text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|PCT number
|Publication date
|May 5, 2009
|Filing date
|Nov 4, 2003
|Priority date
|Jul 24, 2003
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Ryoichi Aogaki, Eiko Ito, Mikio Ogata
|Original Assignee
|Ryoichi Aogaki, Eiko Ito, Mikio Ogata
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (31), Non-Patent Citations (2), Classifications (50), Legal Events (1)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The invention relates to a microreactor having liquid channels formed by magnetic barriers and its application such as plating, etching, etc., and especially relates to a microreactor with high reaction efficiency, which has low viscous resistance by walls and high mixing effect in spite of microscopic liquid channels. Furthermore, in the application, plating to microscopic and complicated places in shape and etching of microscopic and complex patterns, etc. can be obtained.
Recently, reactors called microreactors which react a minimal sample of microliters (μL) level have been paid much attention. These are useful apparatuses when searching the optimal condition from many reaction conditions by using precious samples, e. g, in the case of biochemical reactions. In addition, testing with minute amounts of a sample has also an advantage that a reaction proceeds under a constant temperature condition since the surface area is overwhelmingly large, compared with the quantity of a sample. Furthermore, there is a case to have to test with minute amounts of sample due to problems on the safety of reaction such as some of radical reactions. From these requests, microreactors have been focused on as reaction apparatuses of a future type hereafter in fine chemicals (for example, Journal of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Japan, vol 57, p 805, 1999, Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. Hei 10-337173, Japanese Patent Koho No. 2001-524019, Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2002-18271).
However, these conventional microreactors are made for passing reaction liquid through liquid channels formed by microscopic grooves of several micrometer (μm) to several millimeter (mm). It was difficult to pass liquids stably through microscopic liquid channels since viscous resistance by the friction of channel walls is large because surface area is large in comparison with the quantity of reaction liquids. In a case of viscous liquid, there was also a problem that reaction efficiency was low since reaction liquids of different kinds mutually flow in laminar mode and did not mix and stir with each other. In the conventional microreactors, it was difficult to remove gas, water, etc. evolving during reactions in microscopic grooves. In the conventional microreactors, solid substances, which were deposited by reactions or difference of solubility, prevented liquids in the microscopic liquid channels from streaming smoothly. Furthermore, in the conventional microreactor, there were many troubles about static electricity generated by liquid friction etc. when for using electrostatic forces; magnetic valves and electrodes were placed on channel walls.
Also, in case of microscopic plating to a place of a complex shape, conventionally it has taken a procedure to conduct resist treatment, water repellant finish and so on to the other portions, while leaving a microscopic and complex shape of an object to be plated. However, it was not only expensive to conduct these treatments and finish to a microscopic pattern, but also there were virtually difficult to conduct these treatments to a complex shape and that a narrow place.
Recently, it is significant development of integration in a electronics field, that is to say, in printed circuit boards to conduct wiring of the inside of LSI, wiring among packages of combined LSI and further wiring among LSI and packages, it is performed to pursue microscopic wiring technology to meet each technical requirements. These wiring technology in recent packages and printed boards are conducted by mainly combination of a photolithographic technology. The technology is to challenge a limitation of line width by conventional etching as microscopic wiring technology in printed circuit boards, using a layer of electroless plating layer provided on a pattern formed by photoresist as a guide, the circuit forming technology has been developed by the additive plating method which is to conduct lamination by electroplating on that.
In these conventional plating techniques for the fabrication of LSI etc., social demands for ensuring the cross-sectional area of wiring in printed boards are the more increasing, so that high aspect ratio of lead wire is strongly requested. In the above conventional plating methods, when using photolithographic technology, there are problems on the cutting margins in irregular shape such as over etching and under etching as will be discussed in
Meanwhile, the environmental control on the surface finishing industries including plating and coating has become more and more crucial, and the further improvement has been required. Especially, concerning the waste-liquid treatment, legal regulation toward the ban on the use of items identified to be basically hazardous is now going on. Reflecting such a situation, it has been strongly required to introduce new processes of recycling type.
Furthermore, there are wire-cut electrical discharge machines and methods using lasers and electronic beams in the grooving process of microscopic and complex shapes but there is a case to be impossible to process materials which have three-dimensional complex shapes since the wire-cut process is mainly performed in two dimensional shape. As for the methods to use lasers and electronic beams, the lasers and beams cannot be applied to the portions in three-dimensional complex shape.
Problems to be Solved by the Invention
The present invention is performed to eliminate the defects of the above conventional technologies, and the object is to decrease the viscous resistance by walls in spite of a microscopic liquid channel of microreactor. The other object is to improve the reaction efficiency by increasing the mixing efficiency in the liquid channel of microreactor. The other object is to largely expand the scope of application to the reactions of microreactor by introducing surrounding fluids in the reaction systems, which were impossible for the conventional microreactors of groove processing, that is, the objects are to increase the magnetic efficiency by the surrounding fluids, to make it possible the mass transfer between a reaction liquid in a microscopic liquid channel and a surrounding fluid and to control the reaction conditions such as temperature, pressure, etc. by the surrounding fluids. The other object is to enable the microreactor to remove reaction-product gas etc. by adopting non-closed systems. The other object is to make a microreactor which does not disturb fluent flows even when there exist solids deposited in such a system operating reactions and when there exist solid whose component in original liquid is deposited by the difference of solubility. The other object is to enable the microreactor to perform complicated reactions and analyses, which can easily and conveniently make microreactors with parallel flows and branched channels. The other object is to enable microreactors to have little troubles on the static electricity generated by friction etc. of liquid even when the flows are controlled by electrostatic forces, i.e., by electromagnetic valves and electrodes installed in the channel. The conventional microreactors are required to finish enclosed spaces without leaking reaction liquids with high accuracy, so that the object of the invention is to fabricate non-closed microreactors, which is difficult to realize even with latest technology not only from a costwise point but also to process a liquid channel with many curves for a compact apparatus. The object of the invention is to present easily and conveniently a microreactor that is easy to produce an apparatus and that has a microscopic liquid channel no matter how it is curved. The other object lies in to provide plating to a solid material placed in a liquid channel of a microreactor, to make it possible to form finer circuit wiring than that of the subtract method and the additive method used for circuit formation of the conventional LSI etc. and further to enable cyclic usage of plating solution. The other object is to enable microreactors to perform processing such as etching and also to provide microscopic processing to the portions in three-dimensional complex shape, and furthermore to enable the microreactors to fabricate a new microreactor.
Means to Solve the Problems
The present invention concerns a microreactor of a completely new type by further advancing and developing the conventional microreactor and resolving problems of the conventional microreactors. A microreactor means a minute reaction apparatus and is an apparatus to react continuously by flowing reaction liquids in channels of the order of several micrometers (μm) to several millimeters (mm). In a microreactor of the invention, an introduction zone of liquid that introduces liquid to conduct reaction etc. to this microscopic liquid channel and a liquid discharge zone that discharges reacted liquid are included. An introduction zone of liquid conducting reaction is preferable to have more than one introduction zones in case of reaction liquids consisting of more than one liquids, but there are cases to conduct a reaction at a special reaction condition (for example, such as an interaction with surrounding liquid as explained below) such as a microscopic liquid channel is high temperature even the introduction zone is one. In addition, although there is the necessity of adding forces of pressure, voltage and so on to overcome friction resistance of a liquid passing through a microscopic liquid channel in conventional microreactors, in the invention, these pressure and so on are not necessary; since there is few friction resistance of the liquid passing through the channel and only a simple gate may be possible, it is also one of the characteristics of the invention that an introduction zone is of a very simple structure.
Liquid flow of the invention can be also conducted, as described above, by pressure and natural convection caused by the head of liquid but there is also a case that it is preferable to be fed by a pump such as syringe pump etc. In this case, a pump is installed only in an introduction zone and it may be also overflowed from discharge zone, in that case following various inventions regarding the discharge zone shall become effective. Also, a pump can be set only at the discharge zone; in this case, only discharged quantity by a discharge pump is introduced from the introduction zone. Further, pumps can be also set both in the introduction zone and the discharge zone and in this case, the pumps are operated considering the balance of capacity of each pump, piping resistance, etc.
In the invention, since the friction resistance at a liquid channel is very low, it especially needs to contrive that the discharge zone of liquid where reaction etc. have not generated the resistance in discharging at a discharge zone and not to interrupt the flow. One of the contractions is to eliminate a magnetic barrier at the discharge zone, as the next measure, it is desirable to give consideration to have low resistance in discharging such as to install plural discharge zones or wide discharge zone as shown in details in the drawings.
A microscopic liquid channel of the invention is characterized by the fact that it is formed by magnetic barriers by band-like ferromagnetic. "Band" means a continuous substance having a constant width, and its length is larger in dimension than the width, including line forms and ribbon forms. A ferromagnetic substance is said as to a substance easily magnetized in a magnetic field, in the invention, it is magnetized to have magnetic force of preferably 10 T2/m or more, further preferably 40 T2/m or more and most preferably 100 T2/m or more. Here, magnetic force is said as to the quantity defined by a product of magnetic flux density (B) and a gradient of the magnetic flux density (dB/dx) where x denotes length (m). A magnetic barrier means a wall of constant magnetism preventing a flow of liquid having magnetism by a ferromagnetic substance and a diamagnetic substance, which have a case to be used in combination with that and magnetic action according to the action of a ferromagnetic substance. As for various embodiments of magnetic barriers by ferromagnetic tracks, are going into details in the drawings. "A liquid channel formed by magnetic barriers" in the invention is said to form a channel that liquid having magnetic force by magnetic barriers generate a flow in the direction of no barrier, and its form is not necessarily be uniform, can take various forms such as a line or a sheet. Various other choices are possible concerning dimension, thickness, material, and directions (which can be taken "upward to a plain surface", "downward to a plain surface", and "sideward to a plain surface" and so on).
A liquid channel that has been formed by the magnetic barriers of the invention is allowed not only to have a single band, but also to have more than one band, which is placed in parallel form, and extraction, absorption, reaction, etc. are possible between liquid channels. A liquid channel in a single band shape also have more than one branches; from each of them, feeding reaction liquid and inspection liquid allow multi-stage reaction and inspection, and analysis, inspection, etc. of the subject liquid of the operating stage can also be done by discharging a portion of liquid from the branch. In the conventional microreactor by the groove processing, complex groove processing such as paralleling and branching leads to difficulties intrinsic to microscopic processing, but the liquid channel formed by the magnetic barrier of the invention can be simply and conveniently produced only by installing ferromagnetic tracks in parallel and branched modes.
A ferromagnetic track of the invention is usually installed on a substrate and the substrate also becomes a part of the microreactor. The substrate consists of a board and a film of plastic, metal, inorganic material, etc. It is also possible to set up ferromagnetic tracks on the substrate covered with inert films such as fluorine resin, silicone resin, acrylic resin and so forth; liquid channels on the films formed by magnetic barriers are also possible. It is also possible to install a band-like magnetic barrier by forming a band-like etching on a board of a ferromagnetic substance without installing a substrate particularly.
It is preferable on a point that a strong magnetic field is formed that a microscopic liquid channel of the invention is formed by magnetic barriers produced by ferromagnetic tracks according to be applied by an external magnetic field. An external magnetic field is a magnetic field generated by a magnetic force generator located the outside of the microscopic liquid channel. Magnetic flux density of the external magnetic field in the invention is preferably 0.01 T (T is Tesla) or more, further preferably 0.1 T or more and most preferably 0.5 T or more. It is the reason why effects of viscosity resistance, agitation effect, etc. of the invention are low when the magnetic flux density is below 0.01 T. The microscopic liquid channel in the invention is formed by ferromagnetic tracks. The external magnetic field does not only set height of a magnetic barrier by the ferromagnetic track like this, but also controls velocity of liquid passing through the channel to perform reaction etc. and degree of mixing of liquid, and can also have a control function of the reaction and so on. Formation of the external magnetic field is possible by a permanent magnet, a conventional electromagnet, a superconducting magnet, etc. Also, a direction of magnetic field is possible for complex direction such as upward or downward direction, a horizontal direction, an oblique direction and furthers a curved direction. In addition, the magnetic field does not necessarily be uniform, an uneven magnetic field and a time-varying magnetic field can also be used. By placing a ferromagnetic substance in the magnetic field, it is possible to give non-uniformity to the external magnetic field and to enhance the magnetic field.
In a microreactor of the invention, changes of chemical conditions of substances and mass transfer occur by the operations such as chemical reaction, mixing, extraction and absorption in a process where reaction liquids pass through the microscopic liquid channels. It is the object of the microreactor of the invention is to conduct the change of the chemical conditions and the mass transfer by these operations. The operation means a unit operation in chemical engineering and means reaction, mixing, extraction and absorption. The chemical reaction in the invention is especially suitable for normal fine chemical and biochemical reaction, and there is control of chemical reaction utilizing a magnetic field effect as a peculiar effect in the invention that is not in the conventional microreactor. Also, in the conventional chemical reaction, extraction and absorption, when progress of reaction etc. is poor as mixing of each other liquid is bad because of the reason such as liquid viscosity is high in the microreactor of the invention, progress of reaction and so forth is smooth as mixing effect is good.
In the invention, it is prerequisite for subject liquid introduced to the microscopic liquid channel conducting reaction etc. to have magnetism. It is the reason why formation of a definite channel is possible by an interaction with magnetism of a ferromagnetic track. The magnetism of the subject liquid is not only ferromagnetism but also diamagnetism or paramagnetism, which is used separately depending on various types of the magnetic barrier. The magnetism of the subject liquid is also the magnetism owned by the subject liquid itself such as solvent, and it is possible to have the specific magnetism adding magnetic substance to the subject liquid. Liquid usually have the magnetism, but there is a case to have little magnetism negating mutually depending on the components of liquids, so that there is a case where little effect of the channel formed by the magnetic barriers of the invention exists. Accordingly, in the invention, the volume magnetic susceptibility of a liquid passing through the microscopic liquid channel is preferably �1�10−6 or more, further preferably �5�10−6 or more and the most preferably �1�10−5 or more. Still, the meaning of � that is + (plus) means a paramagnetic substance and − (minus) means a diamagnetic substance. Here, the term "or more", means that absolute value is "or more". Also, the magnetic susceptibility of the subject liquid, when surrounding liquid exist there outside the subject liquid, is defined by the relative magnetic susceptibility in view of the magnetic susceptibility of the surrounding liquid, and the relative susceptibility is desirable to be in the range of volume magnetic susceptibility in the case where the aforementioned surrounding liquid does not exist. As for substances that give magnetism to liquid, it can be applied to all substances that can pass through the channel such as gases, liquids and solid particles other than dissolving materials such as metal salts, liquid and gas, which can mutually dissolve. As for these materials, ferromagnetic substances, paramagnetic substances, diamagnetic substances and all other kinds of magnetism can be used if necessary. In addition, as for the relative magnetic susceptibility, a measuring method of the magnetic susceptibility by Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2000-221251 can be used.
Also, in the liquid (subject liquid) introduced to the microscopic liquid channel of the invention gas of several % (weight %) or less and solid (unrestricted content) can be contained in dispersion; the case where liquid and gas are mixed in the so-called critical state is also included in the invention. It is because there is a case that the reaction condition is the most suitable in the critical state. In addition, there is a case where gases and solids are necessary for the operation of reaction etc. and especially solids is difficult to actively use in the conventional groove processing since there were many cases disturbing the flow. But in the liquid channel form microreactor formed by the magnetic barriers of the invention, these can be used advantageously since these are hardly obstacles.
In the microreactor of the invention, it is characterized in that the outside of the liquid channel can be filled with the surrounding liquid. Although the liquid channel is formed on a substrate of the microreactor, "the outside of the liquid channel" is said as to a portion that has no contact with the substrate of the liquid channel. In the microreactor formed by the conventional groove processing, it is not possible to install such surrounding fluid or if it is possible, only to limited space of an upper portion of the groove. In the invention, it is possible to set up the surrounding fluid since it is not needed for the outside to be sealed hermetically. As shown in
When surrounding fluid is liquid, there is action to enhance the magnetic effect of the liquid channel formed by the magnetic barriers of the invention by an interaction of the magnetism by the difference between the magnetism of the liquid running in the channel and magnetism of the magnetic susceptibility rate of surrounding liquid. Also, as reaction and mass transfer with the subject liquid and the surrounding liquid can also be done, it was made possible to conduct further widely the operation of reaction, mixing, extraction, absorption, etc. which the microreactor of the invention conduct. And the surrounding liquid also has temperature control function which has reaction etc. in the channel conduct at constant temperature.
Applying the microreactor of the invention and installing a solid in the outside of the microscopic liquid channel of the microreactor, it is possible to provide plating along with the liquid channel to the solid by plating solution flowing in the liquid channel. Here, as for the solid, metal, plastic, inorganic material and also natural material like wood and so on are used. Plating is said as to reducing and attaching metal ions dissolved in the solution on a surface of a solid of metal, plastics, etc. and there are electroplating that the solution deposit metal on a solid electrochemically by electrolyte and electroless plating that deposit metal coating on a solid surface by each other metal's chemical substitution, reduction reaction and so on, in the invention, the either mean can be used. Plating solution is said as to a solution the subject metal is dissolved. As for metals used for plating, various metals such as gold, silver, copper, tin, cobalt and aluminum can be used. Also, it is possible to produce a microscopic pattern to have magnetism by plating a material body having magnetism such as metal oxide of ferrite and so forth.
Applying a plating technology of the invention, it is possible to form further a ferromagnetic track material of a substrate for the microreactor of the invention. Namely, using the same material (a substrate to be processed) as a substrate of the microreactor of the invention (a substrate for processing) for a solid to be plated, it is possible to provide plating having magnetism in a band pattern on a substrate to be processed by flowing electrolyte containing metal oxide of ferrite etc., and salt of magnetic material of cobalt etc. in the microscopic liquid channel of a substrate for processing, and the plated substrate to be processed can be a microscopic liquid channel of liquid of a new microreactor of the invention.
As plating means in the invention, further developing a plating method using the abovementioned magnetic barrier. It is possible to provide electroless plating to a solid by flowing electroless plating solution in a liquid channel formed by magnetic barriers. Further by flowing electroplating solution in the liquid channel, it is possible to provide electroplating on an electroless plating layer generated by electroless plating (an additive plating method by a magnetic barrier mask). In an additive method by magnetic barriers of the invention, after taking the advantage of a conventional additive plating method, the magnetic barrier portion perform a role of a mask that liquid does not pass through (hereinafter a magnetic mask) at the same time ensuring a liquid channel that a plating solution passes through by magnetic barrier in stead of a photosensitive resin mask produced by the conventional photoresist. By conducting electroless plating and electroplating using this magnetic mask, circuit formation is performed. Masks by the conventional photosensitive resins have required complex processes such as a process to attach photosensitive resins, a process to expose a constant pattern and a process to elute an exposed portion resins or to elute unexposed parts by acting solution of photosensitive resins. Not only be expensive by complex processes but also eluting photosensitive resins in plating solution, reuse of plating liquid was hindered and made waste liquid treatment difficult. While on the other hand in the invention, these problems are all solved as such photosensitive resin masks are not used.
In an additive plating method using magnetic barriers of the invention, it is possible to make the outside of places flowing plating solution to be filled with surrounding liquid in both processes of electroless plating and electroplating. As for surrounding liquid, also various functions and effects in operation using magnetic barriers heretofore have described, can be effectively used too in the additive plating method using this magnetic barrier. Further adding to these functions, especially in plating, there are many cases that solution shall be connected with environmental pollution such as plating solution is poisonous that its role is especially important, preventing splashes of plating liquid and absorbing produced gases, and in electroplating, it plays effective role from also workability aspects such as no needs to directly contact a plating substrate with a counter electrode.
Moreover, applying a microreactor of the invention, and installing a solid in the outside of the microscopic liquid channel of the microreactor, it is possible to provide etching to the solid along the liquid channel by corrosive liquid flowing in the liquid channel. A solid in this case, also the same as plating case, metal, plastic, inorganic material and natural material such as wood are used too. Here, the corrosive liquid is said to the liquid that has action to chip off the solid by dissolution, corrosion, oxidation, reduction, etc. acting the solid to be processed. For example, when the solid to be processed is plastic, solvent to dissolve the plastic is used, and when the solid to be processed is metal, electrolyte to conduct electrolysis corrosion to the metal is used. In this electrolysis corrosion, electrolysis etching when applying current is also included. By such etching of the invention, microscopic groove processing and pattern processing consisted mainly of groove processing were made possible.
Further, when forming a microscopic liquid channel of a microreactor having a liquid channel formed by magnetic barriers of the invention, forming ferromagnetic track material on a substrate to be produced according to installing a substrate of the a microreactor going to produced (a substrate to be produced) with a little opening on a substrate of the microreactor of the invention (a microreactor for producing a substrate) and flowing plating solution with magnetism in the microreactor for producing a substrate, make it possible to manufacture the microscopic liquid channel of the microreactor having the liquid channel formed by magnetic barriers.
It is possible to form ferromagnetic track material of the invention by printing the materials including magnetic materials. As printing is to print a fine powder of magnetic materials in a band like on a substrate instead of pigment, not only normal printing means of transcription etc. but screen-printing, ink-jet printing, etc. can also be used. According to be printed "in a band like" of the invention, it is possible to produce a magnetic barrier easily and conveniently forming a microscopic liquid channel of the microreactor of the invention.
Advantages of the Inventions
In the microreactor by the conventional groove processing, although it had a defect to have larger viscosity resistance of liquid flowing the microscopic liquid channel as the more microscopically the liquid channel being made the larger surface area to volume of flowing liquid becomes, viscous resistance is lowered beyond comparison by the microreactor having the liquid channel formed by the magnetic barrier of the invention which is possible to lower down to almost ignorable degree. According to this, the flow of liquid in the microreactor becomes do so smooth that it was possible to increase substantially the function of the microreactor. Moreover, in the conventional microreactor by groove processing, the liquid flowing the microscopic liquid channel is basically laminar flow and has no mixing effect, but in the microreactor having the liquid channel formed by the magnetic barriers of the invention, the mixing effect has easily generated as viscosity resistance in the channel is extremely low, so that the reaction efficiency of the subject liquid in the microreactor can be greatly increased.
Also, it was possible to largely expand applicable scope of the reaction of the microreactor by introducing surrounding liquid to a reaction system in the invention that was impossible with the microreactor of the conventional groove processing, increasing magnetic effect by surrounding liquid and further enabling the mass transfer between the subject liquid flowing the microscopic liquid channel and surrounding liquid.
Further, in the conventional microreactor of groove processing, although it is impossible to eliminate gas generated by the subjected chemical reaction since the liquid flows in a solid wall; in the invention, the produced gas is easy to go out because it is not enclosed with a solid wall. Also, when it is enclosed with the surrounding liquid, it was also possible to absorb and eliminate the produced gas by choosing the surrounding liquid as the one easily absorbing produced gas. In addition, even when there exist solids deposited by the operation system such as reaction and solids contained in original liquid separated out by the difference of solubility; in the invention, it was possible to be the microreactor of no trouble to flow.
Moreover, the microreactor of the conventional groove processing is necessary to conduct microscopic groove processing by precise machining but the more the channel becomes microscopic, the more the processing becomes difficult and it was virtually difficult not merely from costwise to finish accurately enclosed space of microscopic liquid channel without a leak of the subject liquid. Also, the processing of the microscopic liquid channel having many curves to ensure a long reaction channel by making compact the microreactor was difficult to realize even with the latest technology. In the invention, only installing the ferromagnetic track on the substrate, it was easy to produce and possible to provide a liquid channel simply and conveniently how it is winded. Further, it was possible to adapt easily and conveniently also to the branching and the liquid channel of the parallel flow.
Moreover, by plating to a place of a microscopic and complex shape, conventionally, the treatment such as resist processing and water repellent finishing has brought to a microscopic and complex shape of the material to be plated, but conducting the water repellent finishing etc. leaving a microscopic pattern was not only at large cost, but also virtually difficult due to narrow space and complex shape. In the invention, it was enabled the plating to a microscopic portion in complex shape formed by ferromagnetic tracks using the liquid channel formed by the magnetic barriers of the invention.
In an additive plating method using the magnetic barrier of the invention, different from the conventional subtract method which produces cutting stock having irregular shape such as over-etched portion and under-etched portion, and different from irregular deposited surface such as burrs on wiring side surface when laminating as means for circuit formation using additive method not including the conventional etching, line width in the wiring of LSI etc. can be made finer than that of the conventional technology. Also, for electroplating, in the invention, a counter electrode can be placed away from a substrate since surrounding liquids can be used in plating environment, so that plating work becomes simple and easy. Then, in the plating method of the invention, plating solution is in a small quantity since the plating solution flows only through narrow liquid channels formed by the magnetic barriers, and its viscosity is low since photosensitive resin, as will be described later, does not mix in; that is, the plating solution can be handled easily. Furthermore, the plating method of the invention allows us to omit the processes to coat photosensitive resin and to remove it after exposure since photosensitive resin is not used as a mask in the conventional methods; because the magnetic barriers perform a role of the mask, not only the processes are simplified largely but also cyclic usage of plating becomes possible as photosensitive resin does not dissolved into waste liquid after plating, so that the processes become costwise cheaper and generate an outstanding effect, from an environmental point of view, for eliminating waste liquid treatment.
Furthermore, for the processing of grooves in microscopic and complex shapes, there are wire-cut-electric-discharge machines, and other methods to use laser or electron-beam; however, the wire-cut machines are mainly used for two dimensional processing, so that sometimes they were not applicable to materials in three dimensional complex shapes. Also, there were some cases where the method using laser or electron beam cannot be applied to the portions in three dimensional complex shapes where laser or electron beam cannot used. The invention makes it possible to fabricate grooves or etched forms in microscopic and complex shapes on a substrate by installing a ferromagnetic track to a chamfered substrate on which liquids flow to cut off the substrate. Then, using the products, microscopic liquid channels of the microreactor of the conventional type could also be produced.
Moreover, when forming microscopic liquid channels on the microreactor composed of the liquid channels formed by the magnetic barrier of the invention, installing a substrate of the microreactor to be produced (a substrate to be produced) is put in a small distance on a substrate of the microreactor of the invention (microreactor for substrate production), and then it is possible to manufacture the microscopic liquid channels of the microreactor having the liquid channel formed by the magnetic barriers by depositing ferromagnetic tracks on the substrate to be produced, which are made by flowing plating solutions for magnetization on the microreactor for substrate production.
Examples of the modes for the invention are described based on the drawings.
In comparison, 1.4 mol/dm3 nickel sulfate solution (the kinematics viscosity is 1.21 cSt) is injected into the same kind of channel as shown in
Since in
The invention is useful for microreactor with superb reaction efficiency since in spite of microscopic liquid channel, the viscous resistance from wall is low, and the mixing efficiency is high. Furthermore, this invention is useful for the applications such as plating onto microscopic and complicated places in shape and etching for microscopic and complicated patterns.
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|U.S. Classification
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|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


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27 Nov 2012 2:45 PM #1
Unanswered: Referencing cordova-2.2.0.js in app.json js object causes app not to start
I am working on a project using Sencha Touch 2.1 wrapped in Phonegap 2.2.0.
If (as advised) I specify the phonegap JS file as a dependency in the app.json file, rather than loading it as a script tag in index.html, upon fresh install to the iOS Simulator, the app starts, but the launch function is not fired. It subsequently works properly after starting it again.
If I remove the app from the simulator and re-install it, the problem always recurs on first execution.
If I remove the reference from app.json and put it as a script tag in index.html, it seems to work properly.
Any ideas as to what is going on here?

subset: commoncrawl


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Transportation Hotline
MPS will offer a Transportation Hotline to provide parents with information about bus routes starting at 8 a.m. Wednesday, July 27. The hotline telephone will be staffed by experienced drivers and supervisors Monday through Thursday until August 24. When the hotline is not staffed, parents may leave their address, the school and grade of each child, and a phone number, and they will get a return call with the information they need. The Hotline phone number is 334-223-6900. The email address is firstname.lastname@example.com. Where possible, parents are encouraged to use the email option.
Uniform Assistance Hotline
MPS parents may request help with securing uniforms and school supplies by calling 334-223-6809 July 11 - 14 and July 18 through 21 from 8:30 till 11:30 and 1:00 till 4:00. Resources are limited. Applications must be completed by telephone.
Summer school
Summer school will run from June 13 to July 21. More information can be found HERE.
2016-2017 Calendar
You can review the new 2016-2017 school calendar with details for each month by clicking here.
Zone Variance Requests and Employee Petitions
Zone variance requests and employee petitions for the 2016-2017 school year are available by clicking here.
Latest round of National Merit Scholarship winners includes 10 from LAMP
The National Merit Scholarship Corporation has announced its latest round of scholarships, and 10 of the recipients are Loveless Academic Magnet Program students. Hyun W. Cho, Ayla Eberly, Andrew J. Jones, Ashish S. Kaushik, Anna C. Norris, Riley K. Segars, Minye Seok, Weston W. Straw, Pamela J. Swan and Jade Victoria Teel have all received university-sponsored scholarships, the NMSC announced.
LAMP has a total of 17 National Merit Scholarship finalists for the 2015-2016 school year. This is the latest round in a series of forthcoming announcements about recipients of university-sponsored scholarships.
When the finalists were first announced, Swan said she planned to study medicine, and in particular pediatric anesthesiology. The scholarships are one sign that she and the other finalists are reaping the rewards of their hard work during their time in Montgomery Public Schools.
"It seems rough now, but it will help you," she said at the time of the initial announcement. "And that's a lot of the fun of senior year, is everything starts to kind of pay off."
Report: LAMP, BTW, BREWTECH are best schools in state
Montgomery Public Schools has the two best high schools in Alabama and three of the top 15 in the state, according to the 2016 U.S. News Best High Schools rankings. Loveless Academic Magnet Program was once again named the best high school in Alabama, and Booker T. Washington Magnet High School is ranked second. Brewbaker Technology Magnet High School was ranked at 15 on the state list. LAMP and BTW were the state's only high schools to be recognized as national Gold Medal Schools. Brew Tech was one of 27 high schools in Alabama awarded Silver Medal status.
LAMP has a national rank of 34, BTW is at 393 nationally, and Brew Tech has a rank of 1,530. The U.S. News rankings examined data from more than 21,000 public high schools across the country. The schools were ranked by state assessments, graduation rates and preparation for college.
You can find the U.S. News Best High Schools rankings for Alabama at The U.S. News website.
MPS makes mark in state ACT score comparison
Montgomery Public Schools has three of the top 25 high schools in the state when it comes to composite ACT scores, including the state's No. 1 school.
Loveless Academic Magnet Program is best in the state with a composite score of 28, two points higher than the number two school. Meanwhile, Booker T. Washington Magnet and Brewbaker Technology Magnet are tied for 11th in the state with a composite score of 22. The Public Affairs Research Council of Alabama compiled the list from the 2015 ACT test, and the news website al.com published the results.
BrewTech robotics teams go to world championship
BrewTech Robotics teams traveled to Louisville, Ky., to compete in the 2016 VEX World Competition. The 15 BrewTech students competed against students from 500 high schools from 37 countries and all 50 states, with more than 16,000 students in attendance. The team of Leo Hall and Dustin Smith was awarded the VEX Service Award for outstanding service to other teams in the engineering division. Of the more than one million students who participated in VEX Robotics competitions this season, only 500 made it to the World Championship.
Bear Exploration Center named National Blue Ribbon School
Bear Exploration Center is one of only 285 public schools in the nation to be named a 2015 Blue Ribbon School. Bear is one of five Alabama schools to receive the honor this year. It was designated an Exemplary High Performing School, which means it was one of the state's highest performing schools based on state and national assessments. The U.S. Department of Education chooses the Blue Ribbon Schools each year based on overall academic excellence or progress in closing achievement gaps.
You can watch Superintendent Margaret Allen's welcome back message to teachers by clicking here.
MPS "Be There" Parental Involvement Campaign: There are lots of ways a parent can become more involved in their child's education. Click HERE for some suggestions.
Montgomery Public Schools Backpack Food Partnership
MPS is inviting those interested in helping students who have been identified to be at risk for food insufficiency through its Backpack Food Partnership. We know that many families take advantage of MPS' no cost breakfast and lunch programs, but it is also very likely that some children go hungry over the weekend and during extended school breaks because there is little to eat at home. For more information about becoming a partner or to learn how you can help, click HERE.
MPS Offers No Cost Breakfast and Lunch Meals for Students
Montgomery Public Schools' Child Nutrition Program is participating in the Community Eligibility Provision (CEP) of the Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act for the 2015-2016 school year, which means all MPS students can receive breakfast and lunch at no charge. One breakfast and one lunch meal will be served to all students at no charge regardless of the eligibility status. Additional student meals will be charged the normal price of $1.00 for student breakfast, $1.75 for elementary student lunch, and $2.00 for middle and high school student lunch. A la carte item prices will also remain the same. Faculty meals will remain $1.75 for breakfast and $2.75 for lunch. Adult visitor meals will remain $2.50 for breakfast and $3.75 for lunch.
Algebra Matters!
Algebra I is the first in a series of higher level mathematics courses. Studies have shown that students who take Algebra I, Geometry, Algebra II and one additional high-level mathematics course, are much more likely to do well in college mathematics. However, Algebra I is not just for the college-bound student! Research has identified that mathematics skills required to work as an electrician, plumber, or upholsterer were comparable to those needed to succeed in college.
Algebra I is, in short, the gateway to success! As a result, Montgomery Public Schools would like to share with you resources that your child will find beneficial for preparing him/her to be successful in Algebra I during the 2015 - 2016 school year. The resources provided are engaging, interactive, student-centered and FREE!
Click Here for a quick pre-algebra refresher that will help you get ready for Algebra 1. You can even print the workbook or individual lessons.
Click here for more educational links including algebra.
Discover Card and the International Academy of Science have awarded Montgomery Public Schools more than $78,000 to fund a program to help high school students with disabilities transition to independent living. The funds will be used to provide computer based training for disabled students to help them master personal financial skills. Click HERE to learn more.
BTW Magnet High and Bear Exploration Center Schools Named Among Top Schools in the State By CLAS
Booker T. Washington Magnet High School and Bear Exploration Center have been selected as 2014-2015 CLAS Banner Schools by the Council of Leaders of Alabama Schools. The award recognizes schools or programs that serve as outstanding educational models for schools in Alabama. Of the 152 public schools that were nominated for this award, only 15 public schools received the distinction. Click HERE to find out more.
Past school board meetings are now posted to our Youtube Channel. Click the Youtube icon on our homepage or subscribe to our channel at the link below.
Follow MPS Athletics on Twitter!
Get updates and great info @MPSAthletics!
If you wish to receive emails and text messages on the latest MPS news, click the Notify Me button at the bottom of the menu on the left side of this page. Just follow the instructions and be sure to check the Communication Sign up box. You will receive an email to confirm your address before you will begin to receive notifications. There is no charge for text messages by MPS, but unless you have unlimited texting on your cellular phone plan, your carrier's rules and rates will apply.
Please encourage others who have an interest in our schools to sign up.
The INow Parent Portal (STI HOME) is available to any parent. This tool allows parents to view information on their child's progress, grades, attendance, etc.
To ensure the security of the information, parents must obtain a password from their child's school in person. A state-issued photo ID will be necessary to receive a user name and password.
Copyright © 2016 Montgomery Public Schools


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Video Industry News Video Company News Technology Industry News Technology Company News Novelty Industry News Novelty Company News Gay Industry News Gay Company News Legal Industry News All Company News
Released: Mar 01st, 2000
Running Time: 114
Director: Slain Wayne
Company: Extreme Associates
Cast: Autumn Haze, Paul Coxxx, Claudia Vega, Johnnie Jewel, Candi Kiss, Jessica Jewel, Tawni Lyons, Univage, Luciano (I)
Critical Rating: AAA 1/2
Genre: All-Sex
With a title like that, for good or ill, this one will market itself.
The sex here is generally enthusiastic, the action well-shot and the female talent various shades of fuckable. The production entire is another example of the (rather formulaic) Extreme Associates type, which features lots of athletic, greasy sex, gaping bungs, cummy faces and which results in sales and rentals galore.
This volume is remarkable in that the hottest segment features a pair of young women who, while striking and alluring, are other than what is thought of as traditionally beautiful by the current (but ever-evolving) porn aesthetic. Luciano, Extreme's in-house stud-boy, takes on Johnnie Jewel and Claudia Vega, who would be right at home at a Goth or fetish club but are a refreshing change o' pace on a mainstream porn set, and does so in what looks to be a chemistry-driven barn-burner fuckfest featuring lots of real-deal painting, deep kissing and wild-eyed ruttin'.


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Come and escape to Bali, The Island of the Gods! We cater for people of all fitness levels. You can train hard all week or just join in on the training that suits you. Recharge your batteries and come back home feeling fitter, stronger, healthier, revitalised and relaxed.
Located on the tranquil east coast of Bali, our accommodation is far enough away from the hustle and bustle but still close enough to visit the shops and attractions, if you want to. Set on the lush and unspoilt sands of Bali, our accommodation is blessed with a hypnotising view of the ocean.
Sat 23rd Jul – Fri 29th Jul, 2016
Sat 20th Aug – Fri 26th Aug, 2016
Sat 24th Sep – Fri 30th Sep, 2016
2017 Dates coming soon!


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Gonzales lies to the American people, but Bush says he did nothing wrong. No shame -- so typical of this administration.
I think Dan Froomkin said it best in today's Washington Post.
Bush oughta know from political theatre - every single gesture his administration has made (and I point especially to him on the rubble with the bullhorn and him on the flight deck with the "mission accomplished" banner) has been political theatre. And not even good political theatre.
We just keep waiting to see how boldly hypocritical the arrogance can get. Waiting. Waiting.
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The Egg and I, Estes Park: Breakfast in America - Part 2
Here we go again, still enthusing about American breakfast. It used to be the case back home that the British breakfast was the thing that most tourists raved about, but the breakfasts I've had here in the US far surpass most in the UK, both in quality and choice.
The Egg and I was no exception. This is a small chain of breakfast/lunch diners in several locations in Wyoming and Colorado, WITH the formica tables (although the blousy peroxide blonde waitress with the cigarette hanging from the corner of her mouth was sadly missing). We ate at the Estes Park branch, on Elkhorn Ave.
The 3 page menu has all the old favourites, ranging from simple bacon and eggs, through Eggs Benedict, various omlettes, pancakes etc. and then branches out into a few Mexican influenced dishes.
Favorite Dish: Tempted though I was by the Huevos, I finally plumped for the scrambled eggs with sweet peppers, sausage, wholewheat toast and accompanied by "Green chilli pork sauce".
This was spot-on, really tasty scrambled eggs with a hint of chilli, fresh herbs, peppers, tomato and spring onions. The sausage served as a side as was the delish "Green chilli pork sauce" - a sort of spicy relish, a bit like a cooked salsa with what I assume was finely diced pork fat through it - perfect way to awake the taste buds and to set up for a long drive.
Katherine had the Eggs Benedict, which she also enjoyed, though reckoned they weren't as good as the Arapahoe's - but then that's a difficult act to follow.
Including copious, and excellent, coffee and orange juice the bill came to just over $20. The service is also excellent , prompt and friendly, and the food appetisingly presented.
Well worth a visit!Related to:
- Road Trip
- Food and Dining
The Blue Parrot
The Colacci family opened the Blue Parrot in 1919 and is still operating the restaurant four generations later. It specializes in a full menu of Italian dishes that are made from scratch "grandma style." The restaurant is noted for its homemade thick-noodle spaghetti, ravioli, tangy spaghetti sauce, meatballs, and Italian sausage. The ambiance of the Blue Parrot is decidedly informal, with formica-topped tables and old wallpaper and paneling, making it reminiscent of small-town diners of a generation or two ago.
The Blue Parrot is, in my opinion, one of the best restaurants in Colorado. What it lacks in ambience it more than makes up for in its food. I can remember eating at the Blue Parrot when I was a small child living in Boulder in the mid-1960s. Even after I had left Colorado, I always remembered how good the spaghetti was. When we moved back to Colorado in 1977, we frequently went back to the Blue Parrot, and the quality of the food had not changed.
Favorite Dish: The Blue Parrot's homemade spaghetti, spaghetti sauce, meatballs, and Italian sausage are the best I have ever tasted anywhere, even in Italy.Add to your Trip Planner
Tasty Basil Asian Cuisine: Asian food at your door in Aurora :)
While staying with a friend in Aurora as a pit stop on a recent roadtrip, she introduced me to this wonderful take out place! Tasty Basil provides dine in, take out, or delivery. Since we had our meal delivered, I have no idea what their dining room is like, but the food that was delivered to our door as fantastic!
The menu is a combination of Thai, Chinese, Vietnamese, with a dash of Japanese thrown into the mix. We had a little of each of these ... Pad Thai, Wor Won Ton Soup, Cashew Chicken, Grilled Chicken, Jumbo Shrimp, Spring Rolls, and even a dish with Jalapenos to add some local flavor :)
Each dish was unique, but worked together to create a wonderful multicourse meal for our little group as we lounged about the living room eating like kings and queens.
Price is approximate and per person.Related to:
- Budget Travel
- Business Travel
- Road Trip
Timberline Deli: Good eating at the Timberline Deli in Ouray, CO
This is a neat little place to dive into when you need a quick bite before hitting the hot springs pool in Ouray. The server was very helpful with suggestions. They have sandwiches, bagels, soups and desserts.
We spent under $10 for the two of us for an early evening meal.
This is definitely a "family" friendly place.Add to your Trip Planner
Arapahoe Cafe and Bar: Breakfast of Champions
Now here is one place that did fit my pre-determined stereotype of small town America and I do not mean that to be, in any way, a disparaging comment. OK when one imagines a small town diner the first image that comes to mind is that of formica tables, blousy waitresses, the fat guy in the dirty T-shirt slapping stuff on the grill. The image that I had pre-dated the advent of formica: and The Arapahoe fitted perfectly.
The Arapahoe is basically a wooden shack, though I must admit a very upmarket wooden shack, with wooden interior, local photographs hanging on the walls, wooden tables and interesting condiment holders (salt and pepper pots). The staff are friendly and helpful and it has a very laid back atmosphere.
My companion and I breakfasted here twice in seven days and the food was excellent on both occassions.
Favorite Dish: Absolute favourite has to be Eggs Benidict, which was almost perfectly executed and a close runner-up was the biscuits and gravy - this is nothing like I had imagined it was going to be.
Firstly the biscuits were more like what I would call cobblers and the "gravy" was smoked sausage in a white sauce, accompanied by a couple of easy over eggs: this was also delicious.
It was almost worth going to Colorado purely to eat breakfast here and am seriously thinking about a return visit soonest, only because I haven't tried the Huevos Rancheros.
UPDATE 20-2-06 Had Huevos Rancheros for breakfast on Saturday - delish they were too!
ANOTHER UPDATE 27-02-06 Road House Hash - Corned beef hash with two eggs, wholewheat toast, add a splash of the Arapahoe hot sauce, ach this place is just too good - PS I am now 25 and a half stone!
The Arapahoe doesn't just do breakfast though, it also does, so I am told, excellent lunches and dinners and the happy hour is supposed to be well worth a visit too.
Unfortunately nowhere is perfect, I found the "smoking room" a trifle draughty! (see pic2)Related to:
- Romantic Travel and Honeymoons
- Food and Dining
Shanghai Pearl: Decent Chinese Food in Durango
This restaurant was located in one of the old buildings in the historic area of Durango. It looked fairly neat from the outside and I liked the decor inside. My waiter was a nice ethnic Chinese guy from Malaysia. The food was a bit of a disappointment, however. The Egg Drop Soup was too watery and had little taste. I ordered a Malaysian dish (don't remember what it was called, sorry) and it was fairly good. Overall, average. There are no doubt better places in Durango to eat but this might be okay if you really want Asian food.Related to:
- Business Travel
- Food and Dining
- Road Trip
The Red Barn: Great Steaks in Montrose
If you are staying at the Days Inn in Montrose and want a great steak or some prime rib you don't have to go far. The Red Barn is right across the parking lot. The menu includes a wide variety of fare: Italian, steaks, seafood, and traditional items like meatloaf. Hours are 11 AM to 10:30 PM Monday through Saturday. Sunday Brunch is 9 AM to 3 PM.
Favorite Dish: Try the excellent meatloaf or really anything on the menu.Related to:
- Food and Dining
- Road Trip
- National/State Park
Nero's: Great Restaurant in Cortez
The crappy motel I stayed at has a restaurant associated with it. Talk about night and day. Obviously all the money and effort go into the restaurant. Nero's has a fairly varied menu of Italian dishes (but no Veal Parmesan). Decor is okay. The weight staff was efficient and professional. Be advised though it is NOT cheap!
Favorite Dish: Try the excellent Shrimp Scampi.Related to:
- Luxury Travel
- Food and Dining
- Wine Tasting
Beau Jo's: Go for the house PIZZA
Very old place, fits right in with the rest of town. Assay office was in the ground floor and something else was on the second floor! Great atmosphere, fun for all ages. Parking in back.
Favorite Dish: The house pizza in a thing to see and eat. You buy it by the pound and can get just about anything on it. The real thick side crust, is in a word, GREAT. Put a little honey, yes honey on it wash down with a beer. This is life.Related to:
- Road Trip
- Romantic Travel and Honeymoons
- Historical Travel
The Bugle Bar: nature calls
Rocky Mountain National Park has a fair sized gateway town in Estes Park so if you are in the eastern portion of the park, you can head over there for a meal or a drink in the evening. On my trip in 1994, I visited Estes Park Brewery and it's a no frills kind of place that serves typical pub grub and run-of-the-mill micobrews made on the premises.
On the our most recent visit in 2008, we preferred to spend the limited time we had in the park, well in the park. Moraine Park Campground was amazing that September, not overly busy except for elk bugling and wandering around. Our spot was on a little hilltop and we loved not only having meals there but also hanging out and having a few local beers right in the midst of nature.
Favorite Dish: Cheese is a great thing to keep in your cooler. It keeps well and goes with just about anything. It goes particularly well with beer, another staple in our cooler. We like to stock up on beers from small breweries while traveling around the US, especially ones we can't get back home. La Folie was a real trophy beer. This Rodenbach Grand Cru clone is very tart and refreshing and offsets a nice brie or cheddar well.Related to:
- Luxury Travel
- Food and Dining
- Budget Travel
New Belgium Brewing Tasting Room: the biking brewery
The tasting room at New Belgium Brewing may not be a restaurant in a strict sense as no food is served but their many beers deserve to be treated in a culinary sense. It's a big high-ceilinged boisterous room with a huge oval bar which is manned by three or four very able bartenders. These people are über servers but beyond that, they are entertainers and great promoters of New Belgium Brewing. This place would be worth going to even if you didn't like beer! If you do like beer, they give you four free samples of about four ounces each.
If you do not like beer, perhaps you have not tried the right ones. Mass-produced lagers made by the big American brewers tend to be tasteless affairs but there are many great beers being produced by regional brewers across this great land. Many times, I have given a beer to a friend who claimed to not like beer only to have them say this did not taste like beer to them. So, do not shortchange beer, it's the world's oldest fermentable beverage and its range of styles easily matches and perhaps surpasses wine.
They had 12 beers on tap the day we tried 10 of them in addition to La Folie: 1) Old Cherry-Light sourish cherry brew w/ fruity dry flavor. Not Rodenbach but perhaps easier to drink for the masses. 2) Loose Lips Saison-Semi sour dry session ale. Could be a tad hoppier but again all to easy to drink. 3) Abbey-Original New Belgium beer and its most highly awarded. Nice take on an abbey double. Clove & fried fruit plus lots of malt. Fairly dry finish for alcohol content. Not super complex but again hallmark easy to drink. 4) Giddy Up-Amber espresso ale w/ definite bitter coffee palate. Fairly dry finish & all too easy to drink. 5) Abbey Grand Cru-9.6%-Amped version of their Abbey to commemorate their anniversary and only been made three times. More pronounced dried fruit & alcohol notes but remained fairly dry. 6) Sunshine-Light golden filtered wit beer w/ corriander notes but lighter in body and flavor than a true wit. 7) Mothership Wit-Unfiltered honey hued classic wit w/ zesty coriander palate. 8) Trippel-Deep golden w/ lacy head. Huge malty palate w/ spicy notes. Bitters slightly in semi-dry finish. 9) Blue Paddle-Light bodied w/ fluffy white head. True to form pils in Czech style. Hoppy & bitter but well balanced. Crisp dry finish. More like a German pils actually. 10) Mighty Arrow Pale Ale-Deep golden w/ thin lasting head and nice lacework. Floral hoppy bouquet and palate. Dry but bitterness well-balanced by ample malt. Very nice.
As you can see, the brewery's hallmark is drinkability and that's why it has become a big player in the regional marketplace. While most of them are not ground breakers, they are well crafted and they do have their experimental beers like La Folie which do push the envelope a bit. La Folie is an intensely tart beer that takes on cherry notes though no fruit is in the beer. The wild yeast strains impart this very Flemish aspect. It is aged in big oak barrels so expect some of these notes as well. At $18 a 750ml bottle, it is a bit pricey when you consider you can get the same size bottle of Rodenbach Grand Cru for half that much but it is a valiant (and successful) attempt at making a classic (and unfortunately dying) beer style on US soil. It is not more than a good bottle of wine and believe me, far rarer. It is an acquired taste but if you like tart things, this is just fantastic.
We paid $26 for a six-pack of their Abbey which came in true to shape abbey style bottles that really mimic those in Belgium and the big bottle of La Folie. The tastings, tour and fun were free.
Get there early or bring your German wife to ensure a spot on the tour. No German wife? I'd suggest getting one of those too. I LOVE mine!
Favorite Dish: If you are looking for something to eat before or after the tour, try Coopersmiths Brewpub at 5 Old Town Square in downtown Fort Collins. They have an extensive menu and their house-brewed beers are excellent too. I ate their on my first trip to Colorado in 1994 but did not have time to stop by on the recent 2008 one.Related to:
- Road Trip
- Food and Dining
- Beer Tasting
Falafel King Restaurant: man does not live on beer alone
Man does not live on beer alone and brewpub food can get a bit repetitive. D & I love middle eastern food so when we were strolling around Boulder the day after our Boulder brewpub excursion and knowing we'd be eating dinner at yet another brewpub in Denver that night, we happened upon Falafel King. This very small eatery is right on Pearl Street so very convenient. They had outside seating and it was a glorious day so very happy with the choice. Your order inside and carry the food out cafeteria style so you avoid having to tip. It's a great place to people watch and enjoy the very carefree atmosphere of Boulder.
Favorite Dish: We ordered a Felafel Vegetarian Plate which came with six felafels and two Mediterranean sides, we chose baba ganoush and hummus. We split this as well as a schawarma sandwich on pita bread. They were nice and gave us a couple of free glasses of water, much needed by me after a night of sampling the town's great beers. It was not the very best middle eastern food we've ever had but we've had some very good stuff. It was certainly good and to be honest, it is rare to find truly bad food of this type. It's tasty and fairly healthy to boot.
We paid $17 for the two meals,
Leave a CommentRelated to:
- Budget Travel
- Food and Dining
- Road Trip
Avery Brewing: crem de la crem
Avery Bewing is the big boy of Colorado craft beer. Though it was around (just barely) on my 1994 swing through the state, it was not well known until winning a gold medal that very autumn at the Great American Beer Festival. It's been all up since then and we can even get their well-made beers in South Florida now. Despite their success, the remain a quirky affair and was every glad we decided to stop at their tasting room on our way back from Denver, heading towards South Dakota. It was the highlight beer-wise of our 2008 Colorado visit though I guess New Belgium was the most fun.
Avery Brewing is located in an ugly industrial complex on the outskirts of Boulder so the average tourist would never make it out there. With only one night in town, even a beer aficionado like myself didn't make it. But I did take the long way to South Dakota from Denver with a brief re-visit to Boulder only a day after the first for one reason only: Avery Brewing! Once you walk in the door of the tasting room, it's less than ideal location fades. It's a nice roomy, all wood bar with a small bar at which you place your orders. The bartender was very friendly. You get five wooden tokens for free and each one is worth a healthy six-ounce sample. The had many of their noted beers on tap. Since my wife was nice enough to drive the remaining leg of our escape from Colorado, she gave me most of her tasters so I had ten to work with. The bartender was a bit lax on collecting the tokens and I purchased a few extras so had more than my share. Hey, I don't know when I'll ever get back out here again!
At the time, they did not serve any food but I see from their website that they now have some simple items. Since they had no food, the bartender said we could order food from somewhere else for delivery. We opted to sit outside since it was a sunny warm day and broke out the cheese and Wasa bread, the perfect accompaniment to the great beers of Avery. 1) White Rascal-5.6%-Honey hued authentic Belgian style witbier w/ corriander/clove interplay. Nice clean finish. Well done. 2) Ellie's Brown-5.6%-Rich malty brown ale w/ spicy overtones, reminiscent of a Marzen. 3) Old Jubilation-8%-Mahogany Christmas ale, spicy from addition of fine malts rather than spices. Just the right hops to make for an amazingly clean finish for a beer of this strength. 4) Salvation-9%-Golden pale ale in the Duvel mold. Firm malty palate but drying well in semi-bitter finish. All too easy to drink at this strength. 5) Kaiser Imperial Oktoberfest-9.5%-cask-Super rich malty fest style lager w/ some spicy notes. Not as crisp & dry as a true Marzen but then again about 4% stronger. A little disappointing, it sounded almost too good to be true.
Favorite Dish: 6) Collaboration-Avery's Belgian Double mixed with Russian River's (noted brewery in Santa Rosa, CA)-Unfiltered amber w/yeasty fruit palate. Semi-dry clean finish. Very nice. 7) The Reverend-10%-Huge malt presence w/ dried fruit & cherry overtones in Avery's attempt at a Quadrupple. Slightly sour semi-dry finish. Not bad for something so ambitious. 8) Liquor Mart Pale Ale-Deep golden Belgian style pale ale with fruit palate and clean fry finish. Bad name for a very good beer. Surprising. 9) Maharaja Imperial IPA-11%-Talk about huge malt. Talk about huge hops. Talk about all too easy to drink for 11%. A Beautiful mix of bready malt and citrusy hops. Clean dry finish. Another winner. 10) IPA-6.5%-Light golden firm hoppy brew well-balanced with Munich malt which imparts some fruitiness. Dry and bitter but not overly so. Very nice. 11)IPA-cask-Softer body but same same lovely interplay of hops and malt as above. 12) Ale to the Chief-dry-hopped-Rich malty toffee overtones w/ equally big hop presence making for a balanced complex ale with along dry finish. Lovely.
We bought some bottles for later too: 13) Out of Bound Stout-Black w/ tan head. Very dry and bitter stout that remains quite drinkable and smooth due to generous malt additions. 14) Hog Heaven-9.2%-Avery's barley-wine is slightly filtered w/ a massive head and citrus hop nose. Huge malt palate but easily balance by equally huge hop additions. 15) The Czar Imperial Stout-11.7%-Black opaque w/ dense tan head and dried fruit/anise nose. Full-bodied massive stout w/ roasty malt palate and bittersweet finish. Fairly dry considering how the strength.
We paid $21 for our extra beers and bottles to go plus tip. This is a great stop. Just make sure you have a designated driver or if staying in town, take a taxi! Thanks, D. :)
Leave a CommentRelated to:
- Road Trip
- Food and Dining
- Beer Tasting
Mountain Sun: not quite what I remembered
Mountain Sun was one of the brewpubs from my 1994 first visit to Colorado that I wanted to return to most. It ranked second after Wynkoop in Denver for that honor. I remember it being this incredibly cool place, with a big oval bar, great friendly bartenders and locals that welcomed you like you had been coming there for ages. I was a little perplexed to walk into a narrow long restaurant with a very small bar all the way at the rear. It was packed, that much was familiar but grabbing a stool at the bar looked entirely out of the question so we queued up for a table. Once we got one of those, everything else fell into place. It was still this alternative-looking place but now it seemed to be more a restaurant and it had lost much of its charm for me. It was none-the-less a nice place to celebrate our successful stint at Rocky Mountain National Park.
After five days of camping, we were both dying for some meat. Beef being the choice, we both opted for the Bacon Cheese Burger ($6.95)-1/3 lbs of all natural, antibiotics/steroid free Colorado beef topped with cheddar, a few nice strips of bacon (not sure if this was so natural!), tomato and lettuce. It came with corn chips but we paid the extra buck to get their fresh cut french fries. They were well worth it and the burgers were top notch. They seemed a bit small but maybe we were just hungry from all the hiking!
Favorite Dish: The beers were good but nothing really special. I guess back in 1994, this was one of the first places I visited and to be honest, the overall quality of craft beer back then was not as good as it is today. At any rate, the they went down well. 1) Annapurna Amber-nitro-Unfiltered amber w/ creamy head and mouthfeel. Great mix of hops & malt. Nothing out of the ordinary but well made and easy to drink. 2) Colorado Kind Ale-Dark amber w/ run of the mill hops/malt mix. Would have been better if waiter had brought this before above as I had ordered it! 3) Isadore Java Porter-Black w/ thin tan head and coffee nose. Bitter chocolate palate and semi-dry bitter finish. Nice. 4) Old School Dry Irish Stout-nitro-Black w/ creamy tan head. A real Guinness clone with sourish malt interplayed well with roasty bitterness. Not my style but very well made. 5) Illusion Dweller IPA-nitro-Unfiltered amber. A very clean dry hoppy beer made smoother by intro serve. Decent malt presence. Probably the best of the non-dark beers. Stick to the porter if that's what you normally drink.
Sixteen ounce pints were $3.50. Eight once glasses are a whopping $2.75! Happy Hour 4-6.
We paid $45 for dinner, beers, and tip.Related to:
- Beer Tasting
- Food and Dining
- Road Trip
Walnut Brewery: glad I went back
The Walnut Brewery was not on the agenda of my return visit to Boulder in 2008. Though it must have been good enough in 1994 to prod me into buying one of their t-shirts, it did not look overly promising when I check out their website prior to returning. It looked to have gone a bit upscale and corporate and with only one night in town, I figured Mountain Sun would do the trick. While walking around town after having dinner at Mountain Sun, we just happened to walk right by the Walnut Brewery and my wife nicely agreed to going in for just one beer. It was a very nice place but as I had envisioned, a bit corporate and upscale. We sat at the bar since we were not intending on eating.
Favorite Dish: Once we saw the menu, we realized were not exactly stuffed from our burgers at Mountain Sun so decided to split the special of the day: pork loin over mashed potatoes with green beans. Though pricier than Mountain Sun, it was heavenly and we probably could have eaten a whole one each despite having already eaten. Hiking and camping in freezing temperatures burns a lot of calories I guess!
The beers were surprising good. 1) Oktoberfest-Rich malty fest beer w/ some spicy notes. Not too sweet and semi-dry finish. 2) Devil's Thumb-Black w/ thin tan head. Roasty bitterness w/ some chocolate notes. 3) 1123 IPA-cask-Light golden w/ thin creamy head and soft mouthfeel. Dry and slightly bitter. Easy drinking session beer.
We paid $28 for three pints, the one meal and tip.Related to:
- Road Trip
- Food and Dining
- Beer Tasting
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I would be interested in getting a Net Banking project(academic project) done by you. Please find attached the requirements document for the same.
I would be interested in getting a 'special package' for the above mentioned project. Please have a look at the requirements document and let me know if it can be done and the timeframe needed to do the same.
If you have a ready-to-deploy project with a feature set similar to the requirements in the document, do let me know about the same.
Awaiting an early and positive reply.
Internet banking is a subject receiving great attention in the banking industry and the regulatory community. Online Banking isn't out to change your money habits. It simply uses today's technology to give you the option of bypassing the time-consuming, paper based aspects of traditional banking in order to manage your finances more quickly and efficiently. Today, most large national banks, many regional banks and even smaller banks and credit unions offer some form of online banking variously known as PC banking, home banking, electronic banking or Internet banking. Those that do are sometimes referred to as "brick-to-click" banks, both to distinguish them from brick and mortar banks that have yet to offer online banking, as well as from online or "virtual" banks that have no physical branches or tellers whatsoever.
Evolution of Banking:
Banking started by the Templar Kinghts in the middle ages for the pilgrims to Jerusalem. Banking evolved from coinage to currency in the 20th century with the nationalization of bank of England. Swiss Banks started the process of wire transfer of money between countries. Rising popularity of banks induced new developments such as credit cards, ATM's, mobile alerts etc.. The latest phase in the evolution is the advent on online banking.
This project aspires to be a simulation of sorts for a network bank in the near future. If coupled with appropriate and some additional software, this system can be turned into an ATM software. Its also limited to online fund transfer between customers of other banks, buying and selling of mutual funds and also payment of bills electronically which can be worked out in future.
1.4 Overview:
This portal allows customers to do their banking outside of bank hours (which tend to be very short) and from anywhere where the internet access is available. Thus we have communication with the bank and/or performance of transaction through the internet network. Thus it saves time, money and effort with providing flexibility if the security is unbeaten. This portal would provide features such as:
Providing balance and transaction history search
Fund transfer between customers of same bank.
Order new statements
Viewing, downloading and printing account statements.
Viewing current cheque status.
Changing of passwords at your own convenience.
Online updating contact details.
Opening and viewing of fixed deposit summary.
Request of Demand draft.
Payment of credit card bills.
Stop payment of cheque.
Secure account origination and customer verification.
Use of single factor authentication mechanism.
The methodology for collection of user requirements was based on the visit to an organization and collecting the information on the existing features and the additional users requirements. A draft methodology and a work plan were made. This draft was based on both the collection of user requirements through interviews with selected end users and analysis of this information.
This software helps to provide online transactions to the bank customers. It also makes the information available online yet having a tight security of the information of the customers.
The existing system is also automated software built on .NET technology. It also includes various facilities included in online transactions like A/C Information, online transactions, request of services etc. Thus it fulfils the requirement of online transactions but hinders in the path of security. Its well known the security feature and the performance feature is more in case of java when compared with .NET technology. It also supports multithreading and is robust. Java goes well with networking and uses three methodologies namely URL, Datagram and Sockets.
Double Layered Security
Server can terminate a client port.
Secure Login
Logs are stored to detect fraudulence.
Object Oriented Language
Simple and Architecturally Neutral
Portable and Distributed
High performance and security
Interpreted and Dynamic
Multithreaded and Robust.
Java and Networking goes hand in hand using three methodologies
FD : Fixed Deposit
A/C : Account
URL : Universal source Locator
DD : Demand Draft


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I had Windows 7 installation, and my drive had following partition structure as I found in Gparted in Ubuntu LiveCD session.
- 100 mb system partition (Primary)
- Windows 7 partition (60 GB) (Primary)
- Data partition 1 (Primary)
- 25 GB unallocated space.
- Extended Volume.
- Data Partition 2.
- Data Partition 3.
Now, I attempted to Install Ubuntu in 25 GB partition, but installer didn't allowed me to install saying that I cannot have any additional primary partitions. Hence, I thought that 100 mb partition (which was primary) is not needed since it is created when we install Windows on a clean computer without any partitions existing. So I deleted that partition, and than proceeded with Ubuntu installation.
Everything went fine and I was even asked by Ubuntu installer to import any settings from existing Windows installation. But, when I restarted to boot into newly installed Ubuntu, I was not presented with boot menu to choose from booting into Ubuntu or Windows, and was directly booted into Ubuntu. I tried running
sudo update-grub2 but it didn't found my Windows installation. So, I booted from Windows install CD and tried to repair it from there, but it was unable to find my Windows installation. Also,
C: was no longer the Windows partition, instead it was
I know I might have made a mess, but how can I recover my Windows installation back as it was before Ubuntu installation, I'm fine in removing Ubuntu for now if it is required to get Windows back.


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This plugin is a great idea. I think this functionality should be part of core.
Unfortunately the plugin doesn't work for me so I'll have to do it the old way.
When I try to change the language to Bulgarian, I get the following message:
"There is no translations available for Bulgarian (bg_BG)."
Any ideas why this happens?
I tried also other languages. With some it worked (French, German), with others it didn't (Spanish es_ES, Catalá).


text: 000 FXUS64 KFWD 252348 AAA AFDFWD Area Forecast Discussion...UPDATED National Weather Service Fort Worth TX 648 PM CDT MON JUL 25 2016 .AVIATION... The scattered showers and thunderstorms that developed this afternoon will decrease in areal coverage after sunset. Have just left a TEMPO -shra in the Metroplex TAF sites through 01z. For Waco have placed 6sm -shra and vcts through 02z. Scattered showers and thunderstorms are expected to develop again Tuesday after 17z. For now have just placed VCSH in the Metroplex TAFs from 20z to 00z and VCTS in the Waco TAF from 19z to 00z. Outside of thunderstorms, expect VFR conditions with east to southeast winds 5 to 10 knots. 58 && .PREV DISCUSSION... /ISSUED 309 PM CDT MON JUL 25 2016/ A large swath of deep Gulf moisture has invaded North and Central Texas today in response to a slow-moving inverted trough which has finally worked its way in from the east. This is all occurring as an upper level ridge which brought the triple digit heat over the weekend retrogrades westward into the 4-corners region. With the shear axis aloft and a moist and unstable airmass now in place, the ingredients for diurnal convection will come together each day across the forecast area for most of this week. A deck of mid level clouds which moved overhead this morning prolonged the onset of storms today (compared to what earlier guidance indicated), but once the mid 90s convective temps were reached we have seen scattered convection bubbling across the region. We should continue to see a gradual increase in coverage through late afternoon, before the peak heating hours wane and storms taper off. One concern with these storms will be locally heavy rainfall and possible flooding due to the high moisture environment in place and slow southwest cell motion. Fortunately, it appears that the flood threat would remain isolated due to the scattered and pulse nature of the thunderstorm activity. An additional concern will be downburst winds as occasionally intense cores collapse on themselves. An isolated damaging wind threat cannot be ruled out, though the vast majority of this afternoon`s storms should remain sub-severe. Convection will begin to wane this evening with the loss of surface heating, and any activity during the overnight hours should remain isolated in nature. Warm and humid conditions will prevail overnight with above-normal low temperatures expected. With high dewpoints and light winds, air quality will become an issue during the day on Tuesday. The TCEQ has gone ahead and issued an Ozone Action Day for the Metroplex for Tuesday. Showers and storms should begin to develop again during the afternoon hours with brief heavy rain and gusty winds being the main concern. Convection will be scattered in nature, and any flooding threat should be limited to small lines or clusters in the vicinity of outflow mergers. Little change in the weather pattern is expected through the end of the work week with primarily diurnally driven convection expected each day. Activity should remain scattered and POPs will generally range from 30 to 50 percent. By Saturday, the upper level ridge to our west will begin to once again expand eastward into the Southern Plains. Low POPs will be kept across the eastern half of the forecast area over the weekend before hot and dry weather returns area-wide early next week. 30 && .PRELIMINARY POINT TEMPS/POPS... Dallas-Ft. Worth 79 97 79 97 79 / 20 30 10 30 20 Waco 77 95 76 95 78 / 30 40 20 40 20 Paris 76 95 76 94 75 / 20 30 10 30 20 Denton 75 96 77 95 77 / 20 30 10 30 20 McKinney 76 96 76 96 77 / 20 30 10 30 20 Dallas 80 96 79 97 79 / 20 30 10 30 20 Terrell 76 95 76 94 77 / 20 30 10 30 20 Corsicana 77 95 76 94 76 / 30 40 20 40 20 Temple 76 94 74 94 76 / 30 50 20 40 20 Mineral Wells 75 95 75 96 76 / 20 30 10 30 20 && .FWD Watches/Warnings/Advisories... None. && $$ 58/90


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Easy Web Performance Optimization (WPO) using caching: browser, page, object, database, minify and content delivery network support.
Block 250+ spam sites, such as semalt.com and 4webmasters.org! Keep your website safe and your Google Analytics statistics clean and accurate.
In IIS, wordpress use Chinese Tag permalink
Admin Flush W3TC Cache works with the W3 Total Cache plugin. It simply adds an "Empty All Caches" option to every Admin page.
Validates the URL used and if not matching the official permalink then it issues a HTTP 301 or HTTP 404 message.
This plugin makes WordPress' default permalinks behavior work with ISAPI Rewrite 3 (which supports .htaccess files).
This plugin will allow 100% pretty permalinks on IIS 6/7.


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No celebration is complete without a signature drink.
All the Kinds of Moms I Want to Punch at Christmas
No celebration is complete without a signature drink to toast the season. So go ahead and pick your poison.More
We spiked the punch bowl with a cinnamon-infused simple syrup and whiskey for your holiday sipping pleasure.
Get the recipe for Citrus Whiskey Punch »
Rum and nutmeg stirred into melted vanilla ice cream create this ridiculously easy three-ingredient eggnog. Bonus: You can make it up to a day ahead, and no raw eggs required.
Get the recipe for Easiest Ever Eggnog »
12 Cheerful Pallet Projects That Welcome Christmas


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** Super Coolbie **
Joined: 26 November 2009
Posts: 86468
On the festival of Dussehra, people celebrate the triumph of good over evil as effigies of ten-headed Raavan are burnt through the length and breadth of the entire country. On the same day the " CID" team is faced with a series of chilling murders and beheaded dead bodies.
ACP Pradyuman and his team of cops are faced with a bizarre crime. On the day when everyone is heading towards their nearest Ramleela ground, to witness Raavan's defeat, the "CID" team, finds a headless dead body in a jungle with an unused cinema ticket. The search for the killer in the show leads the team to a series of murders that left the victims' bodies headless. While investigating, the cops chance upon one murder after the other, and some mysterious actions finally lead them to the killer, who is all set to kill yet another innocent girl.
Is there any connection between these headless bodies and Dussehra? Will the cops be able to solve the mystery behind all these murders?
Tune in catch all the drama in the Dussehra special episode of "CID" on October 8.
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CID celebrates a decade of thrills.....
Author: madeforme Replies: 8 Views: 1325
|06 March 2007 at 1:47pm by nighatjahan
After essaying negative roles in various shows, the actor is all set ...
The actor will be seen essaying a negative role on Sony TV's popular ...
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Qubool Hai Shocker: Aahil (Karanvir) Is Tanveer's Son; Her Daughter To Enter Soon!
Qubool Hai's latest lead Aahil Raza Ibrahim, Karanvir Bohra, is Tanveer's son and fate has brought him to Asad and Zoya's daughter Sanam, Surbhi Jyoti. His sister and Tanveer's daughter, will enter the show soon and will be played by actress Anushka Singh.
Karanvir's character Aahil, is a businessman who is in Sanam, Surbhi's, small town to buy a property and gets held up due to delayed paperwork. This is where he runs into Sanam and the difference in their social and economical status cause sparks (in a bad way) between them. The duo hate eachother and their hatred keeps them connected, until when Tanveer enters the scene.
Tanveer is the same person who killed both Sanam's parents and Qubool Hai's sweethearts, Asad and Zoya 20 years ago. And Aahil turns out to be her son. Aahil, apparently is not her only offspring. In the near future, Tanveer's daughter will enter the show too. This character is said to be played by Anushka Singh.
Reports even say that there are many other characters entering the show very soon. Some of them are said to be played by Vaishali Nazreth, Surabhi Chandana, Piyush Suhane.
Until now, the show dealt with the hatred between Aahil and Sanam. With Tanveer entering the show, the show is going to take serious turn in events. Will Tanveer recognize Sanam, as she, obviously, has stark resemblances with Zoya? Let's wait and watch Zee TV's Qubool Hai.


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Conductive ink for drawing circuits for flexible electronic books, displays, wearables
January 10, 2014
Chinese researchers have developed a novel conductive metal ink made of copper nanosheets that can be used in a pen to draw a functioning, flexible electric circuit on regular printer paper.
This development could be a step beyond the inkjet-printed circuits that KurzweilAI previously reported. The new process could pave the way for a wide range of new bendable gadgets, such as electronic books that look and… read more


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Howdy, I just wrote a hack-shaped plugin, and I ran into a really vexing issue.
The reason it is a "hack-shaped" plugin is because I call plugin functions directly from my template files.
Why do I do that? Glad you asked. The add_filter() function doesn't have hooks for the "get_" versions of functions like "the_content()." I am a complete, drooling control freak, and I won't display content that I haven't had my way with, so I don't call the_content(). Instead, I call get_the_content(), and brutalize the content before echoing it.
It drove me crazy trying to figure it out. I'm sure that somewhere in the Codex, it mentions this, but, for the life of me, I couldn't find it. That's actually a common problem with forum-driven and wiki documentation. The information may be there, but I can't find it.
Just figured I'd mention it, and ask if there's a reason we can't apply filters and hooks to the "get_" versions of functions.
I also need to set a cookie, so I have to call a function at the beginning of my header display. I can find no hook or filter that can give me access to the output before all other headers.


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I'm a multi-genre writer (poetry, fiction, nonfiction) and a performance artist. In my writing, I wrestle with questions of gender, power, identity, complicity, and harm. Even so, I still find the world beautiful.
Meet Me Halfway, my collection of short stories about race relations in Milwaukee, was published by University of Wisconsin Press in spring 2015.
I serve as a board member of the Council for Wisconsin Writers and the Driftless Writing Center.


text:
How do I protect my computer from malware?
Episode 1188
Jim has been watching some of Leo's podcasts and is concerned with security on his PC. What antivirus software should he use on Windows 8.1? Leo says that Microsoft ships Windows Defender for free and that's all he needs. But he should remember that an antivirus is only as good as his own behavior. What about MalwareBytes? Leo says that while Malware Bytes is effective, he can actually do more harm than good if he doesn't know what he's doing. And if his computer has been infected, he will have no idea if he actually removed all of it or not.


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Jumpstart that Chicago getaway
Top Abe Lincoln attractions
Kid approved attractions
A road trip back in time
Explore Illinois' wilder side
Vineyards, B&Bs & wine trails
Food trips for every appetite
Trips for active travelers
Pridefests & fab attractions
Ultimate guys getaway guide
Unusual attractions around Illinois.
An epic journey through Illinois.
This nine-hole golf course opened in 1967.
Washington County State Recreational Area
Washington County State Recreational Area - Nashville, IL
Rainbow Ranch Petting Farm