text:
The couple obscured the windows of their Range Rover as they left the hospital in Los Angeles
The little boy finally has a name after being born on Saturday, December 5
Robert was the name of Kim's late father
His parents are the most famous people on the planet, so just what was his birth like?
The sporting star was found unconscious in a brothel in October after a drink and drugs bender
Jasmine Martinez was found unconscious on the rollercoaster at Six Flags Magic Mountain in California and died the day after
Paris Hilton's great aunt passed away last night at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles
The 33-year-old singer revealed the news on Twitter after giving birth to a daughter on Saturday
The horrific incident had nothing to do with the fact he was on drugs that night
According to TMZ, the rapper, Christ Bearer, is in a stable condition after jumping off a two-story building but won't make a full recovery
Andre Johnson - known as Christ Bearer - was reportedly rushed to hospital after jumping from a second floor balcony after the bloody incident
Thor actor Chris Hemsworth and Spanish actress Elsa - who married in 2010 - already have 22-month-old daughter India Rose
As Kim and Kanye get engaged we look back at a very modern love story
Watch Kim go into labour five weeks early, luckily everything turned out just perfectly
Actress Brittany Murphy has died at the age of 32 after suffering a heart attack early this morning.
Fear for Baywatch star
Nicole Richie, who was diagnosed with pneumonia and admitted herself to a Los Angeles hospital, had been suffering from symptoms of illness for a while. A friend told Fox News the tiny-framed Richie experienced aches as early as November 9. "Nicole didn't want to make a big deal out of it, but she was exhausted and couldn't take care of Harlow and Sparrow the way she normally does. She spent most days in bed, and the kids were brought in to her, since she was feeling so bad," the friend said. Richie gave birth to her second child, Sparrow, in September. Her partner Joel Madden had been in Australia with his twin brother Benji. Richie had also been in a car accident involving paparazzi that left her seriously shaken. The friend continued: "Joel was out of town the entire first week she was sick and he didn't realise how serious it was. Friends were calling and stopping by to check on her while Joel was away. When he got back he was worried and realised she didn't have [just] a little flu bug." Richie was said to be doing well after her admission to Cedars Sinai Medical Center. "She's doing better and getting great care. It's time for a speedy recovery," said the friend.
Tuesday here at Mirror.
Grim news for Kennedy as he is out of hospital
Christina Aguilera and Nicole Richie gave birth just minutes apart in the same hospital.
Suicide bid star Owen Wilson's former girlfriend has told how she saw no hint of how upset he was when they met up in Italy last month.
Owen Wilson's former girlfriend: no hint how upset he was.
Suicide bid star Owen Wilson's former girlfriend has told how she saw no hint how upset he was when they met up in Italy last month.
Did the sight of his ex in another man's arms drive Wilson to suicide?
HOLLYWOOD star Brad Pitt is suffering from viral meningitis, it was revealed last night.


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The 23-year-old Bay of Plenty sprint kayaker blitzed the
field to win her final by almost half a second.
It was an Olympic debut for the paddler who took up the sport
aged 16 and set an Olympic record in the semi-final.
Twenty-two Olympians, three Paralympians, 11 world champions
and four world champion teams were honoured at the 2012 Maori
Sports Awards - hosted by Te Tohu Taakaro o Aotearoa
Charitable Trust at the TelstraClear Pacific Events Centre.
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text:
Monitoring & Testing Companies in Iowa
Current filtering criteriaYou can remove a filter by clicking on the x
Lambda Bioremediation Systems, Inc.
Office in IOWA (USA)
Environmental micro R&D and applied technologies. Use consortiums of ALL NATURAL, BIO-SAFETY LEVEL 1 bacteria, fungus, algae and protozoans to degrade organic pollutants and detoxify inorganics such as heavy metals, hydorcarbons such as gas, diesel, oil and chemicals. Clean up of large spills, groundwater waste water and water treatment plants. Organic breakdown of ...
Seneca Environmental Services
based in Bettendorf, IOWA (USA)
Seneca is an environmental consulting, emergency response, industrial cleaning and remediation system design/construction company. The environmental consulting division has conducted work in Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Indiana and Nebraska. Seneca can handle all compliance needs from emergency response, site assessment through active remediation. Air Strippers - Soil Vapor ...
Gossman Consulting, Inc.
based in Maquoketa, IOWA (USA)
GCI offers a wide range of expertise including: Expert witness and consulting services for environmental attorneys and cases involving chemical accidents, Alternative fuel and raw material services, Analytical laboratory design, set-up, operation and training including the writing and implementation of Waste Analysis Plans (WAPs), Analytical laboratory QA/QC plus audit ...
Alliance of Certified Operators, Laboratory Analysts, Inspectors, and Specialists (AceOps)
based in Des Moines, IOWA (USA)
Our most sincere goal is to provide you with the best tools, resources, and professional contacts. If you are a certified water or wastewater operator, lab analyst, inspector or a specialist (including engineers) we are here to SERVE YOU!
Wellington Environmental
Office in IOWA (USA)
Wellington Environmental is a full-service environmental consulting and engineering firm. We provide expert service in asbestos, mold and lead abatement, ust removal, phase 1&2 reporting, waste water monitoring, indoor air quality, lab decontamination and hazardous material cleanup.
Plasti-Fab, Inc.
Distributor in Cedar Rapids, IOWA (USA)
Plasti-Fab is the recognized leader in corrosion resistant equipment for water and wastewater treatment and control, specializing in Reinforced Copolymer (FRP) equipment for industry and infrastructure. Our equipment is resisting corrosion in abusive environments all around the world. FRP Rotating Scum Skimmers provide exceptional corrosion resistance under some of the ...
based in Pella, IOWA (USA)
A leading agricultural, construction, environmental and industrial equipment manufacturing company. Environmental equipment includes: brush chippers, grinders, stump cutters, mini skid steers, compost turners and trommel screens. Our environmental equipment can be found on jobsites around the world, serving the tree care, landscape, wood waste processing and organic ...
Morrison Bros. Co.
based in Dubuque, IOWA (USA)
Morrison Bros. Co. started making boilers in Dubuque, Iowa in 1855. By the turn of the century the company was fabricating tanks and equipment for the oil business and the name Morrison was well established in the industry and became known as the `Oil Equipment Headquarters.` Today the company remains one of the more recognized and respected producers of petroleum ...
Lipsey & Associates, Inc.
based in Jacksonville, IOWA (USA)
Consulting in toxicology doing expert witness consulting and inspecting and sampling homes and offices for toxic chemicals and mold.
The Water Technology Group
Office in State Center, IOWA (USA)
Water Technology Group! The area`s leader in the sales, rental and service of water and wastewater treatment equipment and pumping systems. We handle anything from Industrial, Chemical, Slurry, Water and Wastewater, Pump Controls, Submersible Pump Packages... just to name a few. For over 50 years, we have dedicated ourselves to providing the most creative and innovative ...
Quality Control Equipment Company (QCEC)
based in Des Moines, IOWA (USA)
Quality Control Equipment Company has been engineering, manufacturing, and distributing high quality equipment throughout the world since 1960. Precision engineering and high quality manufacturing processes have been the hallmark of QCEC since its inception. Whether it be a dry bulk sampler, intestine cleaning machine, flow meter, fish cleaning station, or a wastewater ...
Acumen Instruments Corporation
based in Ames, IOWA (USA)
Acumen`s end-user products are ready-to-go data recording solutions. Acumen`s DataBridge products are inexpensive and low-power tools for data collection— ideal replacements for PC-based data systems. We love to help end-users and OEMs with all of their data acquisition and communications needs. We are the source for data logging and data recording solutions in ...
The Association of Boards of Certification
based in Ankeny, IOWA (USA)
The Association of Boards of Certification has been assisting states and provinces with environmental certification programs since 1972. Our membership includes almost 100 certifying authorities representing more than 40 states and 9 Canadian provinces who certify over 150,000 water and wastewater operators, laboratory analysts, plant maintenance technologists, biosolids ...
Grain Processing Corporation
based in Iowa, IOWA (USA)
GPC is a privately owned company with a solid history of innovation and a vision for continued success in the future. Our chosen mission is to manufacture, distribute and market customer-specified food, pharmaceutical and industrial grade products of uncompromising quality. GPC`s substantial investment in the finest people, facilities, technology and customer support ...
Renewable Energy Group, Inc. (REG)
based in Ames, IOWA (USA)
Renewable Energy Group is a leading North American biodiesel producer and marketer with a nationwide distribution and logistics system. Utilizing an integrated value chain model, Renewable Energy Group is focused on converting natural fats, oils and greases into advanced biofuels. With more than 225 million gallons of owned/operated annual production capacity at ...
Sector5 Technologies
based in Oelwein, IOWA (USA)
Sector5 BioGas Systems: Building Energy Self-RelianceToday, industrial and commerical companies that consume natural gas, propane and/or electricity have the opportunity to build energy self-reliance. The Sector5 BioGas System manufactured by and available for purchase from Sector5 empowers energy consumers to forever stop utilizing energy produced by burning fossil ...
Mellen & Associates
based in Cedar Rapids, IOWA (USA)
Started in 1962, Mellen & Associates has grown from a local manufacturers representative to a multi-office company serving the Water, Wastewater, Power, and Process industries in Nebraska, Iowa, Kansas, and Missouri with the premier manufacturers in the industry.
American Power Group, Inc.
based in Algona, IOWA (USA)
American Power Group (APG) designs and produces proven alternative fuel solutions for stationary power generators, backup power systems and commercial transportation. These innovative and proven technologies decrease our dependence on imported oil, achieve significant improvement to our air quality and provide measurable fuel and maintenance savings due to its patented ...
Anemometry Specialists, Inc.
based in IOWA (USA)
Anemometry Specialists. Based out of Alta, Iowa, we can fulfill all of your anemometry needs. With over 28 years of combined experience constructing and maintaining wind test towers, we have the experience to do the job right the first time. We have recently expanded our services and are committed to providing you with the highest level of customer satisfaction and value ...
Mi-T-M Corporation
based in Peosta, IOWA (USA)
Mi-T-M Corporation is a leading designer and manufacturer of high quality industrial equipment. Founded in 1971 by professional painting contractor AJ Spiegel, the Mi-T-M Corporation, is located in Peosta, Iowa where pride and workmanship is a tradition. From the day the very first pressure washer was built, we`ve worked hard to maintain our reputation for manufacturing ...


text:
AspectJ extends the Java language with new concepts.
Are there other languages that extend more than one language at the same time? If so, please give me an example.
EDIT: I wasn't clear enough. A Java program is still considered a correct AspectJ program.
I'm looking for this kind of extend:
A language
A that extends
B and
C, but a program written only in
B or
C, still is a a valid program of


text:
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text:
Politics The Latte Smear
posted by June 26 at 9:20 AMon
Check out this ad that GOP incumbent Norm Coleman is running against his Dem challenger Al Franken:
ZOMG! Al Franken lived in New York City! And he's a liberalwhich means he drinks them fancy latte things! And like all them liberals Franken likes them really complicated lattes that take ages and ages to order!
Do Republican politicians and campaign consultants ever actually go to the heartland they never shut up about? I travel a fair bit and there are Starbucks literally everywhere you gobig towns, small towns, college towns, blue-collar towns. And do you know why that is? Because lattes are popular all over! And the further you get from a major urban areathe farther away you are from, say, 99 Riverside Drivethe more complicated latte orders become.
Lattes that takes ten minutes to describe are ordered way more often in small town Americain our diabetic "heartland"than they are in New York City, Norm.


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Apr 2, 1991
|Filing date
|Dec 20, 1988
|Priority date
|Dec 20, 1988
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Raymond M. G. Boucher
|Original Assignee
|Wave Energy Systems, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (11), Non-Patent Citations (4), Referenced by (11), Classifications (11), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention relates to virucidal compositions and, more particularly, to glutaraldehyde containing compositions which are phenol-free, odorless, stable and potent at very high dilutions against lipophilic and hydrophilic viruses.
There is a need for virucidal compositions which contain a minimum amount of active chemicals providing low toxicity, but which provide a fast and complete kill of resistant viruses on animate and inanimate surfaces. Very few chemical disinfectants are effective against resistant viruses when used at low concentrations in the range of from about 0.006% to 0.00125% (wt/vol.).
To measure the virucidal effectiveness of compositions, the work of Noll and Younger (Virology 8:319-343, 1959) suggested classifying viruses based on their affinity for lipids. Those viruses which easily combine with lipids, such as cholesterol, were called "lipophilic". Viruses which did not readily combine with lipids were called "hydrophilic". In 1963, Klein and Deforest (Proceedings, 49th meeting of Chem. Spec. Manuf. Assoc., page 116-118, New York) conducted a thorough investigation of the behavior of different types of viruses with several disinfectants. They found that the resistance of hydrophilic viruses to some germicides was based upon the failure of these germicides to react with hydrophilic viruses. Lipophilic viruses, on the other hand, were more susceptible to the inactivation of lipophilic germicides. Using three resistant hydrophilic viruses (Poliovirus Type 1, Coxsackie-virus B1 and Echovirus 6) and four lipophilic viruses (Adenovirus Type 2, Herpes Simplex virus Type Vacciniavirus and Asian Influenza virus), Klein and Deforest determined the lowest concentrations of germicides needed to inactivate these viruses in 10 minutes. Table 1 shows their results pertaining to the most resistant virus (Poliovirus Type I).
TABLE I______________________________________LOWEST CONCENTRATIONS (wt/vol. %) OFDISINFECTANTS INACTIVATING THE POLIOVIRUSTYPE 1 IN 10 MINUTES*______________________________________Sodium hypochlorite 0.02Iodophor 0.015Bichloride of mercury 0.2Formalin 8.0Glutaraldehyde 2.0Ethyl Alcohol 70.0Isopropyl Alcohol 95.0Phenol 5.0O-Phenyl Phenol 12.0 (neg.)Quaternary Ammonium 10.0 (24 hrs. contact neg.)______________________________________
As previously demonstrated by Klein and Deforest (see Table I), phenols or phenol compounds such as ortho phenylphenol have little or no activity against hydrophilic viruses. In their study, Klein and Deforest showed, for instance, that an orthophenyl phenol concentration as high as 12% did not even kill the following viruses: Polio type 1, Coxsackie B-1 and Echo 6. Phenol itself needed concentrations as high as 5% to be active against the same three hydrophilic viruses. More recently, an independent laboratory study (Hazelton Biotech Corp., Project No. 2288-100, June 26, 1984), confirmed that a mixture of phenol with sodium phenate containing 0.51% of these compounds could not kill the Polio virus type 1, ATCC VR 192, according to EPA standards (DIS/TSS-7, Nov. 1981). It is apparent that high concentration of phenols or phenol compounds are needed to act upon resistant viruses. Conversely, phenol, phenol salts or phenolic compounds in the 0.5 to 5% concentration range are very toxic. Local damages to the skin include eczema, inflammation, discoloration, papillomas, necrosis, sloughing and gangrene (see Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, Vol. 2, 1363-1408, second edition, Interscience Publishers, 1963). Monohalogenated phenols, or methyl phenols, or dimethyl phenols were shown to be as potent in promoting papillomas in animals as phenol itself Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB) have been banned by the EPA because they are extremely toxic even at low levels of concentration in the food chain.
More recently, other minimum germicide concentrations needed for inactivation in 10 minutes were determined (Journ. Hosp. Supp. Process. Distrib., Jan. 1985, pages 40-47) with Poliovirus Type 1 and 2. This data was collected by Dr. J. Bednarz-Prashad (University of Texas Medical School, Houston) using the standardized AOAC virucidal test approved by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA Notice, DIS/TSS-7, Nov. 12, 1981). The results of this study showing the minimum concentration required to inactivate the virus with a 10-minute contact time are listed in Table II.
TABLE II______________________________________MINIMUM CONCENTRATION (wt/vol. %) TOINACTIVATE POLIOVIRUSES IN 10 MIN.(AOAC METHOD)______________________________________Chlorhexidine gluconate >0.5*Glutaraldehyde + non-ionic 0.25Glutaraldehyde + non-ionic + Glycol 0.19O-Phenyl Phenol >1.0*Glutaraldehyde-phenate >0.14*______________________________________ *This represents the lowest concentration of commercial product tested, virus was not inactivated at this concentration.
The minimum concentration of glutaraldehyde was eight times lower in Prashad's experiments than in Klein and Deforest's because Prashad used a glutaraldehyde activated by small amounts of non-ionic ethoxylates of isomeric linear alcohols (e.g, TERGITOL 15-S-12). In other words, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,968,248, and demonstrated by R. M. G. Boucher (Am. Journ. Hosp. Pharm. 31: 546-557, June 1974), the presence of small quantities of non-ionic surfactants can, in some cases, increase the cidal activity of glutaraldehyde solutions. Triethylene glycol was added to this same formula to make it odorless, and this glycolcontaining composition permitted a minimum glutaraldehyde concentration of 0.19% (wt/vol). This concentration is very close to the value observed using the glutaraldehyde solution containing the non-ionic ethoxylates without glycol. These prior results demonstrate a need for compositions exhibiting greater virucidal activity at low, relatively non-toxic, concentrations.
It is, therefore, an objection of the present invention to produce more potent virucidal solutions and decrease the amount of dialdehyde needed to destroy typical, lipophilic or hydrophilic viruses.
It is a further objective of the present invention to provide patent virucidal solutions which are formulated without phenols.
It has been discovered that potent novel virucidal compositions are created by the synergistic combination of glutaraldehyde monomer in equilibrium with its hydrates and polymers; together with hydrogen-bonded glycol molecules and an anionic surfactant selected from the group of anionic surfactant types including alkyl sulfate, alkyl sulfonate, alcohol sulfate and alkyl aryl sulfonate. In particular, sodium dodecyl sulfate is preferred. Such compositions are effective against both lipophilic and hydrophilic viruses, exhibiting strong cidal synergism against Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 and improved virucidal activity against Coxsackie B viruses. The virucidal compositions of this invention are effective in very dilute aqueous glutaraldehyde solutions, i.e., 0.0025% (wt/vol.), with the anionic surfactant being present in concentrations as low as 0.0005% by (wt/vol.). Further, the practice of adding glycol molecules to glutaraldehyde compositions to deodorize the composition is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 3,886,269, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Adopting this practice does not deleteriously affect the virucidal efficacy of the composition of the present invention.
FIG. 1 is a photograph of four sets of eight cell monolayers on plastic dishes inoculated with Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 (HSV) variously treated or untreated as will be described more fully hereinafter.
FIG. 2 is a symbolic depiction of the equilibrium between aldehyde monomer and larger hydrates and polymers.
FIG. 1 shows sets of cultured cells grown as round films (cell monolayers) on plastic dishes. The cell monolayers were inoculated with Herpes Simplex Virus Type I (HSV). When active virus is present in the inoculum, the virus makes holes (plaques) in the cell monolayers. These appear as ragged, white areas in the dark monolayers. By counting the number of plaques, the number of active virus (plaque forming units or pfu) in the inoculum can be determined.
In each panel (A through D of FIG. 1), the top row of four cell monolayers was inoculated with a 10-2 dilution of HSV and not treated at all; the bottom row of four monolayers, in each quadrant panel, was inoculated with a 10-3 dilution of virus. HSV, at 10-3 dilution, was left untreated (bottom row of quadrant A), or was treated for 10 minutes at 23� C. with only 0.001% (wt/vol.) sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) (bottom row of quadrant B), with only 0.0025% (wt/vol.) glutaraldehyde (bottom row of quadrant C), or with a mixture of 0.001% (wt/vol.) SDS and 0.0025% (wt/vol.) glutaraldehyde (bottom row of quadrant D). In all cases, the exposure time was equal to 10 minutes at room temperature. Panels B and C show little or no reduction in the number of virus pfu compared to panel A. Panel D, however, shows an 80% to 90% reduction in virus pfu. Thus, at the concentrations used in this test, SDS and glutaraldehyde must be present together, and must work synergistically, to inactivate HSV Type I.
To better understand why a combination of highly diluted glutaraldehyde with anionic surfactants displays more than an additive virucidal action, it is necessary to analyze and understand each mechanism of action of the two chemicals and determine how each affects the fundamental structure of viruses.
Without being bound to any particular theory, the following rationale is believed to be pertinent for an understanding of the effect of the virucidal compositions of the present invention.
First, consider the cidal mechanism of aldehydes in general and glutaraldehyde in particular. Aqueous aldehyde solutions have low concentrations of the pure aldehyde molecule, called the "monomer". This monomer, which is understood to be a single, simple, aldehyde molecule, is always present in equilibrium with larger, more complex, molecules referred to as "hydrates". Hydrates result from the condensation or polymerization of the small monomers into larger agglomerates. In any aldehyde solution, an equilibrium is believed to be quickly established between the relatively small monomers and the larger polymers or hydrates resulting in relatively stable concentrations of each. This equilibrium is based on variables which include the concentration of the chemical, pH, temperature, turbulence, and a variety of other factors.
The aldehyde monomer is the primary cidal agent in the aqueous aldehyde solution The cidal efficacy of any aldehyde containing formula (i.e., formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, etc.) is directly related to the number of monomer molecules present at the time of use in the solution. The equilibrium between the monomer and the larger hydrates and polymers in both formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde aqueous solutions is illustrated in FIG. 2.
For glutaraldehyde, (OHC--CH2 --CH2 --CH2 --CHO), in aqueous alkaline solution, the monomer is in equilibrium with polymers of the Type II, III, and IV shown in FIG. 2. The formation of these polymers is irreversible and cannot return to the active monomer form, even with heating or ultrasonation. Both aging and alkaline pH greatly accelerate the formation of irreversible polymers. In other words, aging and alkalinity quickly decrease the cidal activity of glutaraldehyde solution. When in the acid range, the glutaraldehyde monomers have a slower rate of polymerization and are in equilibrium with Type V polymers which are reversible. This explains why acid glutaraldehyde solutions have a far longer biocidal life than alkaline solutions. This discussion can be supplemented by reference to the article Biocidal Mechanisms of Saturated Dialdehydes and their potentiation by ultrasound, Boucher, Last and Smith, Proc. West. Pharmacol. Soc. 16:282-288 (1973), incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
Formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde, as well as other aldehydes, are alkylating agents. They can chemically react with sulfhydryl, hydroxyl, amino and carboxyl groups. Many such groups are present in the structural components of viruses and virion structures are highly susceptible to aldehydes. Studying the foot and mouth disease virus, Sanger et al (Journ. of Gen. Virology 21:399-406, 1973) were the first to show that glutaraldehyde produces considerable alterations in the arrangement of the RNA and protein subunits in this picornavirus. Also, Hopwood showed (Histochem. J. 7:267, 1975) that glutaraldehyde reacts more easily with RNA, i.e., at a lower temperature, than with DNA. Thus nucleic acids, as well as enzymes, proteins and lipids, all react with glutaraldehyde. The more common reactions encountered, however, are those involving amino groups which lead to protein cross-linking.
To better understand the virucidal action of the combination of aldehydes and anionic surfactants, we studied two different viruses: Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 and Coxsackie Virus B6. Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) Type 1 is a relatively fragile, DNA-containing virus (with an envelope); the Coxsackie Virus B6 is a naked (no envelope), resistant, RNA-containing virus.
The HSV virion is composed of three major structural features important to this invention: (1) a linear doublestranded DNA, (2) a symmetrical, protein shell known as the capsid, and (3) a surrounding, lipid-containing envelope. The capsid is composed of individual clusters of polypeptides (capsomers) which are coded by the virus. The envelope is derived from the nuclear membrane of the infected cell. This envelope contains lipids, carbohydrates and proteins. During virus replication, a number of enzymes such as DNA polymerases are present; when they are blocked, virus replication is inhibited. As previously mentioned, glutaraldehyde molecules can interfere with enzymes and DNA-binding proteins, but probably more readily reacts with structural proteins or the glycoproteins of the envelope.
The Coxsackievirus B6 is a smaller virus (24-30 nm) of cubic symmetry. This RNA virus does not have an envelope; it has 32 capsomers which fit together closely forming the capsid. The capsid appears to be very difficult to penetrate, thus protecting the nucleic acid core of the virus. Glutaraldehyde molecules may, therefore, need longer contact times to reach key internal polypeptides or nucleic acids which may be critical to virus inactivation.
Specific anionic agents, such as Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS), may contribute to the virucidal mechanism of aldehydes. This alkyl sulfate, SDS, has a strong negative charge; it has the following formula: ##STR1##
The following sequence of events may take place when an enveloped virus is in the presence of SDS. First, the anionic agent binds to the membrane causing membrane lysis. The membrane is solubilized as anionic-lipid-protein complexes which are further solubilized to give SDS-protein complexes and SDS-lipid complexes. This mechanism was suggested by Simons et al (Membrane Protein and Their Interaction with Lipids, Ed Capaldi, Vol. 1, 207-2343, Marcel Dekker, NY, 1977). These authors worked with the Semliki Forest virus (SFV), an alpha virus in the Togaviridae. SFV contains a spherical nucleocapsid which is composed of one single-stranded RNA molecule and one lysine-rich protein species, the nucleocapsid protein, the latter is covered by a lipid membrane that is studded with glycoprotein surface projections. Lysis of the viral membrane begins at SDS concentrations of about 5�10-5 M. Dissociation of the nucleocapsid into RNA and protein takes place at SDS concentrations as low as 1�10-4 M. Free SDS concentrations of 0.75�10-3 M are sufficient for complete delipidation. This indicates that the whole sequence from lysis to delipidation occurs at SDS concentrations below the critical micellar construction (CMC). It is our contention that this extremely rapid physical destruction of viral envelopes is the key factor allowing the glutaraldehyde molecules to penetrate and inactivate viruses through specific reactions with enzymes, virion proteins or nucleic acid.
SDS, alone, can inactivate viruses through the mechanism previously described. For instance, in the case of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1, F. Burnet and Lush (Australian J. Exp. Biol. and Med. Sci., 18:141-150, 1940) concluded that partial inactivation of HSV occurred at 0.002% (wt/vol.) SDS, while complete inactivation was observed with 0.005% (wt/vol.) SDS. This was confirmed in our recent study (see Table IV) which was conducted with a slightly modified EPA method and showed complete kill in 10 minutes with a SDS concentration of 0.005%. As shown by Burnet and Lush, more resistant viruses, such as Coxsackieviruses or Vacciniavirus (a DNA containing virus with a lipid containing complex coat), required higher concentration of SDS (0.025% wt/vol.) for complete virus inactivation.
The present invention demonstrates that the solubilization and dissociation of nucleocapsids by anionic agents such as alkyl sulfates enables the rapid penetration of active aldehyde radicals for further lethal action on key structural components of viruses. This "double action" cidal mechanism can be clearly seen from the results of the experiments reported in Tables III, IV, V, and VI.
TABLE III______________________________________Inactivation Study of Coxsackievirus B6 (CBV)Experiments conducted with Glutaraldehyde,Triethylene glycol, non-ionic (Tergitol 15-S-12)and anionic (SDS) surfactants. % Activity remaining afterTreatment of Virus1 0 Min 5 Min 7.5 Min 10 Min______________________________________No addition 100 92TEG2 100 100 100 100Terg. 100 100 70 100SDS 100 82 48 46TEG + Terg. 100 100 100 100TEG + SDS 100 100 100 100Glut 100 100 85 90Glut + TEG 100 100 100 96Glut + Terg. 100 100 100 100Glut + SDS 100 36 35 40Glut + TEG + Terg. 100 100 86 72Glut + TEG + SDS 100 45 42 12______________________________________ 1 Experiments were done at room temperature in 1.0 ml reaction volumes. Procedure as described in patent. 2 Concentrations used (wt/vol.): Triethylene glycol (TEG): 0.04% Tergitol (15S-12): 0.05% Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS): 0.05% Glutaraldehyde (Glut): 0.006%
TABLE IV______________________________________Inactivation Study of Herpes Simplex virus (HSV) Type 1Experiments conducted with Glutaraldehyde,non-ionic (Tergitol 15-2-12) and anionic (SDS) surfactants. % Activity remaining afterTreatment of Virus 0 Min. 10 Min.______________________________________0.0006% Glut 100 1000.0006% Glut 100 1000.00125% Glut 100 1000.05% SDS 100 00.005% SDS 100 00.003% SDS 100 30.001 SDS 100 580.00075% SDS 100 1000.00050% SDS 100 1000.05% Terg 100 00.04% Terg 100 940.005% Terg 100 490.0005% Terg 100 1000.00005% Terg 100 1000.0000006% Terg 100 1000.00125% Glut + 0.00075% SDS 100 710.00125% Glut + 0.00100% SDS 100 740.00125% Glut + 0.003% SDS 100 9.40.00250% Glut 100 800.00250% Glut + 0.0005% Terg 100 500.00250% Glut + 0.0005% SDS 100 320.00250% Glut + 0.00075% SDS 100 380.00250% Glut + 0.001% SDS 100 240.00250% Glut + 0.003% SDS 100 4.7______________________________________ Glut: Glutaraldehyde SDS: Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (anionic Surfactant) Terg: Tergitol 15S-12 ethoxylates of isomeric linear alcohols (nonionic surfactant)
TABLE V______________________________________% HSV 1 activity remainingafter a 10-minute contact time with:Composition Expected Actualof SDS Glut Additive Glut/SDSSolutions Alone Alone Result Results______________________________________0.0005% SDS 100 80 320.0025% Glut 800.00075% SDS 100 80 380.0025% Glut 800.001% SDS 58 38 240.0025% Glut 80______________________________________ SDS: Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (anionic surfactant) Glut: Glutaraldehyde
TABLE VI______________________________________Influence of Triethylene Glycol (TEG) on theInactivation of Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) Type 1by Non-Ionic and Anionic-Glutaraldehyde CompositionsTreatment of Virus % Activity remaining after(concentrations in % (wt/vol.) 0 Min. 10 Min.______________________________________0.04% TEG 100 1000.04% TEG + 0.0005% SDS 100 1000.04% TEG + 0.0005% SDS + 100 770.0025% Glut.0.0005% SDS + 0.0025% Glut. 100 320.04% TEG + 0.0005% Terg + 100 1000.0025% Glut.0.0005% Terg + 0.0025% Glut. 100 500.00075% SDS + 0.00125% Glut. 100 710.00075% SDS + 0.00125% Glut. + 100 1000.04% TEG______________________________________ TEG: Triethylene Glycol SDS: Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (anionic surfactant) Terg: Tergitol 15S-12 ethoxylates of isomeric linear alcohols (nonionic surfactant) Glut.: Glutaraldehyde
Aldehyde formulations alone or with surfactants have very little practical value when applications require the elimination of either the odor or the irritation potential which are always present with aqueous aldehyde solutions. To eliminate odor and decrease the aldehyde aggressivity in liquid or vapor phase, we combined anionics and aldehydes with glycol type molecules. Through hydrogen bonding, glycol and aldehydes will form physical complexes (i.e., larger molecules) which exhibit a lower vapor pressure and less eye or skin toxicity. This method was first suggested by Trujillo and Lindell in 1973. It has been fully described both in U.S. Pat. No. 3,886,269 and in a paper entitled "New Formaldehyde Base Disinfectants" (J. Appl. Microb. 26 (1):106-110, July 1973) which deals with formaldehyde complexing with ethylene glycol, glycerol and propylene glycol. In 1973, Harriet Field of the Queen Mary Veteran's Hospital in Montreal, Canada, reported the elimination of glutaraldehyde vapors by complexing glutaraldehyde with propylene glycol and glycerol.
The direct complexing of a glutaraldehyde solution with triethyleneglycol was first reported by the inventor here in the summer of 1975. On Feb. 15, 1977, the first odorless commercial glutaraldehyde/triethylene glycol composition was approved by the USDA under the trade name AGROCIDE 2. A concentrate of this formula was later registered by the EPA on Feb. 2, 1979 under the Registration No. 15136-5. Between 1976 and 1977, H. D. Muller of the University of Georgia College of Agriculture released several reports describing the successful replacement of formaldehyde by glutaraldehyde/triethylene glycol solutions in applications in poultry hatcheries. The use of these triethylene glycol complexes in the hospital field was further reported by the inventor in the November 1978 (Respiratory Care 23 (11):1063-1072). The glutaraldehyde/triethylene glycol solutions used were potentiated with non-ionic surfactants as described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,968,.250, or by combinations of non-ionic with anionic surfactants. However, non-ionic, cationic and anionic surfactants behave differently and sometimes in opposing direction when they are in the presence of the key components of viruses (proteins, enzymes, and membranes). For instance, the cidal activity of anionic surfactants increases with decreasing pH value, while the opposite behavior is observed in the case of cationic surfactants, indicating that the first step in anionic interaction consists of an ionic absorption to membranes. This may result in cytolysis, autolysis, and the eventual inactivation of metabolic processes (see D. F. Hoelzl Wallach, The Plasma Membrane, Vol. 18, Heidelberg Science Library, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1972). In the case of proteins, non-ionic surfactants show either no interaction at all or interactions which are extremely weak, while anionics show very intense interaction with proteins and polymers
Non-ionic surfactants generally do not inactivate or denaturate enzymes. Anionic surfactants, on the other hand, show strong inactivation and denaturation of enzymes, while cationic surfactants are generally less effective than anionic surfactants (M. J. Schwuger and F. G. Bartnik, ed. by C. Gloxhuber, Chapter 1, pp 32, M. Dekker, Inc., NY 1980). It was surprising, however, to discover that replacing cationics and non-ionics by specific anionics in glutaraldehyde-glycol complex solutions leads to different and more potent virucidal formulas than merely the additive effect of the two components.
To assess the influence on virucidal efficacy of the three key chemicals (glutaraldehyde, triethylene glycol, and anionic surfactant) used in the formulas of the present invention, we conducted a series of experiments with both the Coxsackie B6 virus and Herpes Simplex virus Type 1. Results of these experiments are given in Table III (CBV) and Table IV, (HSV 1).
The non-ionic surfactant (U.S. Pat. No. 3,968,248) used in our comparative study was a mixture of ethoxylates of isomeric linear alcohols manufactured by Union Carbide under the trade name TERGITOL 15-S-12. The structural formula of this non-ionic is as follows: ##STR2## Where (n+n')=8-12 There are from 11-15 carbon atoms in the hydrophobic portion of the molecule.
I. Coxsackievirus B6 studies:
A. The stock solution of Coxsackievirus B6 contained 5.17 (�2.3)�105 pfu/ml. The concentrations percent (wt/vol.) of reagents in the reaction mixtures were glutaraldehyde (0.006%), TERGITOL (0.05%), SDS (0.05%), and TEG (0.04%). Virus Aliquots were mixed with (1) glutaraldehyde with or without TEG, SDS or TERGITOL OR (2) glutaraldehyde plus TEG with or without SDS or TERGITOL, OR (3) SDS or TERGITOL.
B. The reaction mixture was incubated at room temperature for 10 minutes. The reaction was stopped by the addition of 0.1% (final concentration) of sodium metabisulfite. Serial 10-fold dilutions were made from each reaction mixture. The dilutions were kept cold in an ice bath.
C. Then, four 0.2 ml aliquots from each serial dilution were inoculated onto four confluent layers of MA104 cells (monkey kidney fibroblasts). After an hour of incubation at 37� C., the inocula were removed from each monolayer. An agar overlay was added to each monolayer. The agar overlay contained nutrients to support the cell monolayers while any surviving, viable viruses were replicating. Three days later virus plaques were counted, and the results of the experiments were recorded. This protocol differs from an AOAC test in that virus was present in solution and not on penicylinders, and the virus plaques are counted to quantitate the virus. In an AOAC test, the virus is dried on penicylinders prior to exposure to a disinfectant. Also, in an AOAC test, virus is quantitated differently; virusinfected monolayers are scored as positive (virus plaques are present) or negative (virus plaques are not present).
II. Herpes Simplex virus I studies:
A. The Herpes Simplex virus stock solution contained 2.48 (�1.0)�105 pfu/ml The virus stocks were mixed in one ml volumes with the various chemicals having final concentrations as shown in Table IV.
B. After 10 minutes at room temperature (22�-25� C.) serial 10 fold dilutions were made and inoculated onto four monolayers of cells per dilution (0.1 ml/monolayers).
C. The inoculated cells were incubated 60 minutes to allow virus attachment. Then the inoculum was removed, and an overlay of virus growth medium plus methylcellulose was added. Plaques formed five days later. To enhance visibility of the plaques, the cells were fixed with 0.5% glutaraldehyde and stained with 1.5% crystal violet. The plaques in each monolayer were counted and recorded.
One important feature of the present invention is the presence of glycol molecules in such a quantity that they eliminate most of the aldehyde odors while not decreasing or drastically affecting the virucidal efficacy of the glutaraldehyde anionic solution. There are few papers which pertain to the virucidal activity of glycols in liquid phase. Klein and Deforest reported (Disinfection, Sterilization, and Preservation, ed. S. S. Block, P. 432, Editor Lea and Fabiger 1983) that 100% propylene glycol inactivated 100% of Coxsackievirus B1, but only 99% (two logs) of Poliovirus 3 activity. Glycols alone, in dilute solution, have not been reported to be virucidal. Robertson et al. (Science, 97, 142-144, 1943) reported that glycols sprayed into a chamber (40 to 60% humidity), inactivated aerosolized influenza virus. These results have not been duplicated under field test conditions.
In our experiments (Tables III, IV) the triethylene glycol (TEG) was used as a liquid and not as an aerosol at very low concentrations (0.04%), and therefore contribution to virucidal action was not expected. With Coxsackievirus, no substantial increase or decrease in virucidal activity was observed after adding triethylene glycol (0.04%) to 0.006% glutaraldehyde. As theoretically expected, triethylene glycol alone, at a concentration of 0.04%, had no effect on the virus titer after 10 minutes. The same results were observed when using a 0.04% TEG with 0.05% non-ionic or anionic surfactant.
However, virucidal activity increased when glutaraldehyde/non-ionic and glutaraldehyde/anionic solutions were tested in the presence of 0.04% triethylene glycol. In all cases the glutaraldehyde/anionic solutions with or without glycol always showed greater virucidal action than the corresponding solutions with non-ionic surfactants.
Saitanu and Lund (Appl. Microbiol. 29(5):571-574) also studied the effect of glutaraldehyde on Coxsackievirus. They used 0.5% glutaraldehyde as the lowest test concentration. They reported a 90% loss in titer in 20 minutes a 99% loss in 30 minutes. Our data in Table III show that 0.006% glutaraldehyde (1/80th of the amount used by Saitanu and Lund) can result in a 60% loss in virus titer in 10 minutes if 0.5% SDS is present with the glutaraldehyde SDS, alone can reduce Coxsackievirus B6 titer; however, the kinetics of this reaction are slower than those of 0.006% glutaraldehyde plus 0.05% SDS. This clearly demonstrates the enhancement of virucidal activity which occurs when SDS is added, in small amounts, to low levels of glutaraldehyde.
The Coxsackievirus B6 study showed that we could deodorize, with the addition of the glycol, without destroying the activity of the dialdehyde/anionic compositions, the object of the present invention. However, it is important to stress that glycol concentrations in the final solution should remain lower than 590 per cent by weight if one wants to avoid a decrease in cidal activity. For example, Dr. Hopfer (Table VII), in 1982 at the University of Texas System Cancer Center in Houston, used commercial glutaraldehyde concentrates (25 and 50% by weight) and showed that there was a loss in cidal activity after adding a substantial amount of glycol. The analytical method used in these tests was the sporicidal AOAC test. Far smaller percentages of glycol were and are to be used in the formula object of the present. It was therefore extremely important to show that these small percentages of glycol will not substantially affect the virucidal efficacy of our compositions.
TABLE VII______________________________________SPORICIDAL ACTIVITY OF 50% (wt/vol.) POTENTIATEDGLUTARALDEHYDE AND TRIETHYLENE-GLYCOLAT ROOM TEMPERATURE______________________________________AOAC Method 4015-4017Test Organism: Clostridium Sporogenies ATCC 3584Carrier: Penicylinders______________________________________ Number of Positive Tubes/Test Solutions Total Tested______________________________________Glutaraldehyde 50% 0/20Glutaraldehyde 25% 1/20Glutaraldehyde 25% + Triethylene Glycol 50% 10/20Triethylene Glycol 100% 20/20______________________________________
Other glycols could be used to deodorize and decrease the aggressivity of aldehydes; however, triethylene glycol (TEG) was chosen because it is completely soluble in aqueous glutaraldehyde solutions. Repeated-dose oral toxicity studies have shown that TEG is safer than ethylene and diethylene glycols. Eye irritation tests have also shown that it is less irritating than propylene glycol. In our examples we have used between 6.6 (CBV) and 16 times (HSV) more TEG than glutaraldehyde. However, complementary tests have shown that odor elimination of aldehydes can take place using TEG to glutaraldehyde ratios equal to one or slightly higher. Therefore, to practice this invention, the amount of triethylene glycol added to the formula maximizes odor elimination. This amount should either be equal to but not less than the glutaraldehyde percentage present in the aqueous solution.
If one looks now at the data pertaining to the Herpes Simplex virus type 1 experiments (Table IV and V), one will find that the virucidal effect of low concentration mixtures of glutaraldehyde and sodium dodecyl sulfate are far superior to the added virucidal effects of each separate chemical. The same thing had also been previously demonstrated in the case of the more resistant Coxsackievirus B6. However, in the case of HSV 1, the addition of TEG to the glutaraldehydesurfactants mixture did not increase the cidal activity of this formula but slightly decreases it (Table VI). With Coxsackievirus, the ternary mixture containing the anionic agent was always more virucidal than the corresponding composition containing the non-ionic surfactant.
The modest decrease in virucidal action due to the addition of diluted glycols was small enough not to affect the many uses of these deodorized solutions.
Another important advantage from the use of anionic surfactants according to this invention is the fact that, contrary to non-ionics and cationics, they quickly combine with polymers and glycols. In the case of polyethylene glycol, for instance, it has been demonstrated by S. Gravsholt (Proc. Scand. Symp. Surf. Active Agents 132-136, 1965) that SDS can be easily bound to this molecule. Therefore, the preparation of virucidal solutions containing, for instance, the three following chemicals, glutaraldehyde, triethylene glycol, and sodium dodecyl sulfate, is extremely easy since TEG and SDS dissolve in a matter of minutes into an aqueous solution of acid glutaraldehyde under mild agitating conditions at room temperature.
As previously explained, the pH of the ternary solutions is extremely important since it defines (Boucher, Proc. West Pharmocol Soc. 16:282-288, 1973) the amount of free dialdehyde monomers available to combine with the critical molecules of the viral structure. All experiments conducted with solutions having a pH higher than 7.5 or lower than 4.2 showed less virucidal activity. The preferred range being 7.2 to 4.5. Such a trend had been previously observed by Saitanu and Lund when studying the activity of glycolless glutaraldehyde solutions with a Coxsackievirus B3 (Appl. Microb. 29 (5):57-574 May 1975). The buffer salts of the following chemicals and chemical combinations have been successfully used with the ternary compositions object of the present invention: monobasic potassium or sodium phosphate with anhydrous dibasic sodium phosphate, maleic acid, trisodium citric acid, citrate-phosphate buffer, succinic acid, cacodylate buffer, n-(2-acetamido) iminodiacetic acid, piperazine-n, n1 -bis(2-ethanesulfonic acid), 2(n-morpholino)ethane sulfonic acid, with pKa ranges from 4.2 to 7.2.
Two of the main advantages of the formula object of the present invention are the aldehydes odor elimination and the low level of irritation when they are used topically. The bonds between glycol and aldehydes monomers appear to be strong enough to decrease the solution vapor pressure, but they do not greatly affect the aldehydes reaction state as long as the total content of triethylene glycol is not higher than 10 to 25% by weight.
To assess the potential of the described compositions as a skin antiseptic, we conducted some skin irritation tests with the composition used for the Coxsackievirus B6 study (see Table III). The EPA- and FDA-approved method enables us to calculate the primary skin irritation score (PSI) following a single application to the intact skin of New Zealand White Rabbits. The scoring code (see T. Soc. Cosmet. Chem. 13 (6):281-289, 1962) ranges from 0 (non-irritating) to 8.0 (extremely irritating). The three lowest ratings are nonirritating (0.00-0.09), minimally-irritating (0.10-0.50) and slightly irritating (0.51-1.50). The Table III formula falls in the non-irritating category. Another study was also conducted with th- same formula to evaluate the vaginal irritation potent&al with the standardized FDA method. Treatment of vaginal mucosa with the Table III formula did not cause any significant mucosal irritation. Regarding eye irritation, we used the EPA test (40 CFR 163.81-4) and the formula was considered as non-irritating after 72 hours of exposure. All the above-mentioned tests indicate that the highly diluted virucidal formulas of the present invention exhibits a toxicity level as low or even lower than most antiseptics and prep-scrubs based upon iodophors, quaternary ammonium compounds, chlorhexidine gluconate and alcoholic solutions.
It is also possible for the composition of the present invention can contain lower alkanols such as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol and the like. A mixture of both could also be used. These minor modifications in the composition of the solvent will be dictated by the nature of the applications: decontamination of instruments, inanimate or animate surfaces, skin degerming, wound cleaning, and the like.
Although several specific examples of the inventive concept have been described for purposes of illustration, the invention concept have been described for purposes of illustration, the invention should not be construed as limited thereby nor to the specific features mentioned therein except as the same may be included in the claims appended hereto interpreted in view of the pertinent prior art. It is also understood that changes, modifications, and variations may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Apr 5, 1956
|Jul 30, 1957
|Union Carbide & Carbon Corp
|Treatment of water with dialdehyde bactericides
|Sep 29, 1959
|Mar 5, 1963
|Ethicon Inc
|Process for preparing soluble, sporicidally active solid polyglyoxals
|Jan 30, 1973
|May 27, 1975
|Us Energy
|Process for preparing odor and irritation free formaldehyde disinfectant
|Jun 5, 1973
|Nov 4, 1975
|Wave Energy Systems
|Biocidal synergistic compositions for surface and space disinfection
|Jul 16, 1975
|Jul 6, 1976
|Wave Energy Systems, Inc.
|Method and sporicidal compositions for synergistic disinfection or sterilization
|Jul 16, 1975
|Jul 6, 1976
|Wave Energy Systems, Inc.
|Method and sporicidal compositions for synergistic disinfection or sterilization
|Mar 18, 1975
|Sep 28, 1976
|Gilbert Buchalter
|Stable dialdehyde-containing disinfectant compositions and methods
|Apr 23, 1975
|Sep 13, 1977
|West Chemical Products, Incorporated
|Means for killing bacterial spores with glutaraldehyde sporicidal compositions
|Jul 17, 1975
|Jun 6, 1978
|West Laboratories, Inc.
|Killing bacterial spores with glutaraldehyde sporicidal compositions
|Jan 28, 1982
|Mar 13, 1984
|Surgikos, Inc.
|Disinfecting and sterilizing composition
|Feb 8, 1988
|Aug 22, 1989
|Biomedical Development Corporation
|Pulpotomy agent and method of use
|Kabara, ed., Cosmetic and Drug Preservation, pp. 649 650.
|Kabara, ed., Cosmetic and Drug Preservation, pp. 649-650.
|Sidwell, R. W., "Potentially Infectious Agents Associated With Shearling Bed Pads", Applied Microbiology, Jan. 1970, pp. 53-59.
|Sidwell, R. W., Potentially Infectious Agents Associated With Shearling Bed Pads , Applied Microbiology, Jan. 1970, pp. 53 59.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Nov 17, 1992
|Sep 20, 1994
|Medical Polymers Technologies, Inc.
|Polymer-based cleaning and lubricating composition
|Aug 11, 1994
|Aug 19, 1997
|Serikov; Vladimir B.
|Method of treating endotoxemia by administering tyloxapol
|Jan 24, 1996
|Oct 7, 1997
|Antoinetta P. Martin
|Stable aqueous glutaraldehyde solutions containing sodium acetate and a nonionic detergent
|Oct 18, 1995
|Sep 1, 1998
|Shiseido Co., Ltd.
|Disinfectant composition
|Nov 25, 1997
|Mar 21, 2000
|Boucher; Raymond M. G.
|Liquid phase disinfection/sterilization with microwave energy
|May 19, 1998
|Feb 27, 2001
|The Pennsylvania State University
|Broad spectrum microbicidal and spermicidal compositions and methods having activity against sexually transmitted agents including papillomaviruses
|May 19, 1999
|Oct 1, 2002
|The Pennsylvania State University
|Broad spectrum microbicidal and spermicidal compositions, devices, and methods
|Aug 15, 2002
|Oct 21, 2003
|The Pennsylvania State University
|Broad spectrum microbicidal and spermicidal compositions, devices, and methods
|Feb 1, 2002
|May 27, 2004
|Gerard Durmowicz
|Surfactant/oxidizing agent solution and methods of use
|Oct 29, 2008
|May 7, 2009
|Esawtech, Ltd.
|Broad spectrum microbicidal and spermicidal compositions and methods
|Feb 1, 2002
|Aug 8, 2002
|Becton Dickinson And Company
|Surfactant/oxidizing agent solution and methods of use
|U.S. Classification
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|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Dec 20, 1988
Owner name: WAVE ENERGY SYSTEMS, INC., ONE RIVERWAY, STE. 1700
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:BOUCHER, RAYMOND M. G.;REEL/FRAME:004992/0827
Effective date: 19881219
|May 23, 1994
|Fee payment
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|Aug 21, 1998
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|Sep 16, 2002
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


text:
RATINGS: 120 WEIGHTED AVG: 3.19/5 SEASONAL: Winter EST. CALORIES: 150 ABV: 5%
Cask: Seasonal - October to Jan.
Production moved from Youngs to Wells & Youngs in October 2006. Brand acquired solely by Charles Wells in 2011.
Ingredients: Maris Otter and crystal malt with cane sugar added to the copper with Fuggle and Golding hops.
The definitive winter beer and a long-time Youngs favourite, Winter Warmer is a champion cask ale that is an essential warmer during the winter months.
"Rich ruby coloured beer, almost red in bright light. Complex fruity nose with hints of candy. Luscious and full bodied, with a powerful mouth-coating flavour leading to a bittersweet, vinous finish."
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text:
G and Chelle - first met by FukariWatch
©2011-2016 Fukari
George meets Chelle.
Chelle looks slightly chubby, unless it was the jacket being big on her slightly. Your amazing at drawing cx
such a style change, and ya different body types are cool but sometimes hard to do
you've improved so much !
Michelle gained weight.
hehe, that's because when I created her I didn't know how to draw chubby girls ^^ she was chubby in my head but I really cound't draw it
What happened to his beautiful hair? It was wonderful!
OMG! THAT WAS G'S HAIRSTYLE!?!? *Gags*
So they met at the vet? But Chelle is the vet, so did G came to her with his dog or anything? I love your art, you're amazing ^^
U weteryniorza? Jeny, to słodkie ~
oho, i w Wigilię rysowane. Nastrój sprzyjający uroczym spotkaniom xD
oho, i w Wigilię rysowane. Nastrój sprzyjający uroczym spotkaniom xD
chce jego buty ;_;
I ona te długaśne włosy zmieściła pod tą czapeczką???
I love how you dress your characters!
wooooo George is always so hawt! I like Chelle to
I adore your skills!
who is Chelle??
Nie ma to jak ambitne tła
George pełna klasa jak zawsze : p
George pełna klasa jak zawsze : p


text:
Colombia is one of the most violent places in the world. Kidnappings, political murders, pervasive drug trafficking, corruption, and a deepening economic recession wrack the country. Many fear that the nation, torn between leftist guerillas, right-wing private armies, and a military with a history of brutality, is on the verge of collapse. Hope resides in a growing peace movement that has mobilized millions of ordinary Colombians and helped elect a president, Andrés Pastrana, who has pursued a negotiated peace among the factions.
Next month the U.S. Senate is likely to approve a $1.6-billion aid package for Colombia, four-fifths of which is designated as military assistance. The Clinton administration sees the aid, which Pastrana has requested, as crucial to the "drug war." In Peru and Bolivia, the interdiction of drug smugglers and the destruction of coca fields (cocaine is made from the coca leaf), combined with UN-sponsored efforts encouraging farmers to plant alternative crops, have significantly reduced the amount of coca grown there. As a consequence, Colombia has become the source for 80 percent of the world's cocaine. The Clinton administration thinks that the Colombian armed forces, given the resources and training needed, can get to the coca fields and destroy them. If the United States does nothing, advocates of aid say, not only will the flood of cocaine increase, but the chance for survival of...
Links[1] https://www.commonwealmagazine.org/user/login?destination=print/30264
[2] https://www.commonwealmagazine.org/subscribe-Commonweal


text:
The value pack offers 4 soft and squishy, air-filled Puffer Balls for the price of 3 (save 25%).
Measures 8cm
A Silicone Pencil case with bumps and grooves to entertain the textural fidgeter. Also a great idea for travelling and using it for a case to put other tools in, or your pencils and pens.
Click the hand-and-star for the latest newsfrom Sensory Tools
For help in placing an online order, or if you have a general query, please contact our office between 9.30am and 4.30pm (Sydney time) Monday to Friday on 02 4578 6123 or fax on 02 4578 6115.


text:
Condoleezza Rice: An American Life: A Biography (Paperback)
Condoleezza Rice, one of the most powerful and controversial women in the world, has until now remained a mystery behind an elegant, cool veneer. New York Times reporter Elisabeth Bumiller peels back the layers and presents a revelatory portrait of the first black female secretary of state and President George W. Bush's national security adviser on September 11, 2001. Drawing on extensive interviews with Rice and more than 150 others, including colleagues, family members, government officials, and critics, the book relates in more intimate detail than ever before the personal voyage of a young black woman out of the segregated American South, and offers dramatic new information about the events and personalities of the Bush administration. In the process, with great insight, Bumiller tells the sweeping story of a tumultuous half-century in the nation's history.
About the Author
Elisabeth Bumiller is the author of three books of nonfiction and is a White House
correspondent for "The New York Times."
Praise For…
"Powerful . . . an intimate portrait of Condoleezza Rice that will set the standard for all future writing about this fascinating and complex woman."
–Doris Kearns Goodwin
"A compelling portrait of the country's first black female secretary of state . . . a cautionary tale about the gap between ambitious presidential appointees and their unwillingness to speak truth to power."
–The New York Times
"In this singular, fascinating, well-reported, and well-written book, one of our finest journalists shows us heretofore unseen facets of the Condoleezza Rice story."
–Michael Beschloss, author of Presidential Courage
"Measured, insightful and comprehensive . . . [Elisabeth Bumiller] brings a keen eye to Rice."
–The New York Times Book Review
"A careful, well-documented new."
–Los Angeles Times


text:
https://github.com/TurboPack/AsyncPro/issues/3 done.
cross listed to https://github.com/TurboPack/AsyncPro/issues/3
The main interest in using RealTerm for this is that all other terminals fall short....
https://sourceforge.net/p/tpapro/feature-requests/22/ done.
Ansi Color code sequence rendering in Emulator
Ansi Color code sequence rendering
This would be useful with diagnostics with HDLC implementations.
Also, it seems that the signing certificate has expired as of February 17, 2015.


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I was running through eshop in each browser and came across something strange. After you add an item to the cart and are on the next step if you click on "Continue Shopping" or a different page the shopping cart widget appears, like normal. But in IE, Firefox, and Opera when you click on either either the "View Cart" or "Checkout" button they disappear, but it still takes you to the page.
If anyone has a suggestion for a fix to this I would much appreciate it!


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Resources for STEM educators:
Achieve Releases Classroom Sample Assessment Tasks for the Next Generation Science Standards! Sample Tasks Demonstrate Ways Middle and High School Teachers Can Combine Content from NGSS and the Common Core State Standard
For other readings visit NSTA Recommends
MSTA's Partner STEM Associations:
Register by April 15!
This is a free event, but space is limited. Register today!
One-week long summer field courses at Eagle Hill, Steuben, Me
Eagle Hill field courses are of special interest because they focus on the natural history of one of North America's most spectacular and pristine natural areas, the coast of eastern Maine from Acadia National Park to Petit Manan National Wildlife Refuge and beyond. Our summer field courses are taught by experts in their respective fields. Course participants include beginning to advanced amateurs, graduate and undergraduate students, teachers, professional field biologists, university professors, and personnel from federal and state agencies and numerous environmental organizations.
For general program information, click here. For our calendar, go to eaglehill.us/seminars. Titles are hot-linked to course descriptions and instructor biographies. Go to application and cost information. Institute homepage: www.eaglehill.us
For more information, contact Marilyn Mayer: email@example.com or 207-546-2821 x1
Herring Gut Aquaponics Professional Development
Herring Gut Learning Center has scheduled two aquaponics workshops for this summer. Scholarships are available. A flyer is attached.
Session 1: June 28th – 30th, 2016
Session 2: July 12th – 14th, 2016
Location: Port Clyde, Maine
The workshop includes•2.5 days of hands-on teacher training in aquaponics • A complete classroom aquaponics kit including tank, filter, pumps, planting materials and an operating manual • Standards-based aquaponics curriculum materials that will engage and motivate your students • 1.5 CEU's available through the University of Southern Maine or 15 contact hours
Your instructor will be Ann Boover, Herring Gut's lead teacher and aquaponics specialist. Ann instructs middle and high school students in aquaponics classes and has developed an extensive curriculum of hands-on lessons that incorporates science, math, business, and language arts into hatchery and greenhouse management.
Tuition for the entire course, all materials and supplies is $635.00. It also includes an evening boat cruise, continental breakfast and lunch daily. Housing is available for $150 on a first come, first serve basis in a historic farmhouse on Herring Gut's waterfront campus in Port Clyde. Classes and activities are balanced with time to enjoy the village and surrounding area.
FMI and to Register: http://www.herringgut.org/forteachers.html
Nature Based Education: Summer Institute
Workshops June 25, 2016
Sponsored by University of Maine at Farmington
Join us Saturday, June 25th, for a full day of sessions on nature-based education. Sessions are designed to be interactive and outdoors, and will appeal to a range of educators working across age levels and settings. The day will be designed for educators- in-training as well as those who have extensive experience in the field. There will be opportunities to connect with colleagues to share learning and exploration. The day will feature a keynote speaker, locally grown food, and workshops that will bring you outside to learn more about how nature based education benefits children and adults.
Please Visit for More Information http://nbeconference.weebly.com/
Space is Limited, Please Submit your Registration and Payment Soon to Reserve Your Place
Sponsored by : University of Maine at Farmington
Division of Early Childhood & Elementary Education, Office of Graduate Studies,


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Megan Fox pictures in designer jeans
Celebs in Denim: Megan Fox in Fidelity Denim
Megan Fox was spotted at Chez Le Dentiste wearing a pair of Fidelity Denim Octavia Jeans in Bondai. Yet another celeb jumping on the wide leg jeans bandwagon. I think she looks pretty hot in these, I really like them!
Images courtesy of meganfox-online.net
Celebs in Denim: Megan Fox in Levi's Capital E
Megan Fox was rocking some awesome Levi's Capital E Jeans at the airport. I've been eyeing these myself on Shopbop for a while now… DO WANT! I love her entire outfit here! These were also seen on Drew Barrymore here and she also wore them at the recent Gay Marriage Rally. Sorry, Drew, but I really love these on Megan more…
Photos Courtesy of Gossipgirls
Celebs in Denim: Brian Austin Green in Diesel
It seems like we are always blogging about his girlfriend, Megan Fox, but here they both are out for a stroll. Brian is wearing a pair of Diesel Zatiny 8IW jeans that look pretty ripped up and washed out. He's looking pretty hot except for that facial expression! I don't really care for the matching hat look, but each alone look pretty good in a hat….
Celebs in Denim: Megan Fox in Siwy
Transformers star Megan Fox, was snapped by the paps at a rather inconvenient time, her and Brian Austin Green had just had an argument. I hope these two can really work things out. Megan looks super cute though in her black Siwy Hannah ankle slim crops. This pretty lady also owns another pair of Siwy jeans which we have blogged her in before. I think Megan has really eclectic taste, she's dabbled in almost every denim trend!
Images courtesy of celebutopia.net


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First Light (Hardcover)
Special Order
Peter is thrilled to join his parents on an expedition to Greenland, where his father studies global warming. Peter will get to skip school, drive a dogsled, and finally share in his dad's adventures. But on the ice cap, Peter struggles to understand a series of visions that both frighten and entice him.
Thea has never seen the sun. Her extraordinary people, suspected of witchcraft and nearly driven to extinction, have retreated to a secret world they ve built deep inside the arctic ice. As Thea dreams of a path to Earth's surface, Peter's search for answers brings him ever closer to her hidden home.
Rebecca Stead's fascinating debut novel is a dazzling tale of mystery, science and adventure at the top of the world.
About the Author
Rebecca Stead ("Plan B") went to the kind of elementary school where a person could sit on a windowsill or even under a table to read a book, and no one told you to come out and be serious. After trying to be serious as a lawyer for a while, she decided to be a full-time writer. Her bookWhen You Reach Mewas awarded the Newbery Medal in 2010 and was a New York Times bestseller. She lives in New York City with her family.
Praise For…
"Peter and Thea are vividly realized. . . . Gracehope itself is sketched with sure strokes, its icy setting and its matriarchal social structure fresh and believable."—The Horn Book Magazine
"Stead's debut novel rests on an intriguing premise. . . . It is a testament to the storytelling that the existence of this parallel world and the convergence of Peter and Thea's stories, told in separate chapters, are both credible and absorbing. Young readers will find this a journey worth taking."—Publishers Weekly


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Reload the page and try again.
Being runner representing Biola, I can say that many students attend games with extreme Eagle spirit. I'm not allowed on a intramural sport because I'm in a varsity sport, but they are just as equally important within campus because more students can be involved. It's a great atmosphere to be in, and it's hard to miss the 'upcoming game'.
Sometimes the technology can be a bit funky, but 95% of the time it's completely reliable. The tech and software are up-to-date on the latest industry standards, and the amount of computers on the campus and the availability is more than enough for me.
It's not a bad thing because I feel like a private, christian college is supposed to be this way. We all attend Biola because we believe similar things, but it's also true that we all have different opinions on certain subjects. Generally, we at campus trend the same way, but slightly branch out in a similar direction.
Although I believe that there should be a little bit more grace at some times, I can't complain about how much integrity Biola has. The professors and staff at Biola want to protect us and shape us into responsible adults, and they honor their code.
I still need lots of money to continue next semester, so they are ok.
The process of applying for financial aid can be tedious and it seems like it never ends, but in the end if you actually have financial need, they help you get the scholarships and grants you need. They are easy to reach by phone or going into the office.
SoCal, Biola has lovely weather. Summer year round.
Health & Safety:
we have strong campus safety presence, a good health center and they work together to provide a stable environment
Love what I get to study, professors are amazing and share their experience, bring in friends, and classes are very interactive and relevant.
Campus Housing:
I live in the oldest dorm for girls and I absolutely love it. The dorms do so many fun activities together, participate in brother sister floor events and things like that. It is the best way to build community
our school pushes students to think well and to apply their faith to their field of study
We have an office devoted to tech support and computer repairs. Wifi can be slow once in a while but its generally very reliable and It is ALL over campus. I have yet to be in a place on campus where i couldn't connect to wifi
Local Area:
I absolutely love my area because it is in a smaller town in LA but it is close to tons of things to do
For all majors except nursing you are automatically accepted into your major when you get accepted into the school, which is really nice. You need an academic and pastoral reference
I like our program, Im a sociology major so they have tons of events promoting diversity, showing future job opportunities etc
I think it depends on how much money you have. They have shuttles that will come to school for around 20 dollars and take you to the airport. Otherwise you have to drive if you're wanting to take a bus or train.
It's a little much at times, but I appreciate the morals behind the rules.
I'm really glad that I got the scholarship that I received. It's really nice that Biola offers so many scholarships to people to help those who want to be here get here.
They encourage school spirit heavily and advertise games regularly
Off-Campus Dining:
I honestly don't go off campus all that often for dining but I like the few close-by options for some quick food, such as Panera or In-n-Out
The computer lab computers are kind of slow. It's better to just use your own laptop.
Campus Housing:
I like my dorm (Sigma). I really like how small it is, so it's like a family/house. I also really like the suite style bathrooms. Even thought we might be far away as a dorm from everything else in the center of campus, compared to other colleges everything is relatively close.
Drug Safety:
You don't experience a lot of alcohol or drugs. You clearly know that some people do it and enjoy it but it's not a common thing.
It is a private school, so obviously they aren't accepting of anything other than heterosexuality. There are definitely racial minorities but I think we work to include them, as well as have events that promote awareness.
It's nice that Biola offers its own free shuttle but I wish there were more time options. So maybe a few shuttles going around and not just one.
{{review.SectionLabel}} at {{review.EntityName}}:
Sorry, there are no reviews.
Biola boasts an amazing Christian fellowship that's focused on delivering the Gospel, not only to its students, but to the world surrounding it. In taking classes and attending lectures, students feel much more apt to take on the world, not only with renewed and strengthened faith, but also with a professional education.
Biola can be an adjustment. But once you get involved with on-campus jobs and school events, it becomes much easier. After spending time with the students and faculty, you'll come to realize that you'll never find a school quite like this. But it takes a little bit of work at first. Biola's teaching is amazing, and the community is unparalleled. Nowhere else on Earth can students strike up random conversations with anyone and be able to "Facebook-friend" them and ask them to coffee the very next day. If you value your education and want to surround yourself with God-fearing students serving each other and the Lord, then Biola is the place for you!
Compared against the students in the chart, you are in the:
Non-registered users are limited to 5 school profile page views per month.
Register for free to gain full access!


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Why choose 'bug feature-request discussion support' for tag when I see other tags like 'search' , 'not-a-question' etc? is this related to how many points one has?
Meta Stack Exchange is where users like you discuss bugs, features, and support issues that affect the software powering all 158 Stack Exchange communities.
What is meta?
What is meta?
Here's how it works:
- Any Stack Exchange user can ask a question
- The community provides support, votes on ideas, and reports bugs
- Your voice helps shape the way Stack Exchange operates
No, this is not related to reputation at all.
To post something on Meta, you must have ONE of those tags.
The other 4 tags can be any other tag you wish, but you must at least have one of those tags.
This is to help with sorting posts. Chances are if your post doesn't fit into one of those categories, it doesn't fit into Meta.


text:
I am using wp e-commerce 220.127.116.11 plugin on my e-commerce site. All my product prices are in INR & I am using paypal gateway for payment. The checkout page shows correct cart items & total amount in INR. When I click on the purchase button on checkout page the paypal order summary shows zero amount even if the listed items are correct.
Kindly suggest the solution.


text:
|Need a 16U Catcher and 3 Players - Spring, TX 10 months ago in Recruiting
|by wickedsoftball
|Re: Looking for Catcher*** IG-Cothern 1 year ago in Texas Softball
|by IGCothern
|12U RI Thunder Gold Looking for #1 catcher and a utility player 1 year ago in General Discussion
|by JesseRichard0
|14u Algonquin Aces looking for a starting Catcher 1 year ago in Illinois
|by Travis Sjodin
|Elk Grove Heat 11U 1 year ago in Illinois
|by Peg
|Re: *INDY CRUSH 14U - LOOKING FOR STARTING CATCHER 2 years ago in Indiana Softball
|by USSSA Indiana Pride Elite16U
|LI Hurricanes 12u Seeking a Catcher! 2 years ago in New York
|by E18
|Re: Houston Havoc 2000 looking for a bracket catcher to add to 2014 spring roster 2 years ago in Texas Softball
|by Houston Havoc
|14U NH Mystics Looking for Catcher 2 years ago in Massachusetts Softball
|by Coach Hedge
|14U NH Mystics Looking for Catcher 2 years ago in New Hampshire
|by Coach Hedge
|Re: INDIANA FILLIES FASTPITCH 14U -MADISON COUNTY, IN 2 years ago in Fastpitch
|by indianafilliesfastpitch
|16U Catcher Looking for Team to Finish Season With 3 years ago in Illinois
|by otters1966
|03 firepower middle tn (tryouts) 3 years ago in Fastpitch
|by tdclinard
|TX ARSENAL 12U**PLAYERS WANTED** 3 years ago in Texas Softball
|by TX_ARSENAL_FUTURES_16U
|Re: CATCHER/UTILITY PLAYER LOOKING TO P/U THIS WEEKEND 99/2000 3 years ago in Tennessee Softball
|by tatersmom99
|18U Virginia Crushers Holding Open Tryouts 3 years ago in Fastpitch
|by virginiacrus
Check out all the content in a "tag cloud" to get a quick view of the most talked about and popular subjects.
You can filter the tags by type of content as well as by community within the system.
ACTIVE is the leader in online event registrations from 5k running races and marathons to softball leagues and local events. ACTIVE also makes it easy to learn and prepare for all the things you love to do with expert resources, training plans and fitness calculators.


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Hotels in South Melbourne, Victoria
Search & Compare South Melbourne Hotels
Trending now in South Melbourne
Hotels in South Melbourne
- Most bookedCity Park Hotel
17 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"A stopover to catch the Spirit of Tasmania. Friendly service"
A Traveller, Mar 2016, AU
14 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"The stay was almost completely trouble free from the booking through to obtaining the keys to leaving. The location was fantastic beung close to the tram service, within easy walking distance to the South Melbourne market and over the road from Albert Park. The rooms were clean and tidy, spacious..."
A Traveller, May 2016, AU
11 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"I have stayed a few times now and each time has been great, great location,views and comfort and staff are really helpful..I'll be back again. "
A Traveller, Jul 2016, AU
6 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"The hotel is kinda new and there are no signs indicating that the building is a Hotel so It's a little bit confusing to find the place at the first moment. Despite that the staff is friendly and helpful and the bedroom is very good because It's confortable with everything new and is very clean!"
A Traveller, Feb 2016, AU
4 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"The apartment was an amazing experience and I would stay there again how ever the shower head wasn't full pressure and didn't know how to fix it other then that everything went well."
A Traveller, Dec 2015, AU
- UrbanMinder @ MontagueNo Guest Reviews yet
3 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
- UrbanMinder at MontagueNo Guest Reviews yet
Hotels within 5 miles of South Melbourne
28 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"Stayed in 2 bedroom apartment with view of cbd. Great view and room was spacious and comfortable. Staff help was excellent. "
A Traveller, Jul 2016, AU
15 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
- Corporate Keys - ElmNo Guest Reviews yet
Best hotels in South Melbourne
If you are looking for South Melbourne hotels in a particular area, you can use the search feature at the top of the page to search by neighborhood, landmark, address or zip code, or you can search by using the built-in map feature. You can also browse hotels in South Melbourne by type, amenities, and star-rating so that you can find the best hotel. Currently, top rated hotels in South Melbourne are:
- Albert Road Serviced Apartments
- Apartments Melbourne Domain - South Melbourne
- Quest South Melbourne
- City Park Hotel
- Lily Sands Inn
The location of your South Melbourne hotel is important. If you are traveling to South Melbourne, &StateorCountry for business, you may want to consider getting a hotel close to the airport or near your meeting venue. By doing so, you can really cut down on transportation costs and time. You may also want to book a hotel that offers free wifi just in case you need to get some work done.
If you are traveling for vacation, figure out which attractions or landmarks you want to see and book a hotel that is within close proximity. Although hotels near attractions might cost a little more, you may find that spending those extra few dollars is worth the convenience. You can even find hotels that align with your interests. For example, if you are looking for a relaxing vacation, a spa hotel may be the perfect choice for you.
You'll also want to determine which type of accommodations will suit your needs before booking a hotel in South Melbourne. If you're traveling with the kiddos, a family friendly hotel will offer larger rooms and more sleeping arrangements. For those traveling for an extended period of time, booking a hotel suite with a kitchenette is a smart move and will feel a little more like home. If you are budget conscience and just need a place to rest your head, a hostel or motel may be all you need.
If you are looking to score the best discounts and deals, use the filter to sort by price from low to high. You can book a hotel in South Melbourne for as low as $77 per night. If you are looking to cut down on expenses, look for hotels that include free breakfast and parking. Some hotels even offer free shuttle service to and from nearby places. You can also sort by star rating, proximity, and guest rating.
Before you book, check out user reviews. Hotels.com has 241 reviews in South Melbourne. We show reviews from Expedia and TripAdvisor so you know that you are reading genuine, reliable reviews. Be sure to download the Hotels.com app so you can book your reservations on the go, view amenities, and save the hotels you want to view and compare later.


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Video game movies are going to be the next big thing. Sure, every movie studio in Hollywood is going to keep churning out as many comic book movies as their contracts with Marvel and DC will allow, but eventually audiences will grow a tad tired of seeing new superhero movies trying to out spectacle one another every few months. And when they do, studios are going to have to turn their attention to another market with a built-in audience. And when they do, Sony will have the edge.
Unlike other studios, Sony has the benefit of owning the PlayStation and its several generation's worth of exclusive games to draw from. We already knew it had a Ratchet & Clank movie in the works, but it also been working on an adaptation of Sly Cooper, and even though it's not scheduled to hit theaters until a year after R&C, we've already got a teaser trailer for the film.
Written and directed by Kevin Munroe (TMNT), and developed by Rainmaker Entertainment (the Canadian studio that gave the world ReBoot, the first ever CGI animated TV series, as well as last year's Escape from Planet Earth), Sly Cooper tells the story of…
an orphaned raccoon thief, along with his childhood friends and partners in crime, Bentley Turtle and Murray Hippo. In the film, Sly learns of his birth family's secret legacy; that he comes from a long line of talented and international thieves.
Endowed with this knowledge, Sly and his friends are catapulted into a global adventure as they race to reassemble pieces of an ancient book holding The Cooper Clan's family secrets before it can fall into the hands of Clockwerk – an evil Russian metallic owl bent on ending the Cooper family line. From romantic Parisian backdrops to the lush mountains of China, gritty film noir meets bright, colorful graphic novels in this origin story of the world's greatest thief-turned-hero.
Now if you are a die-hard fan of the game series (which started way back in 2002 on the PlayStation 2), you may be bothered by some of the aesthetic changes here, but keep in mind we've still got another two years between now and its 2016 release, so there's plenty of time to tweak the character details along the way (just don't expect the film to switch to the cel shading style of the video game). The below trailer doesn't hint at any of the plot specifics above, so it looks like more of a proof of concept than anything. It doesn't look like the biggest animated movie ever made (Rainmaker isn't exactly working with Pixar levels of money), but we're guessing a movie about a raccoon and his thieving friends who cause plenty of mischief is going to be plenty popular with its target kids demographic.
« Giveaway: 'Jackass Presents: Bad Grandpa' on Blu-ray Combo Pack TV ratings: State of the Union doesn't earn many viewers Tuesday »


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4999 Clair Del Avenue
Bixby Knolls, Long Beach, 90807
Commute to Downtown Long Beach
Some errands can be accomplished on foot.
Flat as a pancake, some bike lanes.
About your score
4999 Clair Del Avenue has a Walk Score of 51 out of 100. This location is Somewhat Walkable so some errands can be accomplished on foot.
This location is in the Bixby Knolls neighborhood in Long Beach. Nearby parks include Cherry Cove Park, Cherry Avenue Park and Cherry Park Community Center.
Explore how far you can travel by car, bus, bike and foot from 4999 Clair Del Avenue.
Bus lines:
265 Metro Local Line
0.7 mi
266 Metro Local Line
1.3 mi
View all Bixby Knolls apartments on a map.
4999 Clair Del Avenue is in the Bixby Knolls neighborhood. Bixby Knolls is the 25th most walkable neighborhood in Long Beach with a neighborhood Walk Score of 67.
Moving to Long Beach from another city? View our moving to Long Beach guide.


text:
Open AccessThis article is
Notes: Multiple requests from the same IP address are counted as one view.
- freely available
- re-usable
Sensors 2010, 10(4), 2995-3022; doi:10.3390/s100402995
Implementation and Evaluation of the WADGPS System in the Taipei Flight Information Region
Institute of Civil Aviation, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 11 January 2010 / Revised: 9 February 2010 / Accepted: 14 March 2010 / Published: 30 March 2010
(This article belongs to the Section Remote Sensors)
View Full-Text | Download PDF [3997 KB, uploaded 21 June 2014] | Browse Figures
AbstractThis paper describes the implementation of the Wide Area Differential Global Positioning System (WADGPS) system in order to evaluate the operational performance of a satellite based aviation navigation system within Taipei Flight Information Region (FIR). The main objective of the WADGPS is to provide real time integrity information regarding the use of GPS for civil aviation applications. This paper uses the e-GPS observation stations operated by the Taiwan Ministry of Interior (MOI) as the WADGPS reference stations to collect the L1-L2 dual-frequency GPS measurements. A WADGPS master station is also implemented to process all GPS measurements sent from each reference station, and then generate the vector corrections. These vector corrections consist of the satellite ephemeris and clock errors, and a grid of ionospheric delays. The data stream also includes confidence bounds for the corrections and "Use/Do Not Use" messages to provide integrity. These messages are then passed to the WADGPS user through the Internet. This paper discusses the WADGPS system architecture and the system performance analysis. A five-day operation performance in Taipei Flight Information Region (FIR) is presented in this paper. The results show that the WADGPS can improve the accuracy performance of GPS positioning and fulfill the integrity performance required by Non-Precision Approach (NPA) defined by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO).
Keywords: GPS; Wide Area Differential GPS (WADGPS); integrity; aircraft approach
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Share & Cite This Article
MDPI and ACS Style
Jan, S.-S.; Lu, S.-C. Implementation and Evaluation of the WADGPS System in the Taipei Flight Information Region. Sensors 2010, 10, 2995-3022.View more citation formats
AMA Style
Jan S-S, Lu S-C. Implementation and Evaluation of the WADGPS System in the Taipei Flight Information Region. Sensors. 2010; 10(4):2995-3022.Chicago/Turabian Style
Jan, Shau-Shiun; Lu, Shih-Chieh. 2010. "Implementation and Evaluation of the WADGPS System in the Taipei Flight Information Region." Sensors 10, no. 4: 2995-3022.
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text:
Everlast (Acoustic Duo) With: Big B
Above: Promotional photo of rapper, Everlast.
Born Erik Francis Schrody in Valley Stream, New York, singer/songwriter Everlast emerged on the music scene as a member of Rhyme Syndicate. In addition to his work with the Ice-T-led group, Everlast was a member of House of Pain, the group responsible for the hit 1992 single "Jump Around." After House of Pain parted ways in 1996, Everlast directed his focus once again on establishing a solo career.
BIG B has unleashed four previous studio efforts, worked with underground royalty OPM, toured the world alongside icons such as Pennywise, Pepper, Kottonmouth Kings and more AND starred on a hit television show.
See them both live at the Belly Up Tavern on
Doors Open: 8:00 PM
Event Starts: 9:00 PM
Age Policy: Ages 21 and up
Price: $20 advanced / $22 day of show / $35 reserved seating
Belly Up Tavern
143 S Cedros Ave, Solana Beach, CA 92075
Google Map


text:
I currently have an excel sheet that is used to record daily a bunch of parameters. Currently, I have a folder for each year, containing a folder for each month, inside of which I have an excel file with sheets corresponding to each day of that month.
What I am looking to do is to compress all of this into one excel file, mainly to make it easier to create formulas comparing days across different months.
Would it be possible to have a single excel sheet with a drop down menu, where you could select the date, with the rest of the cells in the sheets values being conditionally dependant on the date selected. i.e. blank if the date is in the future and there is no data, or containing the appropriate data from that day?


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The Art of Miyazaki's Spirited Away (Artbook)
Title: The Art of Miyazaki's Spirited Away
Volume: Artbook
Pages: 240
Distributor: Viz Media
Release date: 2002-09-22
Suggested retail price: $34.95
Age rating: ALL
Collects the color illustrations of Spirited Away (Sen to Chihiro no Kamikakushi) for the first time in an English edition! Includes paintings and designs from the new animated film from the director of Kiki's Delivery Service and Princess Mononoke.
Large-size, hardcover coffee-table book featuring artwork from the renowned animated film, Spirited Away, directed by Hayao Miyazaki. Features color stills, sketches, storyboards, and illustrations used to envision the rich fantasy world of the film.
Also includes a complete English-language script.
Full Color and some B&W illustrations.
(added on 2008-08-26, modified on 2011-11-30)
- Encyclopedia information about Spirited Away (movie)


text:
Prodigy's new book My Infamous Life has ruffled quite a few feathers, including fellow rapper Capone's, the man P claims testified against Havoc's brother in court. Naturally, Capone denies the allegations. In this tense response video, he doesn't say what he's got in store for P, but it doesn't sound too pleasant. It's a he-said, she-said affair at this point, but let's hope the situation doesn't get out-of-hand.
Video: Capone Responds To Prodigy's Snitch Allegations
Watch Now


text:
With some of Washington's most plugged-in power brokers gathering for their annual, and very private, Senators Classic golf weekend at the Williamsburg Inn, Donald Trump couldn't resist a quick side trip Friday on his way to his rally in Richmond.
And, in keeping with the golf weekend tradition, nobody much was talking.
Peninsula-area police and local government officials said they were not free to talk about Trump's visit.
"I was here for the Senate reception," said Ben Dendy, one of Richmond's most influential lobbyists and chairman of the Jamestown-Yorktown Foundation Board. "It was a complete surprise to see him … I had...