text:
, Volume 79, Issue 2, pp 210-231
First online:
Analyses of Model Fit and Robustness. A New Look at the PISA Scaling Model Underlying Ranking of Countries According to Reading Literacy
- Svend KreinerAffiliated withDepartment of Biostatistics, University of Copenhagen Email author
- , Karl Bang ChristensenAffiliated withDepartment of Biostatistics, University of Copenhagen
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This paper addresses methodological issues that concern the scaling model used in the international comparison of student attainment in the Programme for International Student Attainment (PISA), specifically with reference to whether PISA's ranking of countries is confounded by model misfit and differential item functioning (DIF). To determine this, we reanalyzed the publicly accessible data on reading skills from the 2006 PISA survey. We also examined whether the ranking of countries is robust in relation to the errors of the scaling model. This was done by studying invariance across subscales, and by comparing ranks based on the scaling model and ranks based on models where some of the flaws of PISA's scaling model are taken into account. Our analyses provide strong evidence of misfit of the PISA scaling model and very strong evidence of DIF. These findings do not support the claims that the country rankings reported by PISA are robust.
Key wordsdifferential item functioning ranking robustness educational testing programme for international student assessment PISA Rasch models reading literacy
Reference tools
- Title
- Analyses of Model Fit and Robustness. A New Look at the PISA Scaling Model Underlying Ranking of Countries According to Reading Literacy
- Journal
Volume 79, Issue 2 , pp 210-231
- Cover Date
- 2014-04
- 10.1007/s11336-013-9347-z
- Print ISSN
- 0033-3123
- Online ISSN
- 1860-0980
- Publisher
- Springer US
- Additional Links
- Topics
- Keywords
- differential item functioning
- ranking
- robustness
- educational testing
- programme for international student assessment
- Rasch models
- reading literacy
- Industry Sectors
- Authors
- Svend Kreiner (1)
- Karl Bang Christensen (1)
- Author Affiliations
- 1. Department of Biostatistics, University of Copenhagen, Oster Farimagsgade 5, B, PO Box 2029, 1014, Copenhagen K, Denmark


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Cook Islands Off The Beaten Path
Yes visit Suvarow!
Ever wanted to go to one of the most remote places in the world? Visit the island Suvarow in the northern group of the Cook Islands. Sense the feeling off living without time, only one family lives on this island and that is to look after the reef, which is a marine reserve. The lagoon has different types of rays including the manta ray, many reef...more
In Aitutaki: Hike Moungou Po
Moungou Po is the highest peak in Aitutaki and can be a bit of a hike, especially when wearing flip flops! But there's a GREAT view of the lagoon from the top. Don't forget the repellent! There's a little dirt road a little past the Paradise Inn (i believe is the name) on the right when heading towards the airport. Take that up to where it ends...more
Aitutaki is a slice of paradise
The island is the quintessential picture of paradise. Endless turquoise lagoon dotted with uninhabited islands, white sand beaches and palm tree coveried islands. It is less expensive and less croweded than Tahiti with all the beauty. There are some nice resorts like the Aitutaki pacific resort and the Tamanu resort and then there are lots of beach...more
There's a woman who lives on the back road behind Avarua who grows the most amazing hibiscus. She cross-pollinates and creates hundreds of different variety of blooms - she even grafts different types of blooms onto one tree. She has thousands of plants and is now going to start growing/experimenting with orchids. I'm looking forward to going back...more
Rarotongan ghost resort.
On the south coast of Rarotonga is a ghost resort. It is a sad blot on the landscape of Rarotonga. The uncompleted Sheraton Resort was financed by the Cook Islands government to the tune of about $100 million. Of course, no doubt due to corruption and poor planning, the government bungled the whole thing and the Sheraton pulled out - leaving the...more
The Arutanga Church.
Arutanga is the sleepy administrative centre on Aitutaki. The oldest church in the Cook Islands is also located there. The Cook Islands Christian Church (CICC) in Arutanga is built of whitewashed coral and was finished in 1828. It is a picturesque old building and you are welcome to go inside and have a look.more
Climb Maungapu on Aitutaki.
Maungapu is the highest hill on Aitutaki. It is 124m high. From the summit you get a good view down the chain of islands on the eastern edge of the turquoise Aitutaki lagoon. Climb the hill in the late afternoon, as it is too hot in the day!The track to the hill is signposted (the sign is on the opposite side of the road to the track) and a sealed...more
The Most Romantic Island
Aitutaki is a side trip you won't regret. The island is barely more than a rim around a huge shallow lagoon, with islets (motus) of sugar sand & swaying palm trees. I've been told by some of the most experienced South Pacific travelers I know that this island is the most romantic of all. While there, you can stay in a thatched bure over the water,...more
Maungapu Hill, Aitutaki
Maungapu is the highest point on Aitutaki with 124m. From top of it you have great views over the lagoon and the motus.According to the legend this little mountain was stolen from Rarotonga, chopped of Raemaru mountain which has a flat top now.more
visit the veterinary volenteer group
Volenteer at the vet clinic. there is always something to do and its a great way to meet the locals. there is not always a vet there-they fly in to volenteer from various places- but street dogs always need care.more
Well, it's really along the main road,...
...just wanted to emphasize, you are on a beautiful tropical island, for heavens sake, so RELAX! Take time to notice all the delightfully quirky little details that make this such a wonderful place - like One Way Jesus.more
A Wild Ride With A Native Guide
Try the Raro Safari 4x4 Tour of the island (see travelogue for more details). It was a lot of fun, and an easy way to see the interior of the island. The guides are Rarotongan Maoris, all of whom seem to have a great wry sense of humor that keeps you rolling.more
Rent a car and drive the back country
On several occassions we took our rental car and headed down back roads to see how the locals lived. This was a great experience. You saw huge Black Pearl Farmer plantations and homes of the general public.more
Rarotonga Steam Railway - A...
Rarotonga Steam Railway - A tiny, tiny island in the middle of the Pacific, and it has a steam train! It's a lovely walk past fields full of crops, and into Tim Arnold's tropical garden to discover something that will delight any train-lover. Tim has lovingly restored this Polish steam train, and hopes to lay track to enable the train to take short...more
there are a few things to do...
there are a few things to do off the beaten track, one of them is DON'T RENT A CAR, as the island of Rarotonga is small, you can cycle it in two hours.There are also some drives to look out points, but don't bother, walk there instead ( or drive if due things you can't walk, but otherwise walk) it is healthier for you and the environment. You can...more
Buy some chutney at Fruits of...
Buy some chutney at Fruits of Rarotonga-you'll find the roadside stall/coffee shop along the main road circling the island. Across the street is a nice beach for snorkling. You can leave your stuff at Fruits of Rarotonga while at the beach. The owners have an outside shower and WC. You can take a rest in their back yard.Don't sit under a cocnut...more
i didnt do it this time around...
i didnt do it this time around but going to the Northern group of islands would be a dream and certainly off the beaten path!! if you have the time and money (most peoples downfall!)...get up there and experience the real Cook Islands!!Picture : Road on Atiumore
Ask a QuestionGot a question about Cook Islands? Get an answer from our Location locals and frequent travelers
Cook Islands Hotels
The Sunset Resort
Arorangi 123, Rarotonga, Cook Islands
Satisfaction: Excellent
Good for: Families
Etu Moana
This place is amazing! The service is top notch. The resort is very nice. We were greeted by...more
Sea Change Villas
Main Road, Rarotonga, Titikaveka, Cook Islands
Satisfaction: Excellent
Good for: Families
Ara Moana Bungalows Hotel
Ivirua, Mangaia, CK
Satisfaction: Average
Good for: Business
Raina Lagoon Villas
Po Box 72, Avarua, 682, CK
Satisfaction: Terrible
Good for: Families
Pacific Resort Aitutaki
Amuri , PO Box 90, Cook Islands
Satisfaction: Excellent
Good for: Business
Pacific Resort Rarotonga
Bound to go to raro but reading the reviews written in here, it feels more threatening rather than...more
Tamanu Beach
PO Box 59, Cook Islands
Satisfaction: Excellent
Good for: Business
Makayla Palms
Titikaveka, Cook Islands
Satisfaction: Excellent
Good for: Business
Top Cook Islands Hotels
- Aitutaki Hotels
- 11 Reviews - 57 Photos
- Titikaveka Hotels
- 2 Hotels
- Rarotonga Hotels
- 174 Reviews - 423 Photos
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- 1 Hotel
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- 1 Hotel
- Amuri Hotels
- 1 Hotel
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Posted by ESPN.com's Chris Low
Making the rounds in the SEC:
Team Tebow is keeping a close eye on Florida's star quarterback as he tries to come back from a concussion.
The bond between Alabama quarterback Greg McElroy and the guy he replaced, John Parker Wilson, remains strong.
Auburn junior offensive guard Bart Eddins makes the most of his first college start, writes Jay. G. Tate of The Montgomery Advertiser.
Mississippi State and its young secondary brace for a wild ride against Houston and Case Keenum.
Vanderbilt could have all three of its top running backs available for the first time this season Saturday against Army.
Maybe the no-huddle offense is the answer for the Vols and struggling quarterback Jonathan Crompton.
South Carolina backup quarterback Reid McCollum comes back from the flu to throw his first college touchdown pass.
Arkansas' D.J. Williams and Michael Smith are adjusting to smaller roles in the Hogs' offense.


text:
28039 results « previous Page 950 of 1402 next »
Shortly before Christmas, the ailing Aberdeen School District sent a distress signal to the Mississippi Department of Education by way of a phone call and a plea for help.
The Mississippi Department of Corrections says GEO Group Inc., one of the country's largest private prison operators, will no longer manage three facilities in Mississippi.
It is used and abused by almost 500 million people a day and, now, it is a part of the Lowndes County Sheriff's Office's presence in the community.
Kindergarten students at Sale Elementary School are connecting with seniors at Arrington Retirement Home thanks to a grant written by Mississippi University for Women alumna Debbie McLaurin of Columbus.
Bancorp South is set aside less for future loan losses and made more in fees from mortgage borrowers, increasing profit in the first quarter.
At first glance, Tyler Edmonds appears to be like any other young man in his early 20s; he's physically fit, with a slender frame; he's affable, intelligent and well spoken. His bright blue eyes are full of life and he smiles nervously, when he's both happy and uncomfortable. But the past nine years of his life have been anything but ordinary, as he went from being a go-cart riding junior high student in West Point to a convicted killer to an acquitted free man, who now has opened a business in Columbus.
Mississippi House leaders are seeking changes in a proposed charter school bill, but Senate leaders appear unlikely to agree to measures that might win over House opponents.
For Ugandan soldiers tasked with catching Joseph Kony, the real threat is not the elusive Central Africa warlord and his brutal gang.
Columbus, the YMCA, Columbus Kiwanis Club, Stark Aerospace and Carl Hogan Dodge Saturday are celebrating YMCA Healthy Kids Day with a free, community event for kids and families.
The Columbus Municipal Court's amnesty program for 2012 has ended, leaving the city with almost $150,000 in collected fines.
Job growth is still anemic in Mississippi, but people are leaving the labor force in droves, rapidly pushing down the state's unemployment rate.
With hiring on the rise and more than 50 employers set to participate, East Mississippi Community College is anticipating one of its best job fairs ever May 1.
Mississippi's existing "Move Over Law" now protects utility crews working alongside busy highways and local roads.
Mississippi University for Women's athletics program suffered two harsh blows in late 2002. A November tornado destroyed the gymnasium and the following month, then-President Claudia Limbert asked the College Board to discontinue the university's intercollegiate athletic program and reallocate the funds to a fitness, recreation and intramural program.
A Macon man was arrested early Friday morning for allegedly stealing an emergency vehicle.
A Thursday drug arrest turned into a game of hide and seek for officers with the Columbus-Lowndes Metro Narcotics Unit, the Lowndes County Sheriff's Office and the Lamar County Sheriff's Department.
« previous Page 950 of 1402 next »
1. Two arrested in Motel 6 robbery COLUMBUS & LOWNDES COUNTY
2. Gray captured hours after Clay County escape AREA
3. First Vote: A Dispatch special series COLUMBUS & LOWNDES COUNTY
4. 'Night Out' events set for Tuesday COLUMBUS & LOWNDES COUNTY
5. Gosney assumes CAFB command COLUMBUS & LOWNDES COUNTY


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you are viewing a single comment's thread.
Yes, he is right. A deal will take place. When it does longs will make money. As the price rises over the next six months you will just have to cover, won't you. Who has the dead money with a deal in the making? Shorts like you will sqirm.
and there's no guarantee that deal will succeed or not!


text:
Type: Posts; User: RACLman
Sent from my iPhone using Tapatalk
I would not get in the habit of copying or duplicating Spyders. This can lead to all kinds of problems especially if Sylk modules are involved.
You should add Spyders directly from your Spyder...
Ditto, your abilities should dictate your pay. If I have to depend on a union for this then
you are in trouble.
This will only work outside the U.S. [emoji1]
Does anyone have a copy of the Spyder VVT App that John Hutchey wrote they would be willing to share?
Has anyone seen this additional login box (please see attached picture) that appears shortly after you complete the normal login to your station thru a web browser. Any way to make it go away?
I would love one as well.
If it's still available I would like a copy as well.
Did this stick come with Lon or BACnet?
No RC-Studio front end at the site but all VAV boxes have SSL's with LCD Displays.
Does anyone have any documentation or detailed procedures for performing an air balance on a Reliable Controls MACH Air VAV controller?
Any help would be greatly appreciated.
nviTodEvent_timeToNextState needs to be set to a value greater than zero.
When using SymmetrE I have found that you should image your machine before making any significant changes. It gives you a fallback position in case of a catastrophe :)
Vykon is the direct sales channel for Tridium.
They are Honeywell W7751B XL10 VAV controllers.
Controltec, if it's not too much trouble I would like to get a copy of the manuals as well.
If you had the XL10 configuration screen available in AX then the Wizards are already installed on the JACE. The Commit button only saves the changes to the AX database, you will still have to...
If you already have a complete database in AX why would you want to bring Lonspec into the picture. Why not just load the Ax Wizards on the JACE and modify the XL10's
in your AX database. Seems...
I would like a copy as well if it's not too much trouble.
As of 2009 when the App was last updated it was not compatible with Rapid Balance. It does have instructions on how to perform the balance proceedure included in the App's documentation.
I believe it is found in the snvt nvoStatus and is called manualControl. False = Auto, True = Manual
Just received my e6520 2-weeks ago. The legacy port replicator attaches
to the docking station connector on the bottom of the laptop. has worked
perfectly so far.
Thanks for the responses. Unfortunately I am unable to upgrade the 3.08 LNS database as another contractor is also working on the system as part of a phased upgrade of the controls. The other...
Is it possible to run LNS Turbo on a Windows 7 PC with another version of LNS (3.08) running on a virtual Windows XP OS on the same PC?
Will the two coexist or will they hose each other up?
I believe the BACnet Spyders auto adjust thier baud rate to the JACE when they power up. Cycle the power to the Spyders with the JACE up and online and they should syncronize themselves with the...
Ditto on Quicksilvers Driver. Works well.
I also was certified in 06, back then the highest score was a 149. Go figure.
Hope everyone has a safe and happy holiday
LonSpec v5.1.5 does support MS Windows Vista and is available for download on the Honeywell Buildings Forum website.
The VAV1 or "1000 Series" XL10 VAV controller is not compatible with RapidBalance. The VAV1 pre-dates the use of E-Vision. This controller was programmed and commissioned directly thru the Zone...
Honeywell has a Lonworks based package called RapidZone for VVT. It's simple to setup but requires an external dry contact closure for scheduling as the AHU/RTU controller (XL15C) has no real time...
That sounds dangerous, sharing anything with EBI is problematic at best. How many lon channels are you dealing with and where does the 600 reside in all this?
What version of iLON? 600, 1000, Etc...
Verify what version of the PCC-10 driver you are using. I have found with running E-Vision in WinXP that you must use this version (pcx10_20Win2k_Ver2.01_B) of the driver and not the latest and...
I'll let you know, I'm going to be trying it in the next 2-3 weeks.
Just upgraded 5 WEBS JACE-6's about 2 months ago from 3.2.16 to 3.4.43 and they only charged me the single upgrade price on each one.
If you are running MS Intellipoint software on your machine you may want to
uninstall it. This has corrected the problem for some who have experienced it.
Takes about 15 Minutes and that includes the on-line licensing.
If you must keep the controller you can buy a copy of XL-Online which will allow a PC to connect to the controller directly, (no graphics but will get the job done). If it's only 1 controller the...
Use CARE with a serial null modem cable and connect directly to the controller, (C-Bus). The original CARE project back-ups will be needed to edit internal parameters in the XFM's or PID's.
e-mail me your .evb file and I can generate a list for you.
Yes, Both the Honeywell and Distech wizards can be used from the web browser.
Sorry, I should clarify. I have an LPR-10 on the Lon-network to accomodate
the additional Spyders. As always with this quantity of Spyders you will need
to run the Spyder tool from your laptop...
I have a JACE-600-EM with 70 Spyders as well as Modbus and Ndio. all has been operating well for over a year.
Enter the K-factor for your Box exactly- Do not guess. I noticed on an earlier project with 50+ VAV Spyders and Titus VAV Boxes that entering a K-factor that is close will cause wide variances in...
The latest version of the Spyder Tool is 2.0.2 (for the new SYLK Enhanced controllers). If you are not using these then Spyder Tool 1.18.4 should work just fine. Spyders are slow, just the nature of...
I believe what you want is JCI PN#LP-KIT200-00C


text:
This guide to hospital management systems is a landmark on the road which the American Hospital Association took 15 years ago when it established a committee on methods improvement in hospitals. The authors, members of a pioneer group of industrial engineers who turned their attention from the familiar worlds of business and industry to the complex and often baffling problems of health care institutions, have produced a comprehensive text that can be used equally as a manual for the practicing hospital executive and as a reference book for students in courses in hospital administration.
The first portion of the book, which defines the role of industrial engineering in the hospital and discusses the conditions under which it can function effectively, can be read profitably also by staff physicians and trustees who wish to improve the productivity of the systems employed by hospitals to achieve their three major objectives: care of
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Phone number(▒▒▒) ▒▒▒- ▒▒ 01
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Hey, I'm Melissa!
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I am Neonatal ICU nurse coming to Austin to work and play. I work 12 hour shifts on average 3-4 times per week. I will be in Austin for 13 weeks and really looking foward to seeing and experiencing new things.


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I normally am not that adventurous when it comes to colour in my wardrobe but this season I am considering adding some splash of color with bold colored shorts & pants. Whether it be red, yellow, blue or mint (which Lady Gaga predicted in her "Marry the Night" video) it's all a matter how you adapt it to your existing style.
I am gonna start by getting a bright blue pair and possibly ease myself into brighter colors like yellow or red. I will keep the pop of color to a minimum by pairing them with neutral colored tops in white, gray or black at night.
So hang up those khakis and try this new trend. Check out the video below and take the poll below. Will your booty be bright this summer?


text:
Researchers Now Have a Myriad of...
Clinical-Style Validation, Regulation, and Quality Control...
Loss of Lives in Clinical Trials...
Co-Sourcing Improves Pharmaceutical Laboratory Productivity
Scientists have engineered cellular vault nanoparticles to carry cytotoxic drugs into cancer cells. The University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) team claims the achievement marks the first time that vaults have been successfully harnessed for drug delivery applications. Their research is published in the online edition of Small ahead of next month's print issue, in a paper titled, "Vaults Engineered for Hydrophobic Drug Delivery."
The vault nanoparticle is one of the largest known ribonucleoprotein complexes in the sub-100 nm range, explains Daniel C. Buehler, Ph.D., at UCLA's David Geffen School of Medicine, and colleagues. They are formed as a large nanocapsule with a barrel-shaped morphology surrounding a hollow interior. Electron microscopy and x-ray crystallographic studies by co-researcher Z. Hong Zhou, Ph.D., have also shown that both native and recombinant vaults have a thin protein shell enclosing a large internal volume of about 100,000 cubic nanometers, which the researchers claim in theory could hold hundreds to thousands of small molecule compunds. Moreover, vaults are highly conserved and almost ubiquitously expressed in eukaryotes. These properties make the structures ideal candidates for development as drug delivery vehicles, the authors claim.
Recombinant vaults have been shown to be nonimmunogenic, and previous work has engineered the structure to enable cell surface receptor targeting and the encapsulation of a range of proteins. Dr. Buehler's team's strategy was to use engineered vaults as carriers for drug-loaded nanodisks comprising vault-binding lipopoprotein bilayers loaded with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA).
Cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) reconstruction showed the vault-binding lipoprotein complex sequestered within the vault lumen, and ATRA-loaded vaults were found to demonstrate enhanced cytotoxicity against the HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cell line. "These vaults release therapeutics slowly, like a strainer, through tiny, tiny holes, which provides greater flexibility for drug delivery," comments co-author Leonard H. Rome, Ph.D. "The ability to package therapeutic compounds into the vault is an important achievement toward their development into a viable and versatile platform for drug delivery," the authors conclude.
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MDMA (commonly known as the empathogen "ecstasy") is classified as a Schedule 1 drug, which is reserved for compounds with no accepted medical use and a high abuse potential. Two researchers from Stanford, however, call for a rigorous scientific exploration of MDMA's effects to identify precisely how the drug works, the data from which could be used to develop therapeutic compounds.Do you agree that ecstasy should be studied for its potential therapeutic benefits?
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It was fast police work from Saturday to Tuesday noon in finding those responsible for the theft and arson of high profile commercial vehicles valued at over $400,000 and parked next to a Manteca hotel in an daring caper in the dark of night.
Three stolen Tillamook Cheese microbuses valued at $300,000 were located in Copperopolis Monday night by a county-wide law enforcement team led by Manteca Police Department officers.
The following is a summary of the significant events the Manteca Police handled during the past week:
LATHROP – All that the 25-year-old man remembered was talking on his cell phone as he went up to the coin dispenser at the Wash Pro Car Wash on Harlan Road.
Two men authorities believe were responsible shooting into a Moffat Boulevard motel on May 9 have been arrested.
Foul play was not believed to be a factor in the death of a man discovered by Manteca Police officers behind a cluster of Main Street businesses Tuesday evening.
Just after 7 p.m. on Tuesday a property owner conducting a search of his property found something that seemed out of place.
A man was shot in the face on Saturday after accompanying a woman back to her house to get belongings following a fight with her husband.
By GLENN KAHL
When Manteca Pastor Robert Cox was first interviewed by Las Vegas Metropolitan Police about a fight outside of a popular restaurant in June of last year, he told them he had punched the other man in the face.
An elderly Manteca gentleman wanted to hire someone to clean his house.
A Manteca youth pastor is facing manslaughter charges after an altercation outside of a Las Vegas restaurant left a man dead.
Manteca Police and the Federal Bureau of Investigation are searching for a man that walked into the Bank of the West on E. Yosemite Avenue Tuesday afternoon, produced a note demanding money, and walked away with an undisclosed amount of cash.
At one point, as the camera bobbles up and down the duty shirt of exhausted Manteca patrol officer Ben Cromwell, a single question illustrates the seriousness of the situation he just found himself in.
A transient claiming that Manteca Police used excessive force when they tried to roust him from his sleep alongside an East Manteca car wash last week put a Manteca patrol officer out of work for a month as a result of the melee.
Page 9 of 76
SANTA MONICA (AP) - An Indiana man armed with three assault rifles and chemicals used to make explosives was arrested in Southern California on Sunday and ...
CHICAGO (AP) - Violent crimes - from homicides and rapes to robberies - have been on the rise in many major U.S. cities, yet experts can't ...
SYRACUSE, N.Y. (AP) - A correction officer who opened a package left by his mailbox that exploded outside his home is in critical condition, Gov ...
MODESTO (AP) - A 13-year-old girl has died and a 15-year-old boy was injured after a shooting in Modesto.
LOS ANGELES (AP) - A pair of Marines on leave from their base in California's high desert answered the Memorial Day call on Monday, bringing ...
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The advance solution for your best health, which name is VivaBiotics is the one definition that is being dependable shown to have your whole body structure sound and also balanced. The digestive framework is home to separate parts of the moment living creatures. Specialists recognize that some digestive issue happen when the balance of inviting moment has to living micro sized living beings in the inward parts gets to be aggravates. This can be happen after the contamination or in the wake of taking serums harms. Like this intestinal issues can be comparatively climb when the covering of the assimilation structures is harmed. They can help you to keep the ingestion schemas solid and will help in planning sustenance. They are moreover recognized to help the safe structure. The possibility of taking live creatures or yeast may appear abnormal quickly. Taking probiotics may offer to help. Probiotics are the existing living beings in very small size microorganisms or yeast that is recognized to overall well-being. They are accessible in supplements and backings. According to the prestigious pro in TV exhibit to, it surges your gut with the robust equipped essentialness of incredible minute life structures to offer you the solace to your digestive structure. These are the uncommon pro biotics that will also help you to restore the digestive alter and gave your immune structure the robust backing by all trademark gathers. You will finally discard bloating to issue, stomach throbs and prickly inside turmoil. The probiotics can be update the intestinal breaking point and also keep up the dependability of the covering guts. These inviting living animals might in like way to help battle microorganisms that cause of separated insides. Experts like this solution in light of the way that it is completely unadulterated and free from all binders and folios which hurt my well-being. VivaBiotics is liberated from the various types of terrible chemicals that lessening my well-being and further more thee estimation of this thing. This dietary mathematical statement is framed under exceedingly dynamic labs and it is arranged from all lab attempted blends and it is showed by tentatively and clinically.
Product Details
This is the one efficient and natural way to keep your body fortified and healthy. These highly potent probiotics and also lots of billion CFUs (colony forming units) of beneficial bacteria to your digestive system and will help your body in regaining the balance fast of it. These probiotics maintain its health on the long-term. Efficacy of this also comes from its high resistance to stomach acid and bile, maintaining beneficial bacteria safe and strong at all times. This way you get maximum results in the very shortest period. Developed by an experienced team of the medical experts, VivaBiotics claims to be the high quality probiotics that includes four billion colony forming units (CFUs) of the beneficial bacteria per serving. Which can be help you naturally balance your digestive system to get rid of the symptoms such bloating stomach aches, nausea and IBS to increase your immune system and to boost your energy. Once this occurs VivaBiotics is claimed to help you to give you with better health more energy the better night's sleep and regular bowel movements. As such VivaBiotics claims to be the natural way to keep your body fortified and healthy.
Product Description
VivaBiotics is the amazing weight loss breakthrough that is the helping countless people lose weight without exercise and diet. This product is taken from the all-natural compounds. VivaBiotics is so much safe and free from all harmful artificial preservatives and ingredients. This supplement is also safe for allergy sufferers as it is free from soy, dairy, seafood and nuts. Before you start to taking any one supplement however, it is always advised you to consult with your doctor. The all new VivaBiotics supplement of dietary is a naturally occurring chemical found in the root of Coleus Forskohlii. It is shown to manage the lose weight by some supporting a normal body mass index. While talking about this supplement you can see the support for normal thyroid function in women and men which is a leading contributor to fat builder.
Product Features
This product is consisted of natural, easy and pure formula. When you eat so much and your colon filled with the feces, germs and microorganism to cleanse your system do not work then you must use any colon cleanse product. These problems makes you inactive and uncomfortable. This colon cleanse product is especially for those people whose stomach do not respond. The formula of VivaBiotics is 100% healthy and safe for the health and scientifically and clinically approved. No any harmful ingredient is the part of the recipe of this product.
Market Study
VivaBiotics is very effective, it is designed to help everyone gradually increase the metabolism, provide energy, burn fat and help to suppress the appetite. You should take to the instructed dosage with a glass of water on an empty stomach. The speed of its result may vary and weight lose results on average that become apparent around 2 weeks after using the supplement on daily basis. VivaBiotics also stimulated with the production of cyclic AMP (cAMP), a molecule that release the triggers of thyroid hormone that also reduce body fat and also calories. This sends the metabolism into overdrive and producer natural energy that all day lasts you. This revolutionary breakthrough is the fat melting solution. VivaBiotics is natural and herbal colon cleanse product. This colon cleanse solution reliefs the body from undigested food, parasites, germs and microorganisms and makes your body comfortable and clean. VivaBiotics supplement free from all side effects.
Detailed Study
It also shown to normalize your metabolic system although it is not a stimulant. VivaBiotics has a lipolysis effect which support to the selectively of weight management. VivaBiotics is found from the roots of an herbal plant from the family of mint. Researchers have found that this can support the breakdown of stored fats in animal and also human fat cells. VivaBiotics can also get the way of thermogenesis support to release fatty acids from the adipose tissue, which having results in normalizing bodies fat levels and theoretically, normalizing a body mass in healthy way. The parasites blocked your colon and you're cleaned the system out of order. VivaBiotics can cleans the stomach and also remove all fats and calories which are accumulated in the body and causes obesity and fatness. This is herbal and safe supplement. This product is manufactured from GMP certified labs under educated and trained staff. This supplement enhance the energy levels and also makes your body slim, active and smart.
Ingredients in This Clinically Approved Formula
VivaBiotics is highly advanced and marvelous losing weight product. VivaBiotics is the best option for those people who are much worried about that's obesity. This losing fat product is free from any side effect and also not causes any harmful effect on the body. You may make your body smart, slim and beautiful without any tough exercise and diet. You can visit the overall market but VivaBiotics is one of the best losing weight item. This item removes all extra and unwanted fat and also calories from the body. This is a losing fat formula that is especially created to help people becoming slim naturally without making you put in extra efforts. The item works to boost metabolism of the body and makes you experience healthy process of the losing weight. This is a proven solution that is not only help you to look slim but it will also maintains the ideal body weight. Also this is a doctor's recommended solution so it is very trustworthy. These items focuses on the regulation of the metabolism through the production of a natural protein found in the body known as Adiponectin.
Direction for Use
The newest sensation in the control of appetite reduced absorption of fats herbs and accelerated burning fat. Studies demonstrating it helps people losing fat also indicate this item is beneficial in decreasing bad cholesterol as well as the level of triglycerides in the blood stream. This is drastically lessens its potential to help you losing weight. Only the finest absolutely ready to harvest tamarinds go into the item. Supposedly, boost the metabolism promote losing fat and ultimately help you with the diet, this works as an appetite suppressant and triggers the production of the Adiponectin. VivaBiotics is a small pumpkin shaped fruit found in Southeast Asia and clinically proven to inhibit the absorption of fat and stop weight gain. A VivaBiotics Extract contains a very important active compound called Hydroxycitric Acid (HCA).
Legal Disclaimer
It comes from the small pumpkin shaped fruit, which is often referred to as the tamarind. It is a losing fat solution, it will help you to lose your cravings, burn stored fat, retain muscles mass and also stop feeling hungry. Our item is simply the best and fastest way to weight loss in a natural safe way. It is composed of natural and safe ingredients. What we like about this product is that it includes no additives, 100% natural and pure, fast results within few days of use and even recommended by many experts. Scientists gives credit to keep the key ingredients Hydroxycitric Acid (HCA). It is not only suppresses cravings for food, but it alters the body's internal functions that are responsible for creating new fat cells. Consequently it will helps to slow down the process of adding new fat to the body. Most of the importantly, no intense physical workouts were required. You will be so happier and also confident.
Visible Benefits
It helps your body reduce fat by stimulating the production of enzymes and hormones the fuel the metabolism and burn excess calories. This prevents you adding from new fat and melts away existing fat for a boost in energy. VivaBiotics activates protein kinase, which can involve in the breakdown of the building blocks of fatty tissues known as triglycerides.
- It will lower your blood pressure.
- It improved the immune system of function.
- It will increase bone density.
- It will also increase energy.
- It lose your body weight and makes you slim and smart.
- It melt your fat now.
- And also grow up the muscles.
- It improve your metabolism.
- It contains 100% all-natural ingredients.
How Does It Works?
While the evidence is sketchy at the best, this could very good give weight loss results to its users. Al least there have actually some human studies that have been tested this. Unlike several other weight loss fads in the past. It should be seen as an alternative weight loss supplement to try if you are not seeing the results with the other supplements. More research is planned regarding this supplement and lose weight so hopefully soon you will know for certain whether or not this supplement is a true lose weight product. VivaBiotics also stimulates the production of cyclic, a molecule that triggers of a thyroid hormone that can also reduce body weight and calories. This sends the metabolism into overdrive and procedure natural energy level that lasts you all day. This revolutionary breakthrough is the fat melting product.The 16 strains of probiotics in VivaBiotics improve your digestion and turn fat straight into energy instead of piling it up on your body. A study published in the British Journal of Nutrition has shown that probiotics can help women lose weight by restoring proper digestion. Forskolin and Garcinia are the most powerful natural fat burners on the market. Combined with 14 strains of probiotics, they instantly shave off extra pounds and eliminate bloating, diarrhea, nausea and lack of energy out of your life. That's what makes VivaBiotics the fastest and healthiest weight loss miracle product.
When to Expect Results?
It is effectively designed to help gradually boost the metabolism, reduce fat, provide energy and help to suppress your appetite. You should take the instructed dosage with a glass of water on the empty stomach. The speed of results may very fast and weight loss results on average become apparent some around 2 weeks after using the supplement on the daily basis. It surely provides you the full results in just after 2 weeks. That you can fully satisfied with this results.
Best Tips!
- As you know VivaBiotics is highly advanced herbal formula I highly recommend to use this solution. Otherwise the other alternatives are:
- Using good and hygienic food or diet.
- Or you can also use other medication for colon cleansing.
- Use excessive water in routine can relief from colon problems.
- VivaBiotics is recommended by the doctors.
- It has zero side effects.
- Accessible easily on its official website.
- Reduce weight and 20% of VivaBiotics improve metabolism.
- 100% all natural formula.
- This statement is not approved by FDA.
- You must need to consult with your doctor before use.
- VivaBiotics is not easily get from the market and stores.
Problem in Product
I am the user of VivaBiotics and cleanse my colon improve metabolic rate and make my digestive system good active and free from parasites. I am sure it will work for you and your body accept these herbalism solution. Then this formula did not show problem in your body. Your body system does not reacted bad after using this.
Things Keep In Your Mind
- Women who carrying baby in their womb also avoid these pills.
- This is not for under 18.
- It has no side effects but nursing or breast feeding mother not try this strictly.
- Keep bottle of VivaBiotics at cool and dry place.
Peoples Opinion
- 1st user says: It is just a couple of weeks since I started taking this product and I could see some big difference. I haven't feel any side effects maybe because it is all natural. I could really feel the result of this product. I have lost 8lbs already. I can't wait for the best result. I would definitely recommend this product.
- 2nd user says: After searching for natural and healthy solutions to aid in my journey, I heard about this product on TV. I must say that I am truly satisfied with the results. It sure has helped my weight loss and controlling my weight. I don't know how this would work for serious weight loss but definitely works the way it claims.
- 3rd user says: This product has done me wonders. I take one each before breakfast and dinner. I have lost weight considerably. You may not notice the weight loss for the first couple of weeks but eventually you will. This also didn't make me want to vomit like the other supplements I've tried.
My Overview
When I am using first time of VivaBiotics I cannot believe or expect too much about the results, but after few week I am incredibly get best results and feel internally strong. I am not very much food-a-holmic but I like fast food pizzas, samosas, and other oily food. This is the reason I gain weight and also build toxins in my colon. This cleanse my colon gently and remove all toxins from my body. Yet I feel energetic and lose extra fat is the big achievement for me that did not done other supplements. So my vote is only for VivaBiotics, although I recommend to my family, friend and others.
Doctor's Recommendation
VivaBiotics is contains the all active ingredients in coleus forskohlii root extract, a chemical that has many numbers of benefits and health weight loss advantages. It boost the level of an enzyme that is called sensitive hormone lipase, which is burn the fat in your body. VivaBiotics also stimulate the metabolic rate and produce the natural energy that last you all day. Get guideline from your doctor's for buying this product. It contains all-natural ingredients that's why majority of doctors recommend this supplement to everyone of their patient.
Surveys & Researches
Research shows that people with high levels of "bad" bacteria keep and gain weight more easily than normal. Women that have taken probiotics supplements have been proven to fix their bacterial balance and lose weight more quickly. VivaBiotics found and clinically proven to inhibit the absorption of fat and stop weight gain. A Premium Grade VivaBiotics Extract contains a very important active compound called Hydroxycitric Acid (HCA). It will provides you the full and amazing results in just few weeks. No more spending hours and hours at the gym exercising, and you can say goodbye to shopping for expensive diet foods. Go with the solution that makes sense.
Risk Free Trial
By keeping in reviews the users interest of this product, the manufacturer of VivaBiotics decided to give people free trial bottle. This a completely risk free trial offer only for those people who are using it for the first time. You can easily get this free trial offer by ordering it official website.
Comparison with Others
Exciting new breakthrough in natural weight loss is an ingredient that lets you lose weight without diet or exercise. Taking helps prevent fat from being made and moves towards glycogen, which is an energy source that helps burn more fat. As the fat gets blocked from being made, you start seeing the results! By managing stress hormones called cortisol, you begin to manage your belly fat. This magic ingredient makes sense! It's a simple solution to bust your fat. It's A Simple Solution to Bust Your Fat. This works as a fat-burner, appetite suppressant and mood enhancer. That power combination of effects is what allows people to lose weight. HCA inhibits citrate lyase enzyme in your body which is known to be an important catalyst in the metabolic process of converting excess carbohydrates into fat. The natural (HCA) in this product is a known appetite suppressant that reduces cravings and decreases the urge to consume calories. Eating is affiliated with emotion. VivaBiotics increases your serotonin levels, which leads to better mood and sleep. HCA also helps to manage your stress hormones (cortisol), and in return you effectively attack that belly fat and see fast results.
Having Any Risk?
VivaBiotics is natural product when you start to use these supplementation you get results and obviously good results. May be someone did not get results earlier but after sometimes they get it. The producer of this product gives you guarantee that is has no side effects and it shows only good results. As I am here using VivaBiotics from the last few months and it provides me numerous advantages and benefits so that it is my final opinion that everyone should use this who is suffering from obesity and also from fatness. This product is just amazingly works in your body in an efficient, safe and healthy way.
Why I Do Not Like It
- It is not approved by FDA.
- VivaBiotics is not for nursing and pregnant women's.
- It is also not for under 18s.
- Only accessible on its website.
Fear from Danger
The positive things about VivaBiotics. This will makes you more energetic, HCA control the weight loss flat stomach gives you. It is absolutely metabolic booster this will provides you healthy and strong figure. Extremely work on your hunger control and decrease desire of eating. It will surely enhance mood and naturally increase good effects. VivaBiotics is an advanced and highly developed losing fat product which is specially manufactured for those people who are suffering from the fatness and obesity and really want to reduce their fat. Majority of doctor's are recommend this product to their patients. Because of its natural and safe ingredients. It contains no any harmful ingredient or chemical in this product. It is highly recommended by doctors.
It is found in the root of herbal plant from the family of mint.VivaBiotics can also, by way of thermogenesis support the release fatty acids from adipose tissue, which results in normalizing body fat levels and, theoretically, normalizing a healthy body mass. It also raisin thyroid hormone level and testosterone level, which is naturally leads to an increase in both fat melting and lean body mass. Increase testosterone promotes more efficient protein synthesis which aids in leans muscle growth. As well as the process of using is very easy than other solutions. It's one bottle contain 60 capsules you take one capsule a day. Don't use overdose for fast results may be it cause side effects. If you get perfect dosage it might be gives you positive results in few of days. My prediction is very simple everybody understand the whole article easily, and it is totally true believe me.
- Not approved with FDA.
- This is not for pregnant and nursing women's.
- Not easily available in local stores.
Where to Buy?
VivaBiotics is not local and ordinary manufactured low quality product. That's is why it is not easily get from every shop. If you are looking forward to get this formula then you can easily go its official website and order your bottle of VivaBiotics there. Other details are mention there as well…


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My ideal first date would include a long ride on a curvy road followed by a meal in a quiet restaurant (I like to talk). If all goes well, we could end the date with drinks and a little dancing.
Just take a girl for a ride, maybe buy her a drink or two.
Talk to her, pay attention to her... treat her like a lady.
Wind therapy is unbelievably effective foreplay.
Taking a nice long harley ride, eating lunch and then whatever.....
Friendly cruise somewhere new.
No really picky just want to be treated with respect
I love Rally's, Beach bars, gatherings. I love tattooes, I think getting a tattoo on a first date would be cool.
get to know each other and have a wonderful time on the bike.
A long ride with some nice views! plenty of stops at the turnouts !
Bike ride and what ever happens happens just some wind therepy
Ride to Wilson or even Webster or Cedar
I have my own half-helmet... love backseat riding to anywhere and everywhere, casual lunch or coffee or ice cream (frozen yogurt for me)!!
Finding a winding back road to ride and explore together and then find a perfect place to eat lunch or dinner.
A great ride and then dinner and a few drinks is a great first date.
We meet up, take off up a winding road, stop for lunch at some roadside café, talk for a bit, jump back on the bikes and ride back to a nice neutral place, where we continue to talk and get to know each other.
A long bike ride.Dinner,drinks, a walk on the beach.Our first kiss.
BikerKiss does not conduct background checks on the members of this website.


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Call of Duty: Ghosts – scuba diving and dog gameplay
Call of Duty: Ghosts got it's pre-e3 gameplay reveal, which included debut gameplay from the new dog and some additional scuba diving action. Gameplay inside.
Scuba Diving Gameplay
Dog Gameplay
Oh, and here's there fancy E3 widescreen-megatron-screen-a-tron.
However if you feel like re-watching the entire presentation, you can do so over at callofduty.com.
Sometimes we include links to online retail stores. If you click on one and make a purchase we may receive a small commission. For more information, go here.


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Ancestry.com is a database that most of use rely on everyday in our genealogical research. A couple years ago we were advised to learn their new search engine, as the older search engine was being phased out. Some of you may be like me and did not heed their warning, so recently when the "old search" was taken off Ancestry, panic and frustration set in as the research came to a new frontier. Of course, while my first reaction was to blame Ancestry for all my frustration, I must take some responsibility as I never took the time to learn the "new search" and its capabilities.
After throwing my "genealogical temper tantrum" which got me no where in my research, I decided I needed to learn Ancestry as "not using" it was not an option. Their databases are much too valuable to not have it available when doing family research.
I did receive messages from friends who were also Ancestry representatives who let me know they were there to help me which was great. Their support relieved some of my fears. I also contacted Ancestry, let them know I missed my dear friend, the old search, and the problems I was having. They sent me a link to some information that was helpful. I am hoping that information, along with some other information I found might help you as well in this new adventure of the "new search" on Ancestry. Note: I have heard from many that they are having absolutely no problems with the new search, and for them I am glad they have caught on so fast. This is for those who are struggling to learn; as knowing how to utilize the search engines are vital in discovering our ancestors and the databases they will be recorded in.
- Finding success with Ancestry's Primary Search Engine
- How to simulate old search using category exact mode
- Start Small, Go Big — Using Sliders in Search
- Spelling Didn't Matter To Our Ancestors — Wild Cards to the Rescue
- Want to See Records Just from the US? The UK? Canada?
- A Rose By Any Other Name Might be Rosey — Name Filters Will Catch That
- Controlling Location in Your Searches
- Michael John Neill has webinars on the "new search" that might help
- Michael Hait, CG has written some tips, Using Ancestry.com's "New Search"
- Mondays with Myrt has a live demo of the "new search" with Amy Johnson Crow
I give a personal special thanks to those at Ancestry that contacted me in private to see if they could help me and never chastised me for my complaints. (They know who they are!) It has made the difference in my "attitude" and willingness to give it another more positive approach.


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Rainbow Ranch Lodge
Grizzly & Wolf Discovery CenterThe Grizzly & Wolf Discovery Center is a not-for-profit wildlife preserve and educational facility located just outside Yellowstone National Park in West Yellowstone, Montana.
The Montana Dinner YurtLocated at Big Sky Resort, The Montana Dinner Yurt offers an intimate and unique backcountry dining experience you will not soon forget. Nestled in the woods on the flanks of Lone Peak, our warm and cozy candlelit dinner yurt is accessed by snowcat and serves an indulging and savory meal in a casually elegant atmosphere.
Big Sky Resort5,800 acres of terrain, 4350 ft vertical drop, 250+ runs, 4 mountains, 29 lifts, 400+ inches of annual snow. Off the slopes you'll find hotels, condos, cabins, shops, restaurants, bars, a spa & more!
Moonlight BasinOur Mission is to nurture a multi-generational, sustainable & authentic community, centered around outdoor activities of continual discovery & adventure.
Yellowstone National ParkVisit Yellowstone and experience the world's first national park. Marvel at a volcano's hidden power rising up in colorful hot springs, mudpots, and geysers. Explore mountains, forests, and lakes to watch wildlife and witness the drama of the natural world unfold. Discover the history that led to the conservation of our national treasures "for the benefit and enjoyment of the people."
Gallatin Valley MallThe Gallatin Valley Mall has been southwest Montana's Shopping destination since 1980. GVM has over 65 stores including major retailers such as Macy's, JCPenney, Barnes & Noble, Sears, and Petco. GVM strives to give you the shopping experience you can't get anywhere else with its wide selection of retailers and brands, plenty of parking, and unique events all in one convenient location.
Big Sky Town CenterThe Big Sky Town Center is where Big Sky comes together! Come to the Town Center where you can enjoy great food at locally-owned restaurants, unique shops, art galleries, and a movie theater. In summer you'll find farmers markets, free concerts, and bull riding, while winter brings ice skating, hockey, and Nordic skiing!
Historic Crail RanchThe Crail Ranch Homestead Museum is housed primarily in the unique log structures of the Historic Crail Ranch, some of the oldest original buildings in the Big Sky area. Historic Crail Ranch preserves the story of the Crail family and their homestead in the verdant valley meadow that is now part of Big Sky, Montana. Beginning in the early 1900s, and continuing for more than 50 years, Crail Ranch grew from a small homestead cabin to an active ranching operation with livestock and wheat fields, ultimately encompassing 960 acres and as many as ten buildings, of which only two remain.
Karst Camp LaneTake a giant step back to the early days of Yellowstone tourism with a visit to the Historic Karst Camp, located near Big Sky, Montana, on Hwy 191, between Bozeman and West Yellowstone.
Museum of the RockiesUsing the past and present Museum of the Rockies inspires life-long learning in science, history, culture, and art; advances knowledge through collections, research and discovery; and presents engaging, vibrant exhibits and programming. MOR brings the world to Montana and Montana to the world.
Gallatin River GalleryLet us help you find that perfect work of art for your home or business. We show contemporary paintings, sculpture, photography and one of a kind jewelry from artists around the country. Featured works are inspired from nature, landscape and personal folklore. Our exhibitions include both solo and group shows throughout the year. The gallery also provides art consulting and installation services. Stop by the gallery located in the Big Sky Town Center!
Creighton Block GalleryCreighton Block Gallery's mission is to support artists and artisans and to foster interaction among accomplished artists, students, and our community. A representative sample of the work we carry by our Artists can be found on the pages that follow. Please contact the Gallery if you would like to see additional work by any of the Artists.
Charsam Gallery
Lone Peak CinemaBig Sky's first and only movie theater! Showing 3 different films daily!
Yellowstone IMAX Theatre
Big Sky Association For the Arts
Cache Creek Outfitters Inc
Gallatin River Guides
Geyser Whitewater Expeditions
Big Sky Resort Zipline Tours
Yellowstone Dog Sled Adventures
Spirit of the North Sled Dog
Yellowstone Adventures
Canyon Adventures


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Oil, Food Groups Challenge EPA on Ethanol
WASHINGTON—Major oil and food industry trade groups launched an attack Tuesday on an Obama administration move to allow higher concentrations of ethanol in gasoline.
In a lawsuit filed with an appeals court, the American Petroleum Institute, the oil industry's main lobbying arm in Washington, and a coalition of food and restaurant industry trade groups challenged the Environmental Protection Agency's decision to allow up to 15% ethanol in gasoline, up from 10%.
The EPA last month said it would allow the higher ethanol blend only for vehicles manufactured in the 2007 model year or later. The agency is still considering a proposal to allow the 15% ethanol blend for older vehicles.
The API said in a statement the EPA action "puts consumers at risk" because tests of whether the higher concentrations of ethanol could damage cars aren't complete.
The food-trade groups, including the Grocery Manufacturers Association, the American Meat Institute and the National Council of Chain Restaurants, said increasing the use of ethanol in cars will increase corn prices and make food more expensive.
The lawsuit was filed in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit.
The EPA defended its action, saying it relied on the testing conducted on 19 cars by the U.S. Energy Department.
"This decision is sound, and the agency is confident that it will withstand legal challenge," said EPA spokeswoman Betsaida Alcantara.
It's possible that still more groups emerge in coming weeks to challenge the 15% ethanol blend.
Auto makers have opposed the decision, saying older could be damaged by the higher concentration of alcohol fuel. Auto makers produce so-called flexible-fuel vehicles capable of using up to 85% ethanol, but that technology is not available in many new cars, and comparatively few older vehicles.
"Our primary concern is still what impact this decision will have on consumers—we want to be sure they have a safe and positive experience with any new fuel," said Wade Newton, a spokesman for the Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers.
Makers of power equipment, such as lawnmowers and chain saws, meanwhile, have expressed concern over the liability they might assume if higher ethanol levels damage their equipment.
Regardless of the outcome of the lawsuits, the decision to offer the higher ethanol blend often rests ultimately with gas stations. And gas stations have balked at the cost of installing new equipment to offer it.
"We don't think many stores will decide to sell E15 based on the initial EPA announcement," said National Association of Convenience Stores spokesman Jeff Lenard.
Write to Tennille Tracy at email@example.com


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Big Oils lust for tax loopholes
Oil prices and profits rise while big oil defends its tax loopholes
Daniel J. Weiss, in a CAP cross-post.
Oil prices are high and rising at an alarming pace. After hitting a low of $38 per barrel in January 2009, the price of oil doubled to $76 per barrel just a year later. By January 2011, prices rose another 14 percent, and the average barrel now costs around $87. And there is little reason to believe this will change anytime soon, as political instability in the Middle East may cause prices to rise even further. As oil prices rise, so do Big Oil company profits. But even with their cash registers overflowing with dollars from struggling families, Big Oil is mobilizing to defeat President Obama's proposal to invest $4 billion annually in clean energy programs by ending unnecessary tax loopholes for this highly profitable industry.
The big five oil companies""BP, Chevron, ConocoPhillips, ExxonMobil, and Shell""made a total profit of nearly $1 trillion over the past decade. The three oil companies that have reported their 2010 profits nearly doubled their profits compared to 2009 [see chart above].
Their profits closely follow the rise in oil prices from 2005 to 2008, when the average price rose from $55 to $95 per barrel. Profits for the major oil producers rose from $13 to $21 per barrel. ExxonMobil did much better than its competitors, with profits rising from $16 to $25 per barrel.
These profits are likely to grow as oil prices continue to rise. CNN reported on January 31 that "Exxon Mobil posted quarterly earnings Monday that topped Wall Street expectations, thanks to rising oil prices and increased production." Its 2010 profit of $31 billion is nearly two-thirds higher than its 2009 profit.
And we can expect oil prices and profits to rise even more as a result of instability in the Middle East. AP reported that "growing political unrest in Egypt drove oil prices higher over the weekend, pushing benchmark crude up $3.70 to $89.34 a barrel on the New York Mercantile Exchange." This provides nearly a $4 per barrel windfall to oil companies because the oil is worth more though the cost of producing oil remains stable and relatively low. The Energy Information Administration estimates that production costs:
… can range from as little as $2 per barrel in the Middle East to more than $15 per barrel in some fields in the United States, including capital recovery. … technological advances in finding and producing oil have made it possible to bring once-expensive deepwater Gulf of Mexico oil into production for less than $10 per barrel.
ExxonMobil, for instance, will make nearly $9 million more every day that the oil price includes Friday's spike. Prices will rise further if this instability spreads to other oil-producing nations such as Iran, Libya, or Algeria""all of which produce much more oil than Egypt.
Rising oil prices aren't the only factor driving bigger profits. Big Oil companies have invested a huge percentage of their profits into buying back shares of their own stock over the last few years, which helps drive up the price of the remaining shares. ExxonMobil, for instance, spent $35 billon""the equivalent of nearly 80 percent of its 2008 profits""on common stock purchases that year. It spent $700 million more on common stock purchases in 2009 than its profits of $19.2 billion. Meanwhile, ExxonMobil invested less than 1 percent in clean energy technologies the year of its record 2008 profit of $45 billion.
While Big Oil is busy raking in profits, American families are struggling with the worst economy in 80 years. One way to spur more job growth is to invest in energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies. President Obama proposed during his State of the Union address that Congress eliminate unnecessary tax breaks for Big Oil companies to pay for these investments.
"To help pay for [clean energy investments], I'm asking Congress to eliminate the billions in taxpayer dollars we currently give to oil companies. … I don't know if you've noticed, but they're doing just fine on their own. So instead of subsidizing yesterday's energy, let's invest in tomorrow's."
The administration estimates closing these Big Oil tax loopholes would save "approximately $4 billion per year in tax subsidies to oil, gas, and other fossil fuel producers." These tax giveaways include the "domestic manufacturing tax deduction" that creates an incentive to keep manufacturing plants in the United States. Former CAP Senior Policy Analyst Sima Gandhi described the absurdity of extending this special tax break to Big Oil and gas companies since they cannot move an onshore or offshore oil field to another nation.
"Companies that manufacture, produce, or extract oil and gas or any primary derivative receive a manufacturing subsidy provided that the product was made in the United States. But since removing this subsidy does not affect the production of oil [in the U.S.], the subsidy does not significantly affect business decisions."
The Congressional Joint Economic Committee determined that excluding Big Oil companies from this provision "will not increase consumer energy prices." Oil prices rose from $42 to $90 per barrel since this tax break was created in 2004, so it did nothing to keep prices down.
The oil and gas industry argues its tax breaks are essential to its ability to create jobs, but the evidence indicates that clean energy investments are a more cost-effective job creator. A University of Massachusetts study found that investment in clean energy creates anywhere from two to four times more direct and indirect jobs compared to the same investment in oil and gas production. Investing $1 million to retrofit buildings to make them more energy efficient creates three times more jobs than a $1 million investment in oil and gas. An investment in wind energy creates two and a half times more jobs compared to the same investment in oil and gas. At a time when the federal government must reduce its spending while creating more jobs, it makes much more sense to invest tax dollars in the most cost-effective programs to increase employment.
Taxpayer handouts for oil companies have proven to be ineffective. Domestic oil production has continued to decline since the early 1970s in spite of multiple, generous tax subsidies. Gandhi reports that "the Treasury Department estimates that ending subsidies will affect domestic production by less than one half of 1 percent."
President George W. Bush, a former oil man, noted in 2005 that high oil prices have eliminated any remaining reason for tax breaks. "With $55 oil we don't need incentives to the oil and gas companies to explore. There are plenty of incentives."
Oil and gas production can be a risky, dangerous business that provides an essential fuel for the American economy. The Big Oil companies deserve to make a profit. But it makes little economic sense for these same companies to receive billions of dollars in tax breaks while they benefit from rising oil prices that take a huge bite from families' wallets.
President Obama noted in his State of the Union that "the first step in winning the future is encouraging American innovation." Some special interests such as the U.S. Chamber of Commerce believe that America cannot meet this challenge, saying the "administration has [an] unrealistic approach on energy."
We believe that we can innovate, compete, and grow if we make investments in the clean energy technologies of the future. Eliminating tax loopholes for enormously profitable oil companies to provide incentives and seed capital for investors in this $2 trillion industry is essential to our economic recovery and competitiveness.
— Daniel J. Weiss, in a Center for American Progress cross-post.
18 Responses to Big Oils lust for tax loopholes
Of course we should get rid of oil industry subsidies, and there is no argument to the contrary unless you believe that oil company stockholders need more money.
If Senators like Rockefeller and Nelson again vote Republican on this, Reid should tell them to just go ahead and join the other party.
We are now witnessing the unraveling of the 'Invisible Hand' myth of the vulgar acolytes of Adam Smith. The notion that competing interests mysteriously always produce the optimal result was always silly, but they got away with it for centuries because there was the immense wealth of Africa and Asia to be looted by colonialism, the vast productive capacity of the Americas to be unleashed once the indigenous were exterminated and the relentless march of technology to exploit.
Unfortunately we have clung, or rather have been forced to cling to this 18th century faery story far beyond its usefulness to the vast majority. Certainly it's a convenient fable for the rich, the sole beneficiaries these days of really existing market capitalism. But as a modus operandi when amidst peak oil, peak coal, peak phosphorus, peak fisheries etc, generalised ecological collapse and financial implosion into a black hole of utterly unrepayable debt, it's a recipe for civilizational if not species suicide. The dreaded ChiComms, who, quaintly, believe that the Government ought to govern, rather than the rich kleptocrats, are, I believe, humanity's last, if not necessarily best, hope. The US system of rule by insatiably greedy psychotics mediated through a class of entirely bought political stooges and a ruthless, amoral media, must produce a crash. You don't need to be a rocket surgeon to see that.
Being Honest About The Score So Far
The score so far:
Big Oil:
Wins — many
Losses — none
Overall — undefeated
Democratic Party Policy and Effectiveness:
Wins (in relation to climate change and Big Oil) — practically none
Losses — many
An assessment of the trust I have that the Obama Administration will actually get serious about pursuing the elimination of the Big Oil tax breaks — beyond just using the request as a political gesture to try to out-gesture the Repubs — and will actually achieve the elimination of these tax breaks: Almost Nil.
My "faith" in present approaches is low and dwindling. Can anyone explain to me why I'm mistaken in that assessment? Please!
What are the actual concrete plans to do away with these tax breaks — beyond complaining about them and putting the GOP in a pickle (which never seems to bother them, because they are realizing they can get away with utter nonsense)? What, concretely and publicly, is President Obama going to actually do to have these tax breaks eliminated? What, concretely and publicly, are leading Democrats going to actually do to have these tax breaks eliminated? What, concretely and publicly, are CAP and John P going to actually do to have these tax breaks eliminated? How many times do we in the public, in the audience, hear about a concrete "target-of-the-moment" or "aim-of-the-moment" (e.g., these days, it's the elimination of these tax breaks to Big Oil) and then watch and wait and wonder as the aim gains less and less attention, becomes nothing more than a point of showy rhetorical political debate (to please the masses?), and then suffers an inauspicious, subtle, slow death, away from the spotlight?
And then we all hear about the "next" aim! We are told, in essence, not to worry or wonder that the last big aim went down to defeat. The politicians look at us (after they haven't tried hard at all) and then tell us to still be happy, have hope, stick with them, and "redouble" our efforts. Meanwhile, they white-wash, smile for the camera, hesitate to even dare mention the phrases 'climate change' and 'global warming', compromise (what would have been) effective policies and principles to the point where they're beyond recognition, and so forth.
So I ask, What the heck is going on? To ask questions of people who can, and should be able to, answer them: What specifically will CAP do, and will John P do, to bring increasing attention to these tax breaks and to prompt — to PUSH, if necessary — President Obama, the Dems, and everyone to actually do away with these tax breaks? I appreciate the great info in this post, but (going forward) can we get concrete about tactics?
Although I appreciate (a lot) what CAP does and is doing, I periodically feel this feeling: CAP is in Washington. Washington is failing. Aims arise and then disappear. Policies are proposed and then compromised to death — and usually never even voted upon. We hear rhetorical political statements — and then nothing happens. Then we're told it's OK.
The Who — I've seen 'em several times, including way back when at Winterland — sing famously "won't get fooled again!" But it feels to me as though we are getting fooled again, and again, and again.
So, at a minimum, I'd like to hear (from Obama, from the Dems, from CAP, from the climate organizations, and etc.) about the concrete and specific plan — one that is designed TO BE SUCCESSFUL for once — for getting rid of these tax breaks for Big Oil. And I find it a bit frustrating to even have to ask for that, because (after all) eliminating these tax breaks should be a "no brainer" and will hardly shift our actual CO2 emissions at all, by itself. The very thought that the "next big battle" is over tax breaks that shouldn't exist in the first place, while we've lost the larger battles on almost all other fronts for now, is itself depressing.
Do Obama and the Dems actually have a plan to TRY HARD, and a plan THAT WILL SUCCEED, to get rid of these tax breaks? If so, then what is it? Is CAP convinced that it is excellent and will work? If not, then what would CAP have the Dems do, concretely?
I'm sorry to have to ask these questions, but really: What is going on? Do we Dems lack the wisdom to be effective, or do we lack the motivation to be effective, or do too many of us think that it's all a political game rather than a real-life situation will real stakes involved?
Someone tell me if I'm wrong, and if so, why.
From a 2008 article:
In a time of skyrocketing oil prices and profits, why did the George W. Bush administration in 2005 authorise an additional 32.9 billion dollars in new subsidies over a five-year period?
"Those are very good questions," said Doug Koplow of Earth Track, Inc., an independent energy information research organisation in Boston, Massachusetts.
"I don't have a good answer other than to say we've been subsidising American oil companies since 1918," Koplow told IPS.
Study after study shows these oil-company subsidies to be unnecessary. Now the CJEC shows that ending them won't raise consumer energy prices and will bring in approximately $4 billion more to reduce the deficit. This should be a no-brainer yes vote for Republicans.
should be
Back in June, Senator Bernie Sanders introduced an amendment to H.R. 4213, the "American Jobs and Closing Tax Loopholes Act." The amendment would have cut oil company subsidies by $35 billion over ten years, applying the savings to debt reduction and efficiency programs. It failed 35-61. No Republican voted for it.
Climate bill architects Kerry, Lieberman vote against repealing oil industry tax breaks
By Sahil Kapur — Wednesday, June 16th, 2010
$4 billion is spit in the wind, although these outrageously unjust tax breaks should end. Historic subsidies of all three types (direct, indirect and external) for US "fuels" are measured in many trillions of dollars.
I would suggest, the way to eliminate countless perverse subsidies, resulting in a tragic "energy system," is to nationalize all fuels, phase the industry out over one generation, and then make King CONG illegal (burning coal, petroleum, or fossil methane or fissioning uranium). This would be in concert with a jobs renaissance for economic sustainability, including steady-state eco-economics. The reasons for this transformation would include climate crisis, social liabilities and plutocratic indemnification that should be unconstitutional.
We need to begin removing carbon dioxide from air, yet globalized corporations are helping to accelerate massive carbon contamination that is on schedule to destabilize the entire world's civilization and all that we love.
Only some kind of revolution can save us now. Thank you Egypt. The USA had one of those long, long ago. Now we are corrupt, fiscal frauds selling fossils as "energy." Our country doesn't know the meaning of the word.
We face a cluster of converging issues: the inevitable ( and probably exponential) rise in the price of oil; the predicted 40% increase in world population by 2050; the unreliability of cropping and food supplies in a regime of oil-based fertiliser shortage, and rising transport costs, plus the effects of extreme weather events and the many other adverse consequences of global warming.
Why aren't we screaming? Well, some of us are, but we're drowned out by big money politics. Perhaps too, we are seeing here the convergence of tragic (in the true dramatic sense of that word) flaws in the character of our species: greed, aggression, and gullibility.
It's a big theme guys, but where are the Tolstoys, the Chekovs, the Arthur Miller? Where is Wagner now that we need him in the final Gotterdammerung?
Brent crude surged to $100 a barrel on Monday for the first time since October 2008 http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/01/31/us-brent-oil-view-idUSTRE70U58E20110131
From Lester Brown's new book, "World on the Edge":
John Beddington, chief scientist advisor to the U.K. government, said the world faces a convergence of crises by 2030 (food shortages, water shortages, costly oil and climate change)… a "Perfect Storm".
However, J. Porritt, former chief of the U.K. Sustainable Development Commission, wrote in the "Guardian" that he expects this "Perfect storm" to occur around 2020.
Lester Brown says, "My sense is that this "perfect storm" or the "ultimate recession" could come at any time.
One way to raise peoples' consciousness on the issue of climate change is to ask your local library to order books on climate change. During the last few months, I've asked for (and recieved!) the following books via the library:
Joe Romm's book, "Straight Up"; Gwynne Dyer's book, "Climate Wars" and now am reading Lester Brown's book, "World on the Edge". All 3 are excellent books and I highly recommend them! They will have you on the edge of your seat.. all up to date on the latest science!!!
One point that should be hammered home by anyone claiming that oil companies use their profits 'to produce more energy': oil companies have for many years used a big fraction of their profits to buy back their own stock! GOP oil apologists incessantly claim that oil companies need profits to produce more oil – utter nonsense. If they wanted to produce more oil (if that were even more than marginally possible), they wouldn't consume capital taking themselves private – which is what they are doing. See, for example, this chart for Exxon:
It is bad enough to subsidize oil companies to produce "yesterday's energy", it is ridiculous to free up more profits so that their shareholders can concentrate the value of their shares. Managers of oil companies know very well that peak oil is basically here; they plan to maximize their take in future times of scarcity.
Giving tax incentives to oil companies makes about as much sense as giving incentives to Microsoft to keep selling Windows.
Oh crap, I hope no one in congress reads that comment. I don't want to give them any ideas!
Deincentivize fossil fuel producers.
But also impose a FCOAD fee.
It's my understanding that US consumers of oil don't pay world parity prices. The price of petrol in the US seems very low compared with the price paid at the pump in most countries.
Hope some sense will prevail sooner rather than later.
Insane If We Don't
If we don't get ourselves off of the oil habit, as quickly as possible, we should judge ourselves insane. Consider:
* When there is "unrest" in the Middle East or large oil-producing countries, oil prices go up: And the big oil companies only make MORE money when the price of oil is up. Consumers pay more. Oil companies make more. And CO2 keeps pouring into the atmosphere.
* Huge amounts of our money go TO the Middle Eastern countries, and many of the people in some of those countries don't like us much. Much of our own money helps fund some people who would like nothing better than to use it against us, in war or in other ways.
* And, when there are troubles in the oil-producing regions, our politicians (influenced by oil companies, you can bet) seem to find it necessary to send our military to help protect "U.S. interests", so to speak. When there's trouble, the price of oil goes up — so oil companies make more! — and at the same time, we tend to send our military (payed for by the public, not the companies, and soldiered by our children, not the oil execs). The companies make more money, and people (soldiers and innocents) die.
* Meanwhile, we keep pouring CO2 into the atmosphere. In turn, along with all the other problems that will cause, it will contribute to the destabilization of some of those same parts of the world. And then will the politicians want to send young men and women again to fight? To fight and die in order to try to "stabilize" areas that our own actions have helped to destabilize?
* And meanwhile, we feel worse and worse. It's no wonder that we feel worse and worse: it's natural to feel bad when one knows, deep down, that his choices are misinformed and self-defeating and irrational.
So what the heck is going on? Why is it that we can't see straight and prompt responsible action? I am starting to feel that our leadership is completely failing — and I'm not sure, at this point, whether it's out of lack of motivation, or incompetence, or both?
The idea of a convergence of crises fits perfectly with Strauss and Howe "The Fourth Turning" which also says we are heading into a period of crises, with a critical point around 2015-2020 and resolution about 2020-2025.
Anyway, with or without subsidies to "Big Oil", it seems a fair bet to assume that rationing is coming sooner than later: see this recent British proposal from "The All Party Parliamentary Group on Peak Oil"
@15 Jeff,
Leaders are only as brave as think they can be: afterall they want to get re-elected.
Money is the key. Economics is supposed to answer the question of how best humans can maximise scarce resource but the way we account for our economic activity makes the ludicrous assumption that the planet's resources and services are not only unlimited but that there is no cost attached to their use. Nature is economically "invisible" and unless we bring it into the economic system, I think we are ******.
Economic activity is good: destructive economic activity is bad. Unfortunately humans have been arguing about the meaning of "good" and "bad" pretty muchsince they started thinking but we HAVE made progress (might be hard to believe but levels of violence in the world are actually going down). We could fix this problem if we put our minds to it and the "deniers" are in reality just greedy and selfish.
Is collaboration a dirty word in the US? I hope not, becasue if we cannot find a way to collaborate on finding the solution, there is nothing left to compete for.


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The tag says it all. It's all about older models which I have discovered only recently.
Volvo Amazon @ Coop Bau+Hobby
The Swiss home improvement center Coop Bau+Hobby offered last autumn a model of a Volvo Amazon. The first idea behind this Volvo Amazon is being a deco object rather than a precise scale model. But a few Volvo enthusiasts in Switzerland thought that it might fit well into their Volvo scale model collection. The model is made out of tinplate and the overall proportions reflect pretty well the real thing. The car features even an interior with seats, a rudimentary detailed dashboard as well as a steering wheel. The wheels don't turn. The dimensions of the model are : l= 27,5cm / w=10cm / h=9,5cm. This means that this Volvo Amazon is pretty close to 1:16. The model was sold between 20 and 25 CHF. This would make today between 18.5 and 23 EUR or 20.6 and 25.7 USD. I can't tell you where or who made this model. There are no marks or inscriptions on the model. Similar deco cars have been and are still being made in Africa as well as Malaysia.
This model of the Volvo S80 was a gift by Volvo for their guests for the 2008 launch of the S80 in Indonesia. The model comes in a special decorated and tagged window cardboard box. The 1:43 scale model is made in China by Cararama/Hongwell. I have no clue how many of these boxes have been offered by Volvo to their customers in Indonesia.
Courtesy of Zainal Aabidin P. S.
Volvo XC90 by Mica World
A Dutch model collector has received yesterday the model of the Volvo XC90 Police car which you can see in the attached photos. This XC90 comes in the livery of a South Korean Police car. The scale model has been manufactured in China and it is distributed by a company called Mica World Co. Ltd. and based in Busan, South Korea. It seems that this is an officially licensed Volvo product from 2006. The diecast model has a push back engine. It's scale is 1:34. The EAN-13 barcode reads 8809173550112.
I have previously been showing another livery of the very same Volvo XC90 scale model. See here.
Courtesy of BJ.
The French company Minialuxe once distributed a small range of their diecast cars in chain stores under the name 'Punch'. Among these models offered under the label Punch were also a handful of Volvo 144 models. The model of the Volvo 144 was exactly the same than those offered under the brand Minaluxe. The scale model sold under the name Punch came in a different box and the colors varied from those by Minialuxe. The two models on the following pics are the only one I have come across so far.
Minialuxe is once again in business. The company celebrates his 62nd anniversary this year. A new owner took over the company and has started to manufacture scale models in France. They are manufacturing today models which they used to offer in the past with newly tooled forms and molds. Minialuxe has not yet revealed if they will reproduce the Volvo 144.
Volvo ÖV4 Jakob by Stahlberg
I'm pretty sure that you're wondering yourself why I'm presenting the Volvo ÖV4 Jakob by the Finish company Stahlberg here. Well two Volvo fans from the Netherlands have recently discovered a new version of this well known scale model made out of plastic. The lightly inclined windshield stands out on this newly discovered version. It may be a model from the very first run. All the remaining versions who were released had always a vertical windshield.
Volvo PV60 by Rob Eddie
The same Swiss Volvo fan and Rob Eddie scale model collector has send me also the pics of this model. It is a Volvo PV60 from 1950. Rob Eddie once released a nearly identical model back in 1994 for Volvo Sweden in a limited edition of 500 units (item # RE 5z). That model represented however a Swedish Police (Polis) car. The model I show you today looks very much the same but is fitted with a roof-rack and an additional beam above the windshield. The sister of the Swiss Volvo fan bought this model directly from Rob Eddie in his shop in Sweden back in 1995 or 1996. It seems that Rob Eddie intended back then to offer this model in a small batch. Does anyone know if this specific model in light blue with the roof-rack and the additional roof light has been offered as regular release?Volvo PV60 'Polis'
Courtesy of Peter M, CH
Anniversary models by Rob Eddie
I recently meet a Swiss Volvo fan and Rob Eddie scale model collector while visiting a Volvo event in Belgium. He revealed me that he had some Rob Eddie models which were missing in my database. He was very kind an took a few photos of these models back at home in Switzerland.
Both models I will present you here have been issued for Rob Eddie's 30th anniversary. This was back in 2007. Both models have a yellow circle on their roofs which contains the three yellow numbers: 1977, 30 and 2007. The inscription has been stamped onto the models. It is not just a decal. Both Volvo models, the PV4 and the Volvo 740 estate are limited editions of only 30 units each. This is certified by a small etched number-plate on the undersides of both models.
Volvo PV4 : 30th anniversary model (1977-2007)
Volvo 740 estate : 30th anniversary model (1977-2007)
Courtesy of Peter M, CH
Volvo PV544 by Schuco Piccolo
What we have here are two different green shades of this Volvo PV544. Schuco offered this model between 1957 and 1969. The models were offered under their product range called 'Piccolo'. These models were made out of metal and were available in different colours. The scale of this Volvo PV544 is 1:90. Schuco's item number for the Volvo PV544 was 718.
Schuco has restarted producing the Volvo PV544 as 'Piccolo' version back in 2001. They have released it so far in six new liveries and every time in small production batches of only 500, 1000, 2500 or 4000 units.
You can admire both of the green painted models : the first row shows you the model in a nice fresh light green and the second run of photos shows you one in dark green. I had so far just one green model listed in my database. I will correct this.
Source & copyright : liveauctioneers.com
I found this plastic Volvo 760 R/C model one October day back in 2011.
It has been produced in Japan by Taiyo and distributed by the company Brio Scanditoys. The scale of this model is 1:24.
I do know that Brio Scanditoys released a lot of Volvo scale models in the past but so far I was not able to find correct and detailed information's about their product range.
I will post more as soon as I have found more about the Japanese company Taiyo Kogyo Corporation.
Courtesy of Stefan
A Volvo fan and model collector from Poland contacted me recently and left the following comment :
I've got the same one but in a silver metallic finish. Bought personally by me on a sunny day in Göteborg, Sweden August 1984. I remember the price - 240 SEK. In nineties donated to younger brother, preserved good shape. Inspected yesterday in his room. Beautiful piece in history of toys engineering. After thirty years box condition is poor, but the car is OK and still racing fast :D Volvo 760 GLE by TAIYO - The pioneer of drifting!
He was very kind and took a couple of excellent photos of his silver metallic Volvo 760 R/C model.
Courtesy of Michael K.
New old