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Integrating optics and electronics into systems such as fiber-optic data links has revolutionized how we transmit information. A second revolution awaits as researchers seek to develop chips in which individual atoms control the movement of light within the chip through optical "wires," and photons could replace electrons as the vehicle for performing computations. Andrei Faraon (BS '04), an assistant professor of applied physics and materials science in the Division of Engineering and Applied Science, presents a preview of this revolution at 8 p.m. on Wednesday, December 17, in Caltech's Beckman Auditorium. Admission is free.
Q: What do you do?
A: My field is nanophotonics, which means that I build ultrasmall devices to control light. Electronic devices use silicon chips to control the flow of electrical charge and to store it. We're trying to do the same thing with light, using single atoms or small ensembles of atoms that act like the transistors in electronic circuits. We're building devices out of complex oxides that are similar to glass, or to quartz, but contain atoms called lanthanides that have very interesting optical properties. Lanthanide atoms can absorb light and then release it on demand at some later time. So we're making a memory device. We want to take a single photon, put it in this device, and then push a button and release that photon back into a larger optical circuit.
These devices look like the world's smallest Toblerone bars, except that each tiny triangle is attached to its neighbors at the tip instead of the base. Each bar is about ten microns long, which is about the diameter of a red blood cell, and we make them using techniques similar to those used to make computer chips. The only difference is that we're not using silicon, but these complex oxides containing lanthanide atoms.
In order to use these devices, we would have them connected to one another by on-chip optical waveguides, or to a larger system by optical fibers. The signal would come in through the fiber, get stored in our Toblerone bar for a while, and then be released back into the fiber at the appropriate time. We dream of someday having billions of components on the same chip, but even one bit of optical memory can be useful.
Q: What would you use a one-bit memory for?
A: It can be used in systems that transmit information with absolute security by what's called quantum communication. You can create an absolutely secure cryptographic key by sending a sequence of single photons, one at a time. Then you use the key to encrypt your data, which you can now send openly over the Internet. The systems that generate these keys over long distances are based on you sending a series of single photons from point A to point C, and a recipient sends another series from point B to point C. At point C you perform an operation on the photons, you combine them in some way, and that is used to establish the key.
However, optical fibers are not 100 percent efficient, especially over long distances. When you transmit photons through hundreds of kilometers of cable, some of them are going to get absorbed by the fiber. This isn't a big problem when each bit of information is encoded in a big pulse of light, but quantum communication depends on being able to interfere two paired single photons with each other. Many times when the photon from point A arrives at point C, you will have to store it until the photon from point B comes in. It might take a few tries before the second photon arrives, and until then the other one just waits for it.
Q: How did you get into this line of work?
A: When I was an undergraduate here, I really liked quantum physics. But I also had a passion for doing things that have some applications, so I went into applied physics for my PhD at Stanford. Transmitting information via cryptographic keys is one of the applications of quantum physics, so I got into this field for my PhD, and continued it during my postdoc at HP Laboratories, and now as a faculty member here.
Q: Bonus question: What's it like coming back as a professor after having been here as a student?
A: It feels great. Coming back to Caltech is a privilege. As a faculty member you have the satisfaction of working with all these extremely smart kids. And my wife [Assistant Professor of Biology Viviana Gradinaru (BS '05)] and I go to many undergraduate events where we connect with the students, so it feels good.
Named for the late Caltech professor Earnest C. Watson, who founded the series in 1922, the Watson Lectures present Caltech and JPL researchers describing their work to the public. Many past Watson Lectures are available online at Caltech's iTunes U site.
Quantum computers, looked to as the next generation of computing technology, are expected to one day vastly outperform conventional computers. Using the laws of quantum mechanics—the physics that governs the behavior of matter and light at the atomic and subatomic scales—these computers will allow us to move and analyze enormous amounts of information with unprecedented speed. Although engineers have yet to actually build such a machine, Assistant Professor of Computing and Mathematical Sciences Thomas Vidick is figuring out how some of the principles of quantum computing can be applied right now, using today's technology.
Originally from Belgium, Vidick received his BS from École Normale Supérieure in Paris in 2007 and his master's degree from Université Paris Diderot, also in 2007. He earned his doctorate from UC Berkeley in 2011. Vidick joined the Division of Engineering and Applied Science at Caltech in June from MIT, where he was a postdoctoral associate.
This fall, he spoke with us about quantum methods for encrypting information, what he's looking forward to at Caltech, and his ongoing search for the best croissants in Los Angeles.
What are your research interests?
My area is quantum computing, so it's the computer science of quantum physics. Classical computers—like the computer on my desk—work based on the laws of classical mechanics. They just manipulate bits and do various operations. However, in the 1970s people started to wonder what kinds of computational processes could be realized using quantum-mechanical systems. They ended up discovering algorithms that in some cases can be more efficient, or that can implement certain tasks that were not possible with classical computers.
In my research, I look at two things. One, what are the kinds of procedures that you can implement more efficiently using quantum computers? And, two, what kinds of cryptographic systems—ways to encrypt information securely—can you come up with using quantum systems that could be more secure than classical systems? It's all about this exploration of what quantum systems allow us to do that classical systems didn't or wouldn't.
Quantum computers haven't been invented yet, so how do you do this work?
That's a good question, and there are several different answers. Some of my research is very theoretical, and it's just about saying, "If we had a quantum computer, what could we do with it?" We don't have a quantum computer yet because it's very hard to manipulate and control quantum systems on a large scale. But that is just an engineering problem, so what people say is that yes it's very hard, but in 10 years, we'll get to it. And the theory is also very hard, so we might as well get started right now.
That's one answer. But the better answer is that a lot of what I do and a lot of what I'm interested in doesn't require or depend on whether we can actually build a quantum computer or not. For instance, the cryptographic aspects of quantum computing are already being implemented. There are start-ups that already sell quantum cryptographic systems on the Internet because these systems only require the manipulation of very-small-scale quantum systems.
We can also do some computations about properties of quantum-mechanical systems on a classical computer. One branch of my research has to do with how you can come up with classical algorithms for computing the properties of systems that are described by the laws of quantum mechanics. The most natural way to understand the systems would be to have a quantum computer and then use the quantum computer to simulate the evolution of the quantum-mechanical system. Since we don't have a quantum computer, we have to develop these algorithms using a classical computer and our understanding of the quantum-mechanical system.
Can you give a real-world example of how this work might affect the ways in which an average person uses a computer in the future?
One of the most basic ways that quantum cryptographic tasks are used is to come up with a secret key or passcode to encrypt communication. For instance, the two of us, we trust one another, but we're far away from each other. We want to come up with a secret key—just some sort of passcode that we're going to use to encrypt our communication later. I could dream up the passcode and then tell it to you over the phone, but if someone listens to the line, it's not secure. There might constantly be someone listening in on the line, so there is no passcode procedure to exchange secret keys between us, unless we meet up in person.
However, it is known that if we are able to send quantum messages, then actually we could do it. How this works is that, instead of sending you a passcode of my choice, I would send you a bunch of photons, which are quantum particles, prepared in a completely random state. There is then a whole quantum protocol in which you need to measure the photons, but the main point is that at the end, we'll each be able to extract the exact same passcode: me from the way the photons were prepared, and you from the measurement results. The code will be random, but we'll both know it.
And because of the laws of quantum mechanics, if anyone has been listening on the line—intercepting the photons—we'll be able to tell. The reason for this is that any disturbance of the photon's quantum-mechanical states can be detected from the correlations between the outcomes of the measurements and the initial state of the photons. This is called an "entropy-disturbance tradeoff"—if the eavesdropper perturbs the photons then the outcome distribution you observe is affected in a way that can be checked. This is a uniquely quantum phenomenon, and
it allows distant parties to establish a secret key or a passcode between them in a perfectly secure way.
How does your work address this?
This system of sending quantum messages was discovered in the '80s, and, as I said before, people are already implementing it. But there is one big drawback to quantum cryptography, and that's that you need quantum equipment to do it—and this quantum equipment tends to be really clunky. It's very hard to come up with a machine that sends photons one by one, and since single photons can be easily lost, it's also hard to make accurate measurements. Also, you need a machine that can generate single photons and a machine that can detect single photons for the message to be secure.
In practice, we don't have such machines. We have these huge clunky machines that can sort of do it, but they're never perfect. My work tries to bypass the need for these machines, with cryptographic protocols and proofs of security that are secure even if you can't make or see the quantum part of the protocol. To do this, we model the quantum equipment just as a black box. So my work has been to try to get these strong proofs of security into a model where we only really trust the interactions we can see in the classical world. It's a proof of security that holds independently of whether the quantum part of the device works in the way that we think it does.
How did you get into this field?
I was doing math originally. I was doing number theory as an undergrad and I liked it a lot. But then I did an internship, and I realized that I couldn't tell anyone why I was asking the questions I was asking. So I thought, "I need a break from this. Whatever I do for my life, I need to know why I'm doing it." The best alternative I could think of was computer science, because it seemed more concrete. And this was when I learned that quantum computing existed—I didn't know before. I think what's most interesting about it is that you're talking about the world—because the world is quantum mechanical. Physics describes the world.
That's what I really like, because from my point of view everything I do is still very theoretical work and I like doing theoretical work. I like the beauty of it. I like the abstractness of it. I like that you have well-posed problems and you can give well-defined answers. But I also like the fact that in the end you are talking about or trying to talk about real-world physics. So every time I think "Why am I doing this?" or "What should I do?" I try to think of how I can connect it to a real, concrete question.
How did you get interested in math and computer science when you were a kid?
My dad was a chemist but he worked as an engineer, and he would come home from work and would bring home different experiments with liquid nitrogen or whatever.
I guess he gave me sort of a scientific mind, but then why did I do math problems? Probably like most people good at math, I was just good at it for some reason and it was just easy. Math is so beautiful when you understand it. Throughout middle school and high school, I just enjoyed it so much. But then, as I said, eventually I stretched my limits in math a little bit.
What are you excited about in terms of coming to Caltech?
I really like the Computing and Mathematical Sciences department here—it's a young department and it's a small department. For me it's very unique in that there's a very strong group in quantum information—especially the physics side of quantum information, like my neighbor here, John Preskill. Caltech has a very strong group in quantum information and also has a very strong group in computer science. And so, from the point of view of my research, this is just the perfect place.
And then there are the mountains. I love the mountains—they're just beautiful. This is how I abandoned the smoky Paris cafes. I had to think about the mountains. You can't beat the view from my office, and I can go hike up there.
Other than hiking, do you have any hobbies or interests that are outside your research?
I also like to bike up mountains. I did that a lot when I came here, but then I fractured my collarbone while biking. It's almost better now, but I still haven't gotten back on the bike yet. Another thing that is an investment of time—and I'm really worried about that one—is croissant hunting. I really like croissants and chocolates. I'm from Belgium, and Belgium is pretty big on chocolate. I've already been to a lot of famous croissant and chocolate places in L.A., but I haven't found something that has lived up to my standards yet. I haven't done everything though, so I'm open to recommendations.
As solar panels become less expensive and capable of generating more power, solar energy is becoming a more commercially viable alternative source of electricity. However, the photovoltaic cells now used to turn sunlight into electricity can only absorb and use a small fraction of that light, and that means a significant amount of solar energy goes untapped.
A new technology created by researchers from Caltech, and described in a paper published online in the October 30 issue of Science Express, represents a first step toward harnessing that lost energy.
Sunlight is composed of many wavelengths of light. In a traditional solar panel, silicon atoms are struck by sunlight and the atoms' outermost electrons absorb energy from some of these wavelengths of sunlight, causing the electrons to get excited. Once the excited electrons absorb enough energy to jump free from the silicon atoms, they can flow independently through the material to produce electricity. This is called the photovoltaic effect—a phenomenon that takes place in a solar panel's photovoltaic cells.
Although silicon-based photovoltaic cells can absorb light wavelengths that fall in the visible spectrum—light that is visible to the human eye—longer wavelengths such as infrared light pass through the silicon. These wavelengths of light pass right through the silicon and never get converted to electricity—and in the case of infrared, they are normally lost as unwanted heat.
"The silicon absorbs only a certain fraction of the spectrum, and it's transparent to the rest. If I put a photovoltaic module on my roof, the silicon absorbs that portion of the spectrum, and some of that light gets converted into power. But the rest of it ends up just heating up my roof," says Harry A. Atwater, the Howard Hughes Professor of Applied Physics and Materials Science; director, Resnick Sustainability Institute, who led the study.
Now, Atwater and his colleagues have found a way to absorb and make use of these infrared waves with a structure composed not of silicon, but entirely of metal.
The new technique they've developed is based on a phenomenon observed in metallic structures known as plasmon resonance. Plasmons are coordinated waves, or ripples, of electrons that exist on the surfaces of metals at the point where the metal meets the air.
While the plasmon resonances of metals are predetermined in nature, Atwater and his colleagues found that those resonances are capable of being tuned to other wavelengths when the metals are made into tiny nanostructures in the lab.
"Normally in a metal like silver or copper or gold, the density of electrons in that metal is fixed; it's just a property of the material," Atwater says. "But in the lab, I can add electrons to the atoms of metal nanostructures and charge them up. And when I do that, the resonance frequency will change."
"We've demonstrated that these resonantly excited metal surfaces can produce a potential"—an effect very similar to rubbing a glass rod with a piece of fur: you deposit electrons on the glass rod. "You charge it up, or build up an electrostatic charge that can be discharged as a mild shock," he says. "So similarly, exciting these metal nanostructures near their resonance charges up those metal structures, producing an electrostatic potential that you can measure."
This electrostatic potential is a first step in the creation of electricity, Atwater says. "If we can develop a way to produce a steady-state current, this could potentially be a power source. He envisions a solar cell using the plasmoelectric effect someday being used in tandem with photovoltaic cells to harness both visible and infrared light for the creation of electricity.
Although such solar cells are still on the horizon, the new technique could even now be incorporated into new types of sensors that detect light based on the electrostatic potential.
"Like all such inventions or discoveries, the path of this technology is unpredictable," Atwater says. "But any time you can demonstrate a new effect to create a sensor for light, that finding has almost always yielded some kind of new product."
This work was published in a paper titled, "Plasmoelectric Potentials in Metal Nanostructures." Other coauthors include first author Matthew T. Sheldon, a former postdoctoral scholar at Caltech; Ana M. Brown, an applied physics graduate student at Caltech; and Jorik van de Groep and Albert Polman from the FOM Institute AMOLF in Amsterdam. The study was funded by the Department of Energy, the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research, and an NSF Graduate Research Fellowship.
With the advanced capabilities of today's computer technologies, researchers can now collect vast amounts of information with unprecedented speed. However, gathering information is only one half of a scientific discovery, as the data also need to be analyzed and interpreted. A new center on campus aims to hasten such data-driven discoveries by making expertise and advanced computational tools available to Caltech researchers in many disciplines within the sciences and the humanities.
The new Center for Data-Driven Discovery (CD3), which became operational this fall, is a hub for researchers to apply advanced data exploration and analysis tools to their work in fields such as biology, environmental science, physics, astronomy, chemistry, engineering, and the humanities.
The Caltech center will also complement the resources available at JPL's Center for Data Science and Technology, says director of CD3 and professor of astronomy George Djorgovski.
"Bringing together the research, technical expertise, and respective disciplines of the two centers to form this joint initiative creates a wonderful synergy that will allow us opportunities to explore and innovate new capabilities in data-driven science for many of our sponsors," adds Daniel Crichton, director of the Center for Data Science and Technology at JPL.
At the core of the Caltech center are staff members who specialize in both computational methodology and various domains of science, such as biology, chemistry, and physics. Faculty-led research groups from each of Caltech's six divisions and JPL will be able to collaborate with center staff to find new ways to get the most from their research data. Resources at CD3 will range from data storage and cataloguing that meet the highest "housekeeping" standards, to custom data-analysis methods that combine statistics with machine learning—the development of algorithms that can "learn" from data. The staff will also help develop new research projects that could benefit from large amounts of existing data.
"The volume, quality, and complexity of data are growing such that the tools that we used to use—on our desktops or even on serious computing machines—10 years ago are no longer adequate. These are not problems that can be solved by just buying a bigger computer or better software; we need to actually invent new methods that allow us to make discoveries from these data sets," says Djorgovski.
Rather than turning to off-the-shelf data-analysis methods, Caltech researchers can now collaborate with CD3 staff to develop new customized computational methods and tools that are specialized for their unique goals. For example, astronomers like Djorgovski can use data-driven computing in the development of new ways to quickly scan large digital sky surveys for rare or interesting targets, such as distant quasars or new kinds of supernova explosions—targets that can be examined more closely with telescopes, such as those at the W. M. Keck Observatory, he says.
Mary Kennedy, the Allen and Lenabelle Davis Professor of Biology and a coleader of CD3, says that the center will serve as a bridge between the laboratory-science and computer-science communities at Caltech. In addition to matching up Caltech faculty members with the expertise they will need to analyze their data, the center will also minimize the gap between those communities by providing educational opportunities for undergraduate and graduate students.
"Scientific development has moved so quickly that the education of most experimental scientists has not included the techniques one needs to synthesize or mine large data sets efficiently," Kennedy says. "Another way to say this is that 'domain' sciences—biology, engineering, astronomy, geology, chemistry, sociology, etc.—have developed in isolation from theoretical computer science and mathematics aimed at analysis of high-dimensional data. The goal of the new center is to provide a link between the two."
Work in Kennedy's laboratory focuses on understanding what takes place at the molecular level in the brain when neuronal synapses are altered to store information during learning. She says that methods and tools developed at the new center will assist her group in creating computer simulations that can help them understand how synapses are regulated by enzymes during learning.
"The ability to simulate molecular mechanisms in detail and then test predictions of the simulations with experiments will revolutionize our understanding of highly interconnected control mechanisms in cells," she says. "To some, this seems like science fiction, but it won't stay fictional for long. Caltech needs to lead in these endeavors."
Assistant Professor of Biology Mitchell Guttman says that the center will also be an asset to groups like his that are trying to make sense out of big sets of genomic data. "Biology is becoming a big-data science—genome sequences are available at an unprecedented pace. Whereas it took more than $1 billion to sequence the first genome, it now costs less than $1,000," he says. "Making sense of all this data is a challenge, but it is the future of biomedical research."
In his own work, Guttman studies the genetic code of lncRNAs, a new class of gene that he discovered, largely through computational methods like those available at the new center. "I am excited about the new CD3 center because it represents an opportunity to leverage the best ideas and approaches across disciplines to solve a major challenge in our own research," he says.
But the most valuable findings from the center could be those that stem not from a single project, but from the multidisciplinary collaborations that CD3 will enable, Djorgovski says. "To me, the most interesting outcome is to have successful methodology transfers between different fields—for example, to see if a solution developed in astronomy can be used in biology," he says.
In fact, one such crossover method has already been identified, says Matthew Graham, a computational scientist at the center. "One of the challenges in data-rich science is dealing with very heterogeneous data—data of different types from different instruments," says Graham. "Using the experience and the methods we developed in astronomy for the Virtual Observatory, I worked with biologists to develop a smart data-management system for a collection of expression and gene-integration data for genetic lines in zebrafish. We are now starting a project along similar methodology transfer lines with Professor Barbara Wold's group on RNA genomics."
And, through the discovery of more tools and methods like these, "the center could really develop new projects that bridge the boundaries between different traditional fields through new collaborations," Djorgovski says.
When a movie-streaming service recommends a new film you might like, sometimes that recommendation becomes a new favorite; other times, the computer's suggestion really misses the mark. Yisong Yue, assistant professor of computing and mathematical sciences, is interested in how systems like these can better "learn" from human behavior as they turn raw data into actionable knowledge—a concept called machine learning.
Yue joined the Division of Engineering and Applied Science at Caltech in September after spending a year as a research scientist at Disney Research. Born in Beijing and raised in Chicago, Yue completed a bachelor's degree at the University of Illinois in 2005, a doctorate at Cornell University in 2010, and an appointment as a postdoctoral researcher at Carnegie-Mellon in 2013.
Recently he spoke with us about his research interests, his hobbies, and what he is looking forward to here at Caltech.
What is your main area of research?
My main research interests are in machine learning. Machine learning is the study of how computers can take raw data or annotated data and convert that into knowledge and actionable items, ideally in a fully automated way—because it's one thing to just have a lot of data, but it's another thing to have knowledge that you can derive from that data.
Is machine learning a general concept that can be applied to many different fields?
That's right. Machine learning is becoming a more and more general tool as we become a more digital society. In the past, some of my research has been applied to applications such as data-driven animation, sports analytics, personalized recommender systems, and adaptive urban transportation systems.
What application of this work are you most excited about right now?
This is tough because I'm excited about all of them, really, but if I had to just pick one, it would be human-in-the-loop machine learning. The idea is that although we would love to have computers that can derive knowledge from data in a fully automated way, oftentimes the problem is too difficult or it would take too long. So machine learning with humans in the loop acknowledges that we can learn from how humans behave in a system.
I think that we are entering a society where we depend on digital systems for basically everything we do. And that means we have an opportunity to learn from humans how to optimize our daily lives. Because human interaction with digital systems is so ubiquitous, I think learning with humans in the loop is a very compelling research agenda moving forward.
Can you give an example of humans-in-the-loop machine learning that we experience on a daily basis?
One example of humans-in-the-loop that we experience fairly regularly is a personalized recommender system. Many websites have a recommendation system built into them, and the system would like to provide personalized recommendations to maximize feedback and engagement of that user with the system. However, when there is a brand-new user, the system doesn't really understand their interests. What the system can do is recommend some stuff and see if the user likes it or not, and their response—thumbs up, thumbs down, or whatever—is an indicator of the topics or content this user is interested in. You see this sort of closed loop between a machine learning system that's trying to learn how best to personalize to a user and a user that's using the system and providing feedback on the fly.
You also mentioned animation. How is your work applied in that field?
Before I came to Caltech, I spent one year as a research scientist at Disney Research. I worked on both sports analytics and data-driven animation. With regard to the animation, the basic idea is as follows: you take data about how humans talk in a natural sentence-speaking setting, and then you try to automatically generate natural lip movements or facial movements that correspond to the types of sentences that people would normally say. This is something that people at Disney Research have been working on for a while, so they have a lot of expertise here.
One of the things that you notice many times with animation is that either the character's lip movements are fairly unrealistic—like their mouths just open and close—or in the big-budget movies, it takes a team of artists to manually animate the character's lips. An interesting in-between technology would be to have fairly realistic automatically generated lip movements and facial movements to any type of sentence.
What are you looking forward to now that you're at Caltech?
Here I have a combination of research independence, talented colleagues, and support for my research endeavor—and a great culture for intellectual curiosity.
It's such a tight-knit community. It's one of the smallest institutions that I'm familiar with, and what that implies is that basically everyone knows everyone else. The great thing about that is that if you have a question about something that you may not be so knowledgeable about, it's really not that big of a deal to go down the block to talk to someone who works in that field, and you can get information and insight from that person.
Have you already begun collaborating with any of your new colleagues?
I'm starting a collaboration with Professor Pietro Perona [Allen E. Puckett Professor of Electrical Engineering] from electrical engineering and Professor Frederick Eberhardt [Professor of Philosophy]. In that collaboration, we'll be addressing a problem that biologists and neuroscientists at Caltech face in assessing how genes affect behavior. These researchers modify the genes of animals—such as fruit flies—and then they video the animal's resulting behaviors. The problem is that researchers don't have time to manually inspect hours upon hours of video to find the particular behavior they're interested in. Professor Perona has been working on this challenge in the past few years, and I was recently brought in to become a part of this collaboration because I work on machine learning and big-data analysis.
The goal is to develop a way to take raw video data of animals under various conditions and try to automatically digest, process, and summarize the significant behaviors in that video data, such as an aggressive attack or attempt to mate.
Tell us a little bit about your background.
It is a bit all over the place. I was born in Beijing. I moved to Chicago when I was fairly young, and I spent most of my childhood in Chicago and the surrounding areas. But my parents actually moved out of Chicago after my sister and I left for college, and so I really don't have any relatives or strong ties to Chicago anymore. Where I call home is … I don't really know where I call home. I guess Pasadena is my home.
Do you have any hobbies outside of your research?
I like hiking and photography, and I'm really excited to try some of the hiking trails in the area and to bring my camera and my tripod with me.
I have a few other hobbies, although I don't really have the time to do them as much now. I was part of an improv group in high school, and I did a fair amount of comedic acting. I wasn't very good at it, so it's not something I can really brag about, but it was fun. I am also an avid eSports fan. For instance, I love watching and playing StarCraft.
A team of engineers and scientists has identified a source of electronic noise that could affect the functioning of instruments operating at very low temperatures, such as devices used in radio telescopes and advanced physics experiments.
The findings, detailed in the November 10 issue of the journal Nature Materials, could have implications for the future design of transistors and other electronic components.
The electronic noise the team identified is related to the temperature of the electrons in a given device, which in turn is governed by heat transfer due to packets of vibrational energy, called phonons, that are present in all crystals. "A phonon is similar to a photon, which is a discrete packet of light," says Austin Minnich, an assistant professor of mechanical engineering and applied physics in Caltech's Division of Engineering and Applied Science and corresponding author of the new paper. "In many crystals, from ordinary table salt to the indium phosphide crystals used to make transistors, heat is carried mostly by phonons."
Phonons are important for electronics because they help carry away the thermal energy that is injected into devices in the form of electrons. How swiftly and efficiently phonons ferry away heat is partly dependent on the temperature at which the device is operated: at high temperatures, phonons collide with one another and with imperfections in the crystal in a phenomenon called scattering, and this creates phonon traffic jams that result in a temperature rise.
One way that engineers have traditionally reduced phonon scattering is to use high-quality materials that contain as few defects as possible. "The fewer defects you have, the fewer 'road blocks' there are for the moving phonons," Minnich says.
A more common solution, however, is to operate electronics in extremely cold conditions because scattering drops off dramatically when the temperature dips below about 50 kelvins, or about –370 degrees Fahrenheit. "As a result, the main strategy for reducing noise is to operate the devices at colder and colder temperatures," Minnich says.
But the new findings by Minnich's team suggest that while this strategy is effective, another phonon transfer mechanism comes into play at extremely low temperatures and severely restricts the heat transfer away from a device.
Using a combination of computer simulations and real-world experiments, Minnich and his team showed that at around 20 kelvins, or –424 degrees Fahrenheit, the high-energy phonons that are most efficient at transporting heat away quickly are unlikely to be present in a crystal. "At 20 kelvins, many phonon modes become deactivated, and the crystal has only low-energy phonons that don't have enough energy to carry away the heat," Minnich says. "As a result, the transistor heats up until the temperature has increased enough that high-energy phonons become available again."
As an analogy, Minnich says to imagine an object that is heated until it is white hot. "When something is white hot, the full spectrum of photons, from red to blue, contribute to the heat transfer, and we know from everyday experience that something white hot is extremely hot," he says. "When something is not as hot it glows red, and in this case heat is only carried by red photons with low energy. The physics for phonons is exactly the same—even the equations are the same."
The electronic noise that the team identified has been known about for many years, but until now it was not thought to play an important role at low temperatures. That discovery happened because of a chance encounter between Minnich and Joel Schleeh, a postdoctoral scholar from Chalmers University of Technology in Sweden and first author of the new study, who was at Caltech visiting the lab of Sander Weinreb, a senior faculty associate in electrical engineering.
Schleeh had noticed that the noise he was measuring in an amplifier was higher than what theory predicted. Schleeh mentioned the problem to Weinreb, and Weinreb recommended he connect with Minnich, whose lab studies heat transfer by phonons. "At another university, I don't think I would have had this chance," Minnich says. "Neither of us would have had the chance to interact like we did here. Caltech is a small campus, so when you talk to someone, almost by definition they're outside of your field."
The pair's findings could have implications for numerous fields of science that rely on superchilled instruments to make sensitive measurements. "In radio astronomy, you're trying to detect very weak electromagnetic waves from space, so you need the lowest noise possible," Minnich says.
Electronic noise poses a similar problem for quantum-physics experiments. "Here at Caltech, we have physicists trying to observe certain quantum-physics effects. The signal that they're looking for is very tiny, and it's essential to use the lowest-noise electronics possible," Minnich says.
The news is not all gloomy, however, because the team's findings also suggest that it may be possible to develop engineering strategies to make phonon heat transfer more efficient at low temperatures. For example, one possibility might be to change the design of transistors so that phonon generation takes place over a broader volume. "If you can make the phonon generation more spread out, then in principle you could reduce the temperature rise that occurs," Minnich says.
"We don't know what the precise strategy will be yet, but now we know the direction we should be going. That's an improvement."
In addition to Minnich and Schleeh, the other coauthors of the paper, "Phonon blackbody radiation limit for heat dissipation in electronics," are Javier Mateos and Ignacio Iñiguez-de-la-Torre of the Universidad de Salamanca in Salamanca, Spain; Niklas Wadefalk of the Low Noise Factory AB in Mölndal, Sweden; and Per A. Nilsson and Jan Grahn of Chalmers University of Technology. Minnich's work on the project at Caltech was funded by a Caltech start-up fund and by the National Science Foundation.
Written by Ker Than
Ceramics are extremely versatile materials. Because they can be formed into a variety of shapes and serve as effective insulators from heat, they're used in thousands of applications ranging from dainty porcelain teacups to hardy barrier coatings in engines. However, the characteristic brittle nature of ceramics can often be the material's Achilles' heel. New faculty member Katherine Faber, Simon Ramo Professor of Materials Science in Caltech's Division of Engineering and Applied Science, studies the reasons why brittle ceramics fracture—and how these materials can be made stronger and tougher in the future.
Faber, who comes to Caltech from Northwestern University, received her bachelor's degree in ceramic engineering from Alfred University, her master's degree in ceramic science from Penn State, and a doctorate in materials science from UC Berkeley.
Recently, she spoke about her work, her background, and how her research interests have been applied to sustainability and the arts.
What will you be working on in your laboratory at Caltech?
My training is in ceramic materials, studying the fracture of brittle solids. If we understand enough about how brittle materials fail, we can then design new materials that are more robust. In particular, I am interested in high-temperature materials—those desirable for energy-related applications. This includes, for example, the ceramic coatings that are used in power-generation applications, as thermal-barrier coatings in engines. These very-high-temperature materials provide insulation, protecting underlying metallic materials, so that an engine can run hotter and hence more efficiently. Right now, we are characterizing new coating systems for next-generation engines.
Does your laboratory also make brand-new materials?
Yes we do. One thing that I have found through the years is that often times the materials I want to study are ones that don't exist. That has moved my research into ceramic processing. Currently we are looking at strategies to make ceramic materials that are filled with pores. Such ceramics might be used as filters, in fuel cells, or as biological scaffolds into which cells can grow. Beyond processing, it is essential to characterize the pores. It's not just the pore size, or what fraction of the material is porous, but how tortuous the pathway through the porous network is. This will determine the ease of flow or filtration capabilities Each application may require a different level of connectivity and tortuosity. Here, we rely on three-dimensional imaging to illustrate these features.
Your work also touches on art conservation. How did that come about?
Yes, that's the other part of my work. It all happened rather serendipitously more than a decade ago. When I was chair of my department at Northwestern, the Art Institute of Chicago received funding to hire its very first PhD-level conservation scientist. Museum staff approached me to see if our department of materials science and engineering might be interested in collaborating with their scientist in order to provide a scholarly community and possible opportunities for research. We gladly forged the partnership. My personal involvement included projects on jades and porcelains. But I also became the matchmaker, finding the right people within the university for the right problems at the Art Institute.
Art conservation is not what I was trained to do, but involvement in museum work has become an important part of my career. It's still materials science and engineering, it's just that the "materials" in the museum projects happen to be valuable works of art.
We've been able to involve students through the years, and they, too, see this as a thrilling opportunity to take their training in materials science and engineering to one of the great museums of the world.
Do you also enjoy the arts in your spare time?
I've always loved going to art museums, and I'm really looking forward to exploring the museums here in Los Angeles. To be within walking distance of the Huntington Library is just extraordinary. I also love the theater, so I'm ready to discover the Pasadena Playhouse and beyond. We already have tickets for a couple of shows.
Are there any other reasons that you're excited to have made the move from Chicago to Southern California?
Well, given the winter that we had in Chicago last year, I am very excited that I don't have to shovel snow this winter. To wake up in the morning and go outside your door to grab a fresh grapefruit off of a tree—that's pretty cool.
What else are you looking forward to about being at Caltech?
One of the best things about moving to a new institution later in one's career is that it provides an opportunity to make new connections and work on new problems. That's what I'm most excited about. I suspect that as I meet people across the campus and at JPL I'll learn about a host of new research problems that will intrigue me.
John Tracy, chief technology officer and senior vice president of engineering, operations, and technology for the Boeing Company, is the 2014 recipient of the International von Kármán Wings Award. The honor—bestowed annually by the Aerospace Historical Society, which is part of the Graduate Aerospace Laboratories of the California Institute of Technology (GALCIT)—acknowledges outstanding contributions by international innovators, leaders, and pioneers in aerospace.
The award recognizes Tracy for his technology and leadership contributions to technical and engineering excellence in the aerospace industry and for leadership in advanced structural and material technologies for commercial aviation, defense programs, and space systems.
"It is an honor for GALCIT and the Aerospace Historical Society to give the International von Kármán Wings Award to John Tracy, whose pioneering work with Boeing continues to transform the aerospace industry. His technical and functional excellence has resulted in transformative structural and material technologies for commercial and defense applications, which have significantly enhanced the reliability of the aerospace systems," says Guruswami (Ravi) Ravichandran, chair of the Aerospace Historical Society, director of GALCIT and the John E. Goode, Jr., Professor of Aerospace and professor of mechanical engineering at Caltech.
In his current position, Tracy oversees the development and implementation of Boeing's technology investment strategy and provides strategic direction to functions, business organizations, and initiatives involving more than 100,000 employees. He is a member of the National Academy of Engineering and a fellow of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, the Royal Aeronautical Society, and the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
"John is passionate about everything aerospace; he loves the intellectual challenge of making it all work," says Boeing chairman and chief executive officer Jim McNerney. "The aerospace industry is stronger because John has been in it."
Ravichandran presented the Wings Award to Tracy at a gala banquet and awards ceremony on October 20 at the Caltech Athenaeum. Also recognized during the banquet was Morgane Grivel, a graduate student in Caltech's aeronautics program, who received the Shirley Thomas Academic Scholarship. The scholarship, which is named in honor of the Aerospace Historical Society's founder, has been awarded annually since 2010.
The Wings Award has annually honored aerospace pioneers for their achievements and role in shaping the aerospace industry for the last 30 years.
Recent recipients of the award include Neal Blue, chairman and CEO of General Atomics; Sir Martin Sweeting, executive chairman of Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd.; and David Thompson, chairman, president, and CEO of Orbital Sciences Corporation.


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Word of Thanks
Published: Thursday, July 1, 2010 at 12:31 p.m.
Last Modified: Thursday, July 1, 2010 at 12:31 p.m.
Dear Community: We, the Board of the Henderson County Youth Softball Association, would like to publicly thank and recognize the board and members of the Etowah Lions Club for the support given to the girls, parents and coaches for the 2010 season. The success of our season would not have been possible without their generous support through team sponsorship and a financial contribution that allowed for our youth to participate in the foundation of a fastpitch softball career. Through their efforts in providing concessions and countless volunteer hours for our teams as well as much needed financial support, we could not have provided the level of opportunity without their vital help. So again, we the board would like to publicly and sincerely thank the Etowah Lions Club for their gracious and generous support.
Henderson County Youth Softball Board
Dear Community: You have requested I share Operation Toasty Toes letters sent by the military. Please enjoy them.
Patricia-Lee Pirog,
Operation Toasty Toes, Chapter 7, chairlady
Hello my name is Sgt. Jean Pierre Lessard, I would like to thank you very much for your support and patriotism by sending us your hand-made goods. Let me tell you all of your items were snatched up in a hurry especially the camo-colored hats. I am 23 years old from Farmington, Conn. This being my second tour of duty I know how much your support means. Thanks so much.
Sgt. Jean Pierre Lessard, US Army
We are honored to be sent our third American Flag by service members deployed overseas. This one is different. The first two were flown over land bases in Iraq. This flag flew on a Naval plane. Within the package was a colorful signed United States Naval certificate and a letter from Lt jg Bryan West, US Naval flyer and his buddies. I counted 18 signatures on the letter.
We, CTC 57.18, would like to thank you for knitting so many watch caps. They could not have arrived at a better time. On a particularly cold Christmas Eve, the box arrived and the hats were given out. Many of us wear them every day. The watch caps are quite warm, which is especially helpful as the plane gets frigidly cold, both on the ground and in the air.
Enclosed you will find a flag which was proudly displayed aboard a U.S. Navy P-3 Orion while flying in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. Again, thank you so much. Have a great New Year. We sincerely appreciate all that you do for our troops.
Warmest Regards, Bryan West, Lt.j.g, USN
Dear Community: June 6 is the anniversary of D-Day, the landing at Normandy, France. In my humble opinion, the very start of the beginning of World War II, I was less than 2 months old that very fateful day. I honor all the brave American warriors that found deep inside of them the courage to do this.
This morning, I received the e-mail below from Cpl. Roger Gosnell. He, along with other Americans, are still finding the courage to willingly protect America.
I have never explained that in each box is a letter personally written to the service member's name we have been given. True, most of the letter is a form letter but the first two paragraphs change each time. I always tell them how we received their info, we include a Toasty Toes fact paper, a copy of our prayer read before every meeting and a copy of the invite for the lighting of the 2009 Christmas tree dedicated to our armed forces.
We received Roger's information via Eunice Lance, of Landrum, S.C. Eunice knits for the troops and sews beautiful items to raise money to purchase the yarn and send the packages.
Here is a small section of Roger's letter dated April 24.
Eunice called to report that there are 120 service members within your command. I told her I would make sure you all received a pair of slippers. Eunice said "You all were absolutely thrilled with the slippers."
The box mailed in March had 10 pairs of slippers, and the April box had 14 pairs of slippers. When I started going through the boxes, I was so pleased to find 96 pairs of slippers so everyone can have a pair immediately and not have to wait. I am sending four boxes on Monday. The bootie physically warms their feet, but it is the unwritten message they carry that warms their hearts. That an American, stranger though she may be, would take the time to knit, says it all. There is an invisible bond that forms and travels with these items. The message these items take to the troops is WE CARE.
Please do not hesitate to call upon us for anything you need. May God take care of you and all our service members serving overseas. There are many here who support your efforts. Stay safe and God bless you all. Thank you for your service.
For God and Country, Patricia-Lee Pirog, Operation Toasty Toes, Chapter 7, chairlady
Hello Mrs. Patricia, This is Cpl. Roger Gosnell from Korea. You sent me a lot of footies from Operation Toasty Toes Chapter 7. Sorry it took so long for me to respond back to you I hope you get this e-mail. Thank you so much for the stuff you sent. All the soldiers over here in Korea loved the footies; they wear them all the time when we are off of work.
It's really nice knowing that people back home are thinking about us, even us over here in Korea. All the soldiers are so far from home and for most of the soldiers this is their first time being away from home. So once again, thank you, and please tell everyone that helped I said thanks for all the time they put into bringing smiles to soldiers.
Reader comments posted to this article may be published in our print edition. All rights reserved. This copyrighted material may not be re-published without permission. Links are encouraged.


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Home > Food > Recipe Slideshows > Top 10 Delicious Thanksgiving Side Dishes
Top 10 Delicious Thanksgiving Side Dishes
Chestnuts with Squash and Cranberries
The beautiful colors in this dish scream autumn and really dress up the Thanksgiving table. All of the vegetables in this vegetarian recipe are in-season during the fall.
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- Genre
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Talk and Book Signing with Dr. Paul Koudounaris
- Schedule
- Thursday, September 18 7pm
- Location
- The Bone Room Presents
- Starrers
- 1
September 12 – 18
Roxie Theater
God Help the Girl (2014) is finally making it to theaters, a full five years after the intoxicating and almost frustratingly catchy concept album upon which it's based hit record store shelves. Written and composed by Belle and Sebastian frontman Stuart Murdoch, God ... read more
Oakland Museum of California
Off the Grid brings a fleet of food on wheels to the Oakland Museum of California (OMCA) every Friday night. Along with sipping some local brew around the Koi Pond, you can also expect a weekly Makers & Tasters series featuring local brewers, coffee roasters, and far... read more
Actual Cafe
Let's play Bicycle Bingo! This weekly event supports an ever-growing A-list roster of peddle- and neighborhood-friendly nonprofits: East Bay Bicycle Coalition, Rebuilding Together Oakland, East Bay College Fund, United Roots Oakland, and more. Come out, have some fun... read more
The Starry Plough Pub
For 35 years, the Starry Plough has poured perfect pints of Guinness and served as a mainstay in the East Bay arts scene, hosting events seven nights a week that range from a raucous weekly Irish Céilí to the nationally renowned Berkeley Poetry Slam. And for 15 years... read more
This book will be big.
What do you do when you can't function?
Bonnie Chan Flavorpill :: Photography, Books, Pop-ups/City Gems
Joshua Wyatt Flavorpill :: Technology, Underground Events, Lectures and Discussions
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Candidate's Debt Leaves GOP Feeling Burned
Nathan Deal, the Republican nominee for governor of Georgia, should be coasting to victory in a state where his party controls most elected offices.
Instead, the former Congressman might only narrowly avoid a runoff, as questions persist over whether he will be able to pay off some sizable personal debts.
Mr. Deal currently holds a single-digit lead over Democrat Roy Barnes with 50% of the vote, compared with 41% for Mr. Barnes and 3% for Libertarian John Monds, according to a Rasmussen poll released Thursday. Mr. Deal needs 50% plus one vote on Nov. 2 to avoid a runoff.
Mr. Deal and his wife lost $2 million after investing in a sporting-goods store in north Georgia owned by his daughter and her husband. The store, which opened in 2006, failed, closing its doors in early 2009. Mr. Deal is also obligated to pay a loan of at least $2.1 million for the business in February 2011.
Mr. Deal has put his home up for sale, as well as the property of the failed business, and liquidated retirement funds to cover the debt. He has vowed he will not file for bankruptcy.
His financial problems—which came to light only after a bitter primary fight —have prompted rifts in the state Republican Party, with some members calling for Mr. Deal to step down for failing to disclose his financial troubles.
State-party leaders were angry to learn about Mr. Deal's debts well after the primary and only in the press, rather than from the candidate himself, according to a high-ranking official. "It's disappointing that he kept this from the party, very disappointing," the official said. "But what's the alternative?"
Races in 2010
See which House, Senate and governors' races are considered closest.
Another official, state GOP committee member Mike Carter, resigned his post several weeks ago and said last week he would not back his party's candidate. Mr. Carter said he found Mr. Deal's large debts "certainly show he was not fiscally sound with his own money. Why should we trust him with the state's money?"
But top GOP leaders have strongly discouraged more defections, arguing that dropping Mr. Deal now would leave the race without a Republican nominee.
The Deal campaign did not brief Republican leadership on Mr. Deal's financial troubles earlier because it didn't believe they disqualify him from the race, a spokesman said. "Nathan can pay all of his obligations," spokesman Brian Robinson said. "It will not affect his governorship. He didn't talk about it, because it's not an issue."
Mr. Deal's lead over Mr. Barnes, who was voted out of office in 2002, is narrower than other statewide Republican candidates in Georgia. The most recent Rasmussen poll shows U.S. Sen. Johnny Isakson, for example, leading his Democratic opponent, Michael Thurmond, by 16 points.
Some critics have claimed recent spending by the Republican Governors Association to attack Barnes has been an effort to offset Deal's financial problems. The association had already injected millions of dollars more than it had expected into Mr. Deal's campaign, said Nick Ayers, executive director, but that's because the campaign was depleted by a tough four-way primary this summer, then a fierce and costly runoff against Karen Handel, who was backed by former Alaska Gov. Sarah Palin.
Questions about Mr. Deal's financial problems continue. In an initial financial disclosure in May, Mr. Deal claimed assets of $2.9 million and liabilities of $812,500. In a subsequent amendment filed after his looming debts were reported, he claimed about the same amounts. But after further reports and questions in the media and from his opponents, Mr. Deal filed another amendment claiming assets of $6.7 million, with liabilities of $3.8 million.
Asked about the discrepancies, Mr. Robinson said questions from the media led the Deal campaign to hire an accountant who discovered "there were elements missing" in Mr. Deal's reports. Mr. Deal has said the discrepancies were caused by unintentional omissions.
The Barnes campaign has attacked Mr. Deal repeatedly for his financial troubles. In a campaign commercial launched Wednesday, the campaign said Georgia would have difficulty attracting industry if its governor "hid loans, had millions in debt, and filed false reports."
At a debate between the two candidates Sunday, Mr. Barnes pressed Mr. Deal about his finances. Those attacks have helped win supporters like Will Darden, a 23-year-old college student. "It's definitely not the history that you want when choosing who is going to run the finances of the state," he said after attending the debate.
But Mr. Deal's explanations—that he was only trying to help his daughter and made a bad investment—allayed 22 year-old student Justin Reeves' concerns. "He spun it well," Mr. Reeves said.
Write to Cameron McWhirter at email@example.com


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I have a windows XP2 32-bit and i want to install windows 7 but i do not know what are things i should do before installing it. its my fist time to install an OS if ever. I mean, specifically on the drivers, BIOS, and others? how will i know that the drivers are compatible to win7? how to install it on first boot? hope you can help me.
Short list (in no specific order)
You should download and run the Windows 7 Upgrade Advisor to see if your PC is ready for Windows 7. It scans your hardware, devices, and installed programs for known compatibility issues, gives you guidance on how to resolve potential issues found, and recommends what to do before you upgrade.
Microsoft has put together an excellent tutorial, including a short video, on upgrading from Windows XP to Windows 7.


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FIFA's Blatter Says Brazil World Cup Will Be Great
Brazil Will Host the Tournament From June 12 to July 13
BRASILIA—The World Cup trophy for which 32 nations will be competing later this month in Brazil was presented Monday by the world's soccer body FIFA to the host nation's president.
After touring most of the 12 cities where matches will be held, the trophy was presented to President Dilma Rousseff by FIFA's President Joseph Blatter, who said the monthlong tournament "will be a great Cup."
Brazil will host the tournament from June 12 to July 13. Brazil has won the World Cup five times, more than any other nation, and is a favorite to repeat the feat at home for the first time ever.
But preparations for the tournament have been plagued with delays and FIFA officials have criticized the Brazilian organizers for leaving important stadium and infrastructure work to the last minute.
But at a ceremony Monday in the presidential palace, Mr. Blatter had only kind words for the hosts.
"We will do all we can to have the best World Cup in History," he said in public remarks.
Ms. Rousseff said that Brazil is ready for the tournament. She also sought to minimize concerns about safety in a country known for high levels of urban violence. The World Cup estimated 600,000 foreign visitors "will be safe," she said.
Both Ms. Rousseff and Mr. Blatter called for a tournament "without racism." The world's soccer has staged many gestures by fans against dark-skinned players, something officials have criticized.
The World Cup trophy will be exposed during the opening match in São Paulo and at the final in Rio de Janeiro.
Brazil's former defense player Cafu, who as the national-team's captain in 2002 held the trophy as Brazil conquered its fifth title, was also at the ceremony and repeated the gesture together with Ms. Rousseff.
Write to Paulo Trevisani at email@example.com


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This is a lovely little hotel. Not sophisticated or luxurious but clean, comfortable, friendly and in a beautiful location in the Gredos Mountains. Our room was a reasonable size looking out over splendid scenery.
We had a basic evening meal and breakfast in the bar and enjoyed both very much. We were able to park our car right outside the hotel, and it was an easy walk into the charming village of El Arenal. More
Top-rated Attractions Nearby
Top-rated Restaurants Nearby


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HATCH Projects is a yearlong, juried incubator for contemporary Chicago artists and curators that strives to support an ecology of curatorial and artistic practice. HATCH fosters shared experimentation, exchange, and creativity to produce ground-breaking exhibitions and programs.
Artist Residents are divided into groups of six to work with one Curator Resident. Selected artists will participate in a 3-person exhibition curated by the group's assigned Curator Resident. Halfway through the year, Artist Residents can decide to continue with their Curator Resident or work with another one in the program for their 6-person exhibition. Each Artist Resident receives professional development through dynamic exhibitions, one-on-one studio visits, public programs, and community building to develop a sustainable creative practice. Through this unique hands-on experience and professional development program, Artist Residents develop valuable insight and experience in contemporary exhibition making.
2015-16 HATCH Projects application guidelines and online application are now availble.
Artist Applicantions are due no later than October 1, 2015.
HATCH Projects is pleased to announce its 2015–16 Curator Residents:
Brett Swinney, George William Price, Kate Pollasch, and Sharmyn Cruz Rivera.
With special thanks to our 2015-16 Mentor Curators:
Lorelei Stewart, Director, Gallery 400, School of Art & Art History, University of Illinois at Chicago
Robyn Farrell, Curatorial Assistant, Department of Modern and Contemporary Art, Art Institute of Chicago
Steven L. Bridges, Curatorial Assistant, Museum of Contemporary Art Chicago
Tricia Van Eck, Artistic Director, 6018 | North, Chicago
With curatorial advisory support from:
Joseph Ravens, Artistic Director, Defibrillator Performance Art Gallery, Chicago; Co-Founder and Co-Curator of Rapid Pulse International Performance Art Festival


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Cow ration choice is vital as forage quality is dismal
Published 23/01/2013 | 06:00
In the past few weeks, I have been alerted to a number of issues related to forage quality, quantity and the negative effect it is having on all types of livestock.
This lack of quality and scarcity of forage is particularly evident on suckler farms that are generally totally reliant on grass silage and it is a feature right across the country.
I have seen silages with a DMD 58 and protein as low as 8pc.
Soil contamination is also a common occurrence after the type of summer we had last year and it is having an effect on palatability and, in extreme cases, is causing feed rejection.
Feeding this type of silage, even if it is in plentiful supply, will impact negatively on a cow's body condition score pre-calving. It will also have implications for the new-born calf and the subsequent breeding season.
On a lot of farms there is an urgent need for these issues to be addressed.
The purchase of additional forage is not an option in many cases this year.
Therefore, supplementing the dry cow ration with concentrate feed to make up for the reduced quality and quantity is the top priority.
Generally, dry cows have a live-weight in the region of 575-700kg. This gives the cow a pre-calving requirement of 75-85MJ/kg DM and a protein content of 9.5pc to 10.5pc.
Meeting this requirement in a cost-effective manner will be difficult as in a lot of cases feeding significant levels of concentrates is the only option.
Selecting a suitable and correct mix of ingredients is the challenge. With poor quality forage (60-64 DMD) and cows eating to appetite, 2-3kg of concentrate will be required.
If the protein content of the forage is as low as 8pc, then the concentrate will have to be a minimum of 18pc protein for the dry cow's requirements to be met. Most mixes on the market that are targeted specifically towards dry cows are inadequate for feeding along with most of this year's silage.
Where forage quantity is a problem, 'filling the gap' with straw is an option that is being widely used. Straw has a great fill effect for cows and is the most effective feed where forage is scarce.
However, the inclusion of straw brings the need for a further increase in the specification of the energy and protein content of the concentrate feed, along with the amounts fed.
If on-farm mixing of these ingredients is taking place then possibly the simplest and most cost-effective way of meeting the energy and protein requirements would be by using straight cereal and soya bean in the correct proportions.
There has been a significant decrease in the spot market and forward price of soya bean, so it is very much back in the feeding equation for the foreseeable future.
Advocating the use of 'cheaper' ingredients such as soya hulls will not always meet the animals' desired requirement this year. Soya hulls in particular have moderate levels of protein and energy and there are commonly issues with palatability.
Corn gluten is probably the most suitable straight feed.
Its profile on protein and energy is good and it meets all the requirements where straw is being solely fed.
Attention is also crucial to ensure a dry cow mineral is fed and at the correct rates.
For the optimum course of calving, it is necessary to provide a quiet and clean environment. Therefore, placing two to three cows in a pre-calving pen is advised.
This ensures the cow is more relaxed up to the point of calving.
The cow should only be moved to the calving pen when she is at the point of calving. This will keep all health and safety issues in correct order.
Sometimes it is necessary to assist the calf at the first suckling or feed it colostrum from a bottle or with an oesophageal tube.
Colostrum is the first feed ingested by the calf. It should receive two to three litres of colostrum within two hours of birth and the same amount within another four hours.
If for any reason the calf is not able to suckle colostrum from its mother, it must be bottle or tube-fed. In addition to basic nutrients, water, vitamins and minerals, colostrum is a source of immunoglobulins, enzymes, hormones and other substances necessary for the development of the immune system. The defence colostrum provides is a basic prerequisite for the good health of newborn calves.
The cow and calf should stay in the calving pen for one to two days until a strong relationship develops. This may not always be the case with heifers and it may take an extra day or two for the bond to develop.
As soon as a relationship between mother and calf is cemented, they can be housed with other cows and calves or, ideally, put to pasture. If cows and calves are being housed it is necessary to provide a dry, well-bedded area for the calves that is inaccessible for the cows.
Here the calves are provided with concentrated feed (calf starter).
Gerry Giggins is an animal nutritionist and can be contacted at: firstname.lastname@example.com
Indo Farming


text:
Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics
, Volume 30, Issue 1, pp 11-30
First online:
The hedgehog and the Borg: Common morality in bioethics
- John D. ArrasAffiliated withUniversity of Virginia Email author
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In this commentary, I critically discuss the respective views of Gert and Beauchamp–Childress on the nature of so-called common morality and its promise for enriching ethical reflection within the field of bioethics. Although I endorse Beauchamp and Childress' shift from an emphasis on ethical theory as the source of moral norms to an emphasis on common morality, I question whether rouging up common morality to make it look like some sort of ultimate and universal foundation for morality, untouched by the dialectics of time and reflective equilibrium, was an equally good move. As for Gert's magisterial conception of common morality, I conclude that certain elements of his system are controversial at best and woefully inadequate at worst. He has a tendency to find in common morality what he himself put there, and his highly restricted conception of duties of assistance strikes this reader as ad hoc, inadequately defended, and unworthy of a project whose goal is to lessen the amount of misery in the world.
KeywordsCommon morality Reflective equilibrium Moral justification Duties to others Moral change Gert Beauchamp Childress
Reference tools
- Title
- The hedgehog and the Borg: Common morality in bioethics
- Journal
Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics
Volume 30, Issue 1 , pp 11-30
- Cover Date
- 2009-01
- 10.1007/s11017-009-9093-5
- Print ISSN
- 1386-7415
- Online ISSN
- 1573-1200
- Publisher
- Springer Netherlands
- Additional Links
- Topics
- Keywords
- Common morality
- Reflective equilibrium
- Moral justification
- Duties to others
- Moral change
- Gert
- Beauchamp
- Childress
- Authors
- John D. Arras (1)
- Author Affiliations
- 1. University of Virginia, 1515 Stoney Creek Dr., Charlottesville, VA, USA


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L&M had agreed to purchase the 75% stake of partner
Mosaic Oil New Zealand, paying $264,000 and $400,000 to
reimburse Mosaic its costs, plus a 15% royalty of net gas
sales up to $A1.5 million ($NZ1.88 million), BusinessDay
L&M chairman Geoff Loudon and his company New Dawn Energy
yesterday gained the 90% shareholder acceptances they
required, triggering a compulsory acquisition of the
outstanding L&M shares. New Dawn will take over several
methane coal gas exploration projects in South Otago and
Southland, where millions of dollars have been spent in
recent years on test drilling programmes.
The Kahili permit in Taranaki is a gas prospect and is yet to
be proven commercially viable, but is adjacent to several
other gas producing wells. It is scheduled to be test drilled
by New Dawn shortly.
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Products Features
|2.85 lbs. (Medium)
|Stainless Steel
|Glued VN
|Fibreglass/Carbon Fibre
|Chin Cup
|Removable/Washable Neoprene
|Mask Bag
|Made In
|90 Days
Sizing Information
|Sportmask Senior Goal Mask Sizing Chart
|Mask Size
|Head Circumference
|21" – 22"
|53 – 56 cm
|57 – 58 cm
|59 – 60.5 cm
|Extra Large
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Sportmask includes a more detailed caliper method in their sizing guide.
Goalie Mask Sizing
When purchasing a new mask it is crucial to ensure that it fits properly. Even entry-level masks with a proper fit will do a better job at protecting the head compared to a superior model that is ill fitted. Unlike other pieces of gear, we usually wouldn't size for growth as a) it sacrifices protection and b) the mask will expand over time creating more room for a growing head.
The first step is to approximate the size using the sizing charts listed on any individual mask's product page on our website; usually this is accomplished by matching a head circumference and/or hat size to a given mask size. When measuring your head's circumference, it is important to measure at approximately 1" above the eyebrows while keeping the tape measure parallel (at the "hat line") around the entire head. In addition, when using hat sizes should be those of fitted hats that aren't overly tight or loose.
Once a size has been established there are four parameters the goaltender should be looking for:
- 1) The top edge of the window (opening inside the cage) is about 1" above the eyebrows and the sweatband inside the mask sits directly on the skin (ie. there is no gap between the mask and forehead).
- 2) The backplate hugs the back of the goaltender's head and its edges don't extend past the edges of the mask's shell. Here, we want to reduce the possibility for gaps at the back of the goaltender's head as well as ensuring the head is secure inside the mask. It should be noted, that if all other parameters are met as far as fitting is concerned, the backplate extending a little too far isn't of major concern.
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|2.85 lbs. (Medium)
|Stainless Steel
|Glued VN
|Fibreglass/Carbon Fibre
|Chin Cup
|Removable/Washable Neoprene
|Mask Bag
|Made In
|90 Days


text:
In This Section
Journal Forum
A Meta-Analysis of High Resolution Audio Perceptual Evaluation - June 2016
2 comments
Synthetic Reverberator - January 1960
3 comments
Sound Board: High-Resolution Audio - October 2015
4 comments
AES E-Library
Utilization of a New Time Gated Spectrum Analyzer to Measure Sound System Effectiveness
It is generally recognized that sound system intelligibility is dependent upon the ratio of early to reverberant sound. This paper presents a technique for measuring the frequency response and amplitude of the early sound coverage as well as the frequency response and the amplitude of the reverberant field. From these measurements the articulation loss of consonants can be calculated and the true soud system performance can be evaluated.
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text:
A kick-ass dance game played in Japan. Similar to Dance Dance Revolution but more americanized. Home versions are more easily available.
Hey! Let's all go over to my house and plug in my Pump it Up game!
by Cheshire Kitty May 25, 2002
a dance dance revolution rip off
"hey wanna go play some pump it up at the arcade?"
"hell no pump it up f**ckin sucks"
"hell no pump it up f**ckin sucks"
by serial killer July 27, 2004


text:
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Dallas Mavericks' Dirk Nowitzki (41) goes up for a rebound against the Miami Heat during Game 2 of the NBA Finals basketball game Thursday, June 2, 2011, in Miami. Nowitzki shook of an injury to his non-shooting hand and gave the Mavericks new life in the NBA Finals. The Mavericks defeated the Heat 95-93 to even the best-of-seven series to a game apiece.(AP Photo/David J. Phillip; Pool)
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text:
Skip to comments.The Calculations That Led Romney to the Warpath (Details on M. Drudge, M. Rhoades, J. Curl, C. Hurt)
Posted on 01/29/2012 12:28:42 PM PST by jimbo123
Facing the unthinkable here just seven days ago a second loss in a row to Newt Gingrich Mitt Romneys campaign team hatched a two-part plan to win in Florida: make Newt mad and Mitt meaner.
A team of some of the most fearsome researchers in the business, led by Mr. Romneys campaign manager, Matt Rhoades, spent days dispensing negative information about Mr. Gingrich, much of it finding its way to the influential Drudge Report, which often serves as a guide for conservative talk radio and television assignment editors and to which Mr. Rhoades has close ties.
The effort hit a peak by Thursday, when the site was virtually taken over by headlines assailing Mr. Gingrich, whose advisers said they eventually gave up on trying to persuade the Drudge staff to spare them, acknowledging, in the words of one aide, that very little can be done.
(Excerpt) Read more at nytimes.com ...
Even the New York Times can see and admit the strategy...Romney using the conservative media to attack Gingrich. I'm surprised they were willing to be honest about it, though.
The effort hit a peak by Thursday, when the site was virtually taken over by headlines assailing Mr. Gingrich, whose advisers said they eventually gave up on trying to persuade the Drudge staff to spare them, acknowledging, in the words of one aide, that very little can be done.Yes, and I hope that none of us forget these many betrayals in support of Willard Romney. Romney can go straight to hell.
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It mentions that Romney had new advisors, one a Liberty University person who worked for the spiteful Michelle Bachmann, and others from the campaigns of George Bush, Mel Martinez and Charlie Crist.
Hell, I'm beginning to like Ron Paul, even though he makes my stomach turn... of the seven dwarfs, he's Dopy, Mitt is Slimy and Newt is Doc and Sleepy tied into one.
Romney's strategy to LIE and LIE about Newt jumped the shark last Thursday.
His only way to win is to LIE. Romney is phony, desperate and is disgusting. He is very similar to Zero in the way he is behaving.
Everything is staged. Even down to the last Debate, where Romney jumped off the stage to a group of people while having the CNN reporter right there. That was STAGED. Bringing in Romney supporters over local citizens for the debate was STAGED and coordinated.
This has to back fire on Romney. It is disgusting that he can't take No for an answer. Free Republic will always be Anit-Romney and we will suggest Virginians vote for Ron Paul over Romney in the Primary.
ROMNEY and his band of thieves are LIARS.
I am curious about the nature of those "close ties."
There is a special place in Hell reserved for anyone and everyone who supports Mitt Romney.
May the fleas of a thousand camels infest their prayer rugs.
I won't being "staying home" on election day because other Republicans are going to need my vote. Especially after the Obama commandos were allowed to do the redistricting here in Arizona using the illegals who were counted in the "census" orchestrated by Barry and the 'RATS. Although those illegals headed for the tall cotton after SB1070 was passed, the redistricting commission pretended that they are still living here and gerrymandered their new districts in such a way as to give the 'RATS the upper hand. I'll just have to write in my selection for president. I won't be "staying home".
The cost of that rental? Their souls, perhaps?
Now we know that Romney
Its 2012
We told you that in 2007-08
where were you ???
I think what they got was not necessarily money, but the feeling that they were in with the in-crowd. It's amazing what a little ego-stroking can do.
I love Mark Levin, but it looks like he was wrong about Drudge.
Here's a video of Matt Rhoades, who is Drudge's buddy at Team Romney. Does anyone know if Rhoades is gay?
Matt Rhoades most likely has dirt on Mark Levin and told him to get with the program, or else.
Someone on another site he is engaged to his beard.
See, I tend to think anyone who approached Levin with that kind of stuff would be told exactly where to get off, and in no uncertain terms. I think Drudge is a friend of Mark's, like he said, and he misjudged the whole thing. He might say something on tomorrow's show.
Info on Matt Rhoades "fiance" Jamie Loftus here:
She used to work for Sarah Palin and recently given a civil servant job by Chris Christie.
I was driving back from an oil patch job Friday afternoon when Mark took to defending Drudge and telling conservatives to lay off him. I was furious - at one time Drudge had 14 negative articles on his web page on Thursday. Whether it was Drudge or his underlings who put them up, it was another "carpet bombing" of Newt. Mark has been so right with his latest two books about the methods of the left to turn the US into a socialist Europe. Why he couldn't see that Romney's surrogates were using similar tactic with Drudge to smear and destroy Newt is beyond me, especially because he knows that Romney is no conservative.
Does Romney/Rhoades have dirt on Levin as suggested by jimbo123? Doubtful. Did Mark's support and friendship with Drudge cause him to overlook what happened? Probably. But as Mark has so often observed, conservatives are at war for the survival of our constitution and our country. For him to provide support to Drudge in this instance has to give us pause and ask what is going on?
Romney is desperate. He knows that if he doesn't knock Newt and Santorum BOTH out fast, the one standing will have a greater percentage vote than him. That doesn't even factor in Paul.
The early sellouts most likely did it for money.
The holdouts most likely were blackmailed.
we will suggest Virginians vote for Ron Paul over Romney in the Primary
It's clear that Team Romney and Matt Rhoades have had this in the works for a long time.
I would be really interested in the dirt that Matt Rhoades and his opposition research unit has collected on all of the "conservative" media and politician sellouts that have shown themselves over the past few months.
I'm sure the threat of releasing opposition research dirt on the front page of the Drudge Report is enough to get any "conservative" to jump on the Romney train.
Anthony Pellicano might be in jail, it looks like his spirit is alive and well.
As John Harris of the Washington Post first reported in October 2006, Drudge has an unusually close relationship with a senior Romney strategist, Matt Rhodes
Matt Drudge outed as gay by David Brock and Alec Baldwin, denies it but admits he goes to gay bars:
Ann Coulter Named Honorary Chair Of GOProud, Republican gay group:
Romney Personally Issued Marriage Licenses to 189 Same-Sex Couples:
Talk's cheap and so is the new york times.
Follow the money, honey.
What a vile person! How will we ever get good decent people to run for any office if they have to crawl through a republican slime pit to get to the democrat slime pit?
You don't believe that Willard is smearing Newt?
The early advantage on their side, in the view of several Republicans, seems to have gone to Mitt Romney, who hired the former Bush political aide who had been the central partys prime point of contact with Mr. Drudge, Matthew Rhoades. His status was solidified after the 2004 election at a steakhouse dinner in Miami with Mr. Drudge, who for all his renown in politics is a somewhat spectral presence who rarely agrees to meet with political operatives or journalists and who did not respond to requests for an interview for this article.
Senior aides in the Bush war room, run by Steve Schmidt, a veteran Republican communications aide, insisted on vetting any information to be fed to Mr. Drudge so as not to annoy and overwhelm him with items he might find unworthy. And, these officials said, when the approval was given, the main point of contact was usually the Bush aide who was closest to Mr. Drudge, J. Timothy Griffin, now a consultant to the campaign of Fred D. Thompson, the former Republican senator from Tennessee.
Before Mr. Griffin left politics to work as a military lawyer in 2005, he had a dinner with Mr. Drudge and Mr. Rhoades to solidify Mr. Rhoadess new place as the main Drudge Report contact for the central party. That dinner was first reported in the book The Way to Win, by Mark Halperin and John F. Harris, published last year.
As the Bush political team dispersed among the Republican candidates this year, some of Mr. Rhoadess former colleagues came to regret his special relationship with Mr. Drudge. Former aides to Mr. McCain said in interviews that they had cursed Mr. Rhoadess name daily this year as Mr. Drudge ran a series of photographs making Mr. McCain look old and other items, like one wrongly raising the possibility that a bump he took to the head in Iraq was cancer.
Drudge has become as mainstream as any media ever was.
People always ask, So what does Matt Rhoades look like? said Kevin Madden, a friend and former Romney spokesman. I always say, When he wants to meet you, he will call you. He is Keyser Soze. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyser_S%C3%B6ze)
For Rhoades, this mystique is politically useful, and he's not about to dispel it.
Now that he has a job that he could get famous in, said Steve Schmidt, his old partner in the Bush-Cheney war room, its the furthest thing from his mind.
On a recent afternoon, the Romney campaign refused to let a reporter into its three-story headquarters in Bostons North End. Rhoades was also off-limits. Senior Romney advisers agreed to talk albeit bloodlessly about Rhoades in an empty Italian restaurant across the street.
Rhoades is a good manager, a loyal worker and a smart guy, they said. He speaks daily with Romney, gives instructions on how to best manage the stripped-down budget and exudes quiet self-confidence.
This is a very message-driven race, said Beth Myers, Romneys closest aide, who served as campaign manager in 2008 and hired Rhoades. And that is right in his wheelhouse.
Colleagues later credited Rhoades with significantly damaging Sen. John Kerry (D-Mass.) by characterizing him as a Francophile flip-flopper. (Rhoades apparently finds Romneys own fluency in French less bothersome.)
Griffin, who was leaving the RNC, invited Rhoades to a steak dinner in Miami with Drudge. At that dinner, Griffin passed the torch to Rhoades as Drudges chief connection in the GOP. Exactly how that relationship works is a mystery, but Rhoadess own stock rose as a result and insiders considered it a coup when Romney hired him as communications director for his last campaign.
Some reporters go out of their way to curry favor. ENGAGED, read an August posting in Politicos Playbook announcing Rhoadess engagement to Jamie Loftus, a McCain campaign veteran. It added that he popped the question Saturday night on the beach in Siasconset, on Nantucket.
ENGAGED: Matt Rhoades, Mitt Romneys presidential campaign manager, to Jamie Loftus, chief of public and government affairs for the Port Authority of New York & New Jersey. Loftus, like Rhoades, is an alumnus of the DCI Group. She also worked on the McCain campaign.
Industry Public relations
Founded 1996
Pay to play, baby!
What amazes me is how transparent Drudge has been with his agenda. Years ago I considered Matt a true conservative. He has to still be incredibly rich and already set for life so it bewilders me why he would totally sell out to RINO Romney. If I didn't know any better, it seems like Drudge wants to destroy the Republican Party.
No kidding, Nana!
Man, the gushing over Romney and shrieks for Huckabee to "GET OUT" because Romney was going to lose to McCain was nauseating here. When Fred dropped out, remember all the posts saying, "I'm a Mitten now! Go Mitt!"? No, I didn't like McCain, either, but Romney? Yeeesh. I was even called a troll for asking a question about Romney. LOL.
Now I read these things about him, I feel like I need a shower. He really is scum.
I remember you and several other determined posters were trying to educate FR about Romney back then. Thank you for that.
Speaking of which:
I aint gonna work for Maggies brother no more
No, I aint gonna work for Maggies brother no more
Well, he hands you a nickel
He hands you a dime
He asks you with a grin
If youre havin a good time
Then he fines you every time you slam the door
I aint gonna work for Maggies brother no more
And the finale verse:
Well, I try my best
To be just like I am
But everybody wants you
To be just like them
He will definitely will not won without us, I WILL NOT VOTE FOR
ROMNEY, under any circumstances. The GOP thinks we will just fall in
line, NO MORE NOT ME,!!!!,!,!
Mitt Romney is the modern embodiment of Richard Nixon, both in his left-of-center slant and in his ruthless disregard for ethics and honesty. If elected Romney's slimy and destructive political ambition will damage the Republican party for a generation just like Nixon's did.
Disclaimer: Opinions posted on Free Republic are those of the individual posters and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Free Republic or its management. All materials posted herein are protected by copyright law and the exemption for fair use of copyrighted works.


text:
Chelidonura varians
Chelidonura varians is a species of small sea slug, a marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusc in the order Cephalaspidea, the headshield slugs. [1]
This species is similar to C. livida. The distinguishing character is the blue lines.
In marine aquaria, this species is sometimes used to get rid of "brown" or "red" flatworms which may be causing harm to corals.
This cephalaspidean is found in the Southwestern Pacific Ocean from Indonesia and Australia to Fiji.
- ^ Rosenberg, G. (2012). Chelidonura varians. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=599344 on 2012-06-04
|This Aglajidae-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.


text:
Out of Control Tractor TrailerUPDATED 1:10 PM EDT Oct 19, 2012
The tractor trailer hit a school bus hard that caused the driver to be ejected from the bus.
More Video
CommentsThe views expressed are not those of this site, this station or its affiliated companies. By posting your comments you agree to accept our terms of use.blog comments powered by Disqus


text:
I suprised my husband with a trip up to park city for a night. The front staff was awesome and very accommodating. The pool area was awesome and we loved the big hot tub! The bar on the third floor was really good with a friendly bar tenderer and yummy drinks! Our room was a little outdated and didn't seem to match the rest of the hotel. Everything was functioning just fine, just a little worn in. overall I would definitely stay here again!
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- Also Known As:
- Park City Peaks Hotel Utah


text:
Hi, I've been trying to do some editing on my Twenty Ten theme but I can no longer click on some of the menu options on my main page.
For example at the top under the menu options "More" or "Group Accommodation" there are several options to click on but when you try to float on to the, the option disappears.
Any help is much appreciated.