeter squared per second, and "a" is the radius of the heated zone in the recording medium in centimeters.
Using bismuth as the recording material, for example, having "K"=0.02 and "Tm"=270 degrees centigrade, and assuming a beam voltage "V" of 5 kilovolts and a heated zone "a" of 0.08 microns, then "I"=160 nanoamperes. In practice, a temperature in excess of the melting point would be required in order to create a hole or pit.
Recording rates are limited by the rate at which the medium can be heated: γ=(ρσa2 /K), where ρ is the specific heat and ρ is the density of the material. The recording rates for most materials and the probe diameters of interest is in the order of 10-8 to 10-10 seconds, allowing recording rates of 10 megahertz and above.
It was previously thought that current values in the range of 100-300 nanoamperes with accelerating voltages of 3-5 kilovolts, and a beam power in the range of 300-500 microwatts, for example, would be required to produce melting in materials such as bismuth, tellurium, arsenides of such materials and mixtures thereof.
Experiments conducted with the electron beam memory system described and claimed in my copending application Ser. No. 825219, however, have demonstrated that electron beam writing in such materials can be achieved at power density levels lower than indicated above.
As shown in FIGS. 2-3, an electron beam head/gun assembly in accordance with this invention is illustrated as including a vacuum manifold 38. Electron gun assembly 36 is appended to the vacuum manifold 38 and develops an extremely fine electron beam probe 40 of sufficient current density to write (record) tracks 42 on the storage medium 13 on disc 14.
The electron gun assembly 36 comprises an extremely axially compact structure, all components of the gun being optimized for axial compactness and minimization of mass. As will be described, the series of structures making up the electron gun assembly 36 are all essentially ring-like elements of metal or ceramic adapted to be brazed together by well-known techniques to make an extremely rugged and hermetically sealed structure.
The electron gun of this invention preferably utilizes a field emission cathode, however, for some applications not requiring well-known current or brightness probe diameters, other high brightness sources, such as heated lanthanum hexaboride, may be used.
The field emission cathode assembly shown in FIGS. 2-3 is described and claimed in my copending application Ser. No. 895202. The field emission cathode assembly comprises two metal rings 44, 46 between which is sandwiched a ceramic ring 48. The metal rings 44, 46 and ceramic ring 48 define circular apertures 52, 54 and 56 respectively. The rings 44, 46 are brazed to the ceramic ring; the metal ring 44 is welded to the vacuum manifold 38 to form a rigid hermetical seal therewith.
A filament 58 extends substantially diagonally across the apertures 52, 54, 56 formed in the rings 44, 46, 58 and has welded medially thereof a field emission tip 60. The tip 60 is aligned on the electron optical axis of the gun. When properly excited, the tip 60 emits an extremely small but intensely bright source of electrons.
The metal rings 44, 46 serve as expedient terminals for the application of filament heating currents for use in applications wherein the field emitter is heated. The out-turned ends 62, 64 of the filament 58 are welded to the rings 44 and 46, respectively, from which rings the filament 58 may derive a source of appropriate electrical potential for extracting electrons from the tip 60. The use of rings 44, 46 as terminals for the application of heater currents has a decided advantage over bringing wire leads in through the enclosure for the field emitter. The provide a mechanically rugged, hermetically sealed assembly and, of equal importance, large area terminals which serve to dissipate heater current heat over a large terminal area, thus minimizing concern for failures of the terminals due to overheating. The use of a filament extending diagonally across the openings, rather than the common "hairpin" filament, has the further advantage of being less susceptible to vibration.
The electron gun assembly 36 further includes an electrostatic focus lens for forming a real image of the electron source produced at the field emission source in the vicinity of the recording medium 13. An electrostatic lens in accordance with this invention is illustrated as comprising a first electrode 66, a second electrode 68 and a third electrode 70. The first and second electrodes are dished-disc electrodes. The third electrode is a flat-disc electrode. The electrodes are spaced from each other by ceramic insulators 72, 74. The electrodes are spaced from the field emission cathode assembly by a ceramic insulator 76.
The electrodes 66, 68 and 70 and the insulators 72, 74 and 76 are brazed together to define a mechanically sound, hermetically sealed assembly.
The field emitter is adapted to receive a predetermined first electrical potential effective to form a high brightness electron source at the tip 60. The first electrode 66 is adapted to receive a predetermined second electrode electrical potential which is positive relative to the potential on the tip 60 and has a value relative to the first potential which is effective to induce emission of electrons from the tip 60. The first electrode 66 has a very small aperture 78 for determining the diameter of the electron beam which is formed.
The second electrode 68 is adapted to receive an adjustable third, focusing, electrical potential which is negative relative to the aforesaid second potential applied to the first electrode 66. The second electrode 68 defines an aperture 80 which is much larger than the aperture 78 in electrode 66, as will be discussed in more detail hereinafter.
The third electrode 70 is adapted to receive a fourth, accelerating, electrical potential which is positive relative to the potential applied to the second electrode 68. The fourth potential determines the energy of the electrons to be brought to a focus. The third electrode 70 defines an aperture 82 which is substantially larger than the aperture 78 in the first electrode 66, but smaller than the aperture 80 in the second electrode 68.
The second, third and fourth electrical potentials applied to the electrodes 66, 68 and 70 are selected to establish beam-focusing fields between the first and second electrodes 66, 68 and between the second and third electrodes 68, 70.
The enclosure defined by the first electrode 66, the rings 44, 46 and 48 and the vacuum manifold comprise an ultra-high vacuum zone for maintaining the field emitter at an appropriate vacuum level--typically 1031 9 to 10-10 torr. The restricted size of the aperture 78 in the first electrode is selected, in part, with consideration for maintaining the high vacuum in the zone containing the field emitter.
Because of the necessity of minimizing the magnification of the electron source formed by the field emitting tip 60, the magnification of the source at the storage medium 13 is preferably 0.5-2.0. The objectives of system compactness and small probe sizes implies the use of relatively short object and image distances. As will become evident, when the dimensions of the system are as decribed below, these objectives result in insufficient room at the exit of the gun to use conventional beam deflection and stigmatizing systems.
The electron gun assembly 36 includes an integrated beam deflection and stigmatizing system following the principles set forth and claimed in my copending application Ser. No. 895200. The beam deflection/stigmatizing system is illustrated as comprising magnetic field generating means for establishing plural fields of magnetic flux through the electrostatic lens for modifying the position and cross-sectional shape of the beam. As shown in FIGS. 2-3, the magnetic field generating means comprises a system of magnetic windings 84 configured on an electrically insulative cylindrical sleeve-like mandril 86 surrounding the lens assembly.
The windings 84 are configured to provide both X and Y beam deflection as well as quadrupolar beam stigmatizing. The manner in which the windings 84 are wound is shown in the FIG. 4 diagram. The system of windings 84 includes X and Y beam deflection coils configured to create beam deflection fields for effecting static and/or dynamic deflection of the beam as it passes through the lens.
The system of windings 84 is also configured to create stigmatizing fields extending through the electrostatic lens and so defined as to correct cross-sectional asymmetries of the beam as it passes through the lens.
FIGS. 5A, 5B and 5C depict schematically the manner in which electron beam probe 40 is deflected within the electrostatic lens system itself to effect movement of the probe across the storage medium 13. It will be understood that in operation of the electron beam memory system, the heads 18, 19, 20 are moved across the disc to attain the gross positioning of electron beam during reading or writing operations. Fine positioning of the beam is achieved by use of the system of windings 84.
An electron beam deflection of only 10-20 microns is sufficient to span 100 tracks--a deflection completely adequate for recording or for locating and/or following or forming a particular track on the storage medium 13. A more complete description of the illustrated integrated electron beam deflection and/or stigmatizing system and its features and attributes are described in my referent copending application Ser. No. (EMB-5).
Achievement of the design objectives set forth above require the optimization of at least the following sixteen differing parameters: the spacings (2), thicknesses (3), aperture diameters (3), outer radii (3) and potentials (3) of the the electrodes as well as the object and image distances (2).
Based largely on considerations of minimizing the spherical and chromatic aberration coefficients (the most significant factors), the following parameters are considered to be optimum for the particular system depicted. Other systems would have a different set of parameters. They may be varied somewhat from the range of values to be given. The interelectrode spacings between first electrode 66 and the second electrode 68 and between the second electrode 68 and the third electrode 70 (measured surface to surface on the beam axis) are each preferably about 0.5-2.0 millimeters.
The radius of the aperture 78 in the first electrode 66 is preferably about 6-20 microns. The second electrode aperture 80 is preferably within about 25% of 1.2 millimeters; the third electrode aperture 82 is preferably within about 25% of 0.4 millimeters. The outer radii of the electrodes 66, 68, 70 are not critical, but should be 5 or more times greater than the respective electrode apertures.
The radius of the first electrode aperture 78 is not critical as long as it is small relative to the radius of the second electrode aperture 80. The aperture 78 is used as the defining aperture for the beam--the system beam current can be determined by selection of an appropriate diameter of aperture 78. The spherical aberration in the system increases with increasing radius of the first and third electrode apertures 78, 82, but decreases slowly below about 0.2 millimeters. The spherial aberration in the system increases, however, with decreasing diameter of second electrode aperture 80.
The axial thickness of the first electrode is about 0.2-0.8 mm, preferably about 0.4 millimeter; the thickness of the second electrode 68 is substantially greater--about 1.0-1.4 mm, e.g., preferably about 1.2 millimeter; the third electrode has a thickness about the same as the first electrode--about 0.2-0.8 mm, preferably about 0.4 millimeter. The thickness of the center electrode 68 is the most critical. There is a relationship between the thickness and the radius of the second electrode. In the preferred embodiment described above, the aperture radius and thickness are the same--about 1.2 mm. The relative dimensions of these parameters can, however, be varied 2:1 in either direction.
It should be pointed out that the coefficient of chromatic aberration is almost entirely determined by the focal length. Adjustment of other parameters will have significantly less affect on chromatic aberration for a fixed object and image.
In a preferred embodiment, the spacing between the tip 60 and the first electrode 66 is preferably about 3-5 millimeters. For minimized probe size, it is desired that the system have magnification of 0.5-2.0. This means that the image distances are in the range of a few millimeters. With image distances of only a few millimeters, the criticality of the need for the integrated magnetic deflection/stigmatizing system described above can be seen.
The voltages applied to the electrodes 66, 68 and 70 may, for example, be 0, -5 to -6 kilovolts (variable), and 0 respectively, with an extraction potential applied to the tip 60 of 3-10 kilovolts, preferably about 5 kilovolts. It is desirable that the electron energies upon impact with the medium 13 be approximately equal to the extraction voltage (here both approximately 5 kilovolts).
A relatively low accelerating voltage is needed to control the depth of penetration of the electron beam probe into the storage medium. In writing applications, too-deep penetration would reduce the medium heating and impair melting of the medium. In reading applications, too-deep penetration might impair the resolution of the system. With the first, second, third and fourth potentials, the thickness and aperture diameters of said electrodes and the interelectrode spacings as given above, the electron beam current generated by the gun is in the range of about 20 to 500 nanoamperes and the beam probe has a diameter in the range of about 200 to 1000 angstroms.
In FIGS. 6-9 are shown the values of spherical aberration coefficient (Cs), chromatic aberration coefficient (Cc), image distance and magnification for the following set of parameters.
Interelectrode spacing (each), measured surface to surface, on axis is 1 mm.
Radius of electrode aperture 78 is 6-20 microns.
Radius of electrode aperture 80 is 1.2 mm.
Radius of electrode aperture 82 is 0.4 mm.
Thickness of electrode 66 is 0.4 mm.
Thickness of electrode 68 is 1.2 mm.
Thickness of electrode 70 is 0.4 mm.
In FIGS. 6-9, all distances are measured from the central electrode. The various curves show the behaviour of the gun as a function of the potential on the middle electrode. (The numbers refer to the kinetic energy of an electron at that point). The two dotted curves represent conditions of constant magnification (1.0 and 0.8 respectively) and are useful for choosing the final tip position--0.8 may be preferred.
In presenting the results, the values of Cs and Cc are given in somewhat unconventional terms, namely:
δs (image)=Cs α3 (source)
δs (image)=(Cc ΔVα/V(source), where
the emission angle at the source is used as the reference angle. The reason for this choice is that one is concerned not only with the size of the image, but also with the amount of current which can be obtained (determined by the source angle).
FIG. 6 shows a universal plot of probe size versus beam angle for various values of Cs and Cc, assuming a high voltage of 5000 volts and an energy speed of 1 volt. The beam angle can be assumed to be the source angle.
An electron beam memory system according to this invention must necessarily be very small with a total overall length from source tip 60 to probe of no greater than about 1-2 centimeters or less. The operating voltage of the electron beam will be in the range of about 3 to 10 Kv, the probe diameter will be in the range of 200-1000 angstroms depending upon the application, with a probe current in the range of 50-500 nA for a writing beam and 10-200 nA for a reading beam.
In accordance with one aspect of this invention, as aforestated, the electron gun according to this invention is ultra-compact and of extremely low mass. Specifically, the electron gun of this invention preferably has a total mass of no more than about 20 grams.
The electron gun 36 according to this invention is extraordinarily compact. By way of illustration, the total length of the gun is no more than about 0.5-1.0 centimeter. A gun having such extreme compactness and low mass is susceptible of being quickly moved to any part of the recording medium in order to effectuate rapid random accessing of any selected area on the medium for the purpose of adding information to any selected file or area on the medium.
The above embodiments are included merely as illustrative and it is contemplated that other structures may be devised to practice the teachings of the present invention. The following claims are intended to cover such other structures.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Dec 18, 1860
|Feb 15, 1960
|Dec 3, 1963
|Gen Electric
|Method and apparatus for recording
|Sep 20, 1961
|Jan 7, 1964
|Gen Electric
|Information recording and developing apparatus and method
|Jan 6, 1961
|Feb 2, 1965
|Apparatus for thermoplastic readout
|Mar 20, 1961
|Mar 8, 1966
|Lemelson Jerome H
|Thermoplastic recording and reproducing apparatus with selective beam erasure
|Jun 13, 1963
|Oct 11, 1966
|Gen Electric
|Electron-optical readout of latent electrostatic image
|May 7, 1962
|Jan 2, 1968
|Minnesota Mining & Mfg
|Disc recording system
|Jan 5, 1965
|Jan 21, 1969
|Minnesota Mining & Mfg
|Recording system
|Mar 5, 1970
|Dec 7, 1971
|Atomic Energy Commission
|Detector system for a scanning electron microscope
|Mar 1, 1971
|Mar 27, 1973
|Minnesota Mining & Mfg
|Beam addressable memory apparatus
|Apr 1, 1971
|May 1, 1973
|Hitachi Ltd
|Electron gun device of field emission type
|Aug 2, 1971
|Jun 5, 1973
|Teldec Telefunken Decca
|Recording mechanically reproducible high frequency signals on recording carriers
|Sep 30, 1971
|Jul 31, 1973
|Gen Electric
|Electron beam addressable archival memory
|Apr 12, 1972
|Jan 15, 1974
|Hitachi Ltd
|Electron gun device of field emission type
|Dec 26, 1972
|Oct 15, 1974
|Rca Corp
|Record fabrication of a capacitive type storage medium
|Apr 23, 1974
|Apr 20, 1976
|Decca Limited
|Electron beam recording of wide-band signals on thermoplastic film
|Apr 7, 1975
|Aug 31, 1976
|Nihon Denshi Kabushiki Kaisha
|Illumination system in a scanning electron microscope
|Sep 3, 1974
|Jan 4, 1977
|Nihon Denshi Kabushiki Kaisha
|Single lens, multi-beam system and method for high resolution recording of information on a moving recording medium and article
|Sep 15, 1975
|Mar 1, 1977
|Rca Corporation
|Probe forming electron optical column having means for examining magnified image of the probe source
|Sep 3, 1975
|Apr 26, 1977
|Hitachi, Ltd.
|Sample analysis apparatus using electron beam irradiation
|Apr 9, 1976
|Oct 4, 1977
|Photoelectron spectrometer with means for stabilizing sample surface potential
|Jun 30, 1976
|Feb 14, 1978
|Rca Corporation
|Electron beam disc recorder
|Oct 8, 1976
|Jul 4, 1978
|Hitachi, Ltd.
|Scanning transmission electron microscope
|Nov 21, 1978
|Jan 13, 1981
|Dr. Ing. Rudolf Hell Gmbh
|Quick-acting electron-optical lenses
|Jul 11, 1979
|Jun 16, 1981
|Hitachi, Ltd.
|Field emission electron gun
|Dec 3, 1981
|Dec 13, 1983
|Kabushiki Kaisha Akashi Seisakusho
|Scanning electron microscope or similar equipment capable of displaying simultaneously a plurality of images of specimen
|Aug 2, 1982
|Jan 24, 1984
|Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation
|Low voltage field emission electron gun
|Jul 8, 1983
|Aug 6, 1985
|The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Air Force
|Beam addressed memory system
|Feb 2, 1984
|Jul 15, 1986
|Hitachi, Ltd.
|Small-dimension measurement system by scanning electron beam
|A High Resolution Scanning Electron Microscope, A. V. Crewe, Jour. App. Phys., vol. 39, No. 13, 5861 5868, Dec., 1968.
|A High Resolution Scanning Electron Microscope, A. V. Crewe, Jour. App. Phys., vol. 39, No. 13, 5861-5868, Dec., 1968.
|A Short History of Television Recording, A. Abramson, JSMPTE, vol. 82, Mar. 1973, pp. 188 198.
|A Short History of Television Recording, A. Abramson, JSMPTE, vol. 82, Mar. 1973, pp. 188-198.
|Dramatic Desk Type S.E.M. Performance Upgrade; Real Time Images with 100A Resolution, Jour. of Elect. Eng. Design (Japan), Nov./Dec., 1975 (page unknown).
|Dramatic Desk-Type S.E.M. Performance Upgrade; Real-Time Images with 100A Resolution, Jour. of Elect. Eng. Design (Japan), Nov./Dec., 1975 (page unknown).
|Electron Gun Using a Field Emission Source, A. V. Crewe, Rev. Sci. Instru., vol. 39, No. 4, 576 583, Apr. 1985.
|Electron Gun Using a Field Emission Source, A. V. Crewe, Rev. Sci. Instru., vol. 39, No. 4, 576-583, Apr. 1985.
|Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope S310A (Sales Brochure), 7 pages, Hitachi, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan.
|Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopes with Parallel Plate Gun Electrodes, R. Shimizu et al, Scanning Electron Microscopy/1973 (Part I), Proc. of the Sixth Annual Scanning Electron Microscope Symposium, pp. 73 79.
|Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopes with Parallel Plate Gun Electrodes, R. Shimizu et al, Scanning Electron Microscopy/1973 (Part I), Proc. of the Sixth Annual Scanning Electron Microscope Symposium, pp. 73-79.
|Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope-S310A (Sales Brochure), 7 pages, Hitachi, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan.
|Recent Advances in Electron Beam Memories, J. Kelly, in Advances in Electronics and Electron Physics, ed. by L. Morton, Academic Press, 1977.
|Some Space Charge Effects in Electron Probe Devices, Optik, A. V. Crewe, Rev. Sci. Instru., vol. 52, No. 4, 337 346 (1978 79).
|Some Space Charge Effects in Electron Probe Devices, Optik, A. V. Crewe, Rev. Sci. Instru., vol. 52, No. 4, 337-346 (1978-79).
|Target Design of an Archival Electron Beam Memory, J. Wolfe, J. App. Phys. 53 (12), Dec., 1982, pp. 8429 8435.
|Target Design of an Archival Electron Beam Memory, J. Wolfe, J. App. Phys. 53 (12), Dec., 1982, pp. 8429-8435.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Sep 28, 1989
|Jul 30, 1991
|Olympus Optical Co., Ltd.
|Memory device with dual cantilever means
|Feb 3, 1989
|Aug 6, 1991
|U.S. Philips Corporation
|Method of and device for sub-micron processing a surface
|Jan 23, 1990
|Oct 1, 1991
|Olympus Optical Co., Ltd.
|Tunnel current data storage apparatus having separate lever bodies
|Apr 3, 1990
|Oct 8, 1991
|Lk Technologies, Inc.
|Scanning tunneling microscope
|Jul 24, 1991
|Jun 16, 1992
|International Business Machine Corporation
|Compact, integrated electron beam imaging system
|Nov 25, 1992
|Aug 31, 1993
|Fei Company
|Precision electrostatic lens system and method of manufacture
|Nov 6, 1992
|Dec 14, 1993
|Canon Kabushiki Kaisha
|Tracking error signal detecting apparatus using an electron beam and apparatus for effecting recording/reproduction of information by the utilization of a plurality of electron beams
|Jun 9, 1993
|Jan 10, 1995
|Canon Kabushiki Kaisha
|Information carrier, information recording and/or reproducing apparatus, and information detecting apparatus
|Nov 18, 1992
|Mar 7, 1995
|Canon Kabushiki Kaisha
|Recording medium having a track and electrode layer provided and recording and reproducing device and system using same
|Jul 12, 1995
|Sep 17, 1996
|Gibson; Gary
|Ultra-high density storage device
|Jun 21, 1999
|Oct 9, 2001
|Gtp, Inc.
|Method and device for charged particle ray information storage
|Dec 6, 2000
|Jun 18, 2002
|Exaconnect Inc.
|Free space electron switch
|Jun 21, 1999
|Aug 13, 2002
|Gtp, Inc.
|Method for data storage organization
|Dec 1, 2000
|Jan 14, 2003
|Hewlett-Packard Company
|AFM version of diode-and cathodoconductivity-and cathodoluminescence-based data storage media
|Jul 3, 2001
|Apr 8, 2003
|Exaconnect Corp.
|Use of a free space electron switch in a telecommunications network
|Jun 14, 2001
|May 25, 2004
|Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.
|Focusing lens for electron emitter with shield layer
|Mar 16, 2001
|Sep 14, 2004
|Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.
|Accelerometer using field emitter technology
|Jun 6, 2002
|Oct 5, 2004
|Exaconnect Corp.
|Semi-conductor interconnect using free space electron switch
|Feb 26, 2003
|Oct 5, 2004
|Exaconnect Corp.
|Use of a free space electron switch in a telecommunications network
|Feb 12, 2004
|Dec 21, 2004
|Applied Materials, Inc.
|Electron beam test system with integrated substrate transfer module
|Mar 29, 2002
|Aug 16, 2005
|Pioneer Corporation
|Grooving apparatus and grooving method
|Oct 15, 2003
|Aug 23, 2005
|Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.
|Tunneling emitters
|Oct 4, 2004
|Jun 20, 2006
|Exaconnect Corp.
|Semi-conductor interconnect using free space electron switch
|Apr 13, 2004
|Jul 11, 2006
|Applied Materials, Inc.
|Charged particle beam microscope with minicolumn
|Jul 29, 2004
|Jul 11, 2006
|Applied Materials, Inc.
|Large substrate test system
|Oct 30, 2001
|Sep 5, 2006
|Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.
|Current divider-based storage medium
|May 23, 2002
|Oct 31, 2006
|Applied Materials, Inc.
|Large substrate test system
|Feb 15, 2001
|Jan 30, 2007
|Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.
|Methods for conducting current between a scanned-probe and storage medium
|Mar 8, 2004
|Feb 27, 2007
|Advanced Electron Beams, Inc.
|Irradiation apparatus
|Oct 29, 2004
|Aug 14, 2007
|Applied Materials, Inc.
|Method for testing pixels for LCD TFT displays
|Jul 12, 2004
|Jan 15, 2008
|Applied Materials, Inc.
|Configurable prober for TFT LCD array testing
|Dec 21, 2004
|Feb 12, 2008
|Applied Materials, Inc.
|Integrated substrate transfer module
|Jul 30, 2004
|Apr 8, 2008
|Applied Materials, Inc.
|Configurable prober for TFT LCD array test
|Sep 23, 2002
|Apr 8, 2008
|Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
|High density data recording/reproduction method utilizing electron emission and phase change media, and data recording system adopting the same, and media for the system
|Mar 14, 2006
|May 19, 2009
|Applied Materials, Inc.
|In-line electron beam test system
|Mar 12, 2007
|Aug 4, 2009
|Applied Materials, Inc.
|Method to reduce cross talk in a multi column e-beam test system
|Oct 13, 2009
|Applied Materials, Inc.
|Mini-prober for TFT-LCD testing
|Jun 29, 2010
|Applied Materials, Inc.
|In-line electron beam test system
|Aug 31, 2010
|Applied Materials, Inc.
|Prober for electronic device testing on large area substrates
|Dec 7, 2010
|Applied Materials, Inc.
|Configurable prober for TFT LCD array test
|Apr 5, 2011
|Applied Materials, Inc.
|Integrated substrate transfer module
|Jun 26, 2012
|Akt Electron Beam Technology Gmbh
|Drive apparatus with improved testing properties
|Jun 18, 2004
|Nov 6, 2012
|Oakley William S
|Adaptive read and read-after-write for carbon nanotube recorders
|Jan 12, 2001
|Jul 18, 2002
|Davidson Robert J.
|Personal movie storage module
|Feb 15, 2001
|Aug 15, 2002
|Gibson Gary A.
|Methods for conducting current between a scanned-probe and storage medium
|Mar 29, 2002
|Nov 21, 2002
|Pioneer Corporation
|Grooving apparatus and grooving method
|Sep 23, 2002
|Mar 27, 2003
|Yoo In-Kyeong
|High density data recording/reproduction method utilizing electron emission and phase change media, and data recording system adopting the same, and media for the system
|Jun 6, 2002
|Apr 24, 2003
|Victor Michel N.
|Semi-conductor interconnect using free space electron switch
|Oct 30, 2001
|May 1, 2003
|Gibson Gary A.
|Current divider-based storage medium
|May 23, 2002
|Nov 27, 2003
|Applied Materials, Inc.
|Large substrate test system
|Feb 26, 2003
|Apr 29, 2004
|Victor Michel N.
|Use of a free space electron switch in a telecommunications network
|Oct 15, 2003
|May 6, 2004
|Zhizhang Chen
|Method of manufacturing an emitter
|Apr 13, 2004
|Oct 7, 2004
|Dieter Winkler
|Charged particle beam microscope with minicolumn
|Mar 8, 2004
|Dec 9, 2004
|Advanced Electron Beams, Inc.
|Irradiation apparatus
|Oct 4, 2004
|Jul 28, 2005
|Victor Michel N.
|Semi-conductor interconnect using free space electron switch
|Jul 12, 2004
|Aug 18, 2005
|Applied Materials, Inc.
|Configurable prober for TFT LCD array testing
|Dec 21, 2004
|Aug 18, 2005
|Shinichi Kurita
|Integrated substrate transfer module
|Jul 29, 2004
|Feb 2, 2006
|Applied Materials, Inc.
|Large substrate test system
|Oct 29, 2004
|Feb 9, 2006
|Applied Materials, Inc.
|Method for testing pixels for LCD TFT displays
|Jul 27, 2005
|Feb 23, 2006
|Applied Materials, Inc.
|Electron beam test system stage
|Jun 18, 2004
|Aug 17, 2006
|Oakley William S
|Adaptive read and read-after-write for carbon nanotube recorders
|Feb 13, 2004
|Aug 17, 2006
|Oakley William S
|Data recording using carbon nanotube electron sources
|Jun 18, 2004
|Aug 24, 2006
|Oakley William S
|Array of cnt heads
|Mar 14, 2006
|Nov 2, 2006
|Applied Materials, Inc.
|In-line electron beam test system
|Mar 12, 2007
|Sep 20, 2007
|Ralf Schmid
|Method to reduce cross talk in a multi column e-beam test system
|May 9, 2007
|Dec 27, 2007
|Applied Materials, Inc.
|Prober for electronic device testing on large area substrates
|May 9, 2007
|Dec 27, 2007
|Johnston Benjamin M
|Mini-prober for tft-lcd testing
|Nov 15, 2007
|Mar 13, 2008
|Matthias Brunner
|Configurable Prober for TFT LCD Array Test
|Jan 18, 2008
|May 15, 2008
|Shinichi Kurita
|Integrated Substrate Transfer Module
|Jan 16, 2009
|May 14, 2009
|Akt Electron Beam Technology Gmbh
|Drive apparatus with improved testing properties
|Apr 10, 2009
|Aug 6, 2009
|Abboud Fayez E
|In-line electron beam test system
|Apr 2, 1991
|Oct 17, 1991
|Lk Technologies, Inc.
|Scanning tunneling microscope
|Jun 10, 2002
|Dec 27, 2002
|Hewlett-Packard Company
|Focusing lens for electron emitter
|Jun 10, 2002
|Aug 14, 2003
|Hewlett Packard Co
|Focusing lens for electron emitter
|Jan 30, 2003
|Aug 7, 2003
|Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.
|Emitter and method of making
|Jan 30, 2003
|Apr 1, 2004
|Hewlett Packard Co
|Emitter and method of making
|Jun 18, 2004
|Feb 10, 2005
|William Oakley
|Array of cnt heads
|Jun 18, 2004
|May 28, 2009
|William Oakley
|Array of cnt heads
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|May 16, 1988
Owner name: ELECTRON BEAM MEMORIES, 1015 CORPORATION WAY, PALO
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:CREWE, ALBERT V.;REEL/FRAME:004873/0704
Effective date: 19860804
Owner name: ELECTRON BEAM MEMORIES, A CORP. OF CA,CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:CREWE, ALBERT V.;REEL/FRAME:004873/0704
Effective date: 19860804
|Nov 4, 1991
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Sep 29, 1995
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Dec 30, 1999
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


text:
Immunomedics (IMMU) and UCB (UCBJF.PK) tweak their pact for developing and marketing epratuzumab, a drug for lupus, cancer and other diseases. The changes predominately concern marketing rights. UCB also gets a five-year warrant to buy 1M Immunomedics shares at $8 apiece; IMMU currently at $3.37.
Immunomedics (IMMU) and UCB (UCBJF.PK) tweak their pact for developing and marketing...
From other sites
at CNBC.com (Sep 4, 2013)
at CNBC.com (Jul 29, 2013)
ETF Hub
ETF Screener: Search and filter by asset class, strategy, theme, performance, yield, and much more
ETF Performance: View ETF performance across key asset classes and investing themes
ETF Investing Guide: Learn how to build and manage a well-diversified, low cost ETF portfolio
ETF Selector: An explanation of how to select and use ETFs

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Copyright © 2016 Interactive One, LLC . All Rights Reserved - Interactive One Millennial.
All Rights Reserved
Powered by WordPress.com VIP
An overprotective father was so upset about his daughter's alleged weed smoking and promiscuity that he marched in to her…
Get every new post delivered to your Inbox.
Join 438,747 other followers


text:
Halo Waypoint dropping on November 5
Halo fanatics rejoice! Now, in addition to your Master Chief cat helmet, Cortana action figure, Halo: Fall of Reach book, and Halo-themed Slurpee cup, you'll soon be able to bring some Halo action to your Xbox 360. Said the Halo Waypoint Twitter feed:
"Nov 5. Mark it on your calendar. That's when you will get your hands (or controllers) on Halo Waypoint."
Hands or controllers? Is this a hint that Project Natal's also coming out on November 5, and will be compatible with Waypoint? Hey, we can dream, can't we?
Sometimes we include links to online retail stores. If you click on one and make a purchase we may receive a small commission. For more information, go here.


text:
SARATOGA SPRINGS, N.Y. -- On the morning after her historic victory over older males in the Woodward Stakes at Saratoga Race Course, the 3-year-old filly Rachel Alexandra, while tired, appeared no worse for the wear according to trainer Steve Asmussen.
"She ran hard, cooled out, drank plenty of water," Asmussen said. "She's a professional. She puts in the work. That's what gives you so much confidence about her. She doesn't just take the day off."
Rachel Alexandra, who will continue racing at age 4, likely clinched Horse of the Year honors with the eighth win and third over males in an undefeated season.
Her streak includes wins against 3-year-old colts in the Preakness and the Haskell Invitational and against 3-year-old fillies in the Kentucky Oaks and Mother Goose Stakes.
After what was the most testing race in that span, she may be due for a layoff after a dramatic neck decision over Macho Again in the Woodward.
Principal owner Jess Jackson last week raised the possibility that the Woodward would be Rachel Alexandra's last race of the year.
The other possibility is a meeting with the undefeated 5-year-old mare Zenyatta, who is based in California and is being pointed toward the Breeders' Cup, which will be run on Nov. 6-7 at Santa Anita. Rachel Alexandra will not compete at in the Breeders' Cup because of Jackson's dislike for the synthetic racing surfaces in place at Santa Anita and other California racetracks.
Both have been invited by the New York Racing Association to the Oct. 3 Beldame Stakes at Belmont Park, the purse for which would be raised to $1 million with an additional $400,000 commitment from Television Games Network-Betfair if both start.
"She's run more races than Zenyatta's run, and Zenyatta's a 5-year-old," Jackson said. "You can't expect a youngster -- she's only 3 and she just ran against older horses -- to keep going all the time. You have to give them a break, and we'll talk that over very seriously."
© 2016. All Rights Reserved. Contact Us


text:
I've been needing something like this for a while now. The other lazy loading plugins I'd looked at used Tim Thumb which wasn't suitable for me from a performance point of view.
This particular plugin uses very little code, but seems to work very effectively. My home page was originally over 3 MB, but it dropped to below 600 kB for the initial load on installing this plugin.


text:
Google Docs phishing scam targets Google Drive users
Tricks users with a fake login prompt
SECURITY FIRM Symantec has warned of a sophisticated scam targeting Google Docs and Google Drive users.
The scam targets users via a Google Docs login prompt window that will look familiar to many Google users, said the firm.
"We see millions of phishing messages every day, but recently, one stood out," Symantec security expert Nick Johnston warned in a blog post. "The scam uses a simple subject of 'Documents' and urges the recipient to view an important document on Google Docs by clicking on the included link."
The link is of course malicious and drives users to a convincing fake Google Docs login page that prompts the user to input their details.
"The fake page is actually hosted on Google's servers and is served over SSL, making the page even more convincing," Johnston explained. "The scammers have simply created a folder inside a Google Drive account, marked it as public, uploaded a file there, and then used Google Drive's preview feature to get a publicly accessible URL to include in their messages."
As it's quite common to be prompted with a login page like this when accessing a Google Docs link, Symantec said that many people will happily enter their login credentials without a second thought.
After the user clicks on "Sign in" on the fake login page, their credentials apparently are sent to a PHP script on a compromised web server.
"This page then redirects to a real Google Docs document, making the whole attack very convincing," Johnston's blog post continued. "Google accounts are a valuable target for phishers, as they can be used to access many services including Gmail and Google Play, which can be used to purchase Android applications and content."
To ensure that you're protected against such scams, take extra precautions when logging into Google Drive and, basically, don't click on any links you receive in unsolicited emails.
"Users should be wary of clicking on links in email messages, and of any form requesting your personal details," Johnston told The INQUIRER in an emailed statement. "For Google services specifically, consider using their two-factor authentication service which supplements passwords with a dynamically changing number accessed either via an app on your smartphone or by text message." µ
INQ Latest
Silicon chip breakthrough promises genuinely smart devices
Next-gen devices enabled by integrating novel materials on silicon
Google Updates: $99 laptop, data centre efficiency boost, Chrome 52
Plus there's a new way to read comics in town
6 of the best PC games of 2016 so far
Find out which six games have most impressed us so far this year
iPhone 7 release date, specs, price and rumours
Video shows off upcoming handset in Rose Gold compared to iPhone 6S predecessor


text:
West stuns top-ranked Smoky Mountain
Published: Wednesday, February 11, 2009 at 4:30 a.m.
Last Modified: Tuesday, February 10, 2009 at 11:37 p.m.
By Jeremy Trantham
Photo Galleries
Times-News Staff Writer
West Hendersons 72-55 victory over Smoky Mountain wasnt just an outcome nobody outside the locker room saw coming. Not many inside the Falcon locker room saw Tuesdays home victory over the states top-ranked 2-A team coming either.
Smoky Mountain was on top of the (Western Athletic) conference, said senior Daniel Hyatt after Wests Senior Night. We felt overmatched.
We, said senior Adam Troutman, were doubtful. We didnt know.
They know now. Both of the senior starters at forward admitted that after the first quarter, which ended with a 13-4 West lead, everybody started believing.
The win moves West to 10-11 and 5-4 in the league and was all the more stunning because it came on the heels of a three-game losing streak.
Maybe we just got tired of not playing well, said West coach Rob Bliss.
From start to finish on Tuesday, West played very well.
Buoyed by the emotions of Senior Night, the Falcons held previously unbeaten Smoky Mountain (20-1, 8-1) to just two first-quarter field goals and took an 11-point lead into the second on Matt Roberts double-clutch 3-pointer at the buzzer.
The momentum carried over as West threatened to stretch the lead to 20 before the Mustangs closed the half with a 5-0 run to pull within 26-13 at the break.
Behind leading scorer Colton Hunt, who scored all of his game-high 20 points in the second half, the Mustangs pulled to within 30-22 with 4:30 left in the third quarter. West answered with a 13-2 run.
The Falcons were content to trade baskets in a high-scoring fourth quarter, racing past the Mustangs full-court press time and again for easy scores.
We were able to take advantage and turn (the press) into some points, Bliss said. I think that was the difference.
Junior guard Keenan Young led West with 14 points and 10 rebounds. He was one of four Falcon underclassmen in double figures.
Roberts had 11 points and five assists, Kagan Williams had 12 while sophomore Kevin Thomas added 11 points.
We had some kids that hadnt been playing well who really stepped up, Bliss said. I guess the stars just aligned for us.
Troutman (11 points, nine rebounds and three steals) and Hyatt (8 points, 12 rebounds and three steals) battled a bigger Smoky Mountain front line to a standstill.
Jackson Simmons, a 6-foot-8 sophomore, had 14 points for the Mustangs. Six-foot-five senior Cort Smith added nine.
To come together on Senior Night with help from the underclassmen was big for us, Troutman said. Id like to thank the juniors for helping us go out with a win in probably the last home game for Dan, Aaron (Embler) and myself.
Wests girls were also threatening to pull an upset on Senior Night after one quarter. But the Lady Mustangs pulled away for a 55-35 conference win.
The Lady Falcons, who trailed 15-14 at the end of the first quarter, were held without a field goal in the second.
In the second and fourth periods combined, Smoky Mountain allowed just one field goal and 10 total points.
Overall Im proud of my girls, said West coach Stephanie Scott-Gaddy. You have to give Smoky credit, theyre a really good team but for one half of the game, we played with them.
Smoky Mountains Ashley Robinson answered every West charge and finished with a game-high 23 points.
Ashley Rogers led the Lady Falcons (6-15, 4-5 WAC) with 15 points.
Senior Erica Cantrell added nine points for West while classmates Chelsea Turlington and Danielle Dinardo added two points apiece.
West will close the regular season on Thursday at rival North Henderson.
SMOKY MOUNTAIN (55) Dunford 5, Colton Hunt 20, Hodgin, George 3, Carter 5, DeGraffenreid, Cauley 1, Davis, Smith 9, Jackson Simmons 14.
WEST HENDERSON (72) Embler, Thelen 5, Keenan Young 14, Matt Roberts 11, Kagan Williams 12, Shaw, Reeves, Adam Troutman 11, Kevin Thomas 11, Hyatt 8, Van Wingerden.
Halftime: West, 26-13.
SMOKY MOUNTAIN (55) Junaluska 8, Jackson 1, Tyalor, Ashley Robinson 23, Parton, Cagle 4, Spiro 4, Johnson 7, Nardello 6, Moore, Henson 2.
WEST HENDERSON (35) Kremer 2, Cantrell 9, Burton 1, Turlington 2, Bishop 2, Stewart, Ciaramitaro 2, Ashley Rogers 15, Dinardo 2.
Halftime: Smoky Mountain, 32-19.
Reader comments posted to this article may be published in our print edition. All rights reserved. This copyrighted material may not be re-published without permission. Links are encouraged.
Comments are currently unavailable on this article


text:
Judge dismisses tribe's suit against New Mexico
ALBUQUERQUE, N.M. (AP) — A federal judge has dismissed a northern New Mexico American Indian tribe's lawsuit against the state over failed negotiations concerning its gambling compact and sharing of revenue.
The lawsuit filed in [auth] December by the Pojoaque Pueblo located north of Santa Fe contended that Gov. Susana Martinez's administration was proposing to collect an illegal tax without providing the tribe with any benefits.
The Albuquerque Journal (http://bit.ly/P8sfvL ) reports that U.S. District Senior Judge James Parker dismissed the suit this week, ruling that the state's sovereign immunity provides a legal shield.
The tribe can now ask the federal government to approve a compact that would allow the tribe's two casinos to remain open after the June 2015 expiration of the current compact.
The state has gambling compacts with 14 tribes.
Related Posts
Leave a Reply
You must be logged in to post a comment.
« 911 call: Texas man in teacher's death eyed alibi N.M. man accused of abusing infant called a danger »


text:
Hi everybody,
I have problems when uploading images in the Nextgen Gallery. I use the Evolve theme.
I can get the image only in one width. When I upload an image, say in 900 x 750, it is uploaded till maybe 600 x 450 or something. Somehow it is reduced to a lesser size format and I have no idea why that happens.
I already tried to get an answer from the theme author(Evolve theme), but I think he doesn't know, since he doesn't answer this question.
I also asked this question in the Nextgen Gallery forum, but no answer there too.
This is the site of the Evolve Theme:
And this is my website with the magazines:
What can I do?


text:
CAM is the name of Colorado State's beloved sheep mascot.
CSU head coach Larry Eustachy is petitioning the school to change that name, at least until University of New Mexico senior forward Cameron Bairstow graduates.
The 6-foot-9 Lobo power forward abused the Rams' front-court players Saturday in the Pit, scoring 29 points, grabbing 14 rebounds and drawing 14 fouls to lead UNM to an 80-73 victory in its Mountain West Conference opener in front of a capacity crowd of 15,411.
"I don't think he's a pro," Eustachy said of Bairstow. "I think he's a guy that might start for an NBA team."
Bairstow scored the first seven points for UNM (10-3, 1-0 MWC) and had 16 by halftime.
When Eustachy realized his forwards simply couldn't guard Bairstow's deceptively quick first step without fouling him, he put guards on the senior from Australia. That only led to Bairstow's size and strength taking over.
In either case, Bairstow ended up shooting a career-high 20 free throws in the game with a career-high 13 makes.
"I'm his biggest fan," Eustachy added.
And how long into the game did it take Bairstow to realize the Rams (9-6, 0-2) weren't going to be able to contain him?
"Probably pretty early on," Bairstow said. "I had a couple of quick drives to the hoop and kind of went from there."
Said Craig Neal: "I think he realizes he's a hard cover. That's one thing he's done with his game. He expanded his game where he can put it on the floor and he can draw fouls."
As Bairstow and 7-foot center Alex Kirk (10 points, 11 rebounds and five blocks for his ninth double-double of the season) demanded attention in the paint, Lobos senior Kendall Williams quietly did his damage from the outside.
Williams, who scored a career-high 46 points with a MWC record-tying 10 3-pointers in his last game against CSU last February, scored 22 points Saturday with eight rebounds and seven assists.
"It's another rival, and this being my last year, I don't want to take another rival for granted," Williams said, referring to a December loss to New Mexico State. In that matchup, the Lobos felt they overlooked the Aggies after having beaten them 13 days prior in Las Cruces.
"It might not have been a 46-point performance, but the outcome and the way it played out, I'm really happy with where my game is right now and where the team is."
It was the second straight MWC milestone game for Williams against CSU. His first three points of the game pushed him past the 1,500 career-point plateau. He joins former BYU star Jimmer Fredette as the only MWC players with 1,500 points, 500 assists and 150 steals in a career.
Saturday also marked the return to the starting lineup of point guard Hugh Greenwood, who missed the previous three games with a right wrist injury. He finished with eight points, three assists and two rebounds in 34 minutes played.
But not everything was rosy for the Lobos.
UNM built a 15-point lead on a Deshawn Delaney jumper with 7:17 left before the Rams got hot. Junior Daniel Bejarano hit a 3-pointer with 5:51 left, opening the offensive floodgates for CSU to score 25 points to close out the game. His 3-pointer with 34.4 seconds remaining cut the UNM lead to five before Williams did just enough to hold off CSU with four points in the final 27 seconds.
"You can't give a team 25 points in the last (6 minutes) of a game," Craig Neal said. "… They hit some tough shots, but what I told our guys is when we get up 13, that's when we've got to put teams away. To win championships, you've got to guard."
But it doesn't hurt to have guys the other team can't guard. Bairstow and Williams combined for 30 free-throw attempts, and UNM outscored CSU 34-16 in the paint. The Lobos also out-rebounded the Rams 48-40 and had 16 offensive boards leading to 14 second- chance points.
Bejarano's 25 points and five 3-pointers led CSU. Forward J.J. Avila had 14 and Joe De Ciman added 13.
LOBO LINKS: Geoff Grammer's blog | Schedule/Results | Roster
[jpc_lobo_stats slug="lobo_stats_s-mbbgame_y-1314_d-140104″]


text:
My supper cool neighbour Pete sent me this article from Pipeline on Bicycle Style.
Hot Wheels: Cruising the Coolest Bike Style from NYC to London.
Thanks Pete!
p.s. Toronto will soon be ground zero for Bicycle Style. NIGHTSHADES!
Friday, January 23, 2009
Pass it on... go on and pass it on...
3 comments:
- tofu said...
bike style is for retards!
p.s. i haven't seen one of the so-called 'deadly' nightshades riding a bike during the winter.
- January 25, 2009 at 4:45 PM
- Mego! said...
Maybe that's because your head is so far up your ass you can't see.
- January 27, 2009 at 10:44 AM
- Irene said...
- January 28, 2009 at 1:11 AM
Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)


text:
WordPress has a file upload capability built it. I use this all the time.
I don't use thumbnails because my PHP install doesn't have the required graphics module, but this shouldn't be difficult to set up.
Note that after the file upload, WordPress gives you some HTML code you can use to put the image into your post. This text is easy to change. I have changed it in my set-up so I can use a special photo formatting CSS class.
To do this, open /wp-admin/upload.php and change lines 206 and 208. In your case, you would want something like this:
<img src="path/tn_imag.jpg" class="image_formatting" alt="This is an image" />
image_formatting is a CSS class to format the image in your post.
Now, for lines 206 and 208 you would need to reformat the tag symbols and quote markes with HTML entities, and you would have to do something different for the path. I can't tell you exactly, since I don't know where or how thumbs are stored. But if you know a little PHP, this should be enough to get you started.
Honestly, no plug-in needed, as it is pretty simple.


text:
Brad Pitt's Mob Film KILLING THEM SOFTLY has a New Trailer
Here's another trailer with new footage for the great looking Andrew Dominik-directed and Brad Pitt hitman film Killing Them Softly. The story follows hitman Jackie Cogan Pitt, who is tracking down two people who ripped off his boss's high-stakes poker tournament. That obviously wasn't a smart move on their part. Ray Liotta also stars in the film as the hustler running the poker game, Richard Jenkins plays a lawyer with inside information, James Gandolfini plays a washed up alcoholic hit man, Vincent Curatola plays a middle-aged prison release seeking revenge, and Sam Rockwell is also in the movie.
via Brad Pitt's Mob Film KILLING THEM SOFTLY has a New Trailer – News – GeekTyrant.
Tags: Andrew Dominik, Brad Pitt, James Gandolfini, Killing Them Softly, Ray Liotta, Richard Jenkins, Sam Rockwell, Vince Curatola
Tom George
Latest posts by Tom George (see all)
- With Postmates and UberRUSH, Shopify merchants can deliver products to their local customers on-demand - July 27, 2016
- Recognizing the symptoms of eye disorders - July 26, 2016
- Verizon To Purchase Yahoo In $4.83 Billion Deal - July 25, 2016


text:
Your Cart
Your cart is empty!
Similar Searches: network, network edition, course, computer network 5th edition, scanion, network fundamental, window network, dye, network security, greg tomsho, security consult third edition, gordon fyodor lyon, guid exploration the, network fundamental ccna exploration, course 5th ed downe , ccna, tamara dean, complete guide server and server, window server 2008 active, and network guide network fourth edition
We strive to deliver the best value to our customers and ensure complete satisfaction for all our textbook rentals.
As always, you have access to over 5 million titles. Plus, you can choose from 5 rental periods, so you only pay for what you'll use. And if you ever run into trouble, our top-notch U.S. based Customer Service team is ready to help by email, chat or phone.
* Free shipping excludes HI, AK and PR.
We're automatically extending 125-day rental orders toMay 21, 2012*. It's our way of giving those of you who plan ahead a special "Thank You."
For all your procrastinators, the Semester Guarantee program lasts through January 11, 2012, so get going!
*It can take up to 24 hours for the extension to appear in your account.
**BookRenter reserves the right to terminate this promotion at any time.
With Standard Shipping for the continental U.S., you'll receive your order in 3-7 business days.
Need it faster? Our shipping page details our Express & Express Plus options.
Shipping for rental returns is free. Simply print your prepaid shipping label available from the returns page under My Account. For more information see the How to Return page.
Since launching the first textbook rental site in 2006, BookRenter has never wavered from our mission to make education more affordable for all students. Every day, we focus on delivering students the best prices, the most flexible options, and the best service on earth. On March 13, 2012 BookRenter.com, Inc. formally changed its name to Rafter, Inc. We are still the same company and the same people, only our corporate name has changed.


text:
Bypass the box office line at many theaters with guaranteed advance tickets. If something comes up, you can return or exchange them up until the posted showtime.
Earn rewards points from our partners, including AMC Stubs, Regal Crown Club and more.
Save your favorite theaters and movies to experience a customized Fandango just for you.
Get the VIP treatment, free screenings, digital downloads, discounts and more.
Bronson Pinchot at the MTV Networks Upfront.
Bronson Pinchot at the Broadway opening of "Sly Fox" after-party.
Bronson Pinchot, Richard Dreyfuss and Eric Stoltz at the Broadway opening of "Sly Fox."
Bronson Pinchot poses backstage during "Broadway Under The Stars".


text:
The insulation in my hammock wraps around me even though the sleeping bag is not compressed up the sides. On the ground it only covers the compressed portion.
Also, in the hammock I'm closer to...
Type: Posts; User: spandit
The insulation in my hammock wraps around me even though the sleeping bag is not compressed up the sides. On the ground it only covers the compressed portion.
Also, in the hammock I'm closer to...
Was keen to try out my Polish lavuu and was camping out at my regular meet.
Sewn is going to be lighter than knotted as uses less material. Also easier to see when it's about to fail whereas knots contain a lot of stress risers
Nice picture but wouldn't it be more secure just using the carabiner to clip the whoopie onto the webbing? I thought that the MSH was to save the weight of a crab or provide adjustability but you've...
You'll basically be inside an uncompressed down sleeping bag, plus dressed in down clothes - I reckon you'll be warm enough!
Stakes and knives should be fine in hold luggage, just not allowed in carry-on.
You can put on as much tension as you need. They're easy to tie & undo
That's what pee bottles are for!
I've got a mesh hammock (need to cut the steel rings off to replace with soft shackles as they're quite heavy). I normally hang it with the suspension coming off...
I use a truckers hitch to get loads of tension
If you fold it along the RL do the sides match up?
It was very effective last weekend. Was very cosy!
Now that's campin'!!! :D
Thank the Danish Army and Apple! :D
Just replaced the shock cord with thicker (5mm) stuff so should snug up better for the Christmas hang next month! :)
For real stealth you'd need to add foliage or netting but I pay for the place I camp so wouldn't matter if I was in a Day-Glo rig!
Thanks. Just ordered some 5mm shock cord - might be overkill but the 3mm stuff just isn't strong enough
I had the best sleep in a hammock I've ever had - didn't feel anything move. Tree was still pretty solid - I tried pushing it down once I'd moved all my stuff out but it didn't budge. I imagine with...
I'll definitely pick a larger tree next time but this one looked strong enough and a tree surgeon that was at the hang didn't see anything wrong with that particular tree.
By the way, this wasn't...
It's difficult to see but there is a separate ridgeline underneath the tarp that might make it look that way. The hammock suspension was at 30°
The roots were being pulled out of the ground - tree wasn't dead but earth was wet
Actually had the best night's sleep to date. Got down to 2°C (35°F)
Here it is as a hammock weather protector as intended:
Worked well but...
I tied it to two perfectly vertical trees before I went to bed:
If you're prepared to carry the sleeping bag anyway then just modify it into an UQ - the only advantage the expensive ones have is weight (OK, and bulk) - a sleeping bag UQ can be just as effective
I suppose if you could get the ink then you could airbrush a design on
I would have ordered 12 of them...
I don't know if this will help but just finished my camo tarp thing:
Grosgrain came this morning & I got cracking with the sewing machine!
I've only rigged this in tarp configuration as couldn't be bothered pitching my hammock just for the photoshoot
It's a...
Just waiting on some grosgrain to be delivered so I can sew some loops on
I'm a Dancam fan:
A few months back I bought an Arktis smock in Dancam (the Danish Flecktarn camouflage). I like the pattern as it doesn't look too military.
I'd then thought about making a hammock from the same...
The only thing wrong with an old sleeping bag is the bulk/weight (OK, that's two things). They're warm, cheap and larger than many UQ. If you're car camping there's little need to upgrade, IMHO
I never got round to using a structural ridgeline but I did make an end support for my hammock so can hang in the garden if needed. Must try out my new UQ sometime...
I'm still waiting for my first decent night... :(. The problem I have is that I only ever get a single night out at a time - it's easy to see how to improve things after an uncomfortable night but...
I tend to rig my hammock with the carabiners close to the tree - could you not just clip the gear hammock to them?
I pitched my hammock in the middle of a small wood, well off the footpath. Once it was set up, I discovered a shallow grave literally yards away... didn't sleep much that night :o
After a bad night's shiver with a badly hung underquilt, I sent it back to the vendor for some modification. Came back 3 days later with longer cinch cords on each end (which now means I can use it...
I've never slept well in a hammock but keep on trying! Welcome!
I'm on my second TW hammock. The first one was a basic (albeit XL) hammock but I've upgraded to the Hornet jungle hammock as they make a 1.8m wide one and it's got the net.
I've always had good...
To be frank it was the only one that came up on eBay, I think the guy who made it is on here but don't know his username! It's 3/4 length, black with 500g fill, I think...
Bit academic now, I've just splashed out on a goose down UQ :)
Thanks, guys. The surplus place I was thinking of getting it from does a bundle of poncho and liner. Might help the OP in this thread:
Has anyone tried making a PLUQ but keeping the poncho on the outside to add extra wind protection/insulation? Looking for something a bit more compact than my sleeping bag UQ which is warm but really...
Glad it's not just me then! I'm on second hammock & tarp but every time I go out I make changes. Getting there, I think
OK, might be my dirty mind but that read as a lot dirtier than it was supposed to. Most of the meets I go to are more of a therapy session than actual bushcrafting.
At the BCUK Sussex meet I'd say there are more hangers than not. Even if you aren't into carving your own porridge attending a meet will give you lots of useful advice on how to set your rig up
What about Dutch? All of his stuff seems to be Ti
Basically the tension that was originally in the ridgeline is taken up by the tarp which renders the section of line that is between the ends of the tarp slack. I can draw a diagram if it helps but...
Hanging a tarp from a ridgeline makes it easier to move it up & down so it's central over your hammock but I know what you mean - I hang mine from a prusik at each end & the seam becomes structural...
'fraid not but I folded the sides in a bit (like you would in a sleeping bag UQ) and using a constrictor knot, tied paracord to each corner which was then strung over the ridgeline


text:
I migrated my website from one hosting provider to another. Everything worked well when i changed the A-records on server before changing the Nameservers.
After the Nameserver change, problems have started creeping in. First there were no links were working. After asking the provider, they said the .htaccess was blank and they have restored the default configuration and things will work fine.
The links have started working but I am unable to login into the admin section. After clicking on the login, I am redirected to the same page without any change in the URL.
Visit http://eyaas.com/admin , enter any credentials, and click login to see the problem. Nothing happens


text:
IMDb > Mrs. Lachance (Character)
Top Linksmain detailsbiographyby votesphoto galleryquotes
Filmographiesby yearby typeby ratingsby votesby TV seriesby genreby keyword
Did You Know?photo galleryquotes
Mrs. Lachance (Character)
from Stand by Me (1986)
The content of this page was created by users. It has not been screened or verified by IMDb staff.
Alternate Names:
Mr. Lachance
FilmographyEdit Credits
There may be more credits available for this character. To edit the credits displayed or to add more credits to this character's filmography, click the Edit Credits link.
- Stand by Me (1986) Played by Frances Lee McCain / Marshall Bell (as Mr. Lachance)
Additional Details
Fun Stuff
From Stand by Me (1986)
Mr. Lachance: [in Gordie's dream, at Denny's funeral] It should've been you, Gordie. See more »
Mr. Lachance: [in Gordie's dream, at Denny's funeral] It should've been you, Gordie. See more »
You may correct errors and omissions on this page directly. Clicking the 'Update' button will take you through a step-by-step process.


text:
I'm working on a project which involves versioning entities, so that the whole history of modifications by users is archived.
Basically, the idea is that when an entity is created, a version 1 of its contents is also saved in an archive table. Whenever the entity is modified, an incremental version is stored as well.
Saving the state of an entity to the archive table is handled by an
When an entity is persisted, the ArchiveService needs to be called to create the version 1, so the most logical way seems to be to call it from the repository, and thus pass the service as a dependency to the repository:
public class Repository {
private ArchiveService archiveService;
public Repository(ArchiveService service) {
this.archiveService = service;
public void add(Entity entity) {
// ... (persist the entity)
Is this a good practice, or are there any drawbacks? What I've seen so far, is services depending on repositories, not the other way round.


text:
ACCA F6 UK lectures Download F6 notes
Technical ProblemsIf you have technical problems with downloading notes or watching lectures etc.. please visit the support page>>
missfivehundred says
Hi Charlene, I just think that if RPI didn't change, there is no need to calculate allowance.
onyxera says
Question on Example 2, Chapter 19: Chargeable Gains – Companies
The shares acquired previous 9 days i.e. 7 Oct 2014. If the RPI on date of disposal (10 Oct 2014) was different from the RPI on 7 Oct 2014, would an indexation allowance arise? i.e. would this indexation allowance be added to the indexation allowance from the share pool computation to derive the chargeable gains?
missfivehundred says
Dear ACCA student. I like ur question. I THINK the answer is YES, but because 9 days is such a small period of time, the RPIs will normally be the same, hence we wont need to calculate the index allowance.
Charlene says
so what you are saying is that you re-index once for both acquisitions in the same month?
Leave a Reply Cancel reply
You must be logged in to post a comment.


text:
The 12u South team of the Texas Blaze organization is looking for a bracket pitcher. Please contact Chris Kline for more information at email@example.com or by calling/texting 210-436-9130
ACTIVE is the leader in online event registrations from 5k running races and marathons to softball leagues and local events. ACTIVE also makes it easy to learn and prepare for all the things you love to do with expert resources, training plans and fitness calculators.


text:
A Wish Granted by FFAJanuary 29, 2015
Imagine if you had one wish to be granted, what would it be? To meet a celebrity, travel to an exotic place, become wealthy or be famous for a day? For FFA member Ashley Denslow of the Brandon FFA Chapter in Florida, her one wish was to attend the 87th National FFA Convention & Expo... Read more »... Read more »


text:
New (?) Baryshnikov interview on Charlie Rose Showstarts April 14, 2008 on PBS
Posted 14 April 2008 - 07:30 AM
Posted 14 April 2008 - 12:05 PM
Me r c e My Way
The Merce Cunningham Dance Company in Photographs, by Mikhail Baryshnikov
March 18 May 4, 2008
New York, NY401 Projects and Visión Cultural / Cultural Vision present Merce My Way: The Merce
Cunningham Dance Company in Photographs, a photo exhibit by Mikhail Baryshnikov that will run Tuesday,
March 18Sunday May 4, 2008. The exhibit focuses on Baryshnikovs unique perspective into Merce
Cunninghams choreography and dancers. The exhibit is located at 401 Projects, 401 West St. in
Manhattan. Viewing hours are WednesdaySunday, 126 pm.
Posted 14 April 2008 - 01:47 PM
Posted 15 April 2008 - 12:02 PM
Charlie Rose said at the beginning of last night's program that Mikhail Baryshnikov's appearance on the show would be postponed a day, so he could present other guests with, I take it, more topical things to say. (Thanks to television-recorder technology, I didn't lose any sleep over that, and thanks to the technology represented by the Internet, I find a few repeat broadcasts scheduled in my area, in case the first kind of technology fails me.)
As to approaching Merce's art, he goes even farther than Balanchine did in the direction of "it's up to you": Each of us is supposed to put together what we see our own way. (Don't we all anyway? It's the wise artists who go with this inevitability, IMHO.) I take it that Baryshnikov's exhibit will present his way by letting us look through the lens of his camera, so to speak.
(I haven't seen any accounts of this show in print. Hasn't it received some appreciative attention somewhere?)
Posted 15 April 2008 - 12:29 PM
Here you go, Jack: Baryshnikov's Artistry, Behind the Camera.
I take it that Baryshnikov's exhibit will present his way by letting us look through the lens of his camera, so to speak.
(I haven't seen any accounts of this show in print. Hasn't it received some appreciative attention somewhere?)
Posted 15 April 2008 - 03:30 PM
âI was taken to Lord Snowdons studio, and, of course, I was very impressed,â he said of his first season in the West in 1970 as a dancer with the Kirov Ballet in London. âBut also it was all so perfect. A bit anal. Very unlike me, anyway. Im so untidy.â
0 user(s) are reading this topic
0 members, 0 guests, 0 anonymous users
Help support Ballet Alert! and Ballet Talk for Dancers year round by using this search box for your amazon.com purchases. (If it doesn't appear below, your computer's or browser's adblockers may have blocked display):


text:
Every task which we take on for our customers offers a new challenge. Each time the focus is set on different services from our portfolio and different details. With these case studies we introduce you to selected projects which are exemplary for the services we provide.
Project: Line planning for eastern and northern region
By expanding its fibre optic network, Vodafone GmbH aims to significantly increase the capacity of its network. STF Tele Consult is supporting the telecommunications company in the planning and realisation of this highly complex project. Network topology, redundancy requirements and efficiency are the main issues.
With the help of STF engineers, Vodafone is not only able to connect its own locations to the network, but also to connect clients' locations.
Project: Wireless network planning for shunting radio, analogue wireless train communications and mobile train communications
STF Tele Consult supports Deutsche Bahn in the planning and optimisation of radio networks in shunting radio, analogue wireless train communications and mobile train communications.
The planning and optimisation of the radio planning tool is based on a metrological network analysis. Our approach combined with the specialist expertise of Deutsche Bahn's technicians ensures that the high demands concerning network availability and security are met.
Project: Quality assurance and network audit
STF Tele Consult assumes planning contracts for Telefónica as well as ongoing quality audits of locations and transmission networks. If errors in the quality audit of locations and construction quality are identified, such as in the antenna positioning, or in technical parameters, such as the transmission and reception range, STF engineers implement measures to eliminate the errors. Complex configurations and deviations between the planned and actual state represent regular challenges. The constant increase in network quality is a clear indication of the success of STF's services.
In-house and building coverage
To ensure optimum wireless coverage for mobile conversations and data within the entire building complex, STF Tele Consult conducted a coverage and quality survey. The survey results and the client's coverage targets formed the basis of a coverage concept involving a block diagram, a transmission layout and an antenna positioning plan, which were then incorporated into project management. As a result of the minutely planned implementation, the whole hospital building now boasts an excellent wireless coverage and capacity.
Project: Broadband rollout of a regional network operator
STF Tele Consult is planning and executing regional network operator NeckarCom's (www.neckarcom.de) broadband rollout in various districts and municipalities. In the state of Baden-Württemberg, more than 70 communities and municipalities have already been connected. The main challenge is to select the most economic fibre optic-based technology (FTTC, FTTH or FTTB).
Project: Broadband coverage for an industrial park
In order to connect the industrial park of the community of Senden in Westphalia (www.gemeinde-senden.de) to the broadband network, STF Tele Consult carried out a feasibility study and a market survey. STF's engineers drew up a master plan for the broadband rollout, which then allowed for the initiation of a contract award procedure. For the duration of the project, STF was responsible for infrastructure planning, the supervision of construction and quality assurance of the broadband rollout. A prime concern during the project was – and still is – keeping the risks to the community, as a passive network operator, to a minimum. We succeeded: the companies in the industrial park now enjoy fast internet access.
Project: Project management in fixed network coordination
To ensure that E-Plus (www.eplus.de) meets all its rollout targets in the fixed network segment, STF Tele Consult is responsible for prioritising and coordinating all related activities. STF's specialists are an interface to external partners, suppliers and E-Plus network planning and take care of the overall coordination of all parties involved.