text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jul 19, 1988
|Filing date
|Oct 15, 1986
|Priority date
|Dec 12, 1985
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Dion P. O'Mara, Albert F. Hadermann, Jerry C. Trippe
|Original Assignee
|General Technology Applications, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (18), Referenced by (30), Classifications (33), Legal Events (8)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 807,947 which was filed on Dec. 12, 1985.
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to the separation of non-miscible liquids and to compositions useful in that separation.
More specifically, this invention relates to the separation of hydrocarbons, colorinated hydrocarbons, and similar liquids from water.
In one preferred embodiment, this invention is directed to the removal and recovery of spilled hydrocarbons from the surface of a body of water.
2. Description of the Related Art
The use of high molecular weight polymers to aid in the control of oil spills and to allow recovery of the oil has been disclosed in commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 4,420,400. That patent describes a process for bodying a liquid hydrocarbon by dissolving sufficient polymer therein to substantially increase its effective viscosity and thereby converting the liquid to a semi-solid gel or to a rubbery solid. Successful practice of the disclosed process requires that the polymer be cryogenically comminuted and applied to the hydrocarbon in association with a cryogenic refrigerant.
Another commonly assigned patent, U.S. Pat. No. 4,340,076 to Weitzen, discloses a cryogenic process for dissolving polymers.
Weitzen found that high molecular weight polymers would very rapidly, almost instantaneously, dissolve in solvents for those polymers if the polymer was comminuted at cryogenic temperatures and the resulting polymer particles were introduced into the solvent without allowing them to warm. Polymer concentrations in the solution ranging from a few parts per million to 15% or more could readily be obtained. Essentially no polymer degradation, as indicated by a reduction in the molecular weight of the polymer, occurs during the dissolution.
It is also common to prepare extremely dilute solutions--usually between about one and one hundred ppm--of high molecular weight polymers in solvents such as hydrocarbons. Such solutions display unusual and useful flow characteristics.
In particular, certain linear polymers, such as the high molecular weight alpha-mono olefinic polymers are noted for their effectiveness as drag reducing agents and as anti-misting agents. A drag reducing agent is a polymer which, when dissolved in a solvent, substantially reduces the friction loss during turbulent flow of the solution. An anti-misting agent is a polymer which, when dissolved in fuel, serves to significantly increase medium droplet size and reduce flammability of fuel sprays caused by high velocity wind shear such as occurs during an aircraft crash landing.
However, those high molecular weight polymers are notoriously difficult to dissolve without degradation and without significant reduction in molecular weight. It is not uncommon for such polymers to require several weeks of gentle agitation in a solvent to dissolve completely. Even when the concentration of polymer in such solutions is limited to a few percent at best because of the rapid increase in viscosity with increasing polymer concentration.
Among the approaches taken in the prior art to the problem of preparing polymer solutions is that described in British Patent No. 1,452,146. That patent describes a method and apparatus for dissolving high molecular weight polymers on a large scale in solvents such as crude oil without significant polymer degradation. Patentees use a dissolving vessel having at least two compartments formed by a partition with provision for liquid communication between the compartments at the top and bottom of the partition. Polymer is introduced into moving or agitated solvent within the vessel to form a slurry. Agitation is accomplished by sparging gas into the bottom of one of the compartments to disperse the polymer particle throughout the solvent so as to prevent the polymer particles from agglomerating and to speed the dissolution process. Exemplary data set out in the patent shows the dissolving of crumb or cut polyisoprene of about 8 million molecular weight in crude oil at 32� to form a solution of about 0.92% in about 120 to 160 hours. The molecular weight of the rubber was reduced by about 10% during the dissolution. The maximum concentration of polymer obtainable is determined by the viscosity of the final solution and, for high molecular weight polymers, maximum concentration ranges from about 0.5 to 2% by weight. The solution of polymer obtained is then metered into a flowing stream of crude oil to provide drag reducing effects.
Yet another approach to the preparation of dilute solutions of high molecular weight polymers is set out in the Mack patent, U.S. Pat. No. 4,433,123. Mack polymerizes an olefin in a suitable solvent to obtain a relatively concentrated polymer solution. The entire mixture, containing polyolefin, solvent and catalyst particles, is used without separation to make up dilute solutions of the polymer in crude oil or other hydrocarbons.
This last approach, to use the entire reaction mixture of a polymerization process, is presently most favored from a commercial standpoint because of the great difficulties experienced in dissolving solid polymers without degradation. Drag reducing agents in field use today typically comprise a high molecular weight polymer dissolved in the polymerization solvent, which may be hexane or heptane, at a concentration ranging from a low of 2 to 3% to a maximum of 11 to 12%. These polymer solutions at typical commercial concentrations are thick, viscous liquids which are highly thixotropic and are also highly viscoelastic. They are commonly transported and stored in containers which can be pressurized with an inert gas to pressures of 30 to 70 psig in order to discharge the liquid from the container. Generally speaking, the lower the polymer concentration, the more rapidly and easily it will dissolve in crude oil or other liquids. The upper limit to polymer concentration is set by practical considerations including the need for an acceptably short dissolving time and the need to handle the concentrated polymer solution using readily available and reasonably priced equipment.
It has also been suggested in U.S. Pat. No. 4,584,244 to prepare polymers in the form of agglomeration resistant, free-flowing powders by coating the polymer particles with alumina. This was accomplished by freezing a mixture of the polymer and alumina and thereafter grinding the frozen mixture.
As may readily be appreciated, these prior art approaches to the task of dissolving a high molecular weight polymer in an oil layer floating on water, as is required to practice certain embodiments of this invention, is unwieldly or impossible to accomplish using methods known in the art. Dissolving a solid polymer directly into a crude oil or other solvent liquid is very time consuming and usually results in significant degradation of the polymer. The dissolving process of the Weitzen patent, U.S. Pat. No. 4,340,076 requires a source of liquid nitrogen for its operation as does U.S. Pat. No. 4,420,400. The present commercial approach to the preparation of dilute polymer solutions, which utilizes the entire polymerization mixture, is unwieldy because the polymer solution must be transported and stored in pressure vessels such as those used to ship and store propane and butane. It also incurs a substantial financial penalty for transportation because little more than 10% of the mixture is polymer. Further, the polymerization mixture is a very difficult liquid to handle. It is highly viscoelastic and extremely thixotropic, the breakout viscosity being as high as several million centipoise.
It is evident that the prior art approaches to dissolving polymers present practical and economical difficulties when the solvent is widely dispersed as, for example, is a layer of oil on water.
Non-miscible liquids are separated one from the other by dissolving a high molecular weight polymer in one of the liquids to impart viscoelastic properties to the resulting solution and thereafter mechanically removing the polymer solution from the other liquid in a manner which causes stretching of the solution. The separation process is especially effective in the control and recovery of oils and other hydrocarbons spilled on the surface of a body of water. For this purpose a high molecular weight rubbery polymer, such as polyisobutylene, is effective at concentrations as low as about 50 ppm. There is also provided liquid and powdered polymer formulations adapted for effective application to hydrocarbons floating on a water surface.
Hence, it is an object of this invention to separate non-miscible liquids.
It is another object of this invention to provide a process for the control of oil spills on a water surface and to recover the spilled oil.
A further object of this invention is to provide liquid and powdered polymer formulations adapted for convenient application to and rapid dissolution in a hydrocarbon slick floating on the surface of water.
Other objects of this invention will be apparent from the following description of preferred embodiments and exemplary uses.
Certain exemplary embodiments of the invention are illustrated in the drawing in which:
FIG. 1 is a stylized view of a partial cross section of a single coated polymer particle;
FIG. 2 is a photo-micrograph of a single, coated polymer particle;
FIG. 3 is a photo-micrograph at higher magnification showing details of the coating surface;
FIG. 4 is a stylized plot illustrating the relationship of the viscoelastic properties and the effective viscosity of a solution to the polymer concentration; and
FIG. 5 depicts the removal of a viscoelastic oil slick from water using a vacuum nozzle positioned above the water surface.
This invention includes a process for separating and removing one non-miscible liquid from another. Specifically, a hydrocarbon, an organic compound, a halogenated hydrocarbon or mixtures of these are separated from water. In addition, this invention includes solid and liquid compositions adapted to quickly dissolve in non-aqueous liquids rendering those liquids viscoelastic thus allowing separation of the non-aqueous liquid from water through use of the inventive process.
Various embodiments of this invention will be described and discussed in detail with reference to the drawing figures in which like reference numerals refer to the same component illustrated in different figures. In all instances, the discussion will center around the removal of a liquid hydrocarbon from water, it being understood that the techniques and processes described are generally applicable to other pairs of non-miscible liquids.
Referring first to FIG. 1, there is shown a portion of a single particle 10 of a polymer composition useful in the practice of this invention. The composition comprises a center, or core, polymer particle 11 shown here in section. Polymer core particle 11 is preferably prepared by comminuting a more massive form of the polymer, in granulated or crumb form for example, using a hammer mill, pin mill or other suitable comminuting means. The polymers used in preferred embodiments of this invention comprise those thermoplastics, both natural and synthetic, which impart viscoelastic properties to a solution. Such polymers typically display glass transition temperatures in the range of about -10� C., to about -100� C. At temperatures below the glass transition temperature, the polymers become brittle and can be readily comminuted by use of impact-type mills. Exemplary polymers useful in this invention include polyisobutylene, polyisoprene, polyalphaolefins, polybutadiene, copolymers of styrene and butadiene, copolymers of ethylene and butene-1, fluorelastomers such as the copolymers of vinylidene fluoride and hexafluoropropylene and other polymers of a generally similar nature.
In order to successfully comminute the polymers useful in this invention, it is necessary to chill the polymers below their glass transition temperature and to maintain the temperature below that point during comminution. Chilling is most conveniently accomplished by use of a liquid cryogenic refrigerant, preferably liquid nitrogen. Comminution of the polymer produces fragments or particles having fresh, clean surfaces. It has been found that preservation of these clean surfaces is mandatory if rapid dissolution of the polymer particles in a solvent is to be obtained. It is believed that active sites on freshly cleaved polymer surfaces react with the oxygen and water vapor normally present in the atmosphere to produce a film or skin around the particle which inhibits or greatly slows the dissolution of the polymer in a solvent. For this reason, it is mandatory also that the comminution be carried out in an inert atmosphere. The twin requirements of chilling the polymer and maintaining it in an inert atmosphere during comminution are best met through use of liquid nitrogen as a cryogenic refrigerant and inerting agent. It is possible but not econmically practical, to use other inert cryogenic refrigerants such as liquid argon rather than liquid nitrogen.
Polymer particles resulting from comminution are commingled with a particulate coating agent 12 while continuing to maintain the polymer particles in a chilled and inert atmosphere. The coating agent 12 must be a solid at ambient to moderatly elevated temperature; must be non-reactive toward the polymer; and, most importantly, must have a particle size that is much smaller than is the particle size of the polymer. It is necessary that the median diameter of the coating agent particles 12 be less than one-tenth the median diameter of the polymer particles 11 and it is preferred that the difference in particle size between the two substances, coating agent and polymer, be substantially greater than that.
The particle size to which the polymer is comminuted is not critical but polymer particle size does affect the dissolving rate of the polymer composition in a solvent. It is generally preferred that the median polymer particle diameter be less than about 0.5 mm, or about 35 mesh. Additional advantage is often gained by reducing the median polymer particle diameter below about 0.075 mm which is equivalent to about 200 mesh. In all cases it is preferred that the median diameter of coating agent particles be less than about 0.01 mm or 10 micrometers. Experience to date indicates that the best results are obtained with coating agents having a median particle diameter of about 0.1 to about 10 micrometers.
The commingled polymer particles 11 and coating agent particles 12, in an inert atmosphere and at a temperature below the glass transition temperature, are then continuously mixed as by tumbling while the mixture is warmed to and above the glass transition temperature of the polymer. This procedure may conveniently be accomplished in a batch-wise fashion using a rotating V-Type blender. Heat transfer from the atmosphere through the blender shell is sufficient to warm the chilled mixture to and above the glass transition temperature of the polymer. It is preferred that tumble mixing be continued until the mixture approaches ambient temperature.
Tumble mixing of the polymer particles and coating agent while allowing the temperature to warm results in the formation of composite particles, each having a central core consisting of a solid polymer particle 11 with a multi-layered shell 13 surrounding the core and made up of particles 12 of the coating agent. It is, of course, necessary to provide a sufficient amount of coating agent relative to the polymer particles to allow for the formation of that multi-layered shell. The minimum amount of coating agent required on a weight or percentage basis depends upon the relative size of the coating agent particles as compared to the polymer particles as well as upon the specific gravity of the components and will generally be in excess of 15% by weight of the mixture. The optimum amount of coating agent usually is considerably higher than that and typically ranges from about 20% to about 75% by weight of the composition.
The multi-layered shell 13 of coating agent particles tightly adheres to the polymer core particle 11 and is not disrupted by physical handling. There are a number of reasons for the stability and physical integrity of the coating agent shell. Those polymers useful in this invention generally display a surface tackiness at temperatures above the glass transition temperature. Consequently, polymer particles, especially those particles having freshly formed surfaces, tend to agglomerate or stick together. At temperatures below the glass transition temperature, however, those same polymers form free flowing and non-adherent particles. Tumble mixing of the polymer particles with the much smaller coating agent particles while the temperature is raised through the glass transition temperature allows the polymer particles to be coated prior to the formation of tacky polymer surfaces.
There are other considerations of equal or possibly greater importance. The interaction between very finely divided particles to form agglomerates is well known. Also, the adherence of microscopic particles to solid surfaces is well known and has been much studied. For example, particles having a diameter of less than about 10 micrometers adhere so strongly to surfaces that accelerations of the order of 103 to 104 g-units are not sufficient to dislodge them from the surface. The forces involved in the adhesive interaction of small particles, one to another or to the surface of a larger particle, include molecular forces and to some degree Coulomb forces; the magnitude of these forces decreasing rapidly with increasing distance between the contiguous surfaces. Other forces arise when two particles contact each other or the surface of a larger particle. Such forces include electrical interactions due to surface charges and the like.
The surfaces of all of the particles, coating agent particles and polymer particles alike, also adsorb a gas layer. The gas adsorbed is that inert gas which is present during the formation of the composite particles through mixing and warming; usually nitrogen. All of the interstices 14 between and around coating particles 12 making up the multi-layered shell 13 also are filled with nitrogen or other inert gas. Consequently, the composite particles 10 may be exposed to the atmosphere and freely handled without the use of cautionary measures because the surfaces of each polymer particle 11 are protected from atmospheric contact by inert gas adsorbed on and filling the interstices between coating agent particles 12.
Structural details of the composite particles 10 and particularly of the exterior surface of shell 13 are shown in FIGS. 2 and 3 which are electron micrographs of composite particles prepared by the process of this invention. In both of FIGS. 2 and 3, the particle core is a high molecular weight polyisobutylene while the coating agent is very finely divided tricalcium phosphate (TCP). FIG. 2 shows a single particle 10 having a diameter of about 0.1 mm (100 micrometers) as is shown by the scale across the bottom of the Figure. This Figure clearly shows the close packed nature of the TCP particles making up the exterior shell of particle 10. FIG. 3 is a detailed view of the surface of a particle 10 at much higher magnification. As can be seen by reference to the scale at the bottom of this Figure, the individual particles are typically much less than one micrometer in diameter. It may also be appreciated from study of this Figure how effectively shielded from atmospheric contamination is the central polymer core by the multi-layered TCP coating with the nitrogen gas adsorbed on particle surfaces and filling the interstices between particles.
As has been set out previously, the coating agent must be a solid at ambient to moderatly elevated temperature; must be non-reactive toward the polymer; and must have a particle size that is much smaller that in the particle size of the comminuted polymer particles. In experimental tests using a variety of coating agent compositions, it was found that all compositions tested were operative to produce coated polymer particles in accordance with this invention provided that the criteria set out above were met. Coating agents tested included amorphous silicon dioxide, kaolin clay, calcined kaolin clay, graphite, Teflon powder and tricalcium phosphate. Other exemplary coating agents include finely divided bauxite, alumina, calcium carbonate and similar substances; finely divided polymer powders other than Teflon including, for example, polyolefin powders and polyvinylchloride powder; activated carbon, solid organic compounds and the like.
This is not to say, however, that the compositions obtained through use of the different coating agents are all of the same or equal usefulness. The properties of the coating agent used, its wettability by hydrocarbons for example, do affect the results obtained in specific process applications. In particular, proper selection of the coating agent is of considerable importance in those compositions preferred for use in the control of oil spills on water.
A coating agent comprising TCP surrounding a polymer core of a high molecular weight thermoplastic, such as polyisobutylene, poly alpha olefins and the like is preferred for use in this process. Polymer particles having a TCP shell can be briefly exposed to, and even slurried in, water without substantial reduction in their later solubility rate in hydrocarbons. Even after the TCP shell has been externally wet with water, hydrocarbons will rapidly penetrate the shell and dissolve the polymer.
However, in all of those circumstances in which particles of the polymer are likely to contact water as well as hydrocarbon, as is the case with most oil spills, it is preferred that a specially treated TCP-polymer composition be used. The TCP-coated polymer particles, as previously described, have a specific gravity greater than that of water. Consequently, when a particle having a mass sufficient to overcome the surface tension of water falls on water, it immediately sinks and is lost to the process. The smaller particles, which do not immediately sink, tend to progressively agglomerate to form patches or films on the water. These pathces, of course, are much more slowly dissolved in oil than are discrete particles of the polymer composition thus adversely affecting the process. Further, the natural particle size distribution obtained through the comminuting and coating process, typically includes a finer fraction which tends to drift with the wind when the powder is spread over an oil slick.
These disadvantages are obviated by subjecting the particulate polymer compositions, described previously, to a treatment step in which the finer particles are agglomerated to form larger and more uniformly sized particulates. Those larger agglomerates are then rendered hydrophobic by incorporating a water repelling agent on the surface thereof.
Agglomeration is conveniently accomplished by tumbling the polymer composition particles, as in a V-type blender, while adding to the particles a small amount of a wetting agent such as water. The size of the resulting agglomerates is primarily dependent upon the amount of added water. A product particle size on the order of about 40 mesh works well in most applications and that product size typically requires the addition of about 0.5 to about 5% water. After the agglomerates are formed, the agglomerate surfaces are made hydrophobic by coating the surfaces with a water repelling agent such as, for example, an alkaline earth metal salt of a fatty acid, a silicone, or other known water repellents. Of those wetting agents useful in the invention, calcium stearate is presently preferred because of its effectiveness, its known safety and its relative economy.
When using calcium stearate as the water repelling agent, it may be added in fine powder form to the agglomerates within the blender or other agglomerating device and dispersed on the surfaces of the agglomerated particles by further rotation of the blender. It is not generally necessary to interpose a drying step between the agglomeration and the application of the water-repelling agent but such a drying step can be advantageous if a relatively large amount, more than 2 to 3%, of water is used in the agglomeration. The amount of calcium stearate needed to provide water repellency depends to some extent upon the size of the agglomerate particles and typically ranges from about 0.5 to 5%. In mose cases, little improvement in water repellency is seen upon increasing the calcium stearate loading beyond about 2%. The calcium stearate treated agglomerate particles readily float upon water. It is believed that this ready floatation is due to both surface tension effects and to a decrease in the bulk specific gravity of the agglomerates as compared to the individual coated particles making up the agglomerates.
As has been previously set out, the process embodiment of this invention resides in the imparting of viscoelastic properties to a hydrocarbon or analogous liquid and thereafter physically or mechanically recovering the hydrocarbon liquid in a manner which imparts stretching forces to the liquid. The viscoelasticity imparted to the hydrocarbon liquid as a high molecular weight polymer dissolves therein causes the liquid to act as a stretchable rubber-like sheet. The apparent strength, or tenacity, exhibited by the viscoelastic liquid increases as the rate of stretching increases to the point where the liquid layer or film thins out and finally breaks. Moreover, modest polymer concentrations, less than 0.25%, render many hydrocarbons sufficiently viscoelastic as to allow the pulling of a hydrocarbon film from a water surface by means of a vacuum nozzle held as high as three to six inches above the water surface.
It is important to the understanding of this invention to distinguish between viscoelasticity and, what is termed here, the apparent viscosity of the hydrocarbon or other solvent liquid. A solvent liquid, such as oil, having a high molecular weight polymer dissolved therein is a decidedly non-Newtonian fluid. Hence the common viscosity relationships, which assume a Newtonian fluid, do not apply. Referring now to FIG. 4, there is shown a stylized plot illustrating the general relationships among viscoelasticity, effective viscosity and polymer concentration. Polymer concentration is plotted as the abscissa while both viscoelasticity and effective viscosity are plotted in arbitrary units as the ordinate.
The curve obtained for viscoelasticity in this plot is shown at 41 while that for effective viscosity is shown at 42. As is shown in the figure, viscoelasticity increases rapidly with the concentration of polymer dissolved in the liquid finally becoming asymptomatic to some ultimate value. Effective viscosity, on the other hand, tends to increase far more slowly with polymer concentration and then increases sharply as gel formation and solidification of the liquid becomes dominant. No mathematically precise definitions of either viscoelasticity or effective viscosity can be offered. It is important to the successful practice of this invention that sufficient polymer be dissolved in the liquid so as to impart viscoelasticity thereto but also that the amount of dissolved polymer be less than that which causes a substantial increase in effective viscosity. An appropriate operating range lies between lines A and B of FIG. 4. No specific values can be placed on the concentrations represented by A and B as those values depend upon polymer molecular weight, solubility relationships between liquid and polymer, and the like. Generally speaking, A will be more than 50 ppm and B will be less than 2.5%.
For the purpose of this disclosure, viscoelasticity is defined as the strength or tenacity exhibited by a thin layer of liquid during rapid stretching. Effective viscosity is defined as the flow behavior of a liquid under slight stress but essentially at rest. A qualitative measure of the effective viscosity of a liquid, oil for example, may be obtained by observing the rate at which an unconfined drop of oil spreads across a water surface.
The presence of viscoelasticity in a liquid is readily observable merely by dipping thumb and forefinger into the liquid, bring one into contact with the other, and separating the two. If filaments of liquid form joining the thumb and finger during the separation, the liquid is viscoelastic. There is also a semi-quantitative measure of viscoelasticity using a device known as the ductless siphon. The ductless siphon phenomenon is the rise of an unsupported liquid column from a liquid surface into the opening of a capillary suspended above the liquid surface and providing suction to draw the column upward. The maximum obtainable height of the unsupported liquid column, which can be as great as 20 to 25 cm, is a general measure of the viscoelasticity of the liquid.
An explanation of the siphon effect lies with fluid elasticity with elongational viscosity probably being the controlling parameter in view of the stretching motions of the liquid flow. Thus, the flow continues between the liquid surface and the capillary tip because elongational strain rates in the rising column are high enough to generate sufficient tensile stress to support the column weight. As the distance between the capillary tip and the liquid surface increases, the weight of the liquid column increases and slows the flow. Eventually, a level is reached at which the strain rate is reduced to the point where rheological stresses can no longer support the column and it breaks.
The elongational viscosity of the liquid solution, and hence its viscoelasticity, increases rapidly at an exponential rate with increasing polymer molecular weight. Consequently, the higher the molecular weight of the polymer used, the lower is the concentration of polymer required to produce useful viscoelastic effects in the solution. It is not generally advisable to use a polymer having a molecular weight below about 1 million as such relatively low molecular weight polymers require inappropriately high concentrations to obtain the full advantages of the process. Further, low molecular weight polymers tend to cause the effective viscosity of the solution to rise much more rapidly, relative to viscoelasticity, than do higher molecular weight polymers. In most circumstances, it is preferred that the molecular weight of the polymer used in the process be in excess of about 2.5 million. There appears to be no upper limit on the molecular weight of soluble polymers useful in this process.
In one embodiment, this invention makes use of a phenomenon similar to that of the ductless siphon to remove an oil slick from water. This is depicted in FIG. 5 wherein a vacuum nozzle 51 is positioned above the surface of an oil film 52 floating on a body of water. The nozzle 51 is connected to a source of vacuum (not shown) in a manner well known in the art. Oil film 52 is made viscoelastic by dissolving therein a polymer such as polyisobutylene prepared either in a stable particulate form as described earlier, and preferably as hydrophobic agglomerates, or as a liquid concentrate which will be described later.
The tip of nozzle 51 may be somewhat constricted as by means of inturning lobes 53 paired with axial slots 54. The suction action of the nozzle pulls sheets and strands 55 of oil from the surface. This suction action causes a rapid and pronounced stretching of the oil film in the area adjacent the nozzle tip. The boundary 56 of the thinned and rapidly stretching oil film is often clearly defined as is shown in the drawing. More oil from the main oil film or slick is drawn into the nozzle area to replenish that removed leaving a clear water surface 57 devoid of oil. Under typical conditions, the viscoelasticity developed in the oil by the dissolved polymer allows an unbroken oil sheet to be drawn from a distance considerably in excess of 10 meters from the nozzle. By maintaining the nozzle tip above the liquid surface, suitably some 2 to 10 cm above the surface, the oil drawn into nozzle 51 is essentially free from water.
It is common practice today to remove spilled hydrocarbons from the surface of water using a variety of mechanical skimmers including those which use weirs, disks, a drum or a belt, as well as vacuum nozzles, to contact to oil and remove it from the water surface. Performance of the various types of skimmers is closely related to the properties of the oil, particularly the viscosity of the oil. Each of these skimmers has the ability to rapidly clean the oil from the area immediately around it. After that time, the performance of a skimmer is determined not by its own capability to pick up oil but by the rate at which new oil flows across the water surface to the skimmer and by the rate at which the skimmer can be moved to new patches of oil.
All of the skimmers, whether they be a vacuum apparatus, a weir, a disk, drum or belt type, are limited in the rate at which they can be operated. For example, with a disk skimmer, the more rapidly the disks are rotated the greater the rate of pick-up until, at a certain point, unacceptable amounts of water are collected. Also, the rate of replenishment of oil on the water surface adjacent the disk limits the rate of oil pick-up. As can be appreciated, the viscosity of the spilled oil plays a major role in defining the maximum pick-up rate as viscosity affects both the oil loading on the disk (or other moving surface) as well as the flow rate of oil across the water surface.
Viscoelasticity imparted to the oil by the polymer dissolved therein improves in dramatic fashion the performance of conventional oil skimmers. As the oil layer is pulled from the water surface by the skimmer, the viscoelasticity imparted to the oil by the dissolved polymer causes the oil layer to act as a stretchable rubber-like sheet. A disk or drum skimmer can then be operated at a higher rotational velocity without collecting large amounts of water. Because of the viscoelasticity, oil is replenished at the skimmer site much more rapidly than is the case with untreated oil. Further, the oil as it is being depleted from the water surface does not break up into patches but rather is pulled in to the skimmer. All of these effects combine to enhance the recover efficiency of a conventional skimmer by a factor as great as 3 to 6.
The concentration of polymer required to produce an adequate degree of viscoelasticity in a spilled oil depends in large part upon the molecular weight of the polymer and upon the viscosity of the oil. Generally speaking, the higher the polymer molecular weight and the higher the oil viscosity, the lower is the polymer concentration required to provide sufficient viscoelasticity to substantially improve skimmer performance. About 50 ppm by weight of polymer in crude oil represents about the lowest practical concentration to obtain significant improvement in skimmer efficiency. Little improvement is gained by providing polymer concentrations in excess of 1.0%, or 10,000 ppm, and in most instances appropriate concentrations of polymer in the oil will range from about 100 to 1000 ppm.
As was noted previously, it is sometimes advantageous to prepare a relatively concentrated, typically about 2% to about 8% depending upon the polymer molecular weight, first polymer solution and to apply droplets of that first solution to the surface of an oil slick or similar treatment site. The relatively concentrated first solution then dissolves in the larger liquid mass to render it viscoelastic thus achieving the same results as does the solid polymer compositions.
It has been found that a judicious selection of the solvent used to prepare the first polymer solution can offer substantial operating advantage to the obtaining of a dilute viscoelastic solution of polymer in oil or other hydrocarbon. Specifically, it has been found that the apparent viscosity of a polymer solution has an inverse relationship to the solubility of the polymer in the solvent liquid. Further, it has been found that the rate at which the first, relatively concentrated, polymer solution dissolves in a second liquid, such as oil or the like, bears a direct relationship to the relative solubility of the polymer in the second liquid as compared to its solubility in the solvent of the first solution. Consequently use of a poor polymer solvent, relative to the solubility of the polymer in the second liquid, to prepare the first polymer solution results in a less viscous first solution with attendant advantages in its application to and distribution over the surface of the second liquid. Additionally, those solubility differences substantially speeds the migration of polymer particles from the first solution into the second liquid.
In practical application of those observed principles, a high molecular weight polymer such as polyisobutylene is dissolved first in a relatively poor solvent, as for example an aromatic hydrocarbon such as xylene, to form a relatively concentrated first polymer solution. Dissolution of the polymer in the solvent is best accomplished through use of the cryogenic process described in the Weitzen U.S. Pat. No. 4,340,076. The observed, or effective, viscosity of that first solution is substantially less than is that of an equally concentrated polyisobutylene solution in a good solvent such as n-heptane. The less viscous solution is, of course, easier to disperse and apply to the surface of a second liquid than is the more viscous solution. Many crude oils and refined petroleum fractions are far better solvents for polyisobutylene than is xylene or other aromatic hydrocarbons. Consequently, when the first polymer solution is applied to such a crude oil or refined fraction, the polymer molecules rapidly migrate from the first solution to the second liquid with attendant development of viscoelastic properties in the second liquid.
The relatively concentrated first polymer solution may be applied to the surface of an oil slick or similar site in droplet form using spray booms and similar devices. Solid, particulate polymer compositions may be distributed across the surface of an oil spill using any conventional device ordinarily used for the spreading of particulate solids such as seeders, fertilizer spreaders, blowers and the like. A polymer composition comprising a very high molecular weight (above 5 million,) polyisobutylene having a multi-layered shell of TCP particles which have been rendered hydrophobic by dusting with a water repelling agent is most preferred for use in this application.
Various embodiments of the invention are more specifically described with reference to the following examples which are provided to further illustrate but not to limit the invention.
A quantity of high molecular weight polyisobutylene, designated as Oppanol B246 by the supplier, BASF, was obtained. The polymer was in the form of generally cubic chunks about 1 cm of a side and had been mixed with about 10% by weight of powdered tricalcium phosphate to keep the polymer chunks from sticking together.
The polyisobutylene chunks were fed, together with sufficient additional tricalcium phosphate (TCP) to form a 50--50 by weight mixture of the two components, into a cryo-chiller cooled with liquid nitrogen. The cryo-chiller discharged into a hammer mill, which was cooled with additional liquid nitrogen and equipped with an 0.062 inch, round-holed screen. The comminuted mixture of polyisobutylene and TCP was collected cold and maintained under a protective atmosphere of nitrogen. This mixture was then re-ground using the same hammer mill but equipped with a 0.013 inch herringbone screen. Again the reground mixture was collected cold and maintained under nitrogen.
The TCP used was obtained from the Stauffer Chemical Company, was anhydrous having the chemical formula 3Ca3 (PO4)2. Ca(OH)2, had a bulk density of approximately 20 lb/ft3, and had a median particle size of less than about 1 micrometer as observed by electron microscopy.
A sample of the ground mixture, which was at a temperature approximating the boiling point of liquid nitrogen, was removed and examined visually under a microscope. The relatively large polyisobutylene particles were irregular and angular in appearance having sharp edges and verticles. Particles of TCP flowed freely around and among the polymer particles. This sample was allowed to warm to room temperature over a two-hour period and was again examined visually. The polyisobutylene particles had become much more rounded and softened in shape with a disappearance of the sharp edges and angularity previously observed.
The bulk of the ground mixture, weighing about 300 kg and comprising about equal weight fractions of TCP and polyisobutylene, was then transferred while cold and under a nitrogen atmosphere into a large, uninsulated, V-blender. The blender was rotated for about 20 minutes while the contents warmed by means of heat transfer through the blender shell. At the end of that time, the blender contents had warmed to near ambient and were free flowing, homogeneous and granular in appearance. No free polymer or TCP particles could be seen by visual inspection. The blender contents were then packaged in plastic bags.
Samples of the composition were examined by electron microscopy. FIGS. 2 and 3 are exemplary photomicrographs obtained.
A small quantity of the composition of Example 1 was added to a beaker containing diesel fuel. Particles of the composition were readily wet by the diesel fuel. The polymer core of the particles dissolved so rapidly that viscoelastic properties were imparted to the liquid within about 20 seconds as evidenced by the formation of strands when a stirring rod was removed from the liquid.
Other particles of the composition were placed on a microscope slide and arranged for viewing. Several drops of isooctane were placed on one end of the slide. As the isooctane contacted particles of the composition, the particles were seen to swell rapidly with the granular TCP coating cracking and falling apart as the polymer dissolved in the isooctane.
Particles of the composition were placed on another microscope slide and arranged for viewing. Several drops of water were placed on one end of the slide in the same manner as was the isooctane. So far as could be visually observed, water had no effect on the particles of the composition.
A sample of polyisobutylene particles coated with TCP prepared in the manner of Example 1 and weighing 1.5 g was placed in 250 ml of water in a stirred beaker. After a period of agitation, the slurry was allowed to settle for about one-half hour at which time essentially all of the particulate composition had settled to the bottom leaving a relatively clear supernatant liquid. The supernatant was decanted off and a fresh 250 ml portion of water was added. This stirring, settling and decantantation procedure was repeated for a total of four times on the same sample in order to determine the stability of the TCP coating toward water.
The settled slurry was filtered through qualitative filter paper and the filter cake was allowed to air dry for about 30 minutes. It was then visually inspected using a stereo microscope. The particles were free flowing and non-agglomerating and all of the particles appeared to have an intact coating of TCP. As was noted previously, the particles settled in water indicating a specific gravity greater than 1.0. Polyisobutylene has a specific gravity less than 1.0 and the TCP used in making the composition had a bulk density of about 20 lb/ft3 ; about one-third the density of water. This particular lot of TCP-coated polyisobutylene contained about 52% polyisobutylene and 48% TCP by weight. It is evident from these considerations that the shell of TCP particles surrounding each core particle of polyisobutylene is very closely and tightly packed.
The dissolving rate in cyclohexane of particles of the filter cake was visually compared on a microscope slide with the dissolving rate of unwet particles of the same composition. No differences in dissolving rate were observed. It was concluded that extensive water contact with the TCP coating does not adversely affect the rate at which the composition particles will later dissolve in an organic liquid.
A quantity of the Example 1 polymer composition was applied to a thin oil slick floating in open harbor water using a commercial blower-type, grass seeding device. The force of the air blast when directed downwardly toward the water surface caused the oil slick to part leaving patches of open water. Particles of the polymer composition which struck the water either sank or formed raft-like agglomerates. These agglomerates were slow to dissolve when the oil film again reached their edges and were non-coherent interrupting the viscoelastic properties of the larger oil mass. Smaller particles of the composition drifted with the wind beyond the bounds of the oil slick.
A quantity of the Example 1 polymer composition was placed into a V-type blender having a separately rotating intensifier bar therein. As the blender rotated, water was slowly introduced through ports in the intensifier bar until a total amounting to about 3% by weight of the polymer composition had been added. The blender was then stopped and the contents examined. Inspection revealed that substantially uniform agglomerates of approximately 40 mesh had been formed. Essentially no fines were present.
A quantity of finely powdered calcium stearate, amounting to about 3% by weight of the polymer composition, was then added to the agglomerates within the blender. The blender was then rotated for a few minutes and the contents were again examined. It was found that the calcium stearate had been dispersed as a coating over the surfaces of the agglomerated particles. Again, no fines were observed. Screening analysis showed a major fraction of the agglomerates to be about 40 mesh.
A portion of the calcium stearate-treated composition of Example 5 was blown onto the surface of water held in a large glass container. All of the agglomerate particles floated on the water surface. There was no inter-particle agglomeration on the water surface as occurred in Example 4.
Thereafter, a quantity of fuel oil was poured onto the water surface and allowed to spread over the surface. Immediate dissolution of the agglomerates in the oil was observed with attendant development of viscoelastic properties as shown by strand formation when an object was dipped into the oil and thereafter removed.
Some of the polymer compositions described in the foregoing examples were tested to determine their efficiency in various oil spill clean up processes. A laboratory model disk skimmer was constructed and consisted of a single disk with its axis oriented horizontally at a level above the surface of water within a test container. Means were provided at an upper portion of the disk to wipe and remove collected oil from the disk. The rotational speed of the disk was controllable over a wide range.
Tests were run using diesel fuel and a medium weight oil as the spilled hydrocarbons. In each case, a base performance level of the skimmer using the neat hydrocarbon was determined over the range of usable disk rotational speeds. Thereafter, a series of tests were run of each hydrcarbon at different polymer concentrations and skimmer speeds. It was found that the addition of sufficient quantities of the polymer compositions of this invention to impart viscoelastic properties to the spilled hydrocarbon in all cases significantly enhanced skimmer performance. A recovery enhancement factor was arbitrarily defined to be that ratio of the time required to pick up a unit volume of neat hydrocarbon divided by the time required to pick up a unit volume of hydrocarbon treated with the polymer compositions of this invention. Recover enhancement factors of 2 to 3 were routinely achieved.
It was observed that substantial viscoelasticity was imparted to the medium weight oil at dissolved polymer concentrations as low as 50 to 100 ppm. In addition to increasing the hydrocarbon loading on the disk, the viscoelasticity tended to prevent depletion of the oil on the water surface adjacent the disk. Oil was continually drawn to the rotating disk from distant area of the water surface. Further, the oil did not break up into patches or clumps as is commonplace with the untreated, or neat, oil.
Confirmatory tests were performed using several different types of full-size, commercial skimmers on a test pond. The performance of the skimmers operating on spilled hydrocarbons having a sufficient amount of the polymer composition of this invention dissolved therein to render the spilled hydrocarbons viscoelastic exceeded the expectations gained from laboratory experimentation.
The test procedure of Example 7 was repeated except that the polymer was applied to the oil floating on the water surface in the form of droplets of polyisobutylene dissolved in xylene. Substantially the same results were observed as those of Example 7.
The above examples have been set out to illustrate a number of specific embodiments of this invention. The data and observations presented therein are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the inventive compositions nor their uses.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jun 11, 1965
|Dec 19, 1967
|Ajem Lab Inc
|Oil skimming device
|Sep 27, 1967
|Feb 11, 1969
|Exxon Research Engineering Co
|Liquid skimming device
|Dec 11, 1969
|Jan 4, 1972
|Coaden Oil & Chemical Co
|Polymer pigmentation
|Oct 9, 1970
|Jan 25, 1972
|Reynolds Int Inc
|Method of and apparatus for skimming flotsam from the surface of a body of water
|Jun 14, 1971
|Oct 30, 1973
|E Baer
|Process of separation of emulsified or dispersed matter from water
|Sep 5, 1972
|Aug 20, 1974
|Exxon Production Research Co
|Motion decoupled skimmer for removing oil from the surface of calm or disturbed water
|Nov 23, 1976
|Jan 3, 1978
|Hitachi, Ltd.
|Oil-recovering material and process for preparing and using the same
|Feb 2, 1978
|Jun 3, 1980
|Mitsubishi Rayon Company, Limited
|Method of producing of treating material for oil-containing waste water
|Jan 31, 1980
|Jul 20, 1982
|General Technology Applications, Inc.
|Dissolving polymers in compatible liquids and uses thereof
|Feb 28, 1977
|Aug 17, 1982
|Black Copy Company, Inc.
|Dual purpose magnetic toner
|Jan 22, 1982
|Dec 13, 1983
|General Technology Applications, Inc.
|Hydrocarbon products damage control systems
|Mar 17, 1982
|Dec 13, 1983
|The British Petroleum Company P.L.C.
|Method of treating water-in-oil dispersions
|May 12, 1981
|Feb 21, 1984
|Conoco Inc.
|Polymerization process for drag reducing substances
|Jul 20, 1983
|Oct 29, 1985
|Rhone-Poulenc Specialites Chimiques
|Free-flowing flakes of hydrophilic/water-soluble polymer gel
|Dec 8, 1983
|Dec 24, 1985
|Exxon Research And Engineering Co.
|Chemical dispersant for viscous oils
|May 28, 1985
|Apr 22, 1986
|Conoco Inc.
|Preparation of cold flow resistant polymer powders
|Jan 31, 1985
|Nov 11, 1986
|Exxon Research & Engineering Co.
|Method for making free flowing coated rubber pellets
|Aug 12, 1985
|Dec 2, 1986
|Rhone-Poulenc Specialities Chimiques
|Free-flowing flakes of hydrophilic/water-soluble polymer gel
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Apr 24, 1992
|Jun 1, 1993
|Popino James P
|Oil removal from animals, fish and birds using viscoelasticity
|Aug 27, 1992
|Dec 7, 1993
|Fuisz Technologies Ltd.
|Oil removing method
|Oct 14, 1992
|Apr 4, 1995
|Canon Kabushiki Kaisha
|Optical apparatus
|Apr 21, 1994
|May 14, 1996
|Relastomer S/A
|Method for obtaining an elastomer product with high petroleum and its by-products absorption power
|May 6, 1996
|Dec 15, 1998
|Shell Oil Company
|Prevention of shearing of hydrocarbon droplets to aerosol sizes
|Nov 17, 1999
|Feb 12, 2002
|Separation Process Technology, Inc.
|Centrifugal pressurized separators and methods of controlling same
|Apr 18, 2002
|Jul 29, 2003
|Southwest Research Institute
|Selection of materials to test for and/or remove drag reducer additive in liquid hydrocarbon fuels
|Jan 25, 2002
|Aug 19, 2003
|Econova Inc.
|Methods for centrifugally separating mixed components of a fluid stream under a pressure differential
|Jan 25, 2002
|Apr 13, 2004
|Econova, Inc.
|Methods for centrifugally separating mixed components of a fluid stream
|Jan 15, 2002
|May 4, 2004
|Energy & Environmental International, L.C.
|Methods for forming amorphous ultra-high molecular weight polyolefins for use as drag reducing agents
|Jan 16, 2001
|May 4, 2004
|Energy & Environmental International, L.C.
|Methods for forming amorphous ultra-high molecular weight polyolefins and drag reducing compositions comprising amorphous ultra-high molecular weight polyolefins
|Sep 25, 2001
|Nov 9, 2004
|Energy & Environmental International, L.C.
|Alpha olefin monomer partitioning agents for drag reducing agents and methods of forming drag reducing agents using alpha olefin monomer partitioning agents
|Jun 8, 2001
|Mar 14, 2006
|Eaton Gerald B
|Drag reducing agent slurries having alfol alcohols and processes for forming drag reducing agent slurries having alfol alcohols
|Jun 3, 2003
|Mar 28, 2006
|Southwest Research Institute
|Removal of drag reducer additive from fuel by treatment with selected activated carbons and graphites
|Apr 9, 2004
|Jun 13, 2006
|Econova, Inc.
|Centrifugal separators
|Mar 8, 2004
|Aug 28, 2007
|Southwest Research Institute
|Removal of drag reducer additive from liquid hydrocarbon fuel using attapulgus clay
|Mar 8, 2004
|Sep 4, 2007
|Southwest Research Institute
|Method for improving the performance of engines powered by liquid hydrocarbon fuel
|May 30, 2006
|Jan 1, 2008
|Econova, Inc.
|Method for separating particulate matter from a fluid stream
|Mar 8, 2004
|Apr 29, 2008
|Southwest Research Institute
|Methods for increased removal of drag reducer additives from liquid hydrocarbon fuel
|Jun 8, 2001
|Dec 26, 2002
|Eaton Gerald B.
|Drag reducing agent slurries having alfol alcohols and processes for forming drag reducing agent slurries having alfol alcohols
|May 24, 2002
|Apr 3, 2003
|Shinichi Nakamura
|Method for generating sterilizing wash water and a portable apparatus thereof
|Apr 9, 2004
|Sep 30, 2004
|Econova, Inc.
|Centrifugal separators
|Mar 8, 2004
|Dec 9, 2004
|Southwest Research Institute
|Method for improving the performance of engines powered by liquid hydrocarbon fuel
|Mar 8, 2004
|Dec 9, 2004
|Southwest Research Institute
|Methods for increased removal of drag reducer additives from liquid hydrocarbon fuel
|Mar 8, 2004
|Sep 8, 2005
|Southwest Research Institute
|Removal of drag reducer additive from liquid hydrocarbon fuel using attapulgus clay
|May 30, 2006
|Sep 28, 2006
|Econova, Inc.
|Method for separating particulate matter from a fluid stream
|Jun 27, 1997
|Jan 7, 1999
|Spezial Polymer Leuna Gmbh
|Composition for adsorbing organic liquid
|Feb 14, 1997
|Aug 20, 1997
|Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V.
|Prevention of shearing of droplets to aerosol sizes
|Apr 18, 2002
|Oct 31, 2002
|Southwest Research Institute
|Selection of materials to test for and/or remove drag reducer additive in liquid hydrocarbon fuels
|Nov 14, 2003
|Jun 3, 2004
|Spezial Polymer Mannheim Gmbh
|Polymer composition
|U.S. Classification
|210/728, 210/925, 428/407, 210/776, 523/201, 210/732
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Oct 15, 1986
Owner name: GENERAL TECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS, INC., 12343 D SUN
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:O MARA, DION P.;HADERMANN, ALBERT F.;TRIPPE, JERRY C.;REEL/FRAME:004617/0702
Effective date: 19861010
|Jan 13, 1992
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Feb 27, 1996
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Jun 24, 1996
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Jun 24, 1996
|Surcharge for late payment
|Feb 8, 2000
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Jun 26, 2000
|Surcharge for late payment
|Jun 26, 2000
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


text:
Welcome to Mobile Add-ons.
Add extra features and styles to make Mobile your own.Close
Security & Privacy
Sort by:
Decentraleyes No Restart
Protects you against tracking through "free", centralized, content delivery. It prevents a lot of requests from reaching networks like Google Hosted Libraries, and serves local files to keep sites from breaking. Complements regular content blockers.
NoScript Security Suite
The best security you can get in a web browser!
Allow active content to run only from sites you trust, and protect yourself against XSS and Clickjacking attacks.
FB Phishing Protector No Restart
Protects you from Phishing or Scams (through XSS injection attacks) while you're on Facebook™ - Version 4.2 introduces a Tracking Protection feature as well.
Bluhell Firewall No Restart
Get a faster browsing experience by blocking nasty web resources using Bluhell Firewall, the lightweight Ad-Blocker and Tracking/Privacy Protector.
Silent Block No Restart
Minimum and fast URL blocker.
LastPass Password Manager
LastPass, an award-winning password manager, saves your passwords and gives you secure access from every computer and mobile device.
URLFilter No Restart
Block advertisement and access to adult sites
Server Network IP Resolver : Discover where-on-earth the hosts of the websites are, which you visit. Total timeout for hideous web-servers!
OpenID for Firefox
Easy usage of your OpenID on sites supporting OpenID.
Clicking the urlbar OpenID icon sends your OpenID to the site.
Dragging the urlbar OpenID to an OpenID input field inserts your OpenID there.
Uses Firefox Sync to sync your OpenIDs .
Delete Cookies on Exit No Restart
Deletes all cookies when Firefox Mobile is closed, preventing sites and web trackers from persisting data across browsing sessions and improving user privacy. This add-on is NOT for Firefox Desktop, which have this feature built-in.
Cert Manager
This addon allow you to import a CA certificate (*.pem) and a user certificate with key (pkcs12 *.p12).No deletion/modification for now. Please for file selection install Astro or total commander.
Only for "Firefox 13" : http://goo.gl/fC7G0
RememberPass No Restart
RememberPass is a Firefox/Firefox Mobile Addon to force browser to remember password even website disable it by default. It's done by set autocomplete to "on" where it's off.
Here is: Test Page
Blocksi Mobile
Web filter and Parental Control application. Protects your family from inappropriate content.
Auto Login Asindo
Add-Ons untuk Agen Asindoglobal
Zscaler Safe Shopping
Warns the user when visiting a fake or compromised store.
Cleary No Restart Featured
Creates a subpage for clearing everything, history, passwords, or just site settings for small time durations. Also adds option to clear everything on shutdown (You'll need to add Quit Fennec in order to have a quit button).
Export All Certificates
Adds an option to export all root certificates.
Hash Password Generator
Generates different passwords for each website using a choice of multiple algorithms.
Stealthy Mobile
Does your country/organization block you from facebook, youtube or others? Is the service you want unavailable in your country? Stealthy is the solution for you. Unlike other extensions we do the work of look for fast proxies for you.
Clear Mobile History No Restart Featured
Add a "Clear History" button to the Firefox preferences.
To create your own collections, you must have a Mozilla Add-ons account.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Similar products
Stokerized 20" Target Stabilizer
Regular Price: $114.99
Special Price: $69.99
Customer Reviews
Customer Reviews
Read 2 Customer ReviewsWrite Your Own Review
- Fantastic release for someone struggling with target panic Review by Jake Sada
Value Quality Price
This release is amazing! I've had it since the end of October and I've broke 3 arrows and like 6 nocks since I started shooting with it. It really improved my shooting form and my shot sequence is much more consistent. It helped me and I know it'll help you shoot your best.
(Posted on 2/16/15)
- Great shooting Review by AJH
Value Quality Price
This is an affordable release and it shoots great. I use one for tournaments and hunting and it is a back tension release that can compete with more expensive releases that are currently on the market.
(Posted on 1/5/14)


text:
Click on any of the links below to open a section of the Messiah College Community of Educators Handbook in PDF format. Once the PDF document opens in your browser, you will be able to search the document or copy content from the document. Look for the Adobe Acrobat "search" and "select" icons under the address bar in your browser. They will look like this:
(to search the PDF file for words/phrases)
(to copy selected text in the PDF file and paste it into another document)
Cover Page
Table of Contents
Section 1 - Foundational Educational Principles
Section 2 - Educational Program and Administration
Section 3 - College Governance
Section 4 - Campus Committees
Section 5 - College-Wide Policies for Elections and Committee Appointments
Section 6 - Personnel Policies: Ranked Faculty
Section 7 - Personnel Policies: Librarians
Section 8 - Academic Policies
Section 9 - Cocurricular Policies
Section 10 - Graduate Programs
Section 11 - Reserved


text:
Digestive Disorders Health Center
C. diff Directory
News Archive
Sort by: Date A-Z
- Are Hospitals Doing Enough to Fight C. diff?
- C. diff Epidemic Likely to Get Worse
- C. Diff Epidemic: Gut Bug Gets Deadlier
- C. diff Epidemic: What You Must Know
- C. diff Infections in Hospitals Are Leveling Off
- C. diff on the Rise Outside the Hospital
- C. Diff Vaccine Shows Promise
- C. Diff: New Threat From Old Bug
- Dangerous C. Difficile Germ Infects 500,000 Americans a Year: CDC
- Dog Sniffs Out Deadly C. diff Infection
- FDA Approves New Drug to Treat C. diff
- Fecal Transplant May Treat Stubborn C. diff
- Is a New Crohn's Disease Treatment on the Horizon?
- New Antibiotic Fights C. diff Infections
- New Antibiotic in the Works for Dangerous C. Diff
- New C. diff Drug OK'd by FDA Panel
- New Drug Targets C. diff Infection
- Relapses in C. diff Infections Reduced
Today on WebMD
Get the facts on common problems.
Best and worst foods.
Learn what foods to avoid.
Will it help constipation?
WebMD Allergy App
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text:
In my RSS feed within Mailchimp, the Image tag will not pull in my image from my posts.
Also, the "description" which Mailchimp CAN pull in - uses (which I can see on my feed) <description> is super short, and I want to know how to edit this or make it longer.
Thanks in advance!!


text:
Contact WEB
WEB meets Wednesdays at 6:00pm in the 610 Lobby.
First Meeting or Spring semester - January 13.
New members are always welcome.
WEB Links
The Wentworth Cup
September 30-October 4
Teams of 5 will compete in 5 competitions to win the ultimate prize... the Wentworth Cup!
Steps to winning the Wentworth Cup
1) Gather a team of 5.
2) Select a Team Name
3) Register your team by emailing Ryan Wales
4) Show up ready to compete on September 30th
Schedule of events
Each competition will test you team's skills in a different area.
Artistry - Monday 9/30, EWT Auditorium, 7pm
Academics - Tuesday 10/1, EWT Auditorium, 7pm
Athleticism - Wednesday 10/2, Main Quad, 7pm
Talent - Thursday 10/3, EWT Auditorium, 7pm
Teamwork - Friday 10/4, Main Quad, 7pm
Frequently Asked Questions
What's the prize?
The Wentworth Cup of course, plus $25 gift cards for everyone on your team. And of course there's the bragging rights!
What if we don't have 5? What if I don't have a team?
Sign up with what you've got and we'll help fill your team. You can sign up as a free agent if you don't have a team and we can help you find a team.
Does every member of the team have to attend every event?
No, but you'll have a better chance of winning if they do. Everyone must attend at least one event.


text:
Former Dallas Cowboys All-Pro receiver Drew Pearson will be the guest of honor and featured speaker at the second annual YMCA All-Star Sports Festival on Aug. 13.
The event is scheduled to start at 5 p.m. at the Amarillo Civic Center Coliseum.
Inflatable sports skill booths will offer participants the chance to compete for prizes and raffle entries. The festival will provide a meet and greet with Pearson for VIP ticket holders.
Pearson will be available for pictures and autographs on festival merchandise will all proceeds benefiting YMCA programs.
VIP tickets are $40. General admission tickets are $25 for adults, $10 for students 6-18, and admission is free for children 6 and younger. For VIP tickets, call 374-4651. Tickets may be charged by phone at 378-3096 or firstname.lastname@example.com.
Ex-WT soccer standout ranked fourth in MLS
Former West Texas A&M soccer standout Davy Arnaud is torrid to the tune of six goals and four assists in the Kansas City Wizards' last five matches.
Saturday, Arnaud scored a goal in the 59th minute and assisted on another in the 61st minute of a 2-2 tie with Major League Soccer Western Conference leader Los Angeles. The tie keeps Kansas City (9-4-5) one point behind Los Angeles (9-5-6) in the conference standings.
Arnaud, who played at WT from 1999-2001, has eight goals and five assists on the season, ranking him fourth in the MLS with 21 points. The Wizards are scheduled to play host to the New York Metro Stars Wednesday, and Los Angeles is idle.
A Wizards win would propel them into the conference lead.
Amarillo 9-year-olds win second pool game
WACO - The Amarillo Rockies won their second pool play game in the Super Series Age 9-and-Under National World Series on Monday at River Bend Park.
The Rockies knocked off the Dallas Hurricanes 9-8 as Chad Brown picked up the win and Tyler Casey had a save.
The Rockies totaled 16 hits, including three each by Nathan Dockery, Colton Castleberry and Brandon Hernandez. Casey also had a solo home run.
The Rockies will take on The Woodlands Rattlers today in pool play. Probable starter will be Brendan Day.
Sloan baseball teams to have reunion dinner
Members of the baseball teams that played under coach Bob Sloan at West Texas State from 1968-71 are having a reunion dinner at 6 p.m. Thursday at Big Texan Steakhouse.
Sloan said he has not been able to contact some former players who live in the area. For information, call Sloan at 352-2584.
Also of note
McGriff released by Devil Rays: Fred McGriff was released by the Tampa Bay Devil Rays on Monday, ending his bid to reach 500 career home runs with his hometown team. The 40-year-old first baseman was designated for assignment July 17 after batting .181 with two homers and seven RBIs in 27 games.
Fulmer not attending SEC media days: Tennessee coach Phillip Fulmer will not attend this week's Southeastern Conference media days after learning that attorneys in a lawsuit against the NCAA plan to subpoena him at the event in Alabama. Attorneys representing a former Alabama assistant coach have accused Fulmer of conspiring with the NCAA to bring down the Crimson Tide football program by speaking to an NCAA investigator four years ago.
Texans safety convicted: Houston Texans safety Marcus Coleman was convicted Monday of a misdemeanor drunken driving charge. A jury concluded Coleman was driving while intoxicated when he crashed his car in May. The jury will begin considering his punishment today.
Cowboys in talks with Arlington: The Dallas Cowboys have agreed to work exclusively with the city of Arlington for the next few weeks as the football team continues to seek a location for a new stadium, officials said Monday. The deal gives Arlington officials until Aug. 17 to put a tax referendum on the November ballot that would increase sales and hotel room taxes to help pay for the stadium. It also would split the cost between the city and the Cowboys.
Mavericks send Fortson to Sonics for Booth: The Dallas Mavericks traded Danny Fortson to the Seattle SuperSonics for Calvin Booth, bringing back the 7-footer they once thought might help solve their woes at center.
Kent expects at least fine: Houston Astros second baseman Jeff Kent said Monday that he expects at least a fine for his ejection from Sun- day's game against Milwaukee.
Smarty Jones backs out of Pennsylvania Derby: Smarty Jones has a bruised left front hoof and will not run in the Pennsylvania Derby, missing a chance to race in front of a hometown crowd at Philadelphia Park.
Amarillo Globe-News © 2016. All Rights Reserved. Terms of Service | Privacy Policy / About Our Ads


text:
Denny's Victory!
PETA got a call this week from representatives of Denny's restaurants confirming that the company has ended its partnership with the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus. Denny's smart decision to sever ties with a company that (among other things) beats animals with steel-tipped hooks to make them perform required a little bit of pushing from our end, including protests at Denny's HQ and outside Denny's CEO Nelson Marchioli's speaking engagements, mailings to every Denny's restaurant in the country, personal meetings with restaurant managers, countless calls and emails from our members, a spoof website, and a shareholder resolution calling on the company to end its affiliation with Ringling.
The point I want to really drive home here is that with awesome, creative animal-free circuses like Cirque Du Soleil delighting audiences around the country, there's absolutely no reason why a company looking to do a circus promotion would ever need to get into bed with Ringling Bros. It's outdated, it's unethical, and it's bad for business. And we'll do everything we can to make sure the world knows that.
Denny's joins General Mills, Burger King, Liz Claiborne, MasterCard, Ford Motor Company, and Sears, Roebuck and Co., all of which ended their sponsorships of either Ringling or UniverSoul circuses following negotiations with PETA. Here's what PETA Director Debbie Leahy had to say about the victory:
"We commend Denny's for distancing itself from the cruelty to animals that defines Ringling. Denny's has realized that supporting animal abuse is no way to promote a family-oriented business."
A huge thank you to everyone who took action on this campaign—calling or e-mailing Denny's, participating in protests, or simply encouraging their friends and family to boycott the company until it ended its association with Ringling. This is a big victory for the animals suffering under the Big Top, and it sends an important message to circuses that use animals that their days are numbered. But they already knew that.
And finally, if you have a moment, please click here to ask AAA to follow Denny's lead and sever all ties with Ringling Bros.
Commenting is closed.
This is so good. All animal circuses are horrid and no animal deserves to be forced into doing dangerous tricks for our entertainment and selfish pleasure. It's great to see that someone is making a difference well done peta this is brill!
yea! one step closer to ending animal exploitation and abuse in circuses and beyond…there's more work to do!
Woohoo! Way to go Denny's. Thanks PETA! This is just one step closer to stopping the abuse. Ringling can kiss my butt.
Chasety This is still a victory for animals. Nothing is perfect in this society never will be. Can we PLEASE just be happy about the small victories? The goal was to end the sponsorship that was achieved. Don't be such a Negative Nelly!
Nefarian Get a clue. Denny's was a corporate sponsor of the circus they support encourage people to attend. If all companies would end their affiliation with the circus they could put them out of business! Out of the business of cruelty to animals!
Hallie Denny's is commended for ending its affiliation with the cruel circus thus creating financial difficulties for Ringling Bros. hopefully one day putting them out of business for good. Peta cannot be expected to coerce all restaurants to quit serving meat that is just not possible. Let's celebrate the small victories keep working towards the goal of ending animal cruelty in all its forms.
cool even though i didn't know that Denny's sponsored that circus i don't go to circuses because i am afraid of clowns that Cirque Du Soleil looks cool and there is no animals to abuse maybe Ringling Bros. and Barnum Bailey Circus could do the same
PETA rocks!!!!!!!!!!!!
I thought circuses were innocent now I know it's abusing it feels like we need revenge to let the workers know how much it hurts to be forcing entertainment…. Good work Denny's! Now we have a place that cares!
I feel really sorry for all the animalsthey have to go through all that pain.I WISH I was a vegetarian but my MOM says it has protein. I should and will convince heri would do anything for the environmentPETA my most favorite charityand the animals.
i remember when i was a child going to the circus i thought it was cool i was young and nieve not knowing what really goes on something came over me today the show the animals are not happy there and the trainers who handle the animals should be whipped and mistreated just the same as they do to their animals then put behind bars and wild animals deserve to be left alone and happy I WILL NEVER AGAIN BRING MY SON TO ANOTHER CIRCUS AGAIN!
Very good Denny's. I'm glad you saw the light!
This is great news. I really needed some. By the way I was so proud to read this list of famous Vegans that goes all the way back to Jesus. These are my hero's… httpwww.happycow.netfamousvegetarians.html
i likee to eat at dennys too
Wow Denny's did a good job. Kudos to them!! Down with all circuses. In my opinon circuses arent cool even if they did treat their animals in a kindly matter!! I will never see a circus in my whole entire life unless they start treating their animals with respect!!!!
Way to go Denny's.
AWESOME!! Great job PETA.
YES! thats what i call a battle those animals deserve long HAPPY lives
Down with the circus!
any ideass where i can get a graph on circus abuse zoo abusee etc… it seems impossible to find z
I just called my husband and told him he could start eating at Denny's again!!
Keep on fighting PETA! As i will be doing the same with you!


text:
There is differing information on ezSQL and WP regarding returns from $wpdb->get_var where no record is found.
ezSql states the return will be FALSE
WP states the return will be NULL
Which is correct?
Also, if no records are found for a $wpdb->get_row, (defaulting to the returnObject) will I get a FALSE or NULL returned (FALSE I am guessing).
Help please people.


text:
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"A wonderfully imaginative, startlingly moving and at times wickedly funny fantasy. With nods to Dahl, Dickens, the Grimms and even Burnett, the author has made something truly original. Acedera's frequent black-and-white illustrations are a perfect complement. An irresistible read: This book sings." (Kirkus Reviews (starred review))
"Classic fairy tale elements weave throughout this spirited, old-fashioned adventure. Invigorating and hopeful, this novel testifies to the power of friendship and generosity to conquer greed and depression." (Publishers Weekly (starred review))
"With her third book, Lauren Oliver (Before I Fall; Delirium) creates another highly original world, this one for middle-grade readers. Oliver introduces orphans Liesl and Will, a touch of magic, some delectable coincidences, and friendship that stretches from the Living Side to the Other Side." (Shelf Awareness)
"A gorgeous story--timeless and magical." (Rebecca Stead, Newbery Medal-winning author of When You Reach Me)
"Liesl & Po by Lauren Oliver brings much-needed magic to an increasingly neglected age group. It's books like this, with its classic quest plot, intertwined with lyrical metaphysics, that can set a child up for life." (The Sunday Telegraph)
"An absolute delight...Although aimed at younger readers, the lightness of touch and the tenderness of the message could make grown men weep." (Daily Mail (London))
Praise for Before I Fall:"Oliver's debut novel is raw, emotional, and, at times, beautiful....readers will love Samantha best as she hurtles toward an end as brave as it is heartbreaking." (Publishers Weekly (starred review))
Praise for Before I Fall:"Samantha's attempts to save her life and right the wrongs she has caused are precisely what will draw readers into this complex story and keep them turning pages until Sam succeeds in living her last day the right way." (Voice of Youth Advocates (VOYA) (Starred Review))
Praise for Before I Fall:"Oliver, in a pitch-perfect teen voice, explores the power we have to affect the people around us in this intensely believable first novel...This is a compelling book with a powerful message and should not be missed." (ALA Booklist)
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Praise for Before I Fall:"Before I Fall is smart, complex, and heartbreakingly beautiful. Lauren Oliver has written an extraordinary debut novel about what it means to liveand die." (Carolyn Mackler, author of Tangled and The Earth, My Butt, and Other Big Round Things, a Printz Honor book)
Praise for Delirium:"In [Oliver's] dystopian America, love has been outlawed as the life-threatening source of all discord. Lena's gradual awakening is set against a convincing backdrop of totalitarian horror. The abrupt ending leaves enough unanswered questions to set breathless readers up for volume two of this trilogy." (Kirkus Reviews (starred review))
Praise for Delirium:"Strong characters, a vivid portrait of the lives of teens in a repressive society, and nagging questions that can be applied to our world today make this book especially compelling and discussable." (School Library Journal (starred review)) --This text refers to an out of print or unavailable edition of this title.
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Lauren Oliver captivated readers with her first novel, the New York Times bestseller Before I Fall, a Publishers Weekly Best Book of the Year. She followed that up with Delirium, the first book in her New York Times bestselling trilogy, which continued with Pandemonium. Oliver is also the author of Liesl & Po, a book for middle-grade readers, which received three starred reviews and was described as "a gorgeous story—timeless and magical" by Newbery Medal winner Rebecca Stead. A graduate of the University of Chicago and NYU's MFA program, Lauren Oliver lives in Brooklyn, New York.--This text refers to an out of print or unavailable edition of this title.
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It has amazing dishes in it. You'll find some very affordable to make, and others stunningly expensive. All are amazing in presentation and taste. Fernand Point was on of the greats, and the vignettes in the book are also VERY entertaining to read. This is an important cookbook for a classic cooking library, and if you follow the careers of today's great chefs, you will find many dishes that are "modernized" versions of these Fernand Point classics.


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Playing with what could finally be an actual logo for myself for once. So far I am liking it, but it could definitely use a little more play.
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Do you have some long car trips coming up for the holidays? Like most people, I will be spending quite a bit of time in my car over the next few weeks as we visit relatives and friends in the area, and I'm already planning ahead for the road trips with three young kiddos.
Here are just a few tips for car trips with kids:
Continue reading "10+ tips for car trips with kids {Monster N-TUNE Color It Loud headphones giveaway}" »


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Danielson's Framework and Modeling
Sunday, October 20, 2013 from 10:00 AM to 1:00 PM (EDT)
Event Details
Workshop Title: Danielson's Framework and Modeling Physics: Energy Unit.
Moderators: J Pravin Kumar, Seth Guiñals-Kupperman
Description: If you are a NYC Regents Physics or Regents Chemistry teacher and feeling a little lost between APPR Plans and Danielson's Rubric, then you are not alone. But why re-work old lessons just to meet a DOE checklist when there is a ready-made solution that speaks to Danielson's Framework and goes above and beyond what the city is asking for.
Join and learn with fellow NYC teachers what thousands of other teachers are already using: A method of science instruction that meets all of Danielson's Domain 2 (classroom environment) and Domain 3 (Instruction) practices. In this workshop you will experience an introduction to Modeling Instruction, a teacher-developed, research-based pedagogy which allows both teachers and students to play a more active role in the classroom. You will see how Modeling Instruction facilitates group work, hands-on and minds-on learning, and allows the teacher to facilitate student learning.
Is there a fee to attend this workshop?
Yes. There is a $10 attendance fee.
Is there a special pricing for TC students for this workshop?
Yes. TC students recieve a 50% discount on PTNYC workshops. To recieve your discount code, please send an email to Zhanna Glazenburg (firstname.lastname@example.com). You will be asked to present a current TC student card at the door on the day of the workshop.
Where can I contact the organizer with any questions?
Is the reservation fee refundable?
No, please be sure you are able to attend the workshop prior to registring for it.
Is my reservation/ticket transferrable?
No, please contact Zhanna Glazenburg (firstname.lastname@example.com) if you need to transfer your reservation to a different person/name.
Can I update my reservation information?
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When & Where
Room 414, Zankel Hall, Teachers College, Columbia University
525 W 120th St
New York,
Sunday, October 20, 2013 from 10:00 AM to 1:00 PM (EDT)
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STEMteachersNYC was originated in summer of 2011 by a group of teachers as a teacher-led physics study group. The founders were all practitioners of Modeling Instruction, developed by university and high school physics teachers over the past 20 years through a collaborative process that continues as one of the primary activities of the American Modeling Teachers Association. STEMteachersNYC is affiliated with the AMTA and conducts 3-week summer modeling workshops as well as monthly 3-hour meetings on weekends during the school year. PTNYC is devoted to excellence in science teaching with a general focus on modeling instruction and similar approaches.
Modeling Instruction. The use of modeling in teaching was pioneered by Robert Karplus in his 1969 textbook, "Introductory Physics: A Modeling Approach. Modeling Instruction was subsequently developed at Arizona State University by David Hestenes, Malcom Wells, and Gregg Swackhamer, as well as by many others across the country. Over 500 teachers have taken teacher-led Modeling Instruction workshops in the summer, and the best way to learn about Modeling Instruction is by taking a summer workshop. If you'd like to read more about it, go to American Modeling Teachers Association or take a look at the Chapter 1 of Introductory Physics by Robert Karplus.


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Well I completed my second official day of training and I shaved 5 minutes off of my time!
I ran a 5K in 35.39! Now granted that is slow, however the other day it took me 40, and I just started running again after a 4 year hiatus...
I am proud of myself, I am working harder than ever!
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text: Kurtis Eugene "Kurt" Warner (born June 22, 1971) is a retired American football player. He played quarterback for three National Football League (NFL) teams: the St. Louis Rams, the New York Giants, and the Arizona Cardinals. He was originally signed by the Green Bay Packers as an undrafted free agent in 1994 after playing college football at Northern Iowa. Warner would go on to be considered one of the best undrafted players of all time, following a 12-year career regarded as one of the greatest stories in NFL history. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Warner


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Autism and Communication Center - Fort Myers, FL
- WebMD Physician Directory of Fort Myers Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrician Doctors
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Fort Myers Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrician Doctors for Autism and Communication
Type of Physician: Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrician
What is a Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrician? A subspecialty certification by the Board of Pediatrics; practitioners have a special interest in the developmental, learning, and behavioral problems of children, and in the support of parents and children during normal development and illness.
Specialty: Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics
Common Name:
Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrician Doctors in Fort Myers * results
Don't see your city? Use the WebMD Physician Directory to expand your search.
Autism Spectrum Disorder (In Children and Adults)
Autism facts
- Autism and related disorders are now referred to as autism spectrum disorders.
- Characteristics of autism include impaired development in social interaction, communication, and behavior. ...
Read the Autism Spectrum Disorder (In Children and Adults) article »
Other Related Autism and Communication Articles
Emergency Contact for Fort Myers
- In case of Emergency, call 911
Nearby Fort Myers Hospitals results
- 1Lee Memorial Health Systems
2776 Cleveland Ave
Fort Myers, Florida 33901
(239) 343-200
- 2Cape Coral Hospital
636 Del Prado Blvd S
Fort Myers, Florida 33990
(239) 424-200
- 3Gulf Coast Medical Center
13681 Doctors Way
Fort Myers, Florida 33912
(239) 343-100
- 4Health Park Medical Center
9981 S Healthpark Dr
Fort Myers, Florida 33908
(239) 343-500
- 5Lehigh Regional Medical Center
1500 Lee Blvd
Fort Myers, Florida 33936
(239) 369-210
- 6Riverside Behavioral Center
733 E Olympia Ave
Fort Myers, Florida 33950
(941) 637-247
- 7Charlotte Regional Medical Ctr
809 E Marion Ave
Fort Myers, Florida 33950
(941) 639-313
- 8NCH North Naples Hospital
11190 Health Park Blvd
Fort Myers, Florida 34110
(239) 552-700
- 9Faucet Memorial Hospital
21298 Olean Blvd
Fort Myers, Florida 33952
(941) 629-118
- 10Peace River Regional Med Ctr
2500 Harbor Blvd
Fort Myers, Florida 33952
(941) 766-412
- 11Physicians Regional Medical Cen
6101 Pine Ridge Rd
Fort Myers, Florida 34119
(239) 348-400
- 12NCH Downtown Naples Hospital
350 7th St N
Fort Myers, Florida 34102
(239) 436-500
* Provider Directory Terms of Use:
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text:
Confirmed: Geoff Johns Is the New President of DC Entertainment
Comic Books, Film, TV
Comic Books, Film, TV
TV, Comic Books
The Buy Pile
The Buy Pile
The Mission
Comics Should be Good
Comics Should be Good
Comics Should be Good
Comics Should be Good
Comics Should be Good
Comics Should be Good
Jul 27, 15:17pm
Jul 27, 14:52pm
Jul 27, 14:45pm
Jul 27, 14:44pm
Jul 27, 14:37pm
Jul 27, 14:30pm
Exeter, UK
Timur Bekmambetov might be making the leap from vampire-slaying presidents to avenging Jewish princes if he can work out a deal with MGM. Deadline reports the studio not only wants to remake the classic, with Timur Bekmambetov (Wanted, Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter) directing.
The 1959 Charlton Heston vehicle was itself a remake of a 1925 silent film based on the 1880 novel called Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ by Lew Wallace. Directed by William Wyler, the 1959 film earned 11 Academy Awards.
MGM snatched up a Ben-Hur script by Keith Clarke (The Way Back) in January. The new script is said to take cues from the novel while also going its own way. It will focus on main characters Judah Ben-Hur and Messala, going back to their younger days as friends up to the iconic chariot race. Additionally, the new script will feature Judah's interactions with Jesus Christ.
MGM and Bekmambetov are still in talks.
Why on earth would the re-make this? Are they looking to lose money – who is the target audience for this???
Why do a remake on such an epic?? Just show the original in theaters. And this "take cues from the novel while also going its own way." what are they now going to be riding speeder bikes instead of chariots?
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text: So basically my question was if I didn't get this during the first level when it's the easiest am I screwed? I was hoping there was a level select or something, but I've yet to find it. Can this be done in something that is similar and easy like Survival or a mini game? I've only gotten to level 3 or stage 3 however you look at it with the pool, and I could pull it off if it wasn't for the damn lilypads. Any advice or help is appreciated ^^


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MSW Program Application
Make sure you complete the Graduate Office Application first. You will need the following from the Graduate Office Application (eApp) for the school's application :
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Please be sure to have all your materials from the MSW Pre-application Checklist (PDF, 33kb) ready before you continue with this application. In the event that you discover you need to retrieve additional info or materials, you will be given the opportunity to save your progress and continue later. In this case, a special link will be emailed to you which allows you to continue the application where you left off.
Please make sure to submit your application far enough in advance of the deadline so that your references will have time to complete their recommendations prior to the due date.
Application Deadline Dates
IUPUI Indianapolis
- Advanced Standing applications are due January 31, 2016.
- Priority Deadline January 31, 2016. Notification of admissions decisions for all applications received by the priority date of January 31, 2016 will be sent out by March 31, 2016. Applications received after the January 31 priority date will be processed until the final deadline.
- The final deadline is May 7, 2016, after which no applications will be processed.
IU Southeast
- The final deadline is July 4, 2016, after which no applications will be processed.
IU Northwest, IU Bloomington, IU South Bend
- Advanced Standing applications are due May 1, 2016.
- For Early Admission Consideration submit applications by January 29, 2016. Notification of admissions decisions for all applications received by January 29, 2016 will be sent out by March 1, 2016. Applications received after January 31 will be considered based on available space.
- The final deadline is July 15, 2016, after which no applications will be processed.
- IUB ONLY: For 2016, applicants to the Bloomington MSW program must submit an application to the graduate school at IUPUI, which can be found at http://graduate.iupui.edu/admissions/apply.shtml.
IU Online (MSW Direct)
- 2017 Spring Semester: Applications are due on September 9th, 2016. Orientation is in December 7th- 9th, 2016
- 2017 Summer Semester: Applications are due on January 13th, 2017. Orientation is in April 26th- 28th, 2017.
Campuses accepting applications for Fall 2016
- IUPUI Indianapolis
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- IU Northwest
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Campuses accepting applications for Spring 2017 and Summer 2017
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