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What were the transitions, How long did each transitional period last.
closed as too broad by knut, Yannis, o0'., Mark C. Wallace, Sardathrion Mar 17 '14 at 12:30
There are either too many possible answers, or good answers would be too long for this format. Please add details to narrow the answer set or to isolate an issue that can be answered in a few paragraphs.If this question can be reworded to fit the rules in the help center, please edit the question.
The western Empire was totally overrun, and very little Roman culture was left. Many families fled abandoning estates, especially the aristocracy. It was quite a sudden transition, but many buildings survived and were used by the occupiers. The technology and knowledge that the Romans had left in each province was lost, and you can imagine how throughout the dark ages and well into the middle ages, people must have marvelled at the skill apparently needed to have left the elegant villas, bridges, aqueducts behind. Stone building was a rare skill for centuries afterwards, and concrete had to be rediscovered. In England for example, the main Roman towns became the main cities of the Anglo Saxons. Wintanceaster (Winchester) was the court of Alfred the Great, previously Venta Belgarum. Lundenwic (London), used to be Londinium. York, Eboracum. The crumbling fortifications were supplemented with simple palisades and utilized as 'burhs'. I could certainly tell you much more about this time, but please be more specific, in case I end up writing a book. And I would too.


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To coincide with Internet Week Europe, ad agency Saint is pitting the creative industry against a bunch of 9 year-old kids, to find out who's the more creative. The challenge? Can you draw the internet?
Saint is asking anyone working in the creative industry to submit a drawing of the internet via canyoudrawtheinternet.com (illustrator Jonny Wan's entry is shown top, Jody Barton's above).
On Friday this week it is running a workshop with a group of 9 year-olds who will then get to draw their interpretation of the net. The public can then vote on which is the best/most interesting visualisation of what the internet means.
From Poke's Nic Roope
Apparently, a lot of the entries from the industry so far have concentrated on the, err, seamier side of things – let's hope the kids have purer minds…
Richard Barrett, Saint
Mick Marston, The Futile Vignette Company
Simon Labbett, Saint
If you'd like to have a go, upload your drawing here

subset: commoncrawl


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OPELIKA, Ala. (AP) - Local law enforcement and the Lee County coroner say they are still investigating a highway accident that killed a Beauregard woman.
Lee County Coroner Bill Harris says authorities received a call early Sunday about a possible pedestrian struck by a vehicle on Alabama Highway 51 south of Opelika.
Investigators say they found 41-year-old Terrie Reaves lying in the roadway, and Harris pronounced her dead.
Harris says there are reports indicating Reaves may have jumped from a moving vehicle, and that another vehicle traveling in the same direction struck Reaves as she lay in the roadway.
Harris said both drivers were interviewed by sheriff's investigators at the scene.
(Copyright 2010 by The Associated Press. All Rights Reserved.)


text:
Corrections & Amplifications
The Rev. Orlando Yorio, who was kidnapped in Argentina in 1976 after a military coup, died in 2000. A World News article on Saturday about a debate over Pope Francis' actions during the country's military dictatorship failed to note that he had died. In addition, the article noted that Father Yorio's sister, Graciela Yorio, wasn't available to comment, but failed to give her first name.
U.K. banks are seeking to sell assets and boost their capital levels in advance of new guidance from the Bank of England. The headline on a Global Finance article on Monday about the moves incorrectly said they were seeking to thicken their cash cushions.
Overdose deaths from painkillers in Oregon increased by 73%, from 218 in 2004 to 378 in 2011. A U.S. News article on March 11 incorrectly said the rate was 172%.
The surname of Derek Sammann, CME Group Inc. CME 0.75 % 's senior managing director, interest-rate and foreign-exchange products, was misspelled as Samman in a Global Finance article Tuesday about the exchange's rate-swap clearing service. In addition, the article incorrectly said his title is managing director of global interest-rate and FX business.
A photo with a Global Finance article on Tuesday about SAC Capital Advisors showed Chairman Steven A. Cohen attending an awards breakfast. The caption incorrectly called it an awards dinner.
The law firm Goltsblat BLP was incorrectly referred to as Goltsblat BLC in a World News article on Tuesday about Russia's response to a proposal for a tax on deposits as part of a bailout plan in Cyprus.
The last name of manicurist and entrepreneur Deborah Lippmann was misspelled as Lippman in a What's News feature on "extreme grooming" in the April issue of WSJ. Magazine.
Disney DIS -0.31 % acquired 30,000 acres of central Florida wasteland to build its Disney World resort. "Manifest Disney" (Books, March 16), a review of a new book about Florida, misstated the figure as 47,000 square miles. In addition, the review incorrectly referred to the town of Rosewood, Fla., as Rosemont.
Readers can alert The Wall Street Journal to any errors in news articles by emailing email@example.com or by calling 888-410-2667.


text:
Crystal Reports 2011 Essential Training
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- Subjects:
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- Software:
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- Author:
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- [Voiceover] Hi, I'm Curt Frye. Welcome to Crystal Reports 2011 Essential Training. In this course, I'll show you around the Crystal Reports user interface to scribe program and report options and get help using the program. Next, I'll show you how to create reports using the design wizard and also by linking to one or more data sources. I'll then move on to sorting and grouping your data, show you how to change group options, and to summarize your data using statistical summaries.
After that, I'll show you how to create and manage reports sections, change section order, and delete any sections you no longer need. My next chapter covers formatting. Whether by applying a report template, formatting individual report controls, or by highlighting records. The remainder of the course shows you how to summarize your data using charts, to focus on subsets of your data by selecting records, using parameter fields, and by displaying data in sub reports and cross tabs. Regardless of how you use Crystal Reports, the techniques in this course will help you analyze your data effectively.
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NY Times Criticizes Itself For Touting Myth That It Is Too Late To Avoid Climate Catastrophe
Every climate scientist I've ever spoken to thinks we can still avert the worst impacts of climate change. It is an absurd myth that either the media or scientists constantly repeat the "it's too late" message — a myth debunked here and here.
And so we have the spectacle of the NY Times publishing an essay by a novelist (!) asserting "We already know it's too late" to stop catastrophe — and then following that up with a piece by its climate blogger attacking this uncommon and incorrect view in order to make an erroneous (if not utterly counterproductive) larger point about how "the Biggest Climate Threat" is "Fear."
You read that right. The headline of the second NYT piece is "An Earth Scientist Explores the Biggest Climate Threat: Fear."
So the biggest climate threat isn't 10°F warming, dust-Bowlification of a third of the planet's arable land, sea level rise that doesn't end until we have an ice free planet, ocean acidification, ever-worsening extreme weather — or all of those things happening at the same time making it all but impossible to feed 9 billion people post-2050.
No, we are to believe the biggest threat is fear. #FAIL.
Seriously, if we had too much "fear" about the very real, ever-worsening, compound threats posed by our current dawdling, well then we wouldn't be dawdling, would we? If we were fear driven, we would be doing too much carbon pollution reduction rather than virtually none at all.
Heck, if we had even the right amount of worry — say, the amount of worry that most climate scientists have — we'd be like Lonnie Thompson, who explained in December 2010 why climatologists are speaking out: "Virtually all of us are now convinced that global warming poses a clear and present danger to civilization." But I digress.
Let's begin with the first NY Times whopper, the Sunday Book Review article about dystopian fiction, "Writing the End," by novelist Nathaniel Rich. It contains these dubious assertions:
Dystopian novels about environmental apocalypses tend to contain a warning: this is the hell we will inherit if we don't change our behavior, quickly.
But that view is obsolete. We already know it's too late to reverse the planet's transformation, and we know what is going to happen next — namely more of the same, just worse: superstorms, super-droughts, super-pandemics, massive population displacement, water scarcity, desertification and all the rest. The grim details can be found in any of the hundreds of nonfiction polemics published on the subject every year, books with titles like "Overheated" and "Hot."
Let's be clear what the science says — or, more specifically, what those nonfiction polemics say. You can read online most of Overheated (here) and Hot (here) — Amazon has conveniently (?!) posted most of their pages online.
Rich does a sleight of hand here. Yes, both those books make quite clear that because we have dawdled for so long — and because the climate and energy system both have large, intrinsic delays — we are almost certainly stuck with considerably worse superstorms, super-droughts, massive population displacement, water scarcity, and desertification than we have already seen.
Whether the "transformation" we are stuck with is "hell" is a matter of semantics, I suppose, but if hell is a metaphor for the worst place imaginable, then, no, not even close. What we are stuck with is more like "planetary purgatory" — a desperate, all-consuming effort lasting decades to keep us out of hell (and high water).
Indeed, contrary to Rich's implications, both books he cites have the rather clear message that things could get considerably worse "if we don't change our behavior, quickly." Yes, 3°F to 5°F warming is going to be brutal — but it beats the hell (figuratively and, perhaps, even literally) out of 7°F warming, let alone 9°F warming or, heaven forbid, 11+°F warming.
And that matches what the best science says, as in this MIT analysis:
Humanity's Choice (via M.I.T.): Inaction ("No Policy") eliminates most of the uncertainty about whether future warming will be catastrophic. Aggressive emissions reductions greatly improves humanity's chances.
Now some may say that, given our political system, we're simply not going to act fast enough or effectively enough to stop at 3°F to 5°F. But that is a political judgment, not a scientific one.
If we were all as alarmed as the science warrants, then I believe we would make a WWII-scale effort and take the world to near zero net emissions in a couple of decades and then start sucking CO2 out of the air and go back to 350 ppm this century and perhaps even lower next century. No, that wouldn't give us a 100% certainty of avoiding serious consequences, but it would give us a near-certainty of avoiding hell and high water.
And for those who think we are unstoppably close to crossing tipping points that will accelerate carbon feedbacks (like the melting tundra) which in turn will ensure yet higher temperature rise, the point to remember is that those feedbacks are not instantaneous. Most of them are moderately slow and temperature based — so they make the job of avoiding 7°F to 11°F warming much, much harder if we get to, say 650 ppm (let alone the 800 to 1000+ ppm we are headed toward). But they are unlikely to stop us from keeping total warming near 3°F to 5°F if we go all out to stay under 450 ppm — especially if we did get back to 350 ppm by century's end.
Again, I'm not saying we are going to get on the path to 350 ppm (or even 450 ppm). I'm only saying that we could, and I don't know any climate scientist who thinks those lower CO2 levels are not infinitely more manageable — and more desirable — for humanity than the higher levels. As climatologist Thompson puts it:
Unless large numbers of people take appropriate steps, including supporting governmental regulations aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions, our only options will be adaptation and suffering. And the longer we delay, the more unpleasant the adaptations and the greater the suffering will be.
So the original NY Times piece was quite in error, significantly misrepresenting the books that it cites and the science they represent. Which brings us to the equally erroneous piece by NY Times climate blogger Andy Revkin and the earth scientist whose extended comment he posts.
That will be the subject of Part 2.
Related Posts:
- The Myth of 'Constant Repetition of Doomsday Messages' on Climate
- Dire straits: Media blows the story of UC Berkeley study on climate messaging
108 Responses to NY Times Criticizes Itself For Touting Myth That It Is Too Late To Avoid Climate Catastrophe
Friends in Texas say that oil people are promoting the "it's too late" meme — ostensibly to keep carbon fuel flowing by promoting apocalyptic cornucopianism.
Such an attitude of "full speed ahead" because "what's the use?" is most immoral. But not unexpected, not surprising.
We need to get everyone involved to solve the problem and eventually everyone goes to elementary school, or their kids or grandkids are in elementary school. It is the Missing Demographic. That is why we work exclusively with elementary students, their parents and teachers with our one-day program http://www.climatechangeiselementary.org. Presenter training will start in Fall 2013 using schools in Montgomery County Maryland as our training base. Get back to me if you are interested.
We leave each family in the school with their own Family Sustainability Checklist of all the things they promise to do to get their carbon footprint down to zero or below and we give them until their kids graduate from high school (7-12 years) to finish the list. We also empower the school Green Team to maintain the program.
Our goal is to do what was done with seatbelt use or recycling – to make a movement out of this, not simply a program, starting with our youngest students and the adults who love them. The beauty of the program is that it is self financed by PTAs and from our commercial partners who provide wind and solar energy and energy audits for the families to meet their reduced energy goals.
The "constant repetition of doomsday messages" is the latest propaganda tactic of the fossil fuel corporations.
Denial is no longer tenable. As an earlier article on this site today noted, people are becoming all too aware that very serious effects of global warming are already upon us. "There is no problem, so there is no need to do anything" just doesn't work any more.
So the "new denial" is defeatism: "The problem is too great, too unstoppable, for anything we do to matter — so there is no POINT in doing anything". (Usually accompanied by hysterical fear-mongering about the "draconian sacrifices" that any effective action would impose.)
1. The fear of fear seems to me one of the most powerful and ubiquitous mechanisms of climate science denial. (The next one is moral corruption.) Mortals don't want to think of some aspects of reality because that would be too frightening.
2. "It is too late" is as stupid as "the climate has always changed". This argument is really a "disqualifier" — qualifying one as a moron or being morally corrupt. Why? There is no either-or! There's a spectrum of possible futures ranging from catastrophic (suffering) to apocalyptic (extinction). We can always make a difference.
You're right: it's a political call, not a scientific one.
The Climate Action Tracker did a very detailed analysis in Doha last year and advised that it's very much still possible.
Then one of their scientists published a study in December showing the economic benefits of acting now. http://www.nature.com/nclimate/journal/v3/n4/full/nclimate1758.html
Please send some of the global warming to the midwest USA. Planting is not getting done.
Forecasts of a cold period because of the low sun activity are bearing out more than one would like.
Having taught in USA and Canada, I know that N. Americans throw the word 'fear' around with gay abandon. Most of them have never actually experienced fear which is a terrible human emotion, ME
Yes and there are some notable promoters on this blog who remain untouched by anything resembling evidence, ME
Standby for sunspots 1730 and 1731 which have beta-gamma-delta configurations and are almost straight line Earth directed, ME
We can always do something.
That said, the nonrenewable industry will gladly pound home the opposite proposition that we can never do something, so don't try to tax their products because it won't help.
If I were running a private weather forecasting service, I'd be integrating sunspot activity with the computer models. I checked this myself — the new and full moon plus a few days delay are correlated with precipitation patterns. Sunspot activity may be affecting the weather also.
Maybe this example proves the defeatism on climate change wrong:
The Toba catastrophe theory suggests that a bottleneck of the human population occurred c. 70,000 years ago, proposing that the human population was reduced to perhaps 10,000 individuals when the Toba supervolcano in Indonesia erupted and triggered a major environmental change. The theory is based on geological evidences of sudden climate change and on coalescence evidences of some genes (including mitochondrial DNA, Y-chromosome and some nuclear genes) and the relatively low level of genetic variation with humans http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_bottleneck
"Humans once became almost extinct but a small fraction was able to recover."
You and Secular being the prime examples!
My own take on the matter is that we have destabilized the climate. There is no way we could melt most of the Arctic ice and leave the former Holocene climate intact. There will be many negative consequences.
That said, it is also possible to ameliorate those consequences to some extent, perhaps a large extent. Joe is on the right track — cut emissions and simultaneously draw down atmospheric carbon — and we could probably stabilize the climate to something like pre-industrial conditions in 50 to 100 years. But we'll never be able to undo all the damage we've done. The oceans are too warm and too full of carbon and too many species have been destroyed to put humpty-dumpty bak together again.
Welcome to the brave new world of climate change.
I don't think we have the data to conclude whether it is still possible to avoid catastrophe from a technical perspective. We don't have full models, and we don't have critical resource data, such as spatial distribution of clathrates in the Arctic, especially at shallow depth. But the real-world economic and socio-political hurdles will not allow us to implement anything near what is required for a technical solution, if in fact it is still possible.
Very well put, Joe. That is the best 'We are totally screwed' article I have read in quite a while. Thanks for reminding us and refocusing our thoughts on the biggest problem of the century, indeed the millennium, and for the future of life on Earth. It's time that President Obama did something to prove he has some integrity on this matter and will stand by his word and prove he is the man. We know his "Yes We Can" spiel was complete bullshit. Now we need to see the real Obama, if he exists. He needs to stand up and be counted. It is better to try and fail then never to try at all.
I'd like to see the fossil fuel industry try using the "it's too late" meme, instead "look at how great we are and how lucky you are now that we've discovered all the fuel that we need by fracking. We can double our use of fossil fuels in the next 20 years safely and economically." Slowing the pace of climate change would at least give the next and future generations at least of chance of saving a liveable earth. However, if we really stay on the current course, then it clearly is "too late." The moral position is that we need to do what we can, even though it will lead to some short term sacrifice.
'Becoming aware' and 'doing what is required' are two very different issues. 'Becoming aware' didn't work for smoking; what worked in the end was a combination of economic penalties and the non-smoking majority exerting its will on the smoking minority. Such a majority exists only in polls in climate change; it does not exist in the real world of serious action.
Scientists say it is not too late is a joke. The oil, gas, coal and nuclear power will kill most all life on earth. Look around to see what human greed is doing right now. You know we will not change enough in time no matter how sophisticated your denial.
Here is Arctic ice breaking up in February.
We can get to net zero in five years.
Seems restoration will take longer.
People are taking action and have been for several years, it is just not up to scale. in the US, cities and towns of varying sizes have conducted greenhouse gas inventories and many have formulated climate action plans and have begun implementing them. We have cap and trade programs for reducing emissions in 10 states. We have standards for renewable energy and last year the US led the world in adding wind capacity. Similar actions are being taken in other countries. However, getting the transition up to scale remains an unsolved problem as there is a long list of obstacles to overcome. A defeatist attitude probably is not at the top of the list or even near the top.
Absolutely. The most difficult part will be dealing with extreme climate but there will be a revitalizing of humanity to offset the difficulties.
Thanks for this post, Joe.
I think this discussion highlights one of the main challenges of communicating with newcomers and those less steeped in the topic of CC than are most people here. We have to make them understand that we're in REALLY serious trouble, but that we can still do ourselves a world of good by employing the tools at hand.
Far too many people want a simple, cut-and-dried picture: We're OK and all this CC talk is just a lot of scare mongering or we're screwed beyond belief. For some reason many people can't deal with the notion that the situation is indeed urgent even though there's a huge range of outcomes still possible.
"Humans did not evolve an inclination to think broadly about time and space." -Dr. Jpseph Tainter (from a link posted earlier today by prokaryotes)
The Times decision to cut environmental reporting is magnifying the effect of Dot.earth (just chill out) and Nocera (more carbon).
We are getting close to seeing the next measurement of global commitment. I hope the following EIA global carbon estimates show a marked improvement.
The U.S. needs to see the gas / oil industry lobby take a very public hit in futures forecasts. Today I saw the Bakken shale proposed accessible capacity increased and TX looking at their own new exploration and purchase of Cline drilling rights.
Japan sees methane hydrates in their future. They don't seem to take global laws preventing whale hunting seriously, it's still research to them.
The global a#$-kicking boot needs to get big. Hoping it isn't worn by the military.
An orbiting Ark would only need be able to carry basic building blocks for life types and if types were sent back at appropriate places at varying appropriate times then life could be jump started as the world becomes able to support life. Good to have a plan that is definable and puts faith in God rather than mankind. For one may say that scientifically God is more predictable than man.
Don't know who Dr Tainter is but there are plenty in the life/social sciences who disagree with that statement. All the ancient cultures had astronomy and the Asians have been doing 500+ year plans for thousands of years, ME
Btw i got the link via Richard Pauli (subscribed to his excellent YT playlist).
Energy and motivation for action flow only from the positive emotions. Anything e.g. defeatism, that causes people to lose these or even hope, is an extremely serious problem and must be countered at every turn, ME
I think most people still fundamentally don't believe what's happening. I talk to intelligent people every day who just shrug. That the Arctic could disappear and send the weather into continuous fibrillation, not to mention a runaway feedback loop of more GHG release from the permafrost leading to more warming, is literally inconceivable to them.
I think a lot of people fear being mocked as fools if they commit to the path of prevention, because it is a radical and very literally counterculture idea. Few want to step out of the mainstream for the sake of a hypothetical.
So that's the job: to help them imagine it, to concretize the likelihood. I'm afraid that may take some more harsh events.
Even then, we have to believe it is not too late to avoid the worst. The alternative is pure despair.
Remember the Maunder Minimum? ME
I spent a few weeks reading Revkin's blog and learned nothing, no new perspective, no new information, and almost nothing about current conditions. It was a complete waste of time.
The last time I read his blog he actually attacked others for doing exactly what he was doing himself.
I decided to ignore him. It's too bad he is so prominent in the NYT but while I read his stuff I noticed that many of his followers were deniers as well. Revkin has more influence on them than I had, but he is in a smaller and smaller minority.
Call him out in articles such as this and refute him. That's the best we can do for now. Personally I think he has problem but I don't think he is important, except to himself. A really swell head.
I don't dispute the genetic evidence, some of my clients were early investigators into the biological clock, but the Toba volcano is not thought to have made a global impact of that magnitude according to new evidence.
"Lead author Dr Christine Lane, Leverhulme Early Career Fellow at Oxford University's School of Archaeology, said: 'By tracing a microscopic layer of volcanic ash from the 75,000 year old Toba super-eruption within sediments from Lake Malawi, we have been able to show that the largest volcanic eruption of the last two million years did not significantly alter the climate of East Africa."
link to article, http://www.enewspf.com/latest-news/science/science/42648-african-lake-sediment-overturns-human-extinction-theories-about-toba-super-eruption.html?tmpl=component – there were others but this was the first one that popped up when I looked for the news…
According to Bill McKibben on the XL Pipeline, irreversible doom is just a decision away.
The reasons for climate action are many and long overdue, with some variation of a carbon tax or a 50-100 cent a gallon tax on gasoline ideally passed circa 1990 when oil was still headed down to under $10 a barrel – then a phase in would have been invisible. But bygones; missed opportunities.
But the passage of time does not change a carbon tax in some form or another as the solution.
The fuss over the XL Pipeline was useful only as long as it was an attack on the conservative policy of taking property by eminent domain for their favored industries. The same people supporting property taking for the XL and opposing it for cleaner electric for the Northern Pass in NH for Canadian hydro.
McKibben seems to have latched onto the XL Pipeline out of desperation in the belief that end was near. But it did nothing to aid ousting enough Republicans from Congress to force moderation and a return to power in the party of progressive Republicans.
I can think of nothing more defeatist than identifying the wrong problem/target, and focusing one's energies on that target. Yet, that is the modus operandi of you and the other denizens of the Amen Corner, who focus on the suppliers and not the addicts.
I'm also having a problem with the terminology. What could be more 'defeatist' than identifying the 'wrong' problem, and taking the 'wrong' action? Yet, that's what most of the posters here seem to be doing. How can any problem be solved with such misguided strategy and tactics?
There's a good article in The Guardian which outlines the further reaches of lunacy of the denialist Right in Australia. As I've said, ad nauseam, the Right will NEVER admit defeat or error. NEVER. EVER. They will simply grow more and more deranged. It's in their DNA, their socialisation and their psychology. And they will get nastier.
I do not read the New York Times anymore. Like most newspapers, it is a bloated rag. (Poor metaphor, sorry.)
If a coach directed his team towards an opponent's goal posts, wouldn't that result in the ultimate defeat? Yet, that's exactly where Secular's proposals, and those of the other members of the Amen Corner, would lead us. Secular is the 'Wrong Way' Corrigan of the climate movement.
We have yet to see one proposal by Secular et al that would not violate the interim temperature constraints and lead us over the cliff.
The not so funny thing is that the parasites demand 'draconian sacrifices' all the time- but only from workers whose pay and conditions are 'unaffordable', compared to those in Cambodia. And only from welfare recipients, whose pittances are 'busting the budget', while elite tax avoidance sees tens of trillions salted away in tax-havens. And only from whole societies being put through the Hell of 'austerity' to pay for the larceny of the financial grifters that caused the ongoing GFC. Of course, when the parasites speak of 'draconian sacrifice' what they really mean is their sacrifice of tens of trillions in fossil fuels, which they are clearly prepared to put higher than the lives of several billion steerage-class passengers.
They have nothing to fear but fear itself.
Obama is a hollow-gram. He must be bypassed.
Let's be hopeful and instead say 'have not yet'. I mean, in order to avoid self-destruction we must forever repudiate the rule of those who know the price of everything and the value of nothing, and their operating system and religion-capitalism.
Reality check people.
Even if we built 1000 1.4gig nuclear power plants by 2020 will only lower global temperatures by 0.15C
""That is also the view of energy chemist Nate Lewis of the California Institute of Technology. "It's not true that all the technologies are available and we just need the political will to deploy them," he says. "My concern, and that of most scientists working on energy, is that we are not anywhere close to where we need to be. We are too focused on cutting emissions 20 percent by 2020—but you can always shave 20 percent off" through, say, efficiency and conservation. By focusing on easy, near-term cuts, we may miss the boat on what's needed by 2050, when CO2 emissions will have to be 80 percent below today's to keep atmospheric levels no higher than 450 parts per million. (We're now at 386 ppm, compared with 280 before the Industrial Revolution.) That's 80 percent less emissions from much greater use of energy."
Lewis's numbers show the enormous challenge we face. The world used 14 trillion watts (14 terawatts) of power in 2006. Assuming minimal population growth (to 9 billion people), slow economic growth (1.6 percent a year, practically recession level) and—this is key—unprecedented energy efficiency (improvements of 500 percent relative to current U.S. levels, worldwide), it will use 28 terawatts in 2050. (In a business-as-usual scenario, we would need 45 terawatts.) Simple physics shows that in order to keep CO2 to 450 ppm, 26.5 of those terawatts must be zero-carbon. That's a lot of solar, wind, hydro, biofuels and nuclear, especially since renewables kicked in a measly 0.2 terawatts in 2006 and nuclear provided 0.9 terawatts. Are you a fan of nuclear? To get 10 terawatts, less than half of what we'll need in 2050, Lewis calculates, we'd have to build 10,000 reactors, or one every other day starting now. Do you like wind? If you use every single breeze that blows on land, you'll get 10 or 15 terawatts. Since it's impossible to capture all the wind, a more realistic number is 3 terawatts, or 1 million state-of-the art turbines, and even that requires storing the energy—something we don't know how to do—for when the wind doesn't blow. Solar? To get 10 terawatts by 2050, Lewis calculates, we'd need to cover 1 million roofs with panels every day from now until then. "It would take an army"
The success of the system's decades of 'dumbing-down' of the populace, in order to make them more easily ruled. I meet many people at work, and chat, and most know absolutely nothing but what the brainwashing system tells them. Many sense that things are catastrophically awry, but lack the information and intellectual confidence to denounce the naked Emperors who control society. They'd rather watch the ritual torment of fat people on television.
"Now we need to see the real Obama," What makes you think you haven't seen him? He was re-elected President, and he is doing exactly what most of his constituents want done on climate change: nothing! He is following the pack as a representative of the people, not leading it.
1 incentive step is to establish free CO2 car zones in city center's.
"I think a lot of people fear being mocked as fools if they commit to the path of prevention". That's one interpretation. Another interpretation is that of a chain-smoker, who knows the consequences only too well but is too addicted to self-gratification in the here-and-now to make a rational decision.
re: "It would take an army". Terrific, the US has one of those and they are coming home. Insulating every building and putting solar panels on every roof would would supply a of jobs.
It would take an army–and look, we've got one! What a great way for the military to constructively engage.
Can society solve any major problem? Can society be truthful to itself? Can society deal with issues such as death? Can people in society not strive for just their own acquisition but for the social good? The basis of the economic system is acquisition and property and it can only function when there is surplus. What we are faced with is an existential crisis. We have to move beyond acquisition and property if we are to address our common problems.
Mulga, can I quote you? Not your "Yawn", but your earlier "draconian sacrifice" comment.
Not fair to say he has done nothing. Supported cap and trade legislation, got new standards for vehicle fuel efficiency, got stimulus money for green energy, backs EPA regulation of emissions, etc. I think it is fair to say he hasn't done nearly enough domestically and internationally. Very disappointing given his campaign rhetoric in 2008.
Using sports as an analogy I think what you are really talking about is momentum. That is what fuels energy. Even teams hopelessly behind often play hard very hard to the very end. We lack momentum. One big play can change the feeling of the game. All the momentum is on the side of making more money. How do we turn the situation around? That question is has not yet been answered.
When I use the expression 'nothing', it means a very small amount relative to the large steps that are required if we are to have any hope of saving the biosphere. I don't discount advances made in regulations on emissions, energy conservation, renewables development and deployment, etc, but we need to keep our focus on the metrics that count: global CO2 emissions and atmospheric CO2 concentration. We as a civilization have done effectively 'nothing' to slow the ominous trends in these metrics.
Why not state the obvious truth: "Many sense that things are catastrophically awry," but are not willing to sacrifice their self-indulgent energy-intensive lifestyles to save the biosphere?
"All the momentum is on the side of making more money." I would re-phrase this: all the momentum is on the side of continuing the energy intensive self-indulgent lifestyle to the exclusion of saving the biosphere. That places the responsibility on the shoulders of the true miscreants: us!
I hadn't heard of it. That was interesting. Thanks!
Nuclear fuel takes energy to mine. Nuclear power plants take energy to build. Nuclear power plants take energy to clean up after they go Fukushima. In the end, nuclear power can save us net energy over its lifetime if we adopt South Asian safety standards, where a 15 foot pole is one way to minimize worker radiation exposure to radioactive waste. I don't think that will be acceptable.
The US is down to about 1992 levels in emissions related to energy. Doesn't that count for something? Considering where we were in 2005 that's a fairly big drop.
I think the blame is widespread and includes the fossil fuel industry as well as us citizens trying to live the American dream or just survive. I wouldn't call our use of fossil fuels an addiction unless you want to call everything pleasurable an addiction. It really is at the core wanting the basics that make life bearable like electricity, heating, mobility, shelter, and so forth. In terms of an energy source fossil fuels are pretty close to ideal. They come in solid, liquid, and gas forms and provide compact energy whenever you need it. There doesn't seem to be any substitute with those advantages. This is just a nasty fact of life that we have to deal with. Regardless who we blame nothing will change that fact.
BobbyL, We made some strides in conservation/efficiency, but we also off-shored a lot of our emissions-generating industry. There's also game-playing with the accounting. On 5 December 2012, Kevin Matthews had an article on this site, and he stated: "U.S. major media and others have been trumpeting a false meme of declining U.S. greenhouse gas emissions, spinning off from EIA data that actually shows a much narrower trend."
Neither the media nor the politicians nor the fossil fuel industry have clean hands here. However, we are the central problem, and focusing mainly on the above insures the problem will never get solved.
"By focusing on easy, near-term cuts"
But we are not even focusing on these.
These figures reinforce the fact that we have to go into beyond-WWII type mobilization and conservation, when for example Britain reduced domestic petrol use by 95%. The years between now 2020 are much more critical than those between 2040 and 2050.
At every level of society–individual, family, business, institutional, municipal, state/province, national, and global–we have to set strict goal of ff-use reduction toward zero by 2020.
There are already many examples of institutions–mostly colleges and cities–that have set goals like this for themselves. They can be models for others.
This should be joined with goals to influence recalcitrant powerful organizations–like ff companies, and many government bodies–to do the right thing (and stop doing the wrong thing).
But we do have to have a sense that this is a global emergency, a threat to our very existence ultimately even more dangerous than any war except perhaps an all-out nuclear exchange. (Last time I looked, no wars have melted the ice cap or other fundamental features of the planet.)
But it's hard to keep people in emergency mode forever (if we can even get them there with anything that isn't as instinctively threatening as war in the first place).
Once we get in the mode of living on a much smaller energy diet–often meaning we are living much healthier lives. So many may want to continue living what by current standards may seem rather spartan lives to some.
But for others, the prospect of increasing build out of renewables allowing something like the luxuries of their pre-emergency life will help them get through the hard part.
But of course this is all pure fantasy.
Even though our leaders have been informed just how dangerous our situation is, none are willing to take actions even far milder than those necessary.
I think the biggest climate threat is inaction, the kind of inaction advocated by oil, gas and coal companies. The next biggest threat comes from those who denounce those who want to stop Keystone and other pipelines. Those who say it will do nothing to avoid climate destabilization. As if allowing those projects to go through would not contribute to the problem.
We already have a warmer planet and it will be very hard to halt warming at 2 degrees. We still might have a chance to do that but continued inaction makes it harder the longer we wait. I think we can, and probably will, avoid 10 degrees of warming but if our choice is to do nothing we run the risk of getting something above 2 degrees. Continued inaction might get us to somewhere around 4 to 5 degrees. That kind of warming over a period of something like 90 to 100 years would lead to a world that will have a very hard time supporting civilization as we currently know it.
It is absolute stupidity to claim it's too late to avoid a dystopian hell. It is also absolute stupidity to claim that even small efforts taken now to limit CO2 and methane will do nothing significant, so we shouldn't even pursue them. If by some miracle of international effort we avoid 2 degrees of average warming we will still have a struggle on our hands but it will be a long way from the absolute hell of 10 degrees.
I think we have to accept that there is a certain level of uncertainty in any situation, and how a person deals with that uncertainty tells us about her or his character.
Early on ('80s) there was legitimate uncertainty about how far and how fast GW might go. Some took this uncertainty to mean it was probably nothing to worry about at all. Others thought that it would be prudent to take immediate, relatively painless actions that would make it much less likely that bad consequences of GW would come about, if it did turn out to be as bad as some judged it to be.
Of course, the former voices mostly won out. We mostly did nothing very effective to get off of fossil fuels, and indeed globally we've been increasing our consumption of the nasty stuff.
Now we are in a position where there is essentially no uncertainty about the fact that global warming is real, caused by us, and very threatening.
There is also clear evidence that we are in fact crossing critical tipping points–the melting of Arctic sea ice cap being the most obvious and visible one, and one that threatens to trigger many other feedback loops.
(For a wonderful/terrible new video that makes the loss of ice mass very concrete, see:
http://neven1.typepad.com/blog/2013/04/ice-cube-volume-video.html )
Now of course there are still loud voices denying that there is anything to GW.
But for the rest, there are (among others) two reactions to the new kind of uncertainty we face that mirror the earlier attitudes. We cannot be certain exactly how far and how fast other feedbacks will kick in.
One reaction to this kind of uncertainty to assume that we now can have absolutely now effect on the outcome. (This seems to me to be oddly parallel to–or the flip side of–the position that uncertainty about early studies of GW meant that we didn't have to worry about it.)
Another reaction, though, is that, yes, very serious feedbacks seem to be kicking in, but we can't know exactly how fast or how certain those feedbacks will hit, and it is still likely that our actions will effect both the speed and magnitude of their impact.
Of course, there are other reactions. One can conclude (with more basis in science than most posts and the main post seems to acknowledge–see the MacDougal et al. paper from last fall on permafrost http://www.skepticalscience.com/Macdougall.html among others) that we are most likely already into a kind of runaway global warming situation but still:
1) not wish to pour more lighter-fluid on our already burning children (by reducing one's own impact, and those of ones family and institutions);
2) want to discredit the industries most responsible for starting and perpetuating the fire (by participating, for example, in McKibben's divestment campain).
I would just plead here that, even though some denialists may flip to being catastrophists (presumably mostly for cynical reasons), people here should not assume that everyone that sees the situation now as very dire indeed is one of these sort of insincere puppets of the death-fuel industry.
Superman1 wrote: "Secular is the 'Wrong Way' Corrigan of the climate movement"
So eliminating all fossil fueled electricity generation is the "wrong way"?
That makes it pretty clear where you are coming from, if it were not clear already.
Hi Wili,
Thanks that is a nice read.
Sorry Bobby, I mean exactly what I wrote. You don't have to believe me but I know what I'm talking about, ME
Joe: you write "Seriously, if we had too much "fear" about the very real, ever-worsening, compound threats posed by our current dawdling, well then we wouldn't be dawdling, would we?"
I use the word "dread" as fear does not quite capture the proper feel of what is coming.
Good piece. At a conference today a local protector of birds – organization name omitted – explained that we are adversely affecting raptors and bats and therefore should not build wind farms. There was no compromise and the answer was walking and using less.
OK. That should work.
As a last point, it is the energy accumulation rate, not the CO2 or equilibrium temperature per se, that is our biggest challenge. It's that rate which is driving all the rest of the effects, and its rather large. It seems we should focus on that a bit more.
Correct Bill. And we have moved into acquisition and property because we are organized into hierarchies of dominance that force us into competition and, therefore, self interest. To solve common problems, we need to organize ourselves as equals working together, ME
In the DNA of our form of organization, the first genotypical design principle, not the biological sort, ME
Secular, "So eliminating all fossil fueled electricity generation is the "wrong way"?" Doing it without requiring parallel harsh cutbacks in any non-essential use of fossil fuel is my main objection. That's what will drive us over the cliff, if we aren't over it already.
I think self-indulgence is part of the problem but citizens could reduce emissions quite a bit without changing their lifestyle. Making houses more energy efficient is probably the biggest thing that could be done. Just adding insulation and so forth. It can get expensive which is the problem but in the long run saves money. Also, people could buy more hybrid cars but again they cost more and the financial benefit is in the long run.
Why do you blame the ignorant and fearful, and those of limited power? Why not the elite, the wealthy, whose decisions actually put us in this position? The politicians and their financial backers could end this in time. Instead, you prefer to blame those who cannot be educated and emboldened overnight – it will likely take a generation.
Sounds like a losing strategy, but at least you can feel righteous in doing so.
Can't think of a better way for them to defend the country. It would also allow those boys and girls to unwind without the stresses of war, and avoid dumping all of those unemployed young people on the job market.
Taking a short look into ozone loss in the stratosphere reports by respected sources, I was surprised to see global warming listed as a reason to place our current situation on par with the dangers we faced 35 years ago before CFC's were commonly banned. Rather than having easy to find direct effects resulting in ozone depletion, GHG's react in many ways to cause ozone depletion in the stratosphere. Why even the common VOC's effect and deplete stratospheric ozone.
I really should thank those who contributed to the efficiency of doing research on the web, it is so much that may be found on the Internet.
The disaster today is, alas, far more multifarious and globally distributed than even Toba.
Of course.
Great comment Wili, this needs to be "liked" up to the top of the comments list!
Also it was pointed out that there are separate looks into and findings about overall stratospheric ozone loss and ozone holes at the poles.
An early uv index only went to 10 with 10 being listed as extreme. There are reports of 20 being the higher number of the index findings at locations near the equator with 10 or 11 being counted as extreme. Now 11 is listed as the number where eye and skin damage happens within 5 minutes of unprotected exposure.
The decrease in anphibious creatures is tied to stratospheric ozone depletion.
Yes, there are great harms retained by living creatures as a result of ozone depletion in the stratosphere.
It is very unlikely that we can avoid catastrophic climate change. Our global climate models have been ignoring feedback effects for too long. Until recently, the loss of sea ice in the Arctic was not part of the models as it wasn't expected for a couple of decades. I don't know which scientists you've been speaking with, Joe, but I've spoken with enough to know that they are terrified.
We have 1 trillion tons of carbon in the top 3 meters of the continuous permafrost (Ted Schuur) and it has long been projected that 90% of the continuous permafrost will thaw this century. And that was before the sea ice started to seriously disappear. Add to that the real strength of methane compared to CO2 of 100 (GWP) and not the 25 that the UN wants scientists to use. The 100 is when it first is emitted and it stays close to that for some years getting down to 72 at 20 years. That methane from permafrost is radiating right back down on the permafrost to further the rate of thawing. Add the extra thermal energy from the Arctic Ocean that comes from the melting sea ice and moves over the permafrost to further the thawing.
Richard Alley, in his "Two-Mile Time Machine" shows 23 abrupt climate changes over the past 100,000 years of 14oF to 18oF increase. These took 10-20 years for some of them but only 3 years for the majority. Even though the conditions were somewhat different then, it tells us that very rapid climate change is possible.
So there is every reason to worry that the tipping point is well behind us and this combination of factors in the Arctic will cascade. That's not even considering the threat of methane clathrates!
This isn't to say it's too late so let's just back off. We need to work hard to buy time. We need to stop CO2 emissions as much as possible as quickly as possible and we need to start looking more at adaptation.
I'm trying to do my share by working on a private fusion energy power project that has the potential to have 3-GW fusion energy power plants spreading around the country in 10 years from now. We think we have all the science questions answered and only engineering concerns in front of us. Even the financial aspect seems to be in order.
But do we really have the time for this? Probably not but we need to try anyway.
Correction: When I said 90% of the continuous permafrost will thaw this century, I meant only down to 3 meters but that takes care of 900 billion tons! Yikes!
There's plenty of blame to go around, but the politicians can't make real changes until they have the consent of 'we the people'. Suppose rationing far harsher than what we had in WWII is required; do you think the politicians could, or would, institute that without our consent? We're the ones burning the fuel, and we're the only ones who can reverse the problem. Sorry that doesn't mesh with your ideology.
"We need to stop CO2 emissions as much as possible as quickly as possible". But, even on this site of supposed climate activists, we see many proposals that promise a painless transition to renewables, with no sacrifice required at all. Indeed, anyone proposing the requirement of harsh measures is termed a 'defeatist' interested only in imposing 'draconian sacrifice'. Where are the people who will institute these emissions cuts, and where do you see any evidence of their motivation?
"potential to have 3-GW fusion energy power plants spreading around the country in 10 years". With all due respect, Lyman Spitzer proposed the Model-D Stellarator Project in 1954, promising the demonstration of commercial fusion power in five years. We have had similar fusion proposals periodically since then. What evidence do we have that your fusion power plants are more credible than those of yore?
Could you please provide a link to your extended reference? I've done back-of-the-envelope wind estimates myself that disagree with Prof. Lewis and I'd like to know where I went wrong. Thanks!
That is the real "what if". If we already have 400ppm co2, and no sign of slowing down, how much more will nature belch into the atmosphere in the next 100 years as a result of terrestrial change? My gut says that even if we held co2 at 400ppm, permafrost will melt and add more in time. The big question is how much and how fast. I think lot of warming, but not as fast as the climate models suggest.
Fat chance… and who is going to pay for the solar panels?
Superman, can you point to a single claim of a "painless transition"? Because I've not seen one. I've seen a lot looking to minimise the pain, but none that suggest it is entirely avoidable.
To take your smoking analogy, people want to look for nicotine patches or similar. Your insistence on cold-turkey only simply ensures 50% of people who would like to quit fail to do so.
Your posts remind me of the medieval idea that mortifying the flesh with a cilice was proof of virtue. Wear your hairshirt if you want, but your constant insistance that anyone who differs is a sinner is boring, counterproductive and wrong.
Well, 500 MW in 15 years, but perhaps you should read about ITER before assuming that nothing has changed since the 50's.
Seismic footings are now complete, and pouring of the slab for the Tokomak is about to start. Not another proposal, but bricks and mortar, as it were.
I really think that this is so important. I used to give many talks on Peak Oil and would always say at the end that in my opinion this issue, and it's as relevant if not more so to Climate Change, will not be resolved (as far as that can be done) with technological solutions. The problem is us and we can only address it by changing our relationship with the planet and our relationship with each other. If we don't we will just continue replicating the same old problems that got us into this mess in fancy new high-tech ways. Climate Change, Peak oil and many other huge issues facing us are really asking us to find out what it means to be human in a world of 7 billion people.
I believe that with all the excellent initiatives that are springing up and the rapid spread of the inspirational Transition Movement that we can potentially do this but whether we can do it soon enough is another matter.
George: Yes, we may well hit a weekly average of 400ppm in the next couple weeks. The last week officially logged was at 398.68.
The recent hourly and daily averages point to the next weekly average being well above 399.
The peak week is usually one or two weeks after that on.
Your gut feeling about permafrost melt agrees with the latest science. See the MacDougal link above.
Bottom line: most humans are incapable or disinterested in perceiving the ultimate consequences of our daily, cumulative activities. In this regard, our species appears no more advanced than other animals.
We're like a herd of antelope gathered at a shrinking water hole in the middle of a desert. No matter what the scientists or philosophers think, we'll just keep drinking our fill until the bitter end.
As comedian George Carlin once said, "The Earth isn't going anywhere; WE are. We're going away."
We were born with the intellectual capacity to survive, but we refuse to utilize our greatest gift. On the contrary, we use our intellect each day mainly to threaten rather than to preserve our survival as a species. Essentially, climate change represents the mother of all moral issues for humankind and we're failing miserably at the basic test of generational morality. Even lower animals aren't this stupid.
The point of my posting was that we've been hearing promises of cheap and plentiful fusion power for the past sixty years. ITER is essentially a scientific feasibility demo, hoping to demonstrate breakeven (power in = power out). Present costs are about $20B, with estimates of substantial escalation before completion.
Fission was discovered in 1938, and breakeven was demonstrated in the Stagg Field experiment, four years later. Fusion was discovered by Rutherford in the Cavendish Laboratory in 1934, and eighty years later, breakeven is, at best for ITER, estimated to be about 2028. There's a message in these two sentences!
Given the complexity of its design and maintenance, there's little chance the tokamak as reflected by ITER will lead to competitive commercial power production. If you want nuclear, go breeder! It works, the design is much simpler, and the unknowns are far fewer.
But, there's a simpler route. The Southwest is projected to have increasing drought due to climate change. Why not blanket the area with PV cells, connect them to an expanded grid, and have a clean technology? It's certainly not going to cost more than fusion, and even if it costs more than fission or fossil (it may very well end up being competitive), view the extra cost the way you view the purchase of organic food; good for your health and worth the extra money.
"boring, counterproductive and wrong." Well, if you want to read feel-good sounds-good projections of the transition, where all is wine and roses, read Secular's proposals. Economic prosperity, continue enjoying the benefits that only technology can bring et al. Look, it's not my insistence on cold turkey; my reading of the science is that it is Mother Nature's insistence and, as McPherson states, She Bats Last.
Small point about breakeven. I believe the largest gain that's been demonstrated in a tokamak so far is 0.7 in JET. ITER's stated target is a gain of ten. If they achieve such a gain, the earliest they could have a commercial demo would be somewhere in the 2040s, and the earliest actual commercial is another two decades. Well before then, we could be fully solarized.
Now, for those who like fully organic meals and periodic fasting, if we went full speed on solar and wind, in parallel with eliminating every non-essential use of fossil fuel, that's a compromise I could grudgingly make. Even though some fossil fuel will be expanded in such a transition, it may be sufficiently small (especially if we could do some serious carbon recovery in parallel) to keep us from going over the brink.
Tragedy of the commons. That's our predicament. We are not stupid. Everyone is just acting in their self-interest which to them makes perfect sense. An enforceable global cap on greenhouse gas emissions seems to be the only way out.


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CONFRONTING CANCER; Treatments in the Wings: New Drugs Could Replace Even Tamoxifen
By LAURIE TARKAN
Published: April 9, 2002
Several new breast cancer treatments may soon be available to lower a patient's risk of recurrence or simply be less invasive, less toxic and less burdensome than existing therapies.
They are not miracle cures, but with cancer, treatment advances are typically small, adding up over time to make significant differences in patients' recovery.
One advance that has generated excitement among oncologists is a class of drugs called aromatase inhibitors, a type of hormone therapy. Some predict that these drugs could replace tamoxifen, the most common drug for preventing the recurrence of breast cancer. The aromatase inhibitors are now approved for use in menopausal women with advanced or metastatic cancer.
At the San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium in December, researchers presented results of a large study comparing anastrazole, an aromatase inhibitor, to tamoxifen. The study, involving more than 9,000 women who had breast cancer and had undergone surgery and chemotherapy (if needed), found a 17 percent reduction in the risk of recurrence in those taking the aromatase inhibitor compared with those taking tamoxifen.
Likewise, those taking anastrazole were less likely than those taking tamoxifen to develop endometrial cancers, have strokes or suffer other symptoms. ''This study shows that aromatase inhibitors appear to be at least as safe if not safer and at least as effective if not more,'' said Dr. Clifford A. Hudis, chief of breast cancer medicine service at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. He was not involved in the study.
Aromatase inhibitors, like tamoxifen, are directed at the hormone estrogen, which is known to stimulate tumor growth in most breast cancer patients. Aromatase is a vital enzyme in estrogen production, converting androgens into estrogens. By blocking the enzyme's action, these drugs reduce levels of estrogen that can reach breast tissue. Tamoxifen, on the other hand, blocks estrogen from binding to receptors in breast cells. Aromatase inhibitors are not effective in premenopausal women, whose ovaries churn out too much estrogen for the inhibitors to overcome.
''They work entirely differently but the end result is the same, that you're trying to stop the estrogen from stimulating the tumor,'' said Dr. Angela Brodie, professor of pharmacology at the University of Maryland at Baltimore.
Experts warn oncologists against rushing to switch their patients to anastrazole, though some doctors already have. ''What remains to be seen is whether other studies will confirm this result and whether it will bear out in the long term,'' said Dr. Hudis. ''If it does, it represents a small but significant advance.''
''This study can have implications for tens of thousands of women over the course of even a year,'' said Dr. Eric Winer, chairman of a panel convened by the American Society of Clinical Oncology to review the research on aromatase inhibitors and recommend whether oncologists should switch patients to them. These guidelines are expected to be released next month.
Aromatase inhibitors have not been compared with tamoxifen for the prevention of breast cancer, and doctors are advising healthy women against using them preventively until large studies are conducted for effectiveness and safety. Some concern has been expressed about lower levels of estrogen harming bones, which estrogen protects.
Other advances are being made in surgery. As smaller and smaller tumors are being discovered in women, surgeons have been compelled to search for techniques to remove the tiny tumors with less surgery and better cosmetic results than even the breast-conserving lumpectomy. ''If you're picking up smaller tumors, you will be able to treat them with less invasive technologies,'' said Dr. Eva Singletary, professor of surgery at the University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center.
These minimally invasive surgeries can ablate or destroy a tumor using radiofrequency or lasers via a probe not much bigger than an IV needle. ''This could potentially be done outside the operating room, in the office setting, and it would involve only a nick in the skin to insert the probe. The patient could literally walk out with a little Band-Aid on the skin and avoid that surgical scar,'' said Dr. Singletary.
Radiofrequency ablation, which has succeeded on liver cancer, is being tested in breast cancer patients with tumors 1.5 centimeters or smaller in experimental studies at the M. D. Anderson Center in Houston and at the Weill Cornell Center in New York.
Guided by ultrasound imaging, a surgeon inserts a needle-thin probe into a tumor. Then, the probe opens like an umbrella with alternating current sent up the spokes.
''The ions in surrounding tissue follow the current, and that back and forth action creates heat,'' said Dr. Singletary, who is heading the study. ''The tumor heats itself, causing its own destruction.'' The remains are left inside the breast, where they wither.
Laser ablation works similarly, but uses laser energy to heat and kill the tumor, said Dr. Kambiz Dowlatshahi, associate professor of surgery at Rush-Presbyterian St. Luke's Medical Center in Chicago.
One concern with minimally invasive surgery is that it may leave some cancerous cells behind in the margins, but so far, studies have found the margins clean.


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Cynthia Radusewicz
Published: Sunday, October 11, 2009 at 4:30 a.m.
Last Modified: Saturday, October 10, 2009 at 6:12 p.m.
Cynthia Victoria Jackson Radusewicz, 61, of Mills River passed away Thursday, Oct. 8, 2009, at her home after an extended illness.
She was a native of Henderson County and had lived here most of her life. She was the daughter of the late Ray and Nellie Moss Jackson. She was a member of Maple Hill Baptist Church, loved to sing and adored her animals.
She is survived by her loving husband of 24 years, Donald V. Radusewicz; her brother, Dewey Jackson and wife, Ruth, of East Flat Rock; her nephew, Brandon Jackson, a very special neighbor, Russ Barrett; three step-children and several grandchildren.
A graveside service will be at 2 p.m. today at Union Hill Baptist Church Cemetery with the Rev. Donald Hare officiating.
In lieu of flowers, donations may be made to one's favorite charity. Condolence cards may be sent to the family at www.jacksonfuneralservice.com or to PO Box 945, Hendersonville, NC 28793.
Jackson Funeral Service is in charge of the arrangements.
Reader comments posted to this article may be published in our print edition. All rights reserved. This copyrighted material may not be re-published without permission. Links are encouraged.
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I jellies!
Now available for purchase for 100 via the premium content platform on the right hand side.
Now available for purchase for 100 via the premium content platform on the right hand side.
b e a u t i f u l
Stunning jellyfish, I like how you have managed to capture the details of the stingers floating out around it.
That is a compass jelly, right? How was this taken? It looks like it has been taken under water! The simplest and most primitive animals has a certain beauty of their own...
Ahh, I can't remember what sort of jelly it is. It was taken through glass
Still difficult to take a good picture through glass You must have a very good zoo close to you, because you get to see all these awesome animals.
A jellyfish a jellyfish ! I LOVE THIS ONE ! I can't believe they are so dangerous... because they are so beautiful, so poetic, full of color... You take a very wonderful shot :3
What a pretty Jelly. I dont get to see them all to often around here and you captured the colors really well. I dont get to see them unless they are in the zoo and I have to travel ages to go see those. thank you for such a great shot.
This is so beautiful!! I love jellifishes and I like the colours of this piece.
It's... awesome wow, how you did so amazing picture
Funny to think things like this really exist in nature. So beautiful.
This is so beautiful! The jellyfish look like fire!
It,s beautiful! Very interesting and orginal. I like this colour
Very interesting. I wasn't sure what it was at first when I clicked on it, but I think this is really nice!
Oh my gosh, it's beautiful! I really love the colors!
Looks cutie!
The details are awesome
The details are awesome
Nice capture of the fine details (:
is looks absolutely beautiful
Wow, that's amazing!


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Rich Hill
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Rich Hill doesn't just make you feel like you know these boys; it makes you care about them.
It emerges as an artistic statement as multi-faceted, nuanced and hauntingly original as any of its fictional counterparts.
A truly moving and edifying film, Rich Hill is the type of media object that could and should be put in a time capsule for future generations.
Their film would be even more compelling if it followed up with further reports, perhaps a few years apart, charting the three boys' fates.
Rich Hill might fairly be called "Boyhood: The Documentary," and, not surprisingly, it offers a reality harsher than — if just as compassionate as — Richard Linklater's dreamy time-lapse drama.
Co-directors Andrew Droz Palermo and Tracy Droz Tragos let the painful stories emerge naturally, without prodding questions or talking-head experts who place the boys' grim lives in the larger context of the post-industrial economy.
Frustrating, at times agonizing, the film is nonetheless dappled with a sad beauty. It's one of the best documentaries of the year.
There are moments when Tragos and Palermo run the risk of transforming their subjects into tools exploited for the sake of the movie's artistic vision, but the best part of Rich Hill is that its participants rise above the limitations of the material.
The brutally sparse documentary Rich Hill removes poverty from the realm of the abstract and makes it personal.
This vital documentary gives you a world of hurt, prescribes nothing, and calls the ultimate questions you can ask as an American.
Inside these average American lives are futures far too often passed over or, worse, written off. This terrific film gives the teenagers their due.
Make no mistake: Rich Hill is a social document, and conclusions can and should be drawn from its beautiful, empathetic portrait of life on the fringes. But Tragos and Palermo content themselves with shining a light and leaving it at that.
Everything about the three principal teens registers as deserving of "human interest" to Rich Hill's two helmers, whose generous attitude draws us into this deeply empathetic film.
Often heartbreaking, Rich Hill presents real life as few filmgoers know it. In certain respects it's almost as if cultural anthropologists descended on a foreign land, but, unfortunately, it's a withered part of this nation that is rarely visited.
The confluence of poverty, dysfunctional parenting and poor educational prospects makes the oft-idealized small-town life look like an incubator for failure, no matter how high and spectacular the Fourth of July fireworks fly.
The movie exists mainly as an act of social advocacy, showing how one portion of the population lives and offering a sobering rebuke to pull-yourself-up-by-your-bootstraps rhetoric.
Regular hazily scored, gauzy interludes cut into the film's immediacy and tone. But the filmmakers shade in humble, sympathetic portraits of these children.
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3 Reviews
This is great! I like to top it off with a little sweet and sour when I have a glass.
YUM! Easy and truly delicious, sweet with a slight tartness. Thank you so much for posting this. I am giving it as holiday gifts, as well.
Lovely appearance, and the flavor is, well, wow! Giving as a gift to several people this Xmas- recipe doubles and triples well.


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I have worked in the field of software development since the early nineties (C and C++ under DOS and Windows), becoming more and more involved in systems design along the way.
This culminated in starting my own consultancy business and working with a number of prestigious clients (for example Barclays, Nationwide, Coutts, IBM) providing architecture services in both the UK and USA.
I still remain hands-on, .net mostly, but this is really due to client demand rather than any overwhelming desire to crank out code! (If the truth be told I'd happily never write another line.)
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Amazon.com Review
Deirdre McNamer's third novel is infused with a deep melancholy rooted in her character's awareness of life's fragility. It is precisely this awareness that forces Francesca to be true to her desire for desire, no matter the outcome. "I'm hoping to channel it into something constructive," she says, "but it's possible that that won't happen. It may be my religion, my way of insisting on the existence of some unseeable truth. It may also be a way of going blind. Of missing what's best when it's right before your eyes." A scary religion, that, but as My Russian makes clear, it's one that Francesca, like the truly faithful, cannot help but obey. --Katherine Anderson
From Publishers Weekly
Copyright 1999 Reed Business Information, Inc.


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Friends of Australia Congressional Caucus
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
|This article does not cite any sources. (July 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The Friends of Australia Congressional Caucus is the bipartisan caucus within the U.S. Congress that seeks to "promote a deeper cultural understanding, enhance our mutual security, and strengthen our economic ties" between the United States and Australia. The caucus was founded by Jennifer Dunn and Cal Dooley.
This group corresponds to the U.S./Australia Parliamentary Friendship Group in the Parliament of Australia.


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Journal of Insect Conservation
, Volume 17, Issue 3, pp 431-440
First online:
Biogeographical patterns of variation in Western European populations of the great green bush-cricket (Tettigonia viridissima; Orthoptera Tettigoniidae)
- E. M. CooperAffiliated withSchool of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Plymouth University
- , P. H. LuntAffiliated withSchool of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Plymouth University Email author
- , J. S. EllisAffiliated withSchool of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University
- , M. E. KnightAffiliated withSchool of Biomedical and Biological Sciences, Plymouth University
Rent the article at a discountRent now
* Final gross prices may vary according to local VAT.Get Access
The great green bush-cricket, Tettigonia viridissima, is at the northern limits of its geographic distribution in the UK and has suffered a significant reduction in population abundance and range over the last 50 years, now being largely confined to the southern UK. This study uses five characters to investigate differences between UK and mainland Western European populations, questioning the possibility that UK populations might represent a distinct species or sub-species and thus deserve special conservation status. Males of T. viridissima from UK, France and Spain were compared using morphometry, flight, male calling song and analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequences. Results suggest morphological differences between UK population samples and continental Europe with the UK samples showing shorter wing length relative to body length than populations in continental Europe. Morphological differences between French and Spanish populations followed a size cline related to latitude with more southerly populations showing larger features. Analysis of male flight distances and calling song showed significant differences with increased flight distance and minimum stridulation following a southerly latitude which correlates with wing length results. No differences consistent with geographical distributions were found in mitochondrial DNA COI sequence alignments. Morphological differences could be due to developmental differences linked to differing temperature clines or a non-adaptive difference caused by the colonisation history of the species. The consequences of morphometric variation on flight function and stridulation in bush-crickets are discussed.
KeywordsBush-crickets Morphology Genetic divergence Flight Male calling European
Reference tools
- Title
- Biogeographical patterns of variation in Western European populations of the great green bush-cricket (Tettigonia viridissima; Orthoptera Tettigoniidae)
- Journal
Journal of Insect Conservation
Volume 17, Issue 3 , pp 431-440
- Cover Date
- 2013-06
- 10.1007/s10841-012-9525-9
- Print ISSN
- Online ISSN
- 1572-9753
- Publisher
- Springer Netherlands
- Additional Links
- Topics
- Keywords
- Bush-crickets
- Morphology
- Genetic divergence
- Flight
- Male calling
- European
- Authors
- E. M. Cooper (1)
- P. H. Lunt (1)
- J. S. Ellis (2)
- M. E. Knight (3)
- Author Affiliations
- 1. School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Plymouth University, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
- 2. School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK
- 3. School of Biomedical and Biological Sciences, Plymouth University, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK


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I've created a custom taxonomy for a content type that I've made, and I can't get the listing to work when I use permalinks.
The code that I've used to create the taxonomy is straight out of many examples that are seen around the place:
register_taxonomy ("productcategories", array ("ourproducts"), array ("hierarchical" => true, "label" => "Product Categories", "singular_label" => "Category", "rewrite" => true, "public" => true));
When I remove the permalinks and use the defualt "?=123" settings, I can see the pages as expected and the page lists the items that are set ofr that term, but when I use the "Post name" setting for permalinks (or any of the other settings) I get a 404 page.
I've trie deverything from changing the permalink settings, deletinng the .htaccess. file, changing the catgory slug so that I know that it's unique, but nothing seems to help.
Is there something specail that I have missed, or is this just not going to work?


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Fixed-Price - Intermediate ($$) - Est. Budget: $40 - PostedSkills: Budgeting & Forecasting Accounting Bookkeeping Business Planning
I need someone to help develop a set of accounting presentations by topics. Also will provide some contents for the blog ( small business related) 5 blog posts and 2 powerpoint presentations per month. This is an ongoing project . I will give you topics and directions and you put together a presentation / course. Sample topics : - How to maximize taxes deductions when you work from home - Keys to successful business planning - How to succeed as a freelancer They will be Accounting and Small business related topics.


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Orkut Toolbar for IE & FirefoxFree
Quick Specs
Total Downloads:6,914
Date Added:Oct. 11, 2006
File Size:896.08KB
Downloads Last Week:1
From MokkaSoft: Orkut Toolbar is a great browsing companion for members and fans of Google's Orkut social network. It lets you search Orkut / Friends / Communities / WWW anywhere from the Web while serving as an useful navigation aid for Orkut. What's more. You can now chat with other online Orkutters with a built-in chat in the toolbar. The toolbar also comes with a pop-up blocker, powerful privacy-protector with cookie, cache & browsing history cleaner, an e-mail notifier that lets you know when new mails arrive in your Hotmail / Yahoo / Gmail or other POP3 accounts and a weather forecast button that gives you a three day forecast for your city. You could have never asked for more! Download and install for IE, Firefox or both.
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text: Maybe this has been fixed in 2.2 (I'm not brave enough to upgrade until I hear how it's gone for other people) but when you have 400 or 500 Pages it becomes a real chore when creating a new Page to try to find a particular parent page. The drop-down doesn't really scroll properly for some reason and it makes it impossible to see where you are in the list. It is in Firefox, anyway.


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Mohit Jain
warning !
This is just a rip-off my linkedin profile :D
My main programming forte is web application development using Ruby on Rails. Have 5+ years work experience in Ruby on Rails. 6+ years total work experience developing web application initially in PHP then later in Ruby on Rails.
I work as a Freelancer who knows Ruby on Rails, Jquery and also having good hand with conventional programming languages like C and C++
In his spare time, I writes tech articles on www.codebeerstartups.com
Specialties: Prototype building, Project Planning, Ruby on Rails, Writing rich client Javascript applications and Web usability
- Delhi, India
- jainmohit27
- mohitjain
- codebeerstartups.com
- Member for 6 years
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Reload the page and try again.
Its very easy to get registered into the programs but getting accepted and getting through the program is up to you because it has to do with your own abilities.
My program is great and I love what I am going to be doing for the rest of my life. The workload is heavy , very heavy in fact, but it is worth it and I can't wait to go to medical school.
Tons to Choose from – Tons of majors to choose from and more importantly, awesome guidance in deciding a major and planning each semester.
Easy to Find – I have not yet had my internship but I will be starting one next semester or this summer. They are easy to find because your advisor will help to set one up for you although most that I know of are not paid, but you can still find ones that are you just have to look a little harder.
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Definición de anabiosis en inglés:
sustantivo[mass noun] Zoology
A temporary state of suspended animation or greatly reduced metabolism.
Oraciones de ejemplo
- CAM also occurs in some resurrection plants that are desiccation-tolerant and can shift between biosis and anabiosis as they dry out and are rewatered, respectively.
- His photographs show that during anabiosis membranes contract in intricate folds within the shrunken cell.
- He said three types of life forms are found in permafrost: active ones that eke out a living, forms in suspended anabiosis until things get better, and the ones that simply gave up and died.
- Oraciones de ejemplo
- We put hearts, blood and semen of the lab animals into an anabiotic capsule designed and built by our team.
- Evidence suggests that glacial ice cannot support bacterial growth but rather traps these organisms for considerable lengths of time in an anabiotic state.
- When anabiotic, tardigrades look like they are dead - they don't move, don't breathe and their metabolism is undetectable.
Late 19th century: from Greek anabiōsis, from anabioein 'return to life'.
For editors and proofreaders
Saltos de línea: ana|bi¦osis
Definición de anabiosis en:
¿Qué te llama la atención de esta palabra o frase?
Los comentarios que no respeten nuestras Normas comunitarias podrían ser moderados o eliminados.
Muy popular en Reino Unido
Muy popular en Australia
= de moda


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Calgary Tower
View from the tower
More from up very high.
The museum we didn't get to see the inside of.
Kianor failing to move the ball.
Hanging out with L.E. Modesitt, Jr.
Tad wearing Teyo's hair.
Gigi & Kiema, at the awards banquet.
More from the awards banquet. (Sahi made our culottes, hers and Libra's blouses; I made the corsets & my blouse)
Ladies of S'march @ the awards banquet.
Ooh, I have a picture of Rajan! (left of Sahi)
To the right of Libra are Keith (KlynnGrey) and Drew.
And then Debora and Tad joined us!
At the bar again... after the awards banquet.
L.E. looks serious.
More fun at the bar. See that Marian-tall thing? Yeah, I was wearing 2.5" heels. And She Was Slouching.
At the Calgary Zoo. I love giraffes. Especially baby ones.
This photo came out much better than I expected.
Zebras are cool.
Odd bird, I forget what it's called.
Sad monkey.
It's a condor!
Banff, before it started snowing.
The view from Banff.
I went up on that gondola. And I survived.
The view from the top. It's starting to snow.


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|Find a Breeder
|Puppies For Sale
|Dog Trainers
|Hunting Preserves
|Dog Pedigrees
|Post a Classified
More Chesapeake Bay Retriever Puppies and Dogs for sale.
12 week old female Chesapeake puppy RKK Kennels in Mayville, Michigan
young started dog RKK Kennels in Mayville, Michigan
Treasure Lake Chesapeakes Puppies a... Treasure Lake Chesapeakes in Chagrin Falls, Ohio
AKC CHESAPEAKE BAY RETRIEVER PUPPIE... Hiland Chesapeakes in Mason City, Iowa
Puppies ready September 13th! Excellent ... Blackwood Chesapeakes in North Branch, Michigan
Chesapeake Bay Pups L T Farms in Gladwin, Michigan
New Chesapeake Bay Retriever Litter Bay Kennels in Sioux City, Iowa
AKC CHESAPEAKE BAY RETRIEVER PUPS PRAIRIE CHESAPEAKES in Wood River, Nebraska
Hunted/Started Gun Dog Forty Acre Chesapeakes in Oswego, Kansas
Forty Acre Chesapeakes Forty Acre Chesapeakes in Oswego, Kansas
Expecting two Chessie litters! Brousseau Retrievers in Greensburg, Louisiana
Chessie pups galore. Males and Females. ... Xanadu Kennels in Magnolia, Texas
chesapeake bay retriever female puppy fo... flyingbkennel.com in san antonio, Texas
Chesapeake Bay Retriever Puppies Spradlin Farms in Porum, Oklahoma
IRONSTONE CHESAPEAKE PUPPIES Ironstone Chesapeakes in Ponca City, Oklahoma
NORTHERN EDGE PUPPIES READY FOR NEW... NORTHERN EDGE CHESAPEAKES in Sheridan, Arkansas
CHESAPEAKE BAY RETRIEVER PUPS AKC PRAIRIE CHESAPEAKES in Wood River, Nebraska
AKC Chesapeake Bay Retriever Puppie... ASD Kennels in Roundup, Montana
SUGARCREEK CHESAPEAKES Sugarcreek Chesapeakes in BELLBROOK, Ohio
Chesapeake Bay Retriever Puppies- Purpl... Dave's Kennels in Micco, Florida
Chesapeake Bay Retriever Puppies-o... Dave's Kennels in Micco, Florida
Chesapeake Bay Retriever Puppies-pink Dave's Kennels in Micco, Florida
Chesapeake Bay Retriever -White Dave's Kennels in Micco, Florida
Chessie pups ready Monarch Kennels in Houston, Texas
8 Month Old Chessie Pup Kennebec Chesapeakes in N. Monmouth, Maine
AKC Chesapeake Litters planned! - Chesapeake Bay Retrievers in Roundup, Montana - ASD Kennels
Pups will be both wonderful family companions and excellent hunters & retrievers. Puppies come with AKC limited registration (with option of full for an additional fee), dew claws removed, 1st round of shots, several wormings, and a 2 year health guarantee. Colors expected are shades of brown, sedge & deadgrass. Prices start at $800 for Brown, $900 for Sedge or Deadgrass. Get on our waiting list today! Visit our website for more info on our kennel.
Ad location: Roundup, Montana
Ad created: Sep 14, 2013
Contact Information
Contact Name: Alex & Stacy DeWolf
406-323-2111Contact breeder through email Click here to visit website
ASD Kennels Breeder Information


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Pizza Coupons
Select Local Merchants
Hungry Howies PizzaRead MoreDeemed "pizza of the year" every year by Hungry Howies Pizza's loyal fans, this deliciously-cheesy pizza will have you reaching for seconds, thirds, and even fourths. Quit fat and gluten at Hungry Howies Pizza, where low-fat fare and G-free offerings are the norm. Homebodies can take advantage of this pizzeria's delivery and take-out options. Our customers come for our delicious food. They stay in our free parking. Everyone's talking about Hungry Howies Pizza. Find out why when you treat yourself to a delicious pizza pie. Select your toppings and create a delicious pizza made from scratch by visiting Hungry Howies Pizza.16769 Fishhawk BoulevardLithia, FL US
Westshore PizzaRead MorePick up a pepperoni pie or try a less traditional topping at Westshore Pizza in Lithia's Fishhawk neighborhood. Westshore Pizza serves up the finest gluten-free and healthy eats in the area. It's time to gather up the party people. Serve them great food from Westshore Pizza. Parking has never been easier at Westshore Pizza, a restaurant located near a variety of parking selections. Treat yourself to an affordable meal at Westshore Pizza and save some cash for another day. So load up a few pizzas with your favorite toppings at Westshore Pizza and enjoy a night munching away with your friends.16132 Churview DriveLithia, FL US
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New York PizzaRead MoreLoad up on carbs at New York Pizza — this Italian joint serves tasty grub in Lithia's Wimauma-Riverview community. New York Pizza is located near endless parking possibilities, allowing drivers to park with ease. Cut out the sky-high price tags, add incredible flavor and an awesome menu and what do you get? New York Pizza is the answer to finding great food at even better prices! So treat yourself to a delicious Italian meal from New York Pizza and satisfy your hunger.10433 South County Road 39Lithia, FL US
Jet's PizzaRead MoreWhether you are looking for a slice of pizza or a whole pizza pie, Lithia's Jet's Pizza offers a wide variety of pizza types and sizes. Low-fat, gluten-free and anything else you've been looking for waits here. Grab this pizzeria's delicious food on the go with its takeout and delivery services. Take your vehicle to dinner nearby parking is plentiful and will not pose a problem for drivers looking to dine. Make use of the luxurious bike racks at Jet's Pizza. So when you are in the mood for a tasty pizza pie, make your way over to the highly-rated Jet's Pizza.13429 Boyette RoadRiverview, FL US
Joel's Pizza PalaceRead MoreFresh from the oven every time, the insanely-cheesy slices at Joel's Pizza Palace have visitors hooked on five-star reviews. If you're in need of a booster seat, this pizzeria's got you covered. This is a great spot for the whole family. Make the most of the warm summer months by dining outdoors in Joel's Pizza Palace's beautiful outdoor seating area. Reservations are not accepted at Joel's Pizza Palace, so you may encounter a crowd during rush hours. Relaxed attire is perfectly fine at Joel's Pizza Palace, known for its laid-back ambience. Catering makes it easier to organize any event, and Joel's Pizza Palace will ensure that it is delicious. Eating requires the perfect environment. This pizzeria's pickup and delivery options let you choose where you want to dine. Free parking is offered every day of the week at the lot near Joel's Pizza Palace. You'll also find plenty of safe spaces to lock up your bike if you prefer to cycle to the pizzeria. For the cheesiest, most delicious pie in town, pizza lovers claim that Joel's Pizza Palace is at the top of the list. So bring your appetite to Joel's Pizza Palace. This no-muss, no-fuss pizza joint comes with rave reviews. So grab a group of friends and head to Joel's Pizza Palace, where you can relax in a casual setting while enjoying a delicious, handmade pizza. With a pizza from Joel's Pizza Palace, you'll truly maximize your night's amount of fun. Come see why the Italian food at Joel's Pizza Palace is well worth the price. For a new take on Italian classics, make your way over to Joel's Pizza Palace and taste some great eats.1028 Bloomingdale AvenueValrico, FL US


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BEARPAW Women's Emma Short Winter Boot Reviews
Rated 4.7 out of 5 by 1727reviewers.
Rated 5 out of 5 by Cindymill Excellent customer service Had an issue with a pair I purchased for Xmas and they replaced and were very professional and efficient July 18, 2016
Rated 5 out of 5 by ELAINE BEARPAW BOOTHS My Daughter received a pair of Bearpaw Booths for Xmas, the ones she really wanted, she wore it a couple of months, and the bottom came apart, i called Bearpaw customer service, they were very helpful, returned my call promptly, and also my daughter received her new pair of Booths quickly and she loved it. thank you, Bearpaw customer service. June 8, 2016
Rated 5 out of 5 by Tres Amazing I am pleased how much this company backs up their product 100% Thank you guys that's worth buying ever June 3, 2016
Rated 5 out of 5 by Aw19 Love them I just got my 3rd pair this Christmas. I noticed the sole was coming loose from the bottom of the boot. Contacted customer service and they replaced them for me. May 10, 2016


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Superhero Bits: Ant-Man, X-Men Apocalypse, Justice League, Luke Cage, Guardians
Posted on Friday, December 5th, 2014 by Germain Lussier
Has Ant-Man finished production? Want to see the scariest Guardians of the Galaxy Halloween costume ever? What trait is Oscar Isaac hoping to bring to X-Men: Apocalypse? Is there a trailer for Justice League: Throne of Atlantis? Which superhero movies are eligible for the Visual Effects Oscar? Did Terry Crews say something now that Luke Cage has been cast? Where can you get all the different Guardians of the Galaxy Blu-ray versions? Read about all this and more in today's Superhero Bits. Read More »