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Founded in 1943, ASCD (formerly the Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development) is an educational leadership organization dedicated to advancing best practices and policies for the success of each learner.
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Pippa Davies @PippaDavies 's insight:
A new interdisciplinary approach is great in theory but perhaps harder to implement. Looking forward to see how Finland handles this approach, it looks like they have a plan.
Pippa Davies @PippaDavies 's insight:
Awesome resources and lesson plans in all subjects on this e learning site for gr K-12.
Trinidad Garza Early College High School uses six key instructional strategies to prepare students for higher education.
Pippa Davies @PippaDavies 's insight:
Good article on creating strategies for high school students to make them independent learners and critical thinkers.
Our STEM course features a rotation model, where four different teachers take turns guiding students through a single STEM project
Pippa Davies @PippaDavies 's insight:
Teaching STEM requires a team approach!
Ivon Prefontaine's curator insight, May 2, 10:15 AM
Teaching together makes sense. The challenge is we have walls, literal and figurative, that impede getting together.
We are cultivating a global network of web literacy leaders who are teaching and learning the most important skills of our age: the ability to read, write and participate in the digital world. Our programs and resources can help you make an impact in your community, and participate in an openly networked world.
Pippa Davies @PippaDavies 's insight:
Global literacy group of leaders who teach fundamentals of web searching and evaluation.
From www
BuiNew research reveals surprising truths about why some work groups thrive and others falter.
Pippa Davies @PippaDavies 's insight:
Building the perfect team research from Google teams.
Between self-driving cars and hoverboards, futuristic technology seems closer than ever. Nowhere is this more of a reality than in the field of robotics.
Pippa Davies @PippaDavies 's insight:
Robots in education for online learning and special education.
15 Characteristics of 21st Century Learners via @edutopia https://t.co/uXTZt5WPuw #edtech #edtechchat https://t.co/KNrktVElSp...
Pippa Davies @PippaDavies 's insight:
Basics for 21st century learners and teachers.
Ivon Prefontaine's curator insight, January 22, 3:07 PM
What happened to human and humane qualities i.e. compassion, caring, thoughtful, etc. that suggest teachers answer a call?
valerie wijaya's curator insight, March 18, 10:07 AM
i agree with what the author has said as in order to be a good teacher, you should be able to interest the students and in the 21st century, children are more interested in using technology so using technology in class is a great way to teach. in the future, in order to appeal to their students, i think teachers will start using technology as ways to teach. for example, assigning work online to make it more acessible and easier for students, it also helps the environment and less paper would need to be used. under technology influences, there will be pros and cons. the pros are that students are taught how to do their own research and find out more information online than in the textbook but the cons are that students will also be easily distracted by online games and lose focus on what their original task was. another pro of using technology is that students are able to easily contact teachers to clear up any questions they have about their work via email, call or text. i think both students and teachers will benefit from using technology as they are able to interact more and also be more independant by learning by themselves and learn how to not rely on the teacher too much.
Nicole Findlay's curator insight, June 2, 4:54 AM
A basic, concise list of characteristics of a 21st century teacher. Keeping these things in mind will help being able to engage them in the classroom.
Every three years, the Programme of International Student Assessment conducts an assessment of educational programs provided in countries across the world.
Pippa Davies @PippaDavies 's insight:
Canada is one of the top education systems in the world according to this PISA report!
15,000+ printable worksheets, 300+ online games, and everything else parents and teachers need to help kids succeed.
Pippa Davies @PippaDavies 's insight:
Great resources for teaching students in K-3 for math and science, including lesson plans, curriculum, games etc.
Pippa Davies @PippaDavies 's insight:
Great diagram of 21st c pedagogy explained in a nutshell.
In my new book, "The Innovator's Mindset", one of the things that I discuss is understanding that we are not able to change others, but are able to create the conditions where change is more likely...
Pippa Davies @PippaDavies 's insight:
Awesome ideas for improving innovation #mindset within your school.
The flood of edtech tools that teachers are presented with has been staggering over the last several years, and continues to be this way. A quick glance on Twitter or any edtech conference program shows this. In fact, just typing "edtech industry" into a Google search can show the magnitude of the e
Pippa Davies @PippaDavies 's insight:
Technology in the classroom should be used as a tool for the reasons as shared not just because tech needs to be used.
From www
Pippa Davies @PippaDavies 's insight:
Assessment tool for measuring social, emotional learning with report card comments.
From ww2
Inquiry-based techniques are challenging conventional ways of teaching and empowering students who might otherwise get overlooked.
Pippa Davies @PippaDavies 's insight:
Practical ideas for launching an inquiry classroom.
From ww2
Carol Dweck's work has made growth mindset a hotly discussed topic in education. It has also spawned misunderstandings about growth mindset and what it means.
Pippa Davies @PippaDavies 's insight:
Interesting article about growth mindset and how to model and encourage it in the classroom.
We want more people to see themselves as citizens of the web. The Mozilla Learning Network offers programs and a global community dedicated to helping people learn the most important skills of our age: the ability to read, write and participate in the digital world.
Pippa Davies @PippaDavies 's insight:
Awesome group for connecting globally and learning more re #edtech and #MakerEd. Free lesson plans.
HolLearning needs to be disrupted. The way teachers think of themselves as learners needs to be disrupted, and the way we deliver instruction in classrooms need...
Pippa Davies @PippaDavies 's insight:
Holly Clarke shares how learning needs to be disruptive.
michel verstrepen's curator insight, March 10, 11:34 AM
Holly Clarke shares how learning needs to be disruptive.
Soon, Kodiak teachers will be able to roll into classrooms on two wheels.
Pippa Davies @PippaDavies 's insight:
Robots to help students in distance learning connect to class.
The mission of the Center for Curriculum Redesign (CCR) is to answer this timely question, and openly propagate its recommendations and frameworks on a world...
Pippa Davies @PippaDavies 's insight:
Video on #21stedu from the Centre of Curriculum Redesign.
Caleb Lai's curator insight, March 16, 11:50 AM
I agree fully with what the author says as students need these skills to help them succeed in their work and well-being and strengthen the world with their knowledge.I forsee technology ruling the future.I think like this as the fast-evolving technology is winning against the slow-evolving education and thus,men will relay more on technology to do work instead of learning skills to do it independantly.Furthermore,there are global issues that hinder education and it would be hard for the education network to expand.This situation would cause a dangerous influence.When peole rely too much on technology,they will become lazy and would not be able to react to situations that requrie physical work;with that being said,humanity would be rendered useless if technology cease to exist.Nobody would benefit from this outcome.This problem is not trully foolproof as governments,organisations or associations around the world can do their part by helping the education network to expand and spread;with the help of money or power to change the situation.
From www
Body language affects how others see us, but it may also change how we see ourselves. Social psychologist Amy Cuddy shows how "power posing" -- standing in a posture of confidence, even when we don't feel confident -- can affect testosterone and cortisol levels in the brain, and might even have an impact on our chances for success.
Pippa Davies @PippaDavies 's insight:
Non verbal expressions are vital for teachers to engage students. This great video by Amy Cuddy explores the wonderful emotions and expressions that inspire confidence and power. Interesting research for leadership in education.
Teaching practices around growth mindset have come a long way in the last few years. Common pitfalls have emerged, as well as strong examples of programs that
Pippa Davies @PippaDavies 's insight:
Growth mindset allows teachers and students to celebrate failure as a means to produce resilience and breakthrough and an opportunity to encourage and inspire!
Thousands of events around the world are encouraging computer-coding literacy. "Coding is really about creative self-expression and storytelling," says Mitchel
Pippa Davies @PippaDavies 's insight:
Coding as a language is here to stay. Lets start teaching it in our classrooms!
These teachers made room for playful exploration and student passions in the classroom, helping their students to develop the purpose that drives them.
Pippa Davies @PippaDavies 's insight:
I have shared this TED talk before but its a good one to repeat in terms of students' passions and purpose in education.
Ho Xin Zhen's curator insight, March 19, 11:16 AM
i agree with the author as i believe schools should teach things relevant to the students future. most students arent creative or innovative, so i think schools need to show them how to be innovative, and train them to do so, instead of teaching students things irelevant to their futures.
but some other jobs may not require innovation or creativity, so if the school teaches students to be more innovative it may be the one that is not relevant to the students future.
i think schools should equally help the students to develop the purpose that drives them and also do the same as they do today.
What Do Students Think Of Your Class?
Pippa Davies @PippaDavies 's insight:
"In the end, the most important lesson is for you to control the perception of your classroom. It has been said that learners may not remember much about what you teach them, but they'll never forget how you made them feel. That's identity." How we make our staff, students feel is the most important reason for learning, and embracing change.
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It's in Indiana, so the weather is always a little crazy. In the winter it is cold and the summers are hot with a little unexpected things here and there. Its not too bad though.
Since IU is in the midwest, the weather is extremely unpredictable. One day it can be sunny and 70 outside and then the next day can be rainy and 40 degrees outside.
It's cold in the winter, rainy in the spring, and hot in the summer - just like you would expect of the seasons, so no big deal.
It's 40 one day, and 75 the next.
Winter was really long and cold
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Indiana weather is notorious for its instability, and IU is right in the eye of that proverbial storm. Summers are usually humid and hot, so plan ahead for lots of water breaks while you're moving in during what may be the sweatiest time of the year. Winters are as cold and dry as the summers are hot and wet, so be prepared for sub-zero wind chills, ice, and snow. Spring is somewhat rainy, but very beautiful, especially when the foliage on campus is reborn and the perpetually grey skies of winter finally clear. The crowning glory of Indiana weather is the fall season. Tourists come from hundreds of miles away to visit nearby Brown County (where Hoosier National Forest is located) to watch the turning of the leaves. Bring your camera and an appreciation for nature at its finest once the summer clears out and milder temperatures set in. You won't find many extremes here, but there are defined seasons with distinct characteristics.
To be comfortable, you'll need a variety of clothes, and most students find that it works best to dress in layers all the time. Custodians try to adjust classroom temperatures to suit the scholars, but it ends up being freezing when it's hot outside and boiling when the weather's cold. You may put on two sweaters and a heavy coat, gloves, a scarf, and a hat one morning just to get to class-but once you're there, you may find the heat of the classroom unbearable. No matter which season, remember the saying, "If you don't like the weather in Indiana, wait five minutes, and it'll change!"
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Tropical Storm Carlotta is nearing hurricane strength as it moves toward southern Mexico's Pacific coast.
The storm's maximum sustained winds early Friday are near 70 mph (110 kph). Additional strengthening forecast and the U.S. National Hurricane Center in Miami says Carlotta is expected to be a hurricane by Friday afternoon.
A hurricane warning is in effect for Mexico's coast from Salina Cruz to Punta Maldonado.
The tropical storm is centered about 190 miles (305 kilometers) south-southeast of Puerto Angel and 400 miles (645 kilometers) southeast of Acapulco.
Hurricane conditions are expected in the warning area by Friday night and a storm surge is expected to cause significant coastal flooding. The Mexican states of Guerrero, Oaxaca and Chiapas could see up to a foot of rain that could cause flash floods and mudslides.


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Another one of those popular rain barrel classes is being offered by the St. Johns County Extension Office, 10 a.m.-noon, May 31.
In the class, you will learn how to make a rain barrel which you get to keep.
Cost of the class is $35. Call 209-0430 to sign up.
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Ubuntu Lecture and Dialogue Awards
The third annual Peace and Dialogue Awards were presented at a splendid ceremony in Johannesburg on 13 February 2010 where HE Premier Mokonyane gave the Ubuntu Lecture.
A wide range of participants, including politicians, academics, artists and sportsmen, were present at the event where awards were given under five categories. The award winners praised the activities carried out by THI in their acceptance speeches. Premier Nomvula Mokonyane was the ceremony's keynote speaker. Addressing the audience, Mokonyane said she had cancelled her program in parliament in order to attend.
She touched on the importance of such an organization in an African country that had unfortunately been the home of history's harshest racist movements. The Turquoise Harmony Institute is one of the dialogue centers inspired by the prominent Islamic scholar Fethullah Gülen to promote mutual understanding and exchange between people from different cultures and religions.
The audience was moved by the speech of this year's winner of the Fethullah Gülen Special Award, Ahmed Kathrada, a devoted companion of South Africa's legendary leader Nelson Mandela. Unable to hold back his tears while speaking, Kathrada said he was accepting the award not on his own behalf but in the name of his friends imprisoned in their fight against racist practices and who did not regain their freedom and breathed their last breath behind bars. Kathrada spent 18 of the 26 years of his imprisonment together with Mandela at the infamous Robben Island. Last year's special award was given to Mahatma Gandhi's granddaughter, Ela Gandhi who was also present in this year's ceremony.
The University of the Western Cape's deputy vice-chancellor, Professor Stanley Ridge, won the academia award. He commended the movement named after Gülen and said he particularly appreciated its transparency. "The Gülen movement is very transparent and open to everyone. What lies at the foundation of its authenticity is this, too. We have learned that being affectionate means being tolerant to others' differences. I see that word defines the organizers of this night very well," stated Ridge, and added that schools opened worldwide by the members of this movement will contribute much to world civilization.


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Citigroup to Cut 53,000 Jobs
Vikram Pandit will announce the job cuts at a friendly, 'town hall' style meeting today.
The purpose of the "town hall" style meeting Citigroup CEO Vikram Pandit organized today at the firm's midtown HQ was, he said in a memo that went out on Friday, to discuss the bank's "accomplishments over the past 11 months." Despite the fact that the bank's share price closed at a worrisome $9.52 on Friday, Citi had "plentiful capital, abundant liquidity and our revenue is strong," he wrote. But now, an anonymous source has leaked to news organizations that actually, the purpose of today's meetings is not so much to rally the troops as to inform them that the bank will be cutting 53,000 jobs globally — a "humongous" number, some might say — that brings the total of Citi's workforce down 20 percent, to about 300,000 globally. We expect he'll bring security to the meeting.
Citigroup to Shed Another 53, 000 Jobs [Times/AP]


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Message 1 of 2 (923 Views)
just bought hp deskjet 1050, the question is i cannot save scan file into pdf format
how to save scan file into pdf format ? the option given only for the jpeg, png, tif and bmp format only. can pls help urgently
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Re: just bought hp deskjet 1050, the question is i cannot save scan file into pdf format
I believe when we install the s/w it should come up with scan shortcut for PDF. When I installed s/w for HP Deskjet 3050 (both use the same version) I had the PDF shortcut. However, uninstall the s/w and then download and install new updated s/w from HP website. Click HERE for the download page.
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Idaho Hunting News
Idaho F&G Seeks Info on Two Poached Moose Near Cataldo
The Idaho Department of Fish and Game is seeking information on the illegal taking of two bull moose on or about October 29, 2011.
The fresh carcasses of the animals were discovered in French Gulch near Frost Peak in the Cataldo area.
Fish and Game Seeks Help Solving Mule Deer Poaching Near Winchester, Idaho
The Idaho Department Fish and Game is asking for help in determining who shot and wasted a mule deer buck found along Sandhill Road near Winchester.
The entire deer was left to waste, with only the head and antlers removed. Authorities say the large-bodied deer was shot the night of October 22.
"Judging by the size of the carcass, the deer likely sported a large set of antlers," said Senior Conservation Officer Jim Pagel of Nezperce. "Several other deer have been found wasted in the same area this fall, so we really need people to make the call."
Lessons Learned From Ruffed Grouse Research in Idaho
Idaho is rich with a variety of game birds, but one that has taken the backseat in popularity to quail, chukars and pheasants is the ruffed grouse, relegated to "camp meat" by some big game hunters.
Yet a growing number of us realize and appreciate the challenges of hunting "ruffies." Unfortunately, little is known about Idaho's ruffed grouse, so during the past few years, Fish and Game biologists have been studying a population on the Boise National Forest north of Ola near Sage Hen Reservoir, an area known to hunters as Game Management Unit 32A.
Salvage Order Issued for Jensen Grove, Idaho
The Southeast Region ofice of the Idaho Department of Fish and Game has been notified by the cty of Blackfoot that water will no longer enter the pond at Jensen Grove Park during the last week of October.
Fish in Jensen Grove's pond will not survive when water levels become unsuitable.
Therefore, Fish and Game is issuing a salvage order for the Jensen Grove Park pond from October 15 through January 1, 2012. All bag, possession, size and number limits will be lifted during that time.
Idaho Big Game Hunters: Keep Predators in Mind
As big game hunters take to the woods, they are reminded that they are not alone at the top of the food chain.
Each year, Idaho Fish and Game receives reports of wolves being attracted to hunters as they call elk, wolves visiting hunting camps and large predators eating carcasses that were not properly hung.
Hunting increases the chance of running into or attracting wolves and other carnivores.
Hunters, Anglers Must Stop at Fish and Game Check Stations in Idaho
With the opening of the general deer season, Idaho Fish and Game enforcement officers will be setting up check stations across the state at major access points to hunting units with open seasons.
All hunters and anglers are required to stop at check stations, whether they have any game animals or fish in the vehicle or not. They must stop if going to their hunting or fishing spot or returning home from their hunting or fishing.
They must stop even if they were unsuccessful.
Some check stations are biological, some are enforcement, and some are both.
Idaho: Women Hunting and Fishing Photos Wanted
The Idaho Department of Fish and Game is looking for your photos of Magic Valley women hunters and anglers for the 2012 sportsmen's calendar.
Cold Water Dangers to Hunters, Anglers in Idaho
Water does not have to be near freezing to kill, it only has to be colder than a person to cause potentially fatal hypothermia.
With the waterfowl seasons about to open, waterfowl hunters who hunt from boats are urged to wear life jackets and take necessary safety precautions when on the water.
Idaho Fires May Affect Hunter Access
Fires burning in Idaho's backcountry have raised concerns about public safety and hunter access.
In the interest of public safety the U.S. Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management may close access to some areas as fires grow or new fires start. Those road closures may affect access to some hunting units.
But Idaho Fish and Game will not recommend closing hunts or altering season dates in response to fire restrictions. Most fires are not large enough to affect an entire hunt unit.
Idaho Fish and Game Commission Adopts Proposed Rule Changes
The Idaho Fish and Game Commission at a meeting August 24 adopted a proposed change to the Landowner Appreciation Program, changes to wildlife salvage rules and minor changes to a number of other rules.
Landowners in five game management units - 40, 41, 42, 45 and 52 - who meet the conditions of the Landowner Appreciation Program, have been eligible for an allocation of additional tags equal to 25 percent of the number of controlled hunt tags to be issued for deer, elk and pronghorn hunts in those units.
The standard allocation is 10 percent.


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Maintenance tip #1 - "RTFM" (read the friendly manual) - that'll tell you most of what you need to know. Nice thing about pump guns is that they're mechanically pretty simple, and cleaning is a snap. Most of the time you hardly need to use solvent on the bore, unless you're using some super-heavy loads. Plastic shot cups and clean-burning powders make for minimal scuzz left behind. I mostly use the one-piece fuzzy cleaning poles (with a pull-through oiler in the handle) for cleaning shotgun bores. Once the bore is clean, wipe soot off the bolt face, put the gun back together, and wipe the steel down with a silicone or oily rag, and you're good to go.
When you start shooting it, bring some big pieces of cardboard along. With birdshot, see how big the pattern is at 5 yards and 10 yards, then at maybe 50 feet or whatever you think your longest defensive shot will be. Then repeat the exercise with the buckshot load I hope you'll employ for defensive use (I won't use birdshot unless it's the only ammo I have) - those demonstrations should be informative for you.


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Suspension maintenance on Trucks, cars, motor homes, logging trucks and trailers.
Lift and lowering kit installation
Spring re-arching. rebuilding
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IBM's chief counsel, Robert Weber, released a statement Friday reassuring clients about government access to their data and calling it the "next great natural resource."
He assured clients that IBM has never provided their information to the National Security Agency under PRISM or any other surveillance program involving bulk collection of content or metadata, has never provided data stored outside of the U.S. to the government under a national security order, and does not put "backdoors" in its products for any government agency. "IBM has and will continue to comply with the local laws, including data privacy laws, in all countries in which it operates," he promises.
Weber goes on to note that IBM's business model is different than other companies that have been associated with the surveillance program, since IBM deals more directly with businesses (and, thus, business data) than with the general public. As such, there are strict contracts governing those relationships. "In general, if a government wants access to data held by IBM on behalf on an enterprise client, we would expect that government to deal directly with that client," he says. However, if the government comes directly to IBM for data and has a gag order not to disclose to the client, Weber says IBM would fight such an order in court.
He finishes the open letter by recommending that the government reject what he calls "short-sighted policies," such as data localization requirements, not subvert commercial technologies, and hold a debate on surveillance reforms, since "establishing and maintaining the public's trust in new technologies is essential."


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Blog Posts in Category: Couch to 5K
October 29, 2012
There is rarely a time that I go through campus and don't see someone running. It is a really easy way to get in some exercise and bypass the crazy rush at the gym. But, for some of us who aren't that great at running or have injuries or even just get bored doing it, there is hope. I have really bad shin splints and want to be able to run long distances and do races, but my shins hold me back. So, when I heard about the Couch to 5k app, I bought it instantly. It is a 30 minute run that you do... Read More
Recent Posts
Eating Locally Can Be Healthy and Delicious Looking to eat fresh foods that are organic and full of... Read more
How Biofeedback Can Help You Destress The year is flying by, but stress always seems to be present... Read more
How Harvard Pilgrim Wellness Connection Can Save You Money Some days the motivation to go to the... Read more


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If you want the blessings of the Gods to be showered on you without bounds, there is no better way of making that happen than by listening and singing along to divine hymns. Sampoorna SunderKand Volume 1 To 3 (Shri Ram Charit Manas) is an audio CD that contains a few heavenly chants that honour Lord Ram; these tracks have been rendered in song by Hari Om Sharan. An epic Hindu devotional lyricist and singer, Hari Om Sharan has created numerous devotional songs through the span of his vast career which has earned him great respect and recognition.
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Mar 5, 2014
Sampoorna SunderKandGuys go for it as there is nothing better on earth than this CD. It is lovely and beyond our imagination. Please do not waste time and listen its worth.


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Hirschsprung Disease Center - Lake Charles, LA
- WebMD Physician Directory of Lake Charles Pediatric Surgeon Doctors
- Related Hirschsprung Disease Articles
- Lake Charles Emergency Contacts
- Nearby Lake Charles Hospitals
- Find a Local Pharmacy on RxList - Lake Charles
Lake Charles Pediatric Surgeon Doctors for Hirschsprung Disease
Type of Physician: Pediatric Surgeon
What is a Pediatric Surgeon? A subspecialty certification by the Board of Surgery; practitioners are skilled in the management of surgical conditions in premature and newborn infants, children, and adolescents.
Specialty: Pediatric Surgery
Common Name: Children's Surgeon
Pediatric Surgeon Doctors in Lake Charles * results
Don't see your city? Use the WebMD Physician Directory to expand your search.
Hirschsprung's Disease
What is Hirschsprung's disease?
Hirschsprung* disease (HD) is a disease of the large intestine that causes severe constipation or intestinal obstruction. Constipation means stool moves through the intestines slow...!--*ICCChunk-1675*-->
Other Related Hirschsprung Disease Articles
Emergency Contact for Lake Charles
- In case of Emergency, call 911
Nearby Lake Charles Hospitals results
- 1Christus St Patrick Hospital
524 Doctor Michael Debakey Dr
Lake Charles, Louisiana 70601
(337) 436-251
- 2Dubuis Hospital
524 Doctor Michael Debakey Dr
Lake Charles, Louisiana 70601
(337) 491-775
- 3Extended Care Of Southwest LA
2837 Ernest St
Lake Charles, Louisiana 70601
(337) 480-899
- 4Lake Charles Memorial Hospital
1701 Oak Park Blvd
Lake Charles, Louisiana 70601
(337) 494-300
- 5W O Moss Regional Medical Ctr
1000 Walters St
Lake Charles, Louisiana 70607
(337) 475-810
- 6Women & Children's Hospital
4200 Nelson Rd
Lake Charles, Louisiana 70605
(337) 474-637
- 7Cornerstone Hosp-SW Louisiana
703 Cypress St
Lake Charles, Louisiana 70663
(337) 527-110
- 8West Calcasieu-Cameron Hospital
701 Cypress St
Lake Charles, Louisiana 70663
(337) 527-703
- 9Dequincy Memorial Hospital
110 W 4th St
Lake Charles, Louisiana 70633
(337) 786-120
- 10Allen Parish Hospital
108 6th Ave
Lake Charles, Louisiana 70648
(337) 738-252
- 11South Cameron Memorial Hospital
5360 W Creole Hwy
Lake Charles, Louisiana 70631
(337) 542-411
- 12Jennings American Legion Hosp
1634 Elton Rd
Lake Charles, Louisiana 70546
(337) 616-700
- 13Baptist Orange Hospital
608 Strickland Dr
Lake Charles, Louisiana 77630
(409) 883-936
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• During a 12-month period, four of the five infants with hemophilia known to have been born in Arkansas were examined for head bleeding. Three of the infants had had traumatic delivery, with use of low forceps in two and vacuum extraction in one. In the fourth patient, hemophilia was prenatally diagnosed, and vaginal delivery resulted in cephalohematoma. Diagnosis was delayed in three patients, including one with a family history of hemophilia. Central nervous system bleeding may be more common in hemophilic neonates than has been presumed. Pregnancy management should include consideration of family history of bleeding disorders and carrier testing in appropriate cases. In confirmed carriers, prenatal diagnosis is justified to allow choice of the least traumatic delivery method. Any term neonate with intracranial hemorrhage should be treated as being possibly hemophilic until proved otherwise.
Thank you for submitting a comment on this article. It will be reviewed by JAMA Pediatrics editors. You will be notified when your comment has been published. Comments should not exceed 500 words of text and 10 references.
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text: More from SI New Tampa Bay Buccaneers uniform features throwback ora... New Tampa Bay Buccaneers uniform features throwback ora... 'More menacing skull' highlights Tampa Bay Buccaneers g... 'More menacing skull' highlights Tampa Bay Buccaneers g... NFL now has three legitimate Los Angeles stadium sites... NFL now has three legitimate Los Angeles stadium sites... Everything you need to know about the footballs that wi... Everything you need to know about the footballs that wi... Peyton Manning, other NFL Sports Illustrated Sportsmen... Peyton Manning, other NFL Sports Illustrated Sportsmen... Fans celebrate Halloween at stadiums around league in W... Fans celebrate Halloween at stadiums around league in W... NFL unveils new Pro Bowl uniforms NFL unveils new Pro Bowl uniforms Close Tweet0 Share0 Comment0 Share0 Share0 Stumble It0 Print0 More Audibles Chip Kelly navigates offseason practice restrictions using remote control car by Bryan Rose Email Posted: Tue May 20, 2014 Updated: Sat Jun. 14, 2014 Eagles head coach Chip Kelly can direct offseason practices without violating the letter of the law in the CBA using a remote-control car. (Al Tielemans/SI)Philadelphia Eagles head coach Chip Kelly is known for his innovative offense, but it appears the playbook isn't the only place where Kelly likes to get creative.Until Phase Two of the NFL offseason begins, coaches (both head and assistant) aren't allowed onto the field, nor can they give any verbal on-field commands. Coaching staffs must wait even longer to run drills pitting the offense against the defense. So how do you get by during those early stages when you want to have a player run a particular route or simulate motion on the line? A remote control car, of course.BURKE: Minnesota to host Super Bowl LII in 2018Attempting to skirt NFL rules, Kelly has been using a remote control vehicle around the Eagles' rookie minicamp to simulate pre-snap motion and also implemented it before the draft as a tool to help him meet his new players.Philadelphia Magazine relays a story from seventh-round draft pick Beau Allen:"I was sitting and waiting to go in and meet with (general manager Howie Roseman) and all the front office guys, and Coach Kelly was driving around a little remote control car – they use it out on the field because they can't do motions — and he drove it right into me and was like, 'Oh, hey Beau, how are you doing?' And I was like, 'Hey, Coach.' "As hilarious (and innovative) as Kelly's implementation of a remote control car is, you get the feeling the NFL won't be as amused. The restrictions on what coaches can and cannot do during offseason practices are detailed very closely in the current collective bargaining agreement, as a Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel story from last month shows.MORE COVERAGE: 2015 NFL Mock Draft | Offseason awards | Best available free agents More Audibles


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The Civil War Book Club will discuss "Team of Rivals" by Doris Kearns Goodwin at the Lenawee County Library, 4459 W. US Highway 223, Adrian, at 6:30 p.m. on Aug. 29.
The book is a biographical history of Abraham Lincoln and his cabinet members from 1860 through 1865. Copies of it are available at the Lenawee County Library. The event is free and open to the public.
The book selection coincides with the "Lincoln: The Constitution and the Civil War" exhibit running at the Thompson House Museum, 101 Summit St., Hudson from Aug.19 through Sept. 28.
The traveling exhibit was organized by the National Constitution Center and the American Library Association Public Programs Office.
For more information call 448-8125 or visit thompsonmuseum.org.
Comments are currently unavailable on this article
Location, ST | website.com


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Jose Luis RodriguezSat, November 3, 2012 - 8:00 PMFillmore Miami Beach at Jackie Gleason Theater in Miami Beach, FL
We are sorry, the date for this event has already passed. This event took place on 11/3/2012. Click here to view upcoming events for Jose Luis Rodriguez.
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Have a question? Need help? Call us at 800.477.5285


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Activity Search Results: 1-10 of 180
from Barney and Friends
from Caillou
from Clifford The Big Red Dog
from Cyberchase
from DragonflyTV
from Sagwa
from ZOOM
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from Arthur
from Arthur
Find fun activities for kids including online games, coloring pages and printable activities.
In this app, kids are charge of feeding, washing, and playing with baby animals.
"...when people are curious about something, they learn more, and better."
Don't let the idea overwhelm you. A few containers and soil in a sunny spot will do.


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15 reviews | 3.4 out of 5
The happening is one of those very thrilling style movies that keeps you guessing throughout the whole movie. It's a deep movie so you have to pay attention or you won't know what is happening. This movie takes something that could happen, in some way, in real life if we don't change our habits. Sorry can't really tell you too much about the plot because it kind of gives the movie away so you'll have to find out for yourself. Thrilling and very powerful. I highly recommend it!
This movie will keep you stuck to your seat all the way through. It has action right from the start. I loved this movie and I have watched it every day since I bought it.
People need to seriously appreciate movies with interesting plots and storylines more. This movie has it, and I think people expected more blood or action - something that nowadays, makes a movie 'good'. This isn't your regular suspense movie. However, the interesting plot makes this a great movie and the movie is full of little 'shockers', which IS the action. Great movie.
The DVD arrived in excellent condition. Great picture and sound quality.
The dvd excellent quality
I was outrageously suprised at how utterly horrible this movie was. In the begining I was all hyped up to see it ...what a bomb that turned out to be. Acting was horrible, story line and events were just rediculous. I would not reccommend this movie to anyone...unless,however, you need to completly waste 2 hours of your life.Good thing I rented it on demand.
THIS MOVIE IS HORRIBLE! do not watch unless like mark walenbergo you also fear gods terror gas oxygen. this movie makes lil sense and is acompanied by even less awesomenesnessnesssss. the only good thing about this movie is the lawnmower and perhaps the gun that does a excelente jobe
I LOVE Mark Wahlberg! I got this because I thought it'd be another movie I could enjoy with him in it. Probably his lowest of films. He sounded like he was reading his script. The overall movie is okay. But Marky-Mark fans will be let down.
This is the best apocalypse movie - it's groundbreaking - there is no other movie like it - it changed the way I view the planet & the future - the concept is genious!
This was THE WORST movie I had seen in years! It was SO bad, that everyone in the theatre was laughing so hard, you would have thought this was a comdey!
the movie definitely didn't live up to my expectations, nor would i highly recommend it, but i would say see it at least once.
It wasn't a bad concept but the acting in it was laughable at times. I would see it again just for a good laugh.


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CAE Signs Contracts Valued at More Than C$90 M
- For Six Full-flight Simulators, Training Devices and Update Services
CAE today announced that it has signed contracts for six full-flight simulators (FFSs), flight training devices and simulator update services. The contracts include the sale of four simulators to Lion Air Group which was announced today as well as two simulators to undisclosed customers.
The contracts are worth more than C$90 million at list prices, and bring the total number of FFS sales announced to date for fiscal year 2014 to 33. List prices include the value of OEM aircraft-specific data, parts and equipment (DP&E), normally procured by CAE in the manufacture of its simulators. In the case of these contracts, customers are providing part of the OEM content.
Global Shooting Ranges Market 2016-2020
Your company's press release on ASDNews and to thousands of other journalists and editors? Use our ASDWire press release distribution service.
Source : CAE Inc.
Military Flight Training Conference
Sep 21 - 22, 2016 - London, United Kingdom
Aircraft Economic Life Summit 2016
Nov 22, 2016 - Dublin, Ireland
EAR / OFAC Export Controls e-Seminar
Jan 1 - Dec 31, 2016 - USB Drive, Windows Computer


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International Technology News
- Netgear Launches Network Management Platform
- Low-Distortion TI Operational Amplifier
- Eurotech Unveils Catalyst TC
- IBM New Global Financing Program
Global network provider Netgear announced the first business-class, centralized network console in the company's history, along with a new 10Gbps switch.
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SUSE Joins the Microsoft Test Drive Program
Customers can take a free test drive of SLES for HPC on the Azure Cloud
SiFive Launches a Line of Open Source Chips
San Francisco-based chip company announces their first fully open source chip platform.
Fedora 24 Released
The whole distro gets rebuilt on glibc 2.3
Canonical Announces Cross-Distro Support for Snaps
Ubuntu Vendor tries to solve app packaging and distribution problem across distributions.
ownCloud Forked
Founder of ownCloud launches the Nextcloud project.
HP Enterprise Unveils a Futuristic Computer
Will The Machine change the way future programmers think about memory?
CoreOS Announces Distributed Storage System
The new Torus distributed storage system is available under an open source license on GitHub
Google Beats Oracle in the Android Lawsuit
Juries decides Google's use of Java APIs Was Fair Use
Linux is the Largest Software Development Project in History
But if you are not using the latest Linux kernel, your system is insecure.
Linksys Says Yes to Open Source Firmware
Home routers will give room for custom firmware but still comply with FCC rules


text: THANK YOU to everyone for taking part in :2015 SOUTHAMPTON SEPTEMBERFEST! Our 5th Annual Southampton Septemberfest was a fantastic and festive weekend for the whole family with Live Music, Art, Dance, History, entertainment for the Kids, the Farmers Market, Chowder Contest, food vendors, crafts and special activities in celebration of Southampton's 375th Anniversary! SAVE THE DATE for our 2016 SeptemberFest:9/23 – 9/25 CLICK HERE FOR PHOTOS FROM 2014 SEPTEMBERFEST SOUTHAMPTON PRESS / 27 EAST WAs THE LEAD MEDIA SPONSOR OF the 2015 SOUTHAMPTON SEPTEMBERFEST. Funded in part by Suffolk County Website Photos by: Dennis Bontempo, Ron Esposito, Julie Fitzgerald, Ray Geminski and Tom Kochie


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WACO (June 26, 2014) A boil order was in effect Thursday on the Texas State Technical College campus in Waco, but classes resumed after the school closed for the day Wednesday because of a water main break.
Water intended for consumption, cooking or ice-making should be boiled vigorously before use until the order is lifted.
Classes were underway for the day when the problem arose Wednesday, but faculty and students were informed of the problem and sent home, Executive Vice President Rob Wolaver said.
The issue affected all campus building, including housing, he said.
The break was in the main 12-inch water line from the water tower and could have been caused by a ground shift.


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Air Ride Technologies - Full Of Air - TechWritten by on October 1, 2007 Updating An AD Pickup With Air Ride Technologies' LevelPro System, Part 3
Wrapping up our series on Air Ride Technologies' latest ride-leveling system, the LevelPro, this month's installment will focus on the control system and the plumbing, the portion involving what may seem like a migraine's worth of wiring. If that's what you've been thinking up until this point, stop worrying-it's as easy as plug and play...as a matter of fact, that's pretty much what it is.
Air Ride's ARC4000L system may be a series of intricate components and even more intricate wiring harnesses, but fortunately, they've done all the hard work for you. Installation is merely a matter of finding the adequate location(s) for the controller, the level sensors (which we've already covered), the solenoid/pressure sensor block, the pump relay, and the display panel. Each corresponding wire harness is clearly labeled and pre-equipped with the appropriate pin connector, so just as the above reference states, it's pretty much plug it in and go! Beyond that, make certain all the grounds are attached securely and appropriately (clean metal).
As for the plumbing, that too is fairly straightforward. The push-connect 1/4-inch fittings do a fine job of sealing the DOT-approved air line; it's up to the installer to ensure the line is cut clean and straight; otherwise, the seal can't be guaranteed. Also, pay particularly close attention to how the air lines are routed-steer clear of moving parts and hot areas like the exhaust, and insulate anywhere necessary, especially when passing through a framerail or other potentially sharp metal surface. The use of line clamps in close intervals is also recommended to keep the air line mounted securely.
If you run into any problems whatsoever, Air Ride's Web site features dowloadable PDF instructions containing in-depth troubleshooting guides. They may come in particularly hand when it's time to program your new LevelPro system.
More Photos From This Article View Slideshow
The controller is just that-the brain of the entire system. Everything electronic in the ARC4000L connects to it, so mounting it in a central location (such as behind or under the seat) is recommended.Prior to fully tightening down the air line fittings, determine where the solenoid block will be mounted, as that will dictate just how the fittings orientate (in other words, don't have the 90s pointing directly into the framerail).The '49's unboxed midframe portion provided the perfect central location for the block and, as you will see, the air compressor as well. At this point, it's a good idea to stock up on zip ties and a decent amount of wire insulating loom.The air distribution block just got a lot more components to handle with Air Ride's LevelPro, but it's still a straightforward deal. Use Teflon sealer on any NPT fittings that aren't already pre-coated (threads will be dark red if coated), and make sure to get everything tight.The object is to keep all the wiring and plumbing nice and tidy. Along with clocking the air fittings, you'll also want to compensate for the pressure sensors and their forthcoming electrical plugs-we don't want them squished up against the framerail, either.Continuing on with the electronics, the individual level sensor harnesses simply plug in, but it's up to you to route the wiring in a secure fashion.Any time you encounter a "pass-through" situation for either wiring or plumbing, make sure you use the proper rubber grommet to avoid any future damage to the lines. (Obviously, I've still yet to accomplish that here!)
With the compressor mounted and wired, it was on to plumbing the air lines, starting with the block. Again, to ensure air-tight connections, use Teflon sealer wherever necessary, and cut the tubing square and clean.Plastic wire loom wrap is fine; I chose to use a heavier-grade, expandable nylon fabric loom from Made 4 You for all the wiring we ran along the framerails.I ended up locating the ARC5001 compressor just opposite of the air distribution block on the framerail's exterior. While these units are weather-resistant, it's best to keep them out of the direct line of any cast-off from the wheels, especially water.Before inserting any air lines into their respective fittings, first determine the length is correct. You don't want to remove the lines once inserted, as that can affect the seal.Classic trucks don't offer a whole lot of extra room for larger air tanks, especially ones with nice wood bed floors! Luckily, I had enough room behind the bench seat right next to the controller for mine.Instead of hunting everywhere for various clamps and so forth, I purchased one of Made 4 You's Hotrod Tric Kits that includes everything from wire loom covering to nylon line clamps.Another thing to avoid when routing your air lines are sharp bends close to the fittings; if you have problems, just use a 90-degree elbow fitting instead.


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Learn the States - USA Capital and Geography Fact Learning
By invocore
Open iTunes to buy and download apps.
Take the ultimate road trip throughout the 50 United States while engaging in brilliant, animated activities to test your knowledge of state shapes and statistics.
Learn United States Geography is a fun, new and creative way! This app will expand your understanding of US geography through highly educational activities and fact exploration.
Designed in a retro, throwback look and feel, Learn the States offers a comprehensive US Geography database that includes the following data sets:
• State Abbreviations
• State Capitals
• State Nicknames
• Statehoods
• State Flowers
• State Birds
• State Trees
• State Landmarks
• Border States
• Major Cities
• State Flags
• State Coins
Test your knowledge by taking multiple-choice quizzes, ultimately earning you points to collect unique state coins! Display your virtual coin collection by earning all 50 state coins!
Learn the States offers 5 interactive activities to learn and enhance your geographic knowledge:
This activity is a great starting place to learn and explore key statistics of each state. Simply tap a state to reveal the state capital and abbreviation. To uncover more in-depth data, tap the more info button.
This activity will ask you to drive your car through specific states to successfully complete your road trip. In a single swipe, drag your car across the map to intersect each state boundary you are asked to drive through. Turn on additional geographic categories under settings to increase the Drive Quiz challenge.
This activity alternates through a series of multiple-choice questions to test your understanding of each state. The questions may include any of the topics turned on under the settings menu. Answer 6 questions in a row to earn a state coin!
This activity prompts you to answer a geography question by tapping a specific state on the United States Map. For example, "Tap the state with the abbreviation "CA" or "Tap the state with the capital Sacramento". This quiz is great for testing state fact comprehension as well as your basic understanding of the map boundaries and the state shapes themselves.
• Comprehensive and Expansive Quiz Option
• Customizable Learning Options (Include only facts your interested in)
• 4 Unique Quiz Modes
• Retro Style Artwork
• State Coin Collection Book as Reward System
• Complete United States Map with All 50 States and Borders
• Unique Blend of Entertainment and Educational Features
Learning Subjects:
- United States Geography
- State Names
- State Capitals
- State Abbreviations
- Elementary School Geography
Email us at email@example.com for any help & suggestions, as we cannot respond to reviews.
Visit us: http://mergemobile.com
Follow us: http://twitter.com/mergemobileinc
Like us: http://www.facebook.com/mergemobile
If you like the app don't forget to leave us a review!
Please try other apps in the ClickySticky Series: ClickySticky Cars, ClickySticky Christmas, ClickySticky Easter, ClickySticky Halloween, ClickySticky Superheroes, ClickySticky Trains
Also try other top education apps by Merge Mobile.
- Freefall Spelling
- Freefall Math
- Freefath Money
- Freefall Time
- Freefall Spelling Spanish
What's New in Version 1.1
-Typo fix
-Minor fix for Text Quiz
iPad Screenshots
Customer Reviews
Love the configurability!
It is so nice to come across learning apps that are flexible and do not pigeon-hole the learner. The configurability allows the instructor or parent to target the required facts for their student, giving it a wide appeal. This app can go from early elementary to middle school or beyond quite handily.
The only recommendation i have for improvement is to have the Learn the Map function speak the items selected for study. (At least the capital city.) Currently, only the state name is voiced, and early and pre readers will miss out on learning more than the state name during independent play. 5-stars if at least the name AND capital are voiced.
Lots of Fun
The driving quiz is fabulous! Kids love it and so do adults. Can you do something as fun and engaging to learn Presidents please?
Not so configurable
All I wanted to begin with is an app for my kid to learn states names but I can't turn off the references to the capital names. First let's learn
Kentucky, then sometime later it would be lovely to add in Frankfort. If it is possible it sure isn't clear how. Flushing that two bucks down the can!
- $1.99
- Category: Education
- Updated: Aug 20, 2012
- Version: 1.1
- Size: 15.2 MB
- Language: English
- Seller: Invocore, LLC
- © Merge Mobile, Inc 2012
Compatibility: Requires iOS 4.0 or later. Compatible with iPad.


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Hi mate, Yeah i used to be able to post topics but cant now....as for the game it running from the original disk.
Type: Posts; User: Brakk
Hi mate, Yeah i used to be able to post topics but cant now....as for the game it running from the original disk.
Any solution to my problem at all??
I managed to soft mod my mates 4.3 wii using mauifrogs guide and peoples help THANKS...
However 2 questions
1) I canst seem to post any topics in the forum why???
2) Lego Pirates of the...
Welcome Enrico.
too anything or a certain name?
Hi Ive successfully soft modded my 4.3e which now shows 4.1 e....however i was wondering why every time i turn the wii on it goes to the black MMM page, when i choose exit it just reboots machine.
is it normal for letterbomb to use capitals for mac key?
Thanks kind sir....
So can someone verify this for me, ive got a 4.3u that i want to softmod using letterbomb method
I guess that i go to the letterbomb site select 4.3u then enter the mac address and captha then...
Iris - Goo Goo Dolls
Return to innocence - Enigma
Ive done a few 4.2 systems I hope it aint as hard as them lol
Ok so using this guide am i right in thinking that after ive downloaded all the files a 4.3 system wii is the same as a 4.2?? I know that i have to use the letterbomb method
Ive read that 4.3...
ok read ya newbie guide, il look at my wii tomo and get the mac address ready to follow mauifrogs guide, many thanks
okies il use mauifrogs guide - whats different the letterbomb method?
Hi Guys,
Is a 4.3 wii the same to soft mod as a 4.2?
10 chars?
I will update now thanks...will the iso options be effected at all?
Hi Just a quick question
I am using this loader to run my gmaes off my HD and have noticed that i am using version 60. I was wondering if its worth updating to version 70 (release) at all??
I have both USB LOADER GX & Config USB Loader installed on my wii, however when i try to load games with the USB Loader the menu has use global listed on all settings so i cant change them, if i try...
Hi Has or is anyone else suffering loading issues with this game?
Ive tried running it with gx loader and and usb loader to no avail, when i try to changes iso it says use global
Any ideas?...
When i saw the use global i didnt realise that it was a big issue
I soft modded my wii successfully using mauifrogs guide which allowed me to get LEGO PIRATES working....
When i try to run guitar hero 6 using loader GX it doesnt...
yeah now that ive put the new one on. but i used to load it from main menu
not sure if they old will check later, managed to remove and install new usb loader (check me out) LOL
how do i get the icon bck onto system menu? is it by loading the wad file?
Is the HD turned on?
Is it in the usb slot nearest to the card reader (left is standing up)
yeah, sorted that, was asking if any of them others need deleting ie neogamma?


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I am trying to create a codex account. I already have a login for support.
When I login to codex where it says login/ CREATE ACCOUNT (wtf, why does it say that when there is no option to create an account?) I can't do anything.
How do I create an account for codex and more importantly, why is this not option not on the page that says login/create account?


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I sadly TX March 11, 2011 (at 16 weeks) to my baby boy with trisomy 21. ĀI'm currently 2 months and 1 week post TX. ĀI had my first AF at 6 weeks post TX and it lasted 15 days (was in ER for the day, day 8 for Menorrhagia). ĀAnyway, here I am day 25 of my cycle and am possibly staring AF again, It's only been 10 days since I've been off AF. ĀNo ovulation has occurred because I temp diligently everyday :( ĀI see the OB tomorrow and they saying possibly putting me on BC?! I'm so upset because I really want to start trying ( if my body would cooperate) my question is, does anybody have a similar situation that could offer me any advice, like an alternative to BC?
Also, I check Cervical position and cervix feels abnormal (not a perfect donut) anybody experience this post D & E. ĀWorried, it almost feels torn?
All advice is appreciated... Feeling extremely sad and really wanting the opportunity to TTC again.


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Video Industry News Video Company News Technology Industry News Technology Company News Novelty Industry News Novelty Company News Gay Industry News Gay Company News Legal Industry News All Company News
Released: Oct 01st, 2002
Running Time: 115
Director: Antonio Adamo
Company: Private Media Group Inc
Cast: Dieter Von Stein, Sophie Evans, Vanessa Virgin, Leslie Taylor, Chris Mountain, Odor Attila, Toni Ribas, Rita Faltoyano, David Perry, Mike Foster, Bob Terminator, Mandy Bright, Orchidea, Katalin (I), Agnes, James Brossman, Jyulia, Frank Gun, Alberto Rey, Cleare, Monika (I), Black Widow, Julian St. Jox, Lisa (I), Nike, Steve Holmes (I), Cynthia (I), Claudio Villa, Thsanka
Critical Rating: AAAA
Genre: Feature
First-rate Private feature. Stock with the first.
The second part of the trilogy advances the story with more battle scenes and more Roman orgies involving beautiful European women. The opener takes place in a bath with the princess (Rita Faltoyano) joining in a four-way with Black Widow, another hot girl and James Brossman. Director Antonio Adamo captures the sex in his signature style, getting Black Widow to flirt with the camera while she's being fucked.
The sexy Sophie Evans highlights another six-person orgy, which features dualing spoon fucking and some excellent doggie with the girl winking at the camera at one point.
Then Toni Ribas, who plays General Maximus, wins a battle in the arena and earns a night with the gorgeous Faltoyano in his cell. Faltoyano looks incredible during the reverse cowgirl, with her curly hair bouncing off her tits. She also stares into the camera while Ribas blasts her doggie-style. The production values are top notch throughout and enhance the already scorching sex.


text:
I have installed latest versions of Ubuntu + LAMP and WordPress.
Everything works great exept when I change the permalink settings. If I change it to anything from "default", I get the "HTTP 404 Not Found" error when going to the site/page.
From the beginning I didn't had a .htaccess file, but I have created it and added the correct permissions, but it still doesn't work.
I also read this theread and tester everything in it:
But I still get the 404 error when changing Permalink settings.
Does anyone know what the problem could be? Thanks for any advice.


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Mar 16, 1993
|Filing date
|Aug 5, 1991
|Priority date
|Aug 5, 1991
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Kevin D. Moore, John W. Stafford, William M. Beckenbaugh, Ken Cholewczynski
|Original Assignee
|Motorola Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (4), Non-Patent Citations (1), Referenced by (62), Classifications (12), Legal Events (8)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention relates to a method for forming a solder-bumped terminal on a printed circuit board or the like. More particularly, this invention relates to such method comprising reflow of a thin solder plate on a circuit trace to cause the solder to coalesce onto a terminal pad and form the desired bump.
In the manufacture of a microelectronic package, it is known to mount an integrated circuit component onto a printed circuit board by a plurality of solder bump interconnections. The board comprises a copper circuit trace disposed on a dielectric substrate and including terminal sections, each ending at a pad to which the solder interconnection is bonded. Typically, the pad has the same width as the adjacent trace and is demarked by a dam formed of a solder-nonwettable material, referred to as a solder stop, to confine the solder to the pad. The component, which may be, for example, an integrated circuit die attached to a ceramic carrier, has a plurality of solderable bond pads arranged in a pattern superposable on the terminal pads.
In preparation for mounting the component to the board, a solder bump is attached to each bond pad on the component, typically by placing a preformed microsphere of the solder on the pad and briefly heating to reflow the solder. The bumped component is assembled with the board such that each bump rests against a corresponding terminal pad on the board. The assembly is heated to concurrently reflow the several bumps onto the adjacent terminal pads to form the interconnections. During reflow, each bump is heated to melt the solder to wet the pad and resolidified, whereupon the solder becomes bonded to the terminal pad, as well as the bond pad on the component, to complete the interconnection. The interconnections not only physically join the component to the board, but also electrically connect the component to the circuit trace on the board for conducting electrical signals to and from the component for processing.
In the formation of solder bump interconnections, it is found to be advantageous to apply a solder bump to the terminal pad of the circuit trace in addition to the bump applied to the component. The solder bump may be formed on the circuit board by applying and reflowing a preformed microsphere in a manner similar to the component. However, it is more convenient to form the bumps on the board by electroplating, in part because the relatively large size of the board makes microsphere placement more cumbersome and also because the trace is available for distributing the necessary current to the several terminal pads for simultaneous plating. Processes are available for plating a thin layer of solder onto circuit traces to protect the copper surface against oxidation during manufacture of the board that would otherwise interfere with subsequent soldering of leads, for example, in the attachment of discrete components, such as resistors or capacitors. However, such thin films have not heretofore been employed in forming solder bump interconnections. This is in part because the thin film does not provide a sufficient mass for the solder bump, whereas a thick plate applied to the trace not only increases the amount of solder substantially and unnecessarily, particularly since the terminal pads constitute but a minor portion of the trace, but also because thick solder adjacent to the pad would interfere with the interconnection. Thus, a mask is needed to limit deposition to the terminal pads, which is in addition to the mask used to define the trace and which requires further processing steps to apply, develop, and remove the mask, increasing the cost of the package. In addition, the plating time needs to be extended to deposit the required thickness onto the limited area of the terminal pad. Thus, there remains a need for an improved method for forming bumps that benefits from the advantages of depositing the solder by electroplating, but does not require an additional mask and minimizes plating time while forming a bump of adequate mass for completing the solder bump interconnections.
This invention contemplates a method for forming a solder bumped terminal that includes fabricating a terminal of a particular configuration, depositing a thin plate of solder alloy and reflowing the solder to form a bump. The terminal is configured to include an enlarged pad connected to a linear runner section that has a predetermined width. The width of the runner is suitably less than 500 microns and preferably between 50 and 150 microns. The enlarged pad has a width, measured parallel to the runner width, that is greater than the runner width. A pad width greater than 1.2 times the runner width is generally effective to cause the solder to reflow into a suitable bump. Preferably, the pad width is between about 1.2 and 2.0 times the runner width. The terminal is composed of a solder-wettable metal, typically copper. Prior to reflow, the terminal also comprises a thin, outer plate composed of the solder alloy and having a uniform thickness. The solder plate is applied to both the terminal pad and the adjacent runner section. Thereafter, when the terminal is then heated to melt the solder layer, it is surprisingly found that the molten solder is drawn from the runner section onto the enlarged pad to form a bump. In a preferred embodiment, the solder layer is deposited by elctroplating to a thickness between about 10 and 25 microns and is reflowed to form a bump having a height greater than 40 microns and preferably between 60 and 80 microns.
In one aspect of this invention, a method is provided for manufacturing a printed circuit board that includes a plurality of terminals, each having a solder bump bonded thereto. The method includes applying a copper plate onto the dielectric substrate that not only includes the desired trace, but extends to an adjacent region about the trace. A photolithographic mask or the like is applied to the plate to cover the adjacent region and define an opening that exposes the copper at the trace. The masked copper plate is immersed in an electroplating bath containing dissolved tin and lead ions and cathodically biased to codeposit tin and lead metal onto the exposed copper to form the thin solder plate. Thereafter, the mask is removed to expose the adjacent copper region. The plate with the solder-plated trace is immersed in a copper etching solution. The solder coating protects the underlying trace copper, while the solution etches the exposed copper from the adjacent region to define the trace. The trace is then heated, preferably by hot oil immersion, to reflow the solder plate to form bumps on the terminal pads.
Thus, this invention provides a convenient method for concurrently forming a plurality of solder bumps on a printed circuit board. The solder for the several terminals is deposited by electroplating in a single step to produce a uniform composition and thickness. Only a thin solder plate is deposited, thereby reducing the plating time. In still another advantage of this invention, a solder plate is employed as an etch mask prior to reflow, allowing the trace to be defined and the solder deposited using only the single photolithographic mask needed for the trace, the design of which is readily modified to pattern the desired terminal configurations. Even though the solder is deposited as a thin plate, when the trace is subsequently heated to melt the solder alloy, the molten solder is nevertheless drawn onto the terminal pad to coalesce into a bump of sufficient mass for use attaching a component by solder bump interconnections.
The present invention will be further illustrated with reference to the accompanying drawings wherein:
FIG. 1 is a plan view of a printed circuit board showing terminals for forming solder bumps thereon in accordance with this invention;
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the printed circuit board in FIG. 1, taken along line 2--2, showing a terminal prior to solder reflow;
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of the terminal in FIG. 2 following reflow of the solder alloy to form a bump;
FIG. 4 is an electron photomicrograph showing a solder bump formed on a printed circuit board in accordance with this invention;
FIG. 5 is a perspective view of a terminal on a printed circuit board having an alternate configuration suitable for forming a solder bump in accordance with this invention; and
FIG. 6 is a perspective view of a terminal on a printed circuit board showing still another configuration suitable for forming a solder bump in accordance with this invention.
In a preferred embodiment, referring to FIGS. 1-3, the method of this invention is employed to form a printed circuit board 10 having a plurality of solder-bumped terminals for mounting an integrated circuit die component by solder bump interconnections. Printed circuit board 10 comprises a dielectric substrate 12 of the type referred to as an FR4 card and composed of an epoxy resin and glass fiber laminate. Board 10 further includes a plurality of terminal sections 16 affixed to a planar surface of substrate 12 and surrounded by an adjacent bare region 14. For purposes of clarity, only a minor portion of board 10 is shown that includes the terminal sections 16, it being understood that the depicted area forms but a minor proportion of the total board and that the terminals 16 constitute a portion of a circuit trace that extends onto remote areas of the board for conducting electrical signals to and from a subsequently attached component for processing. In accordance with this invention, each terminal section 16 comprises an enlarged circular terminal pad 18 connected to a linear runner section 20. Runner section 20 extends radially from the circular pad 18 and has a generally uniform width w of about 100 microns. Terminal pad 18 has a diameter W of about 150 microns.
Referring to FIG. 2, in accordance with the method of this invention, each terminal section 16 is initially fabricated comprising two coextensive metal layers 22 and 23. Layer 22 lies immediately adjacent substrate 12 and is formed of metallic copper having high electrical conductivity conducive to conducting electrical signals. Copper layer 22 is coated by thin layer 23 composed of electroplated tin-lead solder alloy.
Printed circuit board 10 is manufactured by patterning a copper plate to define the trace, including the terminals, and electroplating solder onto the trace. Thus, a copper plate is initially applied to dielectric substrate 12 that includes trace layer 22 and also a region overlying surface region 14 about the intended trace. A suitable copper-plated board is readily commercially available and features a copper plate having a thickness of about 17 microns. A film of photoimagable polymer material is applied to the copper plate and selectively irradiated and developed to form a photoresist mask having openings for selectively exposing the copper plate in a pattern corresponding to the trace including terminals 16. The photoresist mask is about 25 microns thick and forms an electrically insulative coating on the region of the copper plate overlying region 14.
The masked board is immersed in a tin-lead plating solution and cathodically biased to deposit solder alloy onto the exposed copper trace. A suitable plating bath comprises, in water, 56.3 grams per liter tin, added as concentrated stannous fluoborate solution; 26.3 grams per liter lead, added as concentrated lead fluoborate solution, 99.8 grams per liter fluoboric acid; 26.3 grams per liter boric acid and 19.5 grams per liter liquid peptone. The masked board is immersed in the bath at ambient temperature spaced apart from a tin-lead counterelectrode. An electrical potential is applied to the copper plate to negatively bias the copper relative to the counterelectrode and codeposit metallic tin and metallic lead onto the exposed copper surface. One advantage of plating the tin-lead deposit onto the continuous copper plate prior to creating the trace is that the continuous plate facilitates distribution of the plating current to produce a uniform electrodeposit. The resulting plate is composed of about 40 percent lead and the balance tin and has a thickness of about 20 microns. The plate thickness is preferably less than the thickness of the surrounding mask, so that plating is confined to the opening above the trace and does not extend upon the mask surface.
Following plating, the board is immersed in an alkaline solution to strip the photoresist mask, thereby exposing the copper plate overlying region 14 and about the solder-coated trace. The board is immersed in an aqueous copper-etching solution containing ammonium persulfate, followed by a water rinse. The etching solution dissolves the exposed copper. However, the tin-lead alloy is resistant to attack by the etching solution and acts as a mask to protect the underlying copper trace. In this manner, the unwanted copper is removed from region 14 about the solder-plated trace to complete fabrication of the trace as depicted in FIG. 2 and including terminals having the desired configuration and formed of the copper layer coated with the uniform, thin solder plate.
The printed circuit board having the dual-layer trace is heated to reflow the solder to form the desired bumps on terminals 16. An organic flux composed of amine hydrochloride and amine hydrobromide in isopropyl alcohol vehicle is applied to the exposed solder surface. The board is immersed in hot polyoxyalkylene glycol bath at 250� C. for 15 seconds. It was found that during immersion the solder alloy melted and reflowed to draw solder from the linear runner section 20 and accumulate the solder on terminal pad 18, thereby forming a bump 24 shown in FIG. 3. Following reflow, a residual solder film 26 remains on runner 20, but having a thickness substantially reduced compared to the initial film.
FIG. 4 is an electron photomicrograph of a solder bump on a terminal formed in accordance with this embodiment. The height of the bump relative to the copper trace was about 60 microns. Thus, the bump was deemed to be particularly well suited for use in forming solder bump interconnections to attach an electrical component to the printed circuit board.
Therefore, this invention provides a solder reflow method for producing a solder bump on a terminal pad of a copper trace which requires but a single photoresist mask to define the trace including the terminal pad, which permits the solder to be deposited by electroplating and subsequently used as a mask during etching of the trace, which avoids use of a solder stop by creating conditions that coalesce the solder onto the pad from the adjacent section, and which reduces the plating time by depositing a relatively thin plate and reflowing to accumulate the desired mass for the bump. While not limited to any particular theory, the surprising formation of the bump during reflow is attributed to the particular configuration of the terminal that features an enlarged pad connected to a relatively narrow runner and is effective to cause the molten solder during reflow to be drawn by capillary forces onto the pad from the adjacent runner. In designing the terminal, it is desired to optimize the ratio of the runner width to the pad width to minimize the required thickness of the solder plate while coalescing sufficient solder during reflow to produce the desired bump size. As used herein, the runner width refers to the width of the runner section immediately adjacent the enlarged pad, whereas the pad width refers to the maximum dimension of the pad measured parallel to the runner width. This invention is believed to be particularly suitable for use with runners having widths less than about 500 microns, such as is commonly employed in designing circuit traces. The preferred runner width is between about 50 and 150 microns. A pad width, that is, the diameter for the described circular pad, of at least 1.2 times the adjacent runner width is effective in drawing sufficient solder to form a suitable bump. Preferably, the pad width is between about 1.2 and 2.0 times the runner width.
While in the described embodiment the terminal pad had a circular configuration, the pad may be shaped in any suitable fashion to provide an enlarged area for coalescence of the solder alloy. Referring to FIG. 5, there is shown an alternate printed circuit board 40 including an epoxy-glass substrate 42 and a terminal section 44 comprising a square pad 46 and an adjacent runner 48 that extends from a corner of the square pad. To better illustrate the terminal pad shape, the terminal section is depicted with the solder plate, but prior to reflow to form the bump and thus includes a copper trace and a thin, uniform solder layer similar to the terminal shown in FIG. 2. During reflow, solder is drawn from the runner section onto the terminal pad to produce a generally semispherical bump.
In still a further embodiment, FIG. 6 shows a printed circuit board 60 comprising an epoxy-glass substrate 62 and having a terminal 64 also suitably configured for the practice of this invention. Terminal 64 comprises a generally rectangular pad 66 and an adjacent runner section 68 that extends from a side of pad 66. The terminal is depicted in the condition following electrodeposition and prior to reflow, similar to the terminal depicted in FIG. 2, to better illustrate the pad configuration. During reflow, solder is drawn onto the terminal pad from the adjacent runner to produce the desired rounded bump.
A significant feature of this invention is the formation of the bump by reflowing an initial thin plate of the solder alloy on the trace terminal. While copper is most commonly selected for the trace metal because of its relative low cost and advantageous electrical properties including a low resistance conducive for conducting electrical signals, the terminal may be formed of any suitable metal that provides a solder-wettable surface, including, for example, nickel or gold, either applied directly onto the dielectric substrate or onto a copper or other metal base to provide an intermediate layer between the base and the solder. The solder layer may be formed of any suitable solder alloy. Typical solder alloys are formed predominantly of one or more metals selected from the group consisting of lead, tin and indium. In an alternate embodiment, a lead-base alloy containing about 5 weight percent tin is applied to a copper trace on a ceramic substrate suitable for withstanding the relatively high temperature required to reflow such solder alloy, which trace includes one or more terminals having a configuration in accordance with this invention to cause the solder to coalesce into bumps during reflow. An indium-base alloys containing about 30 percent lead is also suitable for electroplating and reflowing to form the desired bumps. Preferably, the solder is composed of a near-eutectic tin-lead alloy containing between about 35 and 45 percent lead. Although the solder is preferably deposited by electroplating, the plate may be formed by sputtering or any process suitable for applying a thin layer of the solder metal onto the trace.
The size of the bump formed during reflow is believed to be principally determined by the surface tension of the molten alloy on the pad. In general, it is desired to deposit a solder thickness adequate to provide sufficient molten alloy to maximize the bump. In the described embodiment, reflow of the thin solder plate also left a residual film on the runner. Depending upon the intended application, the residual film on the runner may be advantageous, for example, to provide a protective coating. On the other hand, for a specific terminal configuration, it may be desirable to minimize the initial solder deposit to reduce or eliminate the residual runner film. Adequate solder for optimum bump formation during reflow is generally provided by a plate having a thickness less than 25 microns, and preferably between about 10 and 25 microns. For the preferred terminal configuration featuring a circular pad diameter that is 1.5 times the adjacent runner width, bumps may be readily formed having a height measured relative to the copper trace surface of at least 40 microns, and preferably between about 60 and 80 microns, making the bumps particularly suited for solder bump interconnection purposes.
While this invention has been described in terms of certain embodiments thereof, it is not intended that it be limited to the above description but rather only to the extent set forth in the claims that follow.
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|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Oct 10, 1991
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text:
College of Social Sciences
School of Teacher Education, G137 Stone Building
Florida State University
Tallahassee, FL 32310
United States
M.S.P.- Urban and Regional Planning;M.S.P./J.D. - Dual Degree in Planning and Law;M.S.P./M.P.A. - Dual Degree in Planning and Public Administration;, Urban Design;Real Estate;Dispute Resolution minor;, Ph.D.- Urban and Regional Planning
Format: Campus
Classification: Doctoral/Research University—Extensive
Locale: Midsize City
Size & Settings: 20,000-39,999