text:
Type: Posts; User: ChrisVicious
Should I take the fact that she was so upfront with me about these various things as a good sign?
My gut feeling is drawn to her and that is what confuses me, cause I really do like her and she seems like she has been really working hard after going through all that to better herself and I...
Dat there fast help.
You done did good kid!
Ok so after being single for nearly a year after my first GF and getting involved in a bad love triangle thing, I have taken like 5 months to just focus soley on me. I met this girl who lives close...
I don't know who you are. I don't know what you want. If you are looking for ransom, I can tell you I don't have money. But what I do have are a very particular set of skills; skills I have acquired...
Bodybuilding is hard regardless of body type, that is what makes dem gainz oh so wonderful.
Lived with a girl for close to two years, was pressured to get married...almost did, turns out she was cheating on me anyways. Now every day I think about what I managed to avoid.
Thank you for this thread OP.
That feel when you when you say "I'll just check whats new on Misc." check clock and 2/3rds of your shift is over. notasinglejobwasdonethatday....
inb4 Disney destroys all that I hold dear in the galaxy.
Anyone else picture one of the troll's voices from the Hobbit when reading the whale's status?
I can only stop crying when I fist myself....
Whever I see him at change of shift I ask "Do you even lift brah?" and left a print out of bertstare.jpg in his drawer.
Got any other ideas to bug him about not missing lift days?
P.S. Dont have...
Things I dont want gym people to know:
Warhammer 40k models
Magic: The Gathering
Thigns I dont want my nerd friends to know:
Manage to scrounge up about 1800 calories and 100g(ish) of protein for tonight better than nothing I suppose.Good thing my coworker is awesome.
hmm how much protein in dat der human flesh?


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[caption id="" align="aligncenter" width="500" caption="Sloan Gibson - President and CEO of the USO - enjoys a light moment with employees of the Family Readiness Center at the DC Armory, Feb 24, 2010. (USO Photo by Mike Theiler)"][/caption]
[caption id="" align="aligncenter" width="500" caption="Members of the DC National Guard prepare items for the Family Care Package stuffing party at the US Army National Guard Armory in Washington, DC, February 24, 2010. (USO Photo by Mike Theiler)"][/caption]
[caption id="attachment_1225" align="aligncenter" width="500" caption="Volunteers preparing for the stuffing party enjoy the antics of hoops&yoyo, Feb 24, 2010. (USO Photo by Mike Theiler)"][/caption]
[caption id="attachment_1222" align="aligncenter" width="500" caption="Dr. Jill Biden spoke in support of the program, then joined volunteers in assembling the care packages, which will be sent to National Guard families in Florida whose loved ones are deploying this month. (USO Photo by Mike Theiler)"][/caption]
[caption id="attachment_1220" align="aligncenter" width="500" caption="A completed Family Care Package includes items to facilitate communication and make the time go faster during deployment. (USO Photo by Em Hall)"][/caption]
[caption id="attachment_1219" align="aligncenter" width="500" caption="All hands were on deck to accomplish the goal of stuffing 3,000 Family Care Packages on Feb 24, 2010. (USO Photo by Em Hall)"][/caption]
[caption id="attachment_1221" align="aligncenter" width="500" caption="Every Family Care Package included a journal for the family, with a special note on the inside cover from their loved one who's deployed. (USO Photo by Em Hall)"][/caption]
[caption id="attachment_1223" align="aligncenter" width="500" caption="Hallmark stars hoops&yoyo were on hand to entertain this military family while Dad is deployed. They're shown with Jodi Schade, the VP of Hallmark Properties (back left) and USO's Sloan Gibson. (USO Photo by Mike Theiler)"][/caption]
More from the USO
Jul 20, 2016
'We're Here for the Soldiers': How One Volunteer Couple Answered the Call to Serve at USO Fort Hood
Anne Cosper always wanted to volunteer at the USO. So when her daughter, who currently serves in the U.S. Army, was reassigned to Fort Hood – only an hour drive from her Georgetown, Texas, home – she decided it was the perfect opportunity to get involved at the USO center on base.

subset: commoncrawl


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Mike Wills
After going to school to become a network administrator, Mike, fell in love with programming. He has been a midrange (IBM i, iSeries, AS/400) developer since 2000. He has since added ASP.NET to to his toolbox (around 2006) and now does dual duty writing/supporting green-screen applications and ASP.NET internet and intranet applications. He does a lot of integration between the IBM i and ASP.NET.
Besides his programming day job, he dabbles in PHP and many other areas of tech.
You can find him on his website, @MikeWills, Facebook, and Google+
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- Jena Economic Resea...
- Volume 1
- Small Sample Proper...
Small Sample Properties of the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test with Discontinuous and Dependent Observations
- author
Universität Jena (FSU), Wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Fakultät (BRD)
- Published
- Thu Jul 5 2007
- Number of discussion paper
- keyword(s)
dependent observations
size and power
Wilcoxon signed rank test
- abstract
This Monte-Carlo study investigates sensitivity of the Wilcoxon signed rank test to certain assumption violations in small samples. Emphasis is put on within-sample-dependence, between-sample dependence, and the presence of ties. Our results show that both assumption violations induce severe size distortions and entail power losses. Surprisingly, these consequences do vary substantially with other properties the data may display. Results provided are particularly relevant for experimental settings where ties and within-sample dependence are frequently observed.
- article pub. typess JER
- Research article
- article languages JER
- Englisch
- article research fields JER
- economics
- JEL-Classification for JER
- C12 - Hypothesis Testing ; C14 - Semiparametric and Nonparametric Methods ; C15 - Simulation Methods


text:
An Explosive Attraction...
Lady Leila Staines has always felt like an outcast among her magically gifted sisters. Desperate to discover her own talent, she seeks out Dunstan Ives, a dark and brooding aristocrat with a scientific bent who may hold the key to unleashing Leila's hidden powers.
Can Create A Spark That's Pure Magic...
Dunstan has shunned the decadent society that wrongfully condemned him of murder, and he's vowed never again to succumb to the spell of… (more)
Publisher: Sourcebooks Casablanca (June 05, 2012)
Format: EPUB
Page count: 304 pages
File size: 870 KB
Protection: DRM
Language: English


text:
Portal 2 packshots come out to play
EA's released the Portal 2 packshot you'll be seeing when, not if, you pick up the game in April.
The box focuses on the co-op aspect of the puzzler sequel, featuring characters Atlas and P-body.
All three flavours – PC, 360 and PS3 – are below.
Portal 2 releases on April 21, with EA Partners announced to distribute the game at retail.
Sometimes we include links to online retail stores. If you click on one and make a purchase we may receive a small commission. For more information, go here.


text:
Separate names with a comma.
Is there a way to do this with the Droid 3? I found some things for the droid 2 and tried them but none worked. Thanks.
My Droid 3 is completely dead now so I need a new phone. I really wanted to wait for the Google X Phone, but I guess I'm destined to be unhappy...
IE, will it fit? Pretty sure it will, just double checking. Thanks. :)
This is worrysome. I need to get my Droid replaced(ear piece stopped functioning, it is VERY difficult to get it to charge, doesn't make a good...
Yeah, the headset thing has happened to me before. It's not that Tried put headphones in and out a few times already. Plus music still plays...
I think I'll just deal with it for a while. Wait until after the Droid 2 is out for a while and see if I'm lucky enough to get that instead.
Motorola Droid Earpiece doesn't work
The earpiece on my Motorola Droid spontaneously stopped working. It was working Sunday, and then last night...
It voids your warranty and it is *possible* to brick your phone.
Overclocking and theming.
Me and 3 friends are going out of town and staying in a hotel March 25th-27th for an FBLA competition, and we are bringing a couple...
I'm interested in doing this as well.
Red Necks aren't supposed to have Droids.
Lol, just kidding. I don't think there is such a thing, but I imagine an app like sportstap has a...
It's not going to be released for a few weeks. It's quite likely that 2.1 will have rolled out by then and that most ROMs will be updated to be...
I never noticed the need, however, I do run minfreemanager now that I am rooted(basically just makes androids built in task killing more robust).
I think pretty much everybodies favorite is smoked glass.
AllDroid - View topic - [Theme] Smoked Glass *Updated 02/08*
Download it from there...
AIM uses data. The only thing that uses texts are SMS( and MMS??) messages.
If you mean sending texts, it uses texts unless you use a different app such as textplus.
Yes, it downloads everything and walks you through the entire process. It's a piece of cake.
No, it actually improves this because you have more...
Just to verify, this app
1. Roots
2. Backup
3. Installs custom ROM
4. Auto updates when they release a new custom ROM
Personally, I am waiting for BBeast based on 2.1.


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And be sure to enter the giveaway drawing at the bottom for a chance to win ebooks and even a Kindle Fire.
About Sacrifice
When Mexican drug cartels fight for control along the border, Juarez becomes the murder capital of the world. In El Paso, Texas it's drug business as usual: a grifter sets out to buy her freedom, a car salesman runs drugs to make his fortune, a gang leader battles to rise among the ranks of the cartel, and a detective and his wife are ripped apart by a family secret. Everyone's fate lies in the hands of an old woman. Will she let the past die with her or take revenge the only way she knows how? Sacrifice is a fast-paced, gritty story that'll keep you guessing, gasping, and gripping your eBook.
Get the novel at Amazon.
Here's what Coral Russel has to say.
Thanks to The Indie Exchange for letting me kick off my Sacrifice Book Release and Tour and also to The Bunny's Review for helping sponsor the tour.
The Seed of An Idea
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Learning from history
November 28, 2015 In times past, there was a saying, "What America needs most is a good 5-cent cigar." Obviously, times have changed in matters of health and economics. more »»
Thanks for help with Feather Party
November 28, 2015 The Sons of AMVETS Post 48 had its Feather Party Nov. 21. more »»
Colleges give an assist to Y Wives Extravaganza
November 28, 2015 Nov. 14, the Tiffin Y-Wives had its annual Extravaganza at Tiffin YMCA. Every year, it seems to be getting bigger and better. Unfortunately, our membership is getting smaller and older. more »»
The Salvation Army needs help staffing kettles
November 25, 2015 The Salvation Army's kettles/bell ringing effort has gotten off on a very slow start due to fewer spots available and fewer workers. We stand from 9 a.m. until 8 p.. more »»
Thank you, Lord
November 21, 2015 This is a beautiful time of the year! Let us thank god for our many blessings. The harvest is in and it was good. We thank you, Lord. It was a slow start in the spring, with all the rain. more »»
K of C grateful for help with food giveaway
November 21, 2015 The Knights of Columbus Tiffin Council 608 and New Riegel Council 10749 would like to thank the West Ohio Food Bank for the two large trucks loaded with food valued at more than $20,000 for our... more »»
Thanks, Legion members
November 21, 2015 I would like to thank the American Legion Post 169 for a wonderful Veterans Day — the post, women's auxillary, Riders and Sons of the Legion. It was a wonderful party. Thanks a lot. more »»
Y-Wives raise more than $10,000 for YMCA
November 21, 2015 The Tiffin Y-Wives would like to thank all those who helped make the annual Holiday Extravaganza a huge success. This year, we raised more than $10,000 to help support our YMCA. more »»
Possible home for joint justice center
November 14, 2015 Let's think outside the box before we spent $10 million-plus on another facility before exploring what we have right in front of our faces. If we utilize the current annex from 7 a.m. to 11 p.m. more »»
An important job is at hand
November 13, 2015 The best intentions of a few are a poor substitute for the common sense of the many, especially when those intentions focus on the personal power, influence or gain of those few over the many. more »»
Drivers filling honey jar in Upper Sandusky
November 11, 2015 Did I just discover Upper Sandusky's Pooh Bear's honey jar? It appears so, to the buzz of $200. In mid-October, I was at the Upper Sandusky Union Middle School working with multi-disability childre. more »»
Degradation of families increasing violence
November 10, 2015 "We cannot solve our problems with the same level of thinking that created them." — Albert Einstein Well, here we go again. more »»
Difficulty voting
November 7, 2015 I am very disheartened regarding my experience with this election. I was born in Tiffin and have lived here my entire life. more »»
Share the Warmth
November 7, 2015 First Step, along with Old Fort Banking Co., is gearing up for its annual coat giveaway 10 a.m.-3 p.m. Dec. 2-3 at First Step Healthy Family Resource Center, 1099 Columbus Ave. Fostoria. more »»
In concurrence
November 6, 2015 I would like to say a big "amen" and "thank you" to John Sendelbock for his recent letter about the "rightful owner" in the never-ending battle in the occupation of Israel in Palestine West Bank. more »»
Time for a new campaign
November 5, 2015 Our annual United Way campaign is underway. This year's campaign slogan is: Step Up to the Plate for United Way. Many of us have played or watched the game of baseball (or softball). more »»
Cries for help
November 3, 2015 Most parents are heartbroken when they have to see their child suffer. Most parents just want to help their child and do what's best for them. more »»
Vote for Zimmerman
October 31, 2015 This is in support of my husband, Roland Zimmerman, for re-election to the Tiffin City school board. more »»
Vote for Baugher, Bates
October 31, 2015 I wanted to take a moment to bring to attention the two Clinton Township candidates. Dennis Baugher is running for Clinton Township trustee Tuesday. He exemplifies everything you need in a trustee. more »»
Vote for Issue 1
October 31, 2015 The League of Women Voters of the Tiffin area urges everyone to vote "yes" on State Issue 1 Tuesday. For many years, efforts have been made to end gerrymandering, without success. more »»


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Statement attributable to the Spokesman for the Secretary-General on attacks on Yezidis and other minority groups in Iraq
New York, 7 August 2014
The Secretary-General is deeply appalled at today's reports of attacks by the terrorist group Islamic State (IS) in Kirkuk, and Qaraqosh, and earlier attacks in Tal Afar and Sinjar district affecting mainly the vulnerable communities of Christians, Turkomen, and Yezidis. Reports of Yezidis amassing along the Turkish border as well as thousands also trapped in the Sinjar mountains in desperate need of humanitarian assistance are of urgent and grave concern.
The Secretary-General welcomes the successful humanitarian airdrop that has taken place so far but expresses his continuing and deep concern for the safety of those civilians.
The Secretary-General calls on the international community, especially those with the influence and resources to positively impact the situation, to support the Government and people of Iraq and to do all it can to help alleviate the suffering of the population affected by the current conflict in Iraq.
Statements on 7 August 2014
- New York, 7 August 2014 - Statement attributable to the Spokesman for the Secretary-General on Cambodia
- Bangkok, Thailand, 7 August 2014 - Secretary-General's message to 70th Session of the UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific [delivered by UNESCAP Executive Secretary, Dr. Shamshad Akhtar]


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Is there a way to make Windows 7 boot from a read-only disk?
I want to have a system, that no Windows Update, no other Software will change. After a reboot everything should be recovered.
If there is not such an option, is there an option, that every reboot writes an image to the primary disk and boot it?


text:
The VW pressure's on: 2 Arab singers hopeful for stardom
Two potential Arabic music stars, Hamad al Fardan and Louay al Majed, c. Das Auto.
Specifically designed to support and find new musical talent living in the Middle East, the competition has entered its final stages as music-enthusiasts from across the region begin voting for their favourite, original song on the 'Your Music. Das Auto' Facebook page. Highlighting the popularity of Arabic music, the competition has received a great response from creative regional songsters, with the Your Music. Das Auto Facebook page reaching 2,773,723 people so far.
Entrant's tracks were created to include the specially commissioned Volkswagen beat and the overall winner will receive the once in a life time opportunity to create their own music video. Thomas Milz, managing director, Volkswagen Middle East, said, "Innovation and performance are just some of the qualities that represent Volkswagen and the qualities we were looking for in our finalist entries."
Top Headlines
- She needs your help! Singer Tania Saleh looks to fans to fund album celebrating Arab women
- Arab Idol 2 recap: Horror and hilarity in final round of auditions
- Mos Definitely not for the squeamish: rapper submits to the Gitmo force-feed
- Aaaand it begins! Majida El Roumi gets the summer music magic going at Beiteddine


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Prevalence and risk factors for foot and ankle musculoskeletal disorders experienced by nurses
Reed, Lloyd F
Battistutta, Diana
Young, Jeanine
Newman, Beth
BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders
Nurses are at high risk of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). Although the prevalence of MSDs of the lower back, upper limbs, neck and shoulders have been reported previously in nursing, few studies have evaluated MSDs of the foot and ankle. This study evaluated the prevalence of foot and ankle MSDs in nurses and their relation to individual and workplace risk factors.
A self-administered survey incorporating the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ) was distributed, over a nine-week period, to all eligible nurses (n = 416) working in a paediatric hospital in Brisbane, Australia. The prevalence of MSDs for each of the NMQ body regions was determined. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine the relationships between activity-limiting foot/ankle MSDs and risk factors related to the individual (age, body mass index, number of existing foot conditions, smoking history, general physical health [SF36 Physical Component Scale], footwear features) or the workplace (level of nursing position, work location, average hours worked, hours worked in previous week, time since last break from work).
A 73% response rate was achieved with 304 nurses completing surveys, of whom 276 were females (91%). Mean age of the nurses was 37 years (±10), younger than the state average of 43 years. Foot/ankle MSDs were the most prevalent conditions experienced by nurses during the preceding seven days (43.8%, 95% CI 38.2-49.4%), the second most prevalent MSDs to impair physical activity (16.7%, 95% CI 13.0-21.3%), and the third most prevalent MSD, after lower-back and neck problems, during the preceding 12 months (55.3%, 95% CI 49.6-60.7%). Of the nurse and work characteristics investigated, obesity, poor general physical health, existing foot conditions and working in the intensive care unit emerged as statistically significant (p < 0.05) independent risk factors for activity-limiting foot/ankle MSDs.
Foot/ankle MSDs are common in paediatric hospital nurses and resulted in physical activity limitations in one out of every six nurses. We recommend targeted education programs regarding the prevention, self-management and treatment strategies for foot/ankle MSDs. Further research is needed into the impact of work location and extended shift durations on foot/ankle MSDs.
Related Articles
Aetiology and risk factors of musculoskeletal disorders in physically active conscripts: a follow-up study in the Finnish Defence Forces
Taanila, Henri
Suni, Jaana
Pihlajamäki, Harri
Mattila, Ville M
Ohrankämmen, Olli
Vuorinen, Petteri
Parkkari, Jari
BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders
Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are the main reason for morbidity during military training. MSDs commonly result in functional impairment leading to premature discharge from military service and disabilities requiring long-term rehabilitation. The purpose of the study was to examine associations between various risk factors and MSDs with special attention to the physical fitness of the conscripts.
Two successive cohorts of 18 to 28-year-old male conscripts (N = 944, median age 19) were followed for six months. MSDs, including overuse and acute injuries, treated at the garrison clinic were identified and analysed. Associations between MSDs and risk factors were examined by multivariate Cox's proportional hazard models.
During the six-month follow-up of two successive cohorts there were 1629 MSDs and 2879 health clinic visits due to MSDs in 944 persons. The event-based incidence rate for MSD was 10.5 (95% confidence interval (CI): 10.0-11.1) per 1000 person-days. Most MSDs were in the lower extremities (65%) followed by the back (18%). The strongest baseline factors associated with MSDs were poor result in the combined outcome of a 12-minute running test and back lift test (hazard ratio (HR) 2.9; 95% CI: 1.9-4.6), high waist circumference (HR 1.7; 95% CI: 1.3-2.2), high body mass index (HR 1.8; 95% CI: 1.3-2.4), poor result in a 12-minute running test (HR 1.6; 95% CI: 1.2-2.2), earlier musculoskeletal symptoms (HR 1.7; 95% CI: 1.3-2.1) and poor school success (educational level and grades combined; HR 2.0; 95% CI: 1.3-3.0). In addition, risk factors of long-term MSDs (≥10 service days lost due to one or several MSDs) were analysed: poor result in a 12-minute running test, earlier musculoskeletal symptoms, high waist circumference, high body mass index, not belonging to a sports club and poor result in the combined outcome of the 12-minute running test and standing long jump test were strongly associated with long-term MSDs.
The majority of the observed risk factors are modifiable and favourable for future interventions. An appropriate intervention based on the present study would improve both aerobic and muscular fitness prior to conscript training. Attention to appropriate waist circumference and body mass index would strengthen the intervention. Effective results from well-planned randomised controlled studies are needed before initiating large-scale prevention programmes in a military environment.
Related Articles
Benchmarking clinical management of spinal and non-spinal disorders using quality of life: results from the EPI3-LASER survey in primary care
Rossignol, Michel
Begaud, Bernard
Avouac, Bernard
Lert, France
Rouillon, Frederic
Bénichou, Jacques
Massol, Jacques
Duru, Gerard
Magnier, Anne-Marie
Guillemot, Didier
Grimaldi-Bensouda, Lamiae
Abenhaim, Lucien
European Spine Journal
Concerns have been raised regarding sub-optimal utilization of analgesics and psychotropic drugs in the treatment of patients with chronic musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) and their associated co-morbidities. The objective of this study was to describe drug prescriptions for the management of spinal and non-spinal MSDs contrasted against a standardized measure of quality of life. A representative population sample of 1,756 MSDs patients [38.5% with spinal disorder (SD) and 61.5% with non-spinal MSDs (NS-MSD)] was drawn from the EPI3-LASER survey of 825 general practitioners (GPs) in France. Physicians recorded their diagnoses and prescriptions on that day. Patients provided information on socio-demographics, lifestyle and quality of life using the Short Form 12 (SF-12) questionnaire. Chronicity of MSDs was defined as more than 12 weeks duration of the current episode. Chronic SD and NS-MSD patients were prescribed less analgesics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs than their non-chronic counterpart [odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI), respectively: 0.4, 0.2–0.7 and 0.5, 0.3–0.6]. They also had more anxio-depressive co-morbidities reported by their physicians (SD: 16.1 vs.7.4%; NS-MSD: 21.6 vs. 9.5%) who prescribed more antidepressants and anxiolytics with a difference that was statistically significant only for spinal disorder patients (OR, 95% CI: 2.0, 1.1–3.6). Psychotropic drugs were more often prescribed in patients in the lower quartile of SF-12 mental score and prescriptions of analgesics in the lower quartile of SF-12 physical score (P < 0.001). In conclusion, anxiety and depressive disorders were commonly reported by GPs among chronic MSD patients. Their prescriptions of psychotropic and analgesic drugs were consistent with patients' self-rated mental and physical health.
Spinal disorders; Musculoskeletal disorders; Epidemiology; Population health
Related Articles
Magnitude of impact and healthcare use for musculoskeletal disorders in the paediaric: a population-based study
Gunz, Anna C
Canizares, Mayilee
MacKay, Crystal
Badley, Elizabeth M
BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders
Although musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) are among the most prevalent chronic conditions, minimal attention has been paid to the paediatric population. The aim of this study is to describe the annual prevalence of healthcare contacts for MSD by children and youth age 0-19 years, including type of MSD, care delivery setting and the specialty of the physician consulted.
Analysis of data on all children with healthcare contacts for MSD in Ontario, Canada using data from universal health insurance databases on ambulatory physician and emergency department (ED) visits, same-day outpatient surgery, and in-patient admissions for the fiscal year 2006/07. The proportion of children and youth seeing different physician specialties was calculated for each physician and condition grouping. Census data for the 2006 Ontario population was used to calculate person visit rates.
122.1 per 1,000 children and youth made visits for MSD. The majority visited for injury and related conditions (63.2 per 1,000), followed by unspecified MSD complaints (33.0 per 1,000), arthritis and related conditions (27.7 per 1,000), bone and spinal conditions (14.2 per 1,000), and congenital anomalies (3 per 1,000). Injury was the most common reason for ED visits and in-patient admissions, and arthritis and related conditions for day-surgery. The majority of children presented to primary care physicians (74.4%), surgeons (22.3%), and paediatricians (10.1%). Paediatricians were more likely to see younger children and those with congenital anomalies or arthritis and related conditions.
One in eight children and youth make physician visits for MSD in a year, suggesting that the prevalence of MSD in children may have been previously underestimated. Although most children may have self-limiting conditions, it is unknown to what extent these may deter involvement in physical activity, or be indicators of serious and potentially life-threatening conditions. Given deficiencies in medical education, particularly of primary care physicians and paediatricians, it is important that training programs devote an appropriate amount of time to paediatric MSD.
Related Articles
Musculoskeletal disorder risk factors among nursing professionals in low resource settings: a cross-sectional study in Uganda
Munabi, Ian G
Buwembo, William
Kitara, David L
Ochieng, Joseph
Mwaka, Erisa S
BMC Nursing
Musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) constitute one of the main occupational hazards among health care workers. However, few epidemiological studies on work related MSD among nursing professionals have been carried out in Africa. The purpose of this study was to assess the work related musculoskeletal disorders and associated risk factors among nursing professionals in Uganda.
This was a cross-sectional study of MSD among 880 nursing professionals from five selected hospitals in Uganda. Data was collected using a questionnaire adapted from the Dutch Musculoskeletal and Nordic Musculoskeletal questionnaires. Descriptive (mean, standard deviation and percentages) and inferential (Chi square test and logistic regression analysis) statistics were used to analyse data. Alpha level was set at p < 0.05.
A total of 741 completed questionnaires were analysed (response rate 85.4%). The average age of the respondents was 35.4 (SD 10.7) years and a majority were female (85.7%). The average working hours per week was 43.7 (SD 18.9 hours). The 12-month period-prevalence of MSD at anybody site was 80.8%. The most common site of MSD was the lower back (61.9%). Significant risk factors for reported MSD included often working in a slightly bent posture (adjOR 2.25, 95% CI 1.20-4.26), often working in a slightly twisted posture for long (adjOR 1.97, 95% CI 1.03-3.77), mental exhaustion (adjOR 2.05, 95% CI 1.17-3.5), being absent from the work station for more than 6 months due to illness or an accident (adjO|R, 4.35, 95% CI 1.44-13.08) and feeling rested after a break (adjOR 2.09, 95% CI 1.16-3.76).
Musculoskeletal disorders affect more than 80% of nursing professionals in Uganda with the most commonly, affected site being the lower back. Significant risk factors for MSD include; being absent from the work station for more than 6 months due to illness or an accident, working in awkward postures, pushing/pulling of heavy loads and mental exhaustion. There is a need for greater advocacy, better working conditions and adoption of strategies to reduce occupational injuries.
Musculoskeletal disorders; Risk factors; Uganda
Related Articles
Who seeks primary care for musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) with physicians prescribing homeopathic and other complementary medicine? Results from the EPI3-LASER survey in France
Rossignol, Michel
Bégaud, Bernard
Avouac, Bernard
Lert, France
Rouillon, Frédéric
Bénichou, Jacques
Massol, Jacques
Duru, Gérard
Magnier, Anne-Marie
Guillemot, Didier
Grimaldi-Bensouda, Lamiae
Abenhaim, Lucien
BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders
There is a paucity of information describing patients with musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) using complementary and alternative medicines (CAMs) and almost none distinguishing homeopathy from other CAMs. The objective of this study was to describe and compare patients with MSDs who consulted primary care physicians, either certified homeopaths (Ho) or regular prescribers of CAMs in a mixed practice (Mx), to those consulting physicians who strictly practice conventional medicine (CM), with regard to the severity of their MSD expressed as chronicity, co-morbidity and quality of life (QOL).
The EPI3-LASER study was a nationwide observational survey of a representative sample of general practitioners and their patients in France. The sampling strategy ensured a sufficient number of GPs in each of the three groups to allow comparison of their patients. Patients completed a questionnaire on socio-demographics, lifestyle and QOL using the Short Form 12 (SF-12) questionnaire. Chronicity of MSDs was defined as more than twelve weeks duration of the current episode. Diagnoses and co-morbidities were recorded by the physician.
A total of 825 GPs included 1,692 MSD patients (predominantly back pain and osteoarthritis) were included, 21.6% in the CM group, 32.4% Ho and 45.9% Mx. Patients in the Ho group had more often a chronic MSD (62.1%) than the CM (48.6%) or Mx (50.3%) groups, a result that was statistically significant after controlling for patients' characteristics (Odds ratio = 1.43; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.07 - 1.89). Patients seen by homeopaths or mixed practice physicians who were not the regular treating physician, had more often a chronic MSD than those seen in conventional medicine (Odds ratios were1.75; 95% CI: 1.22 - 2.50 and 1.48; 95% CI: 1.06 - 2.12, respectively). Otherwise patients in the three groups did not differ for co-morbidities and QOL.
MSD patients consulting primary care physicians who prescribed homeopathy and CAMs differed from those seen in conventional medicine. Chronic MSD patients represented a greater proportion of the clientele in physicians offering alternatives to conventional medicine. In addition, these physicians treated chronic patients as consulting rather than regular treating physicians, with potentially important impacts upon professional health care practices and organisation.
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Work disability benefits due to musculoskeletal disorders among Brazilian private sector workers
Vieira, E R
Albuquerque-Oliveira, P R
Barbosa-Branco, A
BMJ Open
To evaluate the prevalence and characteristics of disability benefits due to musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) granted to Brazilian private sector workers.
This was a population-based epidemiological study of MSD-related benefits among registered private sector workers (n=32 959 329). The prevalence (benefits/10 000 workers/year) of work disability benefits was calculated by gender, age, state, Human Development Index (HDI), economic activity, MSD type and work-relatedness.
The prevalence of MSD-related benefits in Brazil among registered private sector workers in 2008 was 93.6/10 000 workers. The prevalence increased with age, and was higher for women (112.2) than for men (88.1), although the former had shorter benefit duration. The gender-adjusted prevalence by state varied from 16.6 to 90.3 for non-work-related, and from 7.8 to 59.6 for work-related benefits. The Brazilian states with a high–very high HDI had the highest prevalence. The top four most common types of MSD-related benefits were due to back pain, intervertebral disc disorders, sinovitis/tenosynovitis and shoulder disorders.
MSD is a frequent cause of work disability in Brazil. There were differences in prevalence among economic activities and between states grouped by HDI. This study demonstrates that further evaluation of the contributing factors associated with MSD-related disability benefits is required. Factors that should be considered include production processes, political organisation, socioeconomic and educational characteristics, the compensation and recording systems, and employee–employer power relationships. These factors may play an important role in the prevalence of MSD-related disability benefits, especially in countries with large socioeconomic iniquities such as Brazil.
Article summary
Article focus
Musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) are a major cause of disability worldwide.
The prevalence and distribution of MSD among Brazilian workers are not well known.
This article evaluates the prevalence and characteristics of disability benefits due to MSD granted to Brazilian private sector workers.
Key messages
The prevalence of MSD-related benefits among registered Brazilian private sector workers in 2008 was 93.6/10 000 workers, with the top four most common benefits being due to back pain, intervertebral disc disorders, sinovitis/tenosynovitis and shoulder disorders.
This study demonstrates that further evaluation of the contributing factors associated with MSD-related disability benefits is required and should assess the production processes, political organisation, socioeconomic and educational characteristics, the compensation and recording systems, and employee–employer power relationships.
These factors may play an important role in the prevalence of MSD-related disability benefits, especially in countries with large socioeconomic iniquities such as Brazil.
Strengths and limitations of this study
All employed workers with a registered job in the private sector were analysed (32 959 329 workers). Prevalence was adjusted by gender, age and category of benefit (work-related or non-work-related). This initial descriptive study provides some baseline data on the magnitude of the problem. The data may be used for future comparisons and to evaluate the effectiveness of prevention programs. The strength of this paper is that it supplies information which could be useful in the implementation of an occupational health policy to reduce MSD. One of the limitations is that it only includes data from registered workers although there are many non-registered workers in Brazil. Another limitation is that this study depends on the quality of the data recorded by the National Insurer (NI) of the Brazilian Ministry of Social Insurance.
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Work-life conflict and musculoskeletal disorders: a cross-sectional study of an unexplored association
Hämmig, Oliver
Knecht, Michaela
Läubli, Thomas
Bauer, Georg F
BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders
The health consequences of work-family or rather work-life conflict (WLC) have been studied by numerous researchers. The work-related causes of musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) are also well explored. And stress (at work) has been found to be a consequence of WLC as well as a cause of MSD. But very little is known about a potential association between WLC and MSD and the possible mediating role of stress in this relationship.
Survey data collected in 2007 among the workforces of four large companies in Switzerland were used for this study. The study population covered 6091 employees. As the exposure variable and hypothesized risk factor for MSD, WLC was measured by using a 10-item scale based on an established 18-item scale on work-family conflict. The outcome variables used as indicators of MSD were (low) back pain and neck/shoulder pain. Stress as the assumed intervening variable was assessed by a validated single-item measure of general stress perception. Correlation coefficients (r), standardized regression coefficients (β) and multiple adjusted odds ratios (OR) were calculated as measures of association.
WLC was found to be quite strongly associated with MSD (β = .21). This association turned out to be substantially confounded by physical strain at work, workload and job autonomy and was considerably reduced but far from being completely eliminated after adjusting for general stress as another identified risk factor of MSD and a proven strong correlate of WLC (r = .44). A significant and relevant association still remained (β = .10) after having controlled for all considered covariates. This association could be fully attributed to only one direction of WLC, namely the work-to-life conflict. In subsequent analyses, a clear gradient between this WLC direction and both types of MSD was found, and proved to be consistent for both men and women. Employees who were most exposed to such work-to-life conflict were also most at risk and showed a fivefold higher prevalence rate (19%-42%) and also an up to sixfold increased relative risk (OR = 3.8-6.3) of suffering greatly from these types of MSD compared with the least exposed reference group showing very low WLC in this direction. Including stress in the regression models again reduced the strength of the association significantly (OR = 1.9-4.1), giving an indication for a possible indirect effect of WLC on MSD mediated by stress.
Future research and workplace interventions for the prevention of MSD need to consider WLC as an important stressor, and the MSD risk factor identified in this study.
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Promoting work ability in a structured national rehabilitation program in patients with musculoskeletal disorders: outcomes and predictors in a prospective cohort study
Stigmar, Kjerstin G E
Petersson, Ingemar F
Jöud, Anna
Grahn, Birgitta E M
BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders
Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are a major reason for impaired work productivity and sick leave. In 2009, a national rehabilitation program was introduced in Sweden to promote work ability, and patients with MSDs were offered multimodal rehabilitation. The aim of this study was to analyse the effect of this program on health related quality of life, function, sick leave and work ability.
We conducted a prospective, observational cohort study including 406 patients with MSDs attending multimodal rehabilitation. Changes over time and differences between groups were analysed concerning function, health related quality of life, work ability and sick leave. Regression analyses were used to study the outcome variables health related quality of life (measured with EQ-5D), and sick leave.
Functional ability and health related quality of life improved after rehabilitation. Patients with no sick leave/disability pension the year before rehabilitation, improved health related quality of life more than patients with sick leave/disability pension the year before rehabilitation (p = 0.044). During a period of −/+ four months from rehabilitation start, patients with EQ-5D ≥ 0.5 at rehabilitation start, reduced their net sick leave days with 0.5 days and patients with EQ-5D <0.5 at rehabilitation start, increased net sick leave days with 1.5 days (p = 0.019). Factors negatively associated with sick leave at follow-up were earlier episodes of sick leave/disability pension, problems with exercise tolerance functions and mobility after rehabilitation. Higher age was associated with not being on sick leave at follow-up and reaching an EQ-5D ≥ 0.5 at follow-up. Severe pain after rehabilitation, problems with exercise tolerance functions, born outside of Sweden and full-time sick leave/disability pension the year before rehabilitation were all associated with an EQ-5D level < 0.5 at follow-up.
Patients with MSDs participating in a national work promoting rehabilitation program significantly improved their health related quality of life and functional ability, especially those with no sick leave. This shows that vocational rehabilitation programs in a primary health care setting are effective. The findings of this study can also be valuable for more appropriate patient selection for rehabilitation programs for MSDs.
Sick leave; Musculoskeletal pain; Multimodal rehabilitation; Health related quality of life; Function
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How Work Impairments and Reduced Work Ability are Associated with Health Care Use in Workers with Musculoskeletal Disorders, Cardiovascular Disorders or Mental Disorders
Reeuwijk, Kerstin G.
Robroek, Suzan J. W.
Hakkaart, Leona
Burdorf, Alex
Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation
Purpose the aim of this study was to explore how work impairments and work ability are associated with health care use by workers with musculoskeletal disorders (MSD), cardiovascular disorders (CVD), or mental disorders (MD). Methods in this cross-sectional study, subjects with MSD (n = 2,074), CVD (n = 714), and MD (n = 443) were selected among health care workers in 12 Dutch organizations. Using an online questionnaire, data were collected on individual characteristics, health behaviors, work impairments, work ability, and consultation of a general practitioner (GP), physiotherapist, specialist, or psychologist in the past year. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to explore the associations of work impairments and work ability with health care use. Results lower work ability was associated with a higher likelihood of consulting any health care provider among workers with common disorders (OR 1.05–1.45). Among workers with MSD work impairments increased the likelihood of consulting a GP (OR 1.55), specialist (OR 2.05), and physical therapist (OR 1.98). Among workers with CVD work impairments increased the likelihood of consulting a specialist (OR 1.94) and physical therapist (OR 2.73). Among workers with MD work impairments increased the likelihood of consulting a specialist (OR 1.79) and psychologist (OR 1.82). Conclusion work impairments and reduced work ability were associated with health care use among workers with MSD, CVD, or MD. These findings suggest that addressing work-related problems in workers with common disorders may contribute in reducing health care needs.
Work ability; Work impairments; Health care utilization; Musculoskeletal disease; Cardiovascular disease; Mental disorders
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Limitations of Activities in Patients with Musculoskeletal Disorders
Banerjee, A
Jadhav, SL
Bhawalkar, JS
Annals of Medical and Health Sciences Research
Musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) are the major cause of morbidity throughout the world, having a substantial influence on quality of life (QOL). We studied QOL ascertained by limitations of activities of daily living, impact on family and social relationships, and sleep disturbances among patients with MSD.
Ascertain QOL in MSD.
Materials and Methods:
A cross-sectional study among 2633 randomly selected subjects. The study was carried out in the field practice area of D Y Patil Medical College, Pune, India. In the first phase of the study, patients of MSD were identified by house-to-house surveys, by face-to-face interviews, and clinical examination carried out by trained interns in random samples of selected households. Subsequently, QOL in patients with MSD was elicited by measuring limitations of activities of daily living, impact on family and social relationships and sleep disturbances by structured instrument, using Likert/Dichotomous Scale. Statistical software EPI Info 2002 was used for estimation of sample size, data entry, and analysis. Data were summarized using proportions and percentages. Association of gender and rural–urban background with prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders was explored with odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals.
A total of 2633 subjects were examined. Out of these, 190 (7.2%) suffered from various types of MSD, with higher prevalence in females than males (OR=1.43, 95% CI=1.05 to 1.95). Prevalence was also higher in the rural population compared with urban (OR=2.02, 95% CI=1.45 to 2.83). However, the rural–urban difference may be due to the confounding effect of age, as prevalence was higher in the elderly (48.78%) and the mean age of the rural population was significantly higher than the urban population. Different degrees of limitations among patients of MSD in carrying out specific activities were: Dressing 9.5%, washing hair 11.6%, rising from bed 50%, feeding themselves 6%, walking 39%, taking bath 10%, toilet 37%, rising from chair 47%, rising from floor 55%, boarding bus 30%, and sleep disturbances 47%. These limitations also had impact on their family and social relationships.
Patients of musculoskeletal disorders face appreciable limitations in their activities of daily living, which adversely impact their QOL.
Activities; Disorders; Limitations; Musculoskeletal
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Self-Reported Musculoskeletal Disorders of the Distal Upper Extremities and the Neck in German Veterinarians: A Cross-Sectional Study
Kozak, Agnessa
Schedlbauer, Grita
Peters, Claudia
Nienhaus, Albert
PLoS ONE
Veterinary work is a physically demanding profession and entails the risk of injuries and diseases of the musculoskeletal system, particularly in the upper body. The prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders (MSD), the consequences and work-related accidents in German veterinarians were investigated. Work-related and individual factors associated with MSD of upper extremities and the neck were analyzed.
In 2011, a self-reporting Standardized Nordic Questionnaire was mailed to registered veterinarians in seven federal medical associations in Germany. A total of 3174 (38.4%) veterinarians responded. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the association between risk factors and MSD-related impairment of daily activities.
MSD in the neck (66.6%) and shoulder (60.5%) were more prevalent than in the hand (34.5%) or elbow (24.5%). Normal activities were affected in 28.7% (neck), 29.5% (shoulder), 19.4% (hand) and 14% (elbow) of the respondents. MSD in the upper body occurred significantly more often in large animal practitioners. Accidents that resulted in MSD were most frequently reported in the hand/wrist (14.3%) or in the shoulder (10.8%). The majority of all accidents in the distal upper extremities were caused by animals than by other factors (19% vs. 9.2%). For each area of the body, a specific set of individual and work-related factors contributed significantly to severe MSD: Older age, gender, previous injuries, BMI, practice type, veterinary procedures such as dentistry, rectal procedures and obstetric procedures as well as high demands and personal burnout.
From the perspective of occupational health and safety, it seems to be necessary to improve accident prevention and to optimize the ergonomics of specific tasks. Our data suggest the need for target group-specific preventive measures that also focus on the psychological factors at work.
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Musculoskeletal disorders among nursing staff: a comparison of five hospitals in Uganda
Munabi, Ian Guyton
Buwembo, William
Kitara, David Lagoro
Ochieng, Joseph
Nabirye, Rose Chalo
Mwaka, Erisa Sabakaki
The Pan African Medical Journal
Low and middle income countries have severe nursing staff shortages which is associated with risk of poor quality of patient care and increased patient exposure to adverse events. This is accompanied with increased risk of musculoskeletal disorders to the nursing staff. This paper sets out to identify and compare factors associated with musculoskeletal disorders among nursing staff in 5 different hospitals in Uganda.
This was a cross sectional study on nurses from 5 different hospitals in Uganda. The study used a 12 month recall of reported Musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) among nurses. Ethical approval was obtained. Logistic regression analysis and ANOVA were used. The level of significance was set at 0.05 for all statistical tests.
There were 755 respondents of whom 433 (58.4%) were nurses. The prevalence of MSD at anybody site was 80.8%. There were significant differences in reported MSD among nursing staff across different hospital settings which were worse in the public hospitals as compared to the private and private not for profit hospitals (p <0.001). Age (adjusted OR 1.03, 95% CI 1.01-1.06), self reported poor general health status (adj OR 4.5, 95% CI 2.8-7.24) and stress as suggested by waking up tired in the morning (adj OR 3.4, 95% CI 2.17-5.32) were significant associated factors for MSD in this population.
Reported MSD among nursing staff across 5 different hospitals is worse in public as compared to private hospitals. Age, self reported poor general health status and stress were important factors for MSD in this population.
Musculoskeletal disorders; nurses; public and private hospitals; Uganda
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Prevalence of Work Related Musculoskeletal Disorders Among Physicians, Surgeons and Dentists: A Comparative Study
Rambabu, T
Suneetha, K
Annals of Medical and Health Sciences Research
Work related musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are one of the common occupational hazards among health care providers.
The objective of this study was to evaluate MSDs in terms of perception of pain experienced by physicians, surgeons and dental surgeons during professional work.
Subjects and Methods:
The study was conducted with 100 physicians practicing either modern or alternative medicine, 100 surgeons of various specialties and 100 dental surgeons. Self-reporting work related questionnaire on MSDs were distributed, including information on the location of MSD symptoms in the past 12 months and the pain experienced.
Musculoskeletal pain was most prevalent among dentists 61% (61/100), followed by surgeons 37% (37/100) and physicians 20% (20/100). Nearly 15% of physicians (3/20), 40% (15/37) of Surgeons and 60% (35/61) of Dentists had MSD problems in more than one site.
Within the limitations of the study, there is a higher prevalence of MSDs experienced by dental surgeons than physicians and surgeons. More research is needed on musculoskeletal problems with dental surgeons and other specialty doctors with an emphasis on a larger sample sizes and correlating other factors such as age and sex of the doctor, duration of practice, working hours per week, physical activity and working environment.
Dentist; Musculoskeletal pain; Physician; Surgeon
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Work-related musculoskeletal discomfort of dairy farmers and employed workers
Kolstrup, Christina Lunner
Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology (London, England)
Dairy farming is physically demanding and associated with a high frequency of musculoskeletal disorders (MSD). This study investigated and compared work-related MSD, ergonomic work factors and physical exertion in farmers and employed farm workers on dairy farms in Sweden.
The study comprised 66 dairy farmers, and 37 employed dairy farm workers. A modified version of the general Standardised Nordic Questionnaire was used for analyses of perceived MSD in nine different parts of the body. Perceived physical discomfort was assessed using questions concerning ergonomic work factors. A rating scale was used for analyses of perceived physical exertion. Information about participant demographics was also collected. The response rate amounted to 70%.
The most frequently reported MSD in farmers and farm workers were located in the lower back (50% and 43%, respectively) and the shoulders (47% and 43%, respectively). MSD were also frequently reported in the neck (33%) among farmers, and in the hands/wrist (41%) among farm workers. MSD in the elbows (23%) and feet (21%) were significantly more frequently reported by farmers than farm workers (5%). Female farmers and farm workers both reported significantly higher frequencies of MSD in the neck (48% and 56%, respectively) and hands/wrists (44% and 61%, respectively) than their male colleagues (24% and 5%; 10% and 21%, respectively). In addition, female farm workers had significantly higher reported frequencies of MSD in the upper and lower back (39% and 61%, respectively) than their male counterparts (5% and 26%, respectively). Milking was perceived as a weakly to moderately physically demanding work task. Repetitive and monotonous work in dairy houses was the ergonomic work factor most frequently reported as causing physically discomfort among farmers (36%) and farm workers (32%), followed by lifting heavy objects (17% and 27%, respectively). Female workers had significantly more reported discomfort from repetitive and monotonous work than their male counterparts (50% and 16%, respectively).
Despite the technical developments on modern dairy farms, there is still a high prevalence of MSD and discomfort from ergonomic work factors, particularly among female workers.
Ergonomic work factors; Work environment; Physical exertion; Dairy farming; Milking; Agriculture; Questionnaire; Rating scale
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Work-related musculoskeletal disorders in the automotive industry due to repetitive work - implications for rehabilitation
Spallek, Michael
Kuhn, Walter
Uibel, Stefanie
van Mark, Anke
Quarcoo, David
Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology (London, England)
Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) due to repetitive work are common in manufacturing industries, such as the automotive industry. However, it's still unclear which MSDs of the upper limb are to be expected in the automotive industry in a first aid unit as well as in occupational precaution examinations. It is also unclear which examination method could be performed effectively for practical reasons and under rehabilitation aspects. Additionally, it was to discuss whether the conception of unspecific description for MSDs has advantages or disadvantages in contrast to a precise medical diagnosis.
We investigated the health status of two study populations working at two automotive plants in Germany. The first part included 67 consecutive patients who were seen for acute or chronic MSDs at the forearm over a 4-month period at the plants' medical services. Information about patients' working conditions and musculoskeletal symptoms was obtained during a standardized interview, which was followed by a standardized orthopedic-chiropractic physical examination. In the second part, 209 workers with daily exposure to video display terminals (VDT) completed a standardized questionnaire and were examined with function-oriented muscular tests on the occasion of their routine occupational precaution medical check-up.
The majority of the 67 patients seen by the company's medical services were blue-collar works from the assembly lines and trainees rather than white-collar workers from offices. Rates of musculoskeletal complaints were disproportionately higher among experienced people performing new tasks and younger trainees. The most common MSD in this group were disorders of flexor tendons of the forearm. By contrast, among the 209 employees working at VDT disorders of the neck and shoulders were more common than discomfort in the forearm. A positive tendency between restricted rotation of the cervical vertebrae and years worked at VDT was observed. In addition, only less than 8% of unspecific disorders of the upper limb (esp. wrist and forearm) were found.
Functional tests for the upper limb seemed to be very helpful to give precise medical advice to the employees to prevent individual complaints. The results are also helpful for developing specific training programs before beginning new tasks as well as for rehabilitation reasons. There's no need to use uncertain terminology (such as RSI) as it may not be representative of the actual underlying disorders as diagnosed by more thorough physical examinations.
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Musculoskeletal disorders among construction workers: a one-year follow-up study
Boschman, Julitta S
van der Molen, Henk F
Sluiter, Judith K
Frings-Dresen, Monique HW
BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders
Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are an important cause of functional impairments and disability among construction workers. An improved understanding of MSDs in different construction occupations is likely to be of value for selecting preventive measures. This study aimed to survey the prevalence of symptoms of MSDs, the work-relatedness of the symptoms and the problems experienced during work among two construction occupations: bricklayers and supervisors.
We randomly selected 750 bricklayers and 750 supervisors resident in the Netherlands in December 2009. This sample was surveyed by means of a baseline questionnaire and a follow-up questionnaire one year later. The participants were asked about complaints of the musculoskeletal system during the last six months, the perceived work-relatedness of the symptoms, the problems that occurred during work and the occupational tasks that were perceived as causes or aggravating factors of the MSD.
Baseline response rate was 37%, follow-up response was 80%. The prevalence of MSDs among 267 bricklayers and 232 supervisors was 67% and 57%, respectively. Complaints of the back, knee and shoulder/upper arm were the most prevalent among both occupations. Irrespective of the body region, most of the bricklayers and supervisors reported that their complaints were work-related. Complaints of the back and elbow were the most often reported among the bricklayers during work, whereas lower arm/wrist and upper leg complaints were the most often reported among the supervisors. In both occupations, a majority of the participants perceived several occupational physical tasks and activities as causes or aggravating factors for their MSD. Recurrent complaints at follow-up were reported by both bricklayers (47% of the complaints) and supervisors (31% of the complaints). Participants in both occupations report that mainly back and knee complaints result in additional problems during work, at the time of follow-up.
A substantial number of the bricklayers and the supervisors report musculoskeletal disorders, mainly back, knee and shoulder/upper arm complaints. The majority of the bricklayers and half of the supervisors believe that their complaints are work-related. Irrespective of occupation, participants with MSDs report substantial problems during work. Workplace intervention measures aimed at occupational physical tasks and activities seem justified for both occupations.
Construction industry; Longitudinal study; Work-related musculoskeletal disorders
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Physician practicing preferences for conventional or homeopathic medicines in elderly subjects with musculoskeletal disorders in the EPI3-MSD cohort
Danno, Karine
Joubert, Clementine
Duru, Gerard
Vetel, Jean-Marie
Clinical Epidemiology
Musculoskeletal pain is common in elderly persons. Analgesic use is high in the elderly and may involve unacceptable risk in individuals with chronic pain. Our aim was to compare the socio-demographic characteristics of elderly subjects with musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) and to assess medication use and clinical evolution of musculoskeletal pain according to physician prescribing preference: homeopathy (Ho) group, conventional medicine (CM) group, or mixed prescription (MX) group.
The EPI3 study was a 1 year observational survey carried out among general practitioners in France between March 2007 and July 2008. This sub-analysis was carried out on elderly subjects aged ≥70 years from the original EPI3 cohort. Socio-demographic data were collected at inclusion using a self-administered patient questionnaire and medical data were recorded for each patient. Quality of life was measured using the Short Form-12 questionnaire. Patients completed a structured telephone interview on their functional status (evaluated with the QuickDash questionnaire, EIFEL scale or Lequesne index) within 72 hours of inclusion. This telephone interview was repeated at 1, 3, and 12 months. Drug exposure was also assessed during these interviews.
146 patients (mean age ± standard deviation: 75.8±4.8 years) were analyzed (80.1% female, 74.7% MSD of the spine or lower limbs, 64.4% chronic MSD). Patients in the CM and MX groups were 3.7 times or 2.5 times more likely (odds ratio [OR] =3.71, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.12–12.30; OR =2.52, 95% CI: 1.05–6.05; respectively) to have used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) than those in the Ho group. In contrast, analgesic use was comparable in the three groups (OR =1.06 [CM versus Ho], 95% CI: 0.09–12.11; OR =0.34 [MX versus Ho], 95% CI: 0.07–1.57). Overall functional score evolution was similar in the three groups over time (P=0.16).
NSAID use was significantly higher in elderly MSD patients consulting a conventional practice general practitioner. In contrast, analgesic use and MSD evolution were similar in the three groups. Consulting a homeopathic physician for MSD management does not appear to represent a loss of therapeutic opportunity, and decreases the use of NSAIDs.
elderly; musculoskeletal pain; musculoskeletal disorder; analgesic; NSAID; homeopathy
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Musculoskeletal disorders in shipyard industry: prevalence, health care use, and absenteeism
Alexopoulos, Evangelos C
Tanagra, Dimitra
Konstantinou, Eleni
Burdorf, Alex
BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders
It is unclear whether the well-known risk factors for the occurrence of musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) also play an important role in the determining consequences of MSD in terms of sickness absence and health care use.
A cross-sectional study was conducted among 853 shipyard employees. Data were collected by questionnaire on physical and psychosocial workload, need for recovery, perceived general health, occurrence of musculoskeletal complaints, and health care use during the past year. Retrospective data on absenteeism were also available from the company register.
In total, 37%, 22%, and 15% of employees reported complaints of low back, shoulder/neck, and hand/wrist during the past 12 months, respectively. Among all employees with at least one MSD, 27% visited a physician at least once and 20% took at least one period of sick leave. Various individual and work-related factors were associated with the occurrence of MSD. Health care use and absenteeism were strongest influenced by chronicity of musculoskeletal complaints and comorbidity with other musculoskeletal complaints and, to a lesser extent, by work-related factors.
In programmes aimed at preventing the unfavourable consequences of MSD in terms of sickness absence and health care use it is important to identify the (individual) factors that determine the development of chronicity of complaints. These factors may differ from the well-know risk factors for the occurrence of MSD that are targeted in primary prevention.
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Prevention of musculoskeletal disorders in workers: classification and health surveillance – statements of the Scientific Committee on Musculoskeletal Disorders of the International Commission on Occupational Health
Hagberg, Mats
Violante, Francesco Saverio
Bonfiglioli, Roberta
Descatha, Alexis
Gold, Judith
Evanoff, Brad
Sluiter, Judith K
BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders
The underlying purpose of this commentary and position paper is to achieve evidence-based recommendations on prevention of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). Such prevention can take different forms (primary, secondary and tertiary), occur at different levels (i.e. in a clinical setting, at the workplace, at national level) and involve several types of activities. Members of the Scientific Committee (SC) on MSDs of the International Commission on Occupational Health (ICOH) and other interested scientists and members of the public recently discussed the scientific and clinical future of prevention of (work-related) MSDs during five round-table sessions at two ICOH conferences (in Cape Town, South Africa, in 2009, and in Angers, France, in 2010). Approximately 50 researchers participated in each of the sessions. More specifically, the sessions aimed to discuss new developments since 1996 in measures and classification systems used both in research and in practice, and agree on future needs in the field.
The discussion focused on three questions: At what degree of severity does musculoskeletal ill health, and do health problems related to MSDs, in an individual worker or in a group of workers justify preventive action in occupational health? What reliable and valid instruments do we have in research to distinguish 'normal musculoskeletal symptoms' from 'serious musculoskeletal symptoms' in workers? What measures or classification system of musculoskeletal health will we need in the near future to address musculoskeletal health and related work ability?
Four new, agreed-upon statements were extrapolated from the discussions: 1. Musculoskeletal discomfort that is at risk of worsening with work activities, and that affects work ability or quality of life, needs to be identified. 2. We need to know our options of actions before identifying workers at risk (providing evidence-based medicine and applying the principle of best practice). 3. Classification systems and measures must include aspects such as the severity, frequency, and intensity of pain, as well as measures of impairment of functioning, which can help in prevention, treatment and prognosis. 4. We need to be aware of economic and/or socio-cultural consequences of classification systems and measures.
Occupation; Epidemiology; Prevention; Aetiology; Expert opinion; Occupational health; Public health; Rheumatology; Rehabilitation; Orthopaedics
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High and specialty-related musculoskeletal disorders afflict dental professionals even since early training years
YI, Jianru
HU, Xiangxiang
YAN, Boxi
ZHENG, Wei
LI, Yu
ZHAO, Zhihe
Journal of Applied Oral Science
To determine how early musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) develop in dental professionals and to explore the potential differences among distinct dental specialties.
Material and Methods
271 dental postgraduates majoring in five dental specialties were recruited, i.e., orthodontics, prosthodontics, endodontics, periodontics and alveolar surgery. 254 age-matched non-dental postgraduates served as the control. The standardized Nordic questionnaire on MSDs and a self-report questionnaire regarding correlative factors (only for dental postgraduates) were answered through emails. Reliability of responses was assessed applying test-retest method.
The intraclass correlation coefficient of participants' answers ranged from 0.89 to 0.96. Dental postgraduates had significantly higher prevalence of MSDs than the control group, especially at neck, upper back and lower back. In all dental specialties included, high prevalence of MSDs was reported at neck (47.5%-69.8%), shoulders (50.8%-65.1%), lower back (27.1%-51.2%) and upper back (25.6%-46.5%), with lower prevalence at elbows (5.1%-18.6%), hips (3.4%-16.3%) and ankles (5.1%-11.6%). Periodontics students reported the worst MSDs in most body regions except wrists and knees, which were more prevalent for prosthodontic and alveolar surgery students, respectively. Furthermore, year of clinical work, clinical hours per week and desk hours per week were found as risk factors for MSDs, whereas physical exercise and rest between patients as protective factors.
High and specialty-related MSDs afflict dental professionals even since very early stage of careers. Prevention aimed at the specialty-related characteristics and the risk/protective factors revealed in this study should be introduced to dental personnel as early as possible.
Occupational health; Musculoskeletal diseases; Specialty; Dentists; Dental education
Related Articles
Benchmarking the burden of 100 diseases: results of a nationwide representative survey within general practices
Grimaldi-Bensouda, Lamiae
Begaud, Bernard
Lert, France
Rouillon, Frederic
Massol, Jacques
Guillemot, Didier
Avouac, Bernard
Duru, Gerard
Magnier, Anne-Marie
Rossignol, Michel
Abenhaim, Lucien
BMJ Open
To assess the burden of diseases and quality of life (QOL) of patients for a large variety of diseases within general practice.
In a representative nationwide cross-sectional study, a total of 825 general practitioners (GPs) were randomly selected from across France. Independent investigators recruited 8559 patients attending the GPs' practices. Data on QOL (12-Item Short Form questionnaire) and other individual characteristics were documented by the independent investigators for all participants in the waiting room. Medical information was recorded by GPs. Sampling was calibrated to national standards using the CALMAR (CALage sur MARges) weighting procedure. Associations of lower scores (ie, below vs above the first quartile) of physical and mental component scores (physical component summary score (PCS) and mental component summary score (MCS), respectively) with main diseases and patients characteristics were estimated using multivariate logistic regression. Weighted morbidity rates, PCS and MCS were computed for 100 diagnoses using the International Classification of Diseases (9th version).
Overall mental impairment was observed among patients in primary care with an average MCS of 41.5 (SD 8.6), ranging from 33.0 for depressive disorders to 45.3 for patients exhibiting fractures or sprains. Musculoskeletal diseases were found to have the most pronounced effect on impaired physical health (OR=2.31; 95% CI 2.08 to 2.57) with the lowest PCS (45.6 (SD 8.8)) and ranked first (29.0%) among main diagnoses experienced by patients followed by cardiovascular diseases (26.7%) and psychological disorders (22.0%). When combining both prevalence and QOL, musculoskeletal diseases represented the heaviest burden in general practice.
Etude épidémiologique de l'Impact de santé public sur 3 groupes de pathologies (EPI3) is the first study to provide reference figures for burden of disease in general practice across a wide range of morbidities, particularly valuable for health-economics and healthcare-system evaluation.
Article summary
Article focus
The impact of diseases on quality of life (QOL) in general practice has been assessed among selected samples of patients, usually from studies including a limited number of medical practices and/or focusing mainly on chronic conditions.
There is a clear need for more data on QOL of patients in primary care; the aim of the Etude épidémiologique de l'Impact de santé public sur 3 groupes de pathologies (EPI3) survey was to provide reference figures for disease burden in this setting.
Key messages
The EPI3 study was a cross-sectional survey combining unique data from patients and general practitioners (GPs), and allowed provision of reference figures for the vast majority of diseases encountered in primary care for a large number of patients.
The study highlighted the burden of musculoskeletal and psychological disorders, experienced by more than half the patients.
Although social and medical determinants of patients' QOL were somewhat similar than those found in previous studies in primary care, the EPI3 survey showed more pronounced mental impairment in French patients.
Strengths and limitations of this study
No nationwide study on burden of disease combining both prevalence measures and QOL assessment has been conducted to date, addressing such a large variety of diseases in general practice.
On-site selection and recruitment by an independent investigator limited the possibility of selection bias among patients, and the participation of physicians added high specificity to medical data collection.
A study design providing a high specificity in data collection led to a relatively low response rate from GPs. However, stratified recruitment phases and sample sizes from both GPs and patients highly representative of national standards ensured the strong external validity of the results.
Home consultations, which are common among GPs in France, were not surveyed which could have led to an underestimation of the burden of disease.
Related Articles
Physical activity is associated with a low prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders in the Royal Norwegian Navy: a cross sectional study
Morken, Tone
Magerøy, Nils
Moen, Bente E
BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders
Despite considerable knowledge about musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) and physical, psychosocial and individual risk factors there is limited knowledge about physical activity as a factor in preventing MSD. In addition, studies of physical activity are often limited to either leisure activity or physical activity at work. Studies among military personnel on the association between physical activity at work and at leisure and MSD are lacking. This study was conducted to find the prevalence of MSD among personnel in the Royal Norwegian Navy and to assess the association between physical activity at work and at leisure and MSD.
A questionnaire about musculoskeletal disorders, physical activity and background data (employment status, age, gender, body mass index, smoking, education and physical stressors) was completed by 2265 workers (58%) 18 to 70 years old in the Royal Norwegian Navy. Multiple logistic regression with 95% confidence intervals was used to assess the relationship between physical activity and musculoskeletal disorders.
A total of 32% of the workers reported musculoskeletal disorders often or very often in one or more parts of the body in the past year. The most common musculoskeletal disorders were in the lower back (15% often or very often), shoulders (12% often or very often) and neck (11% often or very often). After adjustment for confounders, physical activity was inversely associated with musculoskeletal disorders for all body sites except elbows, knees and feet.
The one-year prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders among workers in the Royal Norwegian Navy was rather low. A physically active lifestyle both at work and at leisure was associated with fewer musculoskeletal disorders among personnel in the Royal Norwegian Navy. Prospective studies are necessary to confirm the cause and effect in this association.
Related Articles
A systematic review of musculoskeletal disorders among school teachers
Erick, Patience N
Smith, Derek R
BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders
Musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) represent one of the most common and most expensive occupational health problems in both developed and developing countries. School teachers represent an occupational group among which there appears to be a high prevalence of MSD. Given that causes of MSD have been described as multi-factorial and prevalence rates vary between body sites and location of study, the objective of this systematic review was to investigate the prevalence and risk factors for MSD among teaching staff.
The study involved an extensive search of MEDLINE and EMBASE databases in 2011. All studies which reported on the prevalence and/or risk factors for MSD in the teaching profession were initially selected for inclusion. Reference lists of articles identified in the original search were then examined for additional publications. Of the 80 articles initially located, a final group of 33 met the inclusion criteria and were examined in detail.
This review suggests that the prevalence of self-reported MSD among school teachers ranges between 39% and 95%. The most prevalent body sites appear to be the back, neck and upper limbs. Nursery school teachers appear to be more likely to report suffering from low back pain. Factors such as gender, age, length of employment and awkward posture have been associated with higher MSD prevalence rates.
Overall, this study suggests that school teachers are at a high risk of MSD. Further research, preferably longitudinal, is required to more thoroughly investigate the issue of MSD among teachers, with a greater emphasis on the possible wider use of ergonomic principles. This would represent a major step forward in the prevention of MSD among teachers, especially if easy to implement control measures could be recommended.
Related Articles
Associations Between Academic Stressors, Reaction to Stress, Coping Strategies and Musculoskeletal Disorders Among College Students
Ekpenyong, Christopher E
Daniel, Nyebuk E
Aribo, Ekpe O
Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences
The adverse health effects of stress are enormous, and vary among people, probably because of differences in how stress is appraised and the strategies individuals use to cope with it. This study assessed the association between academic stress and musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) among 1365 undergraduates.
This was a cross-sectional study conducted in a Nigerian university at the beginning of the 2010/2011 academic session with the same group of participants. The Life Stress Assessment Inventory, Coping Strategies Questionnaire, and Short Musculoskeletal Function Assessment were administered as tools of data gathering.
Students' stress level and associated MSDs were higher during the examination period than the pre-examination periods. Stressors were significantly associated with increased risk of MSDs in both sexes were those related to changes (odds ratio (OR) = 1.7, p = 0.002) and pressures (OR = 2.09, p = 0.001). Emotional and physiological reactions to stress were significantly associated with MSDs in both sexes, with higher odds for MSDs in females, whereas cognitive and behavioral reactions showed higher odds (though non-significant) in males. The risk of MSDs was higher in respondents who adopted avoidance and religious coping strategies compared with those who adopted active practical and distracting coping strategies.
Stress among students could be significantly associated with MSDs depending on individuals' demographics, stressors, reactions to stress, and coping methods. Interventions to reduce stress-induced MSDs among students should consider these factors among others.
Academic stressors; Coping strategies; Musculoskeletal disorders
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I was thinking of purchasing your plugin but had a few questions first.
1. Does your plugin also support auto posting to Facebook Groups as well as Fan Pages?
2. As been my experience with similar plugins, does your plugin have any know issues with auto posting Scheduled posts in WordPress? We have seen other plugins that won't post to FB or Twitter at all once scheduled in the WordPress system.
We have CRON and Wp-missed schedule running to ensure that all scheduled posts are posted in a timely fashion.
Looking forward to your feedback.


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World Culture
Monthly Archive: December Worl
Words in Images
By Ka Bo Tsang, Assistant Curator – Chinese Paintings & Textiles
Most people think of Chinese painting as artwork created by artists using special brushes in combination with ink and colour pigments to give shape to ideas on paper or silk through the adroit manipulation of lines, dots, and spots. While this general impression is true, there are exceptions.
Fantastic Folding Fan Leaf
By Ka Bo Tsang, ROM Assistant Curator, Chinese Pictorial Arts
Great Collections Make Great Museums: Constantinian Era Pendant
Great Collections Make Great Museums – An ongoing blog describing recent acquisitions added to the Greek, Etruscan, Roman or Byzantine Collections.
Discoveries at Harvard – ROM expertise at work
This week I am in Cambridge, Massachusetts, the Harvard Art Museums here are rebuilding, and planning new galleries, and have also acquired a new collection of pottery from the Middle East. So they have flown me down here for the week on an all-expenses-paid visit, to look at their Islamic pottery (AD 700-1700) and tell them if it is good (not fake), where it is from, and when it was made.
ROM's archaeologists at the Maya ruins of Ka'Kabish and Lamanai in Belize
Written by Chen Shen, Vice President, Senior Curator, Bishop White Chair of East Asian Archaeology
Meet Kate Cooper. Ancient Greece and Rome Expert.
Fact & Falsehood in Ancient Roman and Greek objects
This coming weekend at the ROM (June 9-10) we will have Ancient Rome and Greece Weekend! There will be re-enactors demonstrating and displaying arms and armour, ROM experts and objects, an archery range with more re-enactors, and a myriad of activities including make a lucky "bulla", creating your own mosaic masterpiece and learning the game of "knucklebones".
Ancient Egypt Weekend! OR How a mummy, NOT a dinosaur, got me into teaching.
I started volunteering at the Royal Ontario Museum when I was 14. After a few summers of being a camper at Summer Club, I was old enough to start volunteering. Volunteering at Summer Club turned out to be an incredibly magical experience for me, and eventually led to me to where I am today!
Archaeology Weekend Recap
Submitted by Chen Shen, Vice President, World Cultures
Meet an Archaeologist: Dan Rahimi
In celebration of Archaeology Weekend on April 14 and 15, we have interviewed a few ROM archaeologists. Dan Rahimi works in the Middle East studying the period around the beginnings of settled societies around 10 to 5 thousand years ago, he is also the ROM's Vice President of Gallery Development.


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- 22 Resorts
- Consistent Snow
- Diverse destinations
- Resorts open before those of many other states
- Home to Vail, Beaver Creek, Copper Mountain
Related Regions: Boulder,
Summertime is the perfect time to visit your favorite resort in the Colorado Rockies. Full Article
5th April 2013
The Ski Patrol at Arapahoe Basin adds new members to the team, who are a bit hairier than most. Full Article
5th April 2013
An active weather pattern will bring snow to most of the region this weekend and early next week. Full Article
3rd April 2013
Temperatures will be warm and the skies will be mostly void of snow for the Rockies this weekend. A more powerful storm may bring snow to parts of Utah, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico early next week. Full Article
27th March 2013
A series of storms will bring winter-like conditions to the Rockies this weekend. Full Article
20th March 2013
A warm end to this week will give way to some snow over the weekend and a bigger storm late next week. Full Article
13th March 2013
The Epic Pass from Vail Resorts has added Eldora Mountain Resort to the pass as well as 5 free days at Verbier in Switzerland. Full Article
13th March 2013
The best snow will fall Friday through the weekend in southern Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, and through southern and eastern Colorado. Full Article
6th March 2013
Loveland was the site of a lot of love for Valentine's Day. Full Article
15th February 2013
A slow-moving storm will create a powdery weekend for ski resorts in Utah and Colorado. Full Article
6th February 2013
Loveland Ski Area is one of our eight romantic ski resorts for Valentines Day. Full Article
30th January 2013
If you're looking for romance on Valentine's Day, look no further than these eight romantic ski resort getaways. Full Article
30th January 2013
Did you ski in December? Numbers were down for the first period at CSCUSA member resorts. Full Article
25th January 2013
If you thought smoking weed on the ski slopes was going to become common practice in Colorado and Washington, think again. Full Article
18th January 2013
2012 saw everything from big dumps to scary avalanches in the Rocky Mountains. Here's some of the best from skiing and snowboarding in 2012 in the Rocky Mountains. Full Article
21st December 2012
Advertorial: The Lifty Collection from Teva is a line of boots that are great for on-snow and aprés ski activities. The boots are named after famous ski lifts around the world. Full Article
20th December 2012
Holidays in the Rockies are something many long to experience, and Colorado resorts are ready for the festivities. Full Article
15th December 2012
You'll finally get a smoke-free ski day when you head to Eldora this winter. Full Article
6th December 2012
A-Basin has two new areas for beginners. Full Article
22nd November 2012
A Photo Gallery of skiing and snowboarding events from the weekend of Nov. 16-18, 2012. Full Article
19th November 2012
Get snow reports, weather, forecasts, news and ski conditions for your favorite ski resorts.


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On 21st of September I will fly to Panama City from Amsterdam. I will go there for my work as I have meetings on Thursday and Friday. This will be the first time I visit Panama and as it's not a place you easily go to from Amsterdam (10h flight), I decided to stay a bit longer and have a holiday there too!!
It would be wonderful if someone could help me with my itinerary! My plan so far is:
- Friday night: stay in Panama City.
- Saturday: whole day sightseeing in Panama City.
I'm not…
i have a little dispute with my landlord in Panama, she claims i owe money and damaged her apartment.
I disagree, but she said she filed a dispute with the cops so i cant leave the country, and get arrested when i try.
Is that legal? I have a tourist stamp in my passport, and it will expire in 1 month.
Soon i wanna leave back home, the money i owe her is $1200 for the last rent, which i wanna pay when i am back home access to my accounts, but here i got into a few problems with accessing…
Does anyone know good places in Panama City where there's social salsa dancing, especially Cuban style/casino?
No USA visa.
from Panama to Hong Kong.
From the end of September to the end of October. Around 30 days.
1,173US$ (via Amsterdam)
Is it a good deal? Or should I wait?
Thank you.
My girlfriend and I are currently planning our trip through Central and South America, and have been looking at the 4-5 day trips you can do from Panama to Cartagena, visiting the San Blas islands on the way.
Just looking for any experiences good or bad people have had, advice, what boats seem to best and what the weather is most likely to be like late september to october. Im guessing always a chance of rain this time of year but would it be enough to potentially ruin the trip or cut it…
Should the $ bills be in perfect condition as in Ecuador? thanks.
Hi to all of you, would it be better to bring small bills of $5,10 and 20 to Panama as for Ecuador? Thanks.
I received some brochures from Panama consulate. I mailed a self addressed stamped envelope and they added some stamps since mine were not enough. No map but some brochures from different areas.They are all nice and interesting. I am expecting now the ones from Costa Rica consulate.
Quick note because I didn't see this anywhere on here:
I was in Panama City in late June, and found Uber very convenient and cheap. We went from Casco Viejo to the Miraflores locks for US$6, and came back for US$5. Waited for less than 5 minutes for a ride both times. If you have a phone with data, definitely recommend it.
About transport from the airport:
Upon arrival, we followed these instructions: http://pty.life/metrobus-to-panama-airport/. When we got on the Corredor Sur bus, we…
One-Way International travel may require proof of return travel at the airport.
When I tried to book my one way flight to Panama, that notice popped in black and now it is in red. I am glad a bought a return which I won't use since I will cross the border to Costa Rica by bus. This is for all of you who plan to visit Panama. I even called the consulates and both told me that I will be fine with one way ticket since I am American citizen. Thanks to this forum, I followed the friendly advice and…
Hello, Today I got 4 attachments for the above. If you wish I could email them to you at your personal email.
I also mailed a stamped envelope to the same diplomatic mission to get those in hard copy without making me to print them. Upon arrival, I will decide if I would order the road maps. Panama consulate was much nicer than Costa Rica which denied to submit anything via any communication mode. Rude attendant!


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on November 10, 2013 - 12:01 AM
, updated November 11, 2013 at 8:58 PM
Orchard Park
Orchard Park Middle School teachers Wendy Daniszewski and Travis Pufpaff are analyzing how iPads are used in the classroom this year through the Erie-Cattaraugus Teacher Center.
The social studies teachers applied last year to be part of the study, which allows them to have and use five iPads in their classroom throughout this school year.
They are using multiple applications in their classroom and also plan to use the iPads to assist them in differentiating their instruction to students.
They update the study monthly and report how the use of the iPads is going and share anecdotal information with other colleagues through a message board that has been set up through the Teacher Center.
Also this week:
• The town Planning Board will meet at 7 p.m. Wednesday in the municipal center, 4295 S. Buffalo St.
• The School Board will conduct a meeting at 7 p.m. Tuesday in the administration building, 2240 Southwestern Blvd. West Seneca.
• The Town Board will conduct a work session at 6 p.m. Wednesday in the supervisor's conference room in the municipal center.
• The Village Board will meet at 7 p.m. Wednesday in the municipal center.
• The Orchard Park Educational Outreach Club will host a spaghetti dinner from 4:30 to 7:30 p.m. Thursday high school cafeteria, 4040 Baker Road. Proceeds will be donated to Crossroads Spring's school in the Hamisi, Kenya area. The school helps provide an education for children who have been orphaned because of HIV/AIDS.


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Virginia was leading Tennessee by 17 points early in the second half of the 1996 East Regional final in Charlottesville, Va.
Cavs forward Wendy Palmer took a 3-pointer, it rattled out and freshman Chamique Holdsclaw tore down the court ...
And at that moment, a couple of us on press row looked at each other and said, "Uh, here it comes.''
The Tennessee run. It wasn't like, "Hmmm, wonder if Tennessee can make this one close?'' It was, "Just watch -- Tennessee's going to do it again.''
And the Orange Crush did. Tennessee gave Virginia the boa constrictor treatment, slowing but steadily tightening around the Cavs, catching up with them and then overtaking them. Tennessee won 52-46 and went on to take the NCAA title by beating Connecticut and Georgia in the Final Four in Charlotte.
Watching Holdsclaw that season, it was obvious that she was on her way to being one of college basketball's all-time greats, especially in regard to the NCAA Tournament. She won three NCAA titles while at Tennessee, where she scored 3,025 points.
(Sure, she also shot a surreal 2 of 18 from the floor in her last game, the 1999 East Regional final loss to Duke. But that only shows that nobody can have everything.)
Who are some of the other outstanding performers in the history of the tournament?
One was Holdsclaw's teammate, point guard Kellie Jolly. When you share your career with superstars such as Holdsclaw and Tamika Catchings, you get used to being overlooked. But it never bothered Jolly in the slightest.
And I think she's actually more appreciated now than perhaps during her career because the true play-making point guard seems to be a rarer commodity these days.
Jolly holds the NCAA title-game record for assists with 11 -- although there's a weird annotation in the record books. Louisiana Tech's Kim Mulkey also had 11 assists, vs. Southern Cal in the 1983 championship game, but that was before assists were an "official'' statistic.
Which apparently means they know it happened but since nobody was officially verifying it that day, it can't be a record.
At any rate, Mulkey -- now Baylor's coach -- also is a tournament great. She was a leader on three Final Four teams. And probably a fair amount of people -- myself included -- associate her with their first NCAA Tournament memory, as she was so dynamic a presence for Louisiana Tech in the first NCAA title game, which was in 1982 and televised by CBS.
Southern California's Cheryl Miller, of course, led her team to NCAA titles in 1983 and '84, plus a title-game appearance in 1986 against champion Texas.
Tennessee's Bridgette Gordon had double-doubles in both the 1987 and 1989 title-game victories.
Sheryl Swoopes, although she played just two seasons in Division I, was so good in Texas Tech's 1993 title run that she deserves mention. She had, I believe, the greatest tournament-long individual performance that season, capped by 47 points in the title game against Ohio State.
Connecticut has has so many amazing players, but I think few would argue that the top two in terms of NCAA greatness are Sue Bird and Diana Taurasi. Without Bird -- who missed most of her freshman season with a torn ACL -- UConn lost in the 1999 Sweet 16.
With her the next three seasons, the Huskies won two titles and made the Final Four semis.
Finally, though, we'll give a nod to the NCAA Tournament all-heartbreak team. That is, players who performed very well and whose teams did, too ... but never won the whole thing.
That group: Auburn's Linda Godby (1988, '89, '90 Final Fours), Virginia's Dawn Staley (1990, '91, '92 Final Fours), Stanford's Kate Starbird (1995, '96 and '97 Final Fours), Georgia's Teresa Edwards (1983 and '85 Final Fours, 1984 and '86 Sweet 16) and Georgia's La'Keshia Frett (1995 and '96 Final Fours, 1997 Elite Eight).
Mechelle Voepel is a regular contributor to ESPN.com's women's basketball coverage. She can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.com.


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BEAUMONT (February 23, 2014) A Beaumont police escaped serious injury when he was dragged briefly while unsuccessfully trying to prevent a woman from driving off in a patrol car.
Officers had responded Friday afternoon to a report of a domestic disturbance when the 21-year-old woman put her hand through the partially open window of the patrol car, unlocked the door, climbed in, and took off.
The officer tried was dragged when he tried to stop her.
Police say the woman, who they say was under medication for a mental illness, wrecked the car a few minutes later.
She wasn't seriously hurt, but was taken to a hospital.