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» In the footsteps of history: a walk in A
In the footsteps of history: a walk in Afghanistan's Wakhan corridor
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Along the silk road: Xian - Tashkent
August 5th 2012
Published: August 5th 2012
Afghan market in Ishkashim
Please note that due to recent events in Khorog, Tajikistan, many of the details in this trip report are now out of date. The Afghan consulate in Khorog was attacked in the recent fighting and the consul and his staff are reportedly now back in Kabul. The border between Ishkashim, Tajikistan and Ishkashim, Afghanistan is reportedly closed until August 21st, 2012. The border between Tajikistan and Kyrgystan on the Pamir highway is also reportedly closed for travellers entering Tajikistan. Check on the recent situation before heading this way!
July 19, 2012
The rather beautiful unveiled Afghan consulate employee in Khorog, Tajikistan, wearing rather short sleeves, smiled and handed me back my passport after a brief 20 minute wait for the visa. "Here is your tourist visa to Afghanistan. 30 days single entry, starting today. I hope you have a pleasant holiday in Afghanistan and insch'allah I hope to see you again soon."
I was in Khorog, Tajikistan after a trip along the Pamir highway from Osh, Kyrgystan preparing to head into Afghanistan's Wakhan corridor, long a dream trip for me. My Tajik visa and obligatory GBAO region permit I had
Afghan market in Ishkashim
obtained easily in Bishkek, Kyrgystan in about 1 hour. Now armed with my Afghanistan visa, I was off on a Mashrutka to Ishkashim, Tajikistan in the Wakhan corridor to enter Afghanistan.
I had not been able to find that much reliable information about the Wakhan corridor before I went, so was just planning to show up in Ishkashim, Afghanistan and insch'allah sort things out. I hope this blog post/trip report is helpful to future travellers.
July 21, 2012
After a day's wait in Ishkashim due to a slight miscalculation (July 20th was the start of Ramadan and the border was closed), it was off to Afghanistan. Every saturday there is the Afghan market in Ishkashim, Tajikistan, an initiative of the Aga Khan Foundation to try and reconnect the communites on either side of the Panj river, cut off from each other during the "Great Game" in the late 19th century when the Wakhan corridor was created to seperate the vast Russian and British empires from each other, dividing communities and families in the process.
Something about the Wakhan corridor inspires anyone who is fascinated by history and politics. While at first glance
Guesthouse in Ishkashim
it does not, when you think of the historical importance of this territory, it is nothing more than fascinating. Before contact was made between China and the Western world, it was the vast mountains of this area that kept the advanced civilization of China seperate and cut off from the rest of the world. Travellers who are rumored to have passed along this way include Babur (the first Mughal emperor) and Marco Polo. The people of this area have adapted to some extremely harsh living conditions and live lifestyles that even today remain very far away from the modern world.
After a brief walk around the Afghan market (most of the stuff that the Afghans were selling was shit - a lot of it WFP aid such as biscuits and juices), I was off to cross the border. A very simple process really and within 30 minutes, I was stamped into Afghanistan.
As I was crossing, I ran into a local Afghan NGO employee who had studied English at the Aga Khan Foundation's University of Central Asia in Khorog, Tajikistan. He said that he would be happy to help me arrange the necessary permits to visit the Wakhan
Ishkashim, Afghanistan
corridor and anything else I might need, as long as I compensate him for his time. (Around $30 as he was basically was with me all day)
The guesthouse I stayed at in Ishkashim is lovely, Bozmohammed's guesthouse, with heaps of food and a hot shower. From there we went to the tourist officer, police station and border police office to arrange the permits for the Wakhan (you can't enter it without these permits).
With this done, it was off to the bazaar to purchase everything needed for my trek. I decided on a trek from Sargaz to Lake Zorkul and back down to Sarhad-e-Broghil, partly because the jeep ride to Sarhad-e-Broghil is expensive ($450 each way) and I only wanted to do it one way. The ride to Sargaz was slightly cheaper, $300. And I wanted to experience mostly the ways of life of the Wakhi people, who populate the Big Pamir in the summer. Treks through the Small Pamir mostly pass through where the Kyrgyz people live. An important resource while planning your trip is this publication by the Aga Khan Foundation with the different trekking routes:
July 22, 2012
Ishkashim bazaar, Afghanistan
The following day, at 5 AM I was off to Sargaz. My friend had arranged a car for me from Ishkashim to Khandud, a major transit point for trips into the Wakhan corridor. Ishkashimi drivers are not allowed past Khandud and there are many vehicles available there that will take you deep into the corridor.
In Khandud there was a minor argument between drivers over the price I should pay into the corridor. The Khandud guys seemed to want to get the most amount of money from me as possible, but a price of $300 from Ishkashim to Sargaz had already been agreed upon in Ishkashim. The reason for the high price for this journey is that there are very few people who own vehicles on the Afghanistan side and the local people use livestock to move around the corridor. Basically the only people who take vehicles are foreigners and local NGOS. So the drivers can charge what they want. A bit unfortunate but you just have to pay it. Hitching or finding a cheaper ride is EXTREMELY difficult...see my note below about my trip back.
From Khandud, a rather bone-chilling ride to Sargaz where I checked
into the lovely guesthouse there. I was told to talk to Safdad to arrange a donkey for my trip, a local man who spoke some English. After a bit he showed up and a price of 500 Afghanis ($10) a day was agreed for the donkey. I thought this was all good and was quite excited to set off the following morning, then he came back and kept repeating "how many dollars for me?"
I had to then make it very clear to him that I did not want him to come with me. I just needed a donkey and a boy. After about 15 minutes of him repeating this question, he finally got the message and seemed quite pissed off. He proceeded to ask me for money ($4) for the local hot springs that I had just used.
Luckily, as I was having my evening stroll, I ran into a local Wakhi NGO worker who spoke perfect English. It turns out that Safdad was just giving me a donkey for 1 day! I was quite pissed off and my new friend was very helpful and tried to negotiate with Safdad for the same donkey and handler for
Khandud bazaar
the whole trip. Safdad said he had no one who could go as the grass needed to be harvested for the livestock winter food.
My friend stayed with me in the guesthouse that night, not being able to get home to his own village, so the following morning we could go to another village to ask there for a boy with donkey.
July 23, 2012
Up at 4:00 AM to go to the next village and asked about a donkey. Luckily, there was one, a man named Dadali, and we agreed on a price of 700 Afghanis a day for him to come with me, about $15. I personally do not think you really need an English-speaking guide with you for this trip. I had been studying Farsi a bit before this trip and took along the Lonely Planet's Farsi phrasebook. Almost everyone in the Pamir speaks at least some Farsi so armed with a smattering, you should be just fine.
After a quick breakfast of tea and bread, I said goodbye to my friend who had helped me and I was off into the Pamir.
The first day was INCREDIBLY
difficult. My guide Dadali wanted us to sleep at the first Wakhi settlement in the Pamir that night, a good 10 hours walk away. From Sargaz, the trail goes from about 3000 m to a pass at at least 4900 m the first day. As I was not fully acclimatized yet and suffering from a minor stomach complaint, I felt AWFUL as we climbed. I could hardly stand up from dizzyness, my head was pounding, and it was freezing, with clouds closing in.
But we made it after more than 10 hours walking and a very difficult descent over a glacier into the Big Pamir where a nice warm Wakhi yurt was waiting for us.
The evenings in the Wakhi and Kyrgyz communities in the Pamirs are taken up by the obligatory milking of the goats. Then after this, the women cook dinner over a dung fire in one of the yurts. The first night I was allowed to sit in the cooking yurt as I was not feeling well due to the altitude and watched the women cook. There is no chimney and it is incredibly smokey. A lot of these women had quite bad coughs from
the smoke.
When dinner is ready, the men all sit and eat together while the women sit to the side. The young boys are the ones who serve the food.
July 24, 2012
The second day was a lot easier than the first and I was feeling a lot better after a good night's sleep, with my altitude sickness symptoms gone. On this day we had to ford the first of what would be many rivers. All of these rivers were absolutely freezing.
Lunches while trekking were my favourite meal, given that we were able to eat the food I brought with me. As a good citizen of the British Commonwealth, I consider it my duty to carry along some British food with me to introduce to the local population. When I saw Baked Beans in the Ishkashim bazaar, I HAD to get them. My tinned food provided quite a nice respite from the repetitive simple diet of tea, bread and rice that the local people survive on. My guide really didn't know what to make of this food, especially the baked beans. You should have seen his face when I brought
In front of the Hindu Kush mountains
out pineapples. Sitting in the middle of nowhere in the Afghan Pamir, drinking freshly brewed tea and eating baked beans was pretty epic though.
Day 2 saw us staying in the village in the Pamir village of my guide, so the red carpet was pulled out for yours truly here. The young boys who could read and write (most of the older generation can't due to schools being closed for so many years in this region due to civil war and the mujahadeen) were fascinated with my Farsi phrasebook and I spent hours chatting to them, answering questions.
July 25, 2012
On Day 3, we stopped for Chai in a Wakhi village and I sat down with two young teenagers, Abdul Abik and Zikrullah. The two boys asked me what my ambition was. When I asked them what theirs was, young Zikrullah said that his was the development of Afghanistan. This I thought quite amazing for a 14 year old boy! The people of the Wakhan corridor really do not have that many opportunities when you consider that the relationship between Sunnis and Ismaili muslims is not very good and the isolated life that the
Day one climbing out of Sargaz
Wakhis live. Everything in this part of Afghanistan must either come through Tajikistan or up through the dangerous road from Faizabad to Ishkashim, making transport of both people and goods difficult.
July 26, 2012
Day 4 saw me on top of a Yak for most of the day due to the fact that we would be crossing several very deep rivers. Make sure you bring lots of extra Afghanis for the trip! Depending on the time of year, the rivers in the Pamir can be quite dangerous for humans and donkeys and extra livestock might be necessary to help you across. A yak will set you back about 800-1000 Afghanis a day, depending on the village.
On day 4, we passed the boundary between Wakhi and Kyrgyz territory in the Pamir. While I do not think the relationship between the Kyrgyz and Wakhis is that good, the nomadic hospitality still applies in the Kyrgyz regions. That evening we camped at a Kyrgyz village but they still provided food, tea and welcomed us into their yurts for most of the evening.
From what I could tell, the Kyrgyz seemed a lot wealthier than
Wakhi man we had tea with on Day 1
the Wakhis. Their yurts were much more lavishly decorated and they seemed to have more things. But this could be due to the fact that the Kyrgyz spend all year in the Pamir, whereas the majority of the Wakhis move down back into the Wakhan corridor during the cold winter months.
Another fact that I discovered on day 4 was the donkeys are incredibly horny animals. On this day, I saw the first instance of many of donkey rape. My donkey was female and I guess she must have been a bit of a looker as she seemed to create quite a bit of a stir wherever we were camping!
July 27, 2012
On day 5, I was once again on top of an animal, this time a Kyrgyz horse, as we would be crossing another dangerous river. Day 5 there was some incredible scenery, as we were at an altitude of more than 4500 meters, crossing some incredibly rugged territory. The air was crystal clear without a cloud in the sky. We were so high up that the colour of the sky seemed to change.
That night we came across a
Top of the pass on Day 1
Kyrgyz winter house that Dadali told me was fine if we squatted in for the night. This was perfect as it was well-insulated and warm for once. (It gets mightily cold at night at an altitude of more than 4000 m)
July 28, 2012
Day 6 we made it to the incredibly beatiful Lake Zorkul, known to the British as Lake Victoria after the great Queen Victoria. We had an epic camping spot beside the lake and was actually quite warm for 4100 m.
July 29, 2012
Day 7 Dadali and I got into a spot of trouble with the Kyrgyz! We walked back from Zorkul, to the Kyrgyz summer settlement near where we had squatted two nights previous. We needed to arrrange for a Kyrgyz to accompany us over the next pass as it involved some difficult glacier travel and Dadali didn't know which way was safe. We arrive to a rather angry Kyrgyz man who asks Dadali why we stayed in his winter house two days ago. Dadali said that we didn't! Now, Dadali had assured me that it was no problem if we squatted in
Dadali and the donkey descending the pass into the Pamir - day 1
the house for the night so I was a bit surprised.
Nevertheless, the Kyrgyz invite us in for Chai to discuss the guide for the following day. Of course, another Kyrgyz man starts asking me if we had slept in his house two days before and said he wanted money. Dadali gave me a look that said "shut up." So, I did what every respectful Canadian traveller does when he/she offends someone in a foreign country - I said that I was sorry, but that I was American and didn't understand what he was saying, even though I fully could understand. One Kyrgyz man even walked me over to show me his house from the distance. I played super stupid and said, "oh, lovely house, what a lovely view. Can I take a picture?" He kept shouting that we stayed in his house and he wanted money. I just kept repeating "oh, isn't it lovely here? I want to take a picture!"
Now, to be fair, I didn't want to give the man money as he was charging a rediculously high price for his father's guiding services the following day. Given that it was Ramadan, no one really
Wakhi couple milking
wanted to guide us for 8 hours on an empty stomach so they demanded $40 of one day's work. Given that price, there was no way I was going to pay for the house stay as well. And admitting we had stayed there would have got Dadali into trouble as he had already told the Kyrgyz that it must have been Pashtuns.
We moved on from the Kyrgyz settlement to our camping spot, for arrangements for our Kyrgyz guide on horseback to meet us at 7 AM the following day to get us over the pass.
July 30, 2012
Day 8 was probably the most difficult day of the entire trek. The pass was the highest one we crossed. I think it must have been at least 5000 m, maybe more. By this point, I was well acclimatized so that wasn't a problem. But the top was covered with a thick glacier, mightily difficult to walk across without crampons!!! After about 6 hours of climbing, we were rewarded with fantastic views across to China in the distance.
After a grueling 4 hour downhill slog, we arrived back in Wakhi territory in the
Day 2 - Wakhi boys
Small Pamir where we were greeted with the customary Wakhi hospitality.
This evening we were not the only guests in this village, however, so we had to camp. Staying in the visitor yurt was an Afghan Tajik from Kabul, a very distinguised-looking man with perfectly groomed beared, heavily perfumed and wearing a crisply pressed Salwar Kameez.
I sat down and chatted to him for a bit and he told me that he had three wives and fifteen children. I wasn't sure what to say to this but said, "wow, good for you!" and shook his hand. He seemed to like that so I guess I said the right thing.
He told me that he had driven all the way from Kabul to Sarhad-e-Broghil with his eight sons. All of them were then going on horseback into the Pamir to buy sheep. These sheep would then be taken back down to Sarhad-e-Broghil where they would be driven back to Kabul to be sold. Absolutely amazing when you think about it...next time your eating mutton curry in Kabul, think about the journey it has taken to get to your plate.
The man even told me that I could
Wakhi yurt - day 2
come with him in his truck to Kabul. It is naturally a dream of mine to go to Kabul, but this year I don't think is quite the time, given the security situation on the road. Another trip!
July 31, 2012
Day 9 was the last day of trekking in the Pamir. This day we took a second Wakhi donkey along with us to help as across a couple of difficult rivers. Unlike riding yak and horse, I really don't like riding donkey. I only rode the donkey across the river and walked the rest of the time.
The last day was LONG and mostly downhill. After reaching the crest of the last pass we would cross, we could see views to Pakistan's Northern Areas down into the valley at Sarhad-e-Broghil.
A long downhill difficult slog awaited us, and after about 12 hours of walking, we arrived at the really nice AKF guesthouse in Sarhad-e-Broghil for a hot shower, delicious food and comfortable warm beds.
August 1, 2012
Now the challenging part came...getting back to Ishkashim. I was running low on cash and really didn't want
Marco Polo sheep horns - day 2
to fork out $450 on a jeep just for myself to get back to Ishkashim. So my plan was to hitch with some local people out of the Wakhan corridor.
After a sad goodbye with Dadali (a lovely guide to trek with...find him in Kip Kot village...he now speaks a few words of English...water, sleep, thank you because of me), I went to hand in my final permit to the local police commander.
We had a chat and tea and there was a big discussion about cars to Ishkashim. I told him I didn't have enough money to get to Ishkashim dar baste and there was talk that maybe insch'allah there would be a car today going that I could hitch with. The guesthouse owner said no, there was no car going today. Then he said that there were more tourists coming tomorrow that I could go back with.
A few minutes later though he retracted that statement and said that no tourists were coming. I was getting quite frustrated by this confusion by this point. We went back to the guesthouse to have more tea. There was more talk about a car and the verdict seemed
Wakhi village in the Big Pamir - day 2
to be that there would be no car for several days.
Well...while we were having tea, a jeep coming from Ishakashim shows up. The driver said he would take me to the junction town of Qala-e-Panjr for $200, picking up a few local people on the road so it would be a bit cheaper. I figured I better jump on this chance as there might not be another car for several days. The driver assured me that there were many many cars going from Qala-e-Panjr to Ishkashim so it wouldn't be a problem.
We headed off, picked up some Afghan traders from Faizabad along the way, and eventually made it to Qala-e-Panjr. When we got there, the local policeman said that there hadn't been a car to Ishkashim in 2 days! But insch'allah there would be a car tomorrow for $20. Or the day after tomorrow, insch'allah. This did not sound very definite.
The Faizabadi traders that we had given a lift to set off walking. The policeman said it was a 4-5 hour walk insch'allah to Khandud, from where I could get a car easily to Ishkashim.
I figured that that was probably the best
Wakhi children - day 2
bet. It was only 2 PM, so that would mean I would be in Khandud by 6 or 7 PM. With sunset at 8 PM, that would be perfect. Then I could settle in to the nice AKF guesthouse that night and get a car to Ishkashim the following morning.
Turns out that it is actually a 6-8 hour walk to Khandud from Qala-e-Panjr. Along the way I sat down with the Faizabadis. They said that there would be a car coming along the road today that we could hitch on. This got me excited, but they added every traveller's dreaded word to the end, "insch'allah." I continued walking...
Along the way, I chatted to a couple of Wakhis and they told me that the reason there were no cars was that it was Ramadan! Of course! How could I be so stupid...so I continued walking.
As the sun was setting, a major sandstorm blew up, and I was still at least a couple of hours from Khandud, and I had finished all my water and had not eaten in over 12 hours. To say the least, I was not feeling too great.
After walking in
Looking through the Farsi phrasebook
the dark for about 1.5 hours, a police car came the other way. They seemed very surprised to see the crazy foreigner walking in the dark. I told them I was going to Khandud, and they said it was very near. Thankfully they turned their jeep around and drove me the remaining few kilometers. Exhausted, extremely hungry and thirsty I rolled into the Khandud guesthouse.
Thank goodness for the wonderful food and tea and welcome in these guesthouses...after a filling meal of bread, green tea, rice and a spinach curry, I was feeling a lot better and ready to move on to Tajikistan the following day.
August 2, 2012
The boy who was hosting me at the Khandud guesthouse told me that there would be no problem finding a car to Ishkashim for 800 Afghanis, sharing with other passengers. This, of course, is the local price. We go down to the bazaar and there is not a single driver willing to take me. The first guy wants $150 for the trip, dar baste. I told him I had only 1000 Afghanis, a slight lie, and he refused to take me.
Eventually another
Mounting a yak!
driver said he would take me for $60, sharing with other passengers. He wouldn't go any lower than this so I figured I better take it. $260 Sarhad-e-Broghil to Ishkashim is better than the normal tourist price of $450.
After picking up several other passengers, including a burqa-clad woman who was very sick and kept puking under her burqa, we headed off to Ishkashim.
An hour after leaving Khandud, the driver said, you know the border with Tajikistan is closed! I was like, fuck, why didn't you tell me this earlier!!! He said there was fighting between Afghanistan and Tajikistan. This I found hard to believe, so I hoped that he was maybe mistaken.
We rolled into Ishkashim around 1 PM. After I got out of the car, I came across two guys I had met in Khorog a couple of weeks earlier. They asked me if I had heard about the problems with the border. I thought to myself, shit, the driver was right.
Apparently a few days after I crossed into Afghanistan, there was a bit of fighting in Khorog, Tajikistan, and because of this the border had been closed since. Khorog, Tajikistan is
Me and my host on day 2
well-placed on the drug silk road from Afghanistan to Europe, a hot spot for the trafficking of opium and heroine. Most of this trade occurs through official border posts with corrupt government officials from both Afghanistan and Tajikistan doing most of the trading.
The local KGB chief in Khorog was meant to put a stop to some of this smuggling, but instead he is reported to have demanded a cut of the profits. As a result, he was basically butchered to death outside the bazaar in Khorog. After this, there was major fighting that erupted for about 16 hours, that left up to as many as 200 people dead.
There were some Afghans involved in the fighting, and there are rumors floating around that the Tajik government are putting blame on extremists from Afghanistan for this fighting. As a result, the border remains closed until August 21, 2012 at least.
In Ishkashim, a couple of Afghan NGO workers came and chatted to us. One of them told us that the border was open today! I figured I may as well try to cross, as the alternative was sticking around Ishkashim for days on end with the possibility
Day 2 - Wakhi boy
that I might have to go overland to Faizabad (dangerous) and fly to Kabul to get out of Afghanistan. Considering that I was desperately low on cash and needed to get to an ATM soon, I needed to get out of Afghanistan.
So I quickly made my way down to the border. The dimwit Afghan soldier manning the border post told me that the man with the stamp wasn't there. He dissapeared to the army building nearby and he came back and told me to wait. I waited for another 30 minutes then he came out and told me that the border was closed. I asked him when it would open. He said he didn't know but that it was closed for the foreseable future.
I started to walk away when there was a sign of a man in a white salwar kameez walking down the road to the border. The soldier told me to stop and wait. This man got into a police jeep and drove past me. He shouted at me to get in, so I did. As we were driving down, an old hippy man squeezed himself out of no-man's land and had a pee
Milking the goats - day 2
in the middle of the road. The soldier asked me if he was my friend. I said of course not.
The car stopped and the guy in the salwar kameez shouted at the old garlic-smelling hippy to get in the jeep. He said, "no, I have just come from Tajikistan, I don't want to go back." I thought, god, you idiot, you enter Afghanistan without getting a stamp? You're going to end up in prison!
We walked into the border post and the man in the salwar kameez takes our passports then starts shouting at both of us asking for money. I tell him I don't have any money and that's why I need to go to Tajikistan. He said we needed to give him $200 each. I pleaded with him to let me through without money but he started shouting, even louder, if you don't give me money, go back to Afghanistan. The hippy was shouting at him in Russian and he was shouting back that he should go back to Tajikistan.
After about 20 minutes of this shouting, the man in the salwar kameez stamped my passport out of Afghanistan and demanded money again, but
Wakhi woman with her children
I just walked away. My dimwit soldier friend from earlier asked to search my bag for drugs and did a 3 second search of one of its pockets. I could easily have smuggled several kilos of opium if I had wanted.
With that, I was onwards across no-man's land to Tajikistan. There was no one in the Tajik border office on the other side of the bridge across the Panjr river. So I walked up to the gate with the road between Khorog and Ishkashim where two soldiers were standing.
They told me to wait and that the KGB commander was coming. A big burly man wearing sunglasses with a moustache, he told me that the border was closed. I was thinking to myself, shit, I'm stuck in no-man's land. I couldn't go back to Afghanistan, especially after having pissed off the stamp guy on that side by not giving him his money.
I told the KGB commander I couldn't go back to Afghanistan and that I had major stomach problems and really needed to get to a hospital in Tajikistan as soon as possible (a blatant lie). I pleaded, begged and tried to appear as upset
Day 3 - chatting with two very intelligent Wakhi teenagers
as possible. Then I of course mention the possibility of money, which he outrightly rejects. The KGB commander says that the border is closed until August 21st and that he doesn't have the key. I plead even more.
Suddenly he pulls the key out of his pocket and opens the gate and lets me into Tajikistan. He pulls me aside and asks to see my passport. He opens to a blank page and points to it, "money." I insert about $20 and he laughs and tells me I can go back to Afghanistan. So I insert some more...making it about $40-45.
He tells his underling to go get the immigration card and pulls a chair out for me next to his tank. He gets into his tank and pulls out the immigration stamp. I fill out the immigration card, which he stamps, along with my passport. The money is exchanged in the secrecy of his tank then we share a laugh about how both of us are wearing crappy Chinese-made sunglasses and how crappy Chinese-made stuff his.
He gives me a big handshake and tells me to get in his car and that his underlings would drive
Wakhi child - day 3
me to the bazaar in Ishkashim where I could easily find a car to Khorog.
My Afghan adventure was at an end and it was onwards to Khorog to peruse the bullet holes and shell casings left behind from the fighting.
This was such an amazing trip and definitely a highlight of all the places I have been to. If you want to organize your own trip into the Wakhan, don't hesitate to contact me if you have questions! It truly is worth it.
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Brief history of Afghanistan
Afghanistan's recent history is a story of war and civil unrest. The Soviet Union invaded in 1979, but was forced to withdraw 10 years later by anti-Communist mujahidin forces. The Communist regime in Kabul collapsed in 1992. Fighting that subsequent...
more history
May 16th 2010 -» August 15th 2010
Along the silk road: Xian - Tashkent
June 29th 2012 -» August 18th 2012
East Africa 2013
July 3rd 2013 -» August 28th 2013
Sri Lanka
January 24th 2014 -» February 15th 2014
Central Asia and Azerbaijan 2014
July 2nd 2014 -» August 26th 2014
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Day 3 village where we slept
Dadali and his friend praying at a Wakhi shrine in the Big Pamir
Dadali crossing the river on Yak
Day 3
Day 3 village
Day 3 village
The Farsi phrasebook is a hit!
Wakhi man on his yak - day 3
Day 3 village
Yet another river, yet another yak
Kyrgyz yurt - day 4
Kyrgyz man - day 4
Kyrgyz child - day 4
Chilling with the Kyrgyz
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3rd September 2012
Edward Adrian-Vallance
Great stuff, thanks! I trekked through this area a few years ago and your blog has made me even more determined to go back!
30th June 2013
This is a wonderful logbook. I like the way and the style it is written. Without any excess and any self promotion, it gives relevant and sharp details.
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Had fun drawing my idea of Venom - in about a 30 minute quick sketch. Forgot to scan it so I'm just uploading a Instagram shot of the sketch. Did it all with a crappy #2 pencil ... (it's all I had laying around at the time)
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IMDb > Det. Milton Arbogast (Character)
Top Linksmain detailsbiographyby votesphoto galleryquotes
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Det. Milton Arbogast (Character)
from Psycho (1960)
The content of this page was created by users. It has not been screened or verified by IMDb staff.
FilmographyEdit Credits
There may be more credits available for this character. To edit the credits displayed or to add more credits to this character's filmography, click the Edit Credits link.
- Psycho (1960) Played by Martin Balsam
... aka "Alfred Hitchcock's Psycho" - UK (complete title), USA (complete title)
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From Psycho (1960)
Milton Arbogast: Well, if it doesn't jell, it isn't aspic, and this ain't jellin'! See more »
Milton Arbogast: Well, if it doesn't jell, it isn't aspic, and this ain't jellin'! See more »
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It's my passion and job... So I have to work on all flavors of Linux. I am launching my own company very soon in the IT sector.
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|"David Jencks (JIRA)" <...@geronimo.apache.org>
|[jira] Commented: (GERONIMO-2397) Need to use the jee5 schemas without redistributing them
|Tue, 12 Sep 2006 21:59:22 GMT
[ http://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/GERONIMO-2397?page=comments#action_12434292 ] David Jencks commented on GERONIMO-2397: ---------------------------------------- I've committed a build of the jee5 schemas in the tck directory. Jason, could you take a look and if it looks ok push some snapshots to the appropriate location? > Need to use the jee5 schemas without redistributing them > -------------------------------------------------------- > > Key: GERONIMO-2397 > URL: http://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/GERONIMO-2397 > Project: Geronimo > Issue Type: Bug > Security Level: public(Regular issues) > Components: deployment > Affects Versions: 1.2 > Reporter: David Jencks > Assigned To: David Jencks > Fix For: 1.2 > > > AFAICT the jee5 schemas have the same vague language prohibiting redistribution as the j2ee 1.4 schemas, so we better not have them in publically accessible svn. > Just as we did for the j2ee 1.4 schemas I'll set up a module in tck that builds xmlbeans source and binary jars for the jee5 schemas and remove them from the sandbox/servlet2.5 where they are publically available today. -- This message is automatically generated by JIRA. - If you think it was sent incorrectly contact one of the administrators: http://issues.apache.org/jira/secure/Administrators.jspa - For more information on JIRA, see: http://www.atlassian.com/software/jira
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UPGRADE: Please report anything out of the ordinary post-upgrade in this thread: http://www.orthodoxchristianity.net/forum/index.php/topic,66430.new.html
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What is the difference between the Son being begotten of the Father and the Spirit's procession from Him?
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Homeopathic Treatment for CavitiesNatural Remedies, Oral Health
By Joette Calabrese, Classical Homeopath, HMC, CCH, RSHom
Editor's Note: Prevention and cure of cavities is based on diet as discovered, researched, and documented by Dr. Weston A. Price, DDS. In certain instances, homeopathic treatment can provide valuable assistance to the healing journey but cannot be viewed as a substitute for a nourishing, Traditional Diet.
The quality of the teeth represents the status of the bone structure of the body. Therefore it's important that the teeth be sound. If they are, the bones will be sound, too. Sometimes, parents are concerned when their child's teeth show frequent and large cavities in spite of a decent diet. This is rare when children are raised on raw milk, but it can occur in children who have certain predisposing genetics.
In this case, deep acting constitutional remedies would be in order; however, if the caries are not of a particularly worrisome level, much can be done to remedy the problem with homeopathic treatment at home.
It generally takes a good amount of time, however, Calc phos 6x and Calc fluor 12x homeopathic treatment taken three times daily, for many months has been shown to strengthen and aid in the growth of teeth in children.
These two remedies make a great homeopathic treatment in combination since Calc phos "is concerned with formation of bone and teeth and is an important remedy for children"; Calc fluor "is found in the surface of bones and in the enamel of teeth." These remedies are specific for growth as well, and it's not uncommon to see children who have problems with their teeth display other growth issues, too.
When my children were growing, I had them take Calc phos and Calc fluor on a daily basis for years in spite of the fact that they were raised on raw milk. During these years, it appeared that two of our boys' teeth were growing in a crooked fashion. In fact, I'm sure that if we hadn't chosen our holistic dentist, we would have been pressured into putting braces on their teeth.
Instead, I believed that as they grew, their teeth would grow and straighten accordingly. And that's exactly what happened. Our boys have fine, strong and straight teeth without the "aid" of orthodontia. We saved ourselves not only thousands of dollars, but allowed their bodies to complete the work of bone alignment on their own.
A simple technique for administering this homeopathic treatment is to add them directly to jugs of milk. In one gallon of milk, add 10 pills of each, stir and the job is complete. As your children ingest their milk throughout the day, they'll get these two remedies in each sip.
If, despite your efforts, dental caries sneak in, Philip Wander, founding member and chairman of the British Homeopathic Dental Association, recommends applying liberal amounts of Plantago tincture (sources) directly on the cavity using a cotton ball. This can be done temporarily until necessary and professional dental care is employed (2).
About the Author
This is an excerpt from Joette's book, "How to Raise a Drug Free Family", which she uses to teach a webinar course for parents.
If you yearn to learn, contact Joette Calabrese at HomeopathyWorks.net for a free, 15 minute SKYPE or phone session and find out if homeopathy is a good fit for you and your family's lifestyle strategy. For a download of our new, printer-friendly First Aid Chart, go to www.homeopathyworks.net and find it in the "Free Downloads and Articles" box. Don't forget to check out all the information on Joette's upcoming system designed for moms. Just click Yearn to Learn.
The information provided in this article is for educational purposes only and may not be construed as medical advice. The reader is encouraged to make independent inquires and to seek the advice of a licensed healthcare provider.
Sources and Related Information
1 Chapman, J.B. The Biochemic Handbook. St. Louis, Missouri: Formur, Inc. Publishers. 1994.12-13
2http://www.britishhomeopathic.org/hh_article_bank/conditions_a_to_e/dental_homeopathy_autumn2004.html; 11/3/201
Subscribe today and gain access to my exclusive & FREE weekly newsletter packed with the latest health news, Real Food recipes, video how-to's, special discounts and much more!
Comments (50)
Hi, my daughter is 6 and despite our diet she still has trouble with cavities. Where do you buy your brand? How often should I give them to her? I don't think I'll be adding it to the jug of milk. Any other suggestions. Any information is much appreciated!! Thank you
I have wondered about the Calc. Fluor and how that differs from (or is the same as) fluoride as we know it in toothpaste, etc. We avoid fluoride when possible and have a reverse osmosis filter because it is even in our city water. I read a similar article over a year ago and while we did purchase and use the Calc. Phos., I couldn't get a straight answer on the Calc. Fluor., so I didn't buy/use that. Not sure if they have to go hand in hand, but the fluoride is a huge issue. Would love to have further information about the Calc. Fluor.
In homeopathic medicines , the original substance has been diluted to very high degrees.
Therefore, there is no danger of actually ingesting any Fluorine from Calc Fluor 6X homeopathic/biochemic taclets.
Abdul Q.
Calc flour is not the same as the sodium fluoride, what you have in toothpaste is sodium fluoride which is harmful.
Sodium fluoride not good calcium fluoride good
There is one thing I don´t understand. Homoepathic remedies contain nothing except of sugar. How can sugar prevent cavities?
By the way if the cavities in your child´s mouth really come from lacking minerals would it not be better to give them real supplements instead of sugar pills?
Dear Mimi,
Homeopathic medications are not just sugar pills.
They are made by infusing sugar pills with liquid formulations of the required homeopathic medicinal tincture.
Therefore, while all homeopathic medicines may appear the same, the fact is that they ARE different, and will act differently, depending on the actual medicine used to make them.
I started take calc phos 30x for heal pain. I have notice that when I have something cold it no longer hurts my teeth! i take bioplasma as well. calc phos has helped big time with my 2 yr olds growth spruts. no long wakes crying at the top of her lungs. now to get her to drink raw cows milk now that we have a source for it. I do almond bcus of casein issue i hope to uproot soon. she drank that before we had raw source. hard to get them to change at this age.
Along with the editor's note of eating a traditional diet, I would encourage you to please stress with your readers the necessity of the mechanical removal of plaque on a twice daily basis. This benefits the soft tissue (gums) as well as the hard.
The ingredient in this remedy – calcium fluoride – is a naturally occurring mineral as opposed to sodium fluoride which is the nasty stuff found in some water supplies and various things like rat poison, etc. Calc. Fluor. is safe.
Just wondering about the Cal/fluor12 x….is this a fluoride solution? Isn't fluoride a no-no? Why then would this article recommend it?
The Healthy Home Economist via Facebook
Homeopathy is nontoxic and it works. What more could you want?
I have been using these two cell salts for 2 years and I am 55. My teeth and gums have improved alot and the heels of my feet are as smooth as a baby's bottom (well almost). They use to have deep cracks and I would have to peel away the skin. Also my right knee no longer gives my any grief.
It takes awhile like she said. I am so glad I persevered. I will always take them as long as I can get them.
Rachael Maree via Facebook
how do i get these??? just from the health food store.. sorry if someone else has asked!!
Angela Holden-Davies via Facebook
What would be good for adults???
Mamatha Balasubramanian via Facebook
Can we use the 30C potencies instead of 6X and 12X?
Kristin Kosel via Facebook
Homeopathy is wonderful, safe and it works. Homeopathy is our first line of defense against all acute and constitutional issues and my family is happy, and healthy as a result.
Stefany Robert via Facebook
Thanks! Going to try this. My dd is 5 (had been on raw milk for 4 years, prior to that exclusively breastfed), but still struggling with cavities. We do clo, Weston price, etc….I am beyond frustrated. Will try both of these cell salts
DaveandFannie Troyer via Facebook
Be careful with homeopathy stuff, they're way of making their products does not make sense in any form or way. Please research more on this if you're interested in knowing. It's far too much for me to post in a comment. Dr. Nolan Byler wrote a book in this and the info is rather disturbing, but I was glad to know.
Jennifer Lake via Facebook
Does this help with existing cavities or just help strengthen them to prevent more?
Kristin Cusamano via Facebook
This is intetesting! My son was born with club foot deformity of the feet and legs and also has had many cavities early on…I wonder if there is a connection. My daughter has never had one cavity and they were given the same diet.
Will these pills work for adults as well?
Would the 3x daily be the 4 tablets as directed on the bottle , or is it just one tablet 3x daily.
It is 4 tablets 3x daily.
Denise Robinson (@MyHolisticChef) (@MyHolisticChef)
Cavities Benefit from Homeopathy http://t.co/27ORbCPS
Crystal Levin via Facebook
Thank you I am going to try this one at my home 😀 we have a son who no matter what had just icky teeth
AlCola Twigg via Facebook
Kendra, if your kids are old enough to swallow capsules, you can put fclo in them. I order the plain liquid and encapsulate them for my 6, 4 and 2 yo kids.
How do you get your 2 year old to take capsules? I'm doing the fermented cod liver oil and It's terrible to get her to take it
A Taylor
Belladonna isn't in every remedy. It's for sure in teething remedies, though. They were pulled from the shelves and are now back out, safely.
Belladonna actually is pretty awesome, as far as homeopathy goes.
backpainwiki (@backpainwiki)
Cavities Benefit from Homeopathy – The Healthy Home Economist http://t.co/eHRoOiYw
I am also wondering about the Calc Flor 12. I am having trouble finding that particular one but I am seeing playing of other CF formulas. Does it need to be the 12 or will something else work? Thanks
I have the same question, I wish someone would answer.
Kendra Tucker via Facebook
Adrienne, Do they taste much different than the adult versions? My kid hates the cinnamon, is not a fan of the orange skate liver oil… what to do! Thanks for this Post HHE, the battle continues…
Sarah Zarling
Hey, there. I was just curious about something. I have used this brand in the past for their teething tablets on my daughter from a previous marriage. I wanted to use them again on my new son with my new husband because I thought they worked very well. He is a very untrusting man in the system, and doesn't like to involve doctors or medicine or intervention unless absolutely necessary. In fact, I never thought that way until he came along, and it was his influence that actually led me to discover your site and believe in things like no vaccinations and healthy, natural diet, among other things. Anyway, when I was at the pharmacy ready to pick up the tablets, he had done some reading, and discouraged me from getting the tablets because he read that they included an ingredient called bella donna, which caused serious reactions in some children. I was wondering what, if anything you knew about this, and also, if this ingredient is included in these tablets in your article as well. Thank you.
The Hyland's teething tablets were taken off the shelf and replaced with good stuff. They are back on the market and I use them with my children.
A Taylor
Wondering if there's a specific reason it needs to be 6x and 12x potencies? If I'm treating a localized, specific condition, would the 30c remedy be more appropriate?
Adrienne Percy via Facebook
Jennifer- we ordered a FANTASTIC kid-friendly blend of cod liver oil and high vitamin butter oil in chocolate and cinnamon flavours at the WAPF Wise Traditions conference. We talk about it in a video we'll be posting on our YouTube channel in about 20 mins. http://www.youtube.com/user/DomesticDivaCanada?feature=mhee
I can't find the video. What is the brand?
Nicki Bradley via Facebook
Ummmm, was just on your site looking this up!! Have toothache
Kati Miller via Facebook
Don't eat grains! That will help heal cavities and prevent them!
Jennifer Bergerman via Facebook
Interesting to me cuz I'm trying to heal my daughter's cavity AND she has AVN due to treatment for hip dysplasia. I cant see how I could get her to take cod liver oil but Id like to.
susan v.
i know this is directed towards preventing cavities in children, wondering if the same advice goes for adults?
I wonder about taking remedies daily for such a long time… would that work for everyone? I was taught (by a classically trained homeopath) to take symptoms and then choose a remedy, that one remedy may not work for all. But that may only be true for acute situations, not chronic conditions. Is that right?? I didn't see whether Joette is classically trained or not…. I'll check out her site. I have a cavity in the works right now and I can't do butter oil just yet so I'm looking into other stuff to try and save my tooth.
I think most everyone could benefit from homeopathy. We see a classical homeopath and she is really helping our family. I don't have serious health issues, but I have so much more energy and less sugar cravings since I started seeing her. My son has seen huge results with his autoimmune disorder using homeopathy.
The way she did it was to match up his personality along with the symptoms (physical and emotional) he was having. That means that few people would have the same remedy. Then the remedy is taken and it encourages the body to heal itself from whatever issues it is having. Diet and good quality supplements are a great help along with this.
Cell salts are not the same as remedies. Remedies are to be redosed only when symptoms return. Cell salts work differently.
Avivah @ Oceans of Joy
I bought homeopathic cell salts a while ago, and have been very irregular about giving them. I like the idea of adding them to their milk (though we recently moved somewhere when I haven't yet found a raw milk source), and am encouraged that though your boys' teeth were crooked, they straightened up with time.
How old were your boys? I've always heard that the window to help the teeth straighten naturally is 3 years old, and would love to hear that there's hope after that, as my four year old has closely spaced teeth that I'm concerned will be crooked as his adult teeth come in.
I love homeopathy! Between the GAPS diet and homeopathy my son is seeing no symptoms of his rheumatoid arthritis!! The GAPS diet helped a ton, but it wasn't quite enough for him. Homeopathy really helped to calm down his over reactive immune system. We also really love the cell salts. I'm still amazed at all the things cell salts are good for; stopping hiccups, headaches, indigestion, muscle cramps, colds, fever…
Monica what did you use for his RA?
I thought homeopathics are meant to be taken away from any food or drink (aside from water)…
what do you think? We used to give my son calc phos and calc fluor when he was 2ish and we discovered he had infant caries. My daughter, now, on the other hand…it's so hard to get her to take anything (I manage the clo, but she refuses take any remedies otherwise…), so the prospect of dissolving them in the milk is encouraging.
Thank you Joette! I must admit that I have been wary of homeopathy as I have met a couple of homeopathy enthusiasts who seem to downplay nutrition in lieu of their favorite remedies. You, however, give a balanced view on how to use the two synergistically. Thanks so much!


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"My deepest sympathies go out to the Israeli people today who again have suffered a detestable terror attack on their soil, which Hamas is already praising. It is a reminder of blind hatred arrayed against our Mideast ally — and of America's moral obligation to stand steadfastly beside the brave Israeli people."
"Meanwhile, the Obama Administration continues to send American tax dollars to the Palestinian Authority, which in turns pays terrorists in Israeli prisons for their murderous deeds. All U.S. Funding should be cut off to the PA until payments to terrorists stop." -- Bob Turner
"My thoughts and prayers are with the victims and families of those killed and hurt in a senseless act of terror in Eilat today. Today's reprehensible act of terror on innocent civilians going to vacation (amended:) and in a sickly calculated move, the brave first responder responding to the attack, once again shows that Israel does not have a responsible negotiating partner in it's search for peace. I call upon the PA to quickly condemn this terror attack and immediately turn over the terrorists to the Israeli government.
"It is my understanding that these terrorists came across the border from Egypt and from within Gaza. This highlights the fact that giving up land for peace is never a good idea and the importance of a strong U.S. involvement in making sure the new Egyptian government stems terrorist before the can attack. As somebody who has come under rocket fire in Israel, I know full well the fear and anxiety that Israelies face on a daily basis. Yet, they go about everyday life as if nothing is wrong.
"They give me inspiration and indeed inspire millions around the world with their determined way of life. I would like to extend my condolences to the families of those murdered and to wish a refuah shleima to those injured. My condolences also to Prime Minister Netanyahu and the entire nation as they grapple with yet another tragedy. The nation of Israel will live on." -- David Weprin
Draw your own conclusions here, but one objective fact that stands out is Turner's direct attack on the Obama administration while Weprin — who is walking a fine line between being a good Democrat and acknowledging distaste for the president's Middle East tack in the district — focuses on solidarity with Israelis and a caution against concessions that doesn't mention Obama.
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Video Industry News Video Company News Technology Industry News Technology Company News Novelty Industry News Novelty Company News Gay Industry News Gay Company News Legal Industry News All Company News
Released: Jul 16th, 2008
Running Time: 210 Min.
Director: Jim Loughlin
Company: Pink Kitty Video
Distribution Companies: Juicy Entertainment
DVD Extras: Still Gallery(ies)
Cast: Carolyn Reese, Ariel X., Holly West, Penny Flame, Amber Rayne, Louisa Lanewood, Derrick Pierce, Nick Manning, Deena Daniels, Rachel Roxx, Lexi Belle, Lee Stone, Aline (III)
Non-sex Roles: Tony T., Joey Brass, Luis Escamilla, Will Powers, Jarod Diamond, Sergio (I), Juan Attirimra, Chris Cannon, T.J. Cummings, Luis Attirimra
Critical Rating: AAAA
Genre: Feature
Penny Flame, as the captain of the Bitches, leads the team's effort to keep their softball field from being plowed by fucking whomever they need in order to get their way. The nine-girl orgy — that's just for the love of the game.
Retailing: Nine cute girls on the cover, display and sell.


text:
Welcome to Royal Society Publishing video podcasts. These videos will bring you an insight into the research behind some of the articles published by the Society. Each episode will feature an interview related to one or more of the most exciting articles published in our journals.
Latest podcast:
Notes and Records has published a special issue arising from papers given at an international conference organized by the Women in Science Research Network (WISRNet) held at the Royal Society in London in May 2014. Here guest editor Claire Jones and authors Patricia Fara and Emily Winterburn talk about the lack of women in science.
Watch our previous podcasts
Celebrating 350 years of Philosophical Transactions
2015 sees the 350th anniversary of the journal Philosophical Transactions, making it the world's oldest scientific journal. As part of the celebrations to mark this anniversary, the Royal Society has published special issues of Philosophical Transactions A (physical sciences papers) and Philosophical Transactions B (life sciences papers), looking back at pioneering papers from the archive, with commentaries by leading scientists, historians and science writers. In this series of short films we interviewed some of the authors about their contributions, and the Editor of Philosophical Transactions A about the journal's role in scientific publishing
Effects of land use change on bee communities
Deepa Senapathi talks about a paper published in Proceedings B investigating the impact of over 80 years of land-cover change on insect pollinator communities in Britain and explains how results show expansion of single habitat types, such as arable land, may be detrimental for pollinators but diverse, mixed habitats including urban environments may benefit species diversity.
Airflow dynamics of sniffing
How does the air we breathe move inside our airways when we inhale? How does our nose divide the flow stream to manage different tasks? How long does it take fresh air to reach the bottom of the trachea and is it smooth or turbulent? These questions are fundamental to our understanding of nasal physiology, but until now it has not been possible to resolve the complex dynamics of the airflow. The authors of a paper published in Interface explain how they applied large-scale computations to chart how the airflow evolves during a sniff, providing answers to the questions above.
The culture of tool use in primates
In wild primates, the presence of culture has been inferred by showing that simple ecological and genetic differences cannot account for all behavioural variation across populations (e.g. tool use). However, this method ignores the influence of the environment on culture. Kathelijne Koops discusses her paper published in Biology Letters which shows that this influence is quite strong: environmental opportunity drives the innovation and transmission of cultural variants, whereas necessity has no such effect. There may thus be much more animal culture than hitherto documented. She explains how studying material culture in primates can inform us on how humans developed their extraordinary material culture and technology.
Medicating the environment
Expanding and aging human populations require ever increasing amounts of pharmaceuticals to maintain health. Recent studies have revealed that pharmaceuticals, both human and veterinary, disperse widely in aquatic and terrestrial environments with uptake into a range of organisms. Pharmaceuticals are designed to have biological actions at low concentrations rendering them potentially potent environmental contaminants. An issue of Philosophical Transactions B introduces the latest research investigating the risks of environmentally relevant concentrations of pharmaceuticals to vertebrate wildlife and here guest editor Kate Arnold discusses some of the effects that pharmaceuticals have on wildlife.
Oxygen consumption dynamics in steady-state tumour models
Oxygen has a significant prognostic effect on cancer treatment, with well-oxygenated regions being more sensitive to radiotherapy than low oxygen regions. Better understanding of oxygen distribution could allow escalation of dose to hypoxic regions and better prognosis. While modern imaging technologies allow estimation of oxygen distribution over a millimetre range, oxygen varies significantly over a micron scale. To bridge this gap, mathematical modelling of oxygen is vitally important. Oxygen consumption rate (OCR) heavily modulates the oxygen distribution, and this paper in Royal Society Open Science examines the impact of different forms of OCR on distribution, suggesting a simple constant consumption rate suffices for most applications.
The Origin of the Moon
The origin of Earth's moon has fascinated mankind for thousands of years and has received scientific attention for over forty years, building on the return of rocks from the moon and the growing understanding of planet formation. The central idea of a giant impact on Earth is widely accepted and physically appealing but the constraints imposed by isotopic geochemistry, in particular, have proved daunting. Alex Halliday talks about an issue he has organised for Philosophical Transactions A that summarises the current state of our understanding and the challenges that still remain.
Effects of neonatal experience on sheep behaviour
This paper published in Biology Letters studies the effects that an individual's experiences during early life may have on its later behaviour and coping ability and, in some cases, that of its offspring. In this podcast the authors discuss their findings that female sheep who, as newborns, had experienced a standard husbandry procedure, tail-docking without pain-relief, or a simulated mild infection, showed more pain-related behaviour when giving birth to their first lambs than did females who had not had these experiences. Variations in early-life management can therefore have important long-term implications for animal health and welfare.
After 2015: infectious diseases in a new era of health and development
The United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) have provided a framework for accelerating the decline of infectious diseases, backed by a massive injection of foreign investment in low-income countries. The MDG era draws to a close in 2015, and a new set of goals will focus on poverty reduction and sustainable development. Philosophical Transactions B has published an issue exploring the frontiers of infection biology at the level of individuals and populations. In this interview with guest editors Christopher Dye and Anne O'Garra they discuss how efforts to investigate and control infections will fare in the era of sustainable development, and how science can help to meet the challenge.
Understanding the chain fountain
Over 2.5 million viewers, including many physicists, have been astonished by videos on the internet of a chain flowing along its own length from a pot to the floor below. Apparently defying gravity, the chain rises above the pot as a fountain before falling down. Proceedings A has published a paper which explains why this fountain occurs by considering the forces bringing successive links into motion. In this podcast, authors Mark Warner an John Biggins explain what is going on.
40 years of Long-term potentiation
Together with other forms of synaptic plasticity, long-term potentiation (LTP) is widely believed to provide the cellular mechanism underlying learning and memory. The Royal Society recently held a discussion meeting to celebrate the 40 year anniversary of the discovery of LTP by Terje Lømo and Tim Bliss in 1973. In this video we speak to some of the organisers and speakers at the meeting about the research field and their hopes for future research in this area. Papers from this meeting have now been published in a theme issue of Philosophical Transactions B.
Interviewees: Professor Richard Morris CBE FRS, Professor Tim Bliss FRS, Professor Graham Collingridge FRS (meeting organisers), Professor Terje Lømo, Professor Mark Bear and Professor Min Zhuo.
The molecular mechanism of cell division
In this podcast we talk to Tetsuya Tekeda, author of a paper published in Open Biology, about his work which studies the structure and function of the protein Syndapin which is involved in cell division. This work will shed light on cellular defects known to occur in cancer cells as well as other diseases.
Space in the brain
How do we know where we are? How do we find our way? Why do we sometimes get lost? Neuroscientific research has revealed brain cells in the hippocampal formation that provide an exquisite representation of an animal or human being's current location and heading. This "cognitive map" allows us to find our way around and provides the basis for lasting memories. Philosophical Transactions B has published a theme issue illustrating this exceptionally integrative branch of neuroscience, in which we join the dots, from molecules to cells, to complex behaviour and human cognition. Here we talk to two of the guest editors about the issue.
RNA-binding proteins
In this podcast Alper Akay, author of a paper published in Open Biology, talks about his work which studies the role of proteins as regulators of gene expression and discusses the relevance of such complex regulatory mechanisms in organisms.
The future of oil supply
Abundant supplies of oil form the foundation of modern industrial economies, but the capacity to maintain and grow global supply is attracting increasing concern. Philosophical Transactions A has published an issue that presents the best scientific evidence on why a decline in oil supply may, or may not, be in sight. It considers the production and resources of conventional oil and the potential for developing alternative liquid fuels from tar sands, shales, biomass, coal and gas. It describes how economies might react and adapt to rising oil prices and how the transport sector could be transformed. It provides comprehensive and interdisciplinary perspective on the 'peak oil' debate and reflects a range of views. In this podcast, guest editors Steve Sorrel and Richard Miller disuss some of the key points covered by the issue.
A new chronology for ancient Egypt
The origins of ancient Egypt lie in prehistory, a millennium before the pyramids were built. Current understanding of how and why the Egyptian state developed is based solely on archaeological evidence. Proceedings A has published the results of a new study which introduces more than 100 fresh radiocarbon dates relating to the period of Egyptian state formation, and uses mathematical modelling to suggest that the process unfolded more rapidly than previously thought. The paper provides a new timeline for the period between 4500 and 2800 BC and give the most robust chronology so far for the first dynastic rulers of Egypt. In this podcast we talk to two of the authors of the paper about some of the work involved in this study.
Charge Dynamics
To celebrate the 10th year of J. R. Soc Interface, the journal has introduced a new feature: 'Headline Reviews'. Published as a regular part of the journal, Headline Reviews are written by preeminent researchers invited to focus attention on the most recent activities in their areas of expertise. Furthermore, to gain perspective on the topic, both in the breadth and range of opinion, several leading authors will contribute Headline Reviews on different aspects of the same field. Consequently, a number of related reviews will appear serially over several journal issues, and once a collection is completed it is will be possible to access them as a whole via the journal website. Here, we interview Peter Rich about his contribution which initiates a series of Headline Reviews on charge dynamics; other themes will commence throughout the year.
Infectious disease elimination
Elimination of infectious diseases in both humans and animcals would save and improve billions of lives. Whilst successful control measures have reduced transmission of many diseases, elimination has proven an elusive goal, with only one human and one animal pathogen globally eradicated. As elimination targets expand to regional and even global levels, hurdles may emerge within the endgame when infections are circulating at very low levels, turning the final step into the most challenging. Philosophical Transactions B has published a theme issue which looks at the recurring challenges that emerge as we move towards elimination, highlighting the unanticipated consequences of particular ecologies and pathologies of infection, and approaches to their management. In this podcast we talk to two of the guest editors about some of the topics covered in the issue.
Photoactivatable metal complexes: from theory to applications in biotechnology and medicine
Photoactivation of metal complexes presents relatively unexplored potential for the discovery of new chemistry with applications in biotechnology and medicine. Philosophical Transactions A has published an issue illustrating the accelerating progress in this highly interdisciplinary and emerging field, including the challenges of introducing metal-based photochemotherapy into the clinic. In this podcast guest editor Peter Sadler explains how light can be used to activate metal complexes and discusses some of the potential uses of these compounds.
Using network theory to identify the causes of disease outbreaks of unknown origin
Regions with poor health infrastructure often lack the resources to identify outbreaks of infectious diseases correctly. This limits the deployment of appropriate response and treatment. In this Interface paper, the authors present a novel strategy to evaluate disease outbreaks based on similarities in symptoms and other easily collected characteristics that can be rapidly reported with the most basic surveillance systems. In this podcast, Ruth Milne talks to one of the authors, Sebastian Funk about how they have used network theory to show that disease agents can be grouped into distinct clusters, permitting probabilistic assignments of diseases to outbreaks and how the model was applied to the case study of disease outbreaks in South Asia with the common symptom of encephalitis.
Integrative approaches to computational biomedicine
Computational biomedicine is the use of computer-based tools and approaches to simulate and model the human body in health and disease. The virtual physiological human (VPH) initiative aims to develop an integrative framework of methods and technologies to investigate the human body as a whole, set to transform the study and practice of healthcare over the coming decades. Interface Focus has published an issue comprising a selection of papers from a conference supported by the VPH Network of Excellence which look at modelling the respiratory system, the immune system, the musco-skeletal system and the central nervous system. In this podcast we talk to two or the organisers about the VPH initiative and some of the work involved.
Water-induced finger wrinkles improve handling of wet objects
You may have wondered why fingers develop wrinkles when wet for extended periods of time. It is known that this process is controlled by the nervous system, and therefore it seems likely to serve some kind of function. In this podcast we talk to Tom Smulders and Kyriacos Kareklas about their hypothesis that these wrinkles help improve our grip on objects under water. They discuss their study which has been published in Biology Letters, and present their experiments that show that people are faster at moving objects taken out of water if their fingers are wrinkled than if they are not.
Single molecule cellular biophysics
Physics plays a key role in enhancing our understanding of biology on the molecular scale, through the development and application of new physical science techniques, biophysical analysis and rigorous intellectual insight. The new generation of single-molecule bioscience investigations involves robust methods for understanding molecular-level details of the most fundamental biological processes in far more realistic, and technically challenging, physiological contexts, emerging into a new field of 'single-molecule cellular biophysics'. Philosphical Transactions B has published an issue discussing the developments at the frontiers of this field. In this podcast Ruth Milne talks to guest editor Mark Leake about some of the topics presented in the issue.
Endocannabinoids in health and disease
The Cannabis sativa plant has been exploited for thousands of years and the identification of a receptor at which cannabinoid compounds are active in the brain heralded an explosion in endocannabinoid research continuing to this day. Much remains to be discovered about the endocannabinoid system, and the more we can learn, the better will be the prospects for capitalizing on endocannabinoid-based therapies in each disease situation. Philosphical Transactions B has published an issue detailing the latest findings dealing with endocannabinoids in development, cellular and molecular neurobiology, behaviour, nervous system disease and aging, and therapeutics. In this podcast Charlotte Wray talks to Maurice Elphick, one of the authors contributing to the issue, about some of the topics presented in the issue.
Do Dolphins use nonlinear maths?
Dolphins have been observed to blow bubble nets when hunting prey. Such bubble nets would confound the best man-made sonar because the strong scattering by the bubbles generates clutter in the sonar image, which cannot be distinguished from the true target. As it seems unlikely that Dolphins would blind their sonar in this way they may have an alternative way of processing signals. In this podcast Tim Leighton talks about his paper in Proceedings A in which they use nonlinear mathematical functions to process the echoes of dolphin-like pulses from targets immersed in bubble clouds successfully distinguishing the targets from the bubble clutter.
The Turing Legacy
In celebration of Alan Turing's centenary, the Royal Society has published two special issues "The foundations of computation, physics and mentality: the Turing legacy" by S Barry Cooper and Samson Abramsky and "Computability and the Turing centenary" Organized by S. Barry Cooper and Philip Maini. Here we talk to Samson Abramsky about the richness of Alan Turing's intellectual legacy in the modern conception of computation.
The social network and communicative complexity in animals
"The social network and communicative complexity in animals" is an issue of Philosophical Transaction B which addresses the hypothesis that an important factor influencing the complexity of communicative signals in individuals is the complexity of the social groups of which those individuals are members. Buchi Okereafor talks to guest Editor Robin Dunbar about the issue and the role of social complexity in driving communicative complexity and how this relates to the origins of human language.
Metacognition: Computation, neurobiology and function
Metacognition can be defined as thinking about thinking and Philosophical Transactions B has just published an issue highlighting the advances being made in research to measure and quantify metacognition, and understand its neural basis. In this podcast Charlotte Wray talks to guest editors Steven Fleming and Chris Frith about what metacognition is.
Adenomatous polyposis coli tumour suppressor
Most cases of colorectal cancer are linked to mutational inactivation of the Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) tumour suppressor. In this podcast Buchi Okereafor talks to author Mariann Bienz about her Open Biology paper "The Adenomatous polyposis coli tumour suppressor is essential for Axin complex assembly and function and opposes Axin's interaction with Dishevelled" and the role APC plays in the development of colorectal cancer.
Models in Palaeontology
Charlotte Wray talks to Paul Barrett and Andrew Smith about a Special Feature in Biology letters they have guest-edited. The feature brings together a series of papers that showcase how modelling the past is being applied to advance our understanding across a wide spectrum of current palaeontological endeavours.
Physics at the high energy fronier: the Large Hadron Collider project
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is opening the way for the search for new phenomena. The Philosophical Transactions A issue "Physics at the High Energy Frontier - The Large Hadron Collider Project" brings together papers from a discussion meeting that review the present state of knowledge of particle physics and the early results from the experiments at the LHC. In this podcast we hear from a few of the authors about their role at the LHC.
A stab in the dark: chick killing by brood parasitic honeyguides
The brood parasitic behaviour of the commoon cuckoo is well known, with observations by Edward Jenner back in the 1780s having been publishing in Philosophical Transactions. The African greater honeyguide chick exhibits rather more brutal adaptations to kill its host siblings and the first detailed observations of this behaviour have been documented in a Biology Letters paper by Claire Spottiswoode and Jeroen Koorevaar. In this podcast Charlotte Wray talks to Claire about the killing behaviour she has observed in the host nests. Claire Spottiswoode is a Royal Society Dorothy Hodgkin fellow and research associate at the DST/NRF Centre of Excellence at the Percy FitzPatrick Institute, University of Cape Town. The article is freely available via EXiS Open Choice.
The complexity of sleep
Philosophical Transactions A has published a theme issue The Complexity of Sleep, which looks at the application of complexity science to studying the complex dynamics of the sleeping brain. Claire Birch talks to one of the Guest Editors, Thomas Wennekers, about the work presented in this issue which focuses on using a complex networks approach to understand the changes in the functional connectivity of the brain during sleep, and the complex dynamics of sleep, including sleep regulation.
Introducing Open Biology
The Royal Society has launched a new journal, Open Biology, which is a fast, open access journal covering biology at the molecular and cellular level. This selective, online journal will publish original, high-quality, peer- reviewed research articles. In this video, the Editor-in-Chief, Professor David Glover, talks about his visions for the journal.
Thatcher, Scientist
In this video podcast Claire Birch interviews Dr Jon Agar who has published a paper in Notes & Records which looks at Margaret Thatcher's early career as a scientist, an area of her life often overlooked by biographers. He then discusses how this training may have influenced her political career.
Infrared mapping resolves soft tissue preservation in 50 million year-old reptile skin
In this video podcast Claire Birch interviews Drs Phil Manning and Roy Wogelius who, along with their colleagues, have published a paper in Proceedings B which describes a new non-destructive method for studying fossilised soft tissue. They have demonstrated that infrared mapping can be used to study fossil reptile skin and in future could provide a valuable insight into the biochemistry of extinct organisms.
'The ocular lens: a classic model for development, physiology and disease
Philosophical Transactions B has published a theme issue which showcases the scientific knowledge of the processes involved in the development, physiology and pathology of the ocular lens. In this video podcast Joanna Bolesworth talks to one of the guest editors, Michael Wormstone, about how the unique properties of the ocular lens and how it can act as a model for disease.
The dawn of symbiosis between plants and fungi
Dr Martin Bidartondo, Professor Jeff Duckett and their colleagues have published a paper in Biology Letters which studies the symbiosis between plants and fungi. In this video podcast Charlotte Wray asks them about their findings which suggest that fungi of the Mucoromycotina rather than the Glomeromycota enabled the establishment and growth of early land colonists.
Blackawton bees
In a world first for the Royal Society, Biology Letters has published a paper by a group of primary school children. The paper, which reports novel findings in how bumblebees perceive colour was written by 8-10 year old pupils at Blackawton School in Devon. Under the supervision of scientist Beau Lotto and teachers at their school, the children investigated the way that bumblebees see colours and patterns. The field of insect colour and pattern vision is generally poorly understood and the findings reported by the school children represent a genuine advance in the field. In this podcast some of the people involved talk about the work they did and how this has affected the way they view science education. Both the article and a commentary putting the conclusions in a scientific context are free to access.
A Mars hopping vehicle propelled by a radioisotope thermal rocket: thermofluid design and materials selection
Drs Hugo Williams, Richard Ambrosi and Nigel Bannister have written a paper in Proceedings A which studies the feasibility of building a Mars hopping vehicle. In this video podcast Claire Birch asks them about why such a vehicle would be useful and what their research has revealed.
The cosmopolitan maternal heritage of the Thoroughbred racehorse breed shows a significant contribution from British and Irish native mares
Dr Mim Bower and her colleagues have authored a paper in Biology Letters which traces the origins of Thoroughbred foundation mares. In this video podcast Wendy Barnaby discusses the paper with Mim, who explains that the results show british mares made a significant contribtion to the origins of the Thoroughbred. This article is freely available via EXiS Open Choice.
Multi-generational persistence of traditions in neighbouring meerkat groups
Dr Alex Thornton, Jamie Samson and Professor Tim Clutton-Brock have authored a paper in Proceedings B which looks at what time meerkats get up in the morning. In this video podcast Wendy Barnaby discusses the paper with Alex, who explains how the results provide evidence of culture and tradition within meerkat groups.
Control and dynamics of animal movement
Professor Tom Daniel and Professor Andrew Biewener have organised a special feature in, Biology Letters on "Control and Dynamics of Animal Movement". In this video podcast Wendy Barnaby discusses the feature with Tom and Andy, and the complex interactions among sensory systems, musculo-skeletal dynamics and the interaction of appendages with the environment that give rise to animal locomotion. All articles are freely available in the Control and Dynamics of Animal Movement special feature.
Flat-panel electronic displays: a triumph of physics, chemistry and engineering
Professor Cyril Hilsum has written an article entitled "Flat-panel electronic displays: a triumph of physics, chemistry and engineering" for the issue "Personal perspectives in the physical sciences for the Royal Society's 350th anniversary" in Philosophical Transactions A. In this podcast Wendy Barnaby interviews Cyril about his article and the history of how flat panel electronic displays were developed. The article they discuss freely available from the 350th Anniversary issue.
Gravitational lensing: a unique probe of dark matter and dark energy
Professor Richard Ellis has written an article entitled "Gravitational Lensing: An Unique Probe of Dark Matter and Dark Energy" for the issue of Philosophical Transactions A "Personal perspectives in the physical sciences for the Royal Society's 350th anniversary". In this podcast Wendy Barnaby interviews Richard about his article and how gravitational lensing coud be used to study the universe. The article they discuss is freely available from the 350th Anniversary issue.
The social brain: allowing humans to boldly go where no other species has been
Professors Uta Frith and Chris Frith have written an article entitled "The social brain: allowing humans to boldly go where no other species has been" for the issue of Philosophical Transactions B "Personal perspectives in the life sciences for the Royal Society's 350th anniversary". In this podcast Wendy Barnaby interviews Uta and Chris about their article and how the brain affects social interaction and communication. The article is freely available from the 350th Anniversary issue.
Nature's role in sustaining economic development
Sir Partha DasGupta has written an article entitled "Nature's Role in Sustainable Economic Development" for the issue of Philosophical Transactions B "Personal perspectives in the life sciences for the Royal Society's 350th anniversary". In this podcast Wendy Barnaby interviews Sir Partha about his article and how nature should be taken into account when looking at economic development. The article is freely available from the 350th Anniversary issue.
Dating fired-clay ceramics
Ceramics are almost universally found in archaeological deposits but are hard to date as Carbon-14 cannot be used. In our first podcast, Wendy Barnaby interviews Moira Wilson about her recent article, published in the August 2009 issue of Proceedings A, in which the authors propose an entirely new method which is straightforward and accurate. The ultra-slow chemical recombination of moisture on which it is based appears to be generic in fired-clay ceramics. This rehydroxylation process obeys a precise power law, which acts as an internal clock. They have been able to date brick samples from Roman, medieval and modern periods using this new rehydroxylation dating method. Read the article they are discussing on the Proceedings A website.