text:
Crude Oil:
Uncertainty about Future Oil Supply Makes It Important to Develop a Strategy for Addressing a Peak and Decline in Oil Production
GAO-07-283: Published: Feb 28, 2007. Publicly Released: Mar 29, 2007.
Additional Materials:
- Highlights Page:
- Full Report:
- Accessible Text:
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The U.S. economy depends heavily on oil, particularly in the transportation sector. World oil production has been running at near capacity to meet demand, pushing prices upward. Concerns about meeting increasing demand with finite resources have renewed interest in an old question: How long can the oil supply expand before reaching a maximum level of production--a peak--from which it can only decline? GAO (1) examined when oil production could peak, (2) assessed the potential for transportation technologies to mitigate the consequences of a peak in oil production, and (3) examined federal agency efforts that could reduce uncertainty about the timing of a peak or mitigate the consequences. To address these objectives, GAO reviewed studies, convened an expert panel, and consulted agency officials.
Most studies estimate that oil production will peak sometime between now and 2040. This range of estimates is wide because the timing of the peak depends on multiple, uncertain factors that will help determine how quickly the oil remaining in the ground is used, including the amount of oil still in the ground; how much of that oil can ultimately be produced given technological, cost, and environmental challenges as well as potentially unfavorable political and investment conditions in some countries where oil is located; and future global demand for oil. Demand for oil will, in turn, be influenced by global economic growth and may be affected by government policies on the environment and climate change and consumer choices about conservation. In the United States, alternative fuels and transportation technologies face challenges that could impede their ability to mitigate the consequences of a peak and decline in oil production, unless sufficient time and effort are brought to bear. For example, although corn ethanol production is technically feasible, it is more expensive to produce than gasoline and will require costly investments in infrastructure, such as pipelines and storage tanks, before it can become widely available as a primary fuel. Key alternative technologies currently supply the equivalent of only about 1 percent of U.S. consumption of petroleum products, and the Department of Energy (DOE) projects that even by 2015, they could displace only the equivalent of 4 percent of projected U.S. annual consumption. In such circumstances, an imminent peak and sharp decline in oil production could cause a worldwide recession. If the peak is delayed, however, these technologies have a greater potential to mitigate the consequences. DOE projects that the technologies could displace up to 34 percent of U.S. consumption in the 2025 through 2030 time frame, if the challenges are met. The level of effort dedicated to overcoming challenges will depend in part on sustained high oil prices to encourage sufficient investment in and demand for alternatives. Federal agency efforts that could reduce uncertainty about the timing of peak oil production or mitigate its consequences are spread across multiple agencies and are generally not focused explicitly on peak oil. Federally sponsored studies have expressed concern over the potential for a peak, and agency officials have identified actions that could be taken to address this issue. For example, DOE and United States Geological Survey officials said uncertainty about the peak's timing could be reduced through better information about worldwide demand and supply, and agency officials said they could step up efforts to promote alternative fuels and transportation technologies. However, there is no coordinated federal strategy for reducing uncertainty about the peak's timing or mitigating its consequences.
Recommendation for Executive Action
Status: Closed - Implemented
Comments: With regard to GAO's recommendation, EIA staff is pursuing a project focused on long-term global oil scenarios that considers key drivers such as demand, resources, recovery factors, and other factors that may affect supply. EIA has been actively seeking input and advice from outside experts in petroleum geology and engineering. Earlier this year, EIA staff participated in the Reserve-Growth Workshop hosted by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Subsequently, in the context of a briefing on the recent USGS assessment of resources in the Arctic region, EIA and USGS entered into a dialogue regarding methodologies for assessing the long-term availability of oil. We expect these discussions to continue. EIA's 2008 Annual Energy Conference, held in April 2008, included a session entitled "Peak Oil: Has the World Oil Production Peaked." EIA estimates that over 600 persons attended the session. EIA staff made a presentation on their ongoing project. In addition, and recognizing that long-term oil production scenarios will vary based on underlying assumptions, EIA invited two other recognized experts (Matt Simmons of Simmons & Company International and Peter Jackson of Cambridge Energy Research Associates, Inc.) to provide their views on this topic. EIA also made all 3 presentations available on its web site. EIA believes that this action addresses GAO's recommendation and also provides a solid framework for future steps.
Recommendation: While uncertainty about the timing of peak oil production is inevitable, reducing that uncertainty could help energy users and suppliers, as well as government policymakers, to act in ways that would mitigate the potentially adverse consequences. Therefore, the Secretary of Energy should take the lead, in coordination with other relevant agencies, to prioritize federal agency efforts and establish a strategy for addressing peak oil issues. At a minimum, such a strategy should seek to do the following: (1) monitor global supply and demand of oil with the intent of reducing uncertainty surrounding estimates of the timing of peak oil production. This effort should include improving the information available to estimate the amount of oil, conventional and nonconventional, remaining in the world as well as the future production and consumption of this oil, while extending the time horizon of the government's projections and analysis; and (2) assess alternative technologies in light of predictions about the timing of peak oil production and periodically advise Congress on likely cost-effective areas where the government could assist the private sector with development and adoption of such technologies.
Agency Affected: Department of Energy
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text:
In the Control Panel (using WP 3.0.1) I'm trying to make a basic change to the Right Sidebar from the Widgets screen. When I try to add a component, it moves to the sidebar panel, and I can save the page, but the widget disappears as if it was never added. I also tried to delete a widget and the process never completes.
In my IE status bar, there is an "Error on page." notice which brings up the following error message:
Webpage error details
User Agent: Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 8.0; Windows NT 6.1; Trident/4.0; SLCC2; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; .NET CLR 3.5.30729; .NET CLR 3.0.30729; Media Center PC 6.0; MDDR; .NET CLR 1.1.4322; .NET4.0C; .NET4.0E)
Timestamp: Tue, 23 Nov 2010 23:53:29 UTC
Message: Access is denied.
Line: 127
Char: 287
Code: 0
URI: http://mariners936.com/a/wp-admin/load-scripts.php?c=1&load=jquery,utils&ver=0e4de088c1d51cff99f6e17399d2c995
Any thoughts on this issue? Thanks.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Disease-gene associations mined from literature
Neurogenic bladder [DOID:12143]
Synonyms: neurogenic bladder, DOID:12143, Neuropathic bladder, neurogenic bladder (finding), neurogenic bladder NOS ...
The disease-gene associations are derived from automatic text mining of the biomedical literature, manually curated database annotations, cancer mutation data, and genome-wide association studies. The confidence of each association is signified by stars, where ★★★★★ is the highest confidence and ★☆☆☆☆ is the lowest.
Developed by Sune Frankild, Albert Pallejà, Kalliopi Tsafou, and Lars Juhl Jensen from the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research.


text:
I have some questions which I could really use answers to now, that the best place to ask would be area51 Stack GIS, which is not yet live. Is it okay to ask them now on Stack Overflow or Super User in the hopes they might generate an early answer I can use now, and then tag them for moving when GIS does open up?
Meta Stack Exchange is where users like you discuss bugs, features, and support issues that affect the software powering all 158 Stack Exchange communities.
What is meta?
What is meta?
Here's how it works:
- Any Stack Exchange user can ask a question
- The community provides support, votes on ideas, and reports bugs
- Your voice helps shape the way Stack Exchange operates
IMO the best recourse of action is to continue to ask them at Stack Overflow until the site is live. While the site is fully committed, Area51 is still in Beta, and it might be a little while before Stack GIS becomes a live site.
Besides, as you said, you could really use answers now. So, ask away! (On StackOverflow)


text:
An acronym for Unique Device Identifier - on iOS devices, the UDID is a hexadecimal string 40 characters long and not generally known by end users.
The UDID built into iOS devices is used by Apple and programmers to identify a device without using other items such as the MAC address of the Wi-Fi card or the serial number. It is an internal number that has been available to programs to read and use as a hardware unique identifier.
Apple has started to move away from allowing third party programs to access this identifier and instead asks the developers to make their own unique identifier to track which device is running a third party app.
Although the UDID is convenient for developers and Apple to track which devices are eligible for beta releases of the OS, developer builds of programs that are not yet approved for sale on the App Store, and advertisers to track advertisements to a single device - many criticize this identifier as poorly understood and leading to potential for people to be tracked when they may not be aware of how the technology works.


text:
[GLOBALMAP] don't work
[GLOBALMAP] don't work
Hi, mine is not working two.. there's this blank space where the map should be but nothing showing.. I've tried both the shortcode and the php and both have the same effect.
Any help please?
Hello together,
my global map here works: http://postbeschwerde.de/?page_id=15
Try my fork, if you like.
Answer this post if you still have problems then. I'll try to correct the fork if necessary.
hi, i tried wpshoff file to replace the original, the only thing changed is that the Gooogle API key input is not there anymore...
maps in post still working, globalmap still not showing...
drives me crazyy!
I've deactivated ALL my plugins apart from RomeLuv...
now I'm activating them 1 by 1 to see which one caused the conflict....
will keep you guys up to date
it's google analytics by Yoast.... that's a pity....
Same problem here. Such a bugger. Is there anything I can do, to fix this please?
Hello jonny,
you could start by showing me a website where the problem is shown. So i can have a look at the html and find out if its Yoasts problem or Romeluvs problem, that it does not work.
Hi Stefan
Thanks for your prompt response. The page is here
Any help would be great. Thanks so much!
Hello Paul,
seems that you do not use my update for the plugin from my fork that i posted earlier.
I looked into the source and found:
<script src="http://maps.google.com/maps?file=api&v=3&sensor=false&key=AIzaSyD406JaKv38mLGxTigEXpiPtloCx77an2w" type="text/javascript"></script>
The &'s are wrong, they need to be &. Plus you do not need an Google api key anymore.
Anyways, the easiest fix for this maybe that you replace the &'s with &'s in the plugin editor.
Could you try that and then post if it worked?
i saw that my post is not correctly transmitted.
& 's are the wrong ones. They need to be replaced by a simple
Thanks and sorry,
Hello again...
& amp ; -> wrong
And again, but for the last time.
See there are those & amp ; 's in the script src link. You'll have to look into the sourcecode, because this support forum does not allow them to be posted and translates them already into simple &'s.
hi wpshoff, can you look at my site too?
its in the post on top.
I deactivated Yoast google analytics
thanks a lot!
Hello siegmich,
http://www.thesuits.biz/jands/map/ ?
I looked at it and the romeluv plugin works, the map is shown.
I need the disfunctional view to find the bug.
I'll have a look at my mails every now and then ...
i reactivated the google analytics by yoast plugin, so the romeluv map is not showing anymore...
thanks a lot to have a look!!
Hello siegmich,
i looked at the page. Since there is a bigger amount of script problems on the page i have problems pinpointing the exact problem for the map.
But i found that yoast seems to change some output of the romeluv plugin, unfortunately within the javascript part. I have patched the romeluv plugin to adapt. Could you update to the latest version and then give me a little post again so we can look if the situation has improved?
Thank you in advance,
Hi wpshoff,
I updated to your latest adaption of the plugin, but it seems the global map is still not showing...
btw the other script problem are also conflicting plugins?
sorry, i'm really new to wp and need some time to get all these :)
thanks a lot!
Hi there. I tried the & fix but no joy, so I found and installed the fork, which worked! Thanks so much.
Note to others - I got a fatal error when activating the new version if you forget to install the previous plugin first.
This topic has been closed to new replies.


text:
Yvonne C Osman
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Also Known As
Get Background Check on Yvonne
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Yvonne C Osman is in her 60's
Yvonne Has Lived In
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Yvonne C Osman Has Lived in 1 State
Pennsylvania Address for Yvonne C Osman
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text:
Table of Contents
Hans Berger, the inventor of the electroencephalogram was the first to propose the idea that the brain is constantly busy. In a series of papers published in 1929 he showed that the electrical oscillations detected by his device do not cease even when the subject is at rest. However his ideas were not taken seriously and a general perception formed among neurologists that only when a focused activity is performed does the brain (or a part of the brain) becomes active.[10]
Later, experiments by the group of neurologist Marcus E. Raichle's at Washington University School of Medicine and other groups showed that the brain's energy consumption is increased by less than 5% of its baseline energy consumption while performing a focused mental task. These experiments showed that the brain is constantly active with a high level of activity even when the person is not engaged in focused mental work. Research thereafter focused on finding the regions responsible for this constant background activity level.[10]
Raichle coined the term "default mode" in 2001 to describe resting state brain function;[11] the concept rapidly became a central theme in neuroscience.[12] The brain has other Low Frequency Resting State Networks (LFRSNs), such as visual and auditory networks.[2]
SerotoninSerotonin is a neurotransmitter, and is found in all bilateral animals, where it mediates gut movements and the animal's perception of resource availability. In the simplest animals, resources are equivalent with food, but in advanced animals such as arthropods and vertebrates, resources also can mean social dominance. In response to the perceived abundance or scarcity of resources, the animal's growth, reproduction or mood may be elevated or lowered. Recent studies involving the serotonin transporter gene 5-HTT have shown the short allele of this gene increases synaptic serotonin levels. These genetic studies have demonstrated serotonin has strong associations with depression in regards to a negative environment.
Gross anatomyThe neurons of the raphe nuclei are the principal source of 5-HT release in the brain.[57] The raphe nuclei are neurons grouped into about nine pairs and distributed along the entire length of the brainstem, centered around the reticular formation.[58] Axons from the neurons of the raphe nuclei form a neurotransmitter system, reaching almost every part of the central nervous system. Axons of neurons in the lower raphe nuclei terminate in the cerebellum and spinal cord, while the axons of the higher nuclei spread out in the entire brain.
MicroanatomySerotonin is released into the space between neurons, and diffuses over a relatively wide gap (>20 µm) to activate 5-HT receptors located on the dendrites, cell bodies and presynaptic terminals of adjacent neurons.
ReceptorsMain article: 5-HT receptor
The 5-HT receptors are the receptors for serotonin. They are located on the cell membrane of nerve cells and other cell types in animals, and mediate the effects of serotonin as the endogenous ligand and of a broad range of pharmaceutical and hallucinogenic drugs. With the exception of the 5-HT3 receptor, a ligand-gated ion channel, all other 5-HT receptors are G protein-coupled, seven transmembrane (or heptahelical) receptors that activate an intracellular second messenger cascade.[59]
TerminationSerotonergic action is terminated primarily via uptake of 5-HT from the synapse. This is accomplished through the specific monoamine transporter for 5-HT, SERT, on the presynaptic neuron. Various agents can inhibit 5-HT reuptake, including MDMA (ecstasy), amphetamine, cocaine, dextromethorphan (an antitussive), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Interestingly, a 2006 study conducted by the University of Washington suggested a newly discovered monoamine transporter, known as PMAT, may account for "a significant percentage of 5-HT clearance".[24] Contrasting with the high-affinity SERT, the PMAT has been identified as a low-affinity transporter, with an apparent Km of 114 micromoles/L for serotonin; approximately 230 times higher than that of SERT. However, the PMAT, despite its relatively low serotonergic affinity, has a considerably higher transport capacity than SERT, "..resulting in roughly comparable uptake efficiencies to SERT in heterologous expression systems." The study also suggests some SSRIs, such as fluoxetine and sertraline, inhibit PMAT but at IC50 values which surpass the therapeutic plasma concentrations by up to four orders of magnitude; therefore, SSRI monotherapy is ineffective in PMAT inhibition. At present, there are no known pharmaceuticals which would appreciably inhibit PMAT at normal therapeutic doses. The PMAT also suggestively transports dopamine and norepinephrine, albeit at Km values even higher than that of 5-HT (330–15,000 μmoles/L).
SerotonylationMain article: Serotonylation
Serotonin can also signal through a nonreceptor mechanism called serotonylation, in which serotonin modifies proteins.[32] This process underlies serotonin effects upon platelet-forming cells (thrombocytes) in which it links to the modification of signaling enzymes called GTPases that then trigger the release of vesicle contents by exocytosis.[60] A similar process underlies the pancreatic release of insulin.[32] The effects of serotonin upon vascular smooth muscle "tone" (this is the biological function from which serotonin originally got its name) depend upon the serotonylation of proteins involved in the contractile apparatus of muscle cells.[61]
Limbic SystemThe limbic system (or Paleomammalian brain) is a set of brain structures including the hippocampus, amygdala, anterior thalamic nuclei, septum, limbic cortex and fornix, which seemingly support a variety of functions including emotion, behavior, long term memory, and olfaction.[1] The term "limbic" comes from the Latin limbus, for "border" or "edge". Some scientists have suggested that the concept of the limbic system should be abandoned as obsolete, as it is grounded more in transient tradition than in facts.[2]
AnatomyThe limbic system is the set of brain structures that forms the inner border of the cortex. In an abstract topological sense, each cortical hemisphere can be thought of as a sphere of gray matter, with a hole punched through it in the area where nerve fibers connect it to the subcortical structures of the basal forebrain. The hole is surrounded by a ring of cortical and noncortical areas that combine to make up the limbic system. The cortical components generally have fewer layers than the classical 6-layered neocortex, and are often classified as allocortex or archicortex.
The limbic system includes many structures in the cerebral pre-cortex and sub-cortex of the brain. The term has been used within psychiatry and neurology, although its exact role and definition have been revised considerably since the term was introduced.[3] The following structures are, or have been considered to be, part of the limbic system:
- Amygdala:[4][5][6] Involved in signaling the cortex of motivationally significant stimuli such as those related to reward and fear in addition to social functions such as mating.
- Hippocampus:[4][5][6] Required for the formation of long-term memories and implicated in maintenance of cognitive maps for navigation.
- Parahippocampal gyrus:[5] Plays a role in the formation of spatial memory
- Cingulate gyrus:[4][5][6] Autonomic functions regulating heart rate, blood pressure and cognitive and attentional processing
- Fornix:[4][6] carries signals from the hippocampus to the mammillary bodies and septal nuclei.
- Hypothalamus:[4][6] Regulates the autonomic nervous system via hormone production and release. Affects and regulates blood pressure, heart rate, hunger, thirst, sexual arousal, and the sleep/wake cycle
- Thalamus:[4][6] The "relay station" to the cerebral cortex.
- Mammillary body:[4] Important for the formation of memory
- Pituitary gland:[4] secretes hormones regulating homeostasis
- Dentate gyrus:[5] thought to contribute to new memories and to regulate happiness.
- Entorhinal cortex: Important memory and associative components.
- Piriform cortex:[6] The function of which relates to the olfactory system.
- Fornicate gyrus: Region encompassing the cingulate, hippocampus, and parahippocampal gyrus
- Olfactory bulb: Olfactory sensory input
- Nucleus accumbens: Involved in reward, pleasure, and addiction
- Orbitofrontal cortex: Required for decision making.
FunctionThe limbic system operates by influencing the endocrine system and the autonomic nervous system. It is highly interconnected with the nucleus accumbens, the brain's pleasure center, which plays a role in sexual arousal and the "high" derived from certain recreational drugs. These responses are heavily modulated by dopaminergic projections from the limbic system. In 1954, Olds and Milner found that rats with metal electrodes implanted into their nucleus accumbens as well as their septal nuclei repeatedly pressed a lever activating this region, and did so in preference to eating and drinking, eventually dying of exhaustion.[7]
The limbic system is also tightly connected to the prefrontal cortex. Some scientists contend that this connection is related to the pleasure obtained from solving problems. To cure severe emotional disorders, this connection was sometimes surgically severed, a procedure of psychosurgery, called a prefrontal lobotomy (this is actually a misnomer). Patients who underwent this procedure often became passive and lacked all motivation.
EvolutionPaul D. MacLean, as part of his triune brain theory, hypothesized that the limbic system is older than other parts of the brain, and that it developed to manage fight or flight circuitry which is an evolutionary necessity for reptiles as well as humans. However, recent studies of the limbic system of tetrapods have challenged some long-held tenets of forebrain evolution. The common ancestors of reptiles and mammals had a well-developed limbic system in which the basic subdivisions and connections of the amygdalar nuclei were established.[8]
HistoryThe French physician Paul Broca first called this part of the brain "le grand lobe limbique" in 1878,[9] but most of its putative role in emotion was developed only in 1937 when the American physician James Papez described his anatomical model of emotion, the Papez circuit.[10] Paul D. MacLean expanded these ideas to include additional structures in a more dispersed "limbic system," more on the lines of the system described above.[11] The term was formally introduced by Paul D. MacLean in 1952. The concept of the limbic system has since been further expanded and developed by Walle Nauta, Lennart Heimer and others.
Still, there remains much controversy over the use of the term. When it was first coined, it was posited as the emotional center of the brain, with cognition being the business of the neocortex by contrast. However, this almost immediately ran into trouble when damage to the hippocampus, a primary limbic structure, was shown to result in severe cognitive (memory) deficits. And since its inception, the delineating boundaries of the limbic system have been changed again and again by the community. More recently, attempts have been made to salvage the concept through more precise definition, but there are still no generally accepted criteria for defining its parts. As a concept grounded more in tradition than in facts, many scientists have suggested that the concept should be considered obsolete and abandoned.[2]
Insular Cortex
Abstract | The anterior insular cortex (AIC) is implicated in a wide range of conditions and behaviours, from bowel distension and orgasm, to cigarette craving and maternal love, to decision making and sudden insight. Its function in the re-representation of interoception offers one possible basis for its involvement in all subjective feelings. New findings suggest a fundamental role for the AIC (and the von conomo neurons it contains) in awareness, and thus it needs to be considered as a potential neural correlate of consciousness.
The evidence at that time indicated that the anterior insular cortex (AIC) (FIG. 1) contains interoceptive rerepresentations that substantialize (that is, provide the basis for) all subjective feelings from the body and perhaps emotional awareness, consistent with the essence of the James–Lange theory of emotion and Damasio's 'somatic marker' hypothesis.
Interoceptive stimuli that have been shown to activate the AIC include thirst, dyspnea, 'air hunger', the Valsalva manoeuvre, sensual touch, itch, penile stimulation, sexual arousal, coolness, warmth, exercise, heartbeat, winetasting (in sommeliers), and distension of the bladder, stomach, rectum or oesophagus (see Supplementary information S1 (table)).
WikipediaIn each of the the insular cortex (often called insula, insulary cortex or insular lobe) is a portion of the folded deep within the between the and the frontal lobe. The cortical area overlying it towards the lateral surface of the brain is the operculum (meaning "lid"). The opercula are formed from parts of the enclosing frontal, temporal and parietal lobes. It is believed to be involved in consciousness.
The insular cortex is divided into two parts: the larger anterior insula and the smaller posterior insula in which more than a dozen field areas have been identified.
The insulae play a role in diverse functions usually linked to emotion or the regulation of the body's homeostasis. These functions include perception, motor control, self-awareness, cognitive functioning, and interpersonal experience. Related to these it is involved in psychopathology.
The insula was first described by Johann Christian Reil while describing cranial and spinal nerves and plexi.[[#cite_note-Binder-0|[]][[#cite_note-Binder-0|1]][[#cite_note-Binder-0|]]] Henry Gray in Gray's Anatomy is responsible for it being known as the Island of Reil.[[#cite_note-Binder-0|[]][[#cite_note-Binder-0|1]][[#cite_note-Binder-0|]]]
Interoceptive awarenessThe right anterior insula aids interoceptive awareness of body states, such as the ability to time one's own heart beat[1] . Moreover, greater right anterior insular gray matter volume correlates with increased accuracy in this subjective sense of the inner body, and with negative emotional experience.[[#cite_note-1|[]][[#cite_note-1|2]][[#cite_note-1|]]] It is also involved in the control of blood pressure,[[#cite_note-Lamb-2|[]][[#cite_note-Lamb-2|3]][[#cite_note-Lamb-2|]]] particularly during and after exercise.[[#cite_note-Lamb-2|[]][[#cite_note-Lamb-2|3]][[#cite_note-Lamb-2|]]] It is also activated when the brain perceives greater exertion.[[#cite_note-3|[]][[#cite_note-3|4]][[#cite_note-3|]]][[#cite_note-4|[]][[#cite_note-4|5]][[#cite_note-4|]]]
The insular cortex also is where the sensation of pain is judged as to its degree.[[#cite_note-5|[]][[#cite_note-5|6]][[#cite_note-5|]]] Further, the insula is where a person imagines pain when looking at images of painful events while thinking about them happening to one's own body.[[#cite_note-6|[]][[#cite_note-6|7]][[#cite_note-6|]]] Those with irritable bowel syndrome have abnormal processing of visceral pain in the insular cortex related to dysfunctional inhibition of pain within the brain.[[#cite_note-7|[]][[#cite_note-7|8]][[#cite_note-7|]]]
Another perception of the right anterior insula is the degree of nonpainful warmth[[#cite_note-8|[]][[#cite_note-8|9]][[#cite_note-8|]]] or nonpainful coldness[[#cite_note-9|[]][[#cite_note-9|10]][[#cite_note-9|]]] of a skin sensation. Other internal sensations processed by the insula include stomach or gastric distension.[[#cite_note-10|[]][[#cite_note-10|11]][[#cite_note-10|]]][[#cite_note-11|[]][[#cite_note-11|12]][[#cite_note-11|]]] A full bladder also activates the insular cortex.[[#cite_note-12|[]][[#cite_note-12|13]][[#cite_note-12|]]]
The cerebral cortex processing vestibular sensations extends into the insula[[#cite_note-13|[]][[#cite_note-13|14]][[#cite_note-13|]]] with small lesions in the anterior insular cortex being able to cause loss of balance and vertigo.[[#cite_note-14|[]][[#cite_note-14|15]][[#cite_note-14|]]]
Other noninteroceptive perceptions includes passive listening to music,[[#cite_note-15|[]][[#cite_note-15|16]][[#cite_note-15|]]] laughter and crying,[[#cite_note-16|[]][[#cite_note-16|17]][[#cite_note-16|]]], empathy and compassion,[[#cite_note-17|[]][[#cite_note-17|18]][[#cite_note-17|]]] and language [[#cite_note-18|[]][[#cite_note-18|19]][[#cite_note-18|]]]
Motor controlIn motor control it contributes to hand and eye motor movement,[[#cite_note-19|[]][[#cite_note-19|20]][[#cite_note-19|]]][[#cite_note-20|[]][[#cite_note-20|21]][[#cite_note-20|]]] swallowing,[[#cite_note-21|[]][[#cite_note-21|22]][[#cite_note-21|]]] gastric motility,[[#cite_note-22|[]][[#cite_note-22|23]][[#cite_note-22|]]] and speech articulation.[[#cite_note-23|[]][[#cite_note-23|24]][[#cite_note-23|]]][[#cite_note-24|[]][[#cite_note-24|25]][[#cite_note-24|]]] It has been identified as a "central command" centre that ensures that heart rate and blood pressure increase at the onset of exercise.[[#cite_note-25|[]][[#cite_note-25|26]][[#cite_note-25|]]] Research upon conversation links it to the capacity for long and complex spoken sentences.[[#cite_note-26|[]][[#cite_note-26|27]][[#cite_note-26|]]] It is also involved in motor learning[[#cite_note-27|[]][[#cite_note-27|28]][[#cite_note-27|]]] and has been identified as playing a role in the motor recovery from stroke.[[#cite_note-28|[]][[#cite_note-28|29]][[#cite_note-28|]]]
HomeostasisIn homeostasis, it controls autonomic functions through the regulation of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.[[#cite_note-29|[]][[#cite_note-29|30]][[#cite_note-29|]]][[#cite_note-Critchley-30|[]][[#cite_note-Critchley-30|31]][[#cite_note-Critchley-30|]]] It has a role in regulating the immune system.[[#cite_note-31|[]][[#cite_note-31|32]][[#cite_note-31|]]][[#cite_note-32|[]][[#cite_note-32|33]][[#cite_note-32|]]][[#cite_note-33|[]][[#cite_note-33|34]][[#cite_note-33|]]]
SelfIt has been identified as playing a role in the experience of bodily self-awareness, sense of agency and sense body ownership.
Social emotionsThe anterior insular processes a person's sense of disgust both to smells and to the sight of contamination and mutilation — even when just imagining the experience. This associates with a mirror neuron like link between external and internal experience.
In social experience it is involved in the processing of norm violations, emotional processing, empathy, and orgasms.
Functionally speaking, the insula is believed to process convergent information to produce an emotionally relevant context for sensory experience. More specifically, the anterior insula is related more to olfactory, gustatory, vicero-autonomic, and limbic function, while the posterior insula is related more to auditory-somesthetic-skeletomotor function. Functional imaging experiments have revealed that the insula has an important role in pain experience and the experience of a number of basic emotions, including anger, fear, disgust, happiness and sadness.
Functional imaging studies have also implicated the insula in conscious desires, such as food craving and drug craving. What is common to all of these emotional states is that they each change the body in some way and are associated with highly salient subjective qualities. The insula is well situated for the integration of information relating to bodily states into higher-order cognitive and emotional processes. The insula receives information from "homeostatic afferent" sensory pathways via the thalamus and sends output to a number of other limbic-related structures, such as the [[wiki/Amygdala|amygdala]], the ventral striatum and the orbitofrontal cortex, as well as to motor cortices.[[#cite_note-45|[]][[#cite_note-45|46]][[#cite_note-45|]]]
A study using magnetic resonance imaging has found that the right anterior insula was significantly thicker in people who meditate.[[#cite_note-46|[]][[#cite_note-46|47]][[#cite_note-46|]]]
Another study using voxel-based morphometry and MRI on experienced Vipassana meditators was done to extend the findings of Lezar et al., which found increased grey matter concentrations in this and other areas of the brain in experienced meditators.[[#cite_note-47|[]][[#cite_note-47|48]][[#cite_note-47|]]]
SalienceFunctional imaging research suggests the insula is involved in two types of salience. Interoceptive information processing that links interoception with emotional salience to generate a subjective representation of the body. This involves the anterior insular cortex with the pregenual anterior cingulate cortex (Brodmann area 33) and the anterior and posterior mid-cingulate cortices. Second, a general salience system concerned with environmental monitoring, response selection, and skeletomotor body orientation that involves all of the insular cortex and the mid-cingulate cortex.[[#cite_note-48|[]][[#cite_note-48|49]][[#cite_note-48|]]]
An alternative or perhaps complementary proposal is that right anterior insular regulates the interaction between the salience of the selective attention created to achieve a task (the dorsal attention system) and the salience of arousal created to keep focused upon the relevant part of the environment (ventral attention system).[[#cite_note-Eckert-49|[]][[#cite_note-Eckert-49|50]][[#cite_note-Eckert-49|]]] This regulation of salience might be particularly important during challenging tasks where attention might fatigue and so cause careless mistakes but if there is too much arousal it risks creating poor performance by turning into anxiety.[[#cite_note-Eckert-49|[]][[#cite_note-Eckert-49|50]][[#cite_note-Eckert-49|]]]
ConnectionsThe anterior insula receives a direct projection from the basal part of the [[w/index.php?title=Ventral_medial_nucleus&action=edit&redlink=1|ventral medial nucleus]] (VMb) of the thalamus and a particularly large input from the central nucleus of the amygdala. Additionally, the anterior insula itself projects to the amygdala. The posterior insula connects reciprocally with the secondary primary sensory cortex (S2) and receives input from spinothalamically activated [[w/index.php?title=Ventral_posterior_inferior&action=edit&redlink=1|ventral posterior inferior]] (VPI) thalamic nuclei. More recent work by [[w/index.php?title=Bud_Craig&action=edit&redlink=1|Bud Craig]] and his colleagues has shown that this region receives inputs from the ventromedial nucleus (posterior part) of the thalamus that are highly specialized to convey emotional/homeostatic information such as pain, temperature, itch, local oxygen status and sensual touch.
CytoarchitectureThe insular cortex has regions of variable cell structure or cytoarchitecture, changing from granular in the posterior portion to agranular in the anterior portion. The insula also receives differential cortical and thalamic input along its length.
OriginsThe insular cortex is considered a separate lobe of the telencephalon by some authorities.[[#cite_note-50|[]][[#cite_note-50|51]][[#cite_note-50|]]] Other sources see the insula as a part of the temporal lobe.[[#cite_note-51|[]][[#cite_note-51|52]][[#cite_note-51|]]] It is also sometimes grouped with limbic structures deep in the brain into a limbic lobe.[[[wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed|citation needed]]]
As a paralimbic cortex, the insular cortex is considered to be a relatively old structure. It plays a role in a variety of highly conserved functions that are related to basic survival needs, such as taste, visceral sensation and autonomic control (so-called homeostatic functions). There is evidence that in addition to its more conserved functions, the insula may play a role in certain "higher" functions that operate only in humans and other great apes. John Allman and his colleagues have shown that the anterior insular cortex contains a population of neurons, called spindle neurons, that are specific to great apes. These neurons are also found in the anterior cingulate cortex, which is another region that has reached a high level of specialization in great apes. Spindle neurons are found at a higher density in the right insular cortex. It has been speculated that these neurons are involved in cognitive-emotional processes that are specific to great apes, such as empathy and self-aware emotional feelings. This is supported by functional imaging results showing that the structure and function of the right anterior insula are correlated with the ability to feel one's own heartbeat, or to empathize with the pain of others. It is thought that these functions are not distinct from the "lower" functions of the insula, but rather arise as a consequence of the role of the insula in conveying homeostatic information to consciousness
Progressive non-fluent aphasiaProgressive non-fluent aphasia is the deterioration of normal language function which causes individuals to lose the ability to communicate fluently while being still being able to comprehend single words and intact other non-linguistic cognition. It is found in a variety of degenerative neurological conditions including Pick's disease, motor neuron disease, corticobasal degeneration, frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease. It is associated with hypometabolism[[#cite_note-52|[]][[#cite_note-52|53]][[#cite_note-52|]]] and atrophy of the left anterior insular cortex.[[#cite_note-53|[]][[#cite_note-53|54]][[#cite_note-53|]]]
Addiction"The insula also reads body states like hunger and craving and helps push people into reaching for the next sandwich, cigarette or line of cocaine." [[#cite_note-54|[]][[#cite_note-54|55]][[#cite_note-54|]]] A number of functional brain imaging studies have shown that the insular cortex is activated when drug abusers are exposed to environmental cues that trigger cravings. This has been shown for a variety of drugs of abuse, including cocaine, alcohol, opiates and nicotine. Despite these findings, the insula has been ignored within the drug addiciton literature, perhaps because it is not known to be a direct target of the mesotelencephalic dopamine system which is central to current dopamine reward theories of addiction. Recent research [[#cite_note-55|[]][[#cite_note-55|56]][[#cite_note-55|]]] has shown that cigarette smokers who suffer damage to the insular cortex, from a stroke for instance, have their addiction to cigarettes practically eliminated. However, the study was conducted on average eight years after the strokes, and the author admits recall bias could affect the results[[#cite_note-56|[]][[#cite_note-56|57]][[#cite_note-56|]]]
These individuals were found to be up to 136 times more likely to undergo a disruption of smoking addiction than smokers with damage in other areas. Disruption of addiction was evidenced by self-reported behavior changes such as quitting smoking less than one day after the brain injury, quitting smoking with great ease, not smoking again after quitting, and having no urge to resume smoking since quitting. This suggests a significant role for the insular cortex in the neurological mechanisms underlying addiction to nicotine and other drugs, and would make this area of the brain a possible target for novel anti-addiction medication. In addition, this finding suggests that functions mediated by the insula, especially conscious feelings, may be particularly important for maintaining drug addiction, although this view is not represented in any modern research or reviews of the subject.[[#cite_note-57|[]][[#cite_note-57|58]][[#cite_note-57|]]]
A recent study in rats by Contreras et al.[[#cite_note-58|[]][[#cite_note-58|59]][[#cite_note-58|]]] corroborates these findings by showing that reversible inactivation of the insula disrupts amphetamine conditioned place preference, an animal model of cue-induced drug craving. In this study, insula inactivation also disrupted "malaise" responses to lithium chloride injection, suggesting that the representation of negative interoceptive states by the insula plays a role in addiction. However, in this same study, the conditioned place preference took place immediately after the injection of amphetamine, suggesting that it was the immediate, pleasurable interoceptive effects of amphetamine administration, rather than the delayed, aversive effects of amphetamine withdrawal that are represented within the insula.
A model proposed by Naqvi et al. (see above) is that the insula stores a representation of the pleasurable interoceptive effects of drug use (e.g. the airway sensory effects of nicotine, the cardiovascular effects of amphetamine), and that this representation is activated by exposure to cues that have previously been associated with drug use. A number of functional imaging studies have shown the insula to be activated during the administration of drugs of abuse. Several functional imaging studies have also shown that the insula is activated when drug users are exposed to drug cues, and that this activity is correlated with subjective urges. In the cue-exposure studies, insula activity is elicited when there is no actual change in the level of drug in the body. Therefore, rather than merely representing the interoceptive effects of drug use as it occurs, the insula may play a role in memory for the pleasurable interoceptive effects of past drug use, anticipation of these effects in the future, or both. Such a representation may give rise to conscious urges that feel as if they arise from within the body. This may make addicts feel as if their bodies need to use a drug, and may result in persons with lesions in the insula reporting that their bodies have forgotten the urge to use, according to this study.
Other clinical conditionsThe insular cortex has been suggested to have a role in anxiety disorders,[[#cite_note-59|[]][[#cite_note-59|60]][[#cite_note-59|]]] and emotion dysregulation.[[#cite_note-60|[]][[#cite_note-60|61]][[#cite_note-60|]]]
Frontal Lobe
Forebrain asymmetry of emotion
There are two sides of the brain, and so if there are separate time-based representations of the sentient self that subserve awareness in the anterior insular cortex (AIC) (one in each side), how are they coordinated to generate one unified self? The homeostatic model of awareness presented in this and prior articles1,78 suggests that there is an energy efficiency-optimal process that is based on the coordinated opponency of the autonomic system — that activity in the right side of the forebrain is associated with energy expenditure, sympathetic activity, arousal, withdrawal (aversive) behaviour and individual-oriented (survival) emotions, and activity in the left side is associated with energy nourishment, parasympathetic activity, relaxation, approach (appetitive) behaviour and group-oriented (affiliative) emotions. This proposal is described in detail in prior articles78,95. Briefly, the origin of this asymmetry can be related to the asymmetric autonomic innervation of the heart, and its evolutionary development would have been compelled by the need for energy optimization in the brain (which consumes 25% of the body's energy). This model fits with an accumulating body of psychophysical literature which indicates that the left and right forebrain halves are differentially associated with positive and negative affect96 and, importantly, with the anatomical and functional asymmetry in the homeostatic afferent input to the insular cortex5,97,98 and in forebrain cardiac control99. It can explain why under particular conditions the AIC is more active on one side (FIG. 2) but also why in most conditions the two sides display joint activity, which mirrors the coordinated sympathetic and parasympathetic control of the heart. The model offers explanations for why positive emotions can reduce or block negative emotions (and vice versa), why the left (affiliative, vagal) side controls deictic pointing and verbal communication, and how increased parasympathetic activity (for example, activation of vagal afferents by gastric distension, slow breathing or elecrical stimulation) can reduce negative emotions (for example, pain). Given the many asymmetries in the activations of the AIC noted in this article, investigations addressing this model in split-brain patients could be enlightening, particularly if performed with those rare patients in whom boththe corpus callosum and the anterior commissure are sectioned100,101.
Mirror NeuronA mirror neuron is a neuron that fires both when an animal acts and when the animal observes the same action performed by another.[1][2] Thus, the neuron "mirrors" the behavior of the other, as though the observer were itself acting. Such neurons have been directly observed in primate and other species including birds. In humans, brain activity consistent with that of mirror neurons has been found in the premotor cortex, the supplementary motor area, the primary somatosensory cortex and the inferior parietal cortex.
Some scientists consider mirror neurons one of the most important recent discoveries in neuroscience. Among them is V.S. Ramachandran, who believes they might be very important in imitation and language acquisition.[3] However, despite the excitement generated by these findings, to date no widely accepted neural or computational models have been put forward to describe how mirror neuron activity supports cognitive functions such as imitation.[4]
The function of the mirror system is a subject of much speculation. Many researchers in cognitive neuroscience and cognitive psychology consider that this system provides the physiological mechanism for the perception action coupling (see the common coding theory). These mirror neurons may be important for understanding the actions of other people, and for learning new skills by imitation. Some researchers also speculate that mirror systems may simulate observed actions, and thus contribute to theory of mind skills,[5][6] while others relate mirror neurons to language abilities.[7] It has also been proposed that problems with the mirror system may underlie cognitive disorders, particularly autism.[8][9] However the connection between mirror neuron dysfunction and autism is tentative and it remains to be seen how mirror neurons may be related to many of the important characteristics of autism.[4]
In the 1980s and 1990s, Giacomo Rizzolatti was working with Giuseppe Di Pellegrino, Luciano Fadiga, Leonardo Fogassi, and Vittorio Gallese at the University of Parma, Italy. These neurophysiologists had placed electrodes in the ventral premotor cortex of the macaque monkey to study neurons specialized for the control of hand and mouth actions; for example, taking hold of an object and manipulating it. During each experiment, they recorded from a single neuron in the monkey's brain while the monkey was allowed to reach for pieces of food, so the researchers could measure the neuron's response to certain movements.[10][11] The discovery was initially sent to Nature but was rejected for its "lack of general interest".[12] They found that some of the neurons they recorded from would respond when the monkey saw a person pick up a piece of food as well as when the monkey picked up the food.
A few years later, the same group published another empirical paper and discussed the role of the mirror neuron system in action recognition, and proposed that the human Broca's region was the homologue region of the monkey ventral premotor cortex.[13]
Further experiments confirmed that about 10% of neurons in the monkey inferior frontal and inferior parietal cortex have 'mirror' properties and give similar responses to performed hand actions and observed actions. More recently Christian Keysers and colleagues have shown that, in both humans and monkeys, the mirror system also responds to the sound of actions.[14][15]
Reports on mirror neurons have been widely published[16] and confirmed[17] with mirror neurons found in both inferior frontal and inferior parietal regions of the brain. Recently, evidence from functional neuroimaging strongly suggests that humans have similar mirror neurons systems: researchers have identified brain regions which respond during both action and observation of action. Not surprisingly, these brain regions include those found in the macaque monkey.[1] However, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) can examine the entire brain at once and suggests that a much wider network of brain areas shows mirror properties in humans than previously thought. These additional areas include the somatosensory cortex and are thought to make the observer feel what it feels like to move in the observed way [18][19]
- ^ 26.1.11: could an arrhythmia be treated by training this area? Since it is closely related to the cingualte gyrus it also connected to emotions.


text:
not having email. But if you do a Google search on Netscape 7 you can find all sorts of archived sites to download and install the older versions.
You can't just copy it. It's set itself in the registry.
Give a person a fish and you feed them for a day; teach that person to
use the Internet and they won't bother you for weeks.
Click here to see the CNet faces, learn a little about telephones,
internet connections, spyware removal, and data, and download free software.
New poster here, been lurking a while. Please forgive what is probably an ignorant question:
I'm on the verge of getting a new computer. I've been using Netscape 7.2 on my old one for email and usenet newsgroups, and I would like to have it on my new computer, too. (I understand Netscape 8.0 is web browser only, no email/newsreader. Grrr.) I figure I can burn the appropriate folder/files onto a CD, but... to put it on the new system, can I just copy the folder/files for Netscape 7.2 from the CD onto my hard drive, or will I have to run some sort of installation? I still have the "NSSetup" file from when I downloaded/installed it from Netscape, if needed. Thanks in advance for any helpful advice.


text:
Oh God, that's just wrong.
some people need to work so their minds stay occupied.
Why do I get the feeling that cat people would enjoy this or otherwise find it cute?
Remember to spay or neuter your cat person.
We had that at a friend's birthday party several years ago, though I think ours used something other than tootsie rolls. It was delicious.
Why do you hate us so?
i've always said, "why bake a cake facsimile when you can have the real thing for free?"
I've had this at a work pitch-in. Disturbing, but yeah, tasty.
Oh, come on! This is a total rip-off of Susan Mudgett's famous Deep Shit Cookies (google it), which uses a much more realistic "litter" of Grape Nuts cereal. Add a few (very few) squirts of Hershey's syrup on the scoop for extra realism. Best if the box is laid on the floor, where you can casually walk over and pick one up and eat it -- but be careful that there isn't a real cat nearby.
I made these 15 years ago, and they were a huge hit with the younger kids.
I've got a nephew who's gonna be ready for that in about a year or two....
Maybe that's what we had, it sounds closer.
you have got to be shitting me...
Only an asshole would let their cat's litter box get that dirty before cleaning it.
I think a nastier one would be "Crazy Old Woman's Cat Shit Cake" and double the tootsie rolls, mix in candy cigarettes, dribble some caramel, cherry and pineapple syrups and serve it on a dirty old Muu Muu.
Save me Jeebus!
Megan, my mom emailed me this link over a year ago and she's like 60. I can't believe you are just getting around to this now.
#7, I take it that was originally re: erotic cakes?
Problem is, it's not really a cake, it's just a big mess. For some truly mind-blowing cake-art, check these out:
We don't appreciate this anti-cat humor, so we're going to ignore you for the rest of the day.
I almost made that for my Halloween party last year, but thought it was a little too much. I went with brains on the half skull (cream cheese sculpted skull with crab brains), witch fingers cookies (slivered almonds as fingernails), and eyeball appetizers (which flattened out and ended up looking like boobs).
Had one of these at a friend's birthday a few years back -- gross _and_ tasty!
#4 - wrong. DO NOT WANT.
Looks delicious!
These are always immensely popular at cat shows and kids' birthday parties. It works best if you half-melt at least a couple of the tootsie rolls and drape them slimily over the side of the litterbox.
I don't like cats and never owned one. Having said that, what is with the green splats?
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text: The second presentation was displayed on a custom shaped Mictrotile cluster built out of 100 cubes. A whole bunch of factories, located on different parts of the map of Kazakhstan, were shown. With the help of an iPad you were able to switch through these locations to get the information you wanted.


text:
ODT Online
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The veteran entertainer, aged 84, rested his hands on a
wooden bench and listened intently as a clerk listed the 12
charges for the first time before a jury.
Justice Nigel Sweeney subsequently told the six men and six
women of the jury that they would learn a lot more about the
case today.
That's when prosecutor Sasha Wass QC delivers her opening
address at Southwark Crown Court.
Harris, dressed in a light blue suit, striped pink shirt and
red tie, used a hearing loop as the charges were read out.
The first count dates back to the late 1960s, when it's
alleged Harris indecently touched a girl aged seven or eight.
The court heard in 1975 Harris assaulted another victim aged
14 "by rubbing her buttocks".
Another victim was aged between 12 and 15 in the late 1970s
and early 1980s when Harris allegedly touched her indecently.
In 1984, when the complainant was 19, it's alleged Harris
indecently assaulted her.
The final victim was aged 14 when she was allegedly
indecently assaulted in May 1986.
Harris has pleaded not guilty to all 12 counts.
Justice Sweeney explained to the jury members their job was
to eventually reach true verdicts.
"It is your duty to try the case on the evidence you hear in
the courtroom and nowhere else," he said.
The judge said they shouldn't be influenced by external
matters, including any media reports.
Earlier, Harris arrived at court again accompanied by his
wife, Alwen, daughter Bindi, and niece Jenny.
They were protected by private security guards.
Asked how he was feeling on his way into the building Harris
told AAP: "Good."
The trial, which is expected to run until late June,
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text:
Users may want to see the ranking of those who don't appear on the first page or two without having to repeatedly click on the next page button. They should be able to search by user name or ID (their own or others').
Meta Stack Exchange is where users like you discuss bugs, features, and support issues that affect the software powering all 158 Stack Exchange communities.
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Global auth is used on stackexchange.com now, so we're planning to highlight "you" at the top of the list, if you have > 200 rep on the target site.


text:
50+: Live Better, Longer
Preventing Falls in Older Adults - References
Other Works Consulted
American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons and American Academy of Pediatrics (2010). Falls and traumatic injuries in the elderly patient. In JF Sarwark, ed., Essentials of Musculoskeletal Care, 4th ed., pp. 96-100. Rosemont, IL: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.
Graham P, et al. (2010). The prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. In WR Frontera, ed., DeLisa's Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, vol. 1, pp. 979-1014. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
In this article
WebMD Medical Reference from Healthwise
Last Updated: November 14, 2014
This information is not intended to replace the advice of a doctor. Healthwise disclaims any liability for the decisions you make based on this information.
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Eating for a longer, healthier life.
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Learn how we remember, and why we forget.
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text:
When do CC's report to CRA's?
Is there a way to know when a CC company will report to the CRA's? I read somewhere they report on the statement date. Is that true?
Re: When do CC's report to CRA's?
I like to know as well. I just got a cc for a toll violation (I completely forgot about this) and was wondering if they will report to cra. It is only for 14.06. I had heard that anything under 50 was not reported. I just got the letter and will pay right away. I ran Equifax and it has not shown up.
Re: When do CC's report to CRA's?[ Edited ]
11-09-2012 09:15 PM - edited 11-09-2012 09:16 PM
Most all CCs report the balance you have on the statement date (same as on the bill) and will report that within a few days following that statement date. Not all 3 CRAs will update the same time. There are also some CCs that don't always follow the [unwritten] rule and update mid-cycle.


text:
LEFT BEHIND -- A special report
As U.S. Economy Races Along, Upstate New York Is Sputtering
By KIRK JOHNSON
Published: May 11, 1997
SYRACUSE— Sunshine, a scarce commodity through the long upstate winter, has returned, bearing hope. Nature bursts with promise.
Mike McConnell is unmoved.
''It's spring and you're dead broke again,'' said Mr. McConnell, who works for his father's small 30-year-old concrete contracting company here. ''After a while, you just say enough is enough.''
That is what McConnell & Sons Contracting did in April. The firm placed its first bid for construction work out of state, a job in Raleigh, N.C. If the bid is accepted, the 35-year-old Mr. McConnell said, he and his wife and four children -- along with three employees and their families -- will head south, perhaps for good.
From the perspective of upstate New York residents like the McConnells, the nation's economic expansion in the mid-1990's has been a fiction -- a tale of other places and other people's lives. The state's broad top has become an island of glacial growth, sandwiched between generally thriving New England and booming Midwestern states.
In the four years since the recession of the late 1980's and early 1990's ended in the Northeast, New York City and its suburbs have made substantial gains, but much of the upstate economy barely budged. The growing national economy has lured away skilled, ambitious residents and young people.
More alarming still, the region's already tepid expansion in employment stalled completely in 1996, even as the pace accelerated in New York City and elsewhere.
The region's plight has been made all the more glaring by a reversal of fortunes within the state. New York City, long derided by upstaters as a sinkhole of waste and economic decline, has become the state's economic leader, fired by Wall Street, tourism and international finance -- all sectors of the economy that are smaller or absent upstate.
Of the 41,000 net new jobs created in the state in 1996, 31,000 were in New York City, according to the State Labor Department, and 9,000 more were in the city's suburbs on Long Island and in Westchester and Rockland Counties. Although there were areas of modest strength upstate, notably in Rochester, job losses elsewhere canceled them, leaving the region with zero net job growth -- its worst year since 1992.
The job numbers improved somewhat in the first three months of this year, but the basic pattern persisted: very slow growth, with pockets of outright contraction. Syracuse, for example, has lost 700 more jobs just since February, according to the State Labor Department.
Paradoxically, economists say that the upstate region's weakness grew in part from its past strength. Although major employers like Kodak shed thousands of jobs in the 1980's and 1990's, the region's industrial base, heavily reliant on manufacturing durable goods like air-conditioners and medical equipment, remained for the most part intact. It did not collapse entirely, as the military-based economy did on Long Island, for example. As a result of its relative stability, the area was not forced to modernize or seek out the sort of new industries that are now fueling growth elsewhere.
Although some of the troubled areas upstate are rural, like Hamilton County south of the Adirondacks, where the unemployment rate was 15.8 percent in March, economists say that the larger structural weaknesses upstate are urban -- concentrated in the string of metropolitan areas that stretches from Lake Erie to the Massachusetts and Vermont borders.
''Upstate New York right now has one of the weakest, if not the weakest, economies of any significant region of the country,'' said Mark M. Zandi, the chief economist at Regional Financial Associates, an economic consulting firm in West Chester, Pa.
Mr. Zandi said that except for small communities like some mining towns in the West that are in economic distress, he puts upstate New York alongside Hawaii, which has been battered by a drop in investment from Japan, and Washington, D.C., which has been hurt by Federal Government spending cuts, in a bleak triumvirate that are not sharing the nation's economic success.
Some politicians, especially opponents of Gov. George E. Pataki, say that if low numbers persist into 1998, the economy of the heavily Republican upstate areas on which the Governor depended for his election in 1994 could complicate his hopes for re-election.
Pataki aides point out that the total number of jobs in the region has increased slightly since 1992, and contend that there are signs of better things to come. Employers announced plans in 1996 to create more than 28,000 jobs upstate, according to the Empire State Development Corporation, the state's economic development arm.
But the shoots of growth that are here now, like Barilla, an Italian company that brought 70 jobs to the Syracuse area in 1996 to package bulk imported pasta, are mostly small and can be easily overwhelmed by new cutbacks. In late April, Bausch & Lomb, Rochester's third-largest employer after Eastman Kodak and Xerox, said it would eliminate 1,900 jobs, or about 14 percent of its workforce, on top of the 950 jobs cut since early in 1996.


text: Buck - Unregistered October 26, 2012 3:43 PM Dave Richards is a big bag of wind.. He will blab and blab to the media but at the end of the day not a thing will happen! He "WON" the F1 competition in 08 to be the new team but whined it was too expensive and built less than USF1 did (at least USF1 build a neat nose cone). Go home Richards ...you don't have the balls or the money. . 4 agree 4 disagree


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I have been updating some of the UIs for an upcoming app designed by me and engineered by the clever people at ShinyFrog. This is just an experimental view I wanted to share :)
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Freedom is a step away
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sounds like a fallen hero theme anyways its pretty cool in every way i like it 10 starz
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wow i whas a little happy till i heard this song its so sad and so epic love it and it whil shine on the internet for iternety (srry for my english) i have downloaded it and i use it if i am going to bed whraaaa i cant stant it any more i have to hear it again


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Development XI squad v Yorkshire Academy13 Aug
The Scotland Development XI's busy season continues with a trip to Wheetwood Hall where they will play Yorkshire Academy in a 3 day fixture.
09 Aug
This weekend will see the Finals Day of the U13 and U15 Scottish Cups take place in the east of the country this Sunday (11 August).
Scotland U19s delighted with WCQ campaign09 Aug
The Scotland U19 team return home today following their qualification to the U19 ICC World Cup which will be held in the United Arab Emirates early in 2014.
Scotland U19s qualify for 2014 World Cup08 Aug
Scotland today sealed their place in the U19 ICC World Cup with a fine 5 wicket win over Ireland.
Umeed cracks 71 as Scotland defeat Guernsey06 Aug
Scotland U19s defeated Guernsey earlier today to set up a winner takes all clash against Ireland on Thursday.
Farrar the star as Scotland hammer Denmark05 Aug
Nick Farrar claims the best bowling best figures in U19 WCQ history as Scotland defeat Denmark by 10 wickets.
Scotland U19s defeat Netherlands in WCQ04 Aug
Scotland U19s completed a dramatic win against the Netherlands in their recent WCQ fixture.
Scotland U19 squad head for World Cup Qualifier01 Aug
The Scotland U19s had their final training session at Myreside before heading to Holland for their WCQ campaign. Cricket Scotland writer Neil Drysdale spoke to Craig Wright.
Scotland U17s beat Ireland by 78 runs25 Jul
Scotland U17s were victorious in the second of their three match series against Ireland, as part of the ICC Europe Challenge Series held in Ayr.
22 Jul
The Scotland U17s will play Ireland in Ayr in two 50 over matches and a T20 as part of the ICC Challenge series.


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Jump to navigation
The deadline for provider revalidation is rapidly approaching! Providers who do not begin the enrollment/revalidation process by August 1, 2016 put themselves at serious risk for delayed payments, as revalidation may take several weeks.
Providers who begin the process now, through the Online Provider Enrollment (OPE) tool, have ample opportunity to complete the process and receive their approval before the new enrollment and claims management system, Colorado interChange, launches on October 31, 2016.
Providers who have not enrolled into the Colorado interChange and received their approval by October 31, 2016, will not be able to submit claims or PARs, receive payments, or verify member
eligibility (until they are approved).
Revalidation and enrollment requirements will vary based on your provider type, so it's important that you know what provider type(s) you are or want to enroll as.
Please review the available provider types supported in our new claims payment system on this web page; these are the ONLY provider types the system will accept.
You are likely referring to the Home and Community Based Services (HCBS) provider type. There is important information for all HCBS providers on the Information by HCBS service provided web page.
If you are a dental provider who provides DIDD dental services; you do not need to enroll as more than one provider type. You will just enroll as a dental provider and submit your claims to DentaQuest for processing, for both services.
Your enrollment type will be dependent on a couple of different factors; including how your billing is set up and whether you want income reported under an EIN or SSN.
Here are the definitions for each enrollment type:
This enrollment type is for an individual that renders services but does not bill Health First Colorado (Colorado's Medicaid Program) directly. Providers must be associated with a Group that submits claims on their behalf.
This enrollment type is a clinic or practice that will submit claims on behalf of one or more Individuals within a Group provider enrollment type. Income is reported to the IRS under the business EIN.
This enrollment type is an individual who receives direct payment for services rendered and submits claims for his/her own services.
This enrollment type is for an entity that will be submitting claims for services rendered. An associated Individual within a Group provider enrollment type is not required/allowed.
Atypical providers are those who may not be required to have a National Provider Identifier (NPI) or taxonomy code. These providers may include, but are not limited to, Home and Community-Based Waiver Services (HCBS) providers, Managed Care Organizations (MCOs), and Behavioral Health Organizations (BHOs).
This enrollment type is for individuals who only order, prescribe or refer items or services covered by Health First Colorado (Colorado's Medicaid Program) for Health First Colorado members. These physicians and other professionals are not enrolled as an Individual within a Group or a Billing Individual and will not submit claims for payment of services rendered.
(Only the following provider types have the option to enroll as an OPR provider; Audiologist, Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist, Dentist, Nurse Midwife, Nurse Practitioner, Optometrist, Orthodontist, Osteopath, Physician, Podiatrist, Psychologist PhD, Speech Therapist)
Make sure you cross check your provider type to your enrollment type, not all enrollment types are available for each provider type. You can see the enrollment types available for each provider type, by clicking on your provider type on our Information by Provider Type web page.
This is a common scenario; maybe you are a physician and you own your practice. Even if you are the only practitioner, if you want to use an EIN this is technically a business and in order to enroll your business, you will need to complete an application for a group. In this example, the group would be a "Clinic - Practitioner Group" provider type. Must use EIN as the Tax ID Type for the "group" application.
After the physician, in this example, has submitted an application for his/her business; they would also need to submit a second application as the practitioner. The application for the practitioner in this example would be an enrollment type of "individual within a group" and a provider type of "Physician". While completing the "individual within a group" application, the physician will indicate that they are affiliated to the group that was enrolled for the business. Must use the practitioner's SSN as the Tax ID Type for the "individual within a group" application.
This will allow the individual Physician to bill under their business EIN, even though services will still be rendered under their SSN.
Great question! Please review this document.
Before you start your application through the Online Provider Enrollment (OPE) tool, we highly recommend that you:
Now that you've taken the training, it's time to make sure you have all of the information you'll need to complete the application. Please review pages 4-6 in our Online Provider Enrollment manual, as well as the Information by Provider Type web page to view the required documentation for the provider type/enrollment type you are applying as.
After you know your Enrollment Type, you will find these checklists very helpful:
Initial revalidations are treated as new enrollments; we need you to submit the required documentation in order to complete your revalidation.
Copies of documents are fine.
All documents should be uploaded through the "attachments" section of your online application. Please do not upload your documents until you are ready to submit your application, the system will not hold your documents if you choose "Finish Later".
Our system will allow for an NPI to be used for more than one location, but it is up to each organization to determine if they have subparts that need their own NPI's. If a provider is unsure whether it is a subpart of its organization, it should consult with the greater legal entity of their organization. Please see this CMS NPI Fact Sheet for more information about subparts and their importance.
Again, we highly recommend that you take the training and download the resources available prior to completing your application. If you are short on time download the Provider Enrollment Manual, at the very least!
You do not need to create a log-in to begin the Online Provider Enrollment (OPE) tool. Each application will be assigned a separate tracking number.
Yes, the application requires that you provide a mailing address, a service address, and a billing address; This does not mean that billing will occur.
This will depend on your provider type, please see our Information by Provider Type and Information by HCBS Service Provided pages.
Please visit our Next Steps page for further instruction and FAQs, especially if you are a new provider, or if you are applying for a service location not currently enrolled with Xerox State Healthcare.
This page - did you read through all of the steps?
Provider Enrollment Manual
Training (see step 3 above for instructions)
Please email email@example.com
The Provider Portal does not have a "password reset" feature until November, 2016. If you forgot your password, you can still resume your application by choosing "Forgot Password" and then answering the security questions correctly. If you forgot your password and the answer to your security questions, you will need to begin a new application.
Health First Colorado (Colorado's Medicaid Program) Enrollment and Revalidation Information Center
1-800-237-0757, option 5.
While questions can still be submitted to the email@example.com email, the Center gives providers the added ability to speak with a live provider enrollment specialist. If a specialist is unavailable, providers may leave a voicemail and include their name, a brief message, application tracking number, and a phone number so that a specialist may promptly address their questions and call back.


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About shauntanner
Shaun Tanner has been a meteorologist at Weather Underground since 2004.
By: shauntanner, 11:11 AM GMT on November 17, 2011
Weather Underground is proud to announce the launch of a new Climate Videos section! We have partnered with GREEN.TV and Vestas, the World's leading wind turbine manufacturer, to bring you the very latest in the world of climate and extreme weather. According to GREEN.TV, "the Extreme Weather (series) will feature the latest reports and analysis on extreme weather events around the world. If there's a drought, hurricane, freak snowstorm or severe flooding, Extreme Weather will cover the story and the science behind the headlines - with expert analysis from leading meteorologists, info-graphics and data from Vestas' own in-house weather centre."
Initially, the featured video series about extreme weather will be updated every few days, but it is our intention to gradually expand the video offerings in the section to encompass a wide array of educational and informative videos about the Earth's changing climate. Our hope is that you walk away from each video with a greater understanding not only of current weather events throughout the globe, but also with more respect toward the one place we all call home.
We invite you to take a few minutes to watch the first episode about the Thailand flood, the Northeast snowstorm, and a recent report hinting at more extreme weather to come. As always, we appreciate constructive feedback regarding products that would be interesting to include in this Climate Videos section. Community interaction is what makes Weather Underground a unigue weather website, so please feel free to tell us what you think by commenting on this blog.
Please enjoy the newest addition to Weather Underground, the Climate Videos section!
About GREEN.TV
GREEN.TV is a digital TV channel for environmental films. As well as an active video production department, it also has an extensive distribution network and is a headline syndication partner to iTunes, Nokia, Dailymotion and Blinkx. Content partners include Sony, WWF, the United Nations Environment Programme, Greenpeace, the RSPB and Friends of the Earth.
By: shauntanner, 7:22 PM GMT on November 03, 2011
Sorry for the long delay in posting a new lesson. Sometimes Mother Nature gets in the way by forcing me to cover a record-setting snowstorm in the Northeast.
You know that Winter is colder than Summer. That is a given. But, have you ever asked yourself why? When I have asked the general public in the past why the Earth has seasons, the response that comes from the majority is, "Earth is closest to the Sun in the Summer." There are two things wrong with this:
1) We are actually closest to the Sun in January...during the Northern Hemisphere Winter. So this blows that whole theory up. If we were closer to the Earth in January, then that would be our Summer. Oops.
2) When it is Summer in the Northern Hemisphere, it is Winter in the Southern Hemisphere. If proximity to the Sun were the reason for the seasons, then the entire planet would be in the same season. Australia would be in Winter the same time as New York City. We know that is not the case.
So what does cause the seasons?
The main cause for the seasons is Earth's tilt. As shown in Figure 1, Earth does not spin along a completely vertical axis. In fact, it is tilted off a vertical axis by 23.5 degrees. How, you might ask, does that created the seasons? Well, it all has to do with direct and indirect sunlight.
I want you to perform an experiment. Go find a flashlight. Any flashlight will work, as long as it is functional. Once you have found yourself a flashlight, go to your nearest wall. Turn on the flashlight and shine it at the wall perpendicularly. What you want to do is shine the light so it takes the most direct path to the wall. Note the area the light covers on the wall. You might even want to take a pencil and draw along the edge of the light on the wall for future reference.
Now, tilt the flashlight so it is at a 45 degree angle from the wall. Now note how much area the light covers. This tilted light covers much more area than the light that took a more direct route. Thus, since the energy from the flashlight has not changed, we can say the energy per square inch in the tiled light is less than in the direct light. You have now completed your seasons experiment.
Figure 1. Tilt of Earth's axis of 23.5 degrees (Source: www.scienceblogs.com).
Now let's take this into Earth's orbit. Earth's tilt is just like the flashlight's tilt, except the Sun is the flashlight and the Earth is the wall. Figure 2 shows how Earth would look in its orbit with the tilt taken into account. You can see how, during Winter in the Northern Hemisphere, the Northern Hemisphere (NH) is tilted away from the Sun while the Southern Hemisphere (SH) is tilted toward the Sun. Because the SH is tilted toward the Sun, it gets more DIRECT sunlight, while the NH gets more INDIRECT sunlight. This translates to more solar heating in the SH and less in the NH from December - March.
The opposite is true during Summer in the NH. The NH is tilted toward the Sun in our Summer, therefore it receives more direct sunlight. There are four important dates when we talk about seasons. When I talk about these, the terms I will use will be specific to the NH. Thus, if I say Winter Solstice, that is the solstice for the NH (in the SH it would be Summer Solstice).
Winter Solstice
December 21-22 -- The Winter Solstice makes the point at which the the Sun is at its most southern point. At noon on December 21, the Sun is directly over the Tropic of Capricorn (23.5°S latitude -- note that this is also the tilt of the Earth's axis, not a coincidence). This is when the NH goes into Winter as is the shortest "day" of the year. The SH goes into Summer and is the longest "day" of the year there. I say "day" because it actually isn't any longer or shorter than 24 hours, but rather "day" refers to the time from sunrise to sunset. Above the Arctic Circle (66.5°N latitude), there will be least one day of 24 hours worth of nighttime from December 21 through September 22-23. What I am trying to say is that the farther north you go, the more days of completely darkness you will have. The North Pole will have the most days of complete darkness through September 22-23 (more on that to come).
Vernal Equinox
March 21-22 -- The Vernal (Spring) Equinox (Equal) marks the point the Sun has returned from its long trek from the Tropic of Capricorn and is now directly over the equator at noon. This is when the NH goes into Spring and the SH goes into Autumn. Take specific note that the "warmer" seasons are following the Sun. When the Sun approaches the NH, it goes into Spring, when it moves away from the SH, it goes into Autumn. The equinox is a specific point in time, it does not last the entire day. But, everywhere on the planet gets just about 12 hours of daylight and 12 hours on night on that day, give or take a few minutes. Another interesting note is that on the Vernal Equinox, the sun finally rises at the North Pole for the first time in 6 months (since September 22-23), and sets for the first time at the South Pole in 6 months (since September 22-23).
Summer Solstice
June 21-22 -- This is when the Sun has reached its most northern point, directly overhead the Tropic of Cancer (23.5°N latitude) at noon. This represents the longest "day" of the year in the NH, and the shortest "day" of the year in the SH. The NH goes into Summer, while the SH goes into Winter. The North Pole is still being bathed in sunlight, while the South Pole is in darkest and will be until September 22-23.
Autumnal Equinox
September 22-23 -- This is another equinox, so it must mean that the Sun has retreated back to over the equator at noon and both hemispheres have 12 hours of daylight and 12 hours of night, give or take a few minutes. The North Pole goes back into 24 hours of darkness, while the South Pole see the Sun for the first time since March 21-22.
Figure 2. How Earth's tilt causes the seasons. (Source: www.exploratorium.edu)
A couple interesting points regarding seasons
1. We all know that seasons can affect our moods. Long Winter nights can lead to depression, while bouts of depression often dip in the Summer. This describes Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) to a "T" and is an actual thing in medical journals. Treatment options of SAD include long daylight walks, more exercise, or even light therapy. My wife went to Sweden several years ago and noted the abundant use of tanning booths in the country. This is because residents of high latitude countries like Sweden use tanning booths as a treatment of SAD during Winter months when daylight hours are scant.
2. Sydney, Australia hosted the 2000 Summer Olympics in September of 2000. Why am I bringing it up? Because it wasn't actually Summer in Sydney when the games were being played. Because Sydney is in the SH, it was actually being played mostly in their Winter. It actually ended October 1, 2000 and thus ended in early Spring.
3. So if the Sun never sets north of the Arctic Circle on any give day, what does it look like all day? Figure 3 shows you just that. Note that it rings the horizon and does not get much higher than a few degrees from where the land meets the sky.
Figure 3. What the Sun looks like north of the Arctic Circle during the Summer.
Updated: 10:03 PM GMT on November 03, 2011
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Club Care Insurance
About Club Care Insurance
Club Care Insurance is the long established provider of insurance for members of The Camping and Caravanning Club. Club Care offers a broad range of insurances which have been created for members by members and are tailored to meet the specific needs of all those enjoying the outdoor leisure lifestyle.
You do not have to be a member of the Camping and Caravanning Club to purchase from Club Care, but members receive a discount on premiums plus a host of other benefits.
Club Care offers a friendly service with products designed for your camping and caravanning needs at competitive prices.
We are members of the Institute of Customer Service, the independent, professional membership body for customer service.
Our commitment...
Club Care is committed to offering a range of services using our experience of over 30 years in this field. Our friendly and knowledgeable team of advisors are available to answer your enquiries Monday to Friday 9.00am to 5.30pm and Saturdays 9.00am to 12.00 noon and can be contacted on 01277 243060.
What our customers say...
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"I wanted to say thank you for the speedily handling of my claim for which I received a cheque for my claim today. From my first inquiry to a couple of subsequent calls I have had to make, all your staff were very professional, courteous and I just wanted to acknowledge this, as people are always quick to complain but not to praise.Keep up the good work, I for one will be recommending your insurance to my friends and family".
Mrs. Wood, East Challow, Wantage
Key Protection - 1 Fob
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We've been supporting The Camping and Caravanning Club with a range of tailored services for many years.
We deliver excellent value and support services, and are always only a phone-call away!
Club Care Insurance is committed to offering their best price in our marketplace


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intradisplinary studies this give you the opportunity to see what degree is best for you by choosing 3 fields of study
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Professors/ Instructors Know Their Stuff! Instructors are regular people like you and me, really down to earth. Instuctors have put in extra time with many of the students to help them with what they are struggling with. They will take you out in the shop and show you. Always trying to help the student better themselves and be prepared for that feild.
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Hi, I would like to edit a little in the search function.
Now when I try to find a last name I have to select Last name from the dropdown menu which is Show All as default. When I search for last name I get the error "Please select a column.
I would like to have Last name as default selection instead of show all.
Some info:
I have 4 columns; First Name, Last Name, Phone and Location.
Everything works fine, for privacy reasons I can't give the url.