text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|May 13, 2003
|Filing date
|Nov 21, 2001
|Priority date
|Dec 21, 1998
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Jean-Pierre Themont, Jean-Jacques B. Theron
|Original Assignee
|Corning Incorporated
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (18), Referenced by (7), Classifications (20), Legal Events (3)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application discloses subject matter related to co-pending applications "OPAQUE RIB STRUCTURES FOR DISPLAY PANEL" (ATTORNEY REFERENCE-P14063) filed on Dec. 21, 1998, as European Patent Application No. 98403244.1 and on Jan. 25, 1999 as U.S. Application Ser. No. 60/117,206; and U.S. application Ser. No. 08/820,206 filed Mar. 18, 1997 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,853,446; the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.
The invention relates to the field of flat panel displays, and in particular, to a method of manufacturing plasma addressed liquid crystal (PALC) displays.
Flat panel displays, e.g., liquid crystal displays, are known. Recently, the use of plasma channels to address a liquid crystal display (LCD) has become known. For example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,896,149, 5,036,317, 5,077,553, 5,272,472, 5,313,223, the disclosures of which are all hereby incorporated by reference, each disclose such a structure. This type of display technology provides an active addressing matrix suitable for high-line-count displays, and is competitive alternative to the known thin-film transistor (TFT) active matrix approach.
These plasma channel panels are also referred to herein as plasma addressed liquid crystal (PALC) displays. This type of plasma display panel is generally formed of two parallel substrates separated from each other to form a discharge space between the substrates, which contains a discharge gas, such as a mixture of helium, neon and xenon. The inner-facing surface of each of the substrates bears a pattern of spaced parallel electrodes, with the electrodes on one substrate being oriented, for example, in a direction orthogonal to the direction of the electrodes on the other substrate. The electrode bearing surfaces of the substrates are typically covered with a dielectric layer, and red, green and blue phosphors are separately located in discrete areas on the internal surface of the dielectric layer on one of the two substrates. The dielectric layers are generally lead-based glass frits fired between 500 and 600� C., depending on their formulation and the level of uniformity required. The displayed picture is produced by plasma discharges which are induced locally in the gas by applying a suitable voltage between the electrodes of one substrate and the electrodes of the other substrate. Ultraviolet light emitted locally by the gas discharge induces luminescence of the neighboring phosphors.
A PALC display relies on the highly non-linear electrical behavior of a relatively low pressure (e.g., 10 to 100 Torr) gas, e.g., He, confined in parallel channels. A cross section of a portion of a PALC display 100 is shown in FIG. 1. A pair of parallel electrodes 101A (anode) and 101C (cathode) is deposited in each channel 102 on a rear glass plate 101G, for example, forming the bottom of the channels, and a very thin dielectric sheet 103, e.g., a glass micro-sheet of about 50 μm thickness, forms the top of the channels 102. A liquid crystal layer 104 on top of the micro-sheet 103 is the optically active portion of the display 100. A cover sheet 105, e.g., a passive glass plate of about 1.1 mm, with transparent conducting electrodes, e.g., made from indium-tin oxide (ITO), running perpendicular to the plasma channels 102, lies on top of the liquid crystal 104. Conventional polarizers 106, color filters 107, and back lights 108, like those found in other conventional liquid crystal displays, are also commonly used, as illustrated.
When voltages are applied to the transparent electrodes, since there is no ground plane, the voltages are divided among the liquid crystal, the micro-sheet, the plasma channel, and any other insulators intervening between the transparent electrode and whatever becomes the virtual ground. As a practical matter, this means that if there is no plasma in the plasma channel, the voltage drop across the liquid crystal will be negligible, and the pixels defined by the crossings of the transparent electrodes and the plasma channels will not switch. If, however, a voltage difference sufficient to ionize the gas is first applied between the pair of electrodes in a plasma channel, a plasma forms in the plasma channel so that it becomes conducting, and constitutes a ground plane. As a result, for pixels atop this channel, the voltages will be divided between the liquid crystal and the micro-sheet only. This places a substantial voltage across the liquid crystal and causes the pixel to switch. Igniting a plasma in the channel causes the row above the channel to be selected. Because the gas in the channels is non-conducting until a well-defined threshold voltage between the electrode pair is reached, the rows are extremely well isolated from the column voltages unless selected. This high non-linearity allows large numbers of rows to be addressed without loss of contrast.
To avoid luminous cross-talk between neighboring regions and improve the contrast in such displays, opaque barrier ribs 110 are disposed on at least one of the substrates (typically the rear one) forming electrically insulated discharge cells. The barrier rib structure is typically periodic with a pitch of, for example, from 200 μm to 400 μm, depending on the panel resolution. These ribs are, for example, about 30-100 μm wide and 100-200 μm thick (i.e., high).
Alternatively, a closed cell design has been employed having square cells which are about 200-400 μm on each side. The "ribs" which form these square cells are about 30 μm to 70 μm wide and about 30 to 200 μm high. Plasma panels of this type are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,853,590, as well as Japanese Patent Application Nos. J04255638 and J04075232. The networks of parallel barrier ribs mentioned above delimit columns of pixels which can be addressed independently. The two perpendicular networks of electrodes allow ionization of the gas at the selected pixels. The ultraviolet radiation emitted by the ionized gas causes the excitation of areas of phosphorescent products associated with said pixels according to the configuration of an image which is to be displayed.
The PALC display relies on the use of a thin micro-sheet to separate the plasma from the liquid crystal. This micro-sheet should be as thin as possible (e.g. 1.5-2 mils), with as high a dielectric constant as possible, to thereby minimize the voltage drop across it. Current display manufacturers utilize a single, monolithic piece of micro-sheet for this purpose, e.g., a D-263 micro-sheet of 30 to 50 μm thickness made by Schott. However, these large sheets of glass are difficult to manufacture, causing the availability of large, thin micro-sheet to be a potential limitation on the size of the PALC displays that can be made.
In the past, the barrier ribs have typically been made either by a silk-screening method, or by sandblasting from a deposited layer of frit. Thus, the channels between the barrier ribs have been made by etching into a glass substrate or by building up walls of glass on a substrate by deposition processes such as screen-printing. However, etching of the channels typically results in channels having rounded bottoms, while building up material to form walls generally results in non-vertical side walls. Both of these conditions adversely affect light transmission through the panel. In addition, the manufacture of rib structures with a high aspect ratio usually requires multiple process steps, including polishing the top of the ribs to match the flatness of the glass micro-sheet.
Accordingly, a need exists for a method which solves the above problems and overcomes the limitations of the known manufacturing processes of PALC displays. There is further a need for a method which achieves improved structures on the rear glass plate, including metallic electrodes and high aspect ratio opaque ribs, and which can obtain such a structure with a thin dielectric glass sheet.
This invention provides a method for making glass structures for flat panel displays. This invention further provides a method that solves the above mentioned problems so that improved structures and lower manufacturing costs are achieved.
Copending related U.S. application Ser. No. 08/820,206 referenced above, discloses a micro-molding process for the formation of barrier ribs. Incorporation of such micro-molding techniques into the manufacture of PALC structures, according to the process of the present invention, overcomes many of the disadvantages noted above and provides a simplified process for the manufacture of such structures.
According to an aspect of the invention, a method of manufacturing an assembly of rib structures between glass substrates for use in a plasma addressed liquid crystal display includes: (a) providing a mold having cavities; (b) providing a glass paste into the mold cavities to form the rib structures; (c) forming a thin layer of a transparent glass on a collector drum; (d) transferring the rib structures from the mold to the thin transparent glass layer on the collector drum; and (e) transferring the rib structures and thin transparent glass layer from the collector drum to a glass substrate.
According to an aspect of the invention, the mold is a soft intaglio mold made of a material exhibiting good release characteristics such as silicone. In another aspect of the invention, the mold is a thick perforated sheet made of a material exhibiting good release characteristics such as silicone. In a further aspect of the invention, the glass paste is a glass frit with a curable, settable or hardenable (hereinafter referred to collectively as "curable") organic binder.
According to another aspect of the invention, the glass substrate has metallic electrodes formed thereon by a photo-lithographic technique, a screen printing technique, a micro-molding technique, or other conventional method. In a further aspect of the invention, the thin transparent layer of glass comprises a layer of glass approximately 50 μm or less in thickness after firing. Another aspect of the invention involves transferring the rib structure from the mold to the thin transparent layer of glass on the collector drum by contact and cooling.
An additional aspect of the invention provides a method of manufacturing a plasma addressed liquid crystal display structure, including: (a) providing a glass substrate; (b) providing a first mold having cavities; (c) providing a metallic paste into the mold cavities to form electrode structures; (d) transferring the electrode structures to the glass substrate; (e) providing a second mold having cavities; (f) providing a glass paste into the second mold cavities to form rib structures; (g) forming a thin layer of transparent glass on a collector drum; (h) transferring the rib structures from the second mold to the thin transparent glass layer on the collector drum; and (i) transferring the rib structures and thin transparent glass layer from the collector drum to the surface of the glass substrate bearing the electrodes.
These and other aspects of the invention will become apparent from the detailed description set forth below.
FIG. 1 illustrates a cross-sectional view of a Plasma Addressed Liquid Crystal (PALC) display.
FIGS. 2A to 2K illustrate method steps according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention for preparing PALC displays.
FIGS. 3A and 3B illustrate providing a metal core and adding a bridge structure according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary arrangement for practicing a method according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention.
The invention will now be described in more detail by way of example with reference to the embodiments shown in the accompanying figures. It should be kept in mind that the following described embodiments are only presented by way of example and should not be construed as limiting the inventive concept to any particular physical configuration.
FIG. 1 illustrates a cross-sectional view of a Plasma Addressed Liquid Crystal (PALC) display, which has been briefly discussed in the Background section of this disclosure. A pair of parallel electrodes 101A (anode) and 101C (cathode) is deposited in each channel 102 on a rear glass plate 101G, for example, forming the bottom of the channels, and a very thin dielectric sheet 103, e.g., a glass micro-sheet of about 50 μm, forms the top of the channels 102. A liquid crystal layer 104 on top of the micro-sheet 103 is the optically active portion of the display 100. A cover sheet 105, e.g., a passive glass plate of about 1.1 mm, with transparent conducting electrodes, e.g., made from indium-tin oxide (ITO), running perpendicular to the plasma channels 102, lies on top of the liquid crystal 104. Conventional polarizers 106, color filters 107, and back lights 108, like those found in other conventional liquid crystal displays, are also commonly used, as illustrated. Opaque ribs 110 separate the channels 102.
FIGS. 2A to 2K illustrate method steps according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention, in particular, a method of manufacturing a complete PALC structure through a continuous manufacturing process. The complete PALC structure may include an optional dielectric barrier layer 202 on a glass substrate 201.
In this exemplary method, the formation of the plasma channel structure, with or without an optional glass frit dielectric barrier layer 202 on the glass substrate 201, may be achieved in a continuous process. For this exemplary method, the materials used may include: electrode materials made of, for example, a metallic powder dispersed in a curable organic medium (e.g., silver powder dispersed in a thermoplastic wax medium); dielectric glass frit materials made of, for example, a glass powder dispersed in a curable organic medium (e.g., a thermoplastic wax medium) which materials are transparent; and rib materials made of, for example, a glass powder dispersed in a curable organic medium (e.g., a thermoplastic wax medium), which can be made opaque by the inclusion of opaque pigments. Useful curable media should be micromoldable and easily removed by burning, and include both thermoplastic and thermosetting materials. However, thermoplastic materials are often generally preferred.
Referring to FIG. 2A, Step 1, depending on the nature of the glass substrate 201 used, an optional dielectric glass paste 202 may be bladed onto a glass substrate 201. The glass paste preferably contains a thermoplastic binder material and can be softened by heating prior to application to the glass substrate. The inclusion of the dielectric layer 202 can help the transfer of the electrodes from the silicone mold to the glass substrate in Step 3, below, but is not required. Additionally, depending on the composition of dielectric layer 202, it can also be used as a barrier layer to avoid diffusion of metal oxides from the electrode materials into the glass substrate, which can potentially make short circuits after long term use of the display.
Step 2, shown in FIG. 2B, illustrates blading a silver electrode paste 203 onto an intaglio mold 204. The silver paste 203 will form electrodes at locations which are determined by the arrangement of the cavities or recesses in the mold 204. The silver paste preferably contains a thermoplastic binder and can be softened by heating prior to application to the mold. The mold is preferably formed of a soft material exhibiting suitable release characteristics such as, for example, silicone.
Step 3, illustrated in FIG. 2C, shows a transferring of the silver paste electrodes 203 to the glass substrate 201, with or without barrier dielectric layer 202, by pressing the mold 204, having silver paste electrodes 203 contained within the cavities therein, against the glass substrate 201 with a transfer roll 205 such that the electrodes 203 contact the glass substrate 201 and adhere thereto, upon cooling the glass substrate 201 and mold 204. Thereafter, in Step 4, illustrated in FIG. 2D, the mold 204 is released and removed at, e.g., room temperature, leaving the electrodes 203 disposed in position on the glass substrate 201, with or without barrier dielectric layer 202.
It should be noted that the above-described process steps 1 to 4 could be replaced by any way of printing electrodes onto a coated or un-coated glass substrate, including a suitable process based on photo-lithography, a screen printing, or by a micro-molding process utilizing an intaglio collector drum or intaglio mold as disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/820,206 referred to above, for example, as would be understood by those skilled in the art to be within the spirit and scope of the invention.
Step 5, illustrated in FIGS. 2E and 2F, shows a first rib forming step which can be accomplished in either of the exemplary illustrated ways. FIG. 2E shows a first alternative in which a dielectric glass paste 207, which can be made opaque according to co-pending application entitled "Opaque Ribs Structures for Display Panel," (Atty. Dkt. P14063), filed Jan. 25, 1999, used for the rib structure is bladed into a mold 206, e.g., a soft intaglio mold. FIG. 2F shows a second alternative using a mold 208 disposed on a flat and rigid substrate 209 for a thick screen printing technique. In the second alternative of FIG. 2F, rib paste 207 is "printed" through slots in the mold 208 onto the rigid substrate 209. In both alternatives, the molds can be formed of any material which can be patterned with known techniques and which has acceptable release properties, as would be apparent to one skilled in the art, within the spirit and scope of the invention. Preferably, the molds are formed of silicone.
Accordingly, in the first alternative of Step 5 shown in FIG. 2E, the soft intaglio mold 206 would preferably be made of silicone, and the glass paste 207 would preferably be made opaque by using frit compositions containing opaque pigments. For example, the paste 207 could be made of a glass frit, opaque pigments, and a thermoplastic binder so that the glass paste material can be doctored into the mold at a temperature slightly higher than room temperature, e.g., 50� C. to 100� C.
In the second alternative of Step 5 shown in FIG. 2F, where the process of thick screen printing through a mold 208 onto a rigid substrate 209 is shown, the method is preferably accomplished as a screen printing technique using a thick silicone mold with slots which corresponds to the rib structures. A possible advantage of this method over the intaglio alternative method of FIG. 2E, resides in the fact that the rib structure can be filled through the slots of the thick silicone mold 208 onto a very rigid and flat substrate 209. This insures a practically perfect flatness of the foot of the rib so formed, thereby avoiding negative meniscus shapes which could occur in the soft intaglio method alternative after doctor blading, and achieving a better subsequent transfer onto the glass substrate 201. This second alternative method of FIG. 2F may also be easier to use when one wants to deposit relatively thick, e.g., 50 to 300 microns thick rib structures directly onto the rear glass plate (101G) of the display panel 100.
Step 6, illustrated in FIG. 2G includes coating a transfer drum 210 with a thin layer of transparent dielectric glass paste 211 having a typical thickness of from about 15 microns to about 50 microns. The transfer drum is preferably formed of a material exhibiting suitable release characteristics to allow removal of the coating layer without damage, or is coated with a suitable release agent or material such as a polyethylene terephthalate (Mylar) film. Further, the glass paste preferably contains a thermoplastic binder material and the transfer roll is preferably heated to a temperature of from about 40� C. to about 150� C. to facilitate application of the coating and maintain the coating in a tacky state sufficient to cause the ribs to release from the mold and becomes attached thereto upon contact.
Step 7, shown in FIGS. 2H, 2I, and 2J involves transferring the rib structure 207 from the mold 206 or 208 onto the coated transfer drum 210 by rolling the coated transfer drum over the surface of the mold such that the barrier ribs contained within the mold cavities contact the drum coating and adhere thereto upon cooling. The rib structure 207 would, of course, have been previously allowed to consolidate by heating to a temperature of from about 400� C. to about 600� C. FIG. 2H is the Step 7 alternative which follows from the mold alternative in FIG. 2E, and FIG. 21 is for the Step 7 alternative following from the mold alternative in FIG. 2F. FIG. 2J shows the coated transfer drum 210 with the rib structure 207 having been transferred thereto. The coating of a thin dielectric glass layer 211 contacts the top of the rib structure 207.
In Step 8, shown in FIG. 2K, the rib structure 207, with the thin dielectric layer 211 on top (from the transfer drum 210), is transferred to the glass substrate 201, with or without the barrier layer 202. The glass substrate 201 would already contain the electrodes 203 and optionally the barrier layer 202, from the previous process steps described above.
To aid in the transfer onto the glass substrate 201, especially for designs where the electrodes 203 are aligned with the rib structure 207, a thin polymer layer, such as an ethyl cellulose layer (not shown), for example, can be laid down on top of the glass 201 and the electrodes 203, to ensure an easy transfer of the ribs 207. This polymer layer facilitates bonding of the barrier ribs to the substrate by increasing the adhesion therebetween by providing a tacky, sticky surface. This polymer layer would then be eliminated during firing of the whole structure to fuse the glass frit.
Some advantages of the above-described manufacturing process include cost advantages due to avoiding the multiple steps usually required to manufacture rib structures with a high aspect ratio by conventional screen printing and photolithographic processes, and cost advantages due to a transfer of the rib structure onto rear glass with electrodes in one step, including a thin dielectric glass layer which replaces the problematic micro-sheet which is no longer required with this process. This process thus suppresses the need for a large size glass micro-sheet, and allows thickness reduction of this dielectric separator, which will improve performances of PALC display panels. Further, excellent contact between the tops of the ribs and the thin dielectric glass layer is achieved because the contact is obtained by a transfer process. Consequently, polishing of the top of the ribs, used usually in PALC structure manufacturing in order to match the flatness of the glass, is no longer required.
While each of the above micro-molding techniques may be used to form the barrier ribs and transfer them to the dielectric glass coating on the drum, avoiding the deposition of a residual film of the barrier rib material on the dielectric glass layer between the ribs can be difficult. However, in an alternative embodiment of the invention, this problem can be avoided by printing the barrier ribs directly onto the glass substrate through a thick screen as described above, and then applying a thin layer of a dielectric glass on top of the ribs.
In this method, a thick screen patterned with slots is formed from a film of a material exhibiting suitable release characteristics such as silicone. The film is deposited on the glass substrate and is preferably heated to a temperature of from about 40� C. to about 150� C. The glass frit containing paste for the barrier ribs is then bladed through the slots in the screen onto the glass substrate. After cooling, the patterned screen is removed to leave the barrier rib structure disposed on the glass substrate. To increase the rigidity of such a thick screen 301, and consequently have a better dimensional control over the resulting rib structures, the use of a rigid core structure 302 made of, for example, metal, can be inserted in the patterned screen 301, as shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B. In order to maintain the spacing of the slots, e.g., in the case of long slots required for display applications, thin bridges 303 can be added without obstructing the flow of the glass frit containing paste into the slots during the blading operation. FIG. 3B illustrates such a bridge structure 303 according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention.
A further exemplary method will now be described, which accomplishes the depositing of a dielectric layer of glass onto rib structures projecting from a glass substrate to complete the formation of the plasma channels. The method described in this example demonstrates the basic feasibility of the use of this embodiment in a continuous manufacturing process, while suppressing the need for large size glass micro-sheet in PALC manufacturing.
According to this method, a glass substrate with projecting ribs are first treated to cure/solidify the ribs prior to deposition of the dielectric glass layer. This can be accomplished by baking the substrate at a temperature of from about 400� C. to about 600� C. to fuse the glass frit and remove the organic binder. However, if the paste used to form the ribs contains a UV-curable medium, consolidation using a UV treatment is generally sufficient to provide adequate structural integrity to the ribs to permit transfer of the dielectric glass layer without deformation of the ribs. Thereafter, a layer of a dielectric glass frit containing paste is applied to the tops of the ribs to seal the plasma channels. The dielectric frit containing layer may be deposited onto the ribs by transfer from a suitable release substrate. For example, the glass frit containing material may be coated on a film such as polyethylene terephthalate (Mylar) to a desired thickness, such as from about 15 microns to about 50 microns, and the coating transferred onto the tops of the ribs from the release substrate by contact. Preferably, the glass frit paste contains a thermoplastic binder and is softened by heating to facilitate application to the release substrate and adhesion to the tops of the ribs upon contact. The release substrate could then be removed after cooling.
FIG. 4 schematically illustrates an exemplary arrangement for practicing this method according to the described exemplary embodiment of the invention. In this embodiment, a continuous moving belt 409 comprised of a release substrate on its surface passes through a heating zone 406 to a cooling zone 408, around a transfer drum 410 and idler roll 411. Thermoplastic glass frit paste 401 is applied to the release substrate 409 as it passes around transfer drum 410. The glass frit paste may be applied by any suitable means, but is preferably formed into a layer of desired thickness 402 by a doctor blade 403. Preferably the thickness of layer 402 is from about 15 to about 50 microns. As belt 409 passes around transfer drum 410, the layer of glass frit containing material 402 contacts the tops 404 of barrier ribs 405 projecting outwardly from glass substrate 412 which is moving in the direction A therebelow. As the glass frit layer passes through the cooling zone 408, it solidifies and adheres to the tops of the barrier ribs 404. As the belt passes around idler roll 411, the glass frit containing layer 402 separates from the release surface of belt 409 and is transferred to the rib structure.
It will be apparent to one skilled in the art that the manner of making and using the claimed invention has been adequately disclosed in the above-written description of the preferred embodiments taken together with the drawings.
Further, it will be understood that the above described preferred embodiments of the present invention are susceptible to various modifications, changes, and adaptations, and the same are intended to be comprehended within the meaning and range of equivalents of the appended claims.
For example, although the embodiments of the invention have been described above with exemplary materials, the invention is not limited thereby. Other suitable materials could be used. In particular, although a thermoplastic medium or curable thermosetting medium may have been described in a particular embodiment, another type of hardenable or curable material could be used, such as an ultra-violet sensitive material.
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|U.S. Classification
|65/155, 156/235, 65/42, 156/322, 156/247, 349/155, 156/238, 156/231, 156/292
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Nov 13, 2006
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Nov 15, 2010
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Nov 13, 2014
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


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I usually use html view exclusively but I need the custom fields to work in WYSYWIG mode. Because I use custom fields to post references in the form of urls and since custom fields seem to work just in html mode the urls are not transformed into hyperlinks. I don't feel like going through each url and adding <a href... to them one by one. How can I make custom fields work in WYSYWYG mode?
P.S. changing tinymce's mode from html to "view" doesn't do it either :(

subset: commoncrawl


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text: >>> bread <breaddawson@...> seems to think that: [ ... ] >> >> You're summary is pretty close. If you right-click on an include, and >> choose "Summarize Includes current buffer", or just do: >> >> M-x semantic-decoration-all-include-summary RET > >Did you mean right-click in Emacs? I just found it did not work for me... >Actually when i right clicked on my codes, nothing happened but some blocks >are selected. you probably don't have that decoration mode turned off. Add this to your .emacs file: (semantic-load-enable-gaudy-code-helpers) or turn on just the single item: (require 'semantic-decorate-include) It can be handy to see what state semantic is in sometimes. >And, there's no semantic-decoration-all-include-summary. What i can find is >only semantic-decoration-mode. > >But i found that semanticdb-find-test-translate-path can output some include >files, and i'm not sure if these are the candidates where semantic will look >for symbols in. That is the list of include files that Semantic will search through. >you will get the exact list of things Semantic is using to find >> include files. >> >> There are also two completion styles in Semantic. There is "smart" >> completion, and also a more generic brute-force completion that looks >> up any old symbol it can find. >> >> Some tools start with the smart completion, and if it fails, uses the >> backup completion. This may be what you are seeing. The brute force >> completion includes all parsed files in the current buffer, or any >> databases it can find under the current project, but again only for >> files it has already parsed. > > >So what semantic-ia-complete-symbol-menu uses both smart and brute-force >completions, right? Yes. >I wanted to wrap up knowledge of what a project is in EDE, and not >> repeat it for Semantic, so there are a couple of simplified EDE >> projects you can use to mark the base of a project. I found out I can >> use GNU Global to do this, so hopefully I'll have a project based on >> that soon too. >> > >1. I've seen the manual of EDE before and i was wondering that if it is >useful for testcase projects. When u need to write hundreds of test cases >for a program, you may put every test case in a single directory, and the >program's include files in another directory, just like this: > >testcases/ > -> case01 > -> case02 > -> ... >includes/ > >So i need to create hundreds ede-cpp-projects for every single test case, >it's really a time-consuming work. I'm wondering if there's a ede project >type for test-cases-like projects. You have two options. You can create one EDE project each time, or you can write an auto-detect project style yourself. Writing such a custom EDE project is not hard, but it does require some basic Emacs Lisp /EIEIO programming knowledge. A good starting case is ede-emacs.el. This project style automatically detects a file belonging to Emacs, and sets up a project for it. Your project will probably be simpler, but the Emacs one shows how to do the key aspects of handling custom auto-detected projects. >2. Does semanticdb-project-roots conflict with the paths set in ede >projects? If not, which has a higher priority? Semantic first checks semanticdb-project-root-functions, in which EDE installs a hook. Then it checks the base roots, so EDE will go first, but other tools can insert project roots instead. You could write such a custom fcn for your test cases instead of an EDE project type. >3. And, if EDE could automatically analyze Makefile under the same directory >with current buffer and added include paths, it will be wonderful! It could, if someone were to write such a project for EDE. It is likely easier to create custom project styles on a per-case basis, since the format of Makefiles can vary greatly. Eric -- Eric Ludlam: eric@... Siege: http://www.siege-engine.com Emacs: http://cedet.sourceforge.net


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T-shirt Printing Jumbo to All-over Printing
This project received 7 bids from talented freelancers with an average bid price of $640 USD.Get free quotes for a project like this
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We need an estimate for 48 white t-shirts to be manufactured with a jumbo to all-over printing. We are looking for a delivery date of July 30, 2012. Sizes of shirts will vary. Design is attached.
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El Reno, Okla., July 24, 1906.
To the Editor:
—In keeping with the expressed wish and plan of the American Medical Association to organize the United States into several districts and to organize in these districts associations which will be allies to the American Medical Association, and because commercially, geographically and socially the several states grouped together here have for years been known as the Southwest, the state associations of Missouri, Kansas, Arkansas, Oklahoma-Indian Territory and Texas were asked at the spring association meetings to appoint five men, who should be called together to consider the advisability of such an organization. Each state responded by appointing the desired number, and on July 16, at Kansas City, a meeting was called. Fourteen members responded, as follows: Drs. Jabez N. Jackson, Frank J. Lutz and Charles Wood Fassett, of Missouri; C. E. Bowers, George M. Gray, M. F. Jarrett and H. L.
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Texas Panhandle school districts are coping with a double dose of cuts, not only to their budgets but to that of the Amarillo-based support center set up to help them.
The state slashed money to the Region 16 Education Service Center by almost a fourth, or $300,000, said John Bass, executive director of the service center. The center began planning for the loss in state money two years ago by leaving open vacant positions, eliminating 12 to 15 jobs through attrition, he said.
However, some school districts rely heavily on the service center for combined resources they couldn't afford on their own, Bass said.
"Even though it's a challenge, we see that our need is to continue to look for cooperative types of services," he said.
Bass said the center helps districts through services such as providing Internet access and helping small districts pool their resources through co-op agreements to save money.
About 12 percent of the service center's budget is state funded, roughly a fourth comes from school districts and the rest is mostly federal grants, Bass said.
He said co-ops help many districts provide student services that would be too expensive if they didn't share the service center's employees and instead hired a someone on their own.
"People in the Panhandle realize that we need to work together to survive because we are small, very rural and in some cases isolated from the rest of the state," he said.
Texline Independent School District, located in Dallam County in the Panhandle's northwest corner, relies on contracts with the center to provide help for limited-English-proficient students, Title I services and training for board members and teachers, district Superintendent Gary Laramore said.
"The bottom line is I don't think we could get along without them," he said.
Texline's enrollment is about 160, Laramore said.
Region 16 steps to move training online to cut transportation costs particularly have helped Texline, where state funding shrank by 8 percent, or $94,700, this school year, Laramore said.
"For us, it saves four hours in the car to be able to watch it online instead of having to actually attend in Amarillo," he said.
Bass said the service center also has increased the number of so-called cluster meetings, where staff travel to one district for a seminar and educators from surrounding districts attend.
Internet service is among the center's major benefits, Pampa ISD chief financial officer Danny Seabourn said. The service center also serves as the business manager for 16 school districts, Bass said.
Seabourn said Pampa's state funding was cut by about $1.7 million, or about 7 percent, for this year.
The district, with an enrollment of more than 3,100, covered most of its reductions by leaving about a dozen positions vacant, he said.
More cuts would force the district to continue to look at personnel costs, Seabourn said.
That could make it difficult for the district to have enough teachers, especially at the elementary level where the maximum student-to-teacher ratio is 22 to 1, he said.
He said future cuts could make districts more dependent on services provided by Region 16, but the center might lack the money to help.
"We're going to be kind of caught between a rock and a hard place," Seabourn said.
"If you sacrifice some of the Region 16 support, that could wind up in the long run being a detriment to the district because of the professional training Region 16 provides schools."
Bass said the service center does not yet know if its state money will be slashed again, but this year's cut forced the center to find new ways to help districts through programs such as online seminars and video conferences.
"We were already looking at how we provide our services, but this probably accelerated that process to where we're looking at alternative ways to provide our services," he said.


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The prestigious Security For All Admiral James Norrington award [named for the primary antagonist in Disney's "Pirates of the Caribbean" movies] for most entertaining and ludicrous battle against piracy goes to Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) CEO Mitch Bainwol for his unmitigated audacity in spinning reality well past the breaking point. In this article in techdirt honorary Admiral Bainwol is quoted as follows.
In January, Chinese hackers infiltrated the systems of the biggest technology dog on the global block and, according to the company, stole Google's intellectual property
In texting parlance, Google has finally had an OMG! moment when it comes to intellectual property. Unfortunately, it took this theft of their IP to flip on the switch.
Frankly, Google has never been very warm to the idea of copyright protections. Google routinely has sided with the "free access" (more aptly the "free of charge") crowd against those who actually create the intellectual property.
Remember the Big G's idea to digitize every book in the world and put it in their digital library? That went over so well that Association of American Publishers and the Authors Guild of America sued to stop Google from creating the virtual library.
Google argued that they were just trying to make the world a better place by making important works of literature available to people all over the globe. A rather egalitarian idea (unless you're the authors and publishers who depend on people actually buying books in order for you to make a living).
What's the effect of IP theft on the U.S. economy? First, let's look at the IP industry's share of the economy. A 2007 International Intellectual Property Alliance study found 11.7 million people working in the total copyright industries. That's 8.51 percent of the U.S. workforce. These industries help drive our nation's economy. In 2007, IP companies added $1.52 trillion or 11.05 percent to the GDP. When people say "we don't make anything in America anymore," just hit them with those facts.
Brilliant! Absolutely freaking brilliant! Where do you even begin to comment on something so thoroughly and patently asinine as the preceding foray out of Pirates of the Caribbean and into Fantasyland following the Pied Piper of Piracy Propaganda. While recognizing that I'm in the presence of a giant (moron), I humbly submit the following fact checks.
- The now infamous attack on Google [allegedly by Chinese hackers] was an exercise in corporate espionage. Since Google doesn't produce "Intellectual Property" (IP) of the sort the RIAA is concerned with (music). The connection is more non-existent than tenuous.
- I'm quite certain that Google did have an "OMG!" moment. Only it was "OMG our famous security has been breeched and we've been hacked!" I'm also quite certain that more intrusive, fascist intellectual property laws wouldn't have made a bit of difference in this case. Even assuming that Chinese hackers give a rodent's patoot about those laws.
- It's easy to imagine that Google has "never been very warm" to the RIAA's idea of copyright protections, which are stupid and unworkable but I digress. What's really amazing here is the assertion that those who provide free access to intellectual property – like say me when I give away my music at Christmas time – are "against those who actually create the intellectual property". Now I'm having a WTF! moment.
- The lawsuit brought against Google by the Association of American Publishers and the Authors Guild of America was settled out of court not in small part because most authors found that when their books were available on Google books sales of the books actually increased. So I'm guessing that authors of books feel pretty much the same way about the AAP and AGA as musicians feel about the RIAA. Not warm and fuzzy.
- It's hard to believe that anyone, even a consummate spinmeister like Admiral Bainwol, is still trotting out that tired old – and completely bogus – $1.52 trillion stat. In case you you were wondering that number is derived by taking any business that touches copyright, however marginally, and then assuming that all of the revenue they make is entirely due to copyright. Actually you could just quote Ed Black, from the Computer & Communications Industry Association who posited this equally absurd statistic derived in the same way "Businesses dependent upon exceptions to copyright contribute $2.2 trillion to the U.S. economy. They are responsible for one in eight jobs, for a total payroll of $1.2 trillion in 2006.".
As if the preceding show of farce weren't ridicules enough, it was followed up with another post covered in this article in techdirt wherein our honorary Admiral was quoted thusly.
The album ["Hope for Haiti Now"] is now widely available on illicit BitTorrent sites like The Pirate Bay, Torrentz and more. The posting highlights a truly ugly side of P2P piracy — the undermining of humanitarian fundraising efforts via online theft of the "Hope for Haiti Now" compilation. So much for the notion that illegal downloading ("sharing") is an effort to help advance the plight of artists.
Wow! Just Wow. The boring and decidedly non-piratical facts are these:
- A group of popular musicians released the "Hope for Haiti Now" digital only album, with proceeds going to Clinton Bush Haiti Fund, Oxfam America, Partners in Health, Red Cross, UNICEF, United Nations World Food Programme, and Yele Haiti Foundation in the wake of the devastating earthquake. "Hope for Haiti Now" did quite well, topping the Billboard sales charts. The entire "Hope for Haiti" effort, including the telethon has raised more than $58 million so far. An excellent and very successful fundraiser for an important cause.
- While I'm sure that there are pointers to torrents for this – and pretty much every other album in recorded history – on some torrent sites, it's hard to imagine that the losses due to "piracy" were anything but miniscule. In fact I'm willing to bet they were a lot closer to non-existent than miniscule. I certainly hope that there aren't many people sleazy enough to torrent a charitable album instead of donating to the cause.
Turns out that MusicAlly wondered the same thing after reading the good Admiral's piece.
But reading that, I wondered just how popular the album is on file-sharing networks. It might be available, but how many people are downloading it? So I asked someone best placed to answer that question – Eric Garland of BigChampagne, which tracks activity on these networks.
At its peak on 24th January, Hope For Haiti Now was being downloaded 2,680 times a day according to BigChampagne – compare that to [Lady Gaga's] The Fame Monster's 63,845 downloads the same day. Meanwhile, by 23rd February, Hope For Haiti Now's daily downloads had dwindled to 820, compared to 47,971 for the Gaga album.
And then there's that last sentence: "So much for the notion that illegal downloading ("sharing") is an effort to help advance the plight of artists". Say what? I have no idea what that means. Or implies. Or what in the devil it has to do with "Hope for Haiti". Or anything. So here's to you Mitch. I stand humbled by your truly awesome BS abilities.
The "Hope for Haiti Now" digital only album is still available at the Amazon and iTunes.


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Lol...with my ODS, I was induced a week early and therefore didn't have to play the waiting game. THIS TIME, I never considered the anxiety that coming so close to term would incite. My EDD is tomorrow and I am fairly certain this boy isn't coming out any time soon.
Any other goal oriented/type A personalities working on persective in terms of due dates as the estimations that they are. After all, it's been my carrot on a stick for the past 36 weeks.


text:
Author has written 3 stories for Romance, and Supernatural.
Hello there :)
My name is Rezzalia, currently 20 years young. My world consists of serving in a senior living community, books, video games, and of course, writing.
I'm trying to update as much as possible, but please bear with me as the world often pulls me under.


text:
Yahoo is the most undervalued Search+Media+Mobile+Socila Netwrok+etc Stock in the universe.
Yes, Alibaba will pay off BIG and so will Yahoo Japan somewhat too BUT the big play is Yahoo core. Run in GOOG, in $700 and Yahoo at $16? Money is coming in - no not from Ag and YJp but from Yahoo goldmine - Mobile....Get ready!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! I am in.this stock. If Yahoo was a prett woman she would be scraming more more more and I couldn't give more I have come 4 times in a row already....Lets move Yahoo.....BIG PARABOLIC MOVE....I know Yahoo is coming tooo..................
Sentiment: Strong Buy
They have to buy back stock to get that parabolic move. All the old internet companies that made it
big like Priceline, Amazon, etc...took huge amounts of stock out as they grew revenue.
Sentiment: Buy
That´s right it´s a parabolic stealth Upward move. Fasten your seatbelts
Have a nice day


text:
Wauwatosa East veteran girls basketball coach Rob Hamill is looking at the 2012-13 season as a new start for his team, as they lost six seniors from last year.
The Red Raiders will be led by three captains, seniors Alayah Walls and Ellen Pickering and junior Katie Salmon, a Greater Metro Conference honorable mention selection as a sophomore.
"We will need last year's varsity players to step up into new roles and serve as leaders for new members of the squad," Hamill said. "First step to success this year will depend on our ability to play aggressively on defensive end."
Hamill is excited about the Red Raiders system this year.
"Offensively we have a scheme that should fit the talents of our squad," he said. "It will be anchored by the leadership and ball handling ability of Alayah Walls, the scoring ability of Katie Salmon (fifth in the conference in scoring last year) and the shooting touch of Ellen Pickering."
Hamill talked about some key returnees.
"We need and believe in junior Sammie Osinski's ability to step forward defensively inside. Senior Sarah Jolitz will also be looked upon to use her aggressiveness to contribute, especially on the defensive end of the floor."
Hamill said the team's top priority is their defense, what with all the newcomers on the team.
"Overall we will have some new faces on the varsity squad that we are excited about and believe in their ability to rise to the occasion and contribute in a meaningful way not only in games, but also on the practice floor."
More from Sports
- Wauwatosa West girls basketball coach Ashley Imperiale resigns
- Sports Notes: July 28, 2016
- Wauwatosa school district files lawsuit against WIAA over conference realignment (3)
- Baseball: Michaelis leads Wauwatosa East past rival West in regional
- Football: Milwaukee County Chargers earn overtime win over Muskego
- Baseball: Wauwatosa East's season ends with regional final loss to Waukesha North
- Baseball: Wauwatosa East upsets Menomonee Falls in Greater Metro baseball tournament
- Baseball: Wauwatosa West baseball team drops four of last five games
- Baseball: Wauwatosa East baseball team falls to Marquette in Greater Metro semifinals
- Football: Milwaukee County Chargers win first game


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Awww… A 2 year old girl plays Fruit Ninja better than I do
iPads, Camera, ACTION!
I've seen iPads used as teleprompters, and odds are once we get the iPad 2 we'll see them used as (low budget) movie cameras. But right now, check out this extremely awesome and surprisingly effective lighting rig made entirely or iPads. iPad Photoshoot from Jesse Rosten on Vimeo. Thanks to faithful Macenstein reader dereksine for the tip! via Videomaker Read More
"App for That" song pokes fun at App Culture – Has more green screen than a Cars video
Songwriters Jon Vezner and Si Kahn have written what they call "the quintessential anthem for all of us app addicts", with "App for That." I'm not entirely sure it will be a hit, but I must say, as an After Effects guy, I am very impressed with the sheer amount of compositing that went on to make this. [youtube]http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9zkf1mbvxnA&feature=mfu_in_order[/youtube] ... Read More
What happens when the MacBook Air meets dynamite?
Now that the new MacBook Air has been released, I think it's safe to say that the old one is completely useless. Macenstein reader Scott Gawlik and friend agree, and decided to see what would happen if someone were to set of two M-1000 explosives on it. The results are as follows. [youtube]http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JDb7qwrpFqs[/youtube] Now, normally I am not impressed... Read More
EXCLUSIVE: Video of the Apple Store Grand Opening, Shanghai, China
Faithful Macenstein reader (and now our official Senior Chinese Correspondent) Min has assembled a video of the Apple Store grand opening in Shanghai, China. You know, watching this video, I almost feel like I was there… mainly because I've been to about 5 Apple Store grand openings already, and they are all the same. Still, the Shanghai store is pretty impressive,... Read More
It's OK guys, you can laugh
Sometimes as fanboys our first reaction to a video like the following is an immediate "rush to defend" mentality that has us attempting justify Apple's design choices in creating the iPad, and sometimes we end up saying stupid things like "I wouldn't even want one if it had a camera" or some other such nonsense. But honestly, funny is funny, and... Read More
iPad comic is impressive, if not funny
Behold Adam Kontra, a comedian who is no stranger to gimmicks, showing off his latest act, the iPad Comic. While Adam's timing is certainly impeccable, his material is somewhat more peccable. Still, it's an impressive feat of timing, and I'm sure we'll see Adam on SNL soon, as they are no stranger to clever premises that go on a bit too long. [youtube]http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RhD3gfUndDs&feature=player_embedded[/youtube] [via... Read More
Does the iPad's accelerometer work in Zero Gravity?
Kind of… [youtube]http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=syWwpCxJcfk[/youtube] While these Swiss "Astronauts" appear to think it does not work, the iPad clearly DOES change rotation about 39 seconds in. Still, I think I'll probably postpone my $35 million trip to the International Space Station until Apple gets its priorities straight and starts devoting more resources... Read More
Colbert: "You know who this suit would look good on? My LAWYERS"
The Colbert Report Mon – Thurs 11:30pm / 10:30c Who's Riding My Coattails Now? – iPad Suit Pocket www.colbertnation.com Colbert Report Full Episodes Political Humor Fox News [via 9to5] Read More
On line at the Sydney iPad Sleepout
Faithful Macenstein reader Jeremy Moses sent us this very cool mini documentary he and his friends at Variety Garage made giving us a glimpse behind the scenes of the iPad launch at Sydney's Flagship Apple Store. (Well, really it appears to be a documentary of one very cute line waiter named "Jade" who for the record has an open invitation to be our Mac Chick of... Read More


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Social Security Disability
We assist individuals at all levels of the Social Security process including filing lawsuits in Federal Court. Although typically an individual will not need an attorney at the first level, it may be wise to consult with an attorney before filing your application. Read more.
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Anyone applying for disability benefits in State Disability plans should consult with an attorney familiar with these plans and with the Ohio law regarding the decision making process to ensure that all deadlines are met and that all evidence is submitted.Read more.
General Practice Law
Both of our Attorneys have trial experience. If you feel you have been injured or wronged in any manner, and want to consult with one of the attorneys at our office please contact us for a free consultation to review your claim.Read more.
disability & General Practice Attorneys located in Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio
To each prospective client:
We look forward to serving each person that contacts us. Our intention is to listen carefully, advise fully, and assist our clients in reaching the best possible legal outcome.
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If you visit our office, you are guaranteed to meet with an attorney. Though we have staff that provides assistance, we take pride in personally meeting with each and every client.
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Our Bios
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The Law Office Of Michael A. Malyuk
Phone: 330.929.9700
Fax: 330.929.9720
Email: Michael Malyuk
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138 Stow Avenue
Cuyahoga Falls, OH 44221
Cuyahoga Falls, OH 44221
Phone: 330.929.9700
Fax: 330.929.9720
Email: Michael Malyuk
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text:
My brother passed away not too long ago, and in an attempt to not lose my mind after losing by big brother and best friend, I turned to running. Can anyone help me with a bib transfer? Pretty please?
cell: 434.249.4070
ACTIVE is the leader in online event registrations from 5k running races and marathons to softball leagues and local events. ACTIVE also makes it easy to learn and prepare for all the things you love to do with expert resources, training plans and fitness calculators.


text:
IMDb > Rebecca Parrish (Character)
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Rebecca Parrish (Character)
from "The 4400" (2004)
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- "The 4400"
- The Great Leap Forward (2007) TV episode, Played by Penny Johnson Jerald
- Tiny Machines (2007) TV episode, Played by Penny Johnson Jerald
- One of Us (2007) TV episode, Played by Penny Johnson Jerald
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text:
Thinking and Transcendence
"[W]henever I transcend the limits of my own life span and begin to reflect on this past, judging it, and this future, forming projects of the will, thinking ceases to be a politically marginal activity. And such reflections will inevitably arise in political emergencies."
---Hannah Arendt, The Life of the Mind (Thinking)
There have been several new studies on and discussions about Adolf Eichmann lately. In them, Arendt's name is frequently mentioned for fairly obvious reasons. Her remarks on Eichmann's "thoughtlessness," including her "banality of evil" and its relevance in assessing modern day atrocities, have forewarned against the consequences of totalitarianism for more than a half-century now. But some scholars, including Bettina Stangneth in her new book Eichmann Before Jerusalem, are challenging Arendt's ideas. This gives us an opportunity to look back on Arendt's theories and reevaluate their logic ourselves.
Demanding Thinking of Everybody
"Thinking in its non-cognitive, non-specialized sense as a natural need of human life, the actualization of the difference given in consciousness, is not a prerogative of the few but an everpresent faculty of everybody; by the same token, inability to think is not the "prerogative" of those many who lack brain power but the everpresent possibility for everybody—scientists, scholars, and other specialists in mental enterprises not excluded—to shun that intercourse with oneself whose possibility and importance Socrates first discovered."
--Hannah Arendt, "Thinking and Moral Considerations: A Lecture" (1971)
Published eight years after Eichmann in Jerusalem, "Thinking and Moral Considerations" is Arendt's elaboration of her argument in that book that Adolf Eichmann's criminal role in the Holocaust did not originate from any "base motives" or even from any motives at all, but from his "thoughtlessness" or "inability to think." If, she asks, Eichmann's crimes, which he committed over the course of years, resulted from the fact that he never paused to think, what exactly does it mean to think, and what is the relation between thinking and morality?
In the above quote, which appears on the penultimate page of the lecture, Arendt defines thinking—or the kind of thinking that she argues is necessary for morality—as "the actualization of the difference given in consciousness," as "that intercourse with oneself whose possibility and importance Socrates first discovered." She describes this "non-cognitive, non-specialized" kind of thinking both as "a natural need of human life" and as "an everpresent faculty of everybody." By contrast, she defines "inability to think" as the everpresent possibility for everybody to shun thinking.
We might wonder at this point why Arendt does not simply speak of an "ability not to think," an ability to (actively) shun thinking, rather than an "inability to think." Is this because she wants to maintain a hierarchy between something that is natural and human (thinking) and something that is unnatural and inhuman (not thinking)? What would be the justification for such a hierarchy? Or does she want to suggest that Eichmann has become unable to think (through barbarous "nurture"), losing touch with his (nevertheless everpresent) faculty of thinking, which everybody has from birth ("nature") or from the moment they learn to speak? Thinking and language are intrinsically connected from the first page of Arendt's lecture, where the primary evidence of Eichmann's inability to think is that he speaks in clichés. (Also, the lecture is dedicated to a poet, W.H. Auden.) Finally, how does Arendt's description of thinking as a "natural need of human life" relate to her suggestion that Socrates did not merely discover the importance but the very possibility of thinking?
Arendt casts Socrates as "a model, (…) an example that, unlike the 'professional' thinkers, could be representative for our 'everybody,' (…) a man who counted himself neither among the many nor among the few (…)." She takes Socrates not as "a personified abstraction with some allegorical meaning ascribed to it," but as an "ideal type" who "was chosen out of the crowd of living beings, in the past or the present, because he possessed a representative significance in reality which only needed some purification in order to reveal its full meaning." What, then, is this representative significance?
Arendt bases her conception of thinking and its relation to morality primarily on two famous propositions that Socrates puts forward in the Gorgias: "It is better to be wronged than to do wrong," and "It would be better for me that my lyre or a chorus I directed should be out of tune and loud with discord, and that multitudes of men should disagree with me rather than that I, being one, should be out of harmony with myself and contradict me" (Arendt's emphases). According to Arendt, these propositions are not primarily "cogitations about morality" but "insights of experience," of the experience of the process of thinking. Arendt claims that Socrates means by the first proposition that it is better for him to be wronged than to do wrong if he is thinking, because in thinking you are carrying on a dialogue with yourself, which presupposes some friendship between the partners in the thinking dialogue. You would not want to be friends and enter into a dialogue with someone who does wrong, and since Socrates presupposes that the unexamined life is not worth living, doing wrong leads to a life that is not worth living because examining it in thinking is no longer possible.
Arendt argues that conscience is a "by-product" of consciousness, of the actualization of the difference of me and myself in thinking, because: "What makes a man fear his conscience is the anticipation of the presence of a witness who awaits him only if and when he goes home" (Arendt's emphasis). However, this formulation suggests that there is no reason to fear your conscience if you never go "home," that is, if you never engage in the activity of thinking, which, according to Arendt, was precisely Eichmann's problem. What, then, determines whether someone uses her faculty of thinking or realizes the everpresent possibility of not thinking?
Arendt's lecture does not contain a strong answer to this question. But although the relation between phenomenological description and normative argument in this lecture remains somewhat unclear, the lecture seems to contain a defense of thinking and a "demand" that everybody think, that everybody aspire to some extent to the ideal-type represented by Socrates, because only thinking can provide an antidote to the "banality of evil." Arendt acknowledges that thinking can lead to license, cynicism, and nihilism through the relativizing of existing values, because "all critical examinations must go through a stage of at least hypothetically negating accepted opinions and 'values' by finding out their implications and tacit assumptions." However, Arendt's anti-elitist suggestion is that the problem of nihilism is never that too many people think or that people think too much, but rather that people do not think enough.
Yet Arendt does not tell us what would promote thinking. She does not propose, for instance, to generalize the teaching of thinking through educational institutions, the way that Adorno proposed to create "mobile educational groups" of volunteers to teach "critical (…) self-reflection" to everybody, in his 1966 radio talk, "Education After Auschwitz." A Habermasian model where people become critical through participation in democratic politics is unavailable for Arendt given her strong opposition of thinking to politics, which belongs to the realm of action. What Arendt does tell us is what is conducive to actualizing the everpresent possibility of not thinking: "(…) general rules which can be taught and learned until they grow into habits that can be replaced by other habits and rules," the way that Eichmann, as Arendt argues in Eichmann in Jerusalem, simply substituted the duty to do the Führer's will for Kant's categorical imperative.
--Michiel Bot
Amor Mundi 2/9/14
Hannah Arendt considered calling her magnum opus Amor Mundi: Love of the World. Instead, she settled upon The Human Condition. What is most difficult, Arendt writes, is to love the world as it is, with all the evil and suffering in it. And yet she came to do just that. Loving the world means neither uncritical acceptance nor contemptuous rejection. Above all it means the unwavering facing up to and comprehension of that which is.
Every Sunday, The Hannah Arendt Center Amor Mundi Weekly Newsletter will offer our favorite essays and blog posts from around the web. These essays will help you comprehend the world. And learn to love it.
Simon Critchley at "The Stone" reminisces about Dr. Jacob Bronowski's "Ascent of Man" series and specifically the episode on Knowledge and Creativity. At one point in his essay Critchley inserts a video clip of the end of the episode, a clip that suddenly shifts the scene "to Auschwitz, where many members of Bronowski's family were murdered." We see Dr. Bronowski walking in Auschwitz. He says: "There are two parts to the human dilemma. One is the belief that the end justifies the means. That push button philosophy, that deliberate deafness to suffering has become the monster in the war machine. The other is the betrayal of the human spirit. The assertion of dogma closes the mind and turns a nation, a civilization into a regiment of ghosts. Obedient ghosts. Or Tortured ghosts. It's said that science will dehumanize people and turn them into numbers. That's false, tragically false. Look for yourself. This is the concentration camp and crematorium at Auschwitz. This is where people were turned into numbers. Into this pond were flushed the ashes of some 4 million people. And that was not done by gas. It was done by arrogance. It was done by dogma. It was done by ignorance. When people believe that they have absolute knowledge with no test in reality, this is how men behave. This is what men do when they aspire to the knowledge of Gods. Science is a very human form of knowledge. We are always at the brink of the known. We always feel forward for what is to be hoped. Every judgment in science stands on the edge of error and is personal. Science is a tribute to what we can know although we are fallible. In the end the words were said by Oliver Cromwell, 'I beseech you in the bowels of Christ, think it possible that you may be mistaken.'" It is a must read essay and must see clip. And you can read more about in Roger Berkowitz's Weekend Read.
In the wake of President Obama's yearly promise to close the military prison at Guantanamo Bay, South African writer Gillian Slovo suggests that, just as important as closing the base is acknowledging what happened inside: "There are two qualifications for being in Guantanamo: you have to be male, and you have to be Muslim. And once you've had the bad luck to be shipped there, you're stuck. Ordinary prisons in democratic societies work because of the cooperation of prisoners, most of whom, if they behave well, know they will eventually be freed. Not so in Guantanamo: there are the voiceless who, the American government has decided, do not deserve a trial. That's why, as Lord Steyn said, the American government made every effort to stop us from knowing what was happening there and that is why it is the responsibility of those who do have a voice in our world to let it be heard."
In the midst of the debate concerning whether the allegations against Woody Allen should affect how his work is received and celebrated, Damon Linker discusses the philosophical nihilism underlying Allen's work and its moral implications. He points to the 1989 film Crimes and Misdemeanors, in which a married man who murders his lover in order to prevent her from disclosing their affair not only gets away with the crime but manages to entirely overcome his guilt and find happiness. In a 2010 interview with Commonweal magazine that Linker quotes, Allen explained the existential meaninglessness that he wanted the film to depict: "[E]veryone goes to his grave in a meaningless way.... [O]ne can commit a crime, do unspeakable things, and get away with it, and some of them are plagued with all sorts of guilt for the rest of their lives and others aren't. There is no justice..." Nihilism threatens to bring about a world in which anything becomes possible and permissible because we no longer see human life as having meaning. And yet, nihilism, as Hannah Arendt saw, can also be central to the practice of thinking and acting that creates meaning. For more on Woody's nihilism, see Roger Berkowitz's Weekend Read.
In an interview, comics artist expresses her ambivalence about love: "Well, love isn't an end in itself, no emotion is. Emotions are signposts directing you to actions, and the actions have varied consequences beyond the scope of the events that instigated them. I'm more interested in examining the state of being in love, of accommodating that feeling and attempting to legibly express it, than I am with mapping the initial process of a romantic attraction. If the lovers in my stories seem to struggle to connect with one another, it's because that's what being in love mainly entails, this ongoing mutual desperate groping for communion. I don't mean to argue that I think love isn't worthwhile! I think it absolutely is, but whether I think that or not, love and every other strong emotion will still be rampaging through the animal kingdom, kneecapping all attempts at independent decision-making, compelling us to conform our behavior to its purpose, which is mainly procreative. In fact the inevitability of it is reassuring. Pulling these things apart a little is beneficial, and I'd like to see it done more, but questioning a concept doesn't equate to rejecting it outright. I question it precisely because I believe in it so strongly."
Of Fear, Cowardice, and Courage
Linda Besner, striking an Arendtian note, wonders what it means that we have abandoned the idea of cowardice. One worry is that if we no longer speak of cowardice we may no longer be able to praise bravery. Besner suggests that contemporary definitions of bravery-facing down your own fears-are useful for self development, but not so much for living with others: "without a moral category of cowardice, are we really entitled to a category of bravery? The argument that Fear is Courage sounds unsettlingly Orwellian, and paves the way for the simple admission of fear to replace overcoming it. The emotional risks of facing one's feelings matter; but an inward-looking process focused on self-actualization is different from a sense of duty to the wider world. If cowardice consists in failing the collective, bravery may be said to inhere in taking personal risks for the greater good."
On Miracles, Agony, and Optimism
In the same special issues on "Generation" that elicited Carol Becker's reflections discussed last week, Jan Verwoert asks "why would Capital exploit the miraculous, if it was not for the fact that it is a source of infinite generative energy?" He writes, "Miracles happen always and everywhere. Art presents us with evidence of their occurrence daily, in the most mundane fashion: every little instant in which the mind clears, an intuition takes shape, you see what you couldn't see before, and what couldn't be resolved suddenly can be; in the spot where the writing got stuck the night before, words fall into place; the morning after, you meet someone by chance who opens a door and a project that seemed unrealizable yesterday goes through no problem; the fingers find their way across the key--or fretboard and a song is born; the painting that has been staring back at you for weeks or months now, half complete yet incompletable because it's evident that it lacks something but is impossible to see what-well, that canvas suddenly opens up, and within the shortest amount of time things shift into perspective and the work is done. This is a miracle. It cannot be achieved, or caused by any known means (drugs don't work). It occurs."
Matthew Shepard: The Murder and the Myth - A Discussion with Stephen Jiminez
Tuesday, February 11, 2014, 7:00 pm
Olin 102, Bard College
Learn more here.
Blogging and the New Public Intellectual - A Discussion with Tom Goldstein
Sunday, March 9, 2014 , 5:00 pm - 7:00 pm
Bard Graduate Center, NYC
Learn more here.
From the Hannah Arendt Center Blog
This week on the blog, Bill Dixon reflects on the "sandstorm of totalitarianism" that is based upon "loneliness as the normal register of social life, the frenzied lawfulness of ideological certitude, mass poverty and mass homelessness, the routine use of terror as a political instrument, and the ever growing speeds and scales of media, economics, and warfare." And in the Weekend Read, Roger Berkowitz explore truth, creativity, nihilism, and the affaire Allen.
The Decline of the Jury Trial
The jury trial is, as Alexis de Tocqueville understood, one essential incubator of American democracy. The jury trial is the only space in which most people will ever be forced to sit in judgment of their fellow citizens and declare them innocent or guilty; or, in a civil trial, to judge whether one party's wrong requires compensation. The experience of being a juror, Tocqueville saw, inculcates in all citizens the habits of mind of the judge; it "spreads to all classes respect for the thing judged and the idea of right." Juries, he wrote, are "one of the most efficacious means society can make use of for the education of the people."
If the experience of sitting in judgment as a juror is a bulwark of our democratic freedoms, we should be worried. As Albert W. Dzur writes, the jury trial, once the "standard way Americans handled criminal cases," is now largely absent from the legal system. The jury trial "has been supplanted by plea agreements, settlements, summary judgments, and other non-trial forums that are usually more efficient and cost-effective in the short term. In addition to cost and efficiency, justice officials worry about juror competence in the face of scientific and technical evidence and expert testimony, further diminishing the opportunity for everyday people to serve."
Dzur offers a clear case for the disappearance of the jury trial:
[J]uries in the United States today hear a small fraction of cases. In 2005 the Bureau of Justice Statistics reported that juries heard 4 percent of all alleged criminal offenses brought before federal courts. State courts match this trend. Legal scholars Brian J. Ostrom, Shauna M. Strickland, and Paula L. Hannaford-Agor discovered a 15 percent decline in total criminal jury trials in state courts over the last 30 years, compared with a 10 percent decline in criminal bench trials, in which a judge issues the verdict. They also found a 44 percent decline in civil jury trials compared with a 21 percent decline in civil bench trials.
So what does the retreat of Jury trials signify? For Dzur, the answer is that the jury system is an important part of our justice system because it performs a "constructive moral function," by which he means that juries "force widespread sobriety about the real world of law and order." Juries can challenge "official and lay attitudes regarding the law. This sobering quality of juries is particularly needed now." Here is how Dzur characterizes more fully the "sobering quality of juries":
A juror treats human beings attentively even while embedded within an institution that privileges rationalized procedures. Not advocates, prosecutors, or judges, jurors are independent of court processes and organizational norms while also being charged with judicial responsibility of the highest order. Their presence helps close the social distance between the parties and the court. The juror, who contributes to what is a political, juridical, and moral decision, becomes attuned to others in a way that triggers responsibility for them. Burns notes how jurors' "intense encounter with the evidence" helps them engage in self-criticism of the "overgeneralized scripts" about crime and criminal offenders they may have brought with them into the courtroom.
In other words, juries are institutional spaces where citizens have the time to attentively consider fundamental moral and legal questions outside of the limelight and sequestered from public opinion, government pressure, and the media circus. Since juries are the institutions where we practice moral judgment, Dzur argues that the loss of juries means that "we are out of practice. Lay citizens no longer have opportunities to play decisive roles in our justice system."
The recent jury decision in the George Zimmerman case is an example of a jury resisting popular calls for guilt and making a sober judgment that the facts of the case were simply not proven beyond a reasonable doubt. Juries can also resist the government, as might happen if Edward Snowden would return to the United States and put himself on trial before a jury. Such a jury could, and very well might, exonerate Snowden, exercising its fundamental right of jury nullification in the interest of justice. Snowden's refusal to return is, in some part, a result of the diminished practice of moral judgment reflected in the diminishment of the jury.
Jury judgments are at times surprising and can, in extraordinary cases, go against the letter of the law. But the unpredictability of jury verdicts makes them neither irrational nor thoughtless. They are often intolerant and unfair, but this makes them neither racist nor unjust. Amidst the unquestioned hatred of all discrimination, we have forgotten that discrimination, the art of making relevant distinctions, is actually the root of judging. In our passion for rationality and fairness, we sacrifice judgment, and with judgment, we abandon our sense of justice.
What acts of judgment exemplified by juries offer are an ideal of justice beyond the law. Plato called it the idea of the good. Kant named it the categorical imperative. Arendt thought that judgment appealed to common sense, "that sense which fits us into a community with others." What all three understood is that if morality and a life lived together with others is to persist, we need judgments that would invoke and actualize that common moral sense, that would keep alive the sense of justice.
For your weekend read, take a look at Dzur's report on the loss of the juries. Also, you might revisit my own essay on this theme, "Why We Must Judge," originally published in Democracy: A Journal of Ideas.
Amor Mundi – 6/2/13
Hannah Arendt considered calling her magnum opus Amor Mundi: Love of the World. Instead, she settled upon The Human Condition. What is most difficult, Arendt writes, is to love the world as it is, with all the evil and suffering in it. And yet she came to do just that. Loving the world means neither uncritical acceptance nor contemptuous rejection. Above all it means the unwavering facing up to and comprehension of that which is.
Every Sunday, The Hannah Arendt Center Amor Mundi Weekly Newsletter will offer our favorite essays and blog posts from around the web. These essays will help you comprehend the world. And learn to love it.
In the Paris Review, Roger Berkowitz argues that Margarethe von Trotta's new movie "Hannah Arendt" is "The Most Sophisticated Reading Yet of Arendt's Philosophy to Reach the Mainstream." The core of the film is its subtle and enthralling attempt to exemplify the act of thinking. As Berkowitz writes, "It is her silent intensity, throughout the film, that strikes the viewer, propels us to think with Arendt about what she is observing and its implications. The audience is thus transformed, moving from observing Arendt to thinking with her.... The thinking Arendt demands requires pride, a feeling of difference between oneself and others-even a kind of arrogance, an arrogance that von Trotta seizes on screen. The film honestly addresses this characteristic of Arendt and of thinking itself, and does not shirk from Arendt's belief that a confidence in one's own distinctiveness is necessary for character. Like Emerson's, Arendt's writing celebrates self-reliance. For her, our democratic desire for equality-to be the same as others and to not judge them-compounds the problem of thoughtlessness."
On the topic of thinking and arrogance, Nitin Nohria believes that we often judge the actions of others with a kind of moral overconfidence, and that, accordingly, "we like to sort the world into good people who had stable and enduringly strong, positive characters, and bad people who had weak or frail characters." Nohria believes that by "thinking hard about what it is about situations that are more likely to tempt us and what it is that are about situations that are more likely to give us moral courage," we can overcome a less than useful categorization.
In a wide ranging essay on books, reading, and writing, Rebecca Solnit pauses to praise the library: "Libraries are sanctuaries from the world and command centers onto it: here in quiet rooms are the lives of Crazy Horse and Aung San Suu Kyi, the Hundred Years War and the Opium Wars and the Dirty War, the ideas of Simone Weil and Lao Tsu, information on building your sailboat or dissolving your marriage, fictional worlds and books to equip the reader to reenter the real world. They are, ideally, places where nothing happens and where everything that has happened is stored up to be remembered and relived, the place where the world is folded up into boxes of paper. Every book is a door that opens into another world, which might be the magic that all those children's books were alluding to, and a library is a Milky Way of worlds. All readers are Wu Daozi; all imaginative, engrossing books are landscapes into which readers vanish."
Seeking Out One You've Wronged
Helen Epstein remembers the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of Melita Maschmann's Account Rendered. The book, a memoir of Maschmann's activities as a Nazi, is addressed to an unnamed Jewish friend, an approach which sparked a brief correspondence with Hannah Arendt. Epstein sought out the addressee, believed to be one Marianne Schweitzer who now lives in California, to ask her about her girlhood relationship with Maschmann.
Walter Russell Mead takes on General Stanley McChrystal's recent call for Universal National Service. We at the Arendt Center, as part of the Center for Civic Engagement at Bard College, are big believers in the importance of public service. But Mead has some typically smart quibbles: "The devil is in the details, and we suspect it will be a long time before a national service program works really well. After all, America has been trying to give every kid in the country a good high school experience for almost 100 years, and spending a lot of money on it. The goal of providing meaningful service opportunities to millions of kids is probably even harder to reach. These programs often work best on a small scale and deteriorate dramatically when blown up to giant proportions. We suspect that the various Agencies of Official Voluntarism that Stan wants to set up would become ineffective and expensive hotbeds of mediocrity before much time had passed. One of the things a culture of voluntarism and service is about is reducing dependence on government; more leadership from religious and other private groups and less official involvement from the Ministry of Joy might mean a slower start but a more satisfying performance in the long run."
June 5, 2013 at Film Forum, 209 W. Houston St., NYC at 6:30 PM
Film followed by a Q&A with Hannah Arendt Center Academic Director, Roger Berkowitz
Buy tickets here.
From the Hannah Arendt Center Blog
This week on the blog, A.O. Scott gives a rave review to Margarethe von Trotta's Hannah Arendt.Thomas Wild considers Arendt's thought that Americans might be too busy. And the Arendt Center worries about the febrile imagination of Arendt haters. Finally, in the Weekend Read,Roger Berkowitz counters the new common sense, that Arendt was right in general but wrong about Eichmann.


text:
... for bronchospasm flare ups. He uses a Pulmicort flexhaler twice daily for maintenance. Is this safe? I have read lots of conflicting info online
ProAir HFA - This was prescribed for my 7 year old son to be used in place of Xopenex via nebulizer?
- Posted:
- 26 Sep 2009 by allergymom
- Topics:
- proair hfa, pulmicort flexhaler, xopenex, asthma - maintenance
Answers (1)
1 Oct 2009
The belong to the same class of drugs so should give the same sort of response.
ProAir is albuterol, a bronchodilator that relaxes muscles in the airways and increases air flow to the lungs.
Albuterol inhalation is used to treat or prevent bronchospasm in people with reversible obstructive airway disease. It is also used to prevent exercise-induced bronchospasm.
Xopenex (levalbuterol) is also bronchodilator. It works by relaxing muscles in the airways to improve breathing.
Levalbuterol inhalation is used to treat reversible obstructive airway conditions such as asthma, bronchitis, and emphysema.
Get your son to try ProAir and see - if he doesn't like it or you feel it doesn't help then you could ask the doctor for Xopenex again.
And there is no problem with using ProAir with Pulmicort.
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text:
I am working on an eclipse RCP product on windows which internally uses some native binaries (dlls) located in a folder called "bin" which would be available as a part of the product. I need to make sure that the folder "bin" is present in the PATH when the product.exe file is executed. Is there a clean way to make sure that the folder "bin" is added to PATH when the eclipse RCP product is launched? I don't want to write any script or batch file that updates the PATH and then calls the product.exe. I also don't want to update the environment variable through the windows UI or command prompt.
I know that when we try to run my product from the eclipse IDE environment, there is an option in the run-configuration, wherein one can configure Environment variables on the Environment tab. I can append the "bin" folder to the PATH by creating a new environment variable called "Path" whose value is C:\EclipseRCPProduct\bin;${env_var:PATH}.
However - I would like to do the same when I run my product directly from the Product.exe which is generated. Does anyone have any idea regarding this?
Also - if anyone has any idea regarding the eclipse code which processes the information specified on the Environment tab of the run configuration, it would be great. I could try playing around with the code to see if I could get it to work when the product is launched from outside eclipse IDE - via the generated RCP product.exe


text:
1943/1995 15.48m x 4.57m x 1.49m Steel Custom Trawler
Dimensions: Length: 15.48 m Beam: 4.57 m Draft: 1.49 m
Year Built: 1943 commercial fishing vessel and rebuilt in 1995
Construction Material: Steel
Where Built: George Gamble Yard, Port Dover, ON
Last Survey: May 11, 2012. Statement on the general condition of the vessel by professional ship surveyor: "On the day of this survey, the general condition of this trawler was Above Average
Gross tonnage: 43.21
Net tonnage:38.46
Shell Plating Thickness: 3/16 "extensively re-plated in 1995
Framing: steel: ½" x3 ½" cross frames and 10 gauge for upper works
Bulkheads: one "crash bulkhead" forward
Headroom: 6'5"+ Wheelhouse 6'2" Cabin 6"5"+ Engine Room 5'6"
Cruising Speed: most efficient 6 kts
Propeller: RH:
Engine Make: Volvo Diesel Model: MD100B Year: rebuilt in 1995 HP: 144, 133 reported Hours: approximately 650 hrs since rebuild
Cooling System: closed (keel cooled), dry stack
Air compressor: one, for air horn and maintenance
Transmission: Twin Disc
Steering: Hydraulic
Generator: Make& Model: 8kw Lister water cooled
Hydraulic Systems: Steering, anchor Windlass (bow), Starboard aft HIAB lift with top and main deck controls
Heating & Hot Water: 40 oil fired with circulating pump to radiators fore and aft, two thermostats
Electrical: 12v & 24v wiring, panels and breakers all redone in 2011. Electrical system drawings are up-to-date. 220v and 100v 2 X 30 amp circuits
Lighting: 12v and 110v interior and exterior lighting
Charging systems: TrueCharge 20 multistage for house and 2x independent Xpower chargers for 24v and 12v generator batteries.
Inverter: 2500 W ?
Radios: one ICOM IC-M127 and one Uniden Oceanus DSC
Depth Sounder: Furuno colour sounder FCV-663 graphic
GPS, Chart Plotter & Radar: Raymarine C80
Dropdown Chart Table: On bridge