text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Publication date
|Jul 11, 1972
|Filing date
|Apr 22, 1970
|Priority date
|Apr 22, 1970
|Publication number
|Waters John R
|Original Assignee
|Johnston Lab Inc
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (1), Referenced by (36), Classifications (7)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
United States Patent Waters APPARATUS FOR DETECTING BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY John R. Waters, Towson, Md.
Johnston Laboratories, Inc., Cockeysville, Md.
Filed: April 22, 1970 Appl. No.: 30,675
Related US. Application Data Continuation-impart of Ser. No. 770,484, Oct. 25,
References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 3,506,402 4/1970 Simon ..250/83.6 FT X [451 July 11, 1972 Primary Examiner-James W. Lawrence Assistant Examiner-Davis L. Willis Altomq-Birch, Swindler, McKie & Beckett ABSTRACT A sample of material such as blood, urine. spinal fluid, or the like to be tested for the presence of biological activity is placed into a sterile container together with a suitable growth medium which includes a C carbon containing carbon source (such as C substituted glucose) which is ferrnentable to produce gaseous C"O,. An incubator is provided for exposing the container and its contents to conditions conducive to growth. After a suitable incubation period, a portion of the gaseous atmosphere in the container is withdrawn and analyzed in gaseous form in an ionization chamber for the presence of radioactivity. Valve and conduit means are provided for analyzing a number of samples sequentially.
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m2 vOb mwkmsamhumjm Jam o m: t mmhmi mm omkzou APPARATUS FOR DETECTING BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is a continuation-in-part of co-pending application Ser. No. 770,484, filed Oct. 25, [968.
DESCRIPTION OF INVENTION The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for detecting biological activity and particularly for making rapid analyses of materials in which the presence of microorganisms, or the like, is suspected through the use of a growth medium containing radioactivity which is fermentable to produce a radioactive gaseous product.
When, for example, bacteria are cultured in a suitable medium including a fermentable carbon source such as glucose, the source may be broken down to form CO, during the growth of the bacteria. If the growth medium is alkaline, the CO, will generally be absorbed to form carbonates or bicarbonates. However, if the starting medium is acidic (or slightly alkaline or neutral so that a slight amount of CO, absorption will convert the same to acidic conditions), gaseous CO will be evolved into the atmosphere above the solution.
If the medium includes a carbon source prepared from radioactive carbon having an atomic weight of l4 rather than normal carbon having an atomic weight of 12, any CO, liberated will include radioactive CO,. The radioactivity of the CO,, which is the result of the beta decay of the C", can be measured. This radioactivity will be generally related to the amount of CO generated and thus can be used to measure bacterial presence and growth in the medium.
In the past, the principal method for measuring the radioactivity of the C 0, liberated has been to collect the CO, on a filter paper soaked in an alkaline solution. The filter paper, thus containing a radioactive carbonate or bicarbonate in liquid form, is then processed and analyzed for radioactivity in a liquid scintillation counter. This method for determining bacteriological presence and growth by the radioactivity of the C0 evolved from the medium is slow and laborious.
In hospital work, the early detection of bacteria in body fluids is of paramount importance. It has been a well recognized practice to place blood or urine specimens or the like in an appropriate growth medium on a Petri dish and make visual observations of the bacteriological growth. While this method is also slow and laborious, it does facilitate the final identification of the bacteria. Manifestly, in each method, all samples, whether positive or negative for bacteria, had to be subjected to extensive procedures.
In many cases, proper diagnosis and treatment of diseases would be facilitated if the absence of certain bacteria could be confirmed simply and quickly. Further, f such negative samples could be identified and discarded without extensive processing, much laboratory effort would be eliminated. The latter is also true if the presence of a certain species or at least of a certain group of bacteria could be established rapidly.
The method of the instant invention operates to provide a quick determination of the general presence or absence of most medically significant bacteria in a given sample. Also, the invention provides a quick determination of the presence or absence of a given species or group of bacteria. Further, the invention is adapted to provide automatic analyses, thereby to free laboratory personnel for other activities. In addition, the present invention facilitates the performance of a plurality of individual analyses essentially simultaneously by a single technician.
The novel advantages are achieved through the use of a method which comprises, first, the placing of a sample of material to be tested into a container together with a growth medium including a C carbon containing carbon source which is metabolizable or fermentable to produce gaseous carbon dioxide. Thereafter, the container having the medium with the sample therein is incubated under conditions conducive to the occurrence of normal metabolic processes for a period of time sufi'tcient to cause production of gaseous car bon dioxide by the fermentation of the carbon source if bacteria are present in the original sample. At least a portion of the gaseous atmosphere from within the container above the medium is then removed. Finally, the radioactivity of the removed portion of gas is measured while the portion remains gasiform to thereby rapidly determine whether or not certain species or groups were present in the original sample. While the method of the invention is not so limited, it is particularly adapted for the detection of medically significant bacteria.
The invention also includes apparatus which operates to achieve the various desirable advantages set forth above. This apparatus includes a container adapted for receiving a sample of material to be analyzed for biological activity together with a growth medium including a C carbon containing carbon source which is fermentable to produce carbon dioxide. Means are provided for exposing the container and thereby the medium and the sample to conditions conducive to the occurrence of normal metabolic processes. Also provided are radioactivity measuring means operable to measure the radioactivity of a quantity of gas. The container and the radioactivity measuring means are intercommunicated by conduit means and a valve is provided for normally blocking the conduit. The valve is operable to periodically unblock the conduit to permit at least a portion of the gaseous atmosphere in the container to flow into the radioactivity measuring means.
Further, and in another aspect, the invention provides an apparatus for rapidly and sequentially analyzing a plurality of materials for biological activity by measuring the radioactivity of gaseous portions removed, after incubation, from individual containers which originally contained individual samples of the materials to be analyzed together with a growth medium including a C containing carbon source fermentable to produce carbon dioxide. The apparatus comprises, for these purposes, a conduit segment for each of the containers adapted for connection thereto and a radioactivity measuring device including an ionization chamber operable to facilitate the measurement of the radioactive decay of the C in CO, which is present in gaseous form within the chamber, said chamber having an inlet conduit. The device also includes means operably coupled to the chamber for measuring the electric current produced therein by said decay. Also provided are valve means connected to the conduit segments and the inlet conduit, the valve means being operable to selectively intercommunicate the inlet conduit with any one of the conduit segments individually to permit flow of a gaseous portion from the corresponding container into the chamber. Suction means are coupled to the chamber to flush the chamber after the radioactivity of a portion has been measured.
FIG. I is a schematic diagram of a biological detector con structed in accordance with the concepts and principles of the instant invention.
FIG. 2 is a detail drawing depicting a preferred means of achieving agitation of the culture medium.
FIGS. 3 and 4 depict another apparatus embodiment of the instant invention.
A detector apparatus embodying the principles and concepts of the invention is broadly designated in FIG. I by the numeral [0. Apparatus I0 is particularly useful, for example, in providing early detection of the general presence of most medically significant bacteria in materials such as blood, urine, spinal fluid, water samples and the like. The presence of such bacteria is readily detected by measuring the amount of C0, generated when a material to be analyzed is placed into a growth medium including a C carbon containing source (such as C substituted glucose) which is metabolized or fermented to produce CO, and the medium with the sample therein is thereafter incubated. Manifestly, the presence of radioactivity in the atmosphere above the growth medium is an indication of the presence of microorganisms in the original sample of material. It should be noted that the term ferment as employed herein embraces metabolic processes generally.
A sample to be analyzed, such as blood or urine or the like, is placed into sterile culture container 12 or M together with a growth medium which preferably includes C glucose (all carbon atoms replaced by C) and incubated. At suitable intervals, at least a portion of the gaseous atmosphere within the culture chamber 12 or 14 is transferred to a radioactivity measuring means which includes an ionization chamber [6. The electric current produced within chamber 16 by radioactive decay of C in the gas is measured and displayed on a meter 18 which may include provision for simultaneous recording on an analog recorder (not shown). After the measurement has been made, chamber 16 may be flushed with clean air to sweep residual radioactive C"O, into an absorber 20. Thereafter, chamber l6 preferably is evacuated by vacuum pum 22 to make sure that all radioactivity is removed from chamber 16 so that the next reading will not be affected.
Apparatus may be used, for example, to detect the presence of bacteria generally rather than to detect a given species. A growth medium which includes C glucose is preferred and C glucose constitutes a practical general purpose carbon source. However, it is to be understood that in some instances a given medium may be specific for a given species or at least for a known group and in those instances, the present invention may be utilized to detect the presence or absence of such species or members of such group. While glucose is the preferred medium because it is generally fermentable to form gaseous CO by nearly all medically significant bacteria, it is to be appreciated that not all bacteria act on glucase to form gaseous CO Some bacteria, for example Pseuuunmmrs ue'rugirmsa, Shigeila flamerr', and Salmonella typlti, are listed, in standard works such as Bergeys Manual of DETERMINATTVE BACTERiOLOGY', as not producing C0 from glucose. This has been found to be at least technically incorrect since the small amounts of CO produced, while escaping detection by conventional analyses, are readily detectable by the method of the present invention. However, should a strain or class of bacteria be studied that does not produce CO, from glucose, some other carbohydrate such as xylose or maltose, can be used to test for such microorganisms. The only necessity being that the carbohydrate includes C and that it is fermentable by the species or group of inlatest to form gaseous C"O,.
Standard nutrient mediums operable in this invention generally will contain water, a suitable C substituted carbohydrate (C" glucose), a nitrogen source, calcium, magnesium, potassium, phosphate, sulfate, and minor elements. The medium may also include a buffer for pH adjustment and maintenance.
While, as stated above, C glucose is the preferred carbon source, other C substituted sugars, such as sucrose, fructose, xylose, maltose, lactose and the like, as well as mixtures of such sugars, may be employed in the practice of this invention, generally for more specific determinations. The invention also contemplates the use of fermentation mediums containing C carbon substituted carbohydrates generally including starches, dextrins, and the like as well as sugars. Such radioactive materials are well known to those skilled in this art. As employed herein, the terms sugar," starch, and the like embrace not only such materials, per se, but their obvious equivalents, such as, for example, molasses and the like. For maximum sensitivity, all of the carbon atoms in the carbon source are preferably replaced by C carbon although this is not absolutely necessary so long as the C is substituted in the correct position in the carbohydrate molecule so that it is liberated as C 0,. in this regard, it should be noted, as is well understood by those skilled in the art, that the C cannot be substituted at random in the molecule, but its position must be selected carefully.
The carbohydrates are employed in the fermentation medium in amounts of at least about 0.000l percent weight. Desirably the medium will contain from about 0.0003 percent to about 0.001 percent carbohydrate although fermentation mediums containing up to about percent carbohydrate and above are operable. The C" activity supplied by the carbohydrate can be in the range of from less than 0.] micro curie to about 10 micro curies or more per 10 ml of medium, although about 0.5 micro curies is preferred. it will be apparent that the precise proportion of carbohydrate employed in the medium will generally be a matter of choice.
The medium also may contain a standard nitrogen source, such as nitrates, nitrites, ammonia, urea, or other assimilable nitrogen source either organic or inorganic. Preferably, at least sufficient nitrogen is present to supply nitrogen for cell growth.
A variety of calcium, potassium, and magnesium salts may be employed in the fermentation medium including the chlorides, sulfates, phosphates, and the like. Similarly. phosphate and sulfate ions can be supplied as any of a variety of salts. While salts which supply both the desired anion and cation may be employed (e.g., potassium phosphate, magnesium sulfate) the selection is by no means so limited. Again, such materials are conventional in fermentation mediums and the selection of specific materials as well as their proportion is within the skill of the routineer.
The so-callcd minor elements" are commonly understood to include manganese, iron, zinc, cobalt, and possibly others. Trace quantities thereof are preferred, and such quantities are commonly present in the materials used in the preparation of fermentation mediums.
Finally, the medium may contain a buffer to maintain the pH in the desired range. Once more a wide variety of materials may be utilized. Potassium or ammonium phosphates often are employed to maintain the pH of fermentation media.
A particularly preferred type of medium is known as thioglycolate and is a generally used, widely available medium. The composition of thioglycolate without its glucose is as follows:
trypticase l5.0 gms/l l-cystine 0.5 gms/l yeast extract 5.0 gms/l sodium chloride 2.5 gms/l sodium thioglycolate 0.5 gms/l resazurin 0.00l gms/l agar 0.75 gms/l C". carbon containing glucose is added to this composition in accordance with the criteria set forth above to produce the complete preferred growth medium containing radioactivity.
Another acceptable type of medium which is generally available is a brain-heart-infusion broth (BHI) having the following composition in one liter of aqueous broth:
infusion from 200 ml of calf's brain infusion from 250 ml of beef heart l0 gms of peptone gelysate 5 gms ofsodium chloride 2.5 gms of disodium phosphate Again, the C substituted carbohydrate is added to this composition to produce a growth medium containing radioactivity.
At the outset of the process, the fermentation medium is inoculated with a sample of the material to be tested while the pH is maintained between about 6 and about 7 and desirably at about 7. The amount of sample employed may vary widely but often is preferably from about 0.0l to about 10 percent by volume. After a short delay, any organisms present will grow rapidly followed by a decrease in growth rate. in addition, the rate of fermentation and thereby the rate of evolution of CO, will vary depending upon such factors as nutrient composition, pH, temperature, proportion of inoculum, and the like.
For effective fermentation for the majority of bacteria, the temperature of the medium with the sample therein is preferably maintained between about 35 and about 39C. Some organisms achieve optimum growth at temperature of 20C or lower while others may exhibit optimum growth at 45C or higher. This invention may employ any temperature best suited in a given circumstance. Although satisfactory growth can be achieved without agitation, fermentation preferably is carried out with active shaking, stirring, or the like, effective to insure proper evolution of CO, from the medium. In one preferred embodiment, agitation is provided by stirring to introduce a vortex into the liquid medium. An external stirring apparatus to provide the vortex is desirable and is described more fully hereinafter with reference to FIG. 3.
Most often, interest will be in determining whether a given sample contains aerobic bacteria and, therefore, the atmosphere in the containers generally will be air or oxygen. This invention can be used to detect anerobic bacteria, however, by employing nitrogen or the like as an inert atmosphere and flushing gas. It will be appreciated that light may be provided in the event organisms responsive to light are being investigated.
Turning now more particularly to the mechanical equipment depicted in FIG. I, the culture containers l2 and 14 preferably will have a total capacity of approximately 50 ml, of which l525 ml will be occupied by the culture medium and test sample. The volume of blood or urine or other sample may be, for example, l-3 ml.
A submicron filter 24 which includes a check valve, is provided for each container l2 and 14 to allow airborne bacteria and other particulate contaminants to be removed from surrounding atmosphere drawn into the containers 12 and 14. An outlet conduit segment 26 generally preceded by an absorptive filter (not shown) is provided for each container 12 and 14 to prevent droplets of culture medium from leaving the culture container. Segments 26 are located well above the culture medium level 27. Containers l2 and 14 are preferably constructed of components suitable to permit sterilization by autoclaving or gas sterilization methods.
Culture containers l2 and 14 with the culture medium and test samples therein are disposed in a thermostatically controlled temperature incubator 28, where the temperature is maintained preferably at 37C: 2C to provide optimum conditions for growth.
One gaseous radioactivity detector, such as chamber 16, is used in common with a plurality of culture containers such as containers l2 and 14. In this regard, it should be noted that while only two containers 12 and 14 are shown, at least ten to twenty are actually preferred for greater efficiency. A sequential gas selector valve 30 is used to connect the detector chamber 16 alternately to a culture container, such as 12 or 14, and then to a source 32 of filtered air for flushing the contents of detector chamber 16. Valve 30 is shown as including a plurality of inlets 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50 and 52. In actual practice, however, valve 30 preferably will have as many as 20 to 40 or more inlets. Port means disposed internally of valve 30 are operable selectively to inter-communicate any one of the inlets 40-52 with valve outlet 53. As shown, inlet 44 is coupled with the conduit segment 26 of container [2 and inlet 48 is coupled with the conduit segment 26 of container 14. lnlets 42, 46 and 50 are coupled with a manifold 39 which communicates with filtered air source 32. lnlets 40 and 52 are not coupled as shown. However, it is to be understood that additional containers could be coupled to these inlets. Incubator 28 also includes facilities for handling additional containers.
A pair of solenoid valves 54 and 56 are provided for blocking or unblocking the conduits on either side of chamber 16 as may be required for purging or evacuating chamber 16. A position indicator 34 may provide electrical identification of the position of valve 30. Indicator 34 is actuated by a mul tiposition switch (not shown) mechanically coupled to valve 30.
Ionization chamber 16 is preferably a conventional type of radioactivity detector similar to that used in the Johnston Laboratories TRITON Model 755C. Chamber [6 is used to provide an electrical output current corresponding to the amount of radioactivity present therein. The electrical output, which is displayed on meter 18, should preferably correspond to a sensitivity of at least about 12 picocuries of C" per milliliter of air at full-scale or approximately l4 nanocuries of activity in the ion chamber 16. An output for connection to a 10 millivolt full-scale analog recorder may also be provided along with an attenuator which permits recording outputs corresponding to I20 picocuries of C" per milliliter of air at fullscale. Also, other devices capable of measuring radioactivity in a gaseous medium may be utilized. Specifically, this may include such devices as scintillation counters, proportional counters, Geiger counters and ionization chambers operated in the pulsed mode.
The level of radioactivity which must be detected before a culture can be identified as containing biological activity is preset on meter 18 which also may include an electric relay. As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, ionization chambers such as chamber 16, are preferably preset (or calibrated) by empirical methods prior to their use for analytical purposes. When the preset level is exceeded by the amount of radioactivity in a given portion of gas being analyzed, an indicator light corresponding to the appropriate culture container may be actuated and an audible alarm may be sounded. The indication of activity preferably remains actuated until intentionally reset by an operator. In the event of temporary power failure, a battery-powered electronic logic element may be provided to retain the indicator state of each culture container for display upon resuming normal operation. The operation of the entire indicating system preferably is designed so that it may be tested at any time without changing any indicator state.
The sequence of operations which must be performed for each measurement is controlled by a motor driven cam operated programmer 36. Both manual and automatic operating modes may be provided. In the automatic mode, the sequence controller 36 may begin operation, for example, at a selected time interval of l, 2, 3 or 4 hours after the initiation of the incubation of the sample and the culture medium. Controller 36 causes apparatus II] to measure sequentially all culture containers seriatim and then return to its standby (initial) position until the selected interval of time again has elapsed after which the cycle is repeated. Manifestly, a series of portions may be removed from each container and analyzed to indicate the amount of biological activity during any given time period. The sequence controller measurement sequence is actuated by a push-button switch, at which time a reading is taken. At the completion of the reading cycle, the sequence controller 36 returns to its standby condition with the sequential selector valve 30 positioned at the selected container. In the manual mode of operation, the sequential selector valve 30 may be automatically positioned at an operator selected container by a position selector 138.
In operation, valve 30 is operated to intercommunicate the conduit segment 26 of any container (12 or 14 or any other container) and the inlet conduit 38 of chamber 16. For this purpose, valve 54 is opened. At least a portion of the gaseous contents of the selected culture container are transferred into ionization chamber 16 whereupon valve 54 is closed. For this purpose, chamber 16 will have been left at least partially evacuated at the end of the previous cycle and this vacuum will provide the impetus for transferring the gaseous contents from the container into the chamber. Thereafter, the current reading in chamber 16 is taken. If the level of radioactivity ex ceeds the preset limit, the appropriate growth indicator lamp lights and the audible alarm sounds. After the measurement is made, the sequential selector valve 30 is actuated to its next position to inter-communicate inlet conduit 38 and filtered air source 32. Then, valves 54 and 56 are opened and pump 22 is actuated whereby filtered atmospheric air may be sucked through the ionization chamber 16 and its associated conduits to flush any activity present therein and trap it in the carbon dioxide filter 20. Then valve 54 may be closed while valve 56 remains open and pump 22 remains actuated to evacuate chamber [6 to further rid chamber 16 of any residual radioactivity. Thereafter, valve 56 is closed and pump 22 is turned off. This also establishes the vacuum for sucking the next gaseous portion into chamber 16. This cycle is repeated on each container. In this regard, valve 30 operates as a rotary stepping switch connecting one inlet (44 or 48) at a time to outlet 53. Thus, for example, inlet 44 is connected to outlet 53 and the gaseous contents of container 12 are drawn into chamber 16. Thereafter, valve 30 steps one position so that inlet 46 and outlet 53 are intercommunicated. Thus, clean filtered air from source 32 passes through apparatus via manifold 39, inlet 46, outlet 53 and conduit 38 and chamber 16 to purge the latter and all its associated conduits. After purging and evacuation are complete, valve 30 steps to its next position interconnecting inlet 48 and outlet 53, so that the gaseous atmosphere in container 14 may be monitored. If after a suitable incubation period, no radioactivity is detected, it can be concluded that the original sample was negative.
A preferred apparatus for providing agitation of the liquid culture medium is shown in FIG. 2. In FIG. 2, tubular chamber H2 contains liquid culture medium 27. A small magnetic bar llll is located within chamber 112 and is rotated by magnetic stirring mechanism 102 to provide a vortex H4 in the medium. Stirring mechanism 102 may contain a conventional bar magnet horizontally rotated by a standard A.C. motor. The magnetic field between magnet 10! and the magnet of stirring mechanism 102 causes both to rotate when the magnet of stirrer I02 is rotated by the A.C. motor. Heat block 28 desirably surrounds at least the lower portion of chamber 112 to maintain an appropriate culture temperature. For compact operation, the heat block and stirrer may be combined to provide a single unit.
A great advantage of the technique of this invention of letting the CO, evolve in a closed container and then extracting it as a gas to measure its activity is that it is faster than previously known methods and lends itself to automation. Many samples can be incubated in their sealed containers and then inspected sequentially by an automatic instrument. Thus, samples which are negative are rapidly identified and therefore need not be subjected to extensive analyses.
In one form the apparatus of the instant invention includes provision for a plurality of relatively stationary culture containers and a multiposition valve for selectively coupling the containers to the ion chamber. Alternately, the containers can be arranged in an automatic feeder arrangement wherein the containers are brought sequentially past a connector mechanism coupled to the ion chamber. Thus, the gaseous atmosphere would be drawn ofi of a container and the next container thereafter moved into position. Such second form of the apparatus is shown in FIGS. 3 and 4.
Housing [10 contains an ion chamber 106, electrometer and meter display llfl, sequence controller 136, CO, absorber 120, vacuum pump 122 and valves 154 and 156 corresponding generally to the apparatus depicted in FIG. 1. Containers H2 and 114 having self-sealing caps are positioned in automatic feeding mechanism 166 which is circular and passes the containers beneath hood 164 sequentially. After each container is brought into position, sterile hypodermic needles I62 and 163 penetrate the cap of the container and gas is drawn from the container through valve I61 and into ion chamber 106 for measurement of its radioactivity.
In addition to the basic elements necessary for operation, the apparatus desirably will also have a number of optional features as shown in FIGS. 3 and 4. The position of the container in feeder I66 may be identified such as by number and the machine may be provided with a corresponding number of lights I70. In the event the radioactivity of a sample is above the preset minimum level, the appropriate light will go on and stay on to indicate activity. At the time each container is sampled, the identity of the container is shown at 167 and the activity is displayed on display meter 118. The apparatus may include a print-out component 169 that prints out the sample number and the measured level of activity. Any activity over the predetermined minimum can be automatically flaggeif on the print-out if desired. Switches I71 may be provided for turning the apparatus on, for selection of automatic or manual operation, and the like.
Apparatus also may be provided with a variable control to permit an operator to select any of several desired cycles. Aher the gaseous atmosphere of the container has been sampled, valve I61 connects the ion chamber 106 with filtered air [32 to allow the ion chamber to be flushed as described with regard to the apparatus of FIG. I. After the ion chamber has been flushed with air and a vacuum established, the apparatus is in condition to sample the next chamber. The entire sequence of sampling and recording may occur in about 2 minutes.
While the apparatus of FIG. 4 is shown with the automatic feeding mechanism 166 located adjacent housing 110, it should be understood that the apparatus may also be provided in other forms. For example, in order to save space, automatic feeding mechanism may be mounted on top of housing U0 with hypodermic needles 162 and 163 appropriately relocated. Further, this invention also contemplates the positioning of the sample bottles at a location remote from the data recording units. Such positioning, inter alia, permits the sample containers to be shielded by lead or the like in the event that gamma emitting samples are employed.
While the use of the apparatus has been described with respect to the detection of bacteria, the apparatus may be used to detect biological activity broadly including, inter alia, other single cell organisms, enzymes and the like. Variations of the invention described herein will be apparent to those skilled in the art. It is intended, therefore, that the invention be limited only by the scope of the appended claims.
I claim:
1. Apparatus for analyzing materials, said apparatus comprising:
a container adapted for receiving a sample of said material together with a growth medium including a C" carbon containing carbon source which is fermentable to produce carbon dioxide:
means for exposing the container and thereby the medium and the sample to conditions conducive to the occurrence of normal metabolic processess;
radioactivity measuring means operable to measure the radioactivity of a quantity of gas;
conduit means intercommunicating said container and said radioactivity measuring means;
means normally blocking said conduit means and operable to periodically unblock the conduit means to permit at least a portion of the gaseous atmosphere in the container to flow into the radioactivity measuring means; and
means for flushing said chamber after the gaseous portion has been measured.
2. Apparatus as set forth in claim 1 wherein is included a plurality of said containers, said conduit means including an individual conduit segment for each container, said blocking means being operable to intercommunicate said measuring means individually with respective segments.
3. Apparatus as set forth in claim I wherein said container is provided with external magnetic stirring means whereby a magnetic bar within the container can be caused to rotate and produce a vortex in the medium.
4. Apparatus as set forth in claim 2 wherein said containers are provided with external magnetic stirring means whereby a magnetic bar within each said container can be caused to rotate and produce a vortex in the medium.
5. Apparatus for rapidly and simultaneously analyzing a plurality of materials by measuring the radioactivity of gaseous portions removed, after incubation, from individual containers which originally contained individual samples of the materials together with a growth medium including a C containing carbon source fermentable to produce carbon dioxide, said apparatus comprising:
a conduit segment adapted for connection to each of the containers;
:1 radioactivity measuring device including an ionization chamber operable to facilitate the radioactive decay of the C in C"O present in gaseous form within the chamber and means operably coupled to the chamber for measuring the electric current produced by said decay. said chamber having an inlet conduit;
means connected to said conduit segments and said inlet conduit operable to selectively intercommunicate the inlet conduit with any one of said segments individually to permit flow of a gaseous portion from the corresponding container into the chamber; and
means coupled to said chamber for flushing the same after the radioactivity of a portion has been measured.
6. Apparatus as set forth in claim wherein said means connected to the segments and the conduit includes a multi-position valve.
7. Apparatus as set forth in claim 5 wherein is included control means for operating said means connected to the segments and the conduit to sequentially interconnect the various conduit segments and the inlet conduit.
8. Apparatus for analyzing materials, said apparatus comprising:
a plurality of containers adapted for receiving a sample of said material together with a growth medium including a C carbon containing carbon source which is fermentable to produce carbon dioxide;
means for exposing the containers and thereby the medium and the sample to conditions conducive to the occurrence of normal metabolic processes;
radioactivity measuring means operable to measure the radioactivity of a quantity of gas;
feeder means to bring each container sequentially past connector means coupled to said radioactivity measuring means; and
gas flow between said connector means and said radioactivity measuring means and operable to periodically permit at least a portion of the gaseous atmosphere in the container to flow into the radioactivity measuring means.
9. Apparatus as set forth in claim 8 wherein the feeder means is in the form of a closed loop.
[0. Apparatus as set forth in claim 8 including warning lights to indicate activity.
11. Apparatus as set forth in claim 8 including a print-out identifying each sample and the measured activity.
[2. Apparatus as set forth in claim 8 including external magnet stirring means whereby a magnetic bar within the container can be caused to rotate and produce a vortex in the medium.
' i i i i
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|Baxter Diagnostics Inc.
|Measurement of bacterial CO2 production in an isolated fluorophore by monitoring an absorbance regulated change of fluorescence
|Mar 24, 1995
|May 21, 1996
|Akzo N.V.
|Device for detecting microorganisms using piezoelectric means
|Sep 19, 1996
|Aug 18, 1998
|Abbott Laboratories
|Method of performing a process for determining an item of interest in a sample
|May 21, 1996
|Jan 5, 1999
|Akzo Nobel N.V.
|Device for detecting microorganisms
|Sep 19, 1996
|Jan 5, 1999
|Abbott Laboratories
|Method for determination of item of interest in a sample
|May 15, 1996
|Jan 12, 1999
|Akzo Nobel N.V.
|Device for detecting microorganisms
|Apr 23, 1999
|May 13, 2003
|Abbott Laboratories
|Structure for determination of item of interest in a sample
|May 29, 2002
|Feb 27, 2007
|Bayer Corporation
|Fluid handling apparatus for an automated analyzer
|Jun 29, 2005
|Apr 15, 2014
|The Regents Of The University Of Michigan
|Modulated physical and chemical sensors
|Aug 29, 2011
|Sep 30, 2014
|The Regents Of The University Of Michigan
|Asynchronous magnetic bead rotation sensing systems and methods
|Mar 6, 2008
|Jun 30, 2015
|The Regents Of The University Of Michigan
|Non-linear rotation rates of remotely driven particles and uses thereof
|Dec 13, 2001
|Jul 4, 2002
|Glen Carey
|Cuvette for an automated analyzer
|May 29, 2002
|Oct 16, 2003
|Glen Carey
|Fluid handling apparatus for an automated analyzer
|Jun 29, 2005
|Jan 12, 2006
|The Regents Of The University Of Michigan
|Modulated physical and chemical sensors
|Mar 6, 2008
|Sep 11, 2008
|The Regents Of The University Of Michigan
|Non-linear rotation rates of remotely driven particles and uses thereof
|Apr 29, 1992
|Nov 12, 1992
|Baxter Diagnostics Inc.
|Method and apparatus to detect bacterial contamination of transfusable blood
|U.S. Classification
|250/380, 435/309.2, 435/287.1, 435/300.1
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


text:
Philippine Stocks: Metro Pacific, Philippine Long Distance
Shares of the following companies had unusual moves in Philippine trading. Stock symbols are in parentheses and prices are as of the close in Manila.
The Philippine Stock Exchange Index climbed 1 percent to 4,314.67. Financial markets in the Philippines were closed yesterday for a holiday.
Metro Pacific Investments Corp. (MPI PM) gained 1.9 percent to 3.27 pesos, rising for a second day. The company has made an agreement with Thailand's Bumrungrad International Ltd. that will allow Metro Pacific to acquire a controlling interest in Asian Hospital Inc., Metro Pacific said in a statement to the stock exchange.
Philippine Long Distance Telephone Co. (TEL PM) gained 1.2 percent to 2,388 pesos, the highest close since Oct. 28. Unit SPi Global said it acquired Laserwords Private Ltd., a publishing business process outsourcing company in India. The purchase will expand SPi Global's content solution business, President Maulik Parekh said in an e-mailed statement.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Helen Laura Ruth Scrapbooks and Student Essay, 1913, 1940, and undated
Creator: Ruth, Helen Laura.
Collection number: 5428-z
View finding aid.
Abstract: Helen Laura Ruth was a teacher at Leland University in New Orleans, La., a private institution of higher learning for African Americans founded in 1870. It closed in 1915; was re-named Leland College and re-opened in Baker, La., in 1923; and finally closed in 1960. The collection includes two scrapbooks of Helen Laura Ruth and a student essay. The Read more…
Grace McSpadden Overholser Papers, 1971-1972 and undated
Creator: Overholser, Grace McSpadden, d. 1971.
Collection number: 5424-z
View finding aid.
Abstract: Before her marriage to Dub White, Grace McSpadden Overholser was married to James Overholser and, at some point, worked as a reporter. Later in life, she taught English and African American studies and served as dean at Saint Read more…
William Dunbar account book, 1776-1793; 1845-1847.
Creator: Dunbar, William, 1749-1810.
Collection number: 231-z
View finding aid.
Abstract: William Dunbar was a planter at Baton Rouge and Natchez and a friend of Alexander Ross, Scottish merchant and planter on the southwestern frontier during the American Revolution. The collection includes varied accounts, 1776-1793, Read more…
George William Logan papers, 1861-1865.
Creator: Logan, George William, 1828-1896.
Collection number: 1560
View finding aid.
Abstract: George William Logan (1828-1896) served as a lieutenant colonel in the Confederate Army, 1862-1865. The collection consists of records, chiefly 1862-1865, of the daily transaction Read more…
Evan Hall plantation book, 1773-1835.
Creator: McCall, Henry, fl. 1773-1835.
Collection number: 2347
View finding aid.
Abstract: Accounts, 1821-1835, of Henry McCall of New Orleans for Evan Hall, a sugar plantation in Ascension Parish, La., and another plantation in Lafourche Parish, La. Entries Read more…
Sarah Lois Wadley papers, 1849-1886.
Creator: Wadley, Sarah Lois, 1844-1920.
Collection number: 1258
View finding aid.
Abstract: Sarah Lois Wadley was the daughter of William Morrill Wadley (1812?-1882) and Rebecca Barnard Everingham Wadley (fl. 1840-1884) and lived with her family in homes near Read more…
Robert Ruffin Barrow papers, 1811-1858 (bulk 1811-1814, 1857-1858).
Creator: Barrow, Robert Ruffin, 1798-1875.
Collection number: 2407
View finding aid.
Abstract: Robert Ruffin Barrow (b. 1798) was a sugar planter and canal operator in Terrebonne Parish, La. Barrow was the son of Bartholomew Barrow (d. 1852), a merchant of Fishing Creek, Halifax County, N.C., and later a planter in West Feliciana Read more…
Brashear and Lawrence family papers, 1802-1897.
Creator: Brashear and Lawrence family.
Collection number: 3355
View finding aid.
Abstract: Walter Brashear (1776-1860) was a physician in Kentucky before 1822 when he moved to St. Mary Parish, La., where, after acquiring Belle Island Plantation and other landholdings in the area, he became a sugar planter and state legislator. Read more…
Silas Everett Fales papers, 1854-1865.
Creator: Fales, Silas Everett, fl. 1861-1865.
Collection number: 3509
View finding aid.
Abstract: Chiefly Civil War correspondence of Fales, a federal soldier with the 42nd Massachusetts Infantry. Most items are letters received by Fales from his relatives in Massachusetts, discussing attitudes toward the war and slavery, and business Read more…
Andrew McCollam papers, 1792-1935 (bulk 1852-1891).
Creator: McCollam, Andrew, fl. 1836-1872.
Collection number: 449
View finding aid.
Abstract: Andrew McCollam was a sugar planter, deputy surveyor, and member of the Louisiana Secession Convention of 1861. He married Ellen Elleonori and lived first in Donaldsonville, La., Read more…


text:
Hi S,
Firstly let me say that I have a lot respect and even greater appreciation for the contribution made by WP plugin authors. Unfortunately, I'm currently not in a position to contribute by way of donation due to the volunteer nature of my work and having an almost "zero" bank balance. I generally make up for this by helping out on several plugin forums.
Now point form follows:
- I switched to DB Cache Reloaded from WP Super Cache because it was causing me problems from time to time so I decided to try a different caching plugin.
- My initial impressions were very good and I continue to use it with one exception (see next point).
- I have found a number of issues with this plugin when it is enabled and I am logged in.
- The way I get around these issues : as soon as I log into WP dashboard I disable DB Cache Reloaded. And then just before logging out - I re-enable it. This seems to work OK for me,
- I have looked at the Forum for DB Cache (predecessor) and found some of the issues reported there being similar to the issues I have been experiencing with DB Cache Reloaded.
I don't know about the other users of DB Cache Reloaded - but I am very keen to see you iron out these issues and evolve this plugin.
From experience new or "revived" plugins require persistent and regular input from the author for the plugin to "survive" and ultimately establish a loyal base. In general users will assist - with debugging, testing and reporting problems - wherever and whenever they can - but only if the author remains committed and available.


text:
Empire Strikes Back Manga 1 by joewightWatch
©2005-2016 joewight
pencils, inks by Adam Warren
colors, backgrounds by me
colors, backgrounds by me
My alltime favorite SW Manga Cover! I have this!!!
This makes me want to play Empire at war again ^_^
WOOOOOOOW! This should be posted on the starwars web site!
I remember seeing this in a magazine once, never thought ide see it here on DA.
once again anime Leia proves she is sexier than real Leia,
of course the battle of Hoth is my favorite battle so
of course the battle of Hoth is my favorite battle so
such beautiful coloring
The manga's actually pretty weird...but straightforward.
hee hee I love Han Solo in this picture, he looks all too happy to shoot that gun. I had forgotten there was a Star Wars manga somewhere, don't know if this is the same one
awesome job!! I love the whole things about it!!


text:
Coghlan's Camp Grill
|Grill surface
24 in x 12 in / 61 cm x 30 cm
Manufacturer's Description
Visit Coghlan's's Camp Grill page.
Retailers' Descriptions
Here's what other sites are saying:
Heavy duty steel construction, Nickel plated, Compact folding design, Grill surface: 24 x 12
- Ramsey Outdoor
Heavy duty steel construction. Nickel plated. Compact folding design. Grill surface: 24"x 12"
- Appalachian Outdoors
Coghlan's Camp Grill
previously retailed for:
$12.95 - $15.95
$12.95 - $15.95
The Coghlan's Camp Grill is not available from the stores we monitor. It was last seen October 19, 2015 at Ramsey Outdoor.
If you're looking for a new kitchen accessory, check out the best reviewed current models.


text:
Based on a 2,000 calorie dietSee full nutrition
Ready In
I used homemade frozen vanilla GREEK yogurt in this recipe and I cut the milk back by half. This was good, but I think it could be great with the addition of more strawberries.
I didn't have frozen vanilla yogurt but I think using frozen strawberries and basic refrigerated yogurt was an acceptable substitute in a pinch. The shake was good as is, but Hubs and I both th...
YUM! I doubled the strawberries but next time I will cut the milk in half for a thicker shake. Made with yogurt and 1% milk makes for a no-guilt treat. Thank you Froggy+Popovers= for sharing ...
I cut the milk in half and used a creamy vanilla ice cream instead of frozen yogurt.
Yummy, Delious, and Tasty, I only had 2 strawberries but it still tasted great
Loved the recipe, but added more strawberries. Used less milk and only used 0% milk and low fat yogurt . Yummy and healthy!


text:
Man accused of going 106 mphApril 20,2013BRATTLEBORO Vermont State Police say they clocked a New Hampshire man going 106 mph on Interstate 91 in Brattleboro.
Police said 49-year-old Scott W. Samson of Spofford, N.H., was driving a 2011 Porsche Carerra Turbo when he was stopped for speeding Thursday morning.
Hes been cited to appear in court on charges of excessive speed and negligent operation.MORE IN This Just InLOS ANGELES As throngs of Pokemon Go players traipse around to real-world landmarks in... Full StoryAs Rutland debates the potential arrival of 100 Syrian refugees, an oft-repeated claim by... Full StoryMONTPELIER After 18 years in the Legislature, Chittenden County Sen. Full Story
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Impressive. Another 14 months to wait??????
We've all heard it before here. No use pumping it. If it flies, it flies.
I agree! No need to pump at all.We will start the serious move up AFTER reaching .0015 with in the first or second week of October. Pretty much on schedule


text:
A Fine Lineby Kathy Herman
View All Available Formats & Editions
Baxter residents fear upheaval when a regional tire plant announces it's coming to Baxter. Rumor says mayor Charlie Kirby's signature on the deal was influenced by an affair with the tire company's corporate attorney - who dies suddenly after the agreement is finalized. Charlie, a pillar of the community and a father of seven, faces the court of public opinion and the
Baxter residents fear upheaval when a regional tire plant announces it's coming to Baxter. Rumor says mayor Charlie Kirby's signature on the deal was influenced by an affair with the tire company's corporate attorney - who dies suddenly after the agreement is finalized. Charlie, a pillar of the community and a father of seven, faces the court of public opinion and the biggest moral dilemma of his life. Meanwhile, newspaper editor Ellen Jones goes looking for a feature story, collides with the brick wall of the late attorney's past - and is stalked by someone pursuing the same track!
From the Trade Paperback edition.
Editorial Reviews
Library JournalThe fifth and final entry in Herman's"Baxter" series (after High Stakes) centers on the violent death of Sheila Paxton, a corporate attorney who convinced Charlie Kirby, mayor of Baxter, to allow the Thompson Tire Corporation to move there despite many citizens' objections. Suspicions arise when a classmate of Charlie's 12-year-old son claims to have seen Charlie kissing Sheila. When Charlie's wife, Marlene, finds out, she shuts down emotionally and tells him that their marriage is finished. As the gossip escalates, newspaper editor Ellen Jones investigates and finds, amid more damning evidence against Charlie, the truth behind Sheila's murder. At the same time, Ellen's own marriage is tested when her husband asks her to leave Baxter for good. Herman's latest is a reasonably good thriller if a bit farfetched. Purchase where the series is popular. Copyright 2003 Reed Business Information.
Product Details
- 9780307564221
- Publisher:
- The Crown Publishing Group
- Publication date:
- 02/04/2009
- Series:
- Baxter Series
- Sold by:
- Random House
- Format:
- NOOK Book
- Pages:
- 304
- Sales rank:
- 490,714
- File size:
Customer Reviews
Average Review:
Write a Review
and post it to your social network
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A Fine Line based on 0 ratings. 2 reviews.
Baxter's city council voted to let Thompson Tire Corporation build a plant in town. Most of the residents were glad about it. Some were not. ........................ Sheila Paxton was the company's lawyer. Sheila made a move on Charlie Kirby, Baxter's mayor, even though she knew he was happily married and had seven kids. Charlie seriously considered it, was very tempted, and refused the offer. When Sheila suddenly died, dark rumors spread of an affair between Charlie and Sheila. Charlie's marriage became threatened and the small town was heavy with gossip. ......................... Worse, Sheila was part of the Witness Protection Program. A killer from her past was interested in finding her parents. Since Sheila (a.k.a. Mary Angelina Risotto) died in Baxter, that was where he went. The lives of Charlie and Ellen Jones, the editor of the town's paper, were about to become nightmares! ............................. ***** This is the last book in the Baxter series. I did not read the first four, but it does not matter. The story was able to stand alone. I was never confused or felt that I was missing anything. I love books of a series that manage to please no matter in what order they are read. .......................... The story is filled with the warmth of a small town where everyone knows each other. That could be a good thing! However, the author shows that there are times that it could be a problem as well. There is a lot of suspense with all the mob, FBI, and local police involvement. The story also focuses on family matters, as well as, their faith in God. A wonderful story that will keep you hooked! Recommended! *****
The city council led by mayor Charlie Kirby voted to allow the Thompson Tire Company to relocate to Barter, which means more jobs for the resident. Not everyone is in favor of the plant being built. Some residents fear that the new business will destroy the ambiance of the town and in turn the downtown shops. Charlie¿s most vocal enemy Avery Stedman starts a rumor that the reason the mayor pushed for the plant to be built was because he was having an affair with Thompson Tires attorney Sheila Paxton. The rumor threatens to destroy the Kirby marriage. When Sheila is shot, her picture is plastered in newspapers across the country and comes to the attention of a Mafia hit man, searching for her father for eighteen years. He is a deadly sociopath who kills with no remorse and threatens to harm the town¿s newspaper editor if she doesn¿t locate Sheila¿s father who is in the witness protection program. It will take a miracle to save the Kirby¿s marriage and keep the editor safe after a trap to catch killer fails. This is the last book in the Baxter series and it is a powerful story filled with characters readers have come to love and cherish. Two of the main characters of this series are traveling to a new town and will be starring in The Seaport series so the audience won¿t lose touch with Guy and Ellen. A FINE LINE shows how gossip can hurt people and push people to the breaking point. Kathy Baxter is a master at writing suspense within the parameters of a small town drama. Harriet Klausner


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Kurioses Problem mit den Artikeloptionen
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text:
The Nathan Fire And Ice 20oz Insulated Water Bottle is an easy-squeeze, double-walled hydration bottle with reinforced leak-free, soft-sip top. The Integrated, never-wear reflective fabric offers 360-degree visibility for optimum visibility at night. It is BPA Free and dishwasher safe.
- Brand
- Nathan
- Gender
- Female Male
- Age
- Adult
- Features
- Easy-Squeeze, Comfort-grip Double-Walled Hydration Bottl Reinforced Leak-Free, Soft-Sip, Push-Pull Cap Dishwasher Safe Integrated, Never-Wear Reflective Fabric Offers 360-Degree Visibility BPA-Free with Taste-Free Technology
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text:
A National Security Pipe Dream, Part 2
By Bill Becker (Part 1 can be found here)
With debate over the Keystone XL pipeline heating up, the White House has issued an update of President Obama's "Blueprint for a Clean and Secure Energy Future". It is the latest of White House policy pronouncements that leave us wondering whether President Obama will ever uncage his inner revolutionary to fight for genuine energy security.
At this point, it's anyone's guess. The blueprint's content does not live up to the promise of its title. It contains stark contradictions. It sticks to Obama's all-of-the-above energy strategy – a strategy transparently designed to keep all-of-the-above special interests happy. Because it supports all types of energy — including the fossil fuels responsible for global climate change — it advocates nothing.
Oil Production: The President's energy blueprint acknowledges that "rising gas prices serve as a reminder that we are still too reliant on oil, which comes at a cost to American families and businesses." It "urges Congress to take up common-sense proposals that will further reduce our dependence on oil".
At the same time, it boasts that since President Obama took office, "responsible oil and gas production has increased each year" in the United States. "Under my administration, America is producing more oil today than at any time in the last eight years," the President said last year. "Over the last three years, I've directed my administration to open up millions of acres for gas and oil exploration across 23 different states. We're opening up more than 75% of our potential oil resources offshore. We've quadrupled the number of operating rigs to a record high."
If we are too dependent on oil, why is the President so bullish on producing more?
Energy Research: At a time the United States is under-investing in renewable energy R&D, the President's new budget proposes $375 million for research on "cleaner energy from fossil fuels" including "more responsible" natural gas production and more funding for "clean coal" technology and carbon capture and storage.
While some fossil fuels are dirtier than others, none are clean. They all emit greenhouse gases when they are burned. They all involve environmental disruption when they are extracted. The cleanest of the fuels from a carbon standpoint, natural gas, has been accused of contaminating groundwater and leaking so much methane that it could be a bigger contributor to climate change than coal.
Meantime, clean energy is all around us but greatly underused. As others have pointed out, the greatest power plant ever created gives us free energy with no pollution, delivers it everywhere within seconds from 93 million miles away and won't run out of fuel for 7 billion years. Rather than harvesting energy from the sun, why are we still trying so hard to dig it up from underground?
Corporate Welfare: To his credit, President Obama has urged Congress to repeal billions of dollars in taxpayer subsidies for the oil industry. But from the standpoint of an effective market, providing taxpayer money for research on "cleaner energy from fossil fuels" is no better. The coal, gas and oil industries are all grown up now and making pretty good livings. Most other businesses have to do their own R&D to remain relevant in a changing market. Why shouldn't the fossil industries?
As for natural gas, why should taxpayers foot the bill to help the industry be more responsible? If gas companies don't adopt more responsible production practices voluntarily, the government's job is not to write them a check; it's to implement regulations that protect the public. That's what EPA is trying to do with the standards it announced last year to control methane and other air pollutants from oil and gas operations.
In the meantime gas companies aren't showing a lot of interest in responsible production; instead they seem to be fracking and drilling as fast as they can before regulations can take effect.
Making Our Own Drug: The International Energy Agency predicts that fracking and horizontal drilling will make the United States the world's largest oil producer sometime around 2017, surpassing even Saudi Arabia.
That would be a welcome change from nearly a half-century of dependence on foreign oil. But it also would make us the world's biggest producer of one of the products most responsible for global climate disruption. Is that the title we want? Or, as the nation responsible for most of the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere today, shouldn't we set a more moral example as the nation that leads the world to a low-carbon economy?
Shouldn't we at least have a national energy plan that defines how and when we'll end our dependence on oil, foreign or domestic- a downramp that signals our commitment to other nations and gives financial markets an incentive to capitalize our transition to clean energy?
Domestic Security: While the advocates of the Keystone pipeline mistakenly claim that it will be good for national security, few have discussed the project's impacts on homeland security. Oil and gas pipelines are among the most vulnerable parts of America's infrastructure. Amory and Hunter Lovins warned about this 30 years ago in their book "Brittle Power":
Federal policies are systematically making the energy system more vulnerable. The devices being promoted as the backbone of America's energy supply for the 21st Century are precisely the most vulnerable ones: offshore and Arctic oil and gas, big pipelines, and huge power plants (especially nuclear ones) linked by long transmission lines.
Pipelines are even more vulnerable today. Saboteurs and terrorists don't need to bother with infiltration and dynamite. The investigation that traced computer attacks against American institutions to China earlier this year dramatized how hackers anywhere on the planet can take control of U.S. oil and gas pipelines. One such attack already has occurred against Telvent, which keeps blueprints on more than half the oil and gas pipelines in North and South America.
William Rush is a retired scientist who worked for the Gas Technology Institute and led an effort to create a cyber security standard for the gas pipeline industry. "Anyone can blow up a gas pipeline with dynamite," he says. "But with this stolen information (about the gas distribution infrastructure), if I wanted to blow up not one, but 1,000 compressor stations, I could. I could put the attack vectors in place, let them sit there for years, and set them all off at the same time. I don't have to worry about getting people physically in place to do the job, I just pull the trigger with one mouse click."
During one of his debates with Mitt Romney last fall, President Obama boasted that during his first term, "we've added enough new oil and gas pipeline to encircle the Earth and then some." The Department of Transportation confirmed that nearly 30,000 miles of new pipelines were built during Obama's first term.
In other words, we've moved approximately 30,000 miles farther away from domestic security over the last four years. Does it make sense for the federal government to spend billions of dollars on homeland security while encouraging the oil industry to spend billions more on energy infrastructure that makes us more vulnerable?
Greenhouse Gas Emissions: The good news that U.S. emissions of carbon dioxide have fallen 13% since 2007 is not a license to produce more fossil fuels. While some of that progress can be attributed to the Administration's new vehicle economy standards, other factors are more fleeting.
Progressive state policies and welcome gains in national energy efficiency deserve significant credit for the decline in U.S. emissions, but conservatives around the country now are attacking those policies. The recession, the slow recovery and high gas prices helped depress emissions, but none of those is a factor we want to sustain. Natural gas prices have been low enough to encourage utilities to switch from coal, but those prices likely will rise with environmental regulations and greater demand.
As New York Times columnist Eduardo Porter puts it, "the United States' serendipitous success in reducing greenhouse gas emissions suggests how much more needs to be done than switching from a particularly dirty source of carbon to a cleaner one."
Temporary Sustainability: In its update of the President's energy blueprint on March 15, the White House said it showed that Obama has "reiterated his commitment to a sustained, all-of-the-above energy strategy." But how can we have a sustained energy strategy built in large part on finite resources?
None of this criticism should detract from the many good things President Obama has done so far to move us closer to a clean and secure economy. But there is disturbing dissonance and intellectual flim-flam in the Administration's energy blueprint.
It is intellectually dishonest for the President to be bullish on fossil energy at the same time he promises to fight climate change, or to believe that building more fragile energy infrastructure is compatible with security, or that oil from any source protects us from spikes in gas prices, or that we can sustain a robust and competitive economy with fuels that are finite, environmentally dangerous and increasingly difficult to reach.
As I've written before, President Obama is not wrong to consider "all of the above" energy resources for our future. But he, and we, should support only the "best of the above". We need a national energy blueprint that distinguishes the clean from the dirty, the safe from the dangerous, the stable from the volatile, and the sustainable from the finite. We need a timetable that's ambitious. As Sam Walton reportedly said in a different context: "Incrementalism is innovation's worst enemy. We don't want continuous improvement, we want radical change."
For better or worse, President Obama's energy blueprint is a climate blueprint, an economic blueprint and a national security blueprint. It defines America's future as well as Obama's long-term legacy. He has a choice: He can be President Pipeline or President Sunshine, but he can't be both.
Even though he has been liberated from reelection, we are gradually discovering that Barack Obama may not be the revolutionary change agent we so badly need.
– Bill Becker is Executive Director of the Presidential Climate Action Project (PCAP), an initiative of Natural Capitalism Solutions to help the President of the United States take decisive action on global warming and energy security.
7 Responses to A National Security Pipe Dream, Part 2
they could possibly make it dual functioning pipe… oil/water, as everyone knows do not mix, so the southern drought might be alleviated by controlled leaks (joking here of course)
and in the case of an uncontrolled leak, Canadians could bill for the water as they recently stopped participating in the UN drought program!
Obama does not have an inner revolutionary! Are you kidding? He is so mainstream, middle of the road, don't rock the Republican boat Democrat that he is willing to sell Social Security to the Republicans for a few extra tax dollars. He is so afraid of being seen as a revolutionary that he will not even pardon Jack Johnson. A bill to pardon Johnson was passed by both houses with bipartisan support and Obama would not sign it. You have to ask yourself what is his major malfunction? For me the answer is fear of being 'typed.' He does not want anyone to say he is in anyway similar to Tommie Smith or John Carlos (you remember the '68 Olympics?).
Obama ain't your revolutionary. He ain't the image you got livin' in your head. He is just another rich Democrat who happens to be President. Your projections of what you imagine him to be leads to all kinds of disappointment and anger. Just pretend he is Bill Clinton signing DADT or DOMA. Just plain middle of the road.
Speaking of revolutionaries you need to talk about Chris Hayes. He just started a daily show on MSNBC. On his first show last night he spent 20 minutes, fully one third of the show, on the spill in Arkansas, Keystone, climate disruption, and the need to get off fossil fuels. He had a panel including Bernie Sanders, and a representative from 360.org. Hayes has talked about climate disruption before, on the weekend show he used to have, but he has never spent this much time on it. NO MSNBC regular has spent this much time on it. I think we should encourage him to do more. I know he understands that climate disruption is the REAL threat to future generations, not the debt. But MSNBC is a business so if he is not encouraged he will not make a habit of it. They will only keep it up if they think they have an audience for it.
President Obama's attitude toward the virtues of kicking the oil habit and increasing production at the same time reminds me of the alcoholic who is going to rehab in the morning but wants one last night of drinking to ease the pain.
I see him as the butler, and his masters will have their tipple, come what may.
Being from the American Midwest, even though from (we thought) a literate family, it was necessary, I admit, to look up tipple. So it's their drinks he will serve them (perhaps port on a presidential platter?). But here's the irony, the alternate definition of tipple:
"tipple, noun
a revolving frame or cage in which a truck or freight car is inverted to discharge its load.
Obama is indeed giving them a place to dump their coal, aka the atmosphere.


text:
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ipad mini sales
Report: Apple Slashing iPad Sales Forecasts By A Whopping 27 Million Units
Is the full-size iPad in trouble?
Bryan M. Wolfe
| March 7
First Wi-Fi + Cellular iPad 4 Orders Should Arrive Friday, Nov. 16
The first batch of Wi-Fi + Cellular iPads with Retina display should arrive on Friday, Nov. 16.
Bryan M. Wolfe
| November 12
Initial Wi-Fi + Cellular iPad mini Orders Should Arrive On Nov. 21
If you ordered a Wi-Fi + Cellular iPad mini, we've got great news for you.
Bryan M. Wolfe
| November 8
Apple: 3 Million iPads Sold In Three Days
Apple had a huge weekend in terms of iPad sales. In fact, they broke a record.
Bryan M. Wolfe
| November 5
Scam Alert: There Is No Such Thing As A Free iPad mini, Especially On Facebook
Don't be fooled by the iPad mini scam on Facebook.
Bryan M. Wolfe
| November 1
As Preorders Begin, White iPad mini Already Sold Out
Folks looking to purchase a white iPad mini who haven't yet, you're out of luck.
Bryan M. Wolfe
| October 26
The 'iPad Mini' Is Being Called 'Competition's Worst Nightmare'
Perhaps it is appropriate that Halloween is a little more than one week away. Once Apple announces the so-called "iPad Mini" next week, it could become "the competition's worst nightmare," says one analyst.
Bryan M. Wolfe
| October 19


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Adaptive Fourier analyzers have been developed for measuring periodic signals with unknown or changing fundamental frequency. Typical applications are vibration measurements and active noise control related to rotating machinery and calibration equipment that can avoid the changes of the line frequency by adaptation. Higher frequency applications have limitations since the computational complexity of these analyzers are relatively high as the number of the harmonic components to be measured (or suppressed) is usually above 50. In this paper, based on the concept of transformed domain signal processing, a fast filter-bank structure is proposed to reduce the above computational complexity. The first step of the suggested solution is the application of the filter-bank version of the fast Fourier transform or any other fast transformations that convert input data into the transformed domain. These fast transform structures operate as single-input multiple-output filter-banks, however, they can not be adapted since their efficiency is due to their special symmetry. As a second step, the adaptation of the filter-bank is performed at the transform structure's output by adapting a simple linear combiner to the fundamental frequency of the periodic signal to be processed


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by Sydney Pereira Jul 20, 2016
One more reason why fracking is bad for your health.
by Ryan Koronowski Jul 13, 2015
"Because otherwise you're going to have ignorance," she said, glancing toward the Capitol dome. "You're going to have ignorant adults who think everything's a fairy tale land, and it's not."
by Sam P.K. Collins Sep 8, 2014
The virus -- with symptoms that include fever, body and muscle aches, sneezing, cough and rash -- poses the highest risk for children under five and those with asthma.
by Joanna M. Foster Jun 19, 2014
There is mounting evidence that certain types of air pollution can be bad for your brain. New research shows that exposure to even relatively low concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) can significantly impair cognitive functioning.
by Emily Atkin Mar 14, 2014
"If you think health care costs are up and health care is an issue now, it can only get worse from here."
by Katie Valentine Apr 17, 2013
by Katie Valentine Mar 12, 2013


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Amelioration of Amyloid β-Induced Cognitive Deficits by Zataria multiflora Boiss. Essential Oil in a Rat Model of Alzheimer's Disease
Version of Record online: 16 FEB 2011
DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-5949.2011.00237.x
© 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd
CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics
Volume 18, Issue 4, pages 295–301, April 2012
Additional Information
How to Cite
Majlessi, N., Choopani, S., Kamalinejad, M. and Azizi, Z. (2012), Amelioration of Amyloid β-Induced Cognitive Deficits by Zataria multiflora Boiss. Essential Oil in a Rat Model of Alzheimer's Disease. CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics, 18: 295–301. doi: 10.1111/j.1755-5949.2011.00237.x
Publication History
- Issue online: 4 APR 2012
- Version of Record online: 16 FEB 2011
- Received 15 September 2010; revision 6 December 2010; accepted 4 January 2011
- Abstract
- Article
- References
- Cited By
- Acute toxicity;
- Iranian traditional medicine;
- Lamiaceae;
- Morris water maze
Introduction: The limitations of current Alzheimer's disease (AD) therapeutics have prompted investigation into innovative therapeutics focused on antiinflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective agents including those from medicinal plants. Numerous plants have been tested for their potential for alleviating symptoms of AD. Aims:Zataria multiflora Boiss. (ZM) a member of Lamiaceae family has been used in Iranian traditional medicine for its beneficial effects on mental abilities. Therefore, the effect of its essential oil was evaluated in a rat model of AD. Methods: Amyloid β-protein (Aβ) fragment 25–35 was injected bilaterally in the CA1 region of rats hippocampus and the effect of different doses of ZM essential oil (50, 100, or 200 μL/kg) on cognitive function was investigated in the Morris water maze. Acute toxicity of the essential oil was also studied. Results: The results showed increases in escape latency, traveled distance, heading angle, and decreases in target quadrant entries in Aβ-received groups as compared to the control group. This impairment was reversed by ZM essential oil. The results of acute toxicity testing revealed that the calculated LD50 (1264.9 μL/kg) is much higher than the therapeutic dose (100 μL/kg). Conclusions: It seems that antioxidant, antiinflammatory, and anticholinesterase activities of ZM or its main constituents might contribute to its beneficial effects in this model. Our findings suggest that ZM may be a potentially valuable source of natural therapeutic agents for the treatment of AD. However, further investigations are necessary to establish its clinical efficacy and potential toxicity, before any recommendations concerning its use as a medication in the treatment of AD.


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Topic: chief strategic officer
Hill Holliday Expands Shetty's Role
Media + digital chief adds brand planning
By Andrew McMains on Jun. 21, 2011 - 5:03 PM EDT
More than five years after joining Hill Holliday, Baba Shetty's role continues to grow. Most recently chief media officer, Shetty today became chief strategy officer—a new position that adds brand planning…


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|This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. (August 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Steve Nye is a music producer for several artists. Some of his better known artists include Bryan Ferry (In Your Mind in 1977), Penguin Cafe Orchestra, XTC (Mummer in 1983), Japan (Tin Drum in 1981), David Sylvian (Brilliant Trees in 1984, Gone to Earth in 1986, Secrets of the Beehive in 1987), Clannad, TM Network, Scary Thieves (Scary Thieves in 1984), as well as Frank Zappa (Joe's Garage) amongst others.
Steve Nye has also worked variously as keyboardist, recording and mixing engineer. He also played for the Penguin Cafe Orchestra.
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hhhhhaaa hhheee LOL
That's right brother~
Posted in the Whitesburg Forum
#1 Aug 13, 2010
hhhhhaaa hhheee LOL
That's right brother~
#2 Aug 13, 2010
i know of an aunt who cheated on her husband with her nephew... and he's living with her and the husband is out and living with his mom
#3 Aug 13, 2010
Well if I ant heard to beat.
And fur the people that would come along and talk about my spelling. And the way I word my words. Well really I don't give a hoot what you say brother!~ I'm going to be who I am, and you can't change that.
So set down, and shut up!
#4 Aug 13, 2010
what?? what does the way you word your words have to do with anything
#5 Aug 13, 2010
Well most long neck flat foot know it all's Miss/Mr perfect butt's would try to start something saying "If you can't spell, then you dont need to be posting on topix." I can't stand people like this. And I'm going to start rat out speaking my mind. And if they don't like it brother~ let'em take my cats down to the river side, and drown them!
#6 Aug 14, 2010
tell em by god
#7 Aug 14, 2010
and this would happen to be one of the very reasons to LOVE letcher co.
#8 Aug 14, 2010
i have agree dont you just love LETCHER CO!!
#9 Aug 14, 2010
That is so sad. What is wrong with women these days? Doesn't family mean anything? What if the nephew was under age? That's just so wrong in so many ways. Why would you want to date someone you couldn't tell nobody about? I do think that it goes on more than we hear of. Whats the point in dating someone if you can't go out and be together without the talk and gossip. Personally I don't care about gossip but it can and does hurt people. Come on you low life people get a life!!!!
#10 Aug 14, 2010
I believe that if a nephew would move in with his uncles wife, how sick could he be. Was he that jealous of his uncle's life that he had to live it.
Its a shame that he is trying to be those kids dad and move in his house and drive his car.Apparently they think he will pay the bills so the can screw on his bed.I cannot wait to see them two kicked out on their ass, since he thinks that he is going to have a home on his own. He needs to be a grown up instead of trying to lead someone elese life and make his own. I am stunned by the way she has acted and the nephew. Think that are living on love what a joke. She doesnt deserve to even have custody of her children. Only in Kentucky!! To beat it all, living up to the true kentuckian name!! Stupid hillibies!! Alas she cheats on her husband to be with the nephew.. Silly nephew think she will be faithful to you.. Wake up and smell the coffee
#11 Aug 14, 2010
Former Whitesburg resident Georgia Sanders(maiden name Mullins)and her husband Jon are cheaters that
cheat on one another and then just look the other way about it.Funny is how I even took some recent pics of Jon and another woman in an intimate setting and the woman is not Georgia!There's a reason for the adage"once a cheater always a cheater"you know.
#12 Aug 16, 2010
lets see the pics......i want proof.
#13 Aug 17, 2010
The pics are in the thread"Georgia(Mullins)Sa nders=Liar"but in case the Topix moderators continue omitting them there is also a screen ID"Netmenace"here on Topix and when he is signed and on Topix then his avatar pic is one
of her in an intimate kiss with a man not her husband from Dec.'09.
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- From: The Daily Telegraph
- January 24, 2011
- Chinese apples hit Aussie shelves
- Farmers warn they can't compete
- Overseas apples cheaper to produce
CONSUMERS are continuing to be gouged at the checkout despite promises of cheaper fruit and vegetables from overseas.
The first Chinese apples to hit Aussie shelves are selling for exactly the same prices as locally-grown apples.
This is despite the fact wholesalers are paying as much as $2 less per kilo for the imported fruits.
And The Daily Telegraph can reveal there are at least 25 countries seeking to import produce, with applications before the Federal Government to import everything from papaya from Samoa, pineapples from Malaysia, bananas from Ecuador and avocados from Chile.
Australians consume more than $2.7 billion worth of imported fruit, vegetables, seafood, and meat annually - with farmers warning local growers will soon be unable to compete with their overseas counterparts.
NSW Farmers' Association vice president and apple grower Peter Darley said there was no need to import fruit and vegetables as local farmers grew enough food to feed every Australian.
He said Chinese-grown apples were meant to be a less costly alternative for consumers because they were cheaper to produce.
It costs about $1.45/kg to produce apples in Australia - double that of China.
Apple wholesaler Frank Cremona of ProFruit is passionate about his apples and said he would love to be selling and eating the local red fuji rather than the Chinese tiger variety.
"Inside they are exactly the same as [Australian] fujis. I have found them just as sweet but at the end of the day, if I had to pick between an Australian fuji [and a Chinese one], I'd pick the Australian fuji every time," he said.
The trade off, he said, was Chinese apples cost sellers at least 25 per cent less than the Australian fruit - a discount that should be passed on to the consumers.
"The main thing that is selling them is the price," Mr Cremona said.
"They're selling on the market floor for $3kg so they can be sold for $5.99 or $6.99 while Australian fuji's normally go for $4.99 to $8.99."
Nationals senator Barnaby Joyce has urged Australians to get over their desire for perfect fruit and vegetables and support Queensland farmers at the checkout.
Senator Joyce said getting Australian produce onto Australian dinner tables should be a priority,The Australian reports.
"People have to be tolerant of lower grades because we have to be sure that the Australian agriculture industry gets back on its feet as early as possible," he said.
"Importing our green produce requires strong thought as to whether we would be encouraging a long-term alternate supply source to that of Australian produce."
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The Canton Police Department is under investigation for how it handled the search for a missing 7-year-old girl who ended up dead.
Mayor Gene Hobgood is calling for an independent review of the investigation into the disappearance of Jorelys Rivera.
Among the concern is criticism that Police Chief Jeff Llance wasn't on scene heading up the search.
Other concerns include the search and clearance of a vacant unit at the river's edge apartments. GBI investigators later determined that unit was the crime scene.
However, Lance says he feels his department did what they should have.
"I feel like I was there when I was needed, and if that's something that needs to be fixed on my part, I'll fix it. If there's things out there, items that we feel need to fixed, we'll fix them."
A sheriff's deputy involved in the case has been suspended over mistakes made in the


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I got pregnant right after our wedding so I was working out like crazy and eating right. Many will tell you that I was even underweight even though according to the BMI index for my age and height I was normal.
Everyone tells me that I'm all belly, boobs, and butt. I haven't gain anywhere else.
Should I be concerned? I've been trying to watch what I eat but I felt a little offended by his comments.


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Hello ! I am coming from Bosnia and Herzegovina,Sarajevo capital, I work in family firm as an IT administrator, My primary task is to eventing works well and lot of other stuff such as buying software, buying equipment, administrating SQL servers and much more. Our Company business is retrial and We have shops all around country with more than 300 working station with more than 1000 employed. In free time I try to learn programing in .NET and I having fun driving motocross bike, some time by summer I do a solar gliding flaying as sport pilot. If You fund my English is bad do not be maid my education was mostly during the war in Bosnia, in that time we did not have to study much for good ratings. Best regards Admir
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History in the Making. Sunday Friendlies Round-up
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Back in Business – Thursday Friendlies Round-up
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Tikhonov is Back. Transfer highlights July 16-17
Transfer Highlights July 9-15
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Here Comes The Magic Man
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text: Steve Stricker Likely to Miss the WGC-Accenture Match Play Championship Thu, 17 Sep 2015 10:04 AM Steve Stricker, USA Steve Stricker will more than likely miss the WGC-Accenture Match Play Championship next week due to a seriously ill family member. The Titleist player's 50-year-old brother, Scott is awaiting a liver transplant in Wisconsin. Having been in intensive care for the past three weeks it's a critical situation that has kept Stricker from making his 2014 start. While he..Read More


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Questions about elements mimicking the idea of physical world function of something that can be "pressed", i.e. clicked/tapped.
185 views
How to create a button in Adobe Flash CC that reverses to its original state
I have a button that plays an animation as soon as the mouse goes over it, and I want to know how can I have the animation play in reverse (back to its original state) as soon as the mouse goes off it?...


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Using the Spica for the first time. How do I know if I am off the internet after using the phone to browse?
You can look at the signal bar, the signal bar would be grayscale when it's not connected to the internet, green if it's connected, and have arrows when actively transmitting data.
The phone will only connect when it needs to, such as when you're browsing or when an app needs to check for update. Unless you're charged by connection time (I don't know any carrier that does that, most critters charge by amount of transmitted data), there's no need to disable them manually when you're not using it. If you need to disable Mobile Data though, you can do that in the Settings > Wireless & Network.
I would suggest auto disabling WiFi when your phone is locked. This will not only make sure no data is being transmitted, but also save a LOT of battery. Im sure there are many ways of going about this, but this is the easiest and most reliable method that I know of.
Also, here is how to tell your WiFi status:
If you just follow the instructions I've provided below, you should have satisfying results in just a few minutes!
Good luck and I hope this helps you!


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Video Industry News Video Company News Technology Industry News Technology Company News Novelty Industry News Novelty Company News Gay Industry News Gay Company News Legal Industry News All Company News
Released: Apr 01st, 2007
Running Time: 135
Director: Rocco Siffredi
Company: Rocco Siffredi Productions
Cast: Rocco Siffredi, Zenza Raggi, Nikolett, Patricia Well, Joe Monti, Viv, Kid Jamaica, Liliane Tiger, Paris Lorenz, Darina (I), Jazz Duro, Golden, Nikki Sun, Sharka Blue, Anastasia Devine, Kathy Anderson, Niki Dark
Critical Rating: AAAA
Genre: Gonzo
Judging from this title, Rocco Siffredi's dreams are far better than most people's lives. Whereas most viewers may have to romance a woman with jewelry and poetry to penetrate her body anally, Siffredi simply slaps their tits and assures them their assholes feel good to his cock in spit splattering pronouncements.
When Golden hesitates to suck his toe because she "hates it," Siffredi slaps her face till it's as red as her gaping anus. When she says her anus hurts, he fucks her throat for awhile. Sweet dreams are made of this.
Pre-nom: Best Gonzo Series.
Retailing: Stock in your Rocco section.


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We have a Postfix SMTP server that's bound to two IP addresses and serves mail for two different domains. We can't change the domains to both use the same, single IP. Both IP addresses have reverse DNS
- 220.127.116.11 reverses to mail.domain1.com
- 18.104.22.168 reverses to mail.domain2.com
In our Postfix config I have
myhostname = mail.domain1.com
myhostname = mail.domain2.com
inet_interfaces = 184.108.40.206, 126.96.36.199
smtpd_banner = $myhostname Mail Server
(And some other stuff, which I think is irrelevant)
Using MXToolbox, running the smtp test command on mail.domain2.com returns everything as OK, however running it on mail.domain1.com returns an error because Postfix is identifying itself as 'mail.domain2.com' in the SMTP banner, how do I get it to return the correct banner based on the external IP address used?


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P.O. BOX 47 Street View
Stampex Co P.O. BOX 47, White Plains New York 10601 (NY)
Stampex Co in White Plains
White Plains New York 10601 NY
4.5/5 Based on 1 Review(s)
Stampex Co Reviews: Take Our Quick 5 Question Survey And Leave A Comment
About Stampex Co
Stampex Co is largely involved in Exporters. Stampex Co operates in White Plains New York 10601. This business organization is involved in Exporters as well as other possible related aspects and functions of Exporters. In White Plains New York Stampex Co maintains its local business operations and may conduct other local business operations outside of White Plains in additional operations related to Exporters.
P.O. BOX 47 Street View
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This section is for posting general comments and disussion about this business. If you would like to leave a full review, Click Here to write a full review.


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Posted in the Bluefield Forum
1 - 13 of 13 Comments Last updated Apr 22, 2010
#1 Apr 17, 2010
Please tell me if u are being cheated on and by whom? If u are hepling someone cheat....or if u know a worthless cheater...i'd like to steer clear of these people in the future! thanks!
#2 Apr 17, 2010
Honey you dont have enough time in the world to hear about who all cheats in Bluefield...
#3 Apr 17, 2010
thats very true...but i jus wanna know about this one person...but im not goin to put his name out there incase it aint true...
#4 Apr 17, 2010
Dont bee scared you will behelpin urself out along with sum other females too
#5 Apr 17, 2010
With all the STDs goin around!!! You want too kno whos cheatin these days!
#6 Apr 17, 2010
well the only way you gonna find out is if you ask about them....
#7 Apr 17, 2010
Jim mack
#8 Apr 18, 2010
yea i kno....love him care bout him...and if his name happens to come up it comes up...but i dont want ppl to say oh yeah he's a cheater jus cos i put his name out there...
1 post removed
#10 Apr 18, 2010
Honey you need a book for all the cheaters in bluefield and princeton. There is one big time cheater here he is another tiger woods and jesse james. His name is warren neal. He is married to a beautiful woman.Can't figure out why men cheat on GOOD women. if you cheat once you will cheat again.
#11 Apr 18, 2010
yea hear he is such a liar
#12 Apr 18, 2010
Cheaters: Aaron mongold and ron mooney: I dated ron and so did a few other women and I found out he was cheating on every girl he was with including me. His poor wife has no idea. People just never change. Believe it or not I had a major scare and had to get tested after finding out he cheated. and lied alot . Luckly I am okay. Aaron mongold is a man (hoe) The girl he's with cheats also. So both are just as bad. The girl he's with is a bit ditzy. Mongold went and stired up rumors and trouble on people as well as this girl. Now it's coming back to bite him and her in the behind. He's no good. Everyone knows it. He back stabbed many of his buddies and plays his girlfriends. He did in high school and jr. high and still does. He did admit how he was too people. Not a very good person. I found out his girl was worse then him though. She goes out with many guys. They are so called friends she has.And he goes around telling people lies . I found out alot of bad stuff about this guy. He's just not trash. He's a trouble maker. When I wanted to confront this guy. People said no don't worry about it. People know about both of them around campbells creek area and belle etc. He's 24 yrs. old. The military is supposed to make you change. It made this guy an ass of himself.
#13 Apr 22, 2010
my man does not cheat he values his life and penis
#14 Apr 22, 2010
wow...its crazy how guys have these beautiful women that love and care about them and still yet the man is a piece of crap...
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Top Definition
An intense almost painful craving for your favorite food or drink.
I started panging as soon as I pulled into the Dunkin drive through, thought I'd pass out before I got my coffee.
de SputumMan 30 Martie 2011
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