text:
Triple Orange Margarita
Total Time
Prep 5 mins
Cook 0 mins
From Ronaldo Colli, Americano Restaurant in San Francisco. If you can't find agave nectar, you can substitute with simple syrup. If you cannot find the GranGala, use Grand Marnier in its place.
Ingredients Nutrition
- 1 1⁄2 ounces ultra-premium tequila
- 3⁄4 ounce grangala triple orange liqueur
- 1 ounce freshly squeezed orange juice
- 1⁄2 ounce freshly squeezed lime juice
- 1⁄4 ounce agave nectar
- 1 slice lime
- 1 orange peel
- Pour the tequila, orange liqueur, juices, and nectar into an ice-filled shaker.
- Add the orange peel, shake vigorously, and strain into chilled margarita glass.
- Garnish with a lime wheel and the orange peel.
Most Helpful
Very, Very Good! Made these today for my sister & I, and we are loving them! I thought I'd review it now, before we finish the jug! Lol (Yes..we made a jug Lol) I used simple syrup, and Cointreau. [Made for the Aus/NZ Recipe Swap Sep 08...also Made for Aus/NZ Cocktail Of The Week]
A potent and somewhat sweet margarita that I loved. The fruity taste the liqueur and fruit juices mixed with the tart lime flavoring makes it a zesty drink when II'm not in the mood for standard margaritas or martinis. Thanks for the recipe!


text:
Single Article Purchase:
Addressing the Growth in Intensive Care: Comment on "Intensive Care Unit Admitting Patterns in the Veterans Affairs Health Care System"
Seymour CW, Kahn JM.
Arch Intern Med. 2012;172(16):1226-1226.
Published online September 10, 2012
Choose criteria for pricing info
Want online access for an institution? Learn More/Request Quote >
Obtain AMA PRA Category 1 Credit™ by reading an article and completing an online quiz. Quizzes are available to AMA Members, subscribers, and those who have purchased tokens.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Share < br />this article:
Jared Leto Poses with Elephants for Warwick Saint
Peggy Truong
| February 1, 2013 - 1:56 pm
Share < br />this article:
View Full Size
Return to Story
Jared Leto
Recommended for you
Jared Leto Talks Drug Past, Explains Why He's Still Not Married
Is That an Engagement Ring on Cara Delevingne's Finger?
New 'Suicide Squad' Images Tease Closer Look at Joker and Much More
EW Debuts 4 Covers Featuring the Cast of 'Suicide Squad'
21 Independent Celebrities Who Are Proud to Be Single This 4th of July
WATCH: Evan Rachel Wood Is in a Band Now (And Their First Single Is a Synthy Dream)
Around The Web
Here's Why Rob Kardashian Deleted All His Blac Chyna Photos on Instagram
Kendall Jenner Explains Why She Likes to Go Braless
Here Are Some of Khloé Kardashian's Favorite Sex Toys
Mariah Carey Says Her Divorce with Nick Cannon 'Was Supposed to Happen'
This Is Why Rob Kardashian Wasn't with Blac Chyna at Grandmother MJ's…
Sign Up For The Latest Celebuzz News
Thank you for signing up for our newsletter. You will receive a confirmation shortly.
Sign Up
Top Photos
All »
WATCH: Like a Pageant Dad, Orlando Bloom Records Katy Perry's Performance at the DNC
Ariel Winter in Short Shorts Leads Today's Star Sightings
Margot Robbie Has the Time of Her Life Greeting Fans in NYC
Taylor Swift and Tom Hiddleston Have a Date Night While Calvin Harris Spends Bro Time with Cristiano Ronaldo
The Kardashian-Jenner Family Leads Today's Star Sightings
Mila Kunis Shows Off Baby Bump at 'Bad Moms' Premiere
You'll Love
Zayn Malik Talks Dating Gigi Hadid
Mila Kunis' Wedding Ring Is From Etsy
Kim Kardashian Shades Taylor Swift


text:
Enter a brand name. Spin the wheel. It "automagically" finds the correct logo, and perfectly photoshops it on a visual of your new pitch- and/or award-winning concept. It comes complete with a sort of well-written, buzzword-laden description sure to impress any client. Just download, print and present.
An example concept board with copy for you to read.


text:
Contact Us
Enter Your Search:
Search tips
Search criteria
Journal titles
Results 1-25 (588087)
« Previous
Go to page number:
Next »
Clipboard (0)
Related Articles
Anti-nociceptive properties in rodents and the possibility of using polyphenol-rich fractions from sida urens L. (Malvaceae) against of dental caries bacteria
Konaté, Kiessoun
Zerbo, Patrice
Ouédraogo, Maurice
Dibala, Crépin I
Adama, Hilou
Sytar, Oksana
Brestic, Marian
Barro, Nicolas
Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials
Sida urens L. (Malvaceae) is in flora of Asian medicinal herbs and used traditionally in West of Burkina Faso for the treatment of infectious diseases and particularly used against, dental caries bacteria, fever, pain and possesses analgesic properties. This study was conducted to reveal the antibacterial effect against dental caries bacteria on the one hand, and evaluate their analgesic capacity in experimental model with Swiss mice and on the other hand, with an aim to provide a scientific basis for the traditional use of this plant for the management of dental caries bacteria.
The antibacterial assays in this study were performed by using inhibition zone diameters, MIC (Minimum inhibitory concentration) and MBC (Minimal bactericidal concentration) methods. On the whole the dental caries bacteria (Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains) were used. Negative control was prepared using discs impregnated with 10% DMSO in water and commercially available Gentamicin from Alkom Laboratories LTD was used as positive reference standards for all bacterial strains. In acute toxicity test, mice received doses of extract (acetone/water extract) from Sida urens L. by intraperitoneal route and LD50 was determined in Swiss mice. As for analgesic effects, acetic acid writhing method was used in mice. The acetic acid-induced writhing method was used in mice with aim to study analgesic effects.
The results showed that the highest antibacterial activities were founded with the polyphenol-rich fractions against all bacterial strains compared to the standard antibiotic. About preliminary study in acute toxicity test, LD50 value obtained was more than 5000 mg/kg b.w. Polyphenol-rich fractions produced significant analgesic effects in acetic acid-induced writhing method and in a dose-dependent inhibition was observed.
These results validate the ethno-botanical use of Sida urens L. (Malvaceae) and demonstrate the potential of this herbaceous as a potential antibacterial agent of dental caries that could be effectively used for future health care purposes.
Related Articles
Isojacareubin from the Chinese Herb Hypericum japonicum: Potent Antibacterial and Synergistic Effects on Clinical Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
Zuo, Guo-Ying
An, Jing
Han, Jun
Zhang, Yun-Ling
Wang, Gen-Chun
Hao, Xiao-Yan
Bian, Zhong-Qi
International Journal of Molecular Sciences
Through bioassay-guided fractionation of the extracts from the aerial parts of the Chinese herb Hypericum japonicum Thunb. Murray, Isojacareubin (ISJ) was characterized as a potent antibacterial compound against the clinical methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The broth microdilution assay was used to determine the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) of ISJ alone. The results showed that its MICs/MBCs ranged from 4/16 to 16/64 μg/mL, with the concentrations required to inhibit or kill 50% of the strains (MIC50/MBC50) at 8/16 μg/mL. Synergistic evaluations of this compound with four conventional antibacterial agents representing different types were performed by the chequerboard and time-kill tests. The chequerboard method showed significant synergy effects when ISJ was combined with Ceftazidime (CAZ), Levofloxacin (LEV) and Ampicillin (AMP), with the values of 50% of the fractional inhibitory concentration indices (FICI50) at 0.25, 0.37 and 0.37, respectively. Combined bactericidal activities were also observed in the time-kill dynamic assay. The results showed the ability of ISJ to reduce MRSA viable counts by log10CFU/mL at 24 h of incubation at a concentration of 1 × MIC were 1.5 (LEV, additivity), 0.92 (CAZ, indifference) and 0.82 (AMP, indifference), respectively. These in vitro anti-MRSA activities of ISJ alone and its synergy with conventional antibacterial agents demonstrated that ISJ enhanced their efficacy, which is of potential use for single and combinatory therapy of patients infected with MRSA.
anti-MRSA activity; Hypericum japonicum; Isojacareubin; MIC; synergy
Related Articles
The joint in vitro action of polymyxin B and miconazole against pathogens associated with canine otitis externa from three European countries
Pietschmann, Silvia
Meyer, Michael
Voget, Michael
Cieslicki, Michael
Veterinary Dermatology
Canine otitis externa, an inflammation of the external ear canal, can be maintained and worsened by bacterial or fungal infections. For topical treatment, combinations of anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial ingredients are mainly used.
This study was conducted to elucidate the in vitro activity of polymyxin B and miconazole against clinical bacterial isolates from three European countries, to investigate possible differences in sensitivity and to assess drug interactions.
Seventeen strains of Escherichia coli, 24 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 24 strains of Proteus mirabilis and 25 strains of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius from dogs with diagnosed otitis externa had been isolated in Germany, France and Italy.
Drug activities were evaluated by minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration. The potentiation of polymyxin B plus miconazole was calculated using the fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI). An FICI ≤0.5 defined synergy. Furthermore, geographical variations in the FICI and MIC were assessed by statistical analysis.
Bacterial susceptibilities were comparable in different European countries, because there were no significant MIC and FICI variations (P > 0.05). As a single agent, polymyxin B had bactericidal activity against most E. coli and P. aeruginosa strains and, in higher concentrations, against S. pseudintermedius strains. Miconazole was bactericidal against all Staphylococcus strains. Synergy was demonstrated against strains of E. coli and P. aeruginosa (FICI = 0.25 and 0.50, respectively), whereas overall there was no interaction against S. pseudintermedius strains (FICI = 1.25). Proteus mirabilis strains were not inhibited by each of the drugs individually or by their combination.
Conclusions and clinical importance
In vitro synergy of polymyxin B and miconazole against E. coli and P. aeruginosa isolates indicates a rationale for applying both agents in combination to treat otitis externa when infected with these types of bacteria.
L'otite externe canine, une inflammation du conduit auriculaire externe, peut être entretenue et aggravée par les infections bactériennes ou fongiques. Pour le traitement topique, les associations d'anti-inflammatoires et d'antimicrobiens sont principalement utilisées.
Cette étude a été menée pour déterminer l'activité in vitro de la polymyxine B et du miconazole contre les souches bactériennes cliniques isolées dans trois pays européens, d'étudier les différences possibles de sensibilité et de déterminer les interactions médicamenteuses.
Dix-sept souches d'Escherichia coli, 24 souches de Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 24 souches de Proteus mirabilis et 25 souches de Staphylococcus pseudintermedius ont été isolées de chiens atteints d'otite externe en Allemagne, France et Italie.
L'activité des molécules a été évaluée par la concentration minimale inhibitrice (CMI) et la concentration minimale bactéricide. La potentialisation de la polymyxine B et du miconazole a été calculée par l'indice de concentration inhibitrice fractionnaire (FICI). Un FICI ≤ 0.5 définissait la synergie. En outre, les variations géographiques dans le FICI et la CMI étaient évaluées par analyses statistiques.
Les sensibilités bactériennes étaient comparables dans les différents pays européens parce qu'aucune différence significative n'a été mise en évidence entre les variations de CMI et de FICI (P > 0.05). La polymyxine B en tant que seul agent avait une activité bactéricide contre la plupart des souches de E. coli et P. aeruginosa, et, à plus forte concentration, contre les souches de S. pseudintermedius. Le miconazole était bactéricide contre toutes les souches de S. pseudintermedius. Une synergie a été mise en évidence contre les souches de E. coli et P. aeruginosa (FICI = 0.25 et 0.50, respectivement), alors qu'aucune interaction n'a été mise en évidence contre les souches de S. pseudintermedius (FICI = 1.25). Les souches de Proteus mirabilis n'ont été inhibées par aucune des molécules, individuellement ou en association.
Conclusions et importance clinique
La synergie in vitro de la polymyxine B et du miconazole contre les souches d'E. coli et de P. aeruginosa justifie l'application de la combinaison des deux agents dans le traitement de l'otite externe lors d'infection par ces bactéries.
la otitis externa canina, inflamación del canal auditivo externo, puede perpetuarse y empeorar debido a la presencia de infecciones bacterianas o fúngicas. Para el tratamiento tópico se utilizan fundamentalmente combinaciones de ingredientes antiinflamatorios y antimicrobianos.
este estudio se condujo para elucidar la actividad in vitro de polimixina B y miconazol frente a aislados clínicos bacterianos de tres países europeos, investigar posibles diferencias en sensibilidad y analizar interacciones de fármacos.
diecisiete cepas de Escherichia coli, 24 cepas de Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 24 cepas de Proteus mirabilis y 25 cepas de Staphylococcus pseudintermedius de perros diagnosticados con otitis externa asilados de Alemania, Francia e Italia.
se evaluó la actividad de los fármacos mediante la concentración inhibitoria minima (MIC) y la concentración bactericida minima. La potenciación de polimixina B y miconazol se calculó usando el índice de concentración fraccional inhibitoria (FICI). Un FICI≤ 0,5 definía sinergismo. Además se analizaron estadísticamente las variaciones en la FICI y MIC dependiendo de la región de origen.
la susceptibilidad bacteriana fue comparable en los diferentes países europeos ya que no hubo diferencias significativas en MIC y FICI (P > 0,05). Como agente único la polimixina B tuvo actividad antimicrobiana frente a la mayoría de cepas de E. coli y P. aeruginosa, y a mayores concentraciones frente a cepas de S. pseudintermedius. El miconazol fue bactericida frente a todas las cepas de Staphylococcus. Se observó sinergismo frente a cepas de E. coli y P. aeruginosa (FICI = 0.25 y 0,50, respectivamente), mientras en general no hubo sinergismo frente a las cepas de S. pseudintermedius (FICI = 1.25). Cepas de Proteus mirabilis no fueron inhibidas por los fármacos individualmente ni en combinación.
Conclusiones e importancia clínica
el sinergismo in vitro de la polimixina B y el miconazol frente a aislados de E. coli y P. aeruginosa indica un motivo para utilizar ambos agentes en combinación para tratar casos de otitis externa producidos por infecciones con estas bacterias.
Die canine Otitis externa, eine Entzündung des äußeren Ohrkanals, kann durch eine bakterielle Infektion oder durch eine Infektion mit Hefepilzen aufrechterhalten bzw. verschlimmert werden. Zur topischen Behandlung werden hauptsächlich Kombinationen aus entzündungshemmenden und antimikrobiellen Wirkstoffen verwendet.
Diese Studie wurde durchgeführt, um die in vitro Aktivität von Polymyxin B und Mikonazol gegenüber klinischen Bakterienisolaten aus drei europäischen Ländern zu beleuchten und um mögliche Unterschiede in der Sensibilität zu untersuchen und um Interaktionen von Medikamenten zu beurteilen.
Siebzehn Stämme von Escherichia coli, 24 Stämme von Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 24 Stämme von Proteus mirabilis und 25 Stämme von Staphylokokkus pseudintermedius von Hunden mit einer diagnostizierten Otitis externa waren in Deutschland, Frankreich und Italien isoliert worden.
Die Wirkstoffaktivitäten wurden mittels minimaler inhibitorischer Konzentration (MIC) und minimaler bakterizider Konzentration evaluiert. Die Potenzierung von Polymyxin B plus Mikonazol wurde mittels "Fractional Inhibitory Concentration Index" (FICI) kalkuliert. Ein FICI ≤ 0,5 definierte eine Synergie. Weiters wurden geographische Variationen des FICI und der MIC mittels statistischer Analyse beurteilt.
Die bakteriellen Empfindlichkeiten waren in den verschiedenen europäischen Ländern vergleichbar, da keine signifikanten Unterschiede bei MIC und FICI bestanden (P > 0,05). Als alleiniger Wirkstoff zeigte Polymyxin B eine bakterizide Wirkung gegenüber den meisten E. coli und P. aeruginosa Stämmen und, in höheren Konzentrationen, gegenüber S. pseudintermedius Stämmen. Eine Synergie wurde gegen E. coli und P. aeruginosa Stämme (FICI = 0.25 bzw. 0,50) demonstriert, während insgesamt keine Interaktion gegen S. pseudintermedius Stämme (FICI = 1.25) bestand. Proteus mirabilis Stämme wurden von keinem dieser Wirkstoffe, weder individuell noch in Kombination, inhibiert.
Schlussfolgerungen und klinische Bedeutung
Eine in vitro Synergie von Polymyxin B und Mikonazol gegenüber E. coli und P. aeruginosa Isolaten bekräftigt die Argumentation dafür, beide Wirkstoffe in Kombination zu verwenden, um eine Otitis externa, bei der diese Bakterien vorkommen, zu behandeln.
Related Articles
In Vitro Synergistic Effect of Psidium guineense (Swartz) in Combination with Antimicrobial Agents against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strains
Fernandes, Tiago Gomes
de Mesquita, Amanda Rafaela Carneiro
Randau, Karina Perrelli
Franchitti, Adelisa Alves
Ximenes, Eulália Azevedo
The Scientific World Journal
The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of aqueous extract of Psidium guineense Swartz (Araçá-do-campo) and five antimicrobials (ampicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, cefoxitin, ciprofloxacin, and meropenem) against twelve strains of Staphylococcus aureus with a resistant phenotype previously determined by the disk diffusion method. Four S. aureus strains showed resistance to all antimicrobial agents tested and were selected for the study of the interaction between aqueous extract of P. guineense and antimicrobial agents, by the checkerboard method. The criteria used to evaluate the synergistic activity were defined by the fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI). All S. aureus strains were susceptible to P. guineense as determined by the microdilution method. The combination of the P. guineense extract with the antimicrobial agents resulted in an eight-fold reduction in the MIC of these agents, which showed a FICI ranging from 0.125 to 0.5, suggesting a synergistic interaction against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains. The combination of the aqueous extract of P. guineense with cefoxitin showed the lowest FICI values. This study demonstrated that the aqueous extract of P. guineense combined with beta lactamics antimicrobials, fluoroquinolones, and carbapenems, acts synergistically by inhibiting MRSA strains.
Related Articles
Free radical scavenging capacity, anticandicidal effect of bioactive compounds from Sida Cordifolia L., in combination with nystatin and clotrimazole and their effect on specific immune response in rats
Ouédraogo, Maurice
Konaté, Kiessoun
Lepengué, Alexis Nicaise
Souza, Alain
M'Batchi, Bertrand
Sawadogo, Laya L
Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials
Infectious diseases caused by fungi are still a major threat to public health, despite numerous efforts by researchers. Use of ethnopharmacological knowledge is one attractive way to reduce empiricism and enhance the probability of success in new drug-finding efforts. In this work, the total alkaloid compounds (AC) from Sida cordifolia L. (Malvaceae) have been investigated for their free radical scavenging capacity, antifungal and immunostimulatory properties.
The antifungal activity was investigated against five candida strains using the microplate dilution method and the Fractional Inhibitory Concentration Index (FICI) of compounds was evaluated. The antioxidant activity of the samples was evaluate using three separate methods, at last, the immunostimulatory effect on immunosuppressed wistar rats was performed.
As for the antifungal activity, result varied according to microorganism. The results obtained in this antifungal activity were interesting and indicated a synergistic effect between alkaloid compounds and the antifungal references such as Nystatin and Clotrimazole. Antioxidant capacity noticed that the reduction capacity of DPPH radicals obtained the best result comparatively to the others methods of free radical scavenging. Our results showed a low immunostimulatory effect and this result could be explained by the lack of biologically active antioxidants such as polyphenol compounds lowly contained in the alkaloid compounds.
The results of this study showed that alkaloid compounds in combination with antifungal references (Nystatin and Clotrimazole) exhibited antimicrobial effects against candida strains tested. The results supported the utilization of these plants in infectious diseases particularly in treatment of candida infections.
Related Articles
Synergistic antimicrobial activity between pentacyclic triterpenoids and antibiotics against Staphylococcus aureus strains
Chung, Pooi Yin
Navaratnam, Parasakthi
Chung, Lip Yong
Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials
There has been considerable effort to discover plant-derived antibacterials against methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) which have developed resistance to most existing antibiotics, including the last line of defence, vancomycin. Pentacyclic triterpenoid, a biologically diverse plant-derived natural product, has been reported to show anti-staphylococcal activities. The objective of this study is to evaluate the interaction between three pentacyclic triterpenoid and standard antibiotics (methicillin and vancomycin) against reference strains of Staphylococcus aureus.
Methods and Results
The activity of the standard antibiotics and compounds on reference methicillin-sensitive and resistant strains of S. aureus were determined using the macrodilution broth method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the compounds was compared with that of the standard antibiotics. The interaction between any two antimicrobial agents was estimated by calculating the fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC index) of the combination. The various combinations of antibiotics and compounds reduced the MIC to a range of 0.05 to 50%.
Pentacyclic triterpenoids have shown anti-staphylococcal activities and although individually weaker than common antibiotics produced from bacteria and fungi, synergistically these compounds may use different mechanism of action or pathways to exert their antimicrobial effects, as implicated in the lowered MICs. Therefore, the use of current antibiotics could be maintained in their combination with plant-derived antibacterial agents as a therapeutic option in the treatment of S. aureus infections.
Related Articles
Synergistic effects of Miconazole and Polymyxin B on microbial pathogens
Pietschmann, Silvia
Hoffmann, Katrin
Voget, Michael
Pison, Ulrich
Veterinary Research Communications
The therapeutic value of antibiotics depends on the susceptibility of the infecting microorganism and the pharmacological profile of the drugs. To assess the value of an antibiotic combination of polymyxin B and miconazole this study examined the in vitro synergistic potential of the two drugs on Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and yeast. Antifungal and antibacterial activity was tested by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of broth macrodilution and urea broth microdilution, by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. Synergism was calculated using the fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICi). With Staphylococcus intermedius as target we found up to an eightfold reduction of the individual MICs when both drugs were combined. However, the FICi was 0.63 suggesting no real interaction between the two drugs. With Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Malassezia pachydermatis as targets the antimicrobial drug combination reduced the MICs of polymyxin B and miconazole from fourfold to hundredfold resulting in FICi between 0.06 and 0.5 which defines a synergistic action. Thus, if polymyxin B and miconazole are combined their effect is greater than the sum of the effects observed with polymyxin B and miconazole independently, revealing bactericidal and fungicidal synergism. Our results indicate a strong therapeutic value for the combination of these antimicrobial agents against Gram-negative bacteria and yeast and a weaker value against Gram positive bacteria for clinical situations where these pathogens are involved.
Miconazole; Polymyxin; Antibiotic synergism; Otitis externa
Related Articles
Bacteriostatic Antimicrobial Combination: Antagonistic Interaction between Epsilon-Viniferin and Vancomycin against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Basri, Dayang Fredalina
Xian, Lee Wee
Abdul Shukor, Nur Indah
Latip, Jalifah
BioMed Research International
Stilbenoids have been considered as an alternative phytotherapeutic treatment against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection. The combined effect of ε-viniferin and johorenol A with the standard antibiotics, vancomycin and linezolid, was assessed against MRSA ATCC 33591 and HUKM clinical isolate. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of the individual tested compounds and the fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) value of the combined agents were, respectively, determined using microbroth dilution test and microdilution checkerboard (MDC) method. Only synergistic outcome from checkerboard test will be substantiated for its rate of bacterial killing using time-kill assay. The MIC value of ε-viniferin against ATCC 33591 and johorenol A against both strains was 0.05 mg/mL whereas HUKM strain was susceptible to 0.1 mg/mL of ε-viniferin. MDC study showed that only combination between ε-viniferin and vancomycin was synergistic against ATCC 33591 (FICI 0.25) and HUKM (FICI 0.19). All the other combinations (ε-viniferin-linezolid, johorenol A-vancomycin, and johorenol A-linezolid) were either indifferent or additive against both strains. However, despite the FICI value showing synergistic effect for ε-viniferin-vancomycin, TKA analysis displayed antagonistic interaction with bacteriostatic action against both strains. As conclusion, ε-viniferin can be considered as a bacteriostatic stilbenoid as it antagonized the bactericidal activity of vancomycin. These findings therefore disputed previous report that ε-viniferin acted in synergism with vancomycin but revealed that it targets similar site in close proximity to vancomycin's action, possibly at the bacterial membrane protein. Hence, this combination has a huge potential to be further studied and developed as an alternative treatment in combating MRSA in future.
Related Articles
Antibacterial effects of Apis mellifera and stingless bees honeys on susceptible and resistant strains of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae in Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia
Ewnetu, Yalemwork
Lemma, Wossenseged
Birhane, Nega
BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Honey is a natural substance produced by honeybees and has nutritional and therapeutic uses. In Ethiopia, honeys are used traditionally to treat wounds, respiratory infections and diarrhoea. Recent increase of drug resistant bacteria against the existing antibiotics forced investigators to search for alternative natural remedies and evaluate their potential use on scientific bases. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial effects of different types of honeys in Ethiopia which are used traditionally to treat different types of respiratory and gastrointestinal infections.
Mueller Hinton agar (70191) diffusion and nutrient broth culture medium assays were performed to determine susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and resistant clinical isolates (Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA), Escherichia coli(R) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (R), using honeys of Apis mellifera and stingless bees in northern and north western Ethiopia.
Honey of the stingless bees produced the highest mean inhibition (22.27 ± 3.79 mm) compared to white honey (21.0 ± 2.7 mm) and yellow honey (18.0 ± 2.3 mm) at 50% (v/v) concentration on all the standard and resistant strains. Stingless bees honey was found to have Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of 6.25% (6.25 mg/ml) for 80% of the test organisms compared to 40% for white and yellow Apis mellifera honeys. All the honeys were found to have minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 12.5% (12.5 mg/ml) against all the test organisms. Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) was susceptible to amoxicillin, methicillin, kanamycine, tetracycline, and vancomycine standard antibiotic discs used for susceptibility tests. Similarly, Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) was found susceptible for kanamycine, tetracycline and vancomycine. Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) has not been tested for amoxicillin ampicillin and methicillin. The susceptibility tests performed against Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Escherichia coli (R) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (R) using three of methicillin, erythromycin, ampicillin, Penicillin and amoxicillin discs were resistant. But, these drug resistant strains were susceptible to antibacterial agents found in the honeys and inhibited from 16 mm to 20.33 mm.
Honeys in Ethiopia can be used as therapeutic agents for drug resistant bacteria after pharmaceutical standardization and clinical trials.
Anticbacterial effects; Ethiopian honeys; Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922); Escherichia coli (R); Klebsiella pneumoniae (R); Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923); Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
Related Articles
Evaluation of Combination Effects of Ethanolic Extract of Ziziphus mucronata Willd. subsp. mucronata Willd. and Antibiotics against Clinically Important Bacteria
Olajuyigbe, Olufunmiso Olusola
Afolayan, Anthony Jide
The Scientific World Journal
A pragmatic approach to the treatment of infectious diseases with multicausal agents and prevention of the development of resistant isolates is the combination of herbal remedies with the first-line antimicrobial agents to which most of them have become resistant. This study evaluated the interactions between the ethanolic bark extract of Ziziphus mucronata with known antimicrobial agents in vitro. In this study, the results showed that varied zones of inhibitions (ZME—chloramphenicol (17–42 mm), ZME—amoxicillin (17–35 mm), ZME—tetracycline (17–36 mm), ZME—ciprofloxacin (20–41 mm), ZME—nalidixic acid (17–34 mm), and ZME—kanamycin (17–38 mm)) were produced by the antibacterial combinations. At the highest combined concentrations, 12 isolates (ZME—ciprofloxacin) > 10 isolates (ZME—chloramphenicol) = (ZME—kanamycin) > 6 isolates (ZME—amoxicillin) = (ZME—nalidixic acid) and 5 isolates (ZME—tetracycline) were inhibited with zones of inhibition greater than 20 ± 1.0 mm. Although the agar diffusion assay suggested that the interactions between the ethanolic extract of Z. mucronata and the antibiotics were both synergistic and additive in nature, the fractional inhibitory concentration indices (FICI) showed that the interactions were synergistic (54.17%), additive (27.78%), indifferent (16.67%), and antagonistic (1.39%). While the fractional inhibitory concentration indices (FICIs) for synergism ranged between 0.00391 and 0.5, that of additivity ranged between 0.516 and 1.0, indifferences ranged between 1.062 and 3.0 and antagonistic interaction was 5.0. The synergistic effects implied that the antibacterial combinations would be more effective and useful in the treatment of multicausal and multidrug-resistant bacteria than a single monotherapy of either antibacterial agent.
Related Articles
Antibacterial activity of extracellular compounds produced by a Pseudomonas strain against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains
Cardozo, Viviane F
Oliveira, Admilton G
Nishio, Erick K
Perugini, Marcia RE
Andrade, Célia GTJ
Silveira, Wanderley D
Durán, Nelson
Andrade, Galdino
Kobayashi, Renata KT
Nakazato, Gerson
Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials
The emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria is a world health problem. Staphylococcus aureus, including methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains, is one of the most important human pathogens associated with hospital and community-acquired infections. The aim of this work was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of a Pseudomonas aeruginosa-derived compound against MRSA strains.
Thirty clinical MRSA strains were isolated, and three standard MRSA strains were evaluated. The extracellular compounds were purified by vacuum liquid chromatography. Evaluation of antibacterial activity was performed by agar diffusion technique, determination of the minimal inhibitory concentration, curve of growth and viability and scanning electron microscopy. Interaction of an extracellular compound with silver nanoparticle was studied to evaluate antibacterial effect.
The F3 (ethyl acetate) and F3d (dichloromethane- ethyl acetate) fractions demonstrated antibacterial activity against the MRSA strains. Phenazine-1-carboxamide was identified and purified from the F3d fraction and demonstrated slight antibacterial activity against MRSA, and synergic effect when combined with silver nanoparticles produced by Fusarium oxysporum. Organohalogen compound was purified from this fraction showing high antibacterial effect. Using scanning electron microscopy, we show that the F3d fraction caused morphological changes to the cell wall of the MRSA strains.
These results suggest that P. aeruginosa-produced compounds such as phenazines have inhibitory effects against MRSA and may be a good alternative treatment to control infections caused by MRSA.
Antibacterial activity; Methicillin-resistant; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Staphylococcus aureus
Related Articles
Antibacterial activity of actinomycetes isolated from different soil samples of Sheopur (A city of central India)
Chaudhary, Hotam S.
Yadav, Jayprakash
Shrivastava, Anju R.
Singh, Smriti
Singh, Anil K.
Gopalan, Natrajan
Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology & Research
The main objective of the present study was isolation, purification, and characterization of actinomycetes from soil samples, having antimicrobial activity against 12 selected pathogenic strains. Soils samples were taken from different niche habitats of Sheopur district, Madhya Pradesh, India. These samples were serially diluted and plated on actinomycete isolation agar media. Potential colonies were screened, purified, and stored in glycerol stock. Isolates were morphologically and biochemically characterized. These isolates were subjected to extraction for production of the antibacterial compound. Antibacterial activity and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the purified extract of isolates were evaluated. Totally 31 actinomycete isolates were tested for antagonistic activity against 12 pathogenic microorganisms. Isolates AS14, AS27, and AS28 were highly active, while AS1 showed less activity against the pathogenic microorganisms. Isolate AS7 exhibited the highest antagonistic activity against Bacillus cereus (24 mm) and AS16 showed the highest activity against Enterococcus faecalis (21 mm). MIC was also determined for actinomycete isolates against all the tested microorganisms. MIC of actinomycete isolates was found to be 2.5 mg/ml against Shigella dysenteriae, Vancomycin-resistant enterococci, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, and was 1.25 mg/ml for Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus xylosus, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, and Staphylococcus aureus. All actinomycetes isolates showed antibacterial activity against S. aureus, while they showed less activity against S. dysenteriae. These isolates had antibacterial activity and could be used in the development of new antibiotics for pharmaceutical or agricultural purposes.
Agar well diffusion method; antimicrobial activity; minimum inhibitory concentration; pathogenic microorganisms; Sheopur
Related Articles
Enhancement of Neonatal Innate Defense: Effects of Adding an N-Terminal Recombinant Fragment of Bactericidal/Permeability-Increasing Protein on Growth and Tumor Necrosis Factor-Inducing Activity of Gram-Negative Bacteria Tested in Neonatal Cord Blood Ex Vivo
Levy, Ofer
Sisson, Richard B.
Kenyon, Jonathan
Eichenwald, Eric
Macone, Ann B.
Goldmann, Donald
Infection and Immunity
Innate defense against microbial infection requires the action of neutrophils, which have cytoplasmic granules replete with antibiotic proteins and peptides. Bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI) is found in the primary granules of adult neutrophils, has a high affinity for lipopolysaccharides (or "endotoxins"), and exerts selective cytotoxic, antiendotoxic, and opsonic activity against gram-negative bacteria. We have previously reported that neutrophils derived from newborn cord blood are deficient in BPI (O. Levy et al., Pediatrics 104:1327–1333, 1999). The relative deficiency in BPI of newborns raised the possibility that supplementing the levels of BPI in plasma might enhance newborn antibacterial defense. Here we determined the effects of addition of recombinant 21-kDa N-terminal BPI fragment (rBPI21) on the growth and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-inducing activity of representative gram-negative clinical isolates. Bacteria were tested in citrated newborn cord blood or adult peripheral blood. Bacterial viability was assessed by plating assay, and TNF-α release was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Whereas adult blood limited the growth of all isolates except Klebsiella pneumoniae, cord blood also allowed logarithmic growth of Escherichia coli K1/r and Citrobacter koseri. Bacteria varied in their susceptibility to rBPI21's bactericidal action: E. coli K1/r was relatively susceptible (50% inhibitory concentration [IC50], ∼10 nM), C. koseri was intermediate (IC50, ∼1,000 nM), Klebsiella pneumoniae was resistant (IC50, ∼10,000 nM), and Enterobacter cloacae and Serratia marcescens were highly resistant (IC50, >10,000 nM). All isolates were potent inducers of TNF-α activity in both adult and newborn cord blood. In contrast to its variable antibacterial activity, rBPI21 consistently inhibited the TNF-inducing activity of all strains tested (IC50, 1 to 1,000 nM). The antibacterial effects of rBPI21 were additive with those of a combination of conventional antibiotics typically used to treat bacteremic newborns (ampicillin and gentamicin). Whereas ampicillin and gentamicin demonstrated little inhibition of bacterially induced TNF release, addition of rBPI21 either alone or together with ampicillin and gentamicin profoundly inhibited release of this cytokine. Thus, supplementing newborn cord blood with rBPI21 potently inhibited the TNF-inducing activity of a variety of gram-negative bacterial clinical pathogens and, in some cases, enhanced bactericidal activity. These results suggest that administration of rBPI21 may be of clinical benefit to neonates suffering from gram-negative bacterial infection and/or endotoxemia.
Related Articles
Antibacterial activities of the methanol extracts of seven Cameroonian dietary plants against bacteria expressing MDR phenotypes
Seukep, Jackson A
Fankam, Aimé G
Djeussi, Doriane E
Voukeng, Igor K
Tankeo, Simplice B
Noumdem, Jaurès AK
Kuete, Antoine HLN
Kuete, Victor
The morbidity and mortality caused by bacterial infections significantly increased with resistance to commonly used antibiotics. This is partially due to the activation of efflux pumps in Gram-negative bacteria. The present work designed to assess the in vitro antibacterial activities of seven Cameroonian dietary plants (Sesamum indicum, Sesamum radiatum, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Corchous olitorius, Cyperus esculentus, Adansonia digitata, Aframomum kayserianum), against multidrug resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacteria over expressing active efflux pumps. The standard phytochemical methods were used to detect the main classes of secondary metabolites in the extracts. The antibacterial activities of the studied extracts in the absence or presence of an efflux pump inhibitor (PAβN) were evaluated using liquid microbroth dilution method. The results obtained indicated that apart from the extract of C. esculentus, all other samples contained alkaloids, phenols and polyphenols meanwhile other classes of chemicals were selectively present. The studied extracts displayed antibacterial activities with minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) values ranged from 64 to 1024 μg/mL on the majority of the 27 tested microbial strains. The extract of S. indicum was active against 77.77% of the tested microorganisms whilst the lowest MIC value (64 μg/mL) was recorded with that of A. kayserianum against E. aerogenes EA294. The results of the present work provide baseline information on the possible used of the tested Cameroonian dietary plants in the treatment of bacterial infections including multi-drug resistant phenotypes.
Antibacterial activity; Cameroon; Dietary plants; Efflux pumps; Gram-negative bacteria; Multi-drug resistant
Related Articles
Antimicrobial activity of polyphenol-rich fractions from Sida alba L. (Malvaceae) against co-trimoxazol-resistant bacteria strains
Konaté, Kiessoun
Hilou, Adama
Mavoungou, Jacques François
Lepengué, Alexis Nicaise
Souza, Alain
Barro, Nicolas
Datté, Jacques Y
M'Batchi, Bertrand
Nacoulma, Odile Germaine
Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials
The increased resistance of microorganisms to the currently used antimicrobials has lead to the evaluation of other agents that might have antimicrobial activity. Medicinal plants are sources of phytochemicals which are able to initiate different biological activities including antimicrobials
Materials and methods
In vitro antibacterial (MIC, MBC and time-kill studies) of polyphenol-rich fractions from Sida alba L. (Malvaceae) was assessed using ten bacteria strains (Gram-negative and Gram-positive).
All test bacteria were susceptible to the polyphenol-rich fractions. Time-kill results showed that after 5 h exposition there was no viable microorganism in the initial inoculum and the effect of polyphenol-rich fractions was faster on Enterococcus faecalis (Gram-positive bacterium) comparatively to the other bacteria strains.
The data analysis indicates that the tested of polyphenol-rich fractions has significant effects when compared with the standard antibiotic. These results therefore justify the traditional use of sida alba L., alone or in combination with other herbs to treat bacterial infections.
Related Articles
Use of Pharmacodynamic Parameters To Predict Efficacy of Combination Therapy by Using Fractional Inhibitory Concentration Kinetics
den Hollander, Jan G.
Mouton, Johan W.
Verbrugh, Henri A.
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
Combination therapy with antimicrobial agents can be used against bacteria that have reduced susceptibilities to single agents. We studied various tobramycin and ceftazidime dosing regimens against four resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains in an in vitro pharmacokinetic model to determine the usability of combination therapy for the treatment of infections due to resistant bacterial strains. For the selection of an optimal dosing regimen it is necessary to determine which pharmacodynamic parameter best predicts efficacy during combination therapy and to find a simple method for susceptibility testing. An easy-to-use, previously described E-test method was evaluated as a test for susceptibility to combination therapy. That test resulted in a MICcombi, which is the MIC of, for example, tobramycin in the presence of ceftazidime. By dividing the tobramycin and ceftazidime concentration by the MICcombi at each time point during the dosing interval, fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) curves were constructed, and from these curves new pharmacodynamic parameters for combination therapy were calculated (i.e., AUCcombi, Cmax-combi, T>MIC-combi, and T>FICi, where AUCcombi, Cmax-combi, T>MIC-combi, and T>FICi are the area under the FICcombi curve, the peak concentration of FICcombi, the time that the concentration of the combination is above the MICcombi, and the time above the FIC index, respectively). By stepwise multilinear regression analysis, the pharmacodynamic parameter T>FICi proved to be the best predictor of therapeutic efficacy during combination therapy with tobramycin and ceftazidime (R2 = 0.6821; P < 0.01). We conclude that for combination therapy with tobramycin and ceftazidime the T>FICi is the parameter best predictive of efficacy and that the E-test for susceptibility testing of combination therapy gives promising results. These new pharmacodynamic parameters for combination therapy promise to provide better insight into the rationale behind combination therapy.
Related Articles
In vitro activity of monoclonal and recombinant yeast killer toxin-like antibodies against antibiotic-resistant gram-positive cocci.
Conti, S.
Magliani, W.
Arseni, S.
Dieci, E.
Frazzi, R.
Salati, A.
Varaldo, P. E.
Polonelli, L.
Molecular Medicine
BACKGROUND: Monoclonal (mAbKT) and recombinant single-chain (scFvKT) anti-idiotypic antibodies were produced to represent the internal image of a yeast killer toxin (KT) characterized by a wide spectrum of antimicrobial activity, including gram-positive cocci. Pathogenic eukaryotic and prokaryotic microorganisms, such as Candida albicans, Pneumocystis carinii, and a multidrug-resistant strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, presenting specific, although yet undefined, KT-cell wall receptors (KTR), have proven to be killed in vitro by mAbKT and scFvKT. mAbKT and scFvKT exert a therapeutic effect in vivo in experimental models of candidiasis and pneumocystosis by mimicking the functional activity of protective antibodies naturally produced in humans against KTR of infecting microorganisms. The swelling tide of concern over increasing bacterial resistance to antibiotic drugs gives the impetus to develop new therapeutic compounds against microbial threat. Thus, the in vitro bactericidal activity of mAbKT and scFvKT against gram-positive, drug-resistant cocci of major epidemiological interest was investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: mAbKT and scFvKT generated by hybridoma and DNA recombinant technology from the spleen lymphocytes of mice immunized with a KT-neutralizing monoclonal antibody (mAb KT4) were used in a conventional colony forming unit (CFU) assay to determine, from a qualitative point of view, their bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus, S. haemolyticus, Enterococcus faecalis, E. faecium, and Streptococcus pneumoniae strains. These bacterial strains are characterized by different patterns of resistance to antibiotics, including methicillin, vancomycin, and penicillin. RESULTS: According to the experimental conditions adopted, no bacterial isolate proved to be resistant to the activity of mAbKT and scFvKT. CONCLUSIONS: scFvKT exerted a microbicidal activity against multidrug resistant bacteria, which may represent the basis for the drug modeling of new antibiotics with broad antibacterial spectra to tackle the emergence of microbial resistance.
Related Articles
Efficacy of prophylaxis with beta-lactams and beta-lactam-beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations against wound infection by methicillin-resistant and borderline-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus in a guinea pig model.
Kernodle, D S
Kaiser, A B
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
Although some beta-lactams and beta-lactam-beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations exhibit activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, there remains the concern that therapeutic failures may result from the selection of resistant subpopulations. The prophylactic use of these antibiotics in clean surgery, however, may prove adequate since wound infections arise from the inoculation of small numbers of bacteria. In this clinical setting, heterogeneity in the phenotypic expression of beta-lactam resistance may facilitate antibiotic efficacy. Similarly, beta-lactamase-mediated resistance in S. aureus is dependent on inoculum size, and it may be possible to prevent infection from small inocula with relatively labile beta-lactams. To test this hypothesis, antibiotics were administered to guinea pigs as prophylaxis against infection by two methicillin-resistant strains and one borderline-susceptible strain. Following prophylaxis with sulbactam or placebo, inoculation of only a dozen or fewer bacteria had a 50% probability of creating an abscess (50% infective dose [ID50]). The efficacy of ampicillin was similar to that of cefazolin, exhibiting moderate activity against the borderline-susceptible strain (ID50s, greater than 300 bacteria) and minimal activity against the methicillin-resistant strains (ID50s, fewer than 100 bacteria). Coadministration of sulbactam with ampicillin or cefazolin yielded better results than the beta-lactam alone for five of six strain-beta-lactam combinations, including an 80-fold increase in the efficacy of ampicillin-sulbactam compared with that of ampicillin for one methicillin-resistant strain (ID50s, 2,017 and 25 bacteria, respectively). Prophylaxis with beta-lactams, especially beta-lactam-beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations, reduces the risk of wound infection by beta-lactam-resistant S. aureus.
Related Articles
Genetic Evidence for Inhibition of Bacterial Division Protein FtsZ by Berberine
Boberek, Jaroslaw M.
Stach, Jem
Good, Liam
PLoS ONE
Berberine is a plant alkaloid that is widely used as an anti-infective in traditional medicine. Escherichia coli exposed to berberine form filaments, suggesting an antibacterial mechanism that involves inhibition of cell division. Berberine is a DNA ligand and may induce filamentation through induction of the SOS response. Also, there is biochemical evidence for berberine inhibition of the cell division protein FtsZ. Here we aimed to assess possible berberine mechanism(s) of action in growing bacteria using genetics tools.
Methodology/Principal Findings
First, we tested whether berberine inhibits bacterial growth through DNA damage and induction of the SOS response. The SOS response induced by berberine was much lower compared to that induced by mitomycin C in an SOS response reporter strain. Also, cell filamentation was observed in an SOS-negative E. coli strain. To test whether berberine inhibits FtsZ, we assessed its effects on formation of the cell division Z-rings, and observed a dramatic reduction in Z-rings in the presence of berberine. We next used two different strategies for RNA silencing of ftsZ and both resulted in sensitisation of bacteria to berberine, visible as a drop in the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). Furthermore, Fractional Inhibitory Concentration Indices (FICIs) showed a high level of synergy between ftsZ silencing and berberine treatment (FICI values of 0.23 and 0.25 for peptide nucleic acid- and expressed antisense RNA-based silencing of ftsZ, respectively). Finally, over-expression of ftsZ led to a mild rescue effect in berberine-treated cells.
The results argue against DNA binding as the primary mechanism of action of berberine and support the hypothesis that its antibacterial properties are due to inhibition of the cell division protein FtsZ. In addition, the genetic approach used here provides a means to rapidly test the activity of other putative FtsZ inhibitors.
Related Articles
Bactericidal Activity of Methanol Extracts of Crabapple Mangrove Tree (Sonneratia caseolaris Linn.) Against Multi-Drug Resistant Pathogens
Yompakdee, C.
Thunyaharn, S.
Phaechamud, T.
Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences
The crabapple mangrove tree, Sonneratia caseolaris Linn. (Family: Sonneratiaceae), is one of the foreshore plants found in estuarine and tidal creek areas and mangrove forests. Bark and fruit extracts from this plant have previously been shown to have an anti-oxidative or cytotoxic effect, whereas flower extracts of this plant exhibited an antimicrobial activity against some bacteria. According to the traditional folklore, it is medicinally used as an astringent and antiseptic. Hence, this investigation was carried out on the extract of the leaves, pneumatophore and different parts of the flower or fruit (stamen, calyx, meat of fruit, persistent calyx of fruit and seeds) for antibacterial activity using the broth microdilution method. The antibacterial activity was evaluated against five antibiotic-sensitive species (three Gram-positive and two Gram-negative bacteria) and six drug-resistant species (Gram-positive i.e. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium and Gram-negative i.e. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-Escherichia coli, multidrug-resistant–Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acenetobacter baumannii). The methanol extracts from all tested parts of the crabapple mangrove tree exhibited antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but was mainly a bactericidal against the Gram-negative bacteria, including the multidrug-resistant strains, when compared with only bacteriostatic on the Gram-positive bacteria. Using Soxhlet apparatus, the extracts obtained by sequential extraction with hexane, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate revealed no discernable antibacterial activity and only slightly, if at all, reduced the antibacterial activity of the subsequently obtained methanol extract. Therefore, the active antibacterial compounds of the crabapple mangrove tree should have a rather polar structure.
Antimicrobial activity; bactericidal; crabapple mangrove tree; drug resistant bacteria; Sonneratia caseolaris Linn
Related Articles
Antibacterial constituents of three Cameroonian medicinal plants: Garcinia nobilis, Oricia suaveolens and Balsamocitrus camerunensis
Fouotsa, Hugues
Mbaveng, Armelle T
Mbazoa, Celine D
Nkengfack, Augustin E
Farzana, Shaheen
Iqbal, Choudhary M
Marion Meyer, Jacobus J
Lall, Namrita
Kuete, Victor
BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Multidrug resistance is a worrying cause of treatment failure in bacterial infections. The search of bioactive constituents from medicinal plants against multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria has significantly evolved in the two last decades. In the present study, twenty-two compounds (three terpenoids, eleven phenolics and eight alkaloids) isolated from three Cameroonian medicinal plants, namely Garcinia nobilis, Oricia suaveolens and Balsamocitrus camerunensis, as well as the crude extracts were tested for their antibacterial activities against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Gram-negative bacteria amongst which were MDR active efflux pumps expressing phenotypes.
The microplate alamar blue assay (MABA) and the broth microdilution methods were used to determine the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBC) of the studied samples.
The results of the MIC determinations indicate that, the best crude extract was that from G. nobilis (GNB), its inhibitory effects being noted against 12 of the 14 tested bacteria. The extract of GNB also exhibited better anti-tuberculosis (MIC of 128 μg/ml M. tuberculosis against ATCC 27294 strain) and antibacterial (MIC of 64 μg/ml against Escherichia coli ATCC10536) activities compared to the extracts of O. suaveolens and B. camerunensis. Interestingly, 4-prenyl-2-(3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienyl)-1,3,5,8-tetrahydroxyxanthone (2), isolated from the most active extract GNB, also showed the best activity amongst compounds, inhibiting the growth of all the fourteen tested microorganisms. The lowest MIC value obtained with compound 2 was 8 μg/ml against M. tuberculosis ATCC 27294 and M. tuberculosis clinical MTCS2 strains. Other compounds showed selective activities with 11 of the 14 tested bacteria being sensitive to the xanthone, morusignin I (5) and the alkaloid, kokusaginine (13).
The results of the present investigation provide evidence that the crude extract from G. nobilis, O. suaveolens and B. camerunensis as well as some of their compounds, and mostly compound 2 (isolated from G. nobilis,) could be considered as interesting natural antibacterial products.
Antimycobacterial; Antibacterial; Cameroon; Compounds; Garcinia nobilis; Oricia suaveolens; Balsamocitrus camerunensis
Related Articles
Downregulation of yidC in Escherichia coli by Antisense RNA Expression Results in Sensitization to Antibacterial Essential Oils Eugenol and Carvacrol
Patil, Supriya Deepak
Sharma, Rajnikant
Srivastava, Santosh
Navani, Naveen Kumar
Pathania, Ranjana
PLoS ONE
The rising drug resistance in pathogenic bacteria and inefficiency of current antibiotics to meet clinical requirements has augmented the need to establish new and innovative approaches for antibacterial drug discovery involving identification of novel antibacterial targets and inhibitors. Being obligatory for bacterial growth, essential gene products are considered vital as drug targets. The bacterial protein YidC is highly conserved among pathogens and is essential for membrane protein insertion due to which it holds immense potential as a promising target for antibacterial therapy.
Methods/Principal Findings
The aim of this study was to explore the feasibility and efficacy of expressed antisense-mediated gene silencing for specific downregulation of yidC in Escherichia coli. We induced RNA silencing of yidC which resulted in impaired growth of the host cells. This was followed by a search for antibacterial compounds sensitizing the YidC depleted cells as they may act as inhibitors of the essential protein or its products. The present findings affirm that reduction of YidC synthesis results in bacterial growth retardation, which warrants the use of this enzyme as a viable target in search of novel antibacterial agents. Moreover, yidC antisense expression in E. coli resulted in sensitization to antibacterial essential oils eugenol and carvacrol. Fractional Inhibitory Concentration Indices (FICIs) point towards high level of synergy between yidC silencing and eugenol/carvacrol treatment. Finally, as there are no known YidC inhibitors, the RNA silencing approach applied in this study put forward rapid means to screen novel potential YidC inhibitors.
The present results suggest that YidC is a promising candidate target for screening antibacterial agents. High level of synergy reported here between yidC silencing and eugenol/carvacrol treatment is indicative of a potential antibacterial therapy. This is the first report indicating that the essential gene yidC is a therapeutic target of the antibacterial essential oils eugenol and carvacrol in E. coli.
Related Articles
Antibacterial Activity of Tabernaemontana Stapfiana Britten (Apocynaceae) Extracts
Ruttoh, Ernest K
Tarus, Paul K
Bii, Christine C
Machocho, Alex K
Karimie, Lucas K
Okemo, Paul O
African Journal of Traditional, Complementary, and Alternative Medicines
Antibacterial and phytochemical screening of methanolic, sequential extracts (hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and methanol) and alkaloid rich fractions of Tabernaemontana stapfiana Britten was carried out. The phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, coumarins, tannins and saponins that have been associated with antimicrobial activity. The stem and root bark methanolic extracts showed good activity against the bacterial strains used including the multiple drug resistant Staphylococcus aureus strain with minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 15.6 to 500 µg/ml and minimum bactericidal concentrations ranging from 31.25 to 500 µg/ml. The sequential extracts of the root and stem bark had high antimicrobial activity with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging between 3.9 and 250 µg/ml and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) ranging between 7.8 and 500 µg/ml against the tested microorganisms. The dichloromethane extract of the alkaloid rich fractions however exhibited reduced antibacterial activities as compared to methanol and sequential extracts but the dichloromethane:methanol (4:1) mixture showed high activity with MICs ranging between 15.6 and 250 µg/ml. These antibacterial efficacy studies suggest that Tabernaemontana stapfiana Britten could be a source of antibacterial agents.
Tabernaemontana stapfiana; Antibacterial; MICs; MBCs
Related Articles
Mortality and Hospital Stay Associated with Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli Bacteremia: Estimating the Burden of Antibiotic Resistance in Europe
de Kraker, Marlieke E. A.
Davey, Peter G.
Grundmann, Hajo
PLoS Medicine
The authors calculate excess mortality, excess hospital stay, and related hospital expenditure associated with antibiotic-resistant bacterial bloodstream infections (Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli) in Europe.
The relative importance of human diseases is conventionally assessed by cause-specific mortality, morbidity, and economic impact. Current estimates for infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria are not sufficiently supported by quantitative empirical data. This study determined the excess number of deaths, bed-days, and hospital costs associated with blood stream infections (BSIs) caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli (G3CREC) in 31 countries that participated in the European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System (EARSS).
Methods and Findings
The number of BSIs caused by MRSA and G3CREC was extrapolated from EARSS prevalence data and national health care statistics. Prospective cohort studies, carried out in hospitals participating in EARSS in 2007, provided the parameters for estimating the excess 30-d mortality and hospital stay associated with BSIs caused by either MRSA or G3CREC. Hospital expenditure was derived from a publicly available cost model. Trends established by EARSS were used to determine the trajectories for MRSA and G3CREC prevalence until 2015. In 2007, 27,711 episodes of MRSA BSIs were associated with 5,503 excess deaths and 255,683 excess hospital days in the participating countries, whereas 15,183 episodes of G3CREC BSIs were associated with 2,712 excess deaths and 120,065 extra hospital days. The total costs attributable to excess hospital stays for MRSA and G3CREC BSIs were 44.0 and 18.1 million Euros (63.1 and 29.7 million international dollars), respectively. Based on prevailing trends, the number of BSIs caused by G3CREC is likely to rapidly increase, outnumbering the number of MRSA BSIs in the near future.
Excess mortality associated with BSIs caused by MRSA and G3CREC is significant, and the prolongation of hospital stay imposes a considerable burden on health care systems. A foreseeable shift in the burden of antibiotic resistance from Gram-positive to Gram-negative infections will exacerbate this situation and is reason for concern.
Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary
Editors' Summary
Antimicrobial resistance—a consequence of the use and misuse of antimicrobial medicines—occurs when a microorganism becomes resistant (usually by mutation or acquiring a resistance gene) to an antimicrobial drug to which it was previously sensitive. Then standard treatments become ineffective, leading to persistent infections, which may spread to other people. With some notable exceptions such as TB, HIV, malaria, and gonorrhea, most of the disease burden attributable to antimicrobial resistance is caused by hospital-associated infections due to opportunistic bacterial pathogens. These bacteria often cause life-threatening or difficult-to-manage conditions such as deep tissue, wound, or bone infections, or infections of the lower respiratory tract, central nervous system, or blood stream. The two most frequent causes of blood stream infections encountered worldwide are Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.
Why Was This Study Done?
Although hospital-associated infections have gained much attention over the past decade, the overall effect of this growing phenomenon on human health and medical services has still to be adequately quantified. The researchers proposed to fill this information gap by estimating the impact—morbidity, mortality, and demands on health care services—of antibiotic resistance in Europe for two types of resistant organisms that are typically associated with resistance to multiple classes of antibiotics and can be regarded as surrogate markers for multi-drug resistance—methicillin-resistant S. aureus and third-generation cephalosporin-resistant E. coli.
What Did the Researchers Do and Find?
Recently, the Burden of Resistance and Disease in European Nations project collected representative data on the clinical impact of antimicrobial resistance throughout Europe. Using and combining this information with 2007 prevalence data from the European Antibiotic Resistance Surveillance System, the researchers calculated the burden of disease associated with methicillin-resistant S. aureus and third-generation cephalosporin-resistant E. coli blood stream infections. This burden of disease was expressed as excess number of deaths, excess number of days in hospital, and excess costs. Using statistical models, the researchers predicted trend-based resistance trajectories up to 2015 for the 31 participating countries in the European region.
The researchers included 1,293 hospitals from the 31 countries, typically covering 47% of all available acute care hospital beds in most countries, in their analysis. For S. aureus, the estimated number of blood stream infections totaled 108,434, of which 27,711 (25.6%) were methicillin-resistant. E. coli caused 163,476 blood stream infections, of which 15,183 (9.3%) were resistant to third-generation cephalosporins. An estimated 5,503 excess deaths were associated with blood stream infections caused by methicillin-resistant S. aureus (with the UK and France predicted to experience the highest excess mortality), and 2,712 excess deaths with blood stream infections caused by third-generation cephalosporin-resistant E. coli (predicted to be the highest in Turkey and the UK). The researchers also found that blood stream infections caused by both methicillin-resistant S. aureus and third-generation cephalosporin-resistant E. coli contributed respective excesses of 255,683 and 120,065 extra bed-days, accounting for an estimated extra cost of 62.0 million Euros (92.8 million international dollars). In their trend analysis, the researchers found that 97,000 resistant blood stream infections and 17,000 associated deaths could be expected in 2015, along with increases in the lengths of hospital stays and costs. Importantly, the researchers estimated that in the near future, the burden of disease associated with third-generation cephalosporin-resistant E. coli is likely to surpass that associated with methicillin-resistant S. aureus.
What Do These Findings Mean?
These findings show that even though the blood stream infections studied represent only a fraction of the total burden of disease associated with antibiotic resistance, excess mortality associated with these infections caused by methicillin-resistant S. aureus and third-generation cephalosporin-resistant E. coli is high, and the associated prolonged length of stays in hospital imposes a considerable burden on health care systems in Europe. Importantly, a possible shift in the burden of antibiotic resistance from Gram-positive to Gram-negative infections is concerning. Such forecasts suggest that despite anticipated gains in the control of methicillin-resistant S. aureus, the increasing number of infections caused by third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Gram-negative pathogens, such as E. coli, is likely to outweigh this achievement soon. This increasing burden will have a big impact on already stretched health systems.
Additional Information
Please access these websites via the online version of this summary at http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001104.
The World Health Organization has a fact sheet on general antimicrobial resistance
The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention webpage on antibiotic/antimicrobial resistance includes information on educational campaigns and resources
The European Centre for Disease Control provides data about the prevalence of resistance in Europe through an interactive database
Related Articles
Comparative Study of the In Vitro Antibacterial Activity of Cefoxitin, Cefuroxime, and Cephaloridine
Norrby, Ragnar
Brorsson, John-Erik
Seeberg, Staffan
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
The in vitro antibacterial effects of cefoxitin, a semisynthetic cephamycin, cefuroxime, a new cephalosporin antibiotic, and cephaloridine were compared. With gram-positive bacteria, marked differences were found only in the effects against Streptococcus faecalis, where cephaloridine and cefuroxime were superior to cefoxitin. With gram-negative aerobic bacteria, cefoxitin, which is known to be more resistant to beta-lactamases from gram-negative bacteria than any cephalosporin, was found to be more effective than cefuroxime and cephaloridine against ampicillin-resistant strains of Escherichia coli and indole-positive strains of Proteus. Haemophilus influenzae was found to be more susceptible to cefuroxime than to cefoxitin and cephaloridine. When ampicillin-resistant strains of H. influenzae were tested, markedly higher minimal inhibitory concentration values were obtained with cephaloridine in comparison to those obtained with ampicillin-susceptible strains. These increases in the minimal inhibitory concentration values were not observed with cefoxitin and cefuroxime, probably due to the resistance of these two compounds to beta-lactamases. Strains of Bacteroides fragilis were found to be much more susceptible to cefoxitin than to cefuroxime, which in turn was superior to cephaloridine. The results obtained indicate that cefoxitin and cefuroxime both are superior in their antibacterial spectra to the cephalosporins that are now in clinical use.
Related Articles
Results 1-25 (588087)
« Previous
Go to page number:
Next »
Remove citation from clipboard
Add citation to clipboard
This will clear all selections from your clipboard. Do you wish proceed?
Clipboard is full! Please remove an item and try again.
Contact Us
PubMed Central Canada is a service of the
Canadian Institutes of Health Research
(CIHR) working in partnership with the National Research Council's
national science library
in cooperation with the
National Center for Biotechnology Information
at the
U.S. National Library of Medicine
(NCBI/NLM). It includes content provided to the
PubMed Central International archive
by participating publishers.


text:
Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.
Gay Lobbying On The Hill Has Short Yet Strong History
Peter Overby |
Monday, March 25, 2013
Peter Overby |
Monday, March 25, 2013
'Pokemon Go' Draws Crowds And Profits Into Old Sacramento
Take a Hike: Five Breathtaking Day-Hikes In and Around Sacramento
'Pokemon Go' Spawns Massive Sacramento Meetups, Pub Crawls
Roseville PD: Two Men Shooting Long Guns In A Creek Bed Cause Police Search And I-80 Closure
Calif. Delegates Outraged After Cruz Withholds Trump Endorsement


text:
What does
NVL stand for? I'm talking about the Oracle and Informix (perhaps some others too) function used to filter out non NULL values from query results (similar to
COALESCE in other databases).
Database Administrators Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for database professionals who wish to improve their database skills and learn from others in the community. Join them; it only takes a minute:
Sign up
Sign up
Here's how it works:
- Anybody can ask a question
- Anybody can answer
- The best answers are voted up and rise to the top
Quite simply: Null VaLue
The function substitutes any NULLs in a given resultset column with the value given as the second parameter.
"Null Value Logic" according to http://www.abbreviations.com/term/157605, but most of the other references I have found support Phil's "Null Value" supposition. I haven't found a definitive origin.
NVL Stands for Null Value Locator


text:
Job Postings
The Career Learning Network is an online portal that gives U of T students access to Career Centre services across all three U of T Career Centres. Students have access to hundreds of postings that include part-time, volutneer, casual, summer, and work-study opportunities both on- and off-campus. Get more information on CLN.
Off-Campus Jobs: These are paid part-time, full-time and summer positions posted by employers. UTM students in the final term of 3rd year, in their final year, or within two years of graduating must attend Now That I'm Graduating, What's Next in order to access full-time jobs.
On-Campus Jobs: These are paid positions posted by U of T faculty and staff.
Work Study Positions: These are paid, on-campus jobs, for full- or part-time graduate or undergraduate students. Please note that all Work-Study positions are CCR Eligible.
Volunteer Positions: These are on and off-campus part-time and short-term unpaid opportunities that may include a stipend; the Volunteer Job Board includes unpaid internships, and UofT asks any organizations posting unpaid internships to abide by the Ontario Ministry of Labour Guidelines. Read more about internships.
Casual Jobs: These are paid positions posted by individuals seeking to hire for work in their home.Work such as childcare, tutoring, home and lawn care maintenance, elderly and special needs caregiving, etc.


text:
Talk:Rendezvous (Prison Break)
|WikiProject Prison Break
|(Rated Stub-class, Mid-importance)
|WikiProject Television / Episode coverage
|(Rated Stub-class)
Dinosaur, Nebraska[edit]
Is Dinosaur, Nebraska a real place?
I tried looking it up, but I found nothing.
The only towns mentioned on Prison Break that don't seem to have an article on Wikipedia are Blackfoot, Montana and Dinosaur, Nebraska. Siyavash 14:25, 7 November 2006 (UTC)
Blackfoot, Montana is a real place (I have friends there).
Fair use rationale for Image:Prison Break 210.jpg[edit]
Image:Prison Break 210.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.
Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Wikipedia:Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.
If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.
BetacommandBot (talk) 16:32, 8 March 2008 (UTC)
- Stub-Class Prison Break articles
- Mid-importance Prison Break articles
- WikiProject Prison Break articles
- Stub-Class television articles
- Unknown-importance television articles
- Stub-Class Television episode articles
- Unknown-importance Television episode articles
- Episode coverage task force articles
- Automatically assessed television articles
- WikiProject Television articles


text:
0203 475 8765
Henry Wood House 2 Riding House Street London W1W 7FA
We are the latest step in the minicab evolution. You can download our app free for iOS, Android or Windows phones.
At Minicabster, we want all passengers to be able to get where they want to be, with freedom of choice and control over the budget. It's as simple as that. Whether meeting friends, doing business or simply seeing where the wind takes you, Minicabster takes care of the journey, so you can enjoy the destination.
We want to make life easier for those who don't know the meaning of 'a quiet night in'. Our dynamic app puts a national minicab network in the palm of your hand – now that's real power!
You can browse local fleets and get quotes for your journey upfront – all of them affordable and competitive. Minicabs can be dispatched immediately, with accurate estimates regarding arrival times, or they can be booked in advance, so you know your Minicabster chariot will be waiting when you need it.
Minicabster is proud of its record for punctuality, reliability and the highest standards of customer service. Think of us as a round-the-clock chauffeur, in your pocket. We want to make sure our customers don't have to worry about missing the first round of drinks or arriving late to a conference, so we've developed a pre-booking tool and a punctuality record that beats all competitors.
We're dedicated to helping the taxi industry to evolve and grow, building on the strong foundations forged by decades of great service. Minicabster is the next frontier in affordable, convenient, pleasurable and reliable taxi services. Hand-shakers, deal-makers, party-goers and adventurers: your dream minicab solution has arrived!


text:
I'm innocent, says ISIS prisoner - despite being caught brandishing an AK-47 and draped in bullets after the jihadists' capture of Mosul
- Alozat Abbas claims he never supported ISIS and was tortured to confess
- But he doesn't deny being in video that shows him at jihadist rally in June
- He is seen with machine gun and ammunition belt with no sign of coercion
- Abbas is one of three prisoners who claim they have never fired a shot
A suspected Islamic State militant taken prisoner in Iraq has protested his innocence despite video showing him at an ISIS rally after the capture of a major city.
Alozat Abbas is one of three alleged jihadist fighters captured by Kurdish peshmerga forces who have clawed by territory with the help of U.S. air strikes.
The 22-year-old insists his arrest was a mistake, saying he never supported ISIS and was tortured into confessing, according to Sky News which gained access to the prisoners at a secret location.
But he doesn't deny taking part in an ISIS gathering after the capture of Mosul in June, where he is seen holding an AK-47 aloft with an ammunition belt wrapped around his Barcelona football shirt.
Scroll down for video
'It's a mistake': Suspected Islamic State militant Alozat Abbas (centre) is seen holding an AK-47 aloft with an ammunition belt wrapped around his Barcelona football shirt at an ISIS rally after the capture of Mosul in June
He is the only one of dozens of armed fighters who have not covered their face and he shows no sign of being coerced.
Abbas said he realised his mistake in revealing his identity, but claims he couldn't run because the extremist group threatened to kill him.
He told Sky News: 'It's one way - if you go you can't come back again.
'They were threatening us - we were afraid'.
'Tortured into a confession': Abbas professes his innocence after being captured by Kurdish peshmerga forces who identified him from the footage of the rally because he had not covered his face
He was identified from the video by Kurdish forces and later arrested, still in his Barcelona shirt, which had the name of striker Neymar on the back.
Another of the prisoners, Omer Hassan, 19, claims he was also tortured.
'They tied my hands for seven days behind my back and beat me and kicked me,' he added.
All three claim they have never shot anyone and were simply rebelling against former Iraqi prime minister Nouri al-Maliki.
It came as the Islamic State issued a chilling threat online that it would attack U.S. targets 'in any place' in revenge for American air strikes against them in Iraq.
Macabre message: Islamic State militants posted a chilling video online showing a blood-spattered Star and Stripes next to the jihadist flag with the threat 'we will drown all of you in blood' in revenge for U.S. air strikes
The extremist group posted a chilling video showing a blood-spattered Star and Stripes next to the jihadist flag with the message in English: 'We will drown all of you in blood'.
message was accompanied by photographs of an American who was beheaded
during the U.S. occupation of Iraq and victims of sniper shootings.
Unlike Al Qaeda, the Islamic State has so far focused on seizing land in Iraq and Syria for its self-proclaimed caliphate, not spectacular attacks on Western targets.
Earlier, President Barack Obama announced that Kurdish peshmerga troops, supported by U.S. jets, had recaptured the strategically important Mosul Dam, hailing the offensive as a 'major step forward'.
- Strange phenomenon lights up the night sky over Miami
- Trump supporter goes on a racist tirade during NY subway ride
- Moment raccoon loses its rag when homeowner tries to remove it
- Spine-chilling moment ghost women trails man into taxi
- Dramatic moment machete attacker is arrested by German police
- German shepherd joins in with HOWLING wolves from Zootopia
- Calvin Harris raps along to ex Taylor Swift's rival Kanye West
- Moment 'machete attacker' appears to run away following incident
- 'You b*****d!' Crowds shout abuse at attacker in Reutlingen
- Racist Trump supporter goes after woman during NYC subway ride
- Obama's Malia joke in middle of tribute to Munich dead
- Shocking moment English-speaking man slaps Chinese man round face
- ENTIRE Russian team of 387 athletes will be banned from...
- Are Theresa May and Angela Merkel in the ILLUMINATI?...
- Syrian refugee, 21, hacks PREGNANT woman to death with a...
- Horrifying moment a woman is dragged off by a TIGER after...
- Homes gutted as LA wildfire doubles in size in a day...
- Incoming! Airport workers' disbelief as 'UFO' trailing blue...
- One last dance: Girl, 14, who has chosen to die next month...
- Captain Kate sets sail... but her hair is no match for the...
- 'She should resign. Period': Democrats in crisis talks on...
- 'Put them back in the f*****g fields!': Belligerent racist...
- Who you gonna call? Mysterious green slime bubbles up from...
- College student, 20, who vanished on a bike ride is found...
The comments below have been moderated in advance.
The views expressed in the contents above are those of our users and do not necessarily reflect the views of MailOnline.
We are no longer accepting comments on this article.


text:
Photo Details
Frank Thomas with his wife, Edith Nell Nance & first child, Shirley Anne. Frank was born 1903 Mitchell Co., TX, died 1986 Taylor Co., TX. Edith Nell died in 2002 in Houston, Harris, TX, buried at Eastland Cem., Eastland Co., TX & their daughter, Shirley died in 2001 in Wichita Falls, TX. Frank & Edith had another child(Living). Frank was the son of William Pinkney Hightower & Cora Bell Cantrell. Edith was the daughter of Marion Nance & Ollie Slatton.


text:
Millions of Americans could get a $127.00 check in the mail from their health insurance company.
It's part of the health care reform law.
The law says insurance companies have to spend 80 to 85 percent of premium payments on actual patient care or on things like discounted gym memberships.
If they spend more on things like marketing or administrative costs, then they have to refund the customer.
If your employer pays for all or part of your insurance premium, you may not get a refund.


text:
Award Information
Small Business Information
20 Nassau Street, Suite 223, Princeton, NJ, 08542
Principal Investigator:
James Lang
Principal Investigator
(760) 438-6680
Principal Investigator
(760) 438-6680
Business Contact:
William Miller
President & CEO
(609) 921-2131
President & CEO
(609) 921-2131
Research Institution:
AbstractDynASTOL® takes advantage of a natural, unsteady aerodynamic phenomenon that is used routinely by birds during takeoff and landing. To date however, the engineering tools that would allow it to be applied to aircraft landings have not been available, primarily due to a lack of in-depth understanding of the phenomenon. By the conclusion of this proposed SBIR Phase II project, AEREON will have demonstrated that the phenomenon is well understood, and that initial engineering tools have been developed that will allow DynASTOL® technology to be applied to landing aircraft. This will allow significant reductions of takeoff and landing ground rolls, and/or the energy/power requirements for catapult and/or arresting gear. Such a new capability can also be used to reduce or eliminate the weight and cost of high-lift devices. AEREON envisions transition of DynASTOL® technology to military and commercial aircraft design engineers.
* information listed above is at the time of submission.
An Official Website of the United States Government


text:
Commonweal Magazine
Trending Topics:
For me, growing up in Alabama, the waters of the Gulf always held a certain charm. My family vacationed regularly on Dauphin Island, Alabama's large barrier island not too far from the Mississippi state line. Once part of "New France," the island was named after the heir apparent ("dauphin") to the Sun King, Louis XIV. Despite its regal beginnings, we knew perfectly well that this was not Malibu; it wasn't even the upscale white-sand beaches of the Florida panhandle. This was beachgoing in Alabama and that meant a certain grit: rundown motels with their blue-collar, fishing clientele; a waterscape pocked with remnants of piers ruined by hurricanes; sticky, salty, delicious air; water always a bit cloudy from the tangle of brackish rivers that pour into Mobile Bay from the Mobile-Tensaw Delta; shrimpers with their sun-baked skin, Miller Lite, and cigarettes; brown pelicans preying on unsuspecting mullet; and afternoon downpours announced well in advance by dark clouds galloping across the horizon.
Then there was small Sand Island, a barrier island to a barrier island. Called "Pelican Island" on older maps, it rose enigmatically from the Gulf, a lonesome patch of windswept sand. You could get there only by boat, and once you had arrived, there wasn't much to do but size up...
Thomas Albert Howard teaches history and directs the honors program at Gordon College in Wenham, Massachusetts. His most recent book, God and the Atlantic: America, Europe, and the Religious Divide, will be published by Oxford University Press in 2011.
Tweets by @commonwealmag


text:
hi guys, i was messing around this morning and flashed neo's tachyon rom, somehow i pressed something i wasnt supposed to and now im my rez is stuck on roaming. ive tried multiple roms and factory resets with no go any ideas? thanks in advance.
im s-off btw.
im s-off btw.
Last edited by motodanr1; 2nd February 2014 at 09:41 PM.


text:
Internet Telephony Magazine
Click here to read latest issue
Subscribe for FREE - Click Here
Click here to read latest issue
Subscribe for FREE - Click Here
Cloud Computing Magazine
Click here to read latest issue
Subscribe for FREE - Click Here
IoT EVOLUTION MAGAZINE
Click here to read latest issue
Subscribe for FREE - Click Here
Research and Markets (http://www.researchandmarkets.com/research/6tvm4g/spectrum_analyzer)
has announced the addition of the "Spectrum
Analyzer Market by Types, Frequency Range, Form Factor, End Users &
Geography - Global Trends & Forecasts to 2014 - 2019"
report to their offering.
A spectrum analyzer measures the magnitude of an input signal versus
frequency within the specified frequency range of the instrument. The
major use is to measure the unknown signals on different parameters. It
is used mainly in the spectrum analysis of various waveforms, the
measurement of field strength, measurements on transmitted signals, and
interference emission.
The report holistically covers all the important segments and the
application areas along with different companies offering spectrum
analyzer. In addition to that, it alsocovers the important geographic
locations where there is a major market. The telecommunication market is
the core area where it is used extensively. Apart from this, it is also
used in semiconductor and electronics and aerospace & defense sector.
The major players in the Spectrum (News - Alert) Analyzer market are as follows:
The major manufacturers include Advantest America Corp., Aeroflex, Inc.
(U.S.), Agilent Technologies, Inc. (U.S.), Anritsu Corp. (Japan),
Teradyne, Inc (U.S.), National Instruments (News - Alert) Corp. (U.S.), Yogokawa
Electric Corp. (Japan), Avcom of Virginia, Inc. (U.S.), B&K Precision
Corp. (U.S.), Giga-tronics (U.S.), Goodwill Instrument Co. (Taiwan),
Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co., KG (Germany), Stanford Research Systems,
Tektronix (News - Alert).
Key Topics Covered:
1 Introduction
2 Executive Summary
3 Market Overview
4 Market Analysis
5 Global Spectrum Analyzers Market - By Types
6 Global Spectrum Analyzers Market - By Frequency Range
7 Global Spectrum Analyzers Market - By Form Factor
8 Global Spectrum Analyzers Market - By End Users
9 Global Spectrum Analyzers Market - By Geography
10 Competitive Landscape
11 Company Profiles
Companies Mentioned:
For more information visit http://www.researchandmarkets.com/research/6tvm4g/spectrum_analyzer
[ Back To TMCnet.com's Homepage ]
ITEXPO: January 8 - 10, 2017 | Fort Lauderdale, Florida
Real Time Web Solutions Conference: August 1 - 4, 2016 | New York City, New York
IoT Evolution Expo : JULY 11-14, 2016 | CAESARS PALACE • LAS VEGAS


text:
How do I pronounce "can't" with a British accent without it rhyming with "punt" or "paint"?
Sign up
- Anybody can ask a question
- Anybody can answer
- The best answers are voted up and rise to the top
/kɑːnt/ (BrEng pronunciation)
k as in "k ite"
ɑː as in "c ar"
n as in n ose
t as in t ie
Say it like "Kant", as in the name of the philosopher, Immanuel Kant.
I'm English and we pronounce can't like are, for example car-nt so just say car with nt on the end carnt or c-are-nt
I believe the British pronounce it "cawn't"
There are a great many pronunciations of can't in British English. I assume you mean a standard RP /kɑːnt/. In that case you need a vowel which you don't have in American English, the long back a. Fortunately, you have a short back a in words like palm and lot (in Standard American English), the open back unrounded vowel. You need to say the vowel in the middle of those words but make it longer.
It's a pure vowel, so first try saying it in a long, extended sound to make sure you understand the articulation in your mouth. In Britain this is the sound our dentists make us say so you get an impression of the shape that would be to allow a dentist to gain access. [Yes, British dentists do exist, ;-)].
When you can do that, try saying the vowel about twice as long as you normally would, but put the (uncomplicated) consonants at the start and end.
When you can reliably join those sounds together, listen to someone speaking the word and modify the length of the vowel accordingly.
Try to avoid regional or Scottish or Welsh accents (unless they're you're target) or extremely posh people, as this is a vowel sound with a great variety in England: it is one of the most important regional differences in England.
The link below sounds reasonably standard modern British English to me.
To say "can't" without it ryhming with "punt" is you make it rhyme like car. For example: carn't
protected by tchrist Mar 20 at 12:27
Thank you for your interest in this question.
Because it has attracted low-quality or spam answers that had to be removed, posting an answer now requires 10 reputation on this site (the association bonus does not count).
Would you like to answer one of these unanswered questions instead?