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Citation: Kochin BF, Bull JJ, Antia R (2010) Parasite Evolution and Life History Theory. PLoS Biol 8(10): e1000524. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000524
Published: October 19, 2010
Copyright: © 2010 Kochin et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: This work is supported by the National Institutes of Health and the Fannie and John Hertz Foundation. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
As a group, parasites are extraordinarily diverse. Even closely related parasites may behave very differently, infecting different host species, causing different pathologies, or infecting different tissues. For example, Escherichia coli bacteria, a typically harmless inhabitant of the human gut, can, in different forms, cause diarrhea, intestinal bleeding, urinary tract infections, kidney bleeding, meningitis, and other diseases [1]. Underlying this diversity is evolution.
It is widely appreciated that parasites are prone to rapid evolution, and because of their often short generation times and large population sizes, parasites may evolve far more rapidly than their hosts. Attempts to understand parasite evolution, and the relevance of that evolution to disease, go back at least half a century to the first observations of drug resistance evolution in bacteria [2]. However, the application of evolutionary theory to parasites remains fertile ground for original research [3]. Indeed, evolutionary biology and parasitology have undergone such rapid advances in recent years that it has been difficult to keep abreast of both. Some recent papers, including the study of Babayan et al. in this issue of PloS Biology [4], apply results from one branch of evolutionary theory—life history theory—to the characteristics of pathogens of medical interest such as parasitic roundworms (nematodes) and malaria [5]. Babayan et al. propose that the life history of parasitic microfilarial worms shows evidence of adaptive "plasticity." Specifically, they propose that worm development inside a mammalian host changes in response to the host's immunity, and that the parasite's response matches predictions from life history theory.
Most basically, life history theory addresses the birth and death schedule of an organism in the context of its environment: how is natural selection expected to shape an organism's age of first reproduction, its fecundity, and survival? (See [6]–[9] for reviews.) Body size and other phenotypic traits are also often considered in the theory. As a typical example, a population that loses half its individuals each year to predation is expected to evolve to begin reproducing at a younger age than a population losing only 10% of its individuals to predation annually. This occurs even though early reproduction has costs that would reduce lifetime fecundity if predation is low. This early maturity increases the chance that that an individual survives to maturity, a feature that is increasingly important with an increasing mortality rate. As might be expected intuitively, increases in juvenile mortality select for earlier maturation, while increases in adult mortality do not have this effect [10],[11]. The specific life history that will evolve by natural selection depends on details such as the different mortality rates and fecundity schedules that accrue to individuals with different ages of maturation.
In order to avoid telling just-so stories about the evolution of life history traits, it is important to make predictions and then test them. It is hard to make predictions for a single species, in a single environment, at one point in time. The difficulty is that we do not know what life history options are available to the organism, and unless those options are known, prediction is hard. To escape this dilemma, life history theory applications have developed almost completely in a comparative context, predicting how birth and death schedules should vary across populations of the same species in different environments. If population P1 inhabits environment E1 and population P2 inhabits environment E2, the theory leads to straightforward relative predictions based on the differences between E1 and E2. These predictions are easy because the birth–death constraints of the organism will be the same for population P1 as for P2, so even though we cannot predict the exact birth–death schedules favored in E1 and E2, we can predict the direction of the differences (whether the population in E1 should mature earlier or produce more offspring early in life, for example).
The situation encountered in the study of Babayan et al. is slightly more complex. Their problem does not involve two separate populations of the same parasite in different environments, but instead involves one parasite population responding to different environments. It is of course ubiquitous for organisms to live in variable environments: the seeds of a single plant may encounter a range of soil moistures and sunlight availabilities to germinate; a parasite may encounter hosts having different levels of immunity. One possible response of the organism is to evolve a compromise life history, one that produces the best average response to all conditions. Another possibility is that the organism evolves a plastic response: in each environment the organism displays a different life history suited to that environment. Whether a fixed or plastic response is optimal depends on the costs of sensing and regulation versus the benefits of plasticity. An approach taken to determine if an organism displays adaptive phenotypic plasticity is to compare the responses in the two environments and see if the differences observed are consistent with what might be expected if the organism had optimized to the two environments.
Phenotypic Plasticity in Nematodes
The organism studied by Babayan et al., Litomosoides sigmodontis, is a nematode used as a model of human filarial diseases. The complex life cycle of the parasite is shown in Figure 1. For the purpose of this discussion, infection of a rodent begins with inoculation of larvae by an arthropod vector. The larvae then mature to adults that produce the transmission (microfilariae, Mf) stage (additional stages in the vector can be ignored for the present). We focus on the endemic situation where fitness is proportional to the total transmission (R0) rather than the rate of transmission. We assume that the rate of transmission at a given time is proportional to the number of Mf present at that time; in this case the fitness of the parasite will be proportional to the area under the curve of a plot of the density of Mf over the course of infection.
The L3 stage of the pathogen enters the vertebrate natural host (the cotton rat) by the bite of a mite where it matures via the L4 stage into adults that produce many tiny Mf (microfilariae) that are responsible for transmission. Mf are taken up by the arthropod vector and mature via the L2 stage to the L3 stage that is transmitted to the vertebrate host. The experimental system uses subcutaneous injection of L3 to to start the infection in inbred laboratory mice.
Life history theory predicts that the optimal combination of rates of maturation from larvae to adult, of subsequent adult survival, and of the production of Mf, will result in maximizing transmission, i.e., maximization of the area under the curve of the transmission stage. Host immunity is important because immunity impairs worm survival, much like the presence of a predator would impair prey survival. The level of immunity of the host is a major source of variability for the within-host environment of the worm. Different levels of immunity can arise because of genetic differences in the host, as well as from differences in the infection history of the host.
This brings us to the question addressed by Babayan et al.: how does the parasite respond to hosts with different levels of immunity to the early (pre-adult) parasite stages? As immunity acts by increasing parasite mortality, they predict that the parasite will show adaptive phenotypic plasticity by having earlier maturation and investment in the transmission stage in immune hosts, even though it would be at the expense of transmission later on in the infection. The earlier investment could be achieved by earlier generation of Mf or by an increased rate of Mf production. The cost of this earlier investment in transmission would be reflected in a smaller area under the curve of the Mf stage. The predictions are shown in Figure 2.
A sketch of how the density of the transmission (Mf) stage is altered by IL-5 treatment. The adaptive phenotypic plasticity hypothesis predicts that in the presence of additional IL-5 the parasite should produce Mf earlier and/or at a more rapid rate, but the total amount of Mf produced should be less than in the controls. In contrast with the prediction of the adaptive phenotypic plasticity hypothesis, total Mf production was much greater in the IL-5–treated mice.
In order to test their hypothesis, Babayan et al. performed the following experiments. They first showed (using mice lacking the ability to make the IL-5–induced eosinophil response) that the IL-5–induced eosinophil response results in more rapid maturation of the larval L3 to the subsequent L4 stage, as might be expected from an adaptive phenotypic plasticity hypothesis (but unexpectedly they observed no impact on the generation of adults). The second experiment was designed to test the effect of early immune responses on worm fecundity. Two groups of mice, a control group and an immune group, were infected with nematode larvae. The immune group, for technical reasons, was not generated by immunization, but instead by injection of the cytokine IL-5 together with the L3 larvae. Injected IL-5 is associated with the recruitment of eosinophils directed against the early stages of the parasite (e.g., the L3 larvae). Surprisingly, they found that IL-5–treated mice produced more transmission stages Mf at all times in comparison with the controls (see Figure 2, and also Figure 4B of Babayan et al.). At face value, the increased total production of Mf in these mice rejects the adaptive phenotypic plasticity hypothesis, which predicts that control mice should produce as many or more Mf over the course of infection in comparison with IL-5–treated mice. As Babayan et al. point out, there are a number of ways to explain this surprising result.
One hypothesis is that the unexpected results for total transmission arise because of differences between the laboratory mice used in the study and the natural hosts of the parasite. In this case, the results should not be interpreted in an adaptive context.
The second hypothesis is that the worm does not exhibit adaptive phenotypic plasticity in response to IL-5. It is not known why parasite development is enhanced by IL-5. The fact that total Mf production is higher with IL-5 than without IL-5 could reflect the parasite having optimized to an environment with high immunity and using IL-5–induced eosinophilia as a signal for reproduction. The parasite in this case has not optimized to a naive or low IL-5 environment, or its reproductive output would be higher in the absence of immunity than in the presence of immunity. Furthermore, we see little support for the prediction of the adaptive phenotypic plasticity hypothesis regarding the change in timing of Mf production—the Mf curve in the presence of IL-5 looks essentially like a scaled version of the control instead of a curve shifted to earlier reproduction, as in our Figure 2.
A third hypothesis, and the one favored by Babayan et al., allows the adaptive phenotypic plasticity hypothesis to be retained by proposing that there must be a hidden cost elsewhere—for example, the Mf produced in IL-5–treated mice may be less fit than those produced in untreated mice. We favor the first two hypotheses over the third because they are consistent with the existing data without requiring the additional assumption of a hidden cost required by the third hypothesis.
Babayan et al. point out further experiments are needed to distinguish between these hypotheses. The first hypothesis could be tested by determining whether the outcome of the experiments described above differs when the parasite infects its natural host (the cotton rat) rather than laboratory mice. Transmission experiments (ideally using vectors to transmit the parasite between vertebrate hosts) could be used to discriminate between the second and third hypotheses. If there is less transmission from the IL-5–treated mice than the untreated mice (because the Mf in the IL-5–treated mice are less fit), then we would favor the third hypothesis.
Discriminating between these possibilities is not only an academic exercise. Which hypothesis is true may have important consequences for vaccination. If the parasite has optimized to an environment with high IL-5 (second hypothesis) then vaccination that increases IL-5 without providing much further immunity could result in increased transmission from immunized individuals following infection. If the adaptive phenotypic plasticity hypothesis (third hypothesis) is correct, then we don't expect this problem—vaccinated individuals will not transmit more than unvaccinated ones.
Adaptive Phenotypic Plasticity in Malaria Infections
Life history theory has been applied to the allocation of resources between the growth and transmission stages during the blood stage of malaria infections [4],[12],[13]. The optimal allocation of resources between growth and transmission stages may change in environments that increase the mortality of the parasite, such as after the generation of immunity during the course of an infection, or after drug treatment. At high levels of mortality, when extinction of the parasite is certain, the parasite should invest mainly in the transmission stage. At low levels of mortality, the parasite should increase allocation into the growth stage as this prevents clearance of the parasite.
An interesting recent study by Reece et al. applied these ideas to drug treatment by proposing that the parasite should display adaptive phenotypic plasticity in response to the severity of the treatment [5]. At high drug doses the parasite should increase investment in the transmission stage, consistent with earlier in vitro observations [14],[15]. At low drug doses the parasite should decrease investment in the transmission stage, and they demonstrated this to be the case in an in vitro setting. At present, the test of adaptive plasticity is incomplete, and it will be exciting to see the outcome as the dose of a given drug is changed from low to high, as well as similar experiments in an in vivo system.
Evolutionary and Adaptive Considerations
The application of evolutionary principles to infectious disease certainly holds much promise, but also offers many challenges [3],[16],[17]. As is the case in all of evolutionary biology, particular care should be taken before assuming an "adaptationist program" [18].
Evolutionary biologists would like to understand how a trait (such as a plastic life history response) has evolved, and the forces (selection, drift, etc.) driving this evolution. When selection is involved, we would further like to know the reason behind the selection. Because we don't have time machines allowing us to go back and observe and perform experiments on organisms in the past, we are forced to take indirect approaches. For example, to investigate whether an observed instance of phenotypic plasticity is adaptive, one typically considers evolutionary history or the current utility (optimality) of the plasticity.
An evolutionary history approach asks: is the plasticity evolving as expected by natural selection? This requires evidence that (i) the phenotypes of interest have evolved from the ancestral state and (ii) the evolution is in the direction expected (by natural selection on that trait).
An optimality approach asks: is the current plasticity beneficial? In other words, are the phenotypes of interest in different environments optimal in those environments (two for simplicity)? As it is difficult to determine the optimal response in any environment, the approach taken is to determine whether the phenotypic differences in the two environments are in the direction predicted by optimality considerations.
Both the Babayan et al. and Reece et al. papers take the optimality approach, as it is the most accessible and the approach we must often accept when evolutionary principles are first applied to a problem.
It is worth noting that the answer from one approach does not necessarily tell you the answer from the other [19]. Current optimality does not imply the trait has evolved for that reason (noses might not have been selected to carry glasses [18]). Likewise, the reader can imagine a case where a recent change in the environment has caused a trait to be non-optimal, but selection is driving the trait towards optimality.
Finally, we note that understanding whether a trait is beneficial may have uses in addition to understanding its evolution. For example, as discussed earlier, whether filarial nematodes exhibit adaptive phenotypic plasticity in response to immune responses may have implications for vaccination.
Evolutionary life history theory offers potential explanations for a number of perplexing parasitological puzzles with public health importance. Why do parasites use signals from the immune system to control their development [20]–[22]? Why does the malaria parasite change its rate of differentiation into the transmission stage following drug treatment [5],[15],[23]? While recent studies by Reece et al. [5] and Babayan et al. [4] are some of the first papers to use evolutionary life history theory to address these questions, we suggest that the acceptance of their adaptive explanations will require more evidence than has been presented so far.
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- 2. Finland M, Murray R, Harris H. W, Kilham L, Meads M (1946) Development of streptomycin resistance during treatment. J Am Med Assoc 132: 16–21.
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Stearns S. C, Koella J. C, editors. (2008) Evolution in health and disease. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- 4. Babayan S. A, Read A. F, Lawrence R. A, Bain O, Allen J. E (2010) Filarial parasites develop faster and reproduce earlier in response to host immune effectors which determine filarial life expectancy. PLoSs Biol 8: e1000525. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000525.
- 5. Reece S. E, Ali E, Schneider P, Babiker H. A (2010) Stress, drugs and the evolution of reproductive restraint in malaria parasites. Proc Biol Sci. E-pub ahead of print. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2010.0564.
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Roff D (2002) Life History Evolution. Massachusetts: Sinauer.
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Stearns S. C (1992) The Evolution of Life Histories. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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- 9. Stearns S. C (1977) The evolution of life history traits: a critique of the theory and a review of the data. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 8: 145–171.
- 10. Berrigan D, Koella J. C (1994) The evolution of reaction norms: simple models for age and size at maturity. J Evol Biol 7: 549–566.
- 11. Gemmill A, Skorping A, Read A (1999) Optimal timing of first reproduction in parasitic nematodes. J Evol Biol 12: 1148–1156.
- 12. Koella J, Antia R (1995) Optimal pattern of replication and transmission for parasites with two stages in their life cycle. Theor Popul Biol 47: 277–291.
- 13. Mideo N, Day T (2008) On the evolution of reproductive restraint in malaria. Proc Biol Sci 275: 1217–1224.
- 14. Buckling A, Ranford-Cartwright L. C, Miles A, Read A. F (1999) Chloroquine increases Plasmodium falciparum gametocytogenesis in vitro. Parasitology 118(Pt 4): 339–46.
- 15. Peatey C. L, Skinner-Adams T. S, Dixon M. W. A, McCarthy J. S, Gardiner D. L, et al. (2009) Effect of antimalarial drugs on plasmodium falciparum gametocytes. J Infect Dis 200: 1518–21.
- 16. Ebert D, Bull J. J (2003) Challenging the trade-off model for the evolution of virulence: is virulence management feasible? Trends Microbiol 11: 15–20.
- 17. Levin B. R, Bull J. J (1994) Short-sighted evolution and the virulence of pathogenic microorganisms. Trends Microbiol 2: 76–81.
- 18. Gould S, Lewontin R (1979) The spandrels of San Marco and the Pangalossian paradigm: a critique of the adaptationist programme. Proc R Soc Lond B 205: 581–598.
- 19. Gothard K, Nylin S (1995) Adaptive plasticity and plasticity as an adaptation: A selective review of plasticity in animal morphology and life history. Okios 74: 3–17.
- 20. Amiri P, Locksley R. M, Parslow T. G, Sadickt M, Rector E, et al. (1992) Tumour necrosis factor alpha restores granulomas and induces parasite egg-laying in schistosome-infected SCID mice. Nature 356: 604–7.
- 21. Davies S. J, Grogan J. L, Blank R. B, Lim K. C, Locksley R. M, et al. (2001) Modulation of blood fluke development in the liver by hepatic CD4+ lymphocytes. Science 294: 1358–61.
- 22. Martin C, Le Goff L, Ungeheuer M. N, Vuong P. N, Bain O (2000) Drastic reduction of a filarial infection in eosinophilic interleukin-5 transgenic mice. Infect Immun 68: 3651–6.
- 23. Buckling A. G, Read A. F (1999) The effect of chloroquine treatment on the infectivity of Plasmodium chabaudi gametocytes. Int J Parasitol 29: 619–25.


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3 adults, 2 children die in mobile home fireUPDATED 9:37 AM EST Feb 07, 2013
Three adults and two children were killed in a mobile home fire in Crawford County.
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Four La. congressmen face slim-funded opposition
Published: Thursday, October 18, 2012 at 7:24 a.m.
Last Modified: Thursday, October 18, 2012 at 7:24 a.m.
BATON ROUGE — Four of Louisiana's Republican congressmen appear on track for easy re-election victories. They've drawn challengers who have raised little money and attracted no organized opposition from the Democratic Party.
U.S. Reps. Steve Scalise of Metairie, John Fleming of Minden, Rodney Alexander of Quitman and Bill Cassidy of Baton Rouge are sitting on healthy campaign accounts for the Nov. 6 election.
Scalise is running in the 1st District, which includes southern Terrebonne and Lafourche. Cassidy is running in the 6th District, which includes the northern reaches of the two parishes.
All four have had to spend little on advertising. None of their opponents has attracted enough money to meet the threshold to report fundraising, according to the most recent campaign reports filed with the Federal Election Commission.
Most of the opposition is from Libertarians and candidates not registered with a political party, as the Democratic Party continues to struggle. Republicans have gained significant ground in recent election cycles and incumbent congressmen are difficult to oust once in office.
"Right now, the Republican Party has run the table pretty much in Louisiana," said Pearson Cross, chair of the political science department at the University of Louisiana-Lafayette. "There's no other party, so the incumbents are sailing back into office with only token opposition."
Exceptions are in the southwest Louisiana-based 3rd District, where two GOP incumbents were forced into the same district when the state lost a congressional seat, and in the New Orleans-based 2nd District, where Democratic U.S. Rep. Cedric Richmond is expected to hold onto his seat.
Elsewhere in Louisiana, Republican incumbents are conducting telephone town hall meetings, giving luncheon speeches and making in-person appearances in their low-key re-election efforts.
Cassidy, who represents most of the Baton Rouge area in the 6th District, said he doesn't plan television advertising in his race against Rufus Craig, a Libertarian, and Richard "RPT" Torregano, an independent.
"But we are using the money we have saved to support other candidates across the nation, other congressional candidates," said Cassidy, a doctor who is seeking a third term.
Before the candidate sign-up period, Fleming, a doctor and owner of Subway and UPS stores, was considered a target for Democrats. National party officials interviewed possible competitors for the northwest Louisiana-based seat, but those efforts fizzled.
Fleming, running for a third term, faces opposition from Randall Lord, a Libertarian from Shreveport, for the largely rural 4th District stretching from the Arkansas line south to southwest Louisiana.
In the neighboring 5th District, Alexander said he hasn't done much advertising but has traveled the massive district to reach voters. He has been hitting fairs, festivals and rodeos along the way.
"We're going just like we had 10 people running," said Alexander, a contractor who was elected to Congress in 2002. "We just try to stay in touch with the folks as much as possible, and potential opponents are reluctant to engage in a district that's so large with an incumbent who's as visible as I am."
All or part of 24 parishes are in the rural district, which covers northeast Louisiana, the Alexandria area and parts of the state that run along the Mississippi state line.
Alexander's opponents are political newcomer Clay Grant, a Libertarian, and Ron Ceasar, an Opelousas independent who lost a bid for governor last year.
In the 1st District, covering suburban New Orleans and coastal southeast Louisiana, Scalise drew four challengers — including one he's defeated twice, Democrat Vinny Mendoza from Ponchatoula.
Also running for the seat are Gary King, a Republican from New Orleans; David "Turk" Turknett, an independent from Galliano; and Arden Wells, an independent from Ponchatoula. Scalise was elected to the seat in 2008.
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Currently pitching for the White Sox against the Twins in Minneapolis. Nobody has reached base through 7 innings against him..
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Currently pitching for the White Sox against the Twins in Minneapolis. Nobody has reached base through 7 innings against him..
Nope, leadoff double for Valencia in the 8th. It was kinda cool seeing Zach get that deep though
The Cy Young push begins.
Congrats to Stewart on his effort tonight.
I have always liked that kid.
I saw the story and decided to look at his game log.
He's pitched in 10 games this year, 8 of them starts. in 3 of his starts he gave up 5 runs and 6 runs and 7 runs. in the other 5 starts he went at least 6 innings and never gave up more than 2 runs.
Which isn't unexpected for a rookie, especially one traded 3 starts into his MLB career. I'd rather have Stewart than Leake. JMO.
funny. I was in the "The Reds overpaid for Rolen" camp. I'd even go so far as to say the Reds SHOULDN'T have traded for Rolen. He's 36, has a nice long injury history and though he's far and away the best defensive 3B I've seen in red in the last 20 years, his bat has vanished since the ASB of 2010. 8 mil for 65 games? And yet we don't hear the outrage like we did with Griffey. And is anyone really expecting 120+ games or a .780+ OPS from him next year? really?
IMO, the best the Reds should hope for is he's mobile enough to help the next 3B (Francisco, Frazier or even Alonso).
* We knew we were getting Rolen near the end of his career. Griffey, on the other hand, was supposedly still in his prime (or at least barely removed from his prime) when the Reds traded for him.
* Rolen's contract doesn't even approach Griffey's. It doesn't completely prevent the club from making big moves in the offseason. (Walt still might do nothing, but at least he is not completely hamstrung by a bad contract.) And Rolen only has one more year on his deal. Once it was clear that Griffey was washed up, the Reds still had like 5 years left on his deal. And he was making a ton of money. Rolen's contract doesn't have nearly the negative affect on the franchise that Griffey's did.
Also, and this is JMO, I think a lot of fans believed Griffey was lazy. That's not the case with Rolen.
Sure am happy for Stewart, but I will be more interested to see how Stewart does his next time out and for next year too before passing too much judgement on this outing.
Stewart doesnt strike me as a pitcher likely to throw a low-hitter in the majors. His minor league numbers are okay. Even with the one-hitter last night, the league is batting .291 against him. The Twins simply put a very bad lineup on the field, with seven of the nine starters now hitting .250 or less, two of them under .200. Stewart pitched a great game against a bad team, and he walks away with a start that might turn out to be the best of his career.
Stewart's game log
He's faced the Twins 3 times, got manhandled once and did very well twice. He's pitched well against DET, KC and BAL. Maybe that was his best game, but hell that's some HOF pitcher's best games too. And no, I'm NOT saying Zach Stewart is going the the HOF. Just stating that the post woy cited leaves a lot of room for performance variation. If that is his peak and he pitches say 85% as well as that over the course of his career, then that's a pretty good career.
To keep it somewhat in the Reds family, I think Stewart has more upside than Dustin Mosely


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I recently "bit the bullet" and updated to the newest version of WordPress (2.0.4). I did have some problems, and had to contact my webhost (1 & 1) for help.
Now I want to edit the sidebar and when I put in the information and click on "Update file" at the bottom of the page, I get taken to a new page with the message: "Sorry, that file cannot be edited."
I have no IDEA what is wrong, but can only suspect the new upgrade of WordPress. Please help!


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After setting back my inner geek by joining the army for 4 years, I have been working in IT as a "jack of all trades" for over 9 years now.
I started my career on a help desk, quickly moving in to a System Administration role managing several Windows servers, with Oracle, SQL Server as well as several custom systems.
After a few years, I found my skills were better suited for software development, which I have spend the most time on, but I still enjoy a good server, and use system administration to be a productive break from development when time and conditions allow.
I have specialized in MS development specifically in LOB applications written in VB, and C#, ( more c# than VB ), both WinForms, and now WPF as well as ASP/ASP.NET.
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Hi Detective,
thx so much for the help yet.
The photos are not displayed. The code is like that at the moment:

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'); ?>
Moreover I'm using as recommended:
- Cimy User Extra fields
- User Photos
...and before I had Gravatars but I switched it off. Before switching it off the Gravatars were displayed on the users.php
So what do I have to do to display the pictures?


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Elizabeth "Betty" Lorraine Hinz, 84, of Wood Lake, passed away on Thursday July 10, 2014 at the Granite Manor in Granite Falls. Services will be held at 10:30 a.m. on Thursday July, 17, 2014 at St. John's Lutheran Church in Wood Lake. Visitation will be held from 5 – 8 p.m. Wednesday with a prayer service at 5 p.m. at the Sunset Funeral Home in Echo and will continue one hour prior to the service on Thursday. Burial will be in the St. John's Cemetery. Online condolences may be placed at www.sunsetfuneralassociation.com.
Betty was born August 1, 1929 to Frank and Henrietta (Knipp) Stoick in Bellingham. After her father died when she was two years old, her mother and her two siblings moved to Appleton, where she attended Appleton public schools and graduated from Appleton High School in 1947. She then attended St. Cloud Teachers College, after which she began her teaching career in Wood Lake in 1948. She also taught school in Roseville, Hanley Falls, and Brooten, before teaching in Cottonwood for twenty- nine years, until her retirement in 1991.
On December 23, 1949 Betty married Glen "Pete" Hinz and they made their home in Wood Lake. They moved to a farm outside of Wood Lake in 1960. Pete and Betty raised seven children and were married for forty- five years before Glen's death in 1995. She continued to live on the farm until 2011, when she moved into an apartment in Wood Lake.
Betty lived life with grace and compassion and her family always came first. She also loved being with her friends from the area having coffee, attending local events, and watching three generations of family sporting events. She was an avid traveler, visiting over twenty countries, and was a member of the St. John's Lutheran Church in Wood Lake. She was also an active member of the Wood Lake American Legion Auxiliary and was one of the founding members of the Wood Lake Sewing Club.
In October of 2013 Betty became a resident of the Granite Falls Manor, where she died, surrounded by her loving family, on Thursday, July 10, 2014 at the age of 84. Betty will forever be remembered as a kind and gracious person, as well as a most loving mother, grandmother, and great grandmother.
Betty is survived by her seven children: three sons, Thomas (Pat) Hinz of Cottonwood, Timothy Hinz of Bloomington and Jack (Linda) Hinz of Richfield; four daughters, Teresa (Mike) Hoepner of Granite Falls, Trudy (Craig) Hartman of Carson City, NV, and twins Jill (Ron) Ginter of Lakeville and Jan (Dale) Mandelkow of Belview; fourteen grandchildren; thirteen great grandchildren; three sisters-in-law: Grace Lutterman of Wood Lake, Ella Bundy of Richfield, and Ruth (Les) Just of Detroit Lakes; many nieces, nephews and friends.
Her parents, husband, Glen "Pete", brother, Earl, sister, Rosanna, brothers-in-law, Harm Lutterman, Lee Bundy, Norman Hinz, and Charles Borgendale, sisters-in-law, Leona Stoick and Lillian Hinz, and nephew, Garland Lutterman preceded her in death.
Page 2 of 2 - Online condolences may be placed at www.sunsetfuneralassociation.com.
The Sunset Funeral and Cremation Association is caring for the family.
Location, ST | website.com


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Children's Health
Rubella (German Measles) - References
American Academy of Pediatrics (2009). Rubella. In LK Pickering et al., eds., Red Book: 2009 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases, 28th ed., pp. 579-584. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics.
Other Works Consulted
American Public Health Association (2008). Rubella (German measles). In DL Heymann, ed., Control of Communicable Diseases Manual, 19th ed., pp. 529-534. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2011). Rubella. In W Atkinson et al., eds., Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases, 12th ed., pp. 291-300. Washington, DC: Public Health Foundation. Also available online: http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/index.html.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2013). Prevention of measles, rubella, congenital rubella syndrome, and mumps, 2013: Summary recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR, 62(RRO4): 1-34. Also available online: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr6204a1.htm.
Cherry JD (2009). Rubella virus. In RD Feigin et al., eds., Feigin and Cherry's Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, 6th ed., vol. 1, pp. 2271-2300. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier.
Levin MJ, Weinberg A (2011). Infections: Viral and rickettsial. In WW Hay et al., eds., Current Diagnosis and Treatment: Pediatrics, 20th ed., pp. 1107-1147. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Mason WH (2011). Rubella. In RM Kleigman et al., eds., Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics, 19th ed., pp. 1075-1078. Philadelphia: Saunders.
In this article
WebMD Medical Reference from Healthwise


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Mexican Jumping Beans (south Beach Diet-phase 1 Friendly)
Total Time
Prep 5 mins
Cook 15 mins
Done in 20 minutes on the stovetop; I like to serve this with my Low Carb Mexi Baked Chicken for a complete and festive low carb dinner. Also a tasty, easy side dish to serve with your tacos, fajitas, etc.
Ingredients Nutrition
- 1 small onion, chopped
- 1 green pepper, chopped
- 2 cloves garlic, minced
- 1 teaspoon olive oil
- 2 (15 ounce) cans red kidney beans, drained and rinsed
- 1 cup water
- 2 tablespoons chili powder or 2 tablespoons taco seasoning (I prefer and use taco seasoning, homemade with no sugar)
- low-fat Mexican cheese blend, for topping
- In a medium saucepan, sautee the pepper, onion and garlic in olive oil until crisp-tender.
- Add beans, water and seasoning; simmer on low to medium heat until thickened (about 10 minutes).
- Top with cheese upon serving.
Most Helpful
Great stuff! I used canned pinto beans because we have a ton of those. Surprisingly good and wayyyyy easy! Thanks~
way better than expected. i made the mexi baked chicken to go with it.
Very flavorful & Yummy Beans! Fixed this while on South Beach but whole family loved them. Had to fix another pot for me to take for leftovers in lunch! Thank you!


text:
The Ad Details box shows 0 when the form loads and then nothing when you begin to type in the textarea below.
Tested on FF, Chrome and IE.
The Ad Details box shows 0 when the form loads and then nothing when you begin to type in the textarea below.
Tested on FF, Chrome and IE.
Hi thatwastaxing,
Sounds like you may have a plugin conflict going on. Since I can't see it directly, I would suggest that you try the outlined steps here: http://www.awpcp.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=3&t=3585
It's working now in Chrome even though I didn't change anything. Firefox shows 0 then nothing still.
Have you tried the plugin conflict check?
Hi, I deactivated all plugins but yours and the problem persists.
It's not working in Chrome again either. Strange.
I even switched to Twenty Eleven but the ad details character count doesn't work in the admin either.
More peculiarities: It works in the frontend but not the backend in Chrome.
Can you please post a link to the site, along with the following details?
- Version of AWPCP
- Version of WordPress
- Version of PHP
- Windows or Linux hosting
I have just installed the latest version of a plug in. However, the user nor admin can place an ad. The field with ad-detail is disable. This field is required to place an ad. I tested conflict with other plug ins and with a theme. Unfortunately it still didn't work.
Any ideas on that?
Thank you
Hi Monika,
I need some more details from you--can you provide the same details that I asked for above?
Also, which theme did you test with for conflict? Did you do BOTH a theme and plugin conflict check at the same time? Here is an article about how we recommend testing for theme and plugin conflicts with AWPCP, which may help pinpoint the issue: http://www.awpcp.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=3&t=3585
Hi awpcp,
I did test for conflict as described in the article. I also deactivated both at the same time all my plugins and I switched my theme to twentyeleven. That ad-details is still not working.
I am using
Wordpress 3.5.1
MySQL 5.5.30
Theme is a BuddyPress Dusk version 1.0
If you could help I would appreciate.
This plugin is really great
Maybe I could just get rid off that entry. Would that work?
I have Linux hosting
Hi Monica,
I would need to see this directly to understand the behavior at this point.
Can you please contact me here: http://awpcp.com/contact/
Please include:
- Admin credentials to your site
- Link to your site
- Specific link to your Classifieds on the front end (it's not always obvious to me, so please include it)
I will take a look at it.
This topic has been closed to new replies.


text:
International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling
, Volume 30, Issue 3, pp 179-188
First online:
HIV/AIDS-Anxiety among Adolescent Students in Botswana
- Mary Adeola OnyewadumeAffiliated withUniversity of Botswana Email author
Rent the article at a discountRent now
* Final gross prices may vary according to local VAT.Get Access
This research investigated the incidence of HIV/AIDS anxiety among students in Botswana. The sample comprised 240 randomly selected students from six schools in three districts in Botswana, with data collected via a questionnaire. Percentages and Chi-square were used to analyze the extent to which the students were anxious about HIV/AIDS and if there was a significant gender difference in this regard. Findings showed that the students were anxious on several fronts about HIV/AIDS; specifically that they and their relations might contract the virus and that they might lose family members. There was gender difference in terms of anxiety about the possibility that relations might become infected. The role of the counsellor in reducing HIV/AIDS anxiety among students in communities living with HIV/AIDS is discussed.
KeywordsHIV/AIDS Anxiety Gender differences Counsellor role
Reference tools
- Title
- HIV/AIDS-Anxiety among Adolescent Students in Botswana
- Journal
International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling
Volume 30, Issue 3 , pp 179-188
- Cover Date
- 2008-09
- 10.1007/s10447-008-9055-z
- Print ISSN
- 0165-0653
- Online ISSN
- 1573-3246
- Publisher
- Springer US
- Additional Links
- Topics
- Keywords
- Anxiety
- Gender differences
- Counsellor role
- Authors
- Author Affiliations
- 1. University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana


text:
49ers position-by-position breakdown: Offensive line
Matt Maiocco's 49ers Breakdown: Offensive Line
The 49ers averaged 5.1 yards per rush last season and the O-line showed marked improvement in pass protection, too. (USA TODAY IMAGES)
49ers position-by-position breakdowns
1. Quarterbacks
2. Running Backs
3. Wide Receivers
4. Tight Ends
5. Offensive Line
6. Defensive Line
7. Outside Linebackers
8. Inside Linebackers
9. Cornerbacks
10. Safeties
11. Special Teams
Editor's note: Insider Matt Maiocco will be providing position-by-position breakdowns each day leading up to 49ers training camp. The rookies are scheduled to report on July 19, with the veterans scheduled to follow on July 24. Today Matt focuses on the offensive line.
Who they have: LT Joe Staley, LG Mike Iupati, C Jonathan Goodwin, RG Alex Boone, RT Anthony Davis, T/G Adam Snyder, G/C Daniel Kilgore, G/C Joe Looney, T Carter Bykowski, T Kenny Wiggins, G Al Netter, G Wayne Tribue, C Sherman Carter, T Luke Marquardt, G Patrick Omameh
Who they lost: Leonard Davis
Looking back: The 49ers kept eight offensive linemen on their 53-man roster -- and two on the practice squad -- for the duration of the season. The 49ers never had to dip into their depth, as the five starters remained healthy and started all 19 games through the Super Bowl. Together, the 49ers' line formed arguably the best unit in the NFL. After a difficult beginning against Green Bay's Clay Matthews, Staley turned in an outstanding season. Boone provided a big upgrade as he made the transition from tackle to right guard. Iupati continued to maul his opponents in the run game. Davis improved his consistency on a week-in, week-out basis as he had his best NFL season. Goodwin did a good job of keeping the unit on the same page. The 49ers averaged 5.1 yards per rushing attempt and the line showed marked improvement in pass protection, too.
Overall outlook: With another season of continuity, the 49ers' offensive line stands as one of the team's biggest strengths -- for this season and into the foreseeable future. Staley and Davis provide the 49ers with bookend tackles. Staley is signed through 2017, while the 49ers re-upped Davis with a $37.295 million extension through the 2019 season in the offseason. Iupati and Boone form the best tandem of guards the 49ers have had in a long time, too. Goodwin is a solid veteran who enters the final year of his contract. Snyder, who has experience at all five line positions, returns as a backup to the 49ers on a two-year deal that included a $500,000 signing bonus.
Camp competition: Goodwin accepted a pay cut to remain with the team. It's still conceivable promising young players Kilgore and Looney could challenge
for a greater role and push Goodwin for his job. The role of the swing tackle is up for grabs. The 49ers could keep Boone in that role. If a starting tackle must be replaced, Boone could bump out to tackle with Snyder, Kilgore or Looney stepping into right guard. The competition in camp -- and the performance of the backups -- will determine whether draft pick Bykowski or any of the other young players can earn a ninth roster spot among the offensive linemen.
In-line images of Mike Iupati (left) and Anthony Davis (right) provided by the Associated Press


text:
Firebug is a Firefox extension, which allows the debugging, editing, and monitoring of any website's CSS, HTML, DOM, JavaScript, network traffic and cookies. You should just use this tag in case the question is directly related to Firebug itself and not a website you are debugging with Firebug.
Firebug is a Firefox that allows the debugging, editing, and monitoring of any website's css, html, dom, and javascript. It also has a JavaScript console for logging errors and executing JavaScript as well as a network monitor, which measures the amount of time in milliseconds it takes to execute scripts and load images on the page. And it includes a way to check and edit the cookies a website sets. Furthermore it has many extensions, which enhance its functionality.
It has become a must have aid tool for developers and testers around the world.
Firebug is free and open source, licensed under the BSD license.
Relation to Firebug Lite
When to ask a Firebug question
The 'firebug' tag should just be used if your question is directly related to Firebug itself. You should not use it if your question is about some issue within your page and you use Firebug to debug it.
Before you're asking a question related to the usage of Firebug you should read its FAQ and documentation. If you experience a bug within Firebug, you should follow the steps described at the first aid page.
Useful links
- Website
- Download page at addons.mozilla.org
- FAQ: Answers to the most frequently asked questions
- Firebug blog: General information about the Firebug project and new releases
- Jan 'Honza' Odvarko's blog: Describing features and providing tutorials for extension developers
- Firebug documentation
- Firebug extensions: Firefox add-ons extending the functionality of Firebug
- Wikipedia article
- Daily usage statistics


text:
1043 posts tagged with recommendations.
Displaying 251 through 300 of 1043. Subscribe:
Help me make this semester a success
I'm going into my fifth year of college and I still have had no jobs, no internships, no relationships with my professors and no references/recommendations. I don't think I'll be able to get a job with the current state of my resume. Please help me figure out what I need to do to change all that this semester. [more inside]
Need more shade to be thrown!
Exhausted current stock of non-fiction podcasts, more recommendations please? Tastes under the fold. [more inside]
MetalFilter - I know what I like, but not how to find more of it
So, there's a particular flavor of music that I like, but there's a lot of music in its genre that doesn't scratch my itch. Pandora gives me too broad of a variety, and I'm not enough of an aficionado to know the specific subgenre, or labels, to search for. Some examples I like are Wounds by Masterplan, and Starfall by Dragonland. I think my tastes generally fall under "power metal", but a specific variety of it, and I don't have a name for that subcategory. [more inside]
Mexico City recommendations: cool 'hood, what to do, etc
I'm going to Mexico City in late October and have a bunch of questions! [more inside]
Books and Movies that Connect Disparate Time Periods
I really enjoy books and films that feature narratives strewn across different time periods. I'm looking for recommendations. [more inside]
Art on!
You helped me get my crochet on. You helped me get my knit on. Now can you help me get my art on and find the best blogs of people just playing around with paints? [more inside]
Got a meeting. What to ask?
This is a followup to my previous question on bad softball sportsmanship. I have been told that they will be taking up the sportsmanship issue during the board meeting on Wednesday. I'm not sure what to ask for now. [more inside]
Novels for the American Southwest
I'm doing environmental work in Utah for the next three months. I'll have my kindle. Tell me your favorite novels about the American Southwest. [more inside]
Recommend a laptop for a grad student who knows nothing
I finished my first year of grad school, passed my comps (so they're not getting rid of me!), and spent the summer using a computer lab to work on campus. I'm sick of it and want to buy a laptop but haven't bought one in awhile and I'm not sure what to get or the best way to go about it, so I thought I'd beg y'all for advice. Details inside. [more inside]
Site that reviews translations of classical texts?
I'm on a "read all the classics" quest and trying to figure out the best translations into English. Blog recommendations would be awesome! [more inside]
Is there a large shopping/strolling/dining area in Minneapolis-St. Paul?
Visiting the Twin Cities in a few weeks with my girlfriend. She'd like to check out some walkable shopping districts with a vibrant, dense mix of stores and places to eat. But does this exist on a somewhat-large scale? [more inside]
More like Midlake please.
What artists and albums are most like Midlake's Trials of Van Occupanther?
Poetry and dance
What songs fuse poetry or spoken word with music? The closest I can think of are Baz Luhrmann's "Everybody's Free (To Wear Sunscreen)" and Poe's "Hey Pretty". I'd be especially interested in mashups that do this.
Kid friendly grown up movies/TV?
My 10 and 8 year old daughters adored The Nr. 1 Ladies Detective Agency (the TV series). What other made-for-adults movies or TV could we watch together? [more inside]
How can I get my place painted soonest?
I need to get my 2 BR apt in the Washington, DC area painted before I move in. But my only personal-networking options have fallen through: the co-op itself is presently too short-staffed, and it turns out the guy recommended by my realtor can't do it until August. I really need it painted ASAP--although I'd also like a neat, professional job. Is it realistic, to want to get it painted much sooner than August? If so, how can I go about finding a good and reliable painter or company, being new to the area? (Bonus if you have a painter/company in the area whose work you liked and you would recommend!)
What should I do in Greece that isn't a beach or a nightclub?
I'll be in Greece in September for work and it seems a shame not to take some vacation time while I'm there. Problem is most of the tourist guides seem to focus quite a bit on how great the various beaches are or how awesome the nightlife is, neither of which interest me when I'm traveling alone. Ruins and archaeology are good and I intend to include some of that but there must be some awesome things that I don't even know to look for. Some more specifics inside. [more inside]
Where in MPLS can I learn to throw a punch?
Just moved to Minneapolis and would like to continue my martial arts training. I was doing shotokan karate for about three years and would like to pick up where I left off, but I'm open to other forms if there is a particularly good school you'd recommend. Any suggestions of places to look into or where I can find out more about my options? [more inside]
if i liked the movie l'avventura, what books will i like?
i really like the slow/subtle treatment of ennui/cultureshock/different manifestations of love/and the engaging "nonplot"
Point-and-shoot digital camera advice.
I'm thinking it might be time to upgrade my digital camera. Is it worth it? If so, what models should I be looking at? [more inside]
Things to listen to with a minimum of futzing around
I'm working at my desk for 8 hours a day: what should I be listening to during this time? I've been listening to a lot of NPR Tiny Desk Concerts, which I like because I just click start and I'm good for the next 1/2 hour, without ads, and I like the consistency of the same artist for the entire chunk of time. I'd appreciate links to albums or performances that I can stream for free! Some specific music tastes outlined inside. [more inside]
I want to read things that squick me out, but are still well written.
I would like to read some truly disturbing novels. Give me some recommendations, AskMetafilter. [more inside]
Seeking my own special weekend-in-Minneapolis recommendations
Hi, MeFites of Minneapolis! My wife and I will be visiting your city for a weekend later this month. Based on our own picky likes and dislikes, do you have any recommendations for what we might like to see and do? [more inside]
Renn Faire Brain Candy Books?
I (astonishingly) survived the first year of my PhD program. Yay! Now summer is upon me, and I (again, astonishingly) find myself desiring more reading...but this time for funsies! Specifically, I'm looking for some good hammock-and-wine reading material that I can reasonably justify spending time on to my English-Grad-Student brain. I want to immerse myself in a modern fictionalized version of the late medieval and/or Renaissance period. What can you recommend that is genuinely good, but won't ask too much of my super-exhausted noggin? More specific preferences after the jump! [more inside]
Good Films about Politics
What are some good films that are about politics or democracy? [more inside]
Remind me again, why are dinosaurs awesome?
When I was a kid, I was totally enamored of dinosaurs. I seem to have lost my affinity for them in the years since. I quit paying attention to developments in paleontology. Apparently there's been a lot that I missed, like that the dominant theory now is that modern birds are descended from a dinosaur species (I think?). And I hear velociraptors had feathers. So I need not just updates, but a good primer for adults because I've forgotten everything I used to know about them. Can anyone recommend some good modern books or documentaries on dinosaurs to rekindle the flame of dino-love?
Reading recommendations - community and friendship version
I'm starting a reading/discussion group on the topic of communities and friendships. What are some good articles/essays/books/websites for us to read? [more inside]
Rdio Maven Recommendations
I just started using rdio.com to find and listen to music, but I don't know how to find people to follow for recommendations. Who do you suggest? [more inside]
Mystical Rock Concept Albums
I'm looking for rock concept albums from the 70s and beyond that veer towards the mystical, magic(k)al, and otherwise weird. Specimens so far include Poe's (no, not her) Up Through the Spiral, Black Widow's Sacrifice, and a whole lot of Hawkwind. I get the sense there was a lot more of this in the 70s, but who knows. [more inside]
Good mystery movies to watch?
I'd like to get some good mystery movie recommendations from the 80s on. It's OK if they veer toward the thriller, like Michael Clayton, ridiculous like Ford Fairlaine, noirish like Kiss Kiss, Bang Bang, or are a more standard outing with a strong, interesting, well developed detective lead like Zero Effect. Drawing room mysteries totally A-OK too. Super bonus points if I can stream them now on Hulu plus or Netflix.
Doctor & vet recommendations for Northampton, MA
I am moving to Northampton, MA. Can you recommend good doctors for me and my cat? I am looking for an OB/GYN, a veterinarian for cats, a dentist, and a primary care doctor. [more inside]
Need an Employment Lawyer in LA
A friend needs an HR/Employment specialty lawyer in LA, preferably in the SGV, but no further west than downtown. Difficulty: Friend works at a law firm. [more inside]
I read way too many books by white dudes.
I'm looking for recommendations for contemporary(ish) literary fiction written by folks who are not white men. [more inside]
Hotel recommendations in Buenos Aires
I will be visiting Buenos Aires on holiday this November, and would like your recommendations on hotels. [more inside]
What are some good books for quicker, disjointed reading sessions?
I commute to and from work, which involves busses and trains transfers and other general distractions, and while I really enjoy reading on this commute, I can't sink my teeth into heavier books that require a ton of concentration to comprehend and follow (I save those for the weekends). I have found that lighter books with shorter chapters and engaging storylines are easiest to read in this atmosphere. What are your recommendations? [more inside]
Mission: Dinner
Where should I eat dinner tonight in the San Francisco Mission district? It will probably be just me. I like pretty much anything, but prefer the interesting hole-in-the wall to fine dining.
Non-fiction about the Great Outdoors
I've recently discovered that I love reading non-fiction about the Great Outdoors and the things that happen there. I'm talking about books like 'Touching the Void' by Joe Simpson, and Jon Krakauer's books 'Into Thin Air' and 'Into the Wild'. It doesn't necessarily have to be about disasters and tragedies: I really loved this recent FPP about the Alaskan Iditarod. I want to read (but haven't yet) 'Into the Silence: the Great War, Mallory and the Conquest of Everest'. Please recommend me other books in this vein?
E-books to get me through a long spell in the woods.
I am leaving for Africa in less than 12 hours. I will be spending the next three months doing fieldwork. I am bringing a Kindle. What reading material should I bring for entertainment? What's gotten you through some long spells away from civilization? Looking for recommendations for books that really make you think. [more inside]
Voices to hook to
Another question about recommended podcasts, hooray! [more inside]
I need to read some grown-up books. With unicorns, preferably.
After spending several years reading largely YA, I'd like to read some grown-up secondary world fantasy novels. Persnickety tastes below the fold. [more inside]
What music should I try on Spotify?
What bands and albums should I listen to now that I'm finally able to stream almost anything ever made? Extended information as to my taste preferences inside. [more inside]
Romance novel suggestions, similar to Danielle Steel?
My grandmother is in her 80s, but loves romance books, especially Danielle Steel. She's gotten several of the Harlequin Intrigue, etc series, but says that there's too much sex in them. She prefers the Danielle Steel books because of the plot (I think?). Can you suggest any other authors/books? [more inside]
What are some good novels where the protagonist is in his/her mid-20s?
I tend to like humor, but other genres are acceptable. If this is too broad a category, we can limit recommendations to those where being in one's mid-20s is somehow central to the novel.
Pick music for my 10 year-old son's iPod!
Please name one song, or album, that I should put on my 10 year-old son's iPod. [more inside]
Recommended reading on religion and natural laws?
I am a scientifically-minded person who is trying to sort out my religious beliefs. I think it would be helpful to read some debates between deism, atheism, pantheism (Spinozism), and/or a scientifically-grounded theism. Can anyone recommend me books or essays that discuss these topics in ways that are engaging, well-thought-out, and thorough? [more inside]
And remember: external forces are never to blame.
I've always thought King Missile's Failure was a pretty good depiction of the kind of intrusive, self-defeating thoughts that characterize depression. The recent FPP'd game Depression Quest does something similar. What are some other works that are reminiscent of the experience of having depression or another mental illness (as opposed to depicting characters with the illness?)
Fast track me to townie status: Massachusetts North Shore Edition
I am moving to Newburyport, MA in two weeks. Please help me land smoothly with recommendations for hairstylists, dog care, preferred ISPs, and anything else that pops to mind. [more inside]
What's the best e-reader for me?
I know pretty much nothing about the e-reader market right now, but I'm thinking about taking the plunge. Given my particular requirements, what is likely to be the best e-reader for me? [more inside]
Rural photography recommendations?
When living in the city I had no problem finding photographers to look to for new ways of seeing that particular environment. Now that I live in a fairly rural area, I'm looking for recommendations of photographers—particularly contemporary ones—who have an interesting take on rural or wilderness photography. I'm specifically not looking for landscape/wildlife photography of the long-lens-ken-rockwell variety, but other than that anything goes. A couple things that come to mind as examples are Lee Friedlander's New Mexico stuff or Stephen Shore's lonely dirt roads (although iconic 50s gas stations are in short supply on the Gulf Islands.)
In search of a lasting wireless network solution
After wasting two different off-days trying to get my damnable modem+router working, I want to return them both and get something entirely new. Any good recommendations for a solid, reliable DSL modem and wireless router set-up with decent NAS support? [more inside]
What are the most popular travel guidebooks/websites around the world
I'm trying to find out the most popular guides to NYC (in particular) that people around the world use. In the US, this would include guidebooks like Frommer's or Fodor's. People can also check a site like tripadvisor to find hotel or attraction recommendations. What books or sites would people in Germany, France, Italy, China, India, and countries all around the world use?


text:
Write Your Own Review
Customer Ratings and ReviewsClick here to write a review
Beautiful heavyweightHeavier than I thought it would be, and sharper too. Very well made and a beautiful tool!
High Expectations!This item must really be great! but I'm only giving a neutral review until I actually receive it - as backorder time drags on, I might revise that rating lower - or perhaps higher if I ever actually receive it.
Chisel KnifeGreat chisel knife of high quality. Highly recommended.
Heavyweight lives up to specsMassive steel blade feels even heavier than the 5/16 claim. Took this directly outside and trimmed some small branches from a fallen tree. Good balance and the heft does most of the work. Brought it back inside to try more delicate chisel work on a hinge mortise. Smacked the thick blade back with a hammer. This beauty will take a lot of abuse. Now at home in my toolkit.
June 2012 Rate & Review Honorable Mention $50 Winner. Congratulations, Tim!!"
Read more


text:
Gerber® Gator Clip - point Serrated Folding Knife
Item # WX2-219593
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- Details & Specs
- Reviews
- Articles & Tips
Gerber® Gator Clip - point Serrated Folding Knife. A thick - skinned, all - everything knife.
Ever notice how alligators are completely indifferent to the weather? Well, this prized Knife is kinda the same. It'll perform to its fullest whether the conditions are wet or dry. If there's a job to be done, Gerber's Gator Folder is more than up to it. But that's not just Gerber talking.
Heck, the Gator debuted at the 1991 Blade Show as the "Most Innovative Knife of the Year." And Gerber's competitors did the voting. 14 years later, the Gator is as popular as ever, with an advanced thermoplastic "alligator skin" overmold delivering a reliable, comfortable grip.Details:
- 8 1/2" overall 3 3/4" blade 5" closed
- 5 1/2 ozs.
- Lock back mechanism
- Clip-point 420HC stainless steel serrated blade
- Glass-filled nylon handle with Gator Grip overmold
- Ballistic nylon sheath.


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Really like this plug-in. It's simple to use and works just fine.
I was only wondering if it would be possible to add tags to the microposts? I would like to use the shortcode for showing microposts on a page, but only those that I tagged.
Any chance for this?


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In this Ramadan, KFoods.com brings here the special Ramadan deals throughout the
Pakistan. Find special Ramazan deals, iftar buffet offers and best iftar deals in
your city. Just search out interesting offers and deals available in famous eateries
in the month of Ramadan 2016 and plan iftar eat out parties with your friends and
family. Ramadan ul Mubarak 2016/1437 is starting on June 07, 2016. Ramadan is the
holiest month for muslims. In this month, muslims across the world fast; eat meal
in sehri time (before fajr) and then do iftar just before maghrib prayer. In the
night, they offer taravih prayers with Isha prayers. Basically, there are two meal
times in the Holy month, Sehar and Iftar, and people take opportunities to enjoy
meals out with family and friends. Especially, eating iftar out together is a wonderful
opportunity to get together and have meals with your close ones. Every Ramadan,
food restaurants design discount packages, Ramadan deals, iftar buffet offers and
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All Rights Reseverd by Kfoods.com


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If you collect classic cars or just enjoy viewing them, mark your calendar for January 11 to 18. That's when Barrett-Jackson will host its 38th annual car collector show in Scottsdale, Ariz. Last year's event drew a remarkable attendance-280,000 people.
Business Jet Traveler » December 2008
December 1, 2008
December 1, 2008
The first Hawker 4000 to be delivered to a customer--cigarette wholesaler Gary Hall--was seized along with other assets in October by the U.S. government as part of a 43-count federal fraud indictment. According to the U.S.
December 1, 2008
The best thing that could have happened to Rolls-Royce and Bentley did happen about a decade ago, when Vickers offloaded these once-revered but faded brands to BMW and VW, respectively. Now a Roller is a Roller again, a shamelessly magnificent execution of automotive opulence and serenity.
December 1, 2008
A UK charter operator is offering free in-flight beauty therapy and massages to help customers relieve the stress of the current financial crisis and to arrive at their destination in better shape.
December 1, 2008
On paper, the Hawker 1000A looked like a winner. But after six years and anemic sales, Raytheon walked away from the program with only 52 built, even though it had orders for dozens more. "There must be a reason for this," I hear you say.
December 1, 2008
When you land in a foreign country, should you rent a car or stay in passenger mode and hire a driver? That may depend partly on where you are. The American Automobile Association reports that road accidents cause an estimated 1.17 million deaths per year worldwide-and that 70 percent of them occur in developing countries.
December 1, 2008
-Fletcher Aldredge, publisher of the Vref Aircraft Value Reference, whose data shows larger declines in price for light jets in recent quarters than for any other market segment. Source: Architectural Digest
December 1, 2008
Tempted to stroll up to the cockpit for a chat with the pilots and the view from the front office? Depending on what's going on up there, that may not be such a great idea. While pilots love to talk about what they love, passenger access to the cockpit comes with some restrictions for safety reasons.
December 1, 2008
Some of the same folks who insist on bottled water in flight think nothing of dropping into it a couple of ice cubes plucked from the machine in the hotel hallway. The tendency is to assume that the ice is a solid form of potable water.
December 1, 2008
"I try to live by one simple rule," said T. Boone Pickens. "Work eight hours and sleep eight hours, and make sure they are not the same eight hours." He chuckled and then added, "But I have to tell you, I'm not doing so well these days following that rule. I need a hell of a lot more than eight hours to get in all the work I need to do."
""At first I thought flying privately was a luxury and I felt guilty. Then I realized how much more I can do in a week than I would if I had to fly commercially." "
-Golf great and entrepreneur Annika Sorenstam
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Separate names with a comma.
site is definitely compromised. Just here for a second...be awhile before I return..
Ya I looked for the door and couldn't find it. Anyways, Mustang Club of America featured the song on their FB page and contacted me asking if...
Alright "Ontario", used to spend two weeks of every year up at lake Ni****ing. Still my opinion...Walleyes are the best tasting fish in North America.
Seems abit hypocritical from a site that randomly diverts members to ticketmaster
I like was wondering about the ol gang myself. Is Frankenbeatch still around, and McCaully........SHOUT OUT PEOPLE...its me the Mustangchef...my...
Happy New year stingers...wheeeheww
Barely used one season.. Full set $450...thats like half the price. Greg in Ann Arbor or lansing
A deadwood tree went down across the entire road just over a steep hill outside of Gregory. Driving over the hill {at the speed limit} I...
My Stang...shot for Car and Driver Magazine interview for Alex , my son...[ATTACH]
What is actually making the noise? whether it is normal or not...what is it?
Ya my 06 which I just got made that noise and I was Like " 9000 miles and a bad universal already?..Whatever the Ford dealer said about "normal"...
I am guessing that your little black plastic thread that goes into the lock clip is either stripped or busted off....
if you buy another one ,...
Wud up..here it is..[media]


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Skip to comments.Obama says GOP must back US first, create jobs
Posted on 09/05/2011 12:32:16 PM PDT by Free ThinkerNY
DETROIT (AP) -- President Barack Obama said Monday that congressional Republicans must put their country ahead of their party and vote to create new jobs as he used a boisterous Labor Day rally to aim a partisan barb at the GOP.
In a preview of the jobs speech he will deliver on Thursday to Congress, Obama said there are numerous roads and bridges that need rebuilding in the U.S., and over 1 million unemployed construction workers who are available to build them.
(Excerpt) Read more at hosted.ap.org ...
another lie spoken by the destroyer of jobs.
Obama is the jobs killer not the Congressional Republicans. Maybe Obama can all get us tickets to China after all that's were all the jobs are going.
Dissent is patriotic!
I thought the stimulus was supposed to have done some of this? I see signs saying work is being done due to the American Recovery Act whateveritwas.
So ... the answer is more of the same?
Not another cent for the Kenyan lizard to waste....
Barack the Kenyan should really try putting America ahead of his party also. Unfortunately, that isn't ever going to happen. The "typical white people" down at the DNC won't allow him to do that.
The Punk opened his mouth and Lies fell out,nothing to see here!
"...Republicans must put their country ahead of their party.."
When was that ever a priority of the Great Deceiver?
Anybody going to call them on a regular basis on the distinction? (Liberals love to confuse terms and concepts.)
Don't forget the turtle tunnels.
So have them send MORE money to Brazil for oil exploration and more guns (shhhh..secret) to Libya.
...Because Obama's solutions have worked so damn well, right?
More of the same is not the solution for this great nation.
Is anyone on the GOP side ever going to ask Obama why his jobs point man Immelt, is sending so many jobs overseas (while getting taxpayer bailout money)?
To do otherwise is racist hate speech.
jobs for unions and minorities only.
Thank goodness all construction workers are fully interchangeable. The roofer and finish carpenter can just as easily build concrete roads and bridges! Genius!
Isn't summer the season when most construction workers should be employed?
1. American taxpayers have paid billions of dollars in tolls, fees, and fuel taxes over years that were supposed to go for maintaining these roads and bridges. Instead, in many cases, this money was diverted to fund the welfare state.
2.Due to regulations (primarily Davis-Bacon), taxpayers get maybe 5 miles of road for what should buy them 10 miles of new road construction. This, of course, keeps union construction in the game, but overpaying for anything rarely works as a viable economic strategy.
3.Wasn't this what his first stimulus was supposed to be about?
Mr. President, do you have any solutions that do not require spending hundreds of billions of dollars?
Government can't create jobs except by taking resources from those who would otherwise do so, and far more efficiently. Get the hell out of America's way, Obama. And stop blaming us for your failure.
It'll be a "Construction Winter".
Obama had 2 years of a veto proof Dem Congress to push through a jobs program without interference from Republicans.
Instead he wasted his time on Obamacare and a stimulus program that was more pork than stimulus. Now the Republicans control only one house for only 8 months and he is already assigning blame to them as for his and his party's abject failure. Polls are reflecting people are no longer listening excuses for his failure.
Low brow, low class, low expectations.
So, federal infrastructure jobs is this guy's great plan?
"Good news everybody! Grab a shovel! We've all got jobs filling potholes!"
Don't forget the luthiers at Gibson. They can build roads too!
Republicans and Greeks and Japanese Tsunami and European banks and, of course, George Bush ate his homework while he was playing the 18th hole.
0bama puts out a false premise here.
He says that the GOP has to put the country first, which in his mind means that they have to pass whatever his version of a jobs program is.
I reject that premise, because it insinuates that that you are not putting your country first if you don't agree with 0bama's plans and policies. The 2 parties almost always disagree on what our policies should be, and what the goals of legislation and policy should be. That's just politics.
This logic doesn't fly with me, though it may fly with traditional Democrat constituencies. 0bama likes to demonize Republicans, send them to the back of the bus, etc.
I don't like this about 0bama. I think he spends more time and teleprompter reading by bashing Republicans and conservatives, rather than persuading us of why his policies and proposals are better. He spends way too much time telling us what is wrong with Republicans, rather than telling us what is right with Democrats and his policies.
Divisive, lying jackass.
"now is the winter of our greatest cement"
"Obama says GOP must back US first, create jobs"
The job-destroyer-in-chief saying that is like the man who hit a pedestrian, knocking him out into field. The judge fined the pedestrian for leaving the scene of an accident.
You need some good cement to make concrete in the winter that's worth a spit.
Actually, quite a few of them likely could.
Just proves he is insane. "Definition of Insanity - doing the same thing repeatedly and expecting different results."
This POS jerk does not belong in the oval office. I am beyond tired of his divisive politics, the politics of envy, the politics of class warfare, the politics of racial divide and the politics of hate. He is nothing but a low class carney barker and the moral equalivent of a worm. If he shows up on Thursday evening and begins some commentary like this deriding the GOP or Tea party, the Speaker should order the Sergeant at Arms to remove him bodily from the house floor and send him cartwheeling down Penn Ave or better still, into the Anacosta River...good luck to bad garbage I say.
I keep seeing people say that we need to bring back the WPA. Apparently that, and NOT a world war got us out of the Great Depression.
Obama said there are numerous roads and bridges that need rebuilding in the U.S., and over 1 million unemployed UNION construction workers who are available to build them.
There. Fixed it.
And very different circumstances.
If Obama and the "Democrat" Party with it's Reids and it's Pelosi's, it's Sharptons, and it's Franks would get the heck out of the private sector, do away with the EPA and all it's costly and unnecessary regulations, business and jobs would thrive. And they know it!
The first job the GOP needs to "create" is that of FORMER pres_ _ent DUhbama.
Relegate the commie DUmocrats to the ashbin of history where they belong. That's a "shovel-ready" job that would actually help the country.
This guy is dumber than a box of rocks. You can't just vote in new jobs (unless, of course, the recent debt ceiling increase money is used for government make-work jobs that can be unionized).
It's part of the set-up for his new plan.
Spending more money tossing it at jobs, that will only last until the money runs out.
A bit early in the re-election campaign for a demoncrat to resort to patriotism...things must be looking bad for Obama.
Was this campaign speech paid for by US taxpayers?!?!?!
Dear President 0,
Follow your own advice. After 3 years and $4 trillion you dogmatic mindless devotion to your failed economic polices is a clear example of you putting party over country.
Just Another Political "do as i say, not as i do" campaign soundbite...
I back America first and always have. That in no way obligates me to back Obama, and it in fact obliges me to oppose everything that Obama has proposed or enacted during his occupancy of our White House. I would be thrilled to hear something pro-America come from the Obama Regime, but I've lost what little hope I had for that miracle.
There is not going to be any recovery of jobs until Obama leaves office, and even then, it will be YEARS.
Disclaimer: Opinions posted on Free Republic are those of the individual posters and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Free Republic or its management. All materials posted herein are protected by copyright law and the exemption for fair use of copyrighted works.


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Added to the Archives This Week
Chip Stern notes that, "as often as not, it ain't the heat—it's the stupidity. When confronted by the smattering of self-referential dilettantes, acrimonious Internut wannabes, and obsessive-compulsive types who suck the air out of our aural fun-house, I find myself overcome with the desire to program my phaser for Clip." And fire away he does in "Snobs, Slobs, & Marley's Ghost," added to the Archives this week.
In "Fine Tunes" #25, Jonathan Scull gets caught up with notes from several readers about cost-effective outlets, preventing a shocking experience, and record shelves.
Also this week is the latest in Richard J. Rosen's series of interviews with musicians, "Rick Visits . . . David Johansen." Can the former front man of the New York Dolls turned lounge singer find audio nirvana with Chesky Records? Johansen also supplies a playlist of favorites.


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I used a child theme and css to design the header in my site. However, when you click on the "Hello World" post or the "Sample Page" the site title is below the header overlapping the post/page title.
Can you tell me what I'm missing? I can't find any styling for the header that is specifically for posts and pages.


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Reviewed by 1 customer
These just made the day awesome for conventions! They are so cool and intriguing in shape and flavor. Definitely better when cooled.
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DEER FRIDAby Bianca Green
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Available in 11 and 15 ounce sizes, our premium ceramic coffee mugs feature wrap-around art and large handles for easy gripping. Dishwasher and microwave safe, these cool coffee mugs will be your new favorite way to consume hot or cold beverages.
I'm a fan of Frida Kahlo. But not only do I like her extraordinary work, she was also a very unique and special kind of person. I think I would have liked her a lot. We would have had color wars on canvases and for Latinas typical loud and heated discussions. Then we would braid our hair and put flowers into them. I would have cheered her up a little, made her tea. We would have been friends. DEER FRIDA, I adore you.


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I am using IKVM to get SVNKit on a Mono project I'm working with, I have a class that implements an interface from SVNKit, and I can't compile:
On windows and on .NET, everything compiles fine, just getting this on Mono.
/home/nubela/Workspace/subsync/subsync/Core/Subversion/PropGetHandler.cs(22,22): Error CS0535:
Subsync.Core.Subversion.PropGetHandler' does not implement interface memberorg.tmatesoft.svn.core.wc.ISVNPropertyHandler.__<clinit>()` (CS0535) (subsync)
I googled
__<clinit>() method, and it seems to be the initializer method for the base class in the Java library compiled from IKVM.
I have no clue how to proceed now, any idea guys? :)