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Engine braking
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Engine braking occurs when the retarding forces within an engine are used to slow a vehicle down, as opposed to using additional external braking mechanisms such as friction brakes or magnetic brakes.
The term is often confused with several other types of braking, most notably compression-release braking or "jake braking" which uses a different mechanism. The term only applies to petrol engines and other throttled engines (as opposed to diesel engines, electric motors, etc.)[citation needed]
Additionally traffic regulations in a large number of countries require lorries to always drive with an engaged gear, which in turn provides a certain amount of engine braking (viscous losses to the engine oil and air pumped through the engine and friction losses to the cylinder walls and bearings) when no accelerator pedal is applied.
Petrol (gasoline) engines[edit]
The term 'engine braking' refers to the braking effect caused by the closed-throttle partial-vacuum in petrol (gasoline) engines when the accelerator pedal is released. While some of the braking force is due to friction in the drive train, this is negligible compared to the effect from the vacuum.
When the throttle is closed, the air flow to the intake manifold is greatly restricted. The concept can be illustrated by the amount of effort required to blow/suck through a narrow tube vs. a wider one. It is the work the engine has to do against this restricted air flow that provides the braking effect.
Diesel engines[edit]
Diesel engines do not have engine braking in the above sense. Unlike petrol engines, diesel engines vary fuel flow to control power, rather than throttling air intake and maintaining a constant fuel ratio as petrol engines do. As they do not maintain a throttle vacuum, they are not subjected to the same engine braking effects.
However, some alternative mechanisms which diesel engines use that replace or simulate real engine braking include:
- A compression release brake, or jake brake, this is the type of brake most commonly confused with real engine braking; it is used mainly in large diesel trucks and works by opening the exhaust valves at the top of the compression stroke, resulting in adiabatic expansion of the compressed air, so the large amount of energy stored in that compressed air is not returned to the crankshaft, but is released into the atmosphere.
- Normally during the compression stroke, energy is used as the upward-traveling piston compresses air in the cylinder; the compressed air then acts as a compressed spring and pushes the piston back down. However, with the jake brake in operation, the compressed air is suddenly released just before the piston begins its downward travel. (This sudden release of compressed air creates audible sound waves similar to the expanding gases escaping from the muzzle of a firearm.) Having lost the energy stored within the compressed air, there is no 'spring back' from it so the engine must expend yet more energy pulling the piston back down again.
- This type of brake is banned or restricted in many locations where people live because it creates a sound loud enough to disturb the peace, including waking people at night. It is very effective however, and creates immense amounts of braking force which significantly extends friction brake life - A 565 hp (421 kW) diesel engine can produce up to 600 hp (450 kW) of braking power.[citation needed]
- An exhaust brake - This works by causing a restriction in the exhaust, much like the intake throttle causes in a gasoline engine. In simple terms, it works by increasing the back-pressure of the exhaust. Nearly all of these brakes are butterfly valves similar to a throttle valve, mounted downstream of the turbocharger if there is one.
A mechanism related to the exhaust brake is back-pressure from a turbocharger. In turbo diesels with variable-vane turbos, the vanes will close when the accelerator is released, which creates a back-pressure braking effect similar to an exhaust brake. Even fixed turbos, especially larger ones, will cause some back-pressure when they are below the turbo threshold (albeit not to the same extent as a variable turbo) and contribute to the braking effect.
Modern diesel engines have engine braking characteristics more akin to petrol engines. This is due to additional devices to allow them to comply with emissions regulations. Two in particular cause significant engine braking:
1) Particulate filter
This device filters out soot particles before they exit the exhaust, but it creates a large obstruction in the exhaust path. This causes considerable back-pressure, much more than from the turbocharger mentioned above.
2) EGR (Exhaust Gas Recirculator)
This device sucks exhaust gas back into the air intake and is usually controlled by a throttle which, depending on the design, can cause a restriction effect similar to that in petrol engines.
Two-stroke engines[edit]
Engine braking in a premix two-stroke engine can be extremely harmful to the engine, because cylinder and piston lubricant is delivered to each cylinder mixed with fuel. Consequently, during engine braking, the engine starves not only of fuel but also lubricant, causing reciprocating parts to wear rapidly. Many old two-stroke cars (Saab, Wartburg, etc.) had a freewheel device on the transmission to make engine braking optional. Most two-stroke motorcycle engines since the 1970s have had lubrication by an oil pump, independent of the throttle and fuel system, such as Suzuki's Posi-Force system..
As soon as the accelerator is released and the throttle closes, engine braking comes into effect as long as the wheels remain connected via the transmission to the engine. (A clutch or a torque converter can disengage the wheels or absorb braking energy.) The braking force varies depending on the engine, but also what gear the vehicle is in (Generally, the lower the gear, the higher the braking effect as long as the wheels continue to maintain traction with the road surface).
Engine braking passively reduces wear on brakes and helps a driver maintain control of the vehicle. Active use of engine braking (shifting into a lower gear) is advantageous when it is necessary to control speed while driving down very steep and long slopes. It should be applied before regular disk or drum brakes have been used, leaving the brakes available to make emergency stops. The desired speed is maintained by using engine braking to counteract the gravitational acceleration.
Improper engine braking technique can cause the wheels to skid (also called shift-locking), especially on slippery surfaces such as ice or snow, as a result of too much deceleration. As in a skid caused by overbraking, the vehicle will not regain traction until the wheels are allowed to turn more quickly; the driver must reduce engine braking (shifting back up or disengaging the clutch on a manual transmission) to regain traction.
Engine braking is available in vehicles with gasoline-powered internal combustion engines, regardless of transmission type (except in hybrids). With diesel engines however, there is no intrinsic engine braking effect so more care must be taken. Turbo-diesel engines, on the other hand, generally have a more noticeable engine braking effect due to the turbo stalling when the accelerator is released and increasing the back-pressure in the exhaust.
In almost all cases, it is active when the foot is lifted off the accelerator, the transmission is not in neutral, the clutch is engaged and a freewheel is not engaged. Using frequent engine braking while changing down gears may cause higher than normal wear on clutch plates if the driver uses the poor gear-changing technique of slipping the clutch to raise the engine's rpm to match the transmission speed, instead of rev-matching using the throttle. This is in contrast to "conventional" braking where the engine's rpm is already reduced prior to the downshift.
In hybrid electric vehicles, like the Toyota Prius, engine braking is simulated by the computer software to match the feel of a traditional automatic transmission. For long downhill runs, the "B" mode acts like a lower gear, using higher RPM in the internal combustion engine to waste energy, preventing the battery from becoming overcharged.[citation needed] Almost all electric and hybrid vehicles are able to convert kinetic motion into electricity, i.e. regenerative brakes, but this is not the same as engine braking.
Legal implications[edit]
Engine braking is a generally accepted practice and can help save wear on friction brakes. It's even used in some motor sports to reduce the risk of the friction brakes overheating. Additionally, fuel injected engines don't use any fuel while engine braking. This is known as DFCO or Deceleration Fuel Cut-Off. It can be used as the coast part of Burn and Coast, though coasting in neutral is generally more efficient[citation needed] and engine off coasting is always more efficient.
Although no longer in production in most countries, there are still plenty of carburated engines in service, with which engine braking is counter-productive to fuel economy due to the lack of a DFCO mechanism. The cost of wasted fuel can well outweigh the gain of reduced brake wear.
Compression-release ("Jake") braking, a form of engine braking used almost exclusively on diesel engines, produces extreme amounts of noise pollution if there is no muffler on the intake manifold of the engine. Anecdotally, it sounds similar to a jackhammer, however the loudness is between 10 and 20 times the sound pressure level of a jackhammer (10 to 13 dB greater). Numerous cities, municipalities, states, and provinces have banned the use of unmuffled compression brakes, which are typically only legal in roads away from populations. In Australia, traffic enforcement cameras are currently being tested that automatically photograph heavy vehicles that use compression braking.[1]
See also[edit]
- ^ "Annual Report 2007" (PDF). Roads and Traffic Authority. 2007. Retrieved 2008-06-30.


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By 15 April 2016, Bulgaria is to submit its national report on the Code of Conduct on Politico-Military Aspects of Security to the Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE).The information exchanged on an annual basis between our country and the rest of the OSCE participating States is prepared jointly by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Defence, and the Ministry of Interior on the basis of answers to the questionnaire adopted by the OSCE participating States. The better part of the questions falls under the competence of the Ministry of Defence. Those relate to, among others, the legislative basis regulating defence planning, democratic control, roles and missions of the Armed Forces, the execution of the military service, education in international humanitarian law, the legal and the administrative procedures to protect the rights of the Armed Forces personnel.***In 1994, the participating States of the Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) adopted a Code of Conduct on Politico-Military Aspects of Security. The Code is a fundamental document setting forth the principles of good governance in the security sector management and playing the role of a monitoring mechanism as regards the observance of the said principles. It became effective as of January 1st, 1995. The exchange of information carried out under the Code contributes to confidence and security building between the countries. As an additional transparency measure, the reports are published on OSCE's website.
On 17 November, Deputy Minister of Defense Mr. Dimitar Kyumyurdzhiev and the US Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Europe and NATO Policy Mr. James Townsend conducted bilateral working group meetings in the Ministry of Defense. The delegation led by Mr. Townsend included representatives from the Office of the Secretary of Defense, United States European Command, the Defense Security Cooperation Agency, the United States Air Force and the US Embassy in Sofia.The visit's purpose was to enhance the bilateral cooperation and strategic dialogue in the defense and security field as was declared during the visit of John Kerry, the US Secretary of State, in January this year. The meetings were also conducted as part of the regular political-military consultations in accordance with the 28 April 2006 Agreement between the Republic of Bulgaria and the United States of America for cooperation in the field of defense (DCA).The discussions comprised issues of mutual interest related to deepening cooperation both bilaterally and within NATO. An emphasis was put on the results achieved from the work of the interagency Defense and Security Working Group, the future of the European Reassurance Initiative, Operation Atlantic Resolve, adaptation measures to NATO Readiness Action Plan, possibilities for conducting joint air policing, opportunities for building contemporary defense capabilities, and the Naval cooperation in the Black Sea.
In a closed session of the Council of Ministers, held today, October 7th, Defence Minister Nikolay Nenchev submitted for consideration and approval a draft of a Government-to-Government Agreement on the supply of logistic support for MiG-29 aircraft in the Republic of Poland. The Government approved the draft and gave a mandate to Minister Nenchev to enter into the Government-to-Government Agreement with Poland.For the purpose of preparing the above agreement, the Ministry of Defence carried out a preliminary market research to examine the potential within the EU and NATO for provision of integrated logistics support for MiG-29 aircraft. The market research established that Poland was the only country into the above scope to have capabilities to maintain and overhaul MiG-29 aircraft.The proposed draft Agreement aims to ensure the airworthiness of MiG-29 aircraft, providing for arrangements for repair of six engines, as well as for temporary use of two engines property of Poland for a period of two years.The agreed repair price amounts to EUR 1,023,000 per engine and the transportation costs will be borne by the Polish Party. The first two Polish engines will be delivered within 20 days as of the date of entry into force of the Agreement.The document also details the manner of settlement of disputes between the two Parties to the Agreement, as well as the overhaul quality assurance, responsibility for which will be borne by the Polish state.Upon signature by Minister Nenchev, the Council of Ministers will submit the Agreement for ratification by the National Assembly.The preparatory actions as regards entering into an Agreement on MiG-29-related repairs with the Republic of Poland commenced in February 2015 after a visit to Poland by a Bulgarian delegation led by Minister Nenchev, which presented a first opportunity to discuss the possibilities to enhance the military and technical cooperation between the two NATO Member States. In the course of the negotiations with the Polish Party, an Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Bulgaria and the Government of the Republic of Poland on Military Cooperation and a Letter of Intent between the Minister of National Defence of the Republic of Poland and the Ministry of Defence of the Republic of Bulgaria concerning Cooperation in Armaments Area. The above documents were signed on the 28th of August 2015 during the official visit to Bulgaria by Deputy Prime Minister, Minister of National Defence Tomasz Siemoniak.Over the course of several months, a draft of a Government-to-Government Agreement on the supply of logistic support for MiG-29 aircraft was elaborated. In early October, a working group from Bulgaria visited the Republic of Poland to finalise the text of the provisions of the Government-to-Government Agreement.
The Ministry of Defence has commenced coordination procedure with regard to a draft Bill on the Amendment and Supplement of the Republic of Bulgaria Defence and Armed Forces Act (DAFA) which will permit Allied aircraft, jointly with the Bulgarian Air Force, to carry out tasks related to the preservation of the integrity of Bulgarian airspace (Air Policing). Upon successful completion of the coordination procedure with regard to the draft Bill on the Amendment and Supplement of DAFA, the latter will be moved to the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Bulgaria for consideration, and subsequently moved to the National Assembly for approval. The changes are so devised as to preclude any option that Air Policing be undertaken solely by forces and assets of foreign countries. The said changes guarantee that no Bulgarian sovereignty will be ceded to other countries.The changes were necessitated by several reasons, all related to the need for enhancing the Air Policing capabilities of the countries across NATO's Eastern Flank, including those of Bulgaria. At the Wales Summit in 2014, the Heads of State and Government of the Member States of the Alliance advised that there was a need to conduct a joint mission to enhance the Air Policing capabilities of the countries across NATO's Eastern Flank. Such mission has been ongoing in the Baltic States since 2013, but it was augmented as a result of the Assurance Measures taken to guarantee the security of NATO's Member States. Romania also heeded the Alliance's recommendations and allied forces have been deployed in its territory since mid-2015. Bulgaria alone continues to carry out its duties related to the joint protection of NATO's airspace – NATO Integrated Air and Missile Defence System (NATINAMDS) – on its own. The conduct of a joint Bulgarian Air Policing mission together with other NATO Member States is part of the assurance measures envisaged by NATO's Readiness Action Plan with regard to guaranteeing the air sovereignty of the countries from the Alliance's Eastern Flank. The measures include presence, on a rotational basis, of NATO's forces and assets to be employed in joint exercises and trainings and enhancement of the existing national capabilities, aiming to improve the Allies' interoperability and to demonstrate allied resolve, solidarity and mutual commitment to collective defence.The decision will help Bulgaria's combat aviation, contributing both in terms of improved capabilities, airmen's training, and in terms of equipment. Thus, we will not allow any weakening of our capability to guarantee Bulgaria's and NATO's air sovereignty.
Today the Council of Ministers decided to introduce a proposal to the National Assembly to adopt the Programme for the Development of the Defence Capabilities of the Bulgarian Armed Forces 2020. This is a cornerstone document for the implementation of the defence policy of the state. It fills the vacuum left after the expiration of the previous strategic document – The White Paper on Defence and the Armed Forces 2014. The Programme sets out the core parameters and guidelines for the development of the Armed Forces until 2020 which fully comply with the political agenda of the Government Programme and the outlined in it priorities, measures and goals for the defence sector.The adoption of the Programme for the Development of the Defence Capabilities of the Bulgarian Armed Forces 2020demonstrates the ambition of the Government and the Ministry of Defence to implement the goals marked out during the NATO Wales Summit and the recommendations of the Consultative Council on National Security under the President from April, 2015.The Programme proposes assessment of the security environment in view of the recent developments in regional and global aspect. It also outlines the threats to the Republic of Bulgaria. Important elements of the Programme are the improvement of the functioning of the Bulgarian Armed Forces command and control system and the establishment of Special Operation Forces apart from the personnel of the Land Forces. The Document stipulates the size of the Armed Forces and the Reserve.An advantage of the Programme is that the prescribed resource parameters are realistic and guarantee the functioning of the system. The relative share of the defence budget in GDP until 2018 is preserved at a level not lower than the achieved in the 2014 State Budget Act and will grow until 2024 in favourable economic situation.The Programme also envisages restructuring of defence spending until 2024 to the proportion of 60:20:20 (costs of human resources, current subsistence rates and capital expenditure). This reflects the average rates for EU states while the achievement of capital expenditure of 20% is compliant with the Wales Summit Declaration. Based on the provisions of the Programme, a Plan for the Development of the Armed Forces will be drafted coordinating all operational and tactical plans of the Armed Forces.
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January 25, 2013 6:19 AM

Kerry Concerned About US Military Buildup in Asia
The nominee to be the United States' next top diplomat, John Kerry, turned some heads Thursday when he appeared to criticize parts of one of the Obama administration's key foreign policy objectives: the U.S. pivot toward Asia.

Kerry, who is almost certain to succeed Secretary of State Hillary Clinton when she steps down later this year, told a Senate confirmation hearing he is "not convinced that a military ramp-up is critical yet" in Asia, saying it may unnecessarily offend China. "We have a lot more forces out there than any other nation in the world, including China," he said. "And the Chinese take a look at that and say, 'What's the United States doing? Are they trying to circle us?' I think we need to be thoughtful in how we go forward."

Since President Barack Obama announced his so-called "pivot" toward the region in late 2011, Australia, the Philippines, Singapore and other countries in the Asia-Pacific have seen an increase in U.S. equipment, troops and military cooperation.

Administration officials, who now usually refer to the shift as a "rebalancing" rather than a "pivot," insist they are not trying to contain China's rising power. But many in Beijing remain unconvinced, contending they are being increasingly cornered by U.S. allies.

Some analysts say it is significant that Kerry is acknowledging those concerns. But it is not clear whether it could amount to a change in strategy for the administration, which views the pivot as a signature foreign policy of its first term.

Bonnie Glaser is a China expert at the Center for Strategic and International Studies in Washington. In an interview with VOA, she points out that it is the president, not the secretary of state, who decides military commitments.

"That does sound somewhat different from what the current secretary of defense [Leon Panetta] has been saying. But ultimately that is a decision that the president is going to have to make, about where our military commitments are going to be. The current position of the administration is to not draw down our military commitments in Asia," Glaser stated.

At his confirmation hearing, Kerry acknowledged as much, saying he does not suggest that the U.S. reduce its current force in Asia, and that there are legitimate reasons to be concerned about China's intentions.

But Stephen Lewis, a China scholar at Houston's Rice University, tells VOA it is important that U.S. officials recognize Chinese leaders perceive the pivot as a threat.

"It's an important point to be made, mainly because this is something that the Chinese government has always complained about," says Lewis, who adds that Chinese citizens are concerned about the pivot as well. "They see it as a legitimate point, that the United States seems to be opposing Chinese efforts to go overseas, whereas we actually do have a number of military bases overseas."

Lewis says Kerry's comments probably do not represent a fundamental change in U.S. policy. He points out that no other administration official has made similar comments.

Glaser, the analyst at CSIS, agrees. She says even though she does not think the U.S. policy is aimed at China, perceptions still matter. "I think that it is important for any secretary of state to be able to put him or herself in the shoes of another country in the world, and understand how that country views the United States," she said. "China has some concerns about the U.S. rebalancing strategy ... We need to understand that perception, that doesn't mean we need to agree with it."

Additional reporting by Victor Beattie

Senator John Kerry emerges after a unanimous vote by the Senate Foreign Relations Committee approving him to become America's next top diplomat, January 29, 2013.

Senate Foreign Relations Committee Chairman John Kerry arrives on Capitol Hill for the start of his confirmation hearing to replace Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, January 24, 2013.

John Kerry sits before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee he has served on for 28 years and led for the past four as he seeks confirmation as U.S. secretary of state, January 24, 2013.

John Kerry waves as he walks to the podium to address the Democratic National Convention in Charlotte, North Carolina, September 6, 2012.

Barack Obama works the crowd during his first presidential campaign with John Kerry, during a rally at the College of Charleston campus in South Carolina, where Kerry endorsed Mr. Obama, January 10, 2008.

Then-Democratic presidential candidate John Kerry points toward the audience beside his wife Teresa Heinz Kerry after the presidential debate in Tempe, Arizona, October 13, 2004.

Then President George W. Bush and John Kerry greet each other at the end of their first presidential debate at the University of Miami in Coral Gables, Florida, September 30, 2004.

John Kerry windsurfs off the coast of Nantucket, Massachusetts when he was the Democratic presidential candidate, August 30, 2004.

Democratic presidential candidate John Kerry along with his wife Teresa Heinz Kerry greet supporters during a fundraiser when he was the Democratic presidential candidate in Boston, Massachusetts, 2003.

Senator John Kerry is swarmed by supporters as he arrives for a re-election victory rally in Boston, Massachusetts, November 5, 1996.

John Kerry raises his arms in victory in this November 6, 1984 photo in a Boston hotel where he celebrated his defeat over Ray Shamie, in the Senate race.

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I'm a 25 year old male from London with a love for travelling, art & design, music and good food.
I like to get out of London as much as my job will let me (I work as a graphic designer for a string of venues & nightclubs in London) and mostly travel with my girlfriend. We are very easy going and well mannered, enjoy a quiet night in just as much as a good night out.


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Falcon Holidays
Falcon Holidays are part of the TUI Travel PLC Group. They are one of the largest tour operators in Ireland and operate out of both the Republic and Northern Ireland.
Falcon Holidays have been operating since 1988 and now have over 40 travel shops in Ireland. Mainly serving the popular Mediterranean destinations as well as the Canary Islands, the Arctic Circle and The Black Sea, Falcon Holidays are a popular choice for families and couples looking for value package holidays.
In the Republic of Ireland Falcon Holidays is licensed by the Commission for Aviation Regulation and are members of the Irish Tour Operators Federation. In Northern Ireland they are bonded by the Civil Aviation Authority and are also members of the Association of British Travel Agents (ABTA).
For 2014, Falcon Holidays boast a wide range of summer and winter sun destinations throughout Europe, and even feature holidays in Egypt and Lapland.
Popular summer sun destinations include the Algarve in Portugal, the Balearic Islands, the Canary Islands, the Costa del Sol and Costa Dorada in Spain, Corfu, Crete and Rhodes in Greece, along with Cyprus and Turkey.
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Finnish Nobel peace laureate Martti Ahtisaari said Friday he believed Myanmar's reformist government could win the Nobel Peace Prize, as Helsinki announced 6.5 million euros ($8.4 million) in development aid to the country.
Ahtisaari met in Helsinki with Myanmar's reformist President Thein Sein during his landmark 10-day visit to Europe aimed at forging stronger political and economic ties between the former pariah state and the West.
The former Finnish president told AFP he believed Myanmar's government was a "serious candidate" for the Nobel peace award if the democratic transition it had undertaken was completed.
Ahtisaari himself won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2008 for his role as a mediator in several international conflicts.
Under Thein Sein, the Myanmar government had been able to "get results faster than, for example, an interim government" would have, he noted.
He urged Thein Sein to continue efforts to transform the country, saying change could only come from within.
Also on Friday, Finnish President Sauli Niinistoe announced a 6.5 million-euro aid package after meeting the Myanmar leader.
"Finland is willing to reach out" to Myanmar, Niinistoe said at a joint press conference with the former general.
The aid would be distributed between 2014 and 2016, according to a Finnish diplomatic source.
"Steps have been taken to improve human rights," Niinistoe said of the reforms that have prompted the EU to suspend all sanctions apart from an arms embargo.
The United States has also dismantled key trade and investment sanctions against the Southeast Asian country.
Speaking on the economy, Thein Sein invited Finnish entrepreneurs to "work together with Myanmar in order to strengthen investment."
The former prime minister will also try to reap the fruits of his liberalisation policies as he visits Austria, Belgium and Italy before returning home on March 8.
Thein Sein kicked off his trip in Norway earlier this week, following Myanmar opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi's own milestone visit to the country last year, where she was finally able to accept her 1991 Nobel Peace Prize in person after spending years under house arrest.


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"Follow the money."
– Advice from the then anonymous Deep Throat source advising Washington Postreporters Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward during the 1970s Watergate Scandal
"It is increasingly difficult to comprehend why the IOC, WADA, the IAAF and other major bodies opted to ignore evidence of systematic wrong-doing. Alternatively it is easy to comprehend, if you conclude that actually they don't really care about doping as long as the dollars continue to flow."
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I'd been in Wyoming six days with barely a chance to wet my line. It was not for a lack of good-looking water. With the exception of a six-hour trip across a flat roasting high-altitude desert, I'd been crossing or driving alongside one beautiful river after another. Lovely. Enticing. And a bit frustrating since I was looking at them through a car window and not in my waders.
I never played golf in St. Andrews in Scotland, but I was able go there a number of times as a part of my job at Middlebury College.
On my first visit, I took a taxi from the train station to the university right in the middle of town with other study abroad advisers from Williams and Mt. Holyoke. I sat in the passenger seat and chatted with the driver. "The birthplace of golf . . . I can't wait to see the Old Course," I said to the cabbie. "Where is it? Nearby?"
It began with a trip to a river I have been fishing since I was 13 years old: the Little Androscoggin.
My school career began with kindergarten in the little Maine village of Bryant Pond, whose two thriving lumber mills helped support a population of 1,000, spread out over three villages in the town of Woodstock. Our house was just over the tracks and a good outfielder's throw from the Little League field with the classic wooden grandstand that my fellow Independent sports columnist Karl Lindholm, who grew up less than an hour away, still remembers.
Time for just a couple thoughts for the summer solstice.
I do believe the Cleveland Cavaliers deserved their victory over the Golden State Warriors on Sunday, and congratulations to the long-suffering fans of Northeast Ohio.
It's been well-documented Cleveland's last major championship came in 1964. There's been plenty of heartbreak since then.
Recently, I was reminded (yet again) of what amazing, abundant, and diverse fishing opportunities are available to anglers in Vermont. Within a short drive of Addison County one can find brook, brown, and rainbow trout in dozens of rivers and streams, and several mountain ponds. There are salmon and lake trout in Champlain and some inland lakes. Pike and smallmouth thrive in the bigger rivers and many ponds. You can also find muskies, walleye, perch, largemouth bass, fallfish and bullhead.
I begged my kids to come to Middlebury sporting events with me.
When a dad takes his kids to a game, he's a good dad. If he goes by himself and leaves the kids at home, he's borderline selfish.
My wife and I went to a museum last week. It was called a museum, anyway. But was more of a zoo, botanical garden, aviary and aquarium of native local plants and animals all rolled into one. And it was mostly outdoors.
Corey Buxton asked me last week what I thought about the Red Sox's chances this year. To be honest, I said, I hadn't really sized it up.
But then I rattled off, well, is pitcher Clay Buchholz going to make it through the year healthy? Were the end-of-the-season surges by fellow hurlers Joe Kelly and Rick Porcello last year for real, or are they going to be mediocre again (or worse)? How healthy is Eduardo Rodriguez, and can he build on his strong rookie season as a starting pitcher?
My older brother Ted just visited me from Alaska.
All three of my brothers enjoy outdoor activities. They have all done some camping, hiking and fishing. But Ted is my brother who enjoys outdoor recreation the most. Perhaps even more than I do. Like me he grew up in small town New England and was raised on fishing and camping trips with our father in northern Maine.
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Nicholas Syrett
Nicholas Syrett joined the faculty in 2006 and is currently an associate professor and the department's graduate coordinator. Syrett earned his A.B. in Women's and Gender Studies at Columbia University and his M.A. and Ph.D. from the Program in American Culture at the University of Michigan. He is interested in the history of gender, sexuality, and childhood in the United States during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. His book on the history of minors, marriage, and the regulation of youthful sexuality in the United States will be published in 2016 by the University of North Carolina Press. Articles from this research appear in the anthology Childhood and Youth During the Gilded Age and Progressive Era (NYU Press) and in the Journal of the History of Childhood and Youth, the latter of which won the Fass-Sandin Prize for the best article on the history of children or youth published in English in 2013. He is also the coeditor (with Corinne T. Field) of a collection of essays on the significance of chronological age in American history, Age in America: The Colonial Era to the Present (NYU Press, 2015).
His first book, The Company He Keeps: A History of White College Fraternities(2009) examines the construction of masculinity and heterosexuality in traditionally white fraternities from their founding in 1825 through the late twentieth century. Syrett has published articles on early to mid-twentieth-century queer history in American Studies, Genders, GLQ, the Pacific Historical Review, and the Journal of the History of Sexuality, the latter of which was awarded Honorable Mention for the 2014 Audre Lorde Prize from the Committee on LGBT history. He has also written essays on teaching published in Clio in the Classroom: A Guide for Teaching U.S. Women's History (Oxford University Press) and Understanding and Teaching U.S. Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender History (University of Wisconsin Press).
He has been interviewed about his research by Morning Edition (NPR), Inside Higher Ed, Newsweek, Out, Bloomberg News, The Atlantic, The State of Things (WUNC-North Carolina), The Current (CBC-Canada), BackStory, The Morning Shift (WBEZ-Chicago), Times Higher Education (U.K.), and various local and college newspapers. He has also published pieces in theNew York Times, The Daily Beast, and CNN.com. In 2010-2011 he was given the first annual Diversity in the Classroom award by UNC's College of Humanities and Social Sciences and the Outstanding Supportive Faculty Member Award by UNC's GLBTA Resource Center. In 2012-13, he was named the College Scholar for Humanities and Social Sciences at UNC.
From 2015 through 2017, Syrett is Co-Chair (with Amanda Littauer of Northern Illinois University) of the Committee on LGBT History, the AHA affiliate organization. Beginning in Fall 2015 he is also (with Corinne Field of UVA) book review editor for the Journal of the History of Childhood and Youth.
Dr. Syrett offers the following classes at UNC:
- HIST 100: Survey of American History from its Beginnings to 1877
- HIST 101: Survey of American History from 1877 to the Present
- HIST 290: American Immigration
- HIST 323: Marriage and Family in the United States
- HIST 326: Sex and Sexuality in the United States
- HIST 347: United States Women's History to 1877
- HIST 348: United States Women's History since 1877
- HIST 349: American Queer History
- HIST 480: Children and Childhood
- HIST 480: Gender, Race, and Crime
- HIST 530: Slavery in America
- HIST 530: Graduate Seminar on Gender in American History
- HIST 590: Graduate Writing Seminar
- HIST 600: Historiography


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