text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Apr 3, 2007
|Filing date
|Jul 29, 2005
|Priority date
|May 13, 2003
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|C. Glen Wensley, Alain Vallée, Dany Brouillette, Scott Gustafson
|Original Assignee
|Solicore, Inc., Avestor Limited Partnership
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (58), Non-Patent Citations (11), Referenced by (9), Classifications (16), Legal Events (10)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
Not applicable.
Not applicable.
The invention generally relates to electrolytes, and more particularly to optically clear polyimide based electrolytes which are homogeneous mixtures of polyimide, salt and solvent.
Many performance parameters of batteries are associated with the electrolyte separator selected, and the interaction of the selected electrolyte with the cathode and anode materials used. All batteries require electrolytes to provide high ionic conductivity and electrochemical stability over a broad range of temperatures and potentials. Ionic conductivity is one of the most important properties of electrolytes. High ionic conductivity generally improves battery performance. Thus, significant research has focused on developing methods for increasing the ionic conductivity of electrolytes used in electrochemical cells.
The electrolyte used in lithium batteries can be a liquid or a polymer based electrolyte. Lithium batteries including liquid electrolytes have been on the market for several years. Lithium ion rechargeable batteries having liquid electrolytes are currently mass produced for applications such as notebook computers, camcorders and cellular telephones. However, lithium batteries having liquid electrolyte technology have several major drawbacks. These drawbacks relate to cost and safety and stem from use of a liquid electrolyte. The liquid electrolyte generally requires packaging in rigid hermetically sealed metal "cans" which can reduce energy density. In addition, for safety reasons, lithium ion rechargeable batteries and lithium-metal primary batteries having liquid electrolytes are designed to vent automatically when certain abuse conditions exist, such as a substantial increase in internal pressure which can be caused by internal or external overheating. If the cell is not vented under extreme pressure, it can explode because the liquid electrolyte used in liquid Li cells is extremely flammable.
Lithium batteries having solid polymer electrolytes represent an evolving alternative to lithium batteries having liquid electrolytes. Solid polymer electrodes are generally gel type electrolytes which trap solvent and salt in pores of the polymer to provide a medium for ionic conduction. Typical polymer electrolytes comprise polyethylene oxide (PEO), polyether based polymers and other polymers which are configured as gels, such as polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and polyvinylidine fluoride (PVDF). The polymer electrolyte generally functions as a separator, being interposed between the cathode and anode films of the battery.
Because its electrolyte is generally a non-volatile material which does not generally under normal operating conditions leak, a lithium battery having a polymer electrolyte is intrinsically safer than a lithium battery having a liquid electrolyte. Moreover, polymer electrolytes eliminate the need for venting and package pressure control which are generally required for operation of lithium batteries having liquid electrolytes. Thus, polymer electrolytes make it possible to use a soft outer case such as a metal plastic laminate bag, resulting in improvement in weight and thickness, when compared to liquid electrolyte can-type Li batteries.
Many performance parameters of lithium batteries are associated with the electrolyte choice, and the interaction of the selected electrolyte with the cathode and anode materials used. High electrolyte ionic conductivity generally results in improved battery performance. The ionic conductivity of gel polymer electrolytes have been reported to be as high as approximately 10−4 S/cm at 25° C. However, it is desirable for the ionic conductivity of the polymer electrolyte to reach even higher values for some battery applications. In addition, it would also be desirable to enhance the electrochemical stability of the polymer electrolyte towards anode and cathode materials to improve battery reliability, as well as storage and cycling characteristics.
While gel polymer electrolytes represent an improvement over liquid electrolytes in terms of safety and manufacturability, safety issues remain because gel polymers trap solvent on its pores and under extreme conditions (e.g. heat and/or pressure) can still escape and cause injury. In addition, gel polymer electrolytes cannot generally operate over a broad temperature range because the gel generally freezes at low temperatures and reacts with other battery components or melts at elevated temperatures. Moreover, electrode instability and resulting poor cycling characteristics, particularly for metallic lithium containing anodes, limits possible applications for such batteries formed with gel polymer electrolytes.
Alternative polymer materials have been actively investigated to provide improved characteristics over available polymer choices. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,888,672 to Gustafson et al. ('672 patent) discloses a polyimide electrolyte and a battery formed from the same which operates at room temperature and over a broad range of temperatures. The polyimides disclosed are soluble in several solvents and are substantially amorphous. When mixed with a lithium salt, the resulting polyimide based electrolytes provide surprisingly high ionic conductivity. The electrolytes disclosed in '672 are all optically opaque which evidences some phase separation of the various components comprising the electrolyte. Although the electrolytes disclosed by the '672 patent can be used to form a polymer electrolyte which provides an improved operating temperature range, ease of manufacture, and improved safety over conventional gel polymer electrolytes, it would be helpful if the electrolyte stability and ionic conductivity could be improved.
A polymer matrix electrolyte (PME) includes a polyimide, at least one lithium salt in a concentration of at least 0.5 moles of lithium per mole of imide ring provided by the polyimide, and at least one solvent, all intermixed. The PME is generally homogeneous as evidenced by its high level of optical clarity. As used herein, when the PME is referred to as being "substantially optically clear", it refers to a PME being at least 90% clear, preferably at least 95%, and most preferably being at least 99% clear as measured by a standard turbidity measurement, transmitting through a normalized 1 mil film using 540 nm light.
The lithium salt can be selected from the group consisting of LiCl, LiBr, LiI, LiBOB, LiClO4, LiBF4, LiAsF6, LiPF6, LiCF3SO3, LiN(CF3SO2)2 and lithium bis(trifluorosulfonyl)imide (LiTFSi). The concentration of lithium salt can be between 0.5 to 2.0 moles Li per mole of imide ring provided by the polyimide, or 1.2 to 2.0 moles Li per mole of imide ring provided by the polyimide.
A repeat unit weight per imide ring of the polyimide can be no more than 350, no more than 300, or no more than 250. The polyimide can be soluble at 25° C. in at least one solvent selected from the group consisting of N-methylpyrrolidinone (NMP), dimethylacetamide (DMAc) and dimethylformamide (DMF).
The ionic conductivity of the PME at 25° C. can be at least 1×10−4 S/cm, and is preferably at least 3×10−4 S/cm. The PME provides at least one absorption between about 1630 and 1690 cm−1, even though neither the salt or polyimide provide any absorption peaks in this range.
A method of forming a polymer matrix electrolyte (PME) includes the steps of dissolving a polyimide in at least one solvent, adding at least one lithium salt in a concentration of at least 0.5 moles of lithium per mole of imide ring provided by the polyimide to the polyimide and the solvent, wherein the polyimide, salt and solvent become intermixed. The PME is substantially optically clear which evidences the lack of phase separation of its respective components.
A fuller understanding of the present invention and the features and benefits thereof will be accomplished upon review of the following detailed description together with the accompanying drawings, in which:
The invention describes a substantially optically clear electrolyte separator matrix which includes a polyimide, at least one salt and at least one solvent. The solvent is generally a low molecular weight, low viscosity liquid which swells the polyimide at low concentration and at a sufficiently high concentration allows the polyimide, salt and the solvent to become homogeneously mixed. As used herein, the substantially optically clear electrolyte matrix is referred to as a "polymer matrix electrolyte" or PME. The PME can be used for batteries, supercapacitors and other applications.
Regarding batteries, the PME can be used for both lithium ion and lithium metal containing batteries. Unlike gel polymer electrolytes, once the PME is formed, there is generally no free solvent or identifiable pores. For example, using a SEM at a 50 Å resolution, no pores in the PME can be identified. Instead, the solvent is integrated with the polymer and the lithium salt in a homogeneous and substantially optically clear matrix. In addition, unlike conventional gel polymers where the polymer only provides mechanical support, the polymer, salt and solvent comprising the PME all participate in ionic conduction.
The PME provides high current carrying capacity, cycling stability and maintains this performance level across a wide temperature range, such as at least from −40° C. to 100° C. For example, batteries comprising the PME can withstand high temperatures and pressures with small changes in open circuit voltage and capacity, such as the conditions generally used in the hot lamination processes used in credit card manufacturing, or even a typical injection molding process.
As used herein, the phrase "substantially optically clear" refers to a material being at least 90% clear, preferably at least 95%, and most preferably being at least 99% clear as measured by a standard turbidity measurement, transmitting through a normalized 1 mil film using 540 nm light. Optical clarity data for PMEs formed according to the invention under these measurement conditions are shown in Example 1 which demonstrate at least 99% optical transmission through a 1 mil (normalized) PME film. The high level of optical clarity of the PME evidences the homogeneity of the PME comprising its respective components (polymer, salt and the solvent) as any significant phase separation would substantially reduce the optical clarity of the film.
The interaction between the salt and polymers according to the invention produces a generally highly optically clear film. Solvent addition does not generally change the optical clarity of the film. As the salt concentration is increased, a point will be reached where salt begins to form a separate phase. At that point, the PME film will begin losing its optical clarity.
The PME is generally based on one or more polyimides, which unlike other polymer-based electrolytes, participate in ionic conductivity through the presence of imide rings and other polar groups. Other polymer types which include highly polar groups having functional groups that can complex with lithium salts and participate in ionic conduction include polybenzimidazoles and polyamide-imides. Accordingly, these polymer types may also include species useful in forming a PME.
Polyimides are reaction products of a condensation reaction between diamines and dianhydrides to initially form a poly (amic-acid) intermediate. Either or both the diamine and dianhydride reagent can be mixture of diamine or dianhydride species. The poly amic-acid intermediate is then converted to a fully imidized polyimide.
The properties of the resulting polyimide formed depend on the selection of the particular diamines and dianhydride monomers. Polyimides are generally known to provide high thermal stability, chemical resistance and high glass transition temperatures, such as 200° C. to more than 400° C.
The current invention has identified polyimides distinct from those disclosed in the '672 patent and has found the addition of solvent to some of these distinct polyimides can result in the formation of a PME. Some of the polyimides identified herein provide represent newly synthesized polymers. Unlike the polymers disclosed in '672, the polymers disclosed herein form a substantially homogeneous matrix material (PME) when combined with an appropriate concentration of salt and the solvent. The homogeneity is evidenced by the high level of optical clarity provided. In contrast, the electrolytes disclosed in '672 are non-homogeneous mixture, as evidenced by their opaqueness which is indicative of phase separation of the respective components.
The Inventors have identified and synthesized improved polyimides for use in forming PMEs by qualitatively relating certain polymer parameters to ionic conductivity. Imide ring density is believed to explain why polyimide films, when loaded with lithium salt, show significant ionic conductivity, even in the absence of solvent. Repeat unit weight per imide ring is one measure of imide ring density and is calculated by dividing the molecular weight of the entire repeat unit of the respective polyimides by the number of imide rings within the respective repeat units.
Imide rings may provide the equivalent of a high dielectric-constant to materials because of the high electron density provided by the rings. Accordingly, it is believed that the interaction between the imide rings and the lithium ion is a factor in determining the ionic conductivity of a PME. Thus, improved polyimides for use as PMEs can be generally selected for further consideration by first calculating the number of imide rings (and to a lesser degree other highly polar groups, such as sulfone, carbonyl and cyanide) per molecular repeat unit in a given polyimide. The more imide ring function present per unit weight, the higher the average dielectric strength equivalence of the polymer. Higher equivalent dielectric strength is believed to generally lead to improved salt interaction, which can improve the ionic conductivity of the PME.
Alternatively, a quantity roughly inverse to imide ring density referred to as repeat unit weight per imide ring can be calculated to also compare the relative concentration of imide rings in polyimides. As the repeat weight per imide ring decreases, imide rings become an increasingly greater contributor to the repeat unit as a whole. As a result, as the repeat weight per imide ring decreases, the equivalent dielectric constant and ionic conductivity of the polyimide generally increase.
Polyimides which provide high helium permeability may generally produce higher ionic conductivity and thus form better PMEs. At 25° C., the measured He permeability of most polyimides according to the invention has been found to be at least 20 barrers. The He permeability can be at least 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75 or 80 barrers, or more.
Helium permeability may be measured in the following suggested manner. The gas permeability (GP) of a gas component through a given film having a thickness (I) and area (A) can be determined by applying a pressure (p) across the film which is equal to the upstream pressure minus the downstream pressure of the gas component and measuring the resulting steady state rate of gas flow (f) permeating through the film at STP.
GP=(f l)/(A p)
Preferred units for GP is (cm2)(sec)−1(cmHg), where 1 barrer is defined as the GP multiplied by 1010.
It is believed that the maximum ionic conductivity of the PME generally occurs when the polyimide/salt/solvent combination creates a completely homogenous, clear matrix. Any phase separation is expected to reduce the ionic conductivity values because phase separation would increase the tortuosity within the PME.
The maximum electrolyte conductivity of the PME at a given temperature generally occurs when the polyimide/salt/solvent matrix has a ratio within a specified range. The optimum salt concentration is generally in the range of 0.5 to 2.0 moles Li per mole of imide ring for a polyimide. Too little salt generally does not provide a sufficient number of ions to contribute to the charge transfer. Too much salt generally leads to phase instability and possible precipitation of the polyimide and resulting loss of homogeneity which can be verified by a loss in optical clarity.
The solvent is believed to play the role of a swelling agent for the polymer to move the backbone chains slightly apart and therefore enables greater ionic diffusion coefficients. The solvent also acts as a salvation carrier for the ions. Typically the solvent is chosen to also be stable within the limitations of the type of battery chosen. For example, for a lithium ion type battery the solvent must be stable up to the reduction potential of lithium metal. The amount of solvent can be optimized depending upon the either the conductivity desired or the softening point of the matrix at some required temperature. Solvents can be selected from a group of solvents including gamma butyrolactone (GBL), propylene carbonate, N-methylpyrrolidinone (NMP), tetrahydrothiophen-1,1-dioxide (TMS), polycarbonate (PC) and dimethyl formamide (DMF).
The repeat unit for the polymer referred herein to as Polyimide B is shown in
The repeat unit for the polymer referred herein to as Polyimide C is shown in
The repeat unit for the polymer referred herein to as Polyimide D is shown in
The repeat unit for the polymer referred herein to as Polyimide E is shown in
The repeat unit for the polymer referred herein to as Polyimide F is shown in
The repeat unit for the polymer referred herein to as Polyimide G is shown in
The repeat unit for the polymer referred herein to as Polyimide H is shown in
The repeat unit for the polymer referred herein to as Polyimide I is shown in
The repeat unit for the polymer referred herein to as Polyimide J is shown in
The repeat unit for the polymer referred herein to as Polyimide K is shown in
The repeat unit for the polymer referred to herein as Polyimide L is shown in
The repeat unit for the polymer referred herein to as Polyimide M is shown in
Polyimide structures other than the exemplary structures shown in
Behavior in solution can not generally be ascertained by simply looking at the polymer repeat unit structure. However, it can be determined from looking at the structure whether the polymer will possibly be crystalline, or whether it would have a high or low relative density in the solid phase. The polyimides are preferably non-crystalline, low-density repeat structures because they would be most likely to be very soluble. However, changing a single side group from a methyl to an ethyl can cause the properties of the PI to be changed from useful to of no use. A suggested meaningful screening procedure for alternative polyimides for battery applications is to take a polyimide that is known to have a good solubility in the solvent itself and then try to introduce the lithium salt at 0.5 mole Li per imide ring or more and see if (i) the resulting PI/salt/solvent solution is clear and homogenous for a few hours and (ii) the film cast from that solution remains substantially clear when most of the solvent (e.g. 95%) has been evaporated.
Polymers other than polyimides which provide a high relative local electron density (e.g. comparable to electron density adjacent to imide rings in polyimides) and the potential for charge separation due to multiple bond conjugation may form a polymer/salt complex and display characteristic absorption peaks based on the complex formed, provided they are soluble. Thus, absorption spectroscopy, such as FTIR can be used to identify these soluble non-polyimide polymers which show evidence of complex formation for use as a PME.
The PME includes at least one lithium salt. High PME ionic conductivities are generally achieved using a high salt content, such as from about 0.5 to 2.0 moles of Li per mole of imide ring for polyimide polymers along with some solvent. However, the concentration of lithium salt can be 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.3, 2.4 or 2.5 moles Li per mole of imide ring of the polyimide.
Salt concentrations are also described herein as a ratio of the weight of the salt to weight of the polymer (e.g. polyimide) excluding the salt. For example, a 1× concentration corresponds to an equal amount of salt and polymer, while a 2× salt concentration corresponds to twice the salt concentration as compared to the polymer concentration. The lithium salt can generally be any lithium salt known in the art. Preferably, lithium salts are chosen from LiCl, LiBr, LiI, Li(ClO4), Li(BF4), Li(PF6), Li(AsF6), Li(CH3CO2), Li(CF3 SO3), Li(CF3 SO2)2N, Li(CF3 SO2)3, Li(CF3 CO 2),Li(B(C6 H5)4, Li(SCN), and Li(NO3), lithium bis(trifluorosulfonyl)imide (LiTFSi), LiBOB, and LiSCN. Preferably, the salt is either Li(PF6) or LiTFSi.
where t is film thickness in microns and R is the measured film resistance in Ohms.
As shown in
The range of solvent in
The upper solvent/PI limit near 2 is controlled by the mechanical properties of the PME. At a high solvent/PI ratio the PME film becomes very soft and may not be usable over an extended temperature range as a separator for a battery. Applied to lithium metal batteries, As a practical matter, the solvent is chosen to be moderately stable against lithium metal, high boiling (>150 C), capable of dissolving the chosen salt and swelling the PI, and finally it should have a low viscosity which promotes a high conductivity for the salt/solvent combination by itself, as well as for the PME.
To optimize the respective PI, salt and solvent concentrations, a suggested procedure is described below. In a first step, a PI species is selected which is soluble in an appropriate solvent, such as NMP or GBL. All the polyimides shown in
The ionic conductivity of PMEs based on polyimides is believed to be related to the degree the polyimides associate with alkali salts, particularly Li salts. This association is likely related to the formation of complexes between polar groups (e.g. imide and benzene) of the polyimide and the salt. Evidence for this association can be found by measuring the absorption frequencies displayed by the polymer when intermixed with the salt and comparing this data to the absorption frequencies displayed by the polyimide and the salt by themselves.
For a polyimide, characteristic absorption frequencies are believed to be related to the imide rings and benzene rings that comprise the polyimide backbone. These absorption peaks are at about 1778 cm−1 and 1721 cm−1 for the imide ring and 730 cm−1 for the benzene ring. Common Li salts, including LiPF6, LiBOB, LiI and LiTFSi do not show absorption at these frequencies, nor any absorption peaks between about 1630 and 1690 cm−1. However, when certain polyimides which associate strongly with Li salts are combined with those salts, the resulting polyimide/salt film show the emergence of a very strong doublet with a first peak at about 1672 cm−1 and a second peak at about 1640 cm−1.
The first absorption frequency is present when a significant concentration of salt is in the polyimide film, such as at least 33 wt. %, but does not change significantly with increasing salt concentration. Thus, this peak can be used to indicate the interaction, provided a sufficient salt concentration is present. The magnitude of the second peak is nearly proportional to the ratio of the Li ion concentration to the imide rings and can be used to assess the extent of the interaction between the polyimide and the salt.
Common Li salts, including LiPF6, LiBOB, LiI and LiTFSi do not show absorption between 1630 and 1690 cm−1.
Thus, FTIR measurements taken from exemplary PMEs according to the invention provide evidence that the lithium salt forms a complex with the imide rings of the polyimide. This is likely one of the main reasons why the polyimide/lithium salt combination, in a dry film, has no apparent structure or crystallinity. The lack of crystallinity can be shown by a flat DCS trace. This evidence has also been found of an interaction between the lithium salt and the polyimide as the PME film is optically clear whether as a free standing film or as an overcoated film.
The PME can be used in a wide variety of applications. Both primary and rechargeable batteries formed from either lithium ion or lithium metal anodes can be formed using the invention. The PME may also be used for supercapacitors, and other applications.
Polyimides are generally prepared by reacting one or more diamines and one or more dianhydride monomers in a step-wise condensation reaction. Preferred diamines and dianhydrides are shown in
The purity of the monomeric reactants has been found to be important. Aromatic diamines are known to be air sensitive. Thus, a purification process generally includes removing a portion of the oxidized diamine material. Following purification, aromatic diamines typically become white. However, absolutely pure diamines are difficult to achieve, and usually unnecessary. Recrystallization of the diamine from a mixture of alcohol and water has been found to be both effective and sufficient. The collected crystals are preferably dried under a vacuum because the water used for crystallization may not be easily removable at room temperature.
Dianhydrides are also preferably purified and can be purified using at least two methods. A preferred purification method is recrystallization from acetic anhydride. Acetic anhydride closes reactive anhydride rings. However, removal of acetic acid produced is sometimes difficult. Washing with ether or MTBE can be used to remove the residual acetic acid. The dianhydride crystals generally require drying in a vacuum oven. An alternate method is to quickly wash the crystals with dry ethanol to remove open anhydride rings and then to rapidly dry the washed powder in a vacuum oven. This method works for purifying BPDA if the incoming purity is at least approximately 96%.
The condensation reaction is performed to the poly (amic-acid) stage. One mole of diamine is reacted with about 1.005 to 1.01 equivalents of dianhydride. Excess dianhydride is generally preferably used to ensure that the dianhydride reagent determines the end group of the reaction product, the dianhydride excess ensuring that polymer chains are terminated with anhydride end groups which are known to maximize stability of the polymer product. In addition, such an excess compensates for traces of water which can react with anhydride groups.
The solution is preferably about 15 to 20 weight % total in NMP solvent. The diamine is usually dissolved first, preferably under nitrogen, although this is not required for all diamines. The dianhydride is then added. A large scale reaction preferably adds the dianhydride in portions because there is some heat of reaction and it is desirable to keep the temperature below 40° C. For example, a small scale reaction of 50 grams could add the dianhydride all at once, provided there is good initial mixing.
The dianhydride generally dissolves much more slowly than the diamine. For a small-scale reaction, the best and simplest way to perform the reaction is to use a cylindrical jar with a polytetrafluoroethylene sealed cap. This jar can be shaken by hand in the beginning and then put on a rolling mill at slow speed to turn the jar smoothly. The reaction proceeds best at room temperature over a two to twelve hour period. Once the initial reaction is complete, as evidenced by a substantially constant solution color and viscosity, the solution is ready for imide ring closure.
The chemical reaction to form the polyimide from the poly (amic-acid) can be performed with 1.1 equivalents of acetic anhydride per imide ring and 1 equivalent of pyridine as a ring closure catalyst. Pyridine can be added and rolling preferably continued until mixed. The acetic anhydride can cause a portion of the amic-acid polymer to precipitate.
The polymer should be redissolved before heating. One needs to carefully heat the jar to more than 80° C. but less than 90° C. It is best to use an oven and occasionally remove the jar to shake. Heating is performed for 60 minutes at full heat or until the color changes are complete. The jar is put on a rolling mill to cool while turning. Once the solution returns to room temperature, a fully imidized polymer dissolved in NMP results. However, the solution generally also has some residual pyridine, acetic acid, and may include some acetic anhydride. The solution is expected to be stable for reasonable periods of time.
A preferred method for collecting the product from a small-scale reaction is to precipitate the polymer into methyl alcohol. This removes the solvent load and traces of monomers that did not react. It also can be used, in conjunction with the observed viscosity, to estimate the quality of the polymerization. A good, high molecular weight polyimide will precipitate cleanly into methyl alcohol with little or no cloudiness. The viscosity should be high (e.g. 8000 to 10,000 cp).
The precipitated polymer is preferably washed two or more times until the smell of pyridine is slight. The polymer can then be air dried for a few hours in a hood and then dried in a vacuum oven at 125° C. overnight. The volume of methyl alcohol is preferably about a gallon per 100 grams of polymer.
On a larger scale, water can be used to remove solvents or trace materials. However, water is expected to be a less efficient than methyl alcohol for this purpose. A final soak with methyl alcohol is preferably added before drying if water is used with large quantities of polymer.
The present invention is further illustrated by the following specific examples. The examples are provided for illustration only and are not to be construed as limiting the scope or content of the invention in any way.
Optical Clarity of Commercially Available Polyimide/Salt/Solvent as Compared to Exemplary PMEs According to the Invention
The purpose of this example is to demonstrate the homogenous nature of the PME formed from polyimides that have strong interactions with a lithium salt, as demonstrated by high levels of optical transmission of visible light. PME films were generated from polyimides shown in
Film Thickness
% Transmission
Polyimide Type
for a 1 mil film
Matrimid 5218
FIG. 1(b) Pl
FIG. 1(c) Pl
FIG. 1(m) Pl
As demonstrated from the table above, the Matrimid polyimide does not form a clear homogenous composition when the lithium salt concentration is 64%. Moreover, the Matrimid polyimide does not form a clear homogenous composition even at substantially lower salt concentrations, such at a concentration of 0.5 moles of lithium salt per imide ring provided by the polyimide. Polyimides including a lithium salt in a concentration of 0.5 moles (or less) of lithium salt per imide ring provided by the polyimide generally lack sufficient minimum ionic conductivity to be a useful electrolyte separator for an electrochemical cell.
Although only data for polyimides shown in
Scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrographs were taken to evaluate the morphology of the PME according to the invention.
While the preferred embodiments of the invention have been illustrated and described, it will be clear that the invention is not so limited. Numerous modifications, changes, variations, substitutions and equivalents will occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention as described in the claims.
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|Samsung Sdi Co., Ltd.
|Polymeric sol electrolyte and lithium battery using the same
|Dec 6, 2002
|Oct 16, 2003
|Sui-Yang Huang
|Polymer-gel lithium ion battery
|May 31, 2002
|Dec 4, 2003
|Kemper Jonathan Thomas
|Credit card sized remote control transmitter application
|May 30, 2003
|Jan 15, 2004
|Joong-Hun Kim
|Battery unit and lithium secondary battery employing the same
|Jul 26, 2002
|Jan 29, 2004
|Ji-Guang Zhang
|Thin film battery
|Sep 4, 2003
|Mar 4, 2004
|Kazuhito Hatta
|Nonaqueous-electrolyte secondary battery
|May 13, 2003
|Nov 18, 2004
|Wensley C. Glen
|Card with embedded IC and electrochemical cell
|May 13, 2003
|Nov 18, 2004
|Wensley C. Glen
|Polyimide matrix electrolyte
|Jul 29, 2003
|Feb 3, 2005
|Alain Vallee
|Polyimide-based battery for a portable electronic appliance
|Jul 29, 2003
|Jul 14, 2005
|Alain Vallee
|Polyimide-based lithium metal battery
|Jul 21, 1997
|Jan 28, 1998
|Rohm And Haas Company
|Electrolyte and electrolytic cell
|Aug 6, 1997
|Feb 11, 1998
|Mitsui Petrochemical Industries, Ltd.
|Ionically conductive polymeric gel electrolyte and solid battery containing the same
|Jul 21, 1997
|Feb 25, 1998
|Rohm And Haas Company
|Solid polymeric electrolyte
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Dec 15, 1998
|Jul 1, 1999
|Rockwell Science Center, Llc
|Electrodeposition cell with high light transmission
|Jul 26, 2001
|Feb 14, 2002
|Southern Clay Products, Inc.
|Gelled anode or electrolyte solution for an electrochemical cell
|Dec 21, 2001
|Aug 15, 2002
|Wen Lu
|Long-lived conjugated polymer electrochemical devices incorporating ionic liquids
|Levine et al., "Electrochemical behavior of the polypyrrole/polyimide composite by potential step amperometry," Journal of Power Sources, vol. 124, pp. 355-359, (2003).
|Meador et al., "Effects of Branching on Rod-Coil Block Polyimides as Membrane Materials for Lithium Polymer Batteries," Chem. Mater., vol. 15, No. 15, pp. 3018-3025, (2003).
|Munnik et al., "Stopping power measurements of 0.5-10.5 MeV {circumflex over ( )}7Li ions in polyimide, vyns, formvar, and polysulfone," Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 86, No. 7, 00. 3934-3938, (Oct. 1999).
|Nie et al., "Novel Polymeric Aromatic Lithium Sulfonlimides as Salts for Polymer Electrolytes," Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 85, pp. 1802-1805, (2002).
|Tokuda et al., "Synthesis, Characterization, and Ion-Conductive Behavior in an Organic Solvent and in a Polyether of a Novel Lithium Salt of a Perfluorinated Polyimide Anion," Macromolecules, vol. 35, No. 4, pp. 1403-1411, (2002).
|U.S. Appl. No. 11/061,751, filed Feb. 18, 2005, Nelson et al.
|U.S. Appl. No. 11/115,193, filed Apr. 27, 2005, Wensley et al.
|U.S. Appl. No. 11/127,299, filed May 12, 2005, Nelson et al.
|U.S. Appl. No. 11/187,440, filed Jul. 22, 2005, Nelson et al.
|U.S. Appl. No. 11/191,922, filed Jul. 29, 2005, Wensley et al.
|Viehbeck et al., "Electrochemical Properties of Polyimides and Related Imide Compounds," Journal of the Electrochemical Society, vol. 137, No. 5, pp. 1460-1466, (May 1990).
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jun 28, 2011
|Solicore, Inc.
|Lithium inks and electrodes and batteries made therefrom
|Aug 29, 2005
|Jan 3, 2012
|Solicore, Inc.
|Method of forming a card with embedded IC and electrochemical cell
|May 19, 2011
|Nov 27, 2012
|Solicore, Inc.
|Lithium inks and electrodes and batteries made therefrom
|May 15, 2009
|Dec 29, 2015
|Solicore, Inc.
|Battery tab and packaging frame design
|Sep 26, 2014
|Apr 12, 2016
|Uop Llc
|High permeability polyimide membranes: gas selectivity enhancement through UV treatment
|Sep 26, 2014
|Apr 12, 2016
|Uop Llc
|High permeability polyimide membranes: gas selectivity enhancement through UV treatment
|Feb 18, 2005
|Oct 27, 2005
|Solicore, Inc.
|Lithium inks and electrodes and batteries made therefrom
|Aug 29, 2005
|Aug 9, 2007
|Card with embedded IC and electrochemical cell
|May 15, 2009
|Nov 19, 2009
|Solicore, Inc.
|Battery tab and packaging frame design
|U.S. Classification
|429/314, 429/307, 429/249, 429/317, 429/339
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Dec 5, 2005
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When their owners are fast asleep, pets partake in alley fashion parades and animal parties full of cat fights and yapping. Let pets show off their stylish side with today's Groupon: $39 for a professional pet photoshoot including image CD, take-home toy or pet coat and more from Canine Avenue, Richmond and Woodville South ($109 value).
Canine Avenue is committed to providing pet services that please owners and animals alike, utilising the highest-quality products and animal-loving experts to deliver professional quality with a personal touch. Today's Groupon places pets in the spotlight for a full studio photo session with all props, as well as the opportunity for on-site grooming prior to the shoot. Owners enjoy a glass of bubbly or coffee on arrival as they watch their pooch parade, pout and pose. The proof images are provided via email and a CD with low-resolution photos is also provided. Pets go home with a pet toy or chic pet coat to show off to furry friends. All Grouponites receive a $10 voucher to use towards any in-store purchase over $50.
This deal is available at the Richmond and Woodville South salons:
147 Marion Rd
Richmond SA 5033
Woodville South
67 Findon Rd
Woodville South SA 5011

subset: commoncrawl


text:
I have this code for pulling specific info from posts into my sidebar (outside the loop):
$IDOutsideLoop = $post->ID;
global $post;
$myposts = get_posts('showposts=3&category_name=releases');
foreach($myposts as $post) :
<?php if(get_post_meta($post->ID, 'thumb', true)): ?>
<a href="<?php the_permalink(); ?>"><img src="<?php get_custom_field('thumb', TRUE); ?>" width="155px" alt="<?php the_title(); ?>" />

<?php endif; ?>
<?php endforeach; ?>
This particular section pulls the post's associated thumbnail (via custom field) into the sidebar.
What I really want to try and do is link to a NextGen gallery page in the same way. The NextGen widget doesn't work with the theme for some reason, so I'd like to pull in the static page's thumbnail using a custom field instead.
Does anyone know how's best to do this, if it's possible at all?


text:
Video Industry News Video Company News Technology Industry News Technology Company News Novelty Industry News Novelty Company News Gay Industry News Gay Company News Legal Industry News All Company News
Released: Mar 01st, 1996
Running Time: 113
Company: Video Team
Cast: Byron Long, Luscious, Obsession, Marc Anthony, Lana Sands, Jake Steed, Rosie (I), Tabitha (I), Yasmine (I), Mr. Marcus
Critical Rating: AAA 1/2
Genre: All-Sex
Mercy, these black babes have got the most mouth-watering rear ends! This backdoor adventure concerns a booty beauty contest and these find ladies have ways of swaying the judges. Smooth, fair-skinned Lana Sands bends over the bathtub to butt-devour mr. Marcus' formidable weapon, and then she licks his stick clean until a sloppy facial spoils her make-up. Anal firepot Tabitha performs similar services for Jake Steed, spreading her colon in a desktop missionary. Although the music needs a little help, this series appears to be getting better and better.


text:
Author has written 16 stories for Sailor Moon, Star Wars, Misc. Tv Shows, Avatar: Last Airbender, Gargoyles, StarTrek: The Next Generation, Arthur, Lazytown, Stargate: SG-1, Wreck-It Ralph, Vicar of Dibley, Peanuts, and A song of Ice and Fire.
Name: Hannah
IMPORTANT NOTE: My internet is caput, and so I'm stuck with the library computers. They will not display ffnet because of erotic content. So if you're looking for fanfiction updates, until further notice please go to my tumblr. http : // chibifanfiction . tumblr. com. I will be posting chapters there. PROMPTS NOW OPEN AT MY TUMBLR! IF YOU WANT ME TO WRITE SPECIFIC THINGS, NOW IS THE CHANCE!
To All my readers: I apologize for the stalling that my fanfics are going through. I have no attention span, and it's just getting worse. I promise to update as soon as I'm able.
Fanfiction's I'm working on or planning at the moment:
Avatar: The Last Airbender:
Situation 2: Katara is older. How much older would she have to be to effect the relationship with Aang? I'm thinking 20. That'd be just enough to put a strain on the idea. It would still be Kataang, but not right away.
Situation 3: Crossover! Stargate SG-1. I've seen it done, but not all that well. I'd like to try my hand at it. No one from the SG team would have bending powers or anything.
Situation 4: Aang died at a very young age. Possibly just after defeating Fire Lord Ozai. Katara takes up the mantle of training the avatar but Aang's spirit is restless. Established relationship Kataang and slight Femmslash undertones between Katara and Korra.
Arthur: (The PBSkids show):
Disney's Gargoyles:
Star Trek: The Next Generation:
Invader Zim:
SportaSteph Oneshots. Just little day in the life things I guess. Because the pairing is cute.
Wreck-It Ralph:
Sugar Rush: Story Mode: A tie in with The Upgrade. Now that Sugar Rush has had an upgrade the story mode is just a little different. I want to write it out as a story, just for fun.


text:
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18 reviews | 5 out of 5
Made very well, having a Hawaiian party and putting this Palm Tree Candle in the center of the table with a lei around it.
very cute item! sturdy, great value!!!!!
Great price and it's NOT flimsy or cheap.....for under 10 bucks you can't beat it. I like it.
Love it so much I bought two for my Florida home.
We have 2 of these on opposite ends of our patio table under the roof. Their fun looking and functional. Place a small votive at dusk when we eat dinner and it sets the mood. I also bought the electric tea lights to put in them when I place them on the tables around the pool area. We love them.
I still can't believe that this item only costs $9.00!
The quality is excellent and it is so cool. I am going to buy a second one so that I can put them"back to back" to create an extra nice centerpiece. I have had so many compliments on it.
This palm tee candle holder is beauitul.
A lillte bit larger and more beautiful than I expeced.
Everytime I look at it it reminds me of a wonderful vacation I took in Florida, a few years ago. I ordered 2 and may order more.
very cute & put together well. would recommend for palm tree lovers for decoration
Decided to keep it in my bathroom as it will go well with the painting I have.
I search all over the internet for a decent price on this product and to my surprise, Walmart carried it (ON-LINE ONLY). Not only was the price better then all the other locations, so was the shipping.
Would def. suggest Walmart for this product and its made very durable.
Super cute. Nicely made. Good quality. I would have given it 5 stars if it were just a bit taller. Very nice, though! We bought these to be centerpieces on tables for an island themed party.
I ordered these candle holders before they were available. They actually came sooner than expected and were better than advertised. Good candle holders and well made.
my friends liked this gift
Very nice, good value
Very cute!


text:
FONTANA, Calif. (AP) -- With no end in sight to California's drought, the Sacramento City Council has voted to enact severe water rationing on residents and businesses, while also boosting enforcement efforts against people who flout the rules.
The Sacramento Bee reports (http://bit.ly/1eSrgq1) the unanimous vote Tuesday comes as the region is faced with historically low water levels on the American River and a long-range forecast featuring little, if any, rain.
The council approved regulations requiring those who live and work in Sacramento to reduce their water use by between 20 percent and 30 percent.
The city will also dispatch a task force of monitors to patrol city streets and enforce rules that limit outdoor watering.
A $200,000 public outreach campaign will be launched to persuade residents and businesses to cut back on water consumption.
Information from: The Sacramento Bee, http://www.sacbee.com
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My new DPS 99s taken a gondola ride up the Schafberg from Gargellen.
Fresh snow on avalanche fences.
Chris skiing a warmup in bounds run before we head backcountry.
Got some sausages, potatoes, and beer before skinning.
We may have trouble finding fresh snow [sarcasm].
Chris leading the way towards St. Antönier Joch while I fumble with the camera.
Skinning into the light.
DPS 99s at the St. Antönier Joch about to enter Switzerland.
Chris heading up the final slope of the non true, but snowier, summit of the Riedkopf (Riedchopf in Switzerland).
Chris taking his new skins off of his new skis at the top.
Looking west, a large glide crack formed on the southern slope.
The "Three Towers" is the peak on the left. This is an objective for next month.
Chris dropping back into Austria.
Steeper powder.
Sunny powder.
The peak on the otherside of Gargellen.
We skinned back up the Riedkopf a second time with a lower sun.
Twilight in the parking lot.
The next day we went to Mellau and our objective was this mountain, the Kanisfluh. Watch this video for action shots of me skiing that hut: http://youtu.be/o-MahCKBNww
In case you want to stop and pray.
Chris breaking some trail.
For some reason there was a weird-ass statue near the top.
Chris at the summit.
In the clear cut on the opposite hill is the Berghof. Here are pictures from our time there: http://goo.gl/D3xTj And here is a picture of here from there: http://goo.gl/GYiQP We are standing at the top of a very large the north face.
Looking south.
Part of the north wall with Mellau down below.
The Lake Constance in the distance. Last month Chris and I mountain biked to the hut just barely visible in the plateau in the center of the photo.
Skinning back to the lodge for some Käsespätzle.


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Home • Asia • Oceania • Europe • Africa • Nth America • Sth America
$ Exchange
World Times
World Phone Codes
World Ports
World Weather
World Embassies
World News
Online Newspapers
Maritime News
Seafarers' Helpline
Welcome to Ashore - your first port of call. The
web site for seafarers, fishers and their
families: for people of the
sea who make their living from the oceans of the world.
Ashore is a list of international seafarers'
centres that have been established
by Christian churches and charitable organisations
for the care and support of the people of the sea:
seafarers, fishers & their families.
The Church has always been involved in the
pastoral care of seafarers. In the early
19th century the Christian
churches formalised their care for seafarers &
fishers with the appointment of chaplains to focus
on the spiritual and social needs of seafarers.
Today many of the Christian churches work
together in caring for the people of the sea and
their families by establishing seafarers' centres.
This includes:
Apostleship of the Sea
British and International
Sailors Society
Danish Seamen's Service
Dutch Seamen's Mission
Finnish Seamen's Service
Mission to Seafarers
Norwegian Seamen's Mission
And the sea will grant
each man new hope . . . his sleep brings dreams of
an Italian born, Spanish navigator and adventurer


text:
Kate Walsh
Who Wore It Best: Stella McCartney Ombre Jeans
Stella McCartney's ombre skinny jeans have definitely proved their staying power. Celebs have been wearing them for the past couple of years, in quite a variety of ways. Most recently, Stella has worn hers quite a few times, pairing them with a tee and blazer, Victoria Beckham always looks chic, dressing them up with everything from leather to fur, Kate Walsh wore hers with a simple tweed jacket while Jessica Alba wore hers with a denim jacket. Lily Cole jazzed hers up with a funky multi-colored pair of heels. Which look do you prefer?
You can see more who wore it best posts here.
You can view more Who Wore It Best posts here.
Who Wore It Best: Isabel Marant Denim Dress
Jessica Alba, Sienna Miller and Kate Walsh have all been spotted in this Isabel Marant denim dress (Kate wore the shirt version) Jessica toughened hers up with black combat boots, Sienna opted for a more bohemian look, pairing hers with short suede boots and bangles, while Kate paired hers with black shorts and gladiator sandals. Which look do you prefer?
Kate Walsh in a Denim Jacket
"Private Practice" star Kate Walsh was seen leaving Fred Segal in Los Angeles, California after doing some shopping. The weather seemed to be really warm as Kate opted to wear a short black skirt, ankle boots and a tight medium blue denim jacket.
I actually really love this look on her. I never normally like the idea of denim jackets being done up because they can look too heavy on the top but only having one buttoned like Kate's, combined with it being a really tight fit, looks great! Buy denim jackets at Singer22.com.
Images courtesy of Pacificcoastnews.com
Kate Walsh in Citizens of Humanity
Kate Walsh attends the Planned Parenthood's Birth Control Matters briefing at the LA W Hotel. Kate and Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants star, Amber Tamblyn hosted the event.
For her hosting duties, Kate wore a pair of Citizens of Humanity flare jeans and a Stella McCartney jacket. Kate chose Citizens' Angie super flare jeans in Moon River. I really like this outfit! These jeans have a great retro vibe but the jacket makes them look modern and polished. You can buy Kate's jeans at Shopbop.com for $228.00.


text:
I'm using a customized registration page (via the Register Plus Redux plugin), and I'm getting an error when I click the Refresh button for the CAPTCHA. This happens regardless of whether I've got the "Use CAPTCHA without PHP session" turned on or off.
Registration page:
Registration does appear to function -- I just can't refresh the CAPTCHA image. When I try, I get an error message at the bottom of the screen. If I click the error alert, I get the following message:
Webpage error details
User Agent: Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 8.0; Windows NT 5.1; Trident/4.0; SU 3.26; InfoPath.1; .NET CLR 1.1.4322; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; .NET CLR 3.0.4506.2152; .NET CLR 3.5.30729)
Timestamp: Sat, 8 Jan 2011 15:38:21 UTC
Message: Object expected
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Char: 1
Code: 0
URI: http://awfulgames.com/wp-login.php?action=register
Any thoughts?


text:
You have searched for: Tommy Bradshaw
- FIPB nod for Tommy's e-tail biz, own stores
American fashion apparel major Tommy Hilfiger received Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB) approval to run own stores and start e-commerce in India. The approval, granted earlier this week, came nearly four years after its Indian arm, Tommy Hilfiger Arvind Fashion, first moved the application, said a source directly familiar with the matter.
- Sarah Jessica Parker is 'radically different' from Carrie Bradshaw
You might have loved Carrie Bradshaw in 'Sex and the City', but Sarah Jessica Parker recently revealed that she is not that much like her character.
- JK Simmons, Terry Bradshaw join 'Bastards' cast
Veteran actor JK Simmons and Terry Bradshaw are all set to join Alcon Entertainment's comedy 'Bastards.'
- Late Rachel Tommy
13th Birthday in HeavenLate Rachel Tommy (16-11-2015)IN LOVING MEMORY OFSMT. RACHEL TOMMY W/O SHRI P. A. TOMMYRETIRED SECTION OFFICERMP SECRETARIATRESIDENT OF 113-A,GOPAL NAGAR NEAR SOS VILLAGE BHOPALINSERTED BY: SORROWING FAMILYShri P.A. Tommy (Husband), Mrs. Annu S. Mathew (Daughter),Mr. P.T. Abraham, Mr. P.T. Johnson (Son),Shine Mathew (Son in Law), Pushpa Johnson (Daughter in Law),Meena, John, Rebacca, Joshva (Grand Daughter & Grand Sons)
- Tommy is Shahid Kapoor's scariest avatar
Shahid Kapoor, who plays a rockstar with a substance-abuse problem in 'Udta Punjab', admitted that this is his scariest character till date. "I knew I would regret if I let go off this movie just because I didn't have the guts to do it," he confessed, adding, "Rockstar Tommy Singh is by far the most eccentric character I have ever played.
- Delhi queuing up to get the 'Tommy look' from 'Udta Punjab'
From maa ki daant to the GF's wrath, Delhi dudes are braving a lot to sport the Tommy Singh haircut from Udta Punjab, which is all the rage now, say hairstylists.
- Writing my memoir was therapeutic: Tommy Hilfiger
The 65-year-old, who launched his self-titled fashion house in 1985, found it "interesting" to reflect on his over 30-year career in the fashion industry as he penned "American Dreamer".
- Writing my memoir was therapeutic: Tommy Hilfiger
Ace designer Tommy Hilfiger found it "therapeutic" to pen his memoir.
- Tommy longs for Obama's sex tape!
Tommy longs for Obama's sex tape!
- Shahid Kapoor: Tommy is one of those insane characters that no one has attempted
If you study Shahid Kapoor's body of work — 'Jab We Met', 'Kaminey' and 'Haider' to name just three — you will notice that the Bollywood superstar has earned his stripes.
- I'd like to meet Aamir, the Titanic of Bollywood- Peter Bradshaw
Renowned British film critic Peter Bradshaw is keen on meeting Aamir Khan
- Pamela Anderson, Tommy Lee's son has never seen 'Baywatch'
Dylan, the son of Pamela Anderson and former husband Tommy Lee, says he doesn't know much about his mother's iconic role on 'Baywatch.'
- Morgan Freeman, Tommy Lee Jones to star in 'Villa Capri'
Veteran actors Morgan Freeman and Tommy Lee Jones are teaming up for action comedy 'Villa Capri.'
- Tommy Sugiarto takes Delhi into PBL final
Delhi Acers' Tommy Sugiarto proved to be the difference again on Thursday, guiding his side past Chennai Smashers 15-11, 15-14 and into the final of the Premier Badminton League.
- Tommy Sugiarto stars as Delhi Acers reach PBL final
Tommy Sugiarto was the hero for the Delhi Acers as he led his side to the summit clash of the Premier Badminton League (PBL) with his 15-11, 15-10 win over Brice Leverdez.


text:
LED luminaires
The Indy Performance Series 2x2 and 2x4 LED luminaires from the Juno Lighting Group are designed to bring LED illumination to commercial spaces.
The Indy Performance Series 2x2 and 2x4 LED luminaires from the Juno Lighting Group are designed to bring high-performance, aesthetic, LED illumination to commercial spaces. Indy 2x2 and 2x4 LED luminaires provide 25% reduction in energy costs; when combined with lighting controls, they can provide up to a 90% reduction. Indy LEDs offer efficacies over 90 lumens/W and have a service life of 50,000 hrs. The Indy LEDs are available in two optic styles: illusion and lensed. Each provides low-glare illumination and produces up to 3200 lumens from 43 W input. They are available in four color temperatures ranging from 3000 to 5000 K, each with an 80 CRI.
Juno Lighting Group
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Consulting-Specifying Engineer's Product of the Year (POY) contest is the premier award for new products in the HVAC, fire, electrical, and...
Consulting-Specifying Engineer magazine is dedicated to encouraging and recognizing the most talented young individuals...
The MEP Giants program lists the top mechanical, electrical, plumbing, and fire protection engineering firms in the United States.
Integrating electrical and HVAC systems; Tracking and conserving facility water use; Energy code advancements; The future of professional engineers
Control noise, vibration in building design: Tackling acoustics and design issues; High-performance building design; NFPA 99; Combined heat, power
Putting COPS into context; Designing medium-voltage electrical systems; Planning and designing resilient, efficient data centers; The nine steps of designing generator fuel systems
Designing generator systems; Using online commissioning tools; Selective coordination best practices
Understanding transfer switch operation; Coordinating protective devices; Analyzing NEC 2014 changes; Cooling data centers
As brand protection manager for Eaton's Electrical Sector, Tom Grace oversees counterfeit awareness...
Amara Rozgus is chief editor and content manager of Consulting-Specifier Engineer magazine.
IEEE power industry experts bring their combined experience in the electrical power industry...
Michael Heinsdorf, P.E., LEED AP, CDT is an Engineering Specification Writer at ARCOM MasterSpec.


text:
Join us for the ultimate in wine tasting events. Admission to the wine tasting building is $6 per person and includes a 10 oz. souvenir wine tasting glass. Individuals must be 21 years of age to participate in the wine tasting. Admission to the wine building to shop is free.
Partial list of wineries:
Adirondack Winery
Altamont Vineyard & WineryAmericana Vineyards & WineryAnthony Road Wine CompanyAshley Lynn Winery
Capoccia Vineyards & Winery
Crooked Lake WineryEagle Crest Vineyards
Halfmoon Cellars Winery Hazlitt 1852 Vineyards
Helderberg Meadworks
Heron Hill Winery
Hudson-Chatham Winery
Hunt Country Vineyards
Idol Ridge Winery
Lakeland Winery
Miles Wine Cellars
Montezuma WineryPazdar Winery
Raymor Estate CellarsThousand Islands Winery
Three Brothers Winery & Estates
and more . . .
Copyright (c) 2010 - All Rights Reserved
Northeast Show Promoters, Inc.
Last Modified: 08-18-10
Website powered by Network Solutions®


text:
Arts From The Can't Help But Share Category
I just got one of those solicitation spam emails from someone named Ripely J. Herpes. Is this someone's idea of unsuspicious?
Honestly, the names lately have been getting outrageous. Have the senders of these things given up on whatever scam first compelled them, and turned their efforts instead toward nomenclature performance art?


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Most Recent Articles In Fashion Scoops
Latest Fashion Scoops Articles
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NANETTE'S PAS DE DEUX: Nanette Lepore is expanding her repertoire. She has designed the costumes for the premiere of "Stravinsky Divertimento," a pas de deux choreographed by Charles Askegard at the Joyce Theater. Performances are Oct. 24, Oct. 26, Oct. 27 and Oct. 28. It's the first time Lepore has designed costumes for the ballet.
RELATED STORY: Nanette Lepore Spring 2013 >>
This story first appeared in the October 24, 2012 issue of WWD. Subscribe Today.


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E3 2008 - Day One Recap
Written Tuesday, July 15, 2008 By Dan WebbView author's profile
Yesterday was a busy day as far as news goes and before the Showcase Pavilion and Meeting Rooms open their doors at E3 2008, we thought what better than to give you a run down of everything that happened to make sure you didn't miss a thing. The whole day's news can be found after the jump.
- Final Fantasy XIII comes to Xbox 360.
- Resident Evil 5 co-op was confirmed as well as release date.
- Fable 2 co-op was confirmed & so was release date month.
- Fallout 3 will get substantial exclusive downloadable content.
- Gears of War 2 gets release date and new co-op mode uncovered.
- Huge dashboard update planned including Miis & Live Party.
Other News
- Xbox 360 and Netflix team up.
- Game Announce: Portal Still Alive, XBLA.
- Game Announce: South Park, XBLA.
- Game Announce: Galaga Legions, XBLA.
- Game Announce: Geometry Wars 2.
- Game Announce: Banjo Kazooie, XBLA.
- Game Announce: Lips.
- Game Announce: You're in the Movies.
- Game Announce: Scene It? Box Office Smash.
- EA announce partnership with Id sofware and showcase Rage.
- NBA Live 09 gets "dynamic DNA" which is updated daily.
- Dragon Age: Origins will head to consoles in the future.


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Oil & Gas
The platform operates from offices in Australia, South Africa, Scotland and the USA and comprises the following businesses: Clough (Perth-based), e2o (Adelaide-based), CMR Marine (Cape Town-based), Booth Welsh (Ayrshire-based) and CH-IV (Hanover, Maryland-based). The platform was restructured to create alignment and integration with the other Group business platforms, improve operational efficiency and better position it to secure future work. It now comprises three primary divisions: Oil & Gas EPC, Oil & Gas Commissioning and Brownfields, and Infrastructure & Marine.


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Bryher Papers
Bryher (1894-1983) was a British author best known for her historical novels, including
Read more about Bryher and access the description for this collection in Orbis, the Yale University Library's online catalog.
Or access a selection of digital reproductions of photographs and documents from the Bryher Papers through the Beinecke Library's Digital Images Database.
See related collections: the H.D. Collection and the Viola Baxter Jordan Papers
Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library
121 Wall Street | New Haven, CT 06511
Campus Map
Tel: (203) 432-2977 Fax: (203) 432-4047
USPS: Mailing Address and Information
email: Ask a Librarian
The exhibition gallery is closed while the library's building is under renovation.
Temporary Reading Room Hours
Monday - Friday: 9 am to 4:45 pm
The temporary reading room is located in Yale's Sterling Memorial Library, across Wall Street from the Beinecke.
Beginnig September 6, 2016 our hours will be
Monday 10 a.m. to 7 p.m.
Tuesday-Thursday 9 a.m. to 7 p.m.
Friday 9 a.m. to 5


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VO comic list update
The VO comic database is now sitting at over 1600 entries and counting! It's the most complete vampire-specific comic database there is. Trust me on this one! There are a few gaping holes still left to fill, as it's missing entries from the likes of Buffy, Angel, Anne Rice's vampires, Vampire the Masquerade, and Morbius. But at this point, its a pretty detailed database of vamp comics spanning about 60 years.
Currently, we're working on first getting the entries as up to date as possible, and then adding the missing titles. This includes adding cover images, and I would estimate that about 25% of the entries now have them.
Of course, if you happen to notice an error on a comic page, or have info to help make it complete, you can use the handy 'add new comment' link found on each page, and let us know.
The VO comic database - browse
-- Vlad III
- Login to post comments
- 1552 reads
Drawn to Vamps?
|Vol. 1 No. 2
|Vol. 1 No. 4


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Date : Wed, 07/09/2016 for 2 Days
Country : USA
City : New York
iGlobal Forum is pleased to announce our upcoming 6th Specialty Finance Summit, taking place in New York on September 7th and 8th. Opportunities within the specialty finance space are shifting as alternative lenders become more active, and online marketplace lenders draw in customers of their own. New fintech developments are fighting for survival in a competitive space as valuations affect the success of investments, and investors look forward for strategies to protect their capital in the event of a downturn market.
Date : Wed, 14/09/2016 for 2 Days
City : Los Angeles
iGlobal Forum is pleased to announce the upcoming 15th Global Real Estate Private Equity Summit: West, taking place in Los Angeles on September 14th and 15th. As the global markets continue to be unpredictable, between the Chinese economy and the potential instability in Europe with the Brexit vote, the focus on the full range US real estate across asset classes has become exceedingly important.
Date : Wed, 14/09/2016 for 1 Day
Country : Hong Kong
City : Hong Kong
IIR's Hedge Fund Emerging and Startup Manager Forum is returning to Hong Kong this September, offering the perfect opportunity for new and emerging managers to meet and network with peers and potential investors.
Why attend the forum for the next generation of hedge fund managers?
Date : Mon, 19/09/2016
Catalyst Cap Intro Events are exclusive, sector focused, investor driven events that host hand-picked investors and investment managers that intend to become investment partners.
This Catalyst Cap Intro Event focuses only on the L/S Equity | Event Driven investing sectors.
Introductions are accomplished through private meetings which are arranged prior the events, where investors request meetings based on the merits of each investment manager.
Date : Mon, 19/09/2016 for 3 Days
Country : France
City : Monte Carlo
Capital Creation is the ultimate post-summer Venture Capital and Private Equity Conference attended by the European Private Equity elite. The event focuses on quality networking, incisive debate and an industry leading LP to GP ratio.
Attracting 300 qualified European private equity investors and fund mangers, Capital Creation offers critical analysis and off-the-record data on Europe's private equity landscape and future investment opportunities. Find new deal opportunities, managers that offer true value, and fund restructuring solutions with 80 expert speakers across 60 bespoke presentations and small-group formats.
Here's why you need to be at Capital Creation this September:
Date : Tue, 27/09/2016 for 3 Days
Country : Malaysia
City : Kuala Lumpur
Investment and operational strategy for the leaders of Senior Living & Aged Care markets in Southeast Asia!
Date : Mon, 17/10/2016
This Catalyst Cap Intro Event focuses only on the Credit | Fixed Income alternative investing space.
Introductions are accomplished through private meetings which are arranged prior the events, where investors request meetings based on the merits of each investment manager.
Date : Tue, 25/10/2016 for 3 Days
Country : China
City : Shanghai
China's Most Influential & Only CEO Forum for Senior Living
Date : Thu, 27/10/2016 for 2 Days
Country : Slovakia
City : Bratislava
TATRA SUMMIT Investment Forum is the largest political and economic gathering of the current Presidency in the Council of the European Union. This flagship gathering consists of 5 parallel streams covering everything from Pension Funds, PPP & Project Finance, Transport, Smart Energy to Digital Agenda. Hear from 100+ speakers and get in touch with the region's top decision-makers.
Date : Mon, 07/11/2016 for 4 Days
Country : Australia
City : Melbourne
Mines and Money Australia returns as a part of the International Mining and Resources Conference (IMARC) and is the country's largest mining investment forum.
Bringing together over 2100 decision makers, mining leaders, policy makers, financiers, technical experts, innovators and educators from over 47 countries for four days of learning, deal-making and unparalleled networking.
Wed, 13/07/2016 - 23:35
Tue, 08/03/2016 - 13:00
Mon, 13/06/2016 - 14:12
Mon, 16/05/2016 - 12:00
Thu, 07/07/2016 - 14:15
Thu, 31/03/2016 - 10:46
Copyright © 2016 GFM Ltd. All Rights Reserved


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Video Industry News Video Company News Technology Industry News Technology Company News Novelty Industry News Novelty Company News Gay Industry News Gay Company News Legal Industry News All Company News
Released: Feb 01st, 2005
Running Time: 300
Director: Rodney Moore
Company: Rodnievision
Distribution Companies: Exquisite Multimedia
Cast: Holly Day, Lena Ramon, Rodney Moore, Shocka, Victoria Givens, Claudio Meloni, Brooke (I), Britni Noel, Maia Ginger, Gen Padova, Shy Love, Careena Collins, Jessica Sweet, Hollie Wood
Critical Rating: AAAA
Genre: Gonzo
This one has appeal beyond hardcore Rodney buffs.
The first disc of this two-disc set, "No Rough Sex for Rodney," is a porn world satire with a continuous story line, both hot and funny.
Rodney finds his work judged too vanilla with the trend toward rough sex, typified by a female director who claims to "empower" women by degrading them on-screen. In a dream Rodney gives her (Lena Ramon, in a burka and bunny-slippers) a taste of her own medicine.
Careena Collins does an awesome blowjob on a hugely hung black dude. Always nice to see luscious RayVeness in action, even billed as "Britni Noel."
Disc 2 has five non-related scenes.


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- Artists Gonzalo MD, Miss Sunshine, Philippe Petit, Session Restore
- Release Date 2012-10-30
- Labels NuLabel
- Catalog NU039
Session Restore debuts at NuLabek with "Frail Resistor EP".
This German duo emerges from Hannover and Berlin, two important cities in the Techno music scene. At NuLabel, we are very pleased to present their work "Frail Resistor EP" as our 39th reference. It has two original tracks and remixes from Gonzalo MD, Miss Sunshine and Philippe Petis, all of them Techno tracks with our artists' particular view.
Opening this EP, the original "Frail" from Session Restore. This track sounds more peaceful and cerebral thanks to the constant rhythm iterations that seem to dissapear halfway the track in order to reemerge a lot stronger.
The Argentinian Gonzalo MD returns to NuLabel with the remix of "Frail", bringing his groove impregnated over a great Techno background with an epic start which ends strongly becoming dark and vibrating.
The second "Frail" remix is produced by Miss Sunshine, who debuts at NuLabel after her visit at one of our Nu Sessions. This Croatian producer bring us explosions of beats with the shape of magnificent Techno and some atmospheres loaded with tension that won't leave us indifferent.
The next track is the original "Resistor". This track presents several abstract sounds that are close to Minimal, over heavier Techno backgrounds, creating an almost mystic auditive feeling, perfect to end this new reference, built over different Techno points of view.
The also debutant Philippe Petir produces a remix of "Resistor" loaded with futuristic and robotic rhytms. This sounds shine thanks to the ability of this French producer to modify the rhythms and the other elements of this Techno composition.
Finally, to end this "Frail Resistor EP",


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From: B0vril | #005I was able to sign back in after a whileAlso why are people still insisting on calling this a beta?? It's a DEMO!!
From: B0vril | #008That is an error. Once you download it is called a Multiplayer Demo.This is a post from Crytec on the Crysis 2 boards:"As you may notice, when looking for the Crysis 2 MP Demo on Xbox Live it actually says "Crysis 2 Multiplayer Closed Beta". Please note that this is not a 'closed beta' but rather an 'open demo' as announced, and as listed once the game is downloaded onto your Xbox."
You are not allowed to request a sticky.


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After upgrading to wordpress 2.7 I lost all my feeds from feedwordpress plugin. Now when I am trying to add few then I am getting the following error:
Fatal error: Class 'Snoopy' not found in /home5/myblogde/public_html/theliveindia/wp-content/plugins/feedwordpress/feedwordpress.php on line 2568
Please help to resolve this issue. I am in need of help ASAP.


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A new T bus route has been added to UT's Parking and Transit schedule to help connect members of the campus community to Pellissippi State Community College's Hardin Valley campus and Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
bus News
Neyland Stadium Renovation to Close Bus Transfer Facility, Part of Fulmer Way
UT Knoxville will close the university's bus transfer facility and an additional portion of Phillip Fulmer Way on Monday, March 8, the first day of Spring Break, to accommodate the current phase of renovations to Neyland Stadium. The transfer station and Phillip Fulmer Way will reopen prior to the start of the fall semester.


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Baseball Free Games
- Downloads:
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Baseball Coach Corner Roster Helper will assist you, or your coach, prepare for the youth baseball season by auto-generating each game's batting order and defensive positions for the entire season. Just import the roster and schedule, or create them with Baseball Coach Corner Roster Helper, and customize the settings to generate an Adobe Acrobat Reader (PDF) file to print
EA continues its Triple Play Baseball series with Triple Play 2000, which features more-responsive hitting with an increased contact zone and three vertical levels of batting animation that give you the control to hit for placement or power. TP2K also has new dramatic animations and cinematic action cameras that follow a home run into the sky and out of the park. flashdepo, LLC. Is a New England based company. Audio Tools management team consists of industry experts bringing experience from such companies as Intel, Lucent General Dynamics, G.E and Microsoft. Their unique and diverse experiences have lead to the creation of exceptional Internet software Our top-notch development team is continuously upgrading our systems and service offerings with the latest technology, creating new tools and features. Our staff is provided the latest tools and equipment necessary to provide our customer
Free download from Shareware Connection - Baseball Coach Corner Roster Helper will assist you, or your coach, prepare for the youth baseball season by auto-generating each game's batting order and defensive positions for the entire season.EA continues its Triple Play Baseball series with Tri
Version: 220.127.116.11 | Size: 861 KB | Platform: Win2000, Win7 x32, Win7 x64, WinOther, WinVista, WinVista x64
Released Date: 18-01-2011 | Rating: 0 | Title: Baseball Free Games
Author Url: http://www.BostonHiTech.com
Program Info Url: http://www.BostonHiTech.com
Download Url: http://www.BostonHiTech.com/gdownload/BaseballFreeGames.exe
Cricket Captain and more games - Enjoy pool night at home! This 3D billiard game is going to be your favorite! Feel the pressure of playing a great pool game in the comfort of your own home. Don't wait, grab a stick, and avoid the eight ball.
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FIFA 09 - Fifa 09 is a online soccer or football game. This is a demo for one of the most popular football simulator. Choose your favorite team and start play. Can set a campionship or to play a single match.
Now Facebook 2011 Chat Program - The Surprise of 2011 Facebook Chat Program ,Meet friend ,know world news ,video chatting , voice chatting ,enjoy making video calls and send sms via internet for free ,this package contain 3 programs setup them in order to make work correctly ,enjoy
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Online pool. Free online billiard games - Online pool. Free online billiard games to play on Popyeah.com. Many pool and snooker games with precise physical simulation and superb graphics. The best of online pool!!!
Kids Games - Kids games toolbar for Internet Explorer.
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GameNow - Play 1000+ great games with this handy game platform. Game Now is an exciting game tool with the collection of a large number of the games: action games, sports games, adventure games, arcade games, skill games, even puzzle games and more.
Shareware Connection periodically updates pricing and software information of 'Baseball Free Games' from company source 'BostonHiTech.com' , so some information may be slightly out-of-date. You should confirm all information before relying on it. Software piracy is theft, Using 'Baseball Free Games' crack, password, serial numbers, registration codes, key generators is illegal and prevent future development of Baseball Free Games.
Norman Antivirus - There is hardly any computer user who does not require protection from various types of malware and internet based threats these days. Instances of malware creators and hackers breaking into top corporate firms and celebrity websites can send a ...
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WebSite X5 Evolution 10 - Web designing has evolved lot compared to the early days of the internet. You can pick from a number of web design apps and frameworks that take away the pain of manual coding and debugging to a large extent. Even then, it may be necessary to ...
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TrustPort Tools - Nowadays, PC users need to deal with several types of third party apps to ensure security and privacy of data. From encrypting files to getting rid of sensitive data, the needs can be numerous. There are many such tools that can be used in this ...
SyncBack SE - For any computer users, the importance of backup is immense. Even if you use a powerful computer with latest storage technology, taking backup of data is near mandatory. However, a number of users find the task of choosing the right backup ...
DVDFab DVD Copy - While a lot of computer users are switching from optical media to external and cloud storage services, a section of them still counts on DVD for storage and movie watching. At times it also becomes necessary to copy those DVDs that are getting ...
Adobe Media Encoder - Almost every PC user faces a situation where he or she needs to convert an audio or video file fast into a format of choice. There are several free and commercial apps, but the abundance of options can actually make selection difficult. If you ...
Adobe Premiere Pro CS6 - When it comes to mainstream multimedia suites for Windows based PCs, Adobe Inc rules the roost. Despite presence of potent rival contenders like Corel and Apple, Adobe's powerhouse suites dominate a majority of market. While graphic ...


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Definition of mihrab in English:
A niche in the wall of a mosque, at the point nearest to Mecca, toward which the congregation faces to pray.
Example sentences
- The mosque contains, in its eastern wall, the mihrab, an ornamented niche that points toward Mecca and toward Allah (spiritually).
- In 1549, Jafar founded Kudus Mosque and fastened the rock in its mihrab, a niche in the mosque wall facing Mecca.
- A niche in one of the walls, called a mihrab, shows the direction that the worshippers should face in order to face Mecca.
From Arabic miḥrāb 'place for prayer'.
For editors and proofreaders
Syllabification: mih·rab
Definition of mihrab in:
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed.
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Apparently, this user prefers to keep an air of mystery about them.
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If you want to study in the UK we can help you find the perfect course. YouStudy.com represents many universities, colleges and language schools across the United Kingdom. Our services include free advice and counselling for International students wishing to study in the UK. More
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About Arjuna Natural Extracts Limited
Our Plant Arjuna's 11 000 sq mtrs ( 118 000 sq feet ) state-of-the-art manufacturing facility makes use of the most technologically advanced equipment to assure consistent product quality and efficient streamlined service. It guarantees standardized extract quality, purity and potency. The facility can handle product volumes ranging from a few 100 kilograms to several 100 metric tones.
Testing Facilities
As our industry moves ahead by virtue of in depth and on going Research and Development, at Arjuna, our R&D wing never sits idle. Here R&D is inspired by reason, controlled by caution, sound in theory, practical in application, reflects confidence, raises morale, inspires all involved and thus sets international standards when it comes to customer specific herbal, spice or essential oil extracts. This helps us maintain consistent quality in all our products. The most modern state of the art laboratory approved by the Ministry of Science and Technology, Govt. of India, with the latest facilities like HPTLC (Nassaga), HPLC, UV, RI, densitometer, spectrometer, gas chromatograph, etc. form part of the R&D for efficient and effective quality control, product improvisation and innovations Full fledged pilot plant, re-engineered with ATFD's, homoeogeniser, spray drier, etc, operated by competent staff under the direct control and supervision of the R&D wing is yet another powerful tool for Arjuna.
Quality Policy / Processes
Arjuna's efficient sourcing mechanism, from approved vendors, makes sure that raw materials conform to certified standard analysis. Random samples are taken from each lot and inspected for physical properties and sent to its two testing laboratories to ensure quality assurance and sampling is conducted before production cycles are undertaken. High-end specialized instruments like the High Performance Thin Layer Chromatograph (HPTLC), HPLC and UV Spectrophotometer are used to measure specific substances that are responsible for the herb's activity and effectiveness. These are then analyzed to ensure that active constituents of each herb are maintained at desired levels of consistency and potency. Gas Chromatograph with capillary column is employed to ascertain the pesticide residue and purity of volatile oils. Written standard operating procedures (SOPs) for each aspect of production are meticulously adhered to. Records are maintained for every batch of product.
Team / Manpower
Our People Behind Arjuna's products is something just as important – Arjuna's people, who are experts in their respective field. We have botanists, microbiologists, phytochemists and pharmacists whose contribution is a key factor to the company's rampant growth. Our team consists of undying energy to explore into the unknown, innovate and give out their best. They know that they are responsible to their customers worldwide. To this end, the mantra for the people at Arjuna is speed, focus and accountability. The company also does not lag behind in helping the team in their continuous development. To empower its people, Arjuna regularly sends them overseas to attend orientation seminar and international trade fairs, on specific purpose of fine-tuning their marketing, management and technical skills. The team at Arjuna's is always updated with the developments in the world and domestic market.
About Us
ANEL, started in 1992, has around 300 employees, including 40 scientists who work full-time in research and monitoring clinical studies. This privately owned company is based in Kerala, southern state of India, and has won several awards and achievements for its quality research work over the last years. ANEL also works closely with the prestigious universities in USA and Australia and India.ANEL is making every effort to identify Indian plants that are traditionally recognized as having therapeutic properties. Scientifically planned clinical researches are used to prove pharmacological value of the plant-based principles.With its products being used in more than 40 countries, the success of ANEL is attributed to the careful selection of raw material, cutting edge extraction technology, latest analytical equipments and experienced QC personnel.The grand success of BCM-95 ® and 11 international patents already awarded to ANEL is a proof of its innovating technology in the manufacturing of plant extracts and its constant effort in maximizing the pharmacological benefits of the product. ANEL has 5 well equipped manufacturing facilities spread across south India to produce plant extracts as per the quality standards. Cost effective manufacturing process gives competitive edge to each products.
Our Management
- Mr. P J Kunjachan
- Dr.Benny Antony
- Mr.P.J.Paul
- Mr. Jomy Jose
- Dr.Merina Benny Antony
Awards & Recognition
- 1999: Certificate of honor for Export Achievement from Spices Board.
- 1999: Award for excellence from Kerala State Industrial Development Corporation.
- 1999: Entrepreneur of the year Award 1999 by Berchman's Institution of Management Studies, Kottayam
- 2000: Entrepreneur of the Year Award from BIMS
- 2001: Highest Export Award for Newly Developed Market from Spices Board.
- 2001: Arjuna R & D unit got recognized by Ministry of Science and Technology.
- 2005: National award for successful commercialization of an indigenous technology based product- Omega 3 fatty acids.
- 2005-2006: ICCI Award for exploration of new markets for herbal extracts
- 2010: Udyoga Patra National Award in recognition as a Self Made Entrepreneur by Institute of Trade & Industrial Development,Delhi.
- 2011: Outstanding Entrepreneurship Award from Kerala State Industrial Development Corporation.
- 2012: Sri. P.J Kunjachan (Chairman & Managing Director) selected as the Vice Chairman of Spices Board of India.
- 2012: Award for Innovator of Spice Products (Dr. Benny Antony, Director- Technical ) issued by Spices Board.
- 2012 Award for excellence from Spices Board as Highest Exporter for an Innovative Product.
- 2012: Award for Meritorious performance in the export of Spices/ Spice products from India for the year 2011-12 issued by Spices Board.
- 2014: Directorate of Industries and Commerce' MSME (Micro Small & Medium Enterprises) Award' 2011-12 for Ernakulam district.
- 2014: DC Books Excellence award for Best Corporate Promoting R&D and Industry University Interaction in Kerala.
Chairman''s Message
Mr. P.J. Kunjachan, the Chairman and Managing Director of Arjuna Natural Extract Ltd were the founder member of Arjuna natural extracts Ltd. He started his professional career in the Natural Extracts industry in the year 1988 by setting up Arjuna Aromatics and later in the year 1992 it was incorporated as Arjuna Natural Extracts Ltd. Four National awards out of the eleven total awards received have added on beauty to his professional career.
Research & Development
As our industry moves ahead by virtue of in depth and on going Research and Development, at Arjuna, our R&D wing never sits idle. Here R&D is inspired by reason, controlled by caution, sound in theory, practical in application, reflects confidence, raises morale, inspires all involved and thus sets international standards when it comes to customer specific herbal, spice or essential oil extracts. This helps us maintain consistent quality in all our products.
R&d Centre At Arjuna Has A Complete Research FacilityR&D centre at Arjuna has a complete research facility for phytochemistry, microbiology, formulation and development, clinical studies (pharmacological and toxicological) and quality control analyses which work together with multidisciplinary approach at various stages of product development.
Arjuna has the most modern state of the art laboratory approved by the Ministry of Science and Technology, Govt. of India, with latest facilities for efficient and effective quality control, product improvisation and innovations.
Routine analyses performed in our research laboratory are:Determination of unknown active and bioactive components of drugsQuantitative determination of known active compounds , marker compounds , essential oils and extractsDevelopment and validation of analytical proceduresResidual AnalysisStability testingStandardization of herbal productsThe full fledged pilot plant, re-engineered with fluidised bed drier, vaccum tray drier, spin flash drier, aerated thin film drier and semi-automatic extractors is operated by competent staff under the direct control and supervision of the R&D wing is yet another powerful tool for Arjuna.
All of these compliment each other and thus enable us to standardize more than 40 products in about 15 years. Arjuna's formulations and ingredients in the pipeline are unique.
All our products are subjected to never-ending upgradation because Arjuna is not just another manufacturer.
Arjuna is an institution of incomparable ethical values ever striving to promote scientific approach in the field of extracts and to improve the quality of business and life.
To,Arjuna Natural Extracts Limited


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Hostal Che Quara
Real Reviews
Real reviews from fellow travellers
These are trusted reviews from guests who have actually stayed here. We hope you find them helpful.
Note: we only give a property a rating once it has received a minimum of 3 reviews.
- Page:1/1
- " This hostel is a good recommendation when you are planning to stay in Salta. Especially the fact that they organise tours was very good for us :) "
- 04 Aug 2014 Anonymous Germany
- " Kitchen is a desaster! Very dirty, not many pots and pans. Breakfast is very basic. "
- 09 Apr 2014 Anonymous Germany