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"The car of the perpetual future" — The Economist agrees with Climate Progress on hydrogen
When the world's uber-centrist magazine of choice runs a headline almost identical to mine (see "The Last Car You Would Ever Buy — Literally"), you know it's all over. Especially when one of that magazine's leading energy columnists, Vijay Vaitheeswaran, used to sing that technology's praises (here). Here's the bottom line:
But the promise of hydrogen-powered personal transport seems as elusive as ever. The non-emergence of hydrogen cars over the past decade is particularly notable since hydrogen power has been a darling of governments worldwide, which have spent billions of dollars in subsidies and incentives to make hydrogen cars a reality….
Here's the fatal flaw in the H2 economy:
…the logistical, technological and economic problems facing hydrogen fuel-cell cars mean that they are very unlikely to make it to market any time soon. One thing holding back hydrogen vehicles is a chicken-and-egg problem: why build cars if there is nowhere to fill them up, or hydrogen filling-stations if there are no cars to use them? Just around the corner, honest.
But wait, here's another fatal flaw in the H2 economy:
How much more investment is needed to make mass-produced hydrogen cars a reality? According to a recent study by Oak Ridge National Laboratory, sponsored by America's Department of Energy (DoE), public funding of $10 billion would be required to get 2m hydrogen fuel-cell cars onto America's roads by 2025, rising to $45 billion for 10m cars. A report issued by America's National Academy of Sciences in July was less optimistic, estimating that $55 billion of government investment would be needed to put just 2m hydrogen cars on the road by 2023. And both reports assume that the technology will get a lot cheaper: the Oak Ridge study assumes it will be possible to make fuel-cell vehicle systems in quantity at a cost of $45 per kilowatt of output by 2010, and $30 per kilowatt by 2015.
This is ambitious. Although fuel-cell costs have dropped by 65% since 2002, according to the CaFCP, today's fuel cells cost around $107 per kilowatt. Are sudden cost reductions around the corner? Not according to one of the pioneers of fuel-cell technology, Ballard Power Systems, a Canadian supplier of fuel-cell systems to a range of carmakers. In November 2007 it sold its automotive fuel-cell division to Ford and Daimler after a decade of losses, citing the "realities of the high cost and long timeline for automotive fuel-cell commercialisation" for its exit from the business.
Actually, the CaFCP's cost claim is laughable. You can't buy a warranteeable fuel cell for a car for $107 per kw today. Try more than 10 times that, over $1000/kw. The CaFCP number is a projection based on the assumption of mass production, hundreds of thousands of units a year, with no explanation of how you're ever going to get to those sales levels for cars whose best current generation models cost hundreds of thousands of dollars apiece.
As I wrote in Technology Review, one of the only car companies in the world still seriously pushing hydrogen cars, Honda, hopes that in a decade or so, production volume would drop the car cost to "below $100,000." As if that price would make it attractive to anybody but the super-rich. But in any case, why would production volumes increase for a car that delivers no real value to the consumer and has no significant societal benefit to motivate government support? Answer: They wouldn't, so prices may never drop below $100,000. That's why Ballard left the business.
Hydrogen cars have no future, or, as The Economist's headline puts it, hydrogen cars, like fusion energy, have the same future they always had.
And here's another bunch of fatal flaws:
Even if the network of hydrogen filling-stations can be built, and the technological advances needed to reduce the cost of fuel-cell vehicles can be made, a huge problem still remains: the production and delivery of hydrogen in large quantities. The Oak Ridge study says the two most promising ways to produce hydrogen cheaply in the near term are to make it from natural gas (through a process called "steam reforming") at the filling stations themselves, or to make it from gas derived from biomass or coal at large, centralised plants, and then deliver it by lorry or pipeline.
Hydrogen sceptics point out not only the large capital costs associated with the production, transportation and storage of hydrogen, but also the availability of far more viable alternatives. Hydrogen is "just about the worst possible vehicle fuel", says Robert Zubrin, a rocket scientist and the author of Energy Victory, a book on the post-petroleum future. Even if the requisite gains in fuel-cell technology are achieved, he says, the fuel-cell cars of the future should run instead on methanol, which has a higher energy-density than hydrogen and can be stored and transported much more easily.
Furthermore, steam reformation of natural gas is far from a zero-emissions solution, undermining the whole rationale of hydrogen cars in the first place. According to America's National Renewable Energy Laboratory, producing a kilogram of hydrogen by steam reformation generates emissions equivalent to 11.9kg of CO2. Given that the Chevy Equinox fuel-cell vehicle can travel 39 miles on a kilogram of hydrogen, and the FCX Clarity can travel 68 miles, powering these cars using hydrogen produced by steam reformation would result in emissions of 305 and 175 grams of CO2 per mile respectively. By comparison, today's petrol-electric Toyota Prius hybrid produces tailpipe emissions of around 167 grams per mile, and many small petrol cars achieve similar results.
Seriously — how many fatal flaws does the technology need? Hydrogen cars were apparently killed in the drawing room by the knife, revolver, lead pipe, rope and candlestick.
The magazine includes as an afterthought yet another major fatal flaw, one that I have written a lot about. While some say "the solution to large-scale hydrogen production lies in using renewable electricity to extract hydrogen from water via electrolysis" or using "nuclear power. But it would surely be easier simply to use this energy to charge the batteries of all-electric or plug-in hybrid vehicles." Easier, hundreds of billions of dollars cheaper, and you don't throw away 75% of the valuable carbon free electricity in the process!
Some people cling to the notion that hydrogen can be reanimated like Frankenstein's monster (see here). But the Economist article ends more realistically:
In other words, claims that hydrogen will be the automotive fuel of the future are as true today as they ever have been.
Related Posts:
- DOE flushes $15 million down the hydrogen toilet
- This just in: Hydrogen fuel cell cars are still dead
- BMW Hammers One More Nail in Hydrogen Coffin
- VW: "Fuel cell cars won't save the world"
- Dream of hydrogen car goes down in flames
- Iacocca: Plug-in hybrids, not hydrogen "the wave of the future"
- Climate Progress Dehypes Hydrogen Again
- The big hydrogen bet — your chance to get in on the action
- The Hype About Hydrogen: Fact and Fiction in the Race to Save the Climate
44 Responses to "The car of the perpetual future" — The Economist agrees with Climate Progress on hydrogen
"Hydrogen is "just about the worst possible vehicle fuel", says Robert Zubrin, a rocket scientist and the author of Energy Victory, a book on the post-petroleum future. Even if the requisite gains in fuel-cell technology are achieved, he says, the fuel-cell cars of the future should run instead on methanol, which has a higher energy-density than hydrogen and can be stored and transported much more easily."
I'm familiar with Zubrin's points, simply because I'm from the space field, and he's mainly an aerospace engineer with certain policy interests. Hydrogen boil-off is a well-known issue in space systems. It would just seep right out of traditional pipelines – wasteful and dangerous. Energy Victory (a fairly non-technical, easy-to-read advocacy book written for the general public) has a heck of a lot of points against hydrogen cars.
"why build cars if there is nowhere to fill them up, or hydrogen filling-stations if there are no cars to use them?"
The solution that Zubrin advocates for energy independence – methanol and ethanol car fuels – has a similar chicken-and-egg problem. Only a small percentage (compared to what's needed) of cars and gas stations support them, so the economic incentive isn't there to introduce the gas stations or cars. However, according to Zubrin, it's a lot easier to solve, since making methanol/ethanol/gas flex-fuel cars (omnivores, as he calls them) adds only about $100 per car. Zubrin advocates a mandate that all U.S. gas-style cars support methanol, ethanol, and gas. This would give the gas stations the incentive to install the pumps, and industry to do the R&D to develop the businesses. He goes through a lot of sources for ethanol and methanol. One, natural gas for methanol, makes the Pickens natural gas car effort sound a bit pointless, too – why not just convert the natural gas to methanol and use that as 1 of many sources?
Zubrin is mainly looking for energy independence rather than climate help, but he presents the plan as being a good setup move in that direction, too. Methanol seems to be centerpiece of his plan, with ethanol as a big secondary contributer. The plan seems to be compatible with other efforts like higher fuel-efficiency standards, PHEVs, etc. FFV mandates have made their way into different political proposals, although often they just mention ethanol.
Not being an energy person, you'd have to make your own judgements on his proposal. My comments are just summarizing some of his points; you'll have to supply the critical thinking.
You can put lipstick on a pig, it's still a pig, doesn't matter if you wrap a dead fish in newspaper, it's still going to stink.
How was it that hydrogen fuel powered vehicles ever going to make it if every part of their structure is more costly than gasoline powered vehicles? In the United States, people are having enough trouble with only one part of the transportation equation goes up by double or triple, gasoline, and it causes economic trouble.
Part of the story is Hydrogen finally getting vetted like vice presidential candidates need to be, but what does it tell us about the system. Aren't we faster learners than months and years of drip, drip, drip. Finally some truth about hydrogen, but when is the truth about our system of information and knowledge going to be improved? We're stuck with sometimes incompetent, sometimes hardheaded general humans who haven't studied Physics, Engineering and economics, but are we also stuck with that from those that have studied it?
Our state fair had an eco-experience building of about 10 000 sq ft in size that had all sorts of exhibits of energy efficiency and renewables. 5 years ago, they had a booth on hydrogen fuels and fuel cells. They have not had that for a few years, but did have a few all electric city cars. I suppose that's progress.
When you say $1000/kw, I assume you mean $1000/kw-h ?
You don't like this site then?
The problem with ethanol and methanol is that there simply is not enugh to cut emissions… at all… and i don't see how it would be much easier to get then hydrogen… however we have to try.
The inherent non-solvable problem of hydrogen fuel cell energy storage and transportation is the entropic limit imposed by the reduction of gas molecules. This puts multiplied theoretical efficiencies (electrolysis x fuel cell) at a level insuffient to compete with batteries. Even if all of the hydrogen equipement costs nothing (!!!) the inefficiency of hydrogen storage systems means overhead (ie paying) kWh's. And that's assuming no T&D losses (!!!) for hydrogen and no compressor and ancillary losses (!!!). Those are asurd assumptions, not in ten thousand years will we get that level of efficiency. And it still not enough. Ulf Bossels' concerns have never been ameliated because they are inherent problems. Hydrogen transportation is, and has always been, a dead end.
This doesn't mean hydrogen is useless. It may be great to produce fertilizer and rocket fuel in the future, among other uses. But transportation, forget it. Hydrogen energy storage just doesn't have any advantages, on any relevant criteria, compared to batteries. Physics and deductible economics says so, and we must all listen to physics and it's implications.
Hydrogen is popular for consumers because it's sexy, and to car companies because it's far fetched and therefore offers a partial excuse to continue business as usual. GM and others put a bunch of million in hydrogen research and pilot projects, so it can continue to sell billions in high profit ICE cars. That's a very low price to pay to buy a green image for the public at large.
Hydrogen is useful. But not at all in transportation.
Apologies for the typos… and it's not even weekend yet!
Oh, and methanol, if it used merely as a more practical carrier for water derived hydrogen (ie electric produced) doesn't solve the principal problem of inefficiency. We need efficiency because clean energy will be rare for many decades to come even in the most optimistic scenarios, and efficiency means leveraging that clean energy to make it useful. Ergo, inefficiency means more environmental impact, more GhG, less solutions compared to batteries (or perhaps even ultracaps). And hydrogen energy storage is inherently inefficient.
Joe your predictions are coming true even before the end of the current season.
This is with a slight global cooling!
This may be explained by Josephs analysis which indicates that there is a 2yr lag in the frequency of named storms against temp rise.
Bigger, longer lasting storms mean high probable landfall, especially now for the US which is further west. And bigger storms also mean greater flooding over a larger region.
I think one reason Haiti is so poor is that it always seems to get it every couple of years and does not have a chance to recover economically.
This is probably the fate of all communities now in the region because of the size and power of future (current) storms.
A highly technical subject for most. The chicken-egg problems seems to be fallacious on first brush though (we did this for modern gas stations didn't we?) and at least one suggestion as to how this could be done, not at an expense but profitably, has been made (see http://www.rmi.org/images/PDFs/Energy/E03-05_20HydrogenMyths.pdf).
Indeed if you follow that link, there are a lot of hydrogen counterpoints.
Joe, would you be up for addressing this document? Or Amory Lovins and the RMI?
Methanol produced from waste biomass seems promising though. Can be turned into gasoline very efficiently and with proven technology (zeolites).
That resource will be somewhat limited though, so only makes sense to fill up demand that can't be fulfilled by electric transportation (big things that go and long distance transport). Or maybe as fuel in a CAES system, or hybrid AACAES/CAES diurnal/long storage system. And as chemical feedstock it could be very useful.
Chicken and egg is a secondary argument; if hydrogen were really that worthy of pursuit, government subsidies in infrastructure and fuel cells could be justified. It's not, mainly because of inherent problems with inefficiency (which has macro-scale implications that few understand). Fuel cell costs and electrolysers can plausibly reduced an order of magnitude, so that's not really the problem. My experience is that few people understand what inefficiency means. They generally just dismiss it without thought.
red, I wrote to Zubrin about problems in his essay. He wouldn't reply to the issue raised, but just told me to read Energy Victory. I then read portions of Energy Victory using Google's Search Inside feature, and they seemed to have further issues, especially in his understanding of climate science. I wrote to Zubrin about these problems. He wrote back addressing none of the points, but told me again to read the book. I saw no reason to buy the book after that.
Zubrin for examples suggests that we make methanol from coal. This is so brain-dead in terms of greenhouse pollution that it pretty much marks him as part of the problem instead of part of the solution.
"The chicken-egg problems seems to be fallacious on first brush though (we did this for modern gas stations didn't we?)"
Early gas stations were no more than a drum of gas and (possibly) a hand cranked pump.
Even today gas can be delivered and dispensed using very low tech. Here's an example of a rural Thai gas station for motorbikes.
If people wanted methanol-burning cars, and they do seem to want to watch them going round and round a track, hydrogen generated at nuclear power plants by non-electrical processes such as the S-I one could be reacted with atmospherically gathered CO2 in the Lurgi process, q.v.
As a person who does research in Hydrogen production, I can say that Hydrogen should not be pulled off the table because of infrastructure problems, we seem to ship and run our cars on propane, hydrogen has similar problems as propane in shipping so those are easily overcome. People do not seem to understand that the DOE is not throwing money at electrolosis derived hydrogen, that is too energy intensive. Much of the DOE money is being invested in Fuel Cells and in Biohydrogen production(my area of research), if these investments pan out, and some of them are, human energy needs should be covered by solar radiation, perhaps the BEST solution to combating global warming.
The problems of shipping propane and those of shipping hydrogen are not similar, and the latter are not easily overcome.
Nevertheless, much hydrogen is shipped, for purposes that can justify a shipping bill near US$100 per kg, which is to say, US$100 per gasoline-gallon-equivalent. There are cryogenic tanker trucks that haul 3.5-tonne loads. I think there may be some larger tankers that haul a little more than four tonnes, too. In either case, the tank wall is 20 or more tonnes of steel.
(Failure to mention these trucks causes Bossel and Eliason's arguments, if I'm remembering those names correctly, to be taken less seriously than they might be. They talk as though only ambient-temperature high-pressure tube trailers, with much smaller hydrogen payloads, existed.)
The future just isn't what it used to be.
Not sure what you mean, the hydrogen I use is shipped in the same, and usually next to, cylinders that contain propane, acetylene etc. The problem and what I assume you are talking about is shipping highly pressurized hydrogen, this is unsafe no matter what gas you ship. Nevertheless the infrastructure exists to move large amounts of any pressurized gas throughout the united states, ala natural gas, although I cannot comment on the price point of various shipping methods.
The infrastructure problems are indeed daunting for hydrogen, but I think good old economics tell us why HFCs for cars are a bad idea: Wave a magic wand and make ALL the needed infrastructure appear for both hydrogen and EV's, plus solve all the hydrogen technical hurdles and make batteries cheaper, and EVs win by a mile. To be more exact, they win by a factor of three, which is the ratio of miles/kWh for EVs vs. clean hydrogen (as in from electrolysis).
There is no magic technological breakthrough that we can point to or hope for that will make hydrogen cost competitive on a per-mile fuel cost basis, even if the up-front cost of the hardware were equivalent (and EVs will likely have a huge advantage there, even with the high cost of batteries, for the foreseeable future).
The future just isn't what it used to be.
Right. It never used to be this good.
I feel sorry for the gas station down the street from my house that just had a Hydrogen Pump opening gala.
tbeard wrote, "People do not seem to understand that the DOE is not throwing money at electrolosis derived hydrogen, that is too energy intensive."
The problem is not hydrogen production, it is hydrogen consumption. NREL once wrote, "An efficiency goal for electrolyzers in the future has been reported to be in the 50 kWhe/kg range, or a system efficiency of 78%. However, this 78% includes compression of the hydrogen gas to 6000 psi." That is 78% of the HHV, by the way. 78% efficient sounds pretty good, but wait.
The DOE's FreedomCar goal for fuel cells at their peak efficiency is 20kWhe of electrical output per kilogram of hydrogen fed into it. This is 60% of the LHV. That sounds pretty good, but the end to end efficiency is only 20 kWhe/kgH2 / 50 kWhe/kgH2 = 40%. The rest is the energy to boil the water, the difference between the LHV and HHV = 141.9/120.1 = 1.18. I.e. 18% is lost just from starting with liquid water and ending up with water vapor. Almost every production method has this problem.
More importantly than the above, if you had H2 produced from some magic technique (e.g. directly from sunlight), the most efficient way to use it for transportation is to turn it into electricity in a SOFC or MCFC with micro-turbine co-generation running off the heat, and ship that electricity over the grid, and then charge batteries in cars. This is the clinching argument against hydrogen, IMO.
Here is a plan to turn hydrogen + CO2 into useable fuel:
Very clever.
It's silly to think of hydrogen as a competitor to EVs, but — eventually — it could become competitive to the use of biofuels as the "range-extending" higher-density energy source, for demanding applications such as long-haul trucking, ocean freighters, or even airplanes.
That, of course, is if battery densities hit a wall at some point, such that biofuels remain a necessary part of the infrastructure.
I did some back-of-the-envelope calcs, and estimated that hydrogen from PV electricity can provide around 10x the miles driven as compared to a pretty optimistic cellulosic-ethanol scenario, per unit of land area. That is, imagine that, over a given year, an acre of land holding a PV installation supplies energy to the grid, and that energy goes to drive electrolyzers at a hydrogen-refueling site for land vehicles. That acre of land would give those vehicles some 10x more miles to drive than an acre growing plants for cellulosic ethanol.
When we have enough solar and wind capacity built out to fully replace coal and natural gas plants, there is going to be some significant overcapacity in the system, necessary to account for the chance that the air will be sometimes be too still and/or too overcast in too many of the wrong places. But for average and above-average times, there will be extra electricity available to sink into alternative uses, and hydrogen for transportation could turn out to be a pretty useful one, if it means a large reduction in the arable or wilderness land used for biofuels.
A good graphic on the hydrogen fuel-fuel cell problem
I wish someone would make one of these for all the energy/end use options.
Ronald makes a good point, if you pick hydrogen. Methanol still releases carbon dioxide, so no go. The real choice is ammonia, the cheapest hydrogen carrier. The new MIT electrolysis process to acquire the hydrogen from water and air liquefaction to acquire the nitrogen from air are about 80% efficient combined, and the Haber process can make the ammonia at about 98% efficiency. Ammonia burns at 42% efficiency in a turbodiesel to provide power at the wheels.
If you need fuel for anything longer than 100 km, you might want to use ammonia instead of batteries.
Works much better in aircraft than batteries, too.
The reason you would want ammonia is that the renewable energy ocean power plants that are needed to cool the ocean and make electricity cannot be moored from the tropics to the population centers. A fleet of OTEC plants can make billions of barrels of the stuff.
Doug wrote, "That, of course, is if battery densities hit a wall at some point, such that biofuels remain a necessary part of the infrastructure."
Energy density is less important than recharge time. It is already possible to recharge an EV battery pack in 10 minutes. The question is whether cost reductions on such batteries hit a wall. With fast recharge times one can travel cross country even with fairly low range per charge. Without fast recharge, even long range battery pack require range extension at some point.
Fortunately there seems to be no shortage of interesting science being done that helps recharge time, and even more fortunately, with PHEVs we can afford to wait for that science.
Much of the DOE money is being invested in Fuel Cells and in Biohydrogen production(my area of research), if these investments pan out, and some of them are, human energy needs should be covered by solar radiation, perhaps the BEST solution to combating global warming
As Earl Killian points out, you get more solution faster when you turn that hydrogen into electricity and use that in EVs/SPHEVs, even if you have a good way too produce hydrogen (say a cost-effective photocatalyst or hydrogen producing algae).
Also very importantly, this allows existing infrastructure and technology to be used, such as the electric grid and combined cycle gas turbines (to convert the hydrogen into electricity). No fancy fuel cells etc.
Ulf Bossel has said "hydrogen cannot compete with it's own energy source: electricity". Well it turns out, even if you have hydrogen cheaply, it still can't compete with electricity when it comes to powering transportation. If hydrogen can be produced cheaply, this could allow cost-effective long term storage of hydrogen (eg underground) which could be an advantage even though it cannot be as land efficient as other solar conversion (such as PV and CST).
I should add that a very interesting point in between pure BEVs and PHEVs that makes BEV range and recharge less of a problem. It is the idea of range extension trailers: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genset_trailer These allow you to have a BEV most of the time, but on the occasional Boston to Washington DC trip, you hitch the trailer to back of the BEV and transform it into a PHEV like the Chevy Volt. The beauty is that you don't have to carry the trailer 97% of the time. Even at your destination you would unhitch for getting around town. Given a choice between fast recharge and a trailer, I would prefer fast recharge, but until the highway infrastructure for that exists, the trailer is a nice solution.
Why a trailer, the genset is relatively small. Don't need a powerful generator, just enough to meet the average vehicle use if recharging while driving is required. Trailers increase cost and reduce aerodynamical performance. And they look silly ;)
Cyril R, you might be right, but there are advantages to BEVs compared to PHEVs: they are so much more maintenance free. Compared to a PHEV, BEVs lack
* engines, valves, gaskets
* radiators and associated fluids
* spark plugs, carburetor
* air filters
* oil, oil filter, oil pump
* fuel tank, fuel pump
* transmission (replaced by a simple gear box)
* catalytic converter
* muffler
* belts
* in some EVs with hub motors, even the axle/differential are gone
The above list is where most of my ICE repairs and maintenance has been. True, you still have to change the tires and align the wheels on an BEV. And there's that pesky windshield washer fluid to change. But in comparison…
Now how to trade that off with looking silly? :-)
PHEVs are most likely a transitional vehicle. We can build good ones right now. We don't have to wait for less expensive, lighter, smaller batteries or for readily accessible rapid charging stations.
Earl's list tells us why we will leave the hybrid's ICE behind once we get to the next generation of batteries and install some charging points around the country.
The Lightning GT with Altairnano batteries and a 200 mile range is claimed to be able to charge up (with a high voltage charge unit) to full in 10 minutes. Yes this car is going to cost $300,000 but it is the first generation. I'll be curious to see how well the quick charging works in the real world.
Michael, thanks for that. I didn't know about that car! Now I do. Here's the link for others:
And the Tesla has received its new transmission which boosts its range to closer to 240 miles per charge.
Drive 4-5 hours, stop for lunch.
I'll bet Burger King, McDonalds, and other fast food chains are early installers of charge posts. Earn a buck from hook up fee and sell some food.
You say you don't need the engine stuff, but you do for the full functioning vehicle which the trailer gives you. If I drive to work, am I going to be marooned there if my plans change 1)airport instead of home 2)sick relative 100 or more miles away 3) want to go downtown to the new restaurant; all of which happened to me. Do I have to go home to get the trailer/genset first. Are we going to see a bunch of BEV vehicles on the side of the road from people thinking they could make it?
My first thought criticism of the GM volt is that it's over propulsioned. What I read is a person can drive on only batteries for 40 miles then on only 2.2 liter engine for the rest of the trip and it cost 35 thousand.
I think initial cost could be lowered by putting in 20 mile batteries and have the engine 1.1 liter and start running engine sooner in the trip. That might also reduce battery charge cycles. Lower initial cost would go a long way in how many would sell, even with lower fuel costs.
My living in a northern colder state makes me want heat from the engine, even though as I understand it heat can come from an electricity driven heat pump. putting the engine on the trailer means that excess heat is wasted unless you can get the waste heat from trailer to vehicle. (not very gracefully I'm sure)
Earl: I agree that there are a number of problems with Zubrin's book. There are more things in it that I'm sure you wouldn't agree with. He's mainly going after energy independence, specifically independence from OPEC oil. That's a great goal as far as I'm concerned. However, he downplays climate change as a problem to be dealt with later, which I suppose if you accept his argument enhances the focus on flex-fuel vehicles, but which I think is an issue he didn't even need to get into. It's not as if we can't take what he describes as a decisive step towards not needing OPEC oil while at the same time taking other steps to tackle climate change, or complimentary steps to get rid of oil for that matter.
He does point out that methanol can be derived from coal, and that's his clincher if there was any doubt that we can't get a huge amount of the liquid fuel we need now from alcohol fuels. However, he does point out the polluting effects of coal — he'd go for it before OPEC oil which he's totally against, but not as a first choice. His preference (in addition to ethanol from various sources) is methanol produced from biomass of all sorts, waste, and natural gas that in many cases is currently flared. In part he likes these for their environmental benefit compare to coal. He also likes the idea of methanol-inspired 'fuel agriculture" helping us take back areas that have been claimed by desertification, and generally promoting agriculture (which would presumably lead to better global lifestyles and thus lower global population growth). (He doesn't mention the opposite possibility – agriculture taking down rain forests and so on).
All in all it's a mixture that's sure to please at times and infuriate at others, no matter where you stand on these issues.
Anyway, he really does a job on what he calls the "Hydrogen Hoax".
Ronald – how often do those unusual desires to drive long distances really happen? Once a week, month, year?
Don't you think that most people would rent a genset trailer at the edge of the city rather than own one full time?
Are we going to see lots of dead BEVs along the road? I sort of doubt it. I think it's very likely that we'll have computers in our BEVs that tell us that we're low and give us the direction to the nearest available charge point.
You make good points. I'm sure these aren't things that haven't been asked already. I'm sure we will find a mix of full hybrids, PHEV's and BEV's and have to go thru these discussions again in the future.
I suppose where I would work might also have a few of these like it has other vehicles for use. (but for company business) Or it would be easy enough to just steal one of these Gen-set trailors. (kidding, kindof)
red, thank you for the mini-review of Energy Victory. It was helpful.
On Ronald and Bob's comments, let me add the following:
FWIW, until we have fast charging stations, I see PHEVs being the primary plug-in vehicles, and BEVs sometimes being the second vehicle in a 2-vehicle family. It may be that in 20 years, instead of manual vs. automatic being the primary choice when you buy a new car, that PHEV vs. BEV is the question you get asked. I mentioned range-extending trailers because some might prefer that middle ground. I agree they are not for everyone.
When fast charging is available on highways (and mind you this won't be at home–it typically requires a 480V, 3-phase, 400-500A utility feed), we should see some PHEV sales convert to BEV sales.
In case folks aren't aware, fast charging equipment is being produced and sold today, but it is primarily targeted at the warehouse market (electric forklifts). See http://www.posicharge.com/ for more information.
Charging stations – a steel pipe, a big three conductor wire, an outlet, some controlling electronics – are not big capital investments, don't require appreciable real estate, and aren't rocket science to install.
It's not going to take much to rip a ditch down one lane of parking spaces and install a string of charging stations.
Charging stations aren't likely something that we're going to see along highways. They're more likely to be found at retail places where businesses will see a profit opportunity from a charging surcharge and the ability to create some foot traffic while the car is charging.
Remember that lots of gas stations make little money from selling gas. Having pumps is a way to get people into their convenience store.
I see PHEVs as what most of us are going to drive for a while. But not for 20 years. Bring the price of batteries down so that we can afford a 100 mile or more range and the rush will be on.
Bob, we need to separate the analysis into PHEVs, low-range BEVs, and high-range BEVs. The highways are pretty much the only place one needs charging for high-range BEVs, since they have the range to handle anything except inter-city driving (e.g. SF to LA). With 10-minute recharge, and 150-mile range, one would probably recharge three times along the way from SF to LA, at 100 miles, at 200 miles, and 300 miles, and arrive in LA with 68 miles of range for around town (you would then get a conventional overnight charge at your destination). There would presumably be plenty of businesses at these three points, vying for your dollars while you got your 10-minute charge. Assuming you travel at 65 MPH, the total trip time is 6.4 hours, vs. 5.9 hours if you drove straight without stopping in a gasser. Most people would stop once in a gasser.
PHEVs are different. There are people who might like the fuel cost of a PHEV but today park on the street. They are the sort of folks that Coulomb Tech is targeting. They think lightpoles are a particularly smart charging location, because they already have conduit and electrical wiring running to them (though the wiring might need upgrading).
Of course, if SF to LA gets high-speed rail, my example above would be rather obsolete. (California voters will decide in November.) I am rather envious of what Spain is doing after reading http://www.technologyreview.com/microsites/spain/rail/
Madrid–Barcelona in 2.5h today, 2h after the 2010 upgrade. 10,000 kilometers of high-speed track by 2020. Nice.
Charging stations aren't likely something that we're going to see along highways. They're more likely to be found at retail places where businesses will see a profit opportunity from a charging surcharge and the ability to create some foot traffic while the car is charging.


text:
Select Bankruptcy Issues for General Counsel – Part One
Question: How will the UK's "Brexit" vote on withdrawing from the EU affect the way we employ people in our UK subsidiary?
Answer: A vote to "Leave" is unlikely to bring significant change to UK employment law in the...more
The new regulations will have a direct impact on the formation of partnerships in the international context.
For most of the past decade, contributions to partnerships (including LLCs taxed as partnerships) have been...more
The SEC has approved FINRA Rule 2273, which requires a transferring representative to send customers an educational communication regarding firm recruitment practices and account transfers. The rule is designed to address...more
On March 25, the First Circuit Court of Appeals issued a ruling in a breach of fiduciary duty case that turns, in part, on an analysis of the Supreme Judicial Court's 2014 decision on damages in the widely-discussed matter of...more
Chapter 56 of the Florida Statutes provides the framework for judgment creditors to collect amounts owed pursuant to money judgments. Within Chapter 56, Section 56.29 governs the process by which a judgment creditor may seek...more
Challenges of Transferring IP Offshore -
What constitutes intellectual property ("IP") has long been a contested issue in tax practice, but generally includes intangible assets as wide-ranging as patents, copyrights,...more
This survey covers the legal principles governing Georgia businesses, their management and ownership. It catalogs decisions ruling on issues of corporate, limited liability company and partnership law, as well as transactions...more
On March 17, 2016, the Government of Québec presented its 2016-2017 budget, which included important amendments to the Act respecting duties on transfers of immovables (the Act).
The Act provides that every municipality...more
The European Commission adopted a Delegated Regulation on the classes of arrangements to be protected in a partial property transfer or where a contract is forcibly modified by a resolution authority. The EU Bank Recovery and...more
We are proud to present the next edition of our Tax Review which contains a selection of rulings and interpretations that were issued or published in November and December 2015. We hope that you will find in it information...more
In a decision handed down on January 4, 2016, a New York Bankruptcy Court issued a preliminary injunction preventing the transfer of any assets of the Defendant in an adversary proceeding in which a turnover of monies, along...more
If you transfer assets within five years of applying for Medicaid, you will likely be subject to a period of ineligibility. There is an exception, however, if enforcing the penalty period would cause the applicant an "undue...more
On August 6, 2015, the IRS issued Notice 2015-54, which states that the IRS and Treasury intend to issue regulations under section 721(c) of the Internal Revenue Code to ensure that, when a U.S. person transfers certain...more
Debtors oftentimes attempt to shield their assets from creditors by transferring them away to others. If this is done, a creditor can bring an action under Florida's Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act (UFTA) to attempt to undue...more
Malfeasance by a corporate insider against his company has the potential to leave a gaping wound. Facing a securities lawsuit due to that malfeasance is like salt in that wound. Corporations targeted with such lawsuits have...more
One of the great features of corporations is that liability in the corporation generally does not extend to its shareholders, including tax liability. Like any rule, though, there is almost always an exception. In this...more
In September 2015, the Treasury Department and the IRS issued final regulations (T.D. 9739) that provide guidance with respect to the qualification of a transaction as a reorganization under Section 368(a)(1)(F) (an "F"...more
The Egyptian Labour Law No. 12 of 2003 (Labour Law) governs all employment issues. In addition however, several Ministerial Decrees also...more
On Sept. 14, 2015, the IRS released proposed regulations that would significantly alter the treatment of outbound transfers of foreign goodwill and going concern value by a U.S. person to a foreign corporation. Under the...more
On September 14, 2015, the IRS released proposed regulations (the "Proposed Regulations") that would significantly alter the treatment of outbound transfers of foreign goodwill and going concern value by a U.S. person to a...more
Monday, the IRS and Treasury released proposed regulations governing the treatment of certain transfers of foreign goodwill and going concern value.
When a U.S. person contributes property to a foreign corporation,...more
In today's increasingly competitive hospitality market, the closing timeframe of sophisticated hospitality transactions has become a significant point of negotiation between sellers and purchasers. One factor that frequently...more
EBA has issued its technical advice on defining what classes of arrangements should be protected in a partial property transfer in resolution. EBA sought a balance between prescription and flexibility and decided it would not...more
Every spring, the Florida legislature meets in regular session, and seemingly in every session significant changes are made to Florida's trust and estate laws. Once again in 2015 changes were made to the Florida Uniform...more
For high-net worth individuals – particularly those whose assets include closely-held business interests or family investment entities – anticipated changes in the valuation of those assets for estate and gift tax purposes...more
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Firehose sessions teach critical digital and coding skills by building real-world web applications that you are proud to share with the world.
We teach what matters! That way you can focus on the most important skills to build and ship high quality web applications
We move fast and condense at least 5 times the amount of comparable self-guided learning into each session, pair you with expert mentors and help you in our exclusive Q&A forums
Expert developers will answer all your questions, help you understand your code and trouble-shoot error messages through weekly office hours and 1-on-1 mentorship sessions
Why? We help them learn critial coding skills in a fraction of the time while building mobile first web applications together
Self-paced Classes, Virtual Office Hours, Q&A Forum
Build 3 mobile first web applications and your own Capstone MVP Project. Take advantage of weekly 1-on-1 mentorship hours, regular office hours, and help forums to accelerate your skills
Marco is a web developer and User Experience product manager. He consulted Fortune 500 companies like P&G and John Deere, won Boston's biggest Hackathon (Angelhack) and most recently led the user experience for peerTransfer, building a $500M/year international tuition payment platform. In an earlier life, he travelled around the world on $25/day for an entire year.
Ken Mazaika is a web developer and Ruby on Rails contributor. Previously he was the tech lead at Where.com (acquired by PayPal) and a core member of the PayPal/eBay development team in Boston. In a previous life he turned a health insurance quotes generator from a $400/day web application into a $40,000/day business.


text:
NASA Goddard
Want more? Subscribe to NASA on iTunes!
The NOAA-N Prime satellite is slated for launch by NASA on February 4th, 2009. Operated by NOAA, N Prime will be the last in the Television Infrared Observation Satellite Series (TIROS) that have been observing Earth's weather and environment for nearly 50 years. N Prime's main role will be to provide continuity of service until the launch of the next generation, highly advanced National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS).
For more info: nasa.gov/noaa-n-prime


text:
Friends (1994–2004)
Episode List
Season 4
25 Sep. 1997The One with the Jellyfish
Ross and Rachel get back together after Ross unknowingly takes full responsibility for their breakup. Phoebe becomes angry after learning the truth about her birth mother. Monica is stung by a jellyfish.
2 Oct. 1997The One with the Cat
Phoebe becomes convinced that the spirit of her dead mother is inside a cat. Chandler and Joey are robbed. Monica goes on a date with a guy from her high school.
9 Oct. 1997The One with the 'Cuffs
Monica tries to avoid criticism when she caters a party for her mother. Chandler ends up half naked and handcuffed to a chair in Rachel's boss's office. Joey tries to get educated.
16 Oct. 1997The One with the Ballroom Dancing
Joey is forced to help Treeger learn how to dance after he threatens to have Monica and Rachel evicted. Phoebe develops a crush on one of her clients. Ross tries to help Chandler quit the gym.
30 Oct. 1997The One with Joey's New Girlfriend
Chandler develops feelings for Joey's new girlfriend. Ross and Rachel try to make each other jealous with their dates. Phoebe's cold gives her a sexy singing voice.
6 Nov. 1997The One with the Dirty Girl
Ross's new girlfriend seems nearly perfect until he discovers that her apartment is incredibly dirty. Chandler buys a better birthday present for Kathy than Joey. Phoebe helps Monica cater an event.
13 Nov. 1997The One Where Chandler Crosses the Line
Chandler is guilt-ridden after kissing Kathy. Ross starts playing the keyboard again and everyone except Phoebe thinks he's terrible.
20 Nov. 1997The One with Chandler in a Box
Chandler desperately tries to earn Joey's forgiveness. Monica accidentally gets ice in her eye and her doctor turns out to be Richard's son.
11 Dec. 1997The One Where They're Going to Party!
Phoebe and Monica get a van for their catering business. Rachel applies for a job as assistant buyer. An old friend and party wizard wants to visit Ross and Chandler. They are excited like two small children and can hardly sit still but the friend cancels their reunion. Monica wrote her first review and the owner of the restaurant comes to complain about it. Joanna doesn't want to lose a good assistant as Rachel and makes Rachel look bad at the interview for the new job. Rachel wants to quit but Joanna offers her the position of assistant buyer in Joanna's department....
18 Dec. 1997The One with the Girl from Poughkeepsie
Ross meets an amazing girl from Poughkeepsie on the train. Rachel hates to be alone around the festive season. She doesn't necessarily need a real relationship but would love to have a fling. Monica is still being picked on at the restaurant. Chandler promised Rachel to fix her up with someone from work and the guys at work all suck up to Chandler because they want to go out with Rachel. Monica hires Joey only to fire him again to show the others at the restaurant who the boss is. Ross can't decide between the girl from Poughkeepsie and another girl who isn't as fun ...
8 Jan. 1998The One with Phoebe's Uterus
Phoebe's brother Frank and Alice got married. They were trying to get pregnant but it didn't work out. They ask Phoebe if she could bear their baby. Joey gets a job as a tour guide at Ross' museum. The friends want Phoebe to think it through before she makes the decisions about having Frank's and Alice's child. Things are going really well for Kathy and Chandler but they haven't had sex because Chandler is afraid he won't be able to fill Joey's shoes. Joey is a terrible tour guide. Phoebe goes to see her mother to ask whether she should have the baby or not. Her ...
15 Jan. 1998The One with the Embryos
Phoebe's uterus is examined for implantation of the embryos. Meanwhile, a seemingly harmless game between Chandler and Joey and Monica and Rachel escalates into a full-blown contest.
29 Jan. 1998The One with Rachel's Crush
After seeing Kathy's play, Chandler becomes convinced she is cheating on him with her co-star. Rachel develops a crush on one of her customers. Monica becomes jealous when she realizes she is no longer the 'hostess'.
5 Feb. 1998The One with Joey's Dirty Day
After a fishing trip, Joey forgets to shower before working on a movie starring Charlton Heston. Rachel sets Ross up with her boss's niece so that she can go to a nightclub with Joshua. Chandler struggles to get over his breakup with Kathy.
26 Feb. 1998The One with All the Rugby
Chandler bumps into Janice, and finds her more irritating than ever. Meanwhile, Ross attempts to learn how to play rugby to impress Emily, and Monica obsesses over a switch.
19 Mar. 1998The One with the Fake Party
Rachel organizes a leaving party for Emily so she can spend time with Joshua. Phoebe develops cravings for meat.
26 Mar. 1998The One with the Free Porn
Chandler and Joey discover that they're getting a free porn channel on their TV. Ross tells Emily he loves her just as she leaves for London. Phoebe gets a shock when she visits her Ob/Gyn.
2 Apr. 1998The One with Rachel's New Dress
Rachel has an awkward encounter with Joshua's parents. Phoebe is offered the chance to name one of the triplets. Ross becomes paranoid when Emily goes to London with Susan.
9 Apr. 1998The One with All the Haste
Ross proposes to Emily. Monica and Rachel try to win their apartment back from Chandler and Joey.
16 Apr. 1998The One with All the Wedding Dresses
Monica tries on Emily's wedding dress, and can't stop wearing it. Jealous of Ross's proposal to Emily, Rachel tries to talk Joshua into marriage. Chandler takes Joey to a sleep clinic when he starts snoring.
23 Apr. 1998The One with the Invitation
As Ross and Emily send out wedding invitations, he and Rachel each look back on their relationship together.
30 Apr. 1998The One with the Worst Best Man Ever
Ross decides that Joey will be his best man but after the bachelor party Joey sleeps with the stripper they hired and she steals Ross' ring. Phoebe has terrible mood swings and is bitchy because of the hormones. Monica and Rachel throw her a very depressing baby shower because Phoebe won't have the babies so they give her presents she can use after her pregnancy but it only makes Phoebe angry. Joey desperately tries to retrieve the ring which has been in the Geller family for generations. Ross freaks out when he hears about the ring so the guys ring the stripper to ...
7 May 1998The One with Ross's Wedding: Part One
Phoebe tries to help Rachel deal with her feelings as the rest of the gang head to London for Ross and Emily's wedding.
7 May 1998The One with Ross's Wedding: Part Two
Phoebe tries to warn the gang that Rachel is coming to London to tell Ross she still loves him. Ross and Emily's parents get into an argument over the bill for the wedding.


text:
Having some trouble getting a logo to show up. Brand new install of 3.4.1.
Tried using the WP-Creativix Options Page. I browse for my logo on my local machine, then scroll down and click 'Save Changes'. The curious thing is that I don't see an 'upload' or 'go' button to start the upload after selecting the file. Once I click "Save Changes' it says 'changes saved' but no logo shows up on the site.
Tried using the header image upload and manually uploading a file in the logos folder. Am I missing any settings, write permissions on either WP folders or this theme?
Thanks for any help or suggestions.


text: Production and Technology Companies Support One Night Only Historic Fundraising Concert at Madison Square Garden to Benefit the Victims of Hurricane Sandy Nearly Two Billion People Worldwide to Have Access to the Benefit via Television, Radio and the Internet Musical Lineup Includes Bon Jovi, Eric Clapton, Dave Grohl, Billy Joel, Alicia Keys, Chris Martin, The Rolling Stones, Bruce Springsteen & The E Street Band, Eddie Vedder, Roger Waters, Kanye West, The Who and Paul McCartney NEW YORK, Dec. 13, 2012 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- The producers of "12-12-12," which is presented by Chase, announced today that the concert at Madison Square Garden (Nasdaq:MSG) on December 12, 2012 at 7:30 PM (ET) to aid the victims of Hurricane Sandy, has united with a number of partners to secure donations and services to support the event's production, execution and live broadcasts. Because of the generous support of these partners and sponsors, and Robin Hood's board of directors, every single penny from ticket purchases and donations will go to organizations serving the victims of Hurricane Sandy through the Robin Hood Relief Fund. GE has been named the first and only Diamond Partner for "12-12-12"; BlackRock, Samsung and State Farm serve as the leading Platinum Partners with Optimum, Time Warner Cable and Verizon Foundation now on board as Gold Partners; Delta and Poland Spring have joined as Silver Partners; and Duracell Powermat, Hyundai, NRG and Pepsi as Bronze Partners. In addition, the production and execution of "12-12-12" would not be possible without the generous donations from many production companies including Dempsey Productions; Diversified Production Services (DPS); and Otto Printing & Entertainment Graphics. Prev 0 of 2 Next


text:
Cage walks through Heavy Rain – three-part movie
IGN's posted three movies of a live E3 demo of Heavy Rain, with the game being played by Quantic Dream's David Cage.
It's a 15-minute play-through of the scrapyard sequence with Cage and two IGN editors talking over the top.
If it's bonkers real-time graphics you're after, look no further.
The game's out later this year. Maybe.
After the break.
Sometimes we include links to online retail stores. If you click on one and make a purchase we may receive a small commission. For more information, go here.


text:
UPGRADE: Please report anything out of the ordinary post-upgrade in this thread: http://www.orthodoxchristianity.net/forum/index.php/topic,66430.new.html
0 Members and 1 Guest are viewing this topic.
The congregation gathers in the church on Saturday evening and takes part in an Easter vigil commemorating the buried Christ. Orthodox churches in Russia have an inner sanctuary away from the reach of worshippers, with access for the priest only.On this day, the door is closed until midnight, but at the stroke of midnight, the priest opens the door and comes out saying "Christ is risen! Christ is risen! Christ is risen!" and after hours of silent anticipation, the worshippers reply: "He is risen indeed!"
Page created in 0.063 seconds with 24 queries.


text: Faux Fur for a cold winter is a perfect match! Picked up this cosy coat from my closet and decided to wear it as I went hiking in the mountains with my friends. I can tell it really kept me warm! I chosed to be more comfortable than elegant so I picked only cosy clothes and cosy boots to keep me warm through the cold mountain forrest. PS: I don't usually wear hats but I really do love this one I have here! <3


text:
NORCROSS, Ga. ---- For the third time this season, Auburn Montgomery junior Jade Curtis was named the Southern States Athletic Conference Women's Tennis Player of the Week, the league announced earlier today.
The Saltash, England, native led the third-ranked Warhawks to a 6-3 victory over 15th-ranked Coastal Georgia last Friday, dropping just three games across her singles and doubles matches.
At No. 1 singles, Curtis maintained her perfect record for the season with a 6-0, 6-1 win over the Mariners' Elektra Hunter, who entered the match as the Intercollegiate Tennis Association's 20th-ranked player in the South region. Curtis is now 4-0 against regionally-ranked opponents this year, and 14-0 overall.
Playing with partner Tiffany William, Curtis also cruised to an 8-2 victory at No. 1 doubles over Priti Rijal and Nicole Faas, who are ranked 23rd nationally. The win was the first of the season over a nationally-ranked opponent for Curtis in doubles, and she is now 13-1 from the top doubles spot.
Curtis, currently ranked as the top singles player in the NAIA, was previously named conference player of the week on March 18 and February 25. She received her second career NAIA player of the week award on March 19 after earning her 50th consecutive singles victory.
The third-ranked Warhawks (9-5, 3-0 SSAC) host their final home match of the season this Thursday against NAIA No. 1 Brenau (8-2, 2-0 SSAC). The winner will clinch the top spot in the SSAC East division. Thursday's match begins at 1 p.m. at the AUM Tennis Courts.


text:
Understanding Syphilis -- Symptoms
In this article
What Are the Symptoms of Syphilis?
There are three stages of syphilis. Call your doctor if you experience any of the following symptoms:
- In the first (primary) stage, which usually starts about three weeks after exposure, a painless sore called a chancre appears on the genitals, rectum, anus, or mouth. Lymph glands near the chancre may be swollen as well. The chancre lasts three to six weeks and will heal on its own. This does not mean that you are cured. Left untreated, the disease may progress to the second stage.
- In the second (secondary) stage, which occurs weeks to a few months later, a non-itchy red or reddish-brown spotty rash may appear anywhere on the body (often on the palms of the hands and bottoms of the feet). You may have symptoms, such as headache, fever, fatigue, sore throat, muscle aches, swollen lymph glands, patchy hair loss, loss of appetite, weight loss, and pain in bones and joints (all of which could be symptoms of other diseases, as well). Symptoms may then disappear, but without treatment the bacteria remain in the body.
- In the third (late) stage, which can start anytime from one year to several decades later, joints may be affected, resulting in arthritis. The infection also can affect other specific parts of the body, including the brain, nerves, eyes, heart, blood vessels, bones, and liver. Up to 40% of people that have not been treated will develop late stage syphilis. This can result in cardiovascular syphilis and neurosyphilis.
Recommended Related to Sexual Conditions
Understanding Chlamydia -- Prevention
To reduce the risk of getting infected with chlamydia, use a condom each time you have sex. Limit the number of sexual partners, or consider practicing abstinence. If you think you are infected, avoid sexual contact and see a doctor. If you test positive, your partner should also get treatment. Get retested after three months, even if both you and your partner appear infection free. Most doctors recommend that all people who have more than one sexual partner, especially women, be tested for chlamydia...
Read the Understanding Chlamydia -- Prevention article > >
Cardiovascular syphilis can appear 10-30 years after the initial infection, causing damage to the heart and blood vessels.
Neurosyphilis can occur in the nerves and may cause paralysis, blindness, dementia, psychiatric problems, or loss of sensation in the legs.
Without treatment, syphilis can be life-threatening. It is extremely important to treat it before it progresses to a later disease stage. Treatment should be taken even if there are no current symptoms.
Call Your Doctor If:
- You see the characteristic chancre sores or rash of syphilis
- You have been exposed to someone with the disease
WebMD Medical Reference


text:
I've worked with rails 2... but i'm still a rails 3 noob/disaster.
@questions is a set of questions from the questions table. I need to make sure that each question has a corresponding answer record in the answers table. If one does not exist, i need to create one with the default value of zero. In my controller i have the following:
# create records for answers that do not exist yet
@questions.each do |q|
a = Answer.where(q.id = Answer.question_id and current_user.id = Answer.user_id )
if a.nil?
Answer.new(:question_id => q.id, :score => 0)
I am getting this error:
undefined method `question_id'
I'm going on vacation and taking the 4th edition of Agile Web Development with Rails (don't tell my wife :=]) Any help you can offer here would help.


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WCW 2001- The Trio Ownership
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post #624
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save_btb IC2.0 <3
Join Date: Jan 2006
Posts: 2,625
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Re: WCW 2001- The Trio Ownership
Sorry the Sanders stuff was lame. I still have to get used to writing for him and the NBT, and develop the angle. It's not like they're a fascinating group or anything, so it makes it a tad bit harder to get into the angle. The NBT members were Sanders, Jindrak, Stamboli, Palumbo, O'Haire, Stasiak, and Reno, although Stamboli and Reno, I believe, weren't full-time members. Same with Stasiak. However, Stasiak and Reno weren't signed to the new WCW at the start of The Trio Ownership, so they're gone, and Palumbo & O'Haire broke off towards the end of WCW as well as they became faces. Stasiak broke off too with Stacy Keibler. So now, just 3 NBT left for the reincarnated group.
And yeah, I botched the ending of the ladder match, but I fixed it. Thanks for pointing that out guys.
A lot of New World Order on that last show, but I think it was the right and realistic choice, and really helped set up some of their stuff for Starrcade. I have 3 Nitro's left, but I am trying to write a Starrcade match in between each Nitro to make my workload easier in between the last Nitro and Starrcade. I'd rather take longer to post my Nitro's then write them quickly, and take over a month to write Starrcade. However, I am suffering from some writer's block, hardcore, and am taking longer to progress on a Starrcade match. It sucks, but whatev.
Thanks for the comments you 3, and I'll try and hit kane01 with some feedback ASAP, kid o mac when I can since I've already reviewed him multiple times, and Reney never. He released Rhino, so fuck him.
Oh, and this...
Brian Adams Out 6+ Months
Brian Adams suffered a ripped bicep muscle on the 11-21 edition of Wednesday Nitro, in a handicap match between Kevin Nash and KroniK. Adams ripped the bicep midway through the match, and continued on with the match, aggravating the injury even worse. Various members of the nWo could be seen tending to Adams during a post-match promo by Jeff Jarrett. Adams didn't appear with the rest of the faction later on in the show, further verifying Adams' injury. Adams will have surgery to repair the bicep, and then rehab the injury. If all goes well, Adams will be able to return to action at the start of June 2002. What this means for KroniK, and Brian Adams' and Bryan Clarke's place in the New World Order, remains to be seen.
When An Empire Falls - The Tale of World Championship Wrestling
Szumi's back, but not in black - back in BTB! And yeah, I know, he's doing WCW again - so unoriginal.
My Awards:
2008 - Best PPV - Starrcade
2008, 2007, & 2006 - Best Promo Writer
2007 & 2006 - Best Promo(s)
2007 - Most Creative
2007 - Best Feedbacker
2006 & 2007 BTB World Cup - Top Overall Scorer
2007 BTB World Cup - Booker of the Tournament
Only Person to Ever Score Perfect Score in a Tournament
BTB Hall of Famer
World Championship Wrestling 2001 - The Trio Ownership
This was The Trio Ownership; I did it a long time ago, for a long time. T'was a good ready, I think. People liked it and stuff.
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text:
Some random idea I had, turned out ok
It's basically a wallpaper making a crossover of Resident Evil/Batman: Arkham City.
It's basically a wallpaper making a crossover of Resident Evil/Batman: Arkham City.
Is the Joker in this? I can't seem to find him.
yes he is but it seems his image can't be seen right
I'm assuming it's not the blue half-face on the left.
Nope the blue half face is Wesker himself, I might have to redo this image so I can make ppl see Joker better and possibly insert Harley
no--it's like where's Waldo! Don't change it! Just tell people he's there and watch them kill themselves trying to look for him! I know it's killing me.... XDD
All I can tell is that he is in there but I'm not telling where :3
Okay ... is he reflected in anything?
Iv always wanted to see a wesker joker team up or maybe a rivalry
Looks alot more dominatedby RE
the combination is pretty cool xP


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4 items from 2015
6 April 2015 10:55 PM, PDT | Den of Geek | See recent Den of Geek news »
As shooting gets underway on Deadpool, a few set photos give a behind-the-scenes look at the hero in action...
We've already seen the first official image of Ryan Reynolds as Deadpool, lying on a bearskin rug in front of a roaring fire in classic Burt Reynolds style.
That teasing image marked the beginning of the project's eve of production - a movie which burst into life as a result of the sheer enthusiasm for some leaked test footage from last year.
How fitting, then, that one of the very first scenes being shot in Vancouver seems to be a recreation of that 2014 test footage. Take a quick look at the shots below, which appear courtesy of Breakfast Television Vancouver and a chap named Ken, both on Twitter, and you can see the resemblance.
"Deadpool shooting people, doing flips, just being Deadpool," Ken tweeted from the film's location shoot.
Deadpool shooting »
- ryanlambie
6 April 2015 2:28 PM, PDT | We Got This Covered | See recent We Got This Covered news »
See Full Gallery Here
Since filming began last week on Tim Miller's Deadpool, the web has been inundated with hastily-snapped images taken by set onlookers. Over the course of seven days, we've been granted up-close looks at Ryan Reynolds as the titular jokester sporting a ton of prosthetics on his face, Morena Baccarin in character as Copycat and Deadpool's sidekick, Weasel, lurking outside a seedy strip club.
Production on the long-awaited comic book movie is set to continue throughout the Vancouver area of B.C. until the end of May, and the first unit moved into a heavily-trafficked zone today. The city's Georgia viaduct has been temporarily shut down so the bridge may be incorporated into the movie, and now we know which specific moment is being recreated. This newest batch of snaps begin with a couple from a Vancouver breakfast show's Twitter account, which »
- Gem Seddon
6 April 2015 1:41 PM, PDT | MovieWeb | See recent MovieWeb news »
Back in July, test footage from the highly-anticipated Deadpool movie leaked online, which was received incredibly well by the fans and ultimately helped 20th Century Fox give the green light to this comic book adaptation. Production is now under way in Vancouver, with the latest photos from the set teasing what appears to be a scene from the test footage as it gets reshot. The images show Ryan Reynolds in full costume, standing next to a destroyed SUV which is tipped over on its side.
You may recall that the early test footage showed Deadpool leaping from a highway overpass directly into an SUV full of bad guys, which eventually rolls several times on the road before coming to a half. When the test footage was revealed last year, we didn't have any indication if this was an actual scene that they planned to use in the movie, but it »
- MovieWeb
27 February 2015 8:41 AM, PST | The Guardian - TV News | See recent The Guardian - TV News news »
Season three of the Washington procedural launched on Friday, but the lack of ratings pressure on Netflix seems to have led to a lack of attention to tension
Breakfast television in Britain has traditionally meant a faux-married couple on a sofa interviewing celebrities between the news headlines. However, the decision of Netflix to release new seasons of its subscription-only hit House of Cards at midnight Los Angeles time meant that the American political drama became available in the UK at 8am, offering as alternative muesli viewing the spectacle of Kevin Spacey subverting American democracy.
Launched Friday morning, the third series picks up Spacey's Francis 'Frank' Underwood after six months in the White House. Having conspired to gain the vice-presidency in the first run and the presidency during the second, the politician seems set to spend his third TV term desperately plotting to hold on to the Oval office.
How »
- Mark Lawson
4 items from 2015
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Upcoming Nollywood talent Judith Audu presents NOT RIGHT' a short film on Domestic Violence. Its written and produced by Judith Audu and the movie explores the depth of domestic violence which has eaten deep into our society and emphasizes that women should not allow themselves to be put through the agony. We have two families in the film while one's home is filled with love, the other battles on how to live with her husband that is always battering her. It is a story of how a concerned couple Tade (Ani Iyoho) and Funmi (Judith Audu) tries helping their neighbour Kumbi (Omowunmi Dada) who is always been beaten by her husband, Kola (Philip Festus). Will she listen to what her neighbours are saying or remain in the marriage in trying to 'save face' in the society?
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8 reviews | 4.5 out of 5
One word to describe this game would be amazing. Every little detail is just mind-boggling. The graphics are excellent. Some of the detail looks so good it almost seems like it's real. A good example would be the large explosion and smoke in the background on the map Arica Harbor. The weapon and vehicle noises are all too real. The helicopter sounds are especially realistic. Just about anything is destroyable in this game. From buildings to terrain, chances are if you shoot it there's going to be some sort of damage. I think the real winner for this game is the multiplayer. You can join a squad with other members in a game and choose how to operate on any map. If you die you can be revived by a medic. You can also choose to spawn near a squad mate when you die. The maps are absolutely huge. Whether you like vehicles or attacking on foot you can't lose, there's anything and everything for you in order to do battle. The only thing (at least in my opinion) that lacks in this game is the single player. The story line is VERY short. I was able to finish it in about two days. The multiplayer makes up for this though. I am playing multiplayer as often as I can with friends and we have a blast. There's a HUGE variety of weapons and other gadgets you can equip yourself with. Absolutely worth every penny to buy this game. Definitely a must have FPS.
This games gameplay nd tactics give it a nice chaange from MW2
this game is pretty good it gives a great inside focus on the armor vehichles and graphics are just stunning the whole game is just great better than call of duty well some of them not all of them
bought this item for a friend. He plays it most of the time, he said it is a very challennging game but overall its nothing compared to black ops? so im guessing black ops is better?


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And good morning to you!
Posh says of the stuffing rumor that he doesn't need to stuff. I believe she compared his cock to a "tractor exhaust pipe".
Lucky bitch.
I'm still partial to Freddie.
the mound is way too smooth; he's wearing a cup.
and besides, he's British; the odds are against him.
A tractor exhaust pipe?!?! Good heavens!
I love Becks, and not only because of, well, the obvious. But I ain't wearing no TWs. Never!
they 'shopped the fuck out of that entire photo. i've seen him topless enough times to know his body shape. he's definitely buff, but his muscles don't normally cast shadows.
Sorry to dash everyone's underwear fantasies, but almost all ads done by high end underwear manufacturers stuff their models. It is routine in underwear photography. Not necessarily to make the models look like they have huge packages, but to round out the shape. To, in fact, make the package a uniform shapeless blob, and less obvious an outline of a cock head and distinct balls. They use a wide variety of tiny bits of foam, stuffed here and there around the model's tackle to give the package a plump but indistinct shape.
And yes, this image has been Photoshopped all to hell.
Still, Rowrrr!
Christ is born.
I'm not one for tighty whities, but this makes me feel sooo dirty.
to #7:
so that's what a fluffer does!
hey, wait a minute - those aren't tighty whiteys at all! they're bikini briefs, aka manties. yes, there is a difference, and yes, it matters.
Did you also miss the quote from Posh talking about how big his cock is?
@11: It totally matters. I'll wear manties. TWs, no way...
i don't trust her to be honest about how big his cock is. she's his wife, ffs. what else is she going to say?
Oh my.
My my my...
Stuffed & 'shopped, that's how I likes me fantasies.
I am almost as straight as they come, but even I can recognize that is an Adonis. What is a man like that (plus extremely rich) doing married to a plastic space alien?
The Soup did a hilarious bit on his junk last week. Here is the YouTube link:
his cock is as real as her tits. what could be worse than plastic barbie and ken dolls talking about their private parts?
@2: I read Posh's "tailpipe" remark too. I say, time to put up or shut up. Preferably put up.
" Answering questions on British radio, Beckham hinted he had metrosexual tastes even as a child, recounting how he chose to wear knickerbockers, long socks and ballet shoes as a page boy at a wedding."
and he's str8? I'd pay to see David Beckham do drag and see him walk into Pony, if it opens in a new location. I'm sure guys would start wanking out in the open.
It's stuffed. I saw a segment on ProSieben (you have to understand German to follow the clip), where they compared a picture of him at a soccer game to this one you've posted. At the soccer game he had pulled his shorts up around his "unit" so that you got a good idea of the size. It definitely did not match this post. In fact, several fashion photographers were shown both pictures to comment on them, and they all agreed that there had been some "enhancement".
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When running a business in the foodservice industry, your kitchen faucets should be the last things you need to worry about. That is why Krowne Metal developed their Royal Series line of faucets and the 4" Low-Lead Wall-Mounted Faucet - Royal Series (14-401L). This sturdy, heavy-duty faucet features an attractive nickel chromium finish and is made from solid brass for maximum strength and durability. Additionally, the faucet features ceramic cartridge valves that are designed with built-in backflow preventers and a convenient, gooseneck spout that measures six inches wide and is constructed with a strong, reinforced shoulder. Best of all, the faucet meets the new AB 1953 low-lead standards which means it contains virtually no lead at all.
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Carneades Argumentation System
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Released: Apr 01st, 2006
Running Time: 122
Director: Patrick Collins
Company: Elegant Angel Productions
Cast: Kris Slater, Trina Michaels, Allie Ray, Billy Glide, Marcos Leon, Dick Nasty, Celeste Star, Randy Spears, Memphis Monroe, Haley Paige, Tiana Lynn, Savannha James, Karina Kay, Kaiya Lynn
Critical Rating: AAAA
Genre: Specialty
Tiana Lynn's boyfriend problems send her on a high-ejaculation sexual rampage. Her hunger is large, and her screaming G-spot response way over the top.
With Memphis Monroe, she seduces boyfriend's "dad" (Randy Spears) and his middle-aged pal in an energetic, well-shot group scene.
Even hotter is a threeway with Tiana drenching Karina Kay and Marcus Leon. She also does her first anal scene in over a year, wiggling her great ass cheeks on the cock. The movie is really all Tiana, wetter and louder than ever.
Pre-noms: Best Specialty Release - Squirting. Best Threeway Sex Scene: Tiana Lynn, Karina Kay, Marcos Leon.
Retailing: Stock deep for squirting fans.


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Here is the site: celadoncelery.com
The mobile dropdown menu on this site is not opening the pages when clicked on an iphone and I don't even know where to start to fix this.
Has anyone ever run into this or is anyone able to figure this out? It's so weird because after you try to tap on the 'li' link to open the page, the dropdown menu will select it but the page url doesn't change and nothing happens. Any help is so appreciated... even just a nudge in the right direction on how to solve it would be helpful. I just don't even know where to look.
PS I posted about 5 days ago but I haven't gotten a response. I hope I'm posting this correctly now because I'm thinking I posted incorrectly last time?? Not sure.
Thank you,


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Form Timeline
Click here to view Form Timeline for runners
Thu, 21st Feb, 2013
View Using Active Card View all races on one page
Formscan By Thomas Weekes - There may be little between IMMEDIATE RESPONSE and Canaly here. Smart hurdler IMMEDIATE RESPONSE made a good chase debut at Limerick last month and seems to have taken quite well to chasing and may have a slight edge over Canaly, who was himself a smart hurdler but finished well beaten in the Paddy Power Chase at Leopardstown over Christmas. However he was well fancied then and is better than that showing having been eased when beaten. Belle Brook has obvious claims on handicap ratings but was well held on two runs this season, pulling up in the Thyestes Chase latest. Miradene has a layoff to overcome and may struggle while Rinroe is out of form.
Show Cards Help
A steeplechase for five yrs old and upwards that have not won a steeplechase other than one steeplechase value not more than E14,000
Weights - A steeplechase for five yrs old and upwards that have not won a steeplechase other than one steeplechase value not more than E14,000
Allowances - 5-y-o 10st 10lb; 6-y-o and up 11st 5lb; Mares allowed 7lb
Riders - Winner of a steeplechase 7lb extra
Probable SP 10/11 Immediate Response, 7/2 Miradane, 4/1 Canaly, 7/1 Belle Brook, 20/1 Rinroe.
Previous Years
2012 Bishopsfurze 7 11-12 R Walsh 4/9Fav (W P Mullins)
2011 Organisedconfusion 6 11-12 D N Russell 6/4Fav (A L T Moore)
2010 Quiscover Fontaine 6 11-9 E Mullins 6/5Fav (W P Mullins)
2009 Rock Street 8 11-9 P T Enright 5/2 (Robert Tyner)
2008 Kerryhead Windfarm 10 11-9 Mr C J Sweeney 8/1 (Adrian Maguire)


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Not all the plugin listed when I make a search can be installed on my version of WP. This makes me spend a lot of time to try and try, till I find something compatible with my WP version.
It could be usefull to have in WP plugin dashboard a "new plugin"
- search function, that allows both text and version search
- list, that shows name, description and compatibility