text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|7 Sep 1999
|Filing date
|25 Aug 1998
|Priority date
|1 Dec 1997
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Chris Karabatsos
|Original Assignee
|Karabatsos; Chris
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (10), Referenced by (102), Classifications (21), Legal Events (9)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application claims priority based on the filing of provisional application filed on Dec. 1, 1997, application Ser. No. 60/067,116.
This invention relates to electronic circuit packaging, and more specifically to the packaging of integrated circuit chips in the form of electronic modules made up of multiplicities of parallel-positioned printed circuit boards attached into a single rigid structure, containing the chips mounted in high density arrays, and with high-speed electrical interconnections between the boards by means of jumpers constructed of flexible or semi-flexible material containing a number of conducting wires.
Designers of electronic circuits are forever striving to reduce the size of electronic assemblies through miniaturization of the electronic components to achieve high density and high frequency operation. Space utilization is enhanced by using modules of low physical profile and of high density of electronic components.
Modules containing high-speed memory chips, such as SDRAMS, RDRAMS, FLASH, and SRAMS, Logic Chips, or any combination thereof, are typically interconnected by mounting to a motherboard via connectors. These modules require both the grouping of arrays of integrated circuit chips in close proximity, and the electrical interconnection of those chips with each other through short, high-speed paths. Furthermore, the mating connectors on the motherboard must support the modules mechanically, as well as providing electrical connectivity.
The packaging configuration must typically be flexible enough to allow expansion of the memory capacity by addition or substitution of memory modules. However, space considerations often dictate a limitation in the amount of expansion possible. Furthermore, cooling also becomes a problem when the density of electronic components becomes very high.
There is a need for an improved packaging technique which would provide for the convenient expansion of the memory without requiring a large space allocation for memory modules in the basic configuration, and yet would fit into pre-existing physical spacing of supporting structures, such as connectors, of the motherboard. High density of components, and high-speed connectivity are characteristics that cannot be compromised in such an improved configuration.
Thus, what is required is a packaging technique for assembling memory modules in a compact arrangement which does not require substantial space allocation for future expansion, which provides a configuration which can be easily cooled with essentially the same techniques already used in these systems, and which does not degrade the performance of the memory chips.
This objective is achieved by combining a number of printed circuit boards of substantially the same size, bonded to a common flexible interconnecting arrangement of flexible jumpers of predetermined length and spacing. The jumpers are made up of conducting wires that are formed together into a parallel array, the wires bonded into a sheet with non-conducting material between each wire.
An alternate method of jumper construction involves the arrangement of flexible or semi-rigid material with conductive foil on both sides. This foil is usually copper but need not be restricted to copper. Then the wires are etched to form the parallel array arranged in groups to form the jumper assembly.
One or more of the printed circuit boards has an edge connector in the form of a comb of printed connector tabs, arranged on one end of the rigid exposed area away from the electronic components to provide interconnection of the components on the module with a motherboard. The connection is typically made by means of a female connector physically affixed to, and electrically connected with, the motherboard. This connector performs the functions of both electrically connecting the module with the motherboard, and physically supporting the module.
In the prior art each module was made up of a single substrate, with chips on one or both sides, and a female connector for each such module located on the motherboard. In the present invention, however, the module is made up of two or more substrates, each mounted substantially parallel to the other substrates on the same module, and each substrate affixed to the other substrates, forming a single rigid structure. The method of affixing the substrates to the module is typically done by metal posts, which pass through the substrates at the perimeter of the substrates, and are attached by soldering or mechanical fastening. The spacing between adjacent boards is maintained such that a passageway between the boards is maintained sufficient to allow cooling air to circulate.
This arrangement lends itself to easy manufacturing of the modules in cases where the module consists of two boards. The two boards are originally manufactured as a single board assembly, connected by narrow snap-offs. Each board contains jumper tabs placed in alignment to each other across the gap that separates the two boards. These jumper tabs facilitate electronic interconnection of both boards via the flexible jumpers, which are groups or clusters of wires separated from each other via a high-dielectric, heat resistant, flexible insulator such as KAPTON or ACRYLIC, which is bonded to the wires. The ends of the jumper wires are exposed and treated so that they can be soldered onto the tabs on both boards.
The jumpers not only provide a short path between components, but also provide conductivity with low capacitance between conductors because of the jumper construction, with a large, uniform distance between conductors, maintained by a high dielectric material.
Manufacture of this configuration begins with a single, flat piece of printed circuit substrate, with channels or gaps cut to facilitate later separation into two separate boards. The components and the jumpers are mounted on this single, flat substrate. This allows the use of standard manufacturing techniques, such as pick and place surface mounting and solder reflow.
Once all the intended electronic components and the flexible jumpers are soldered onto the two-board assembly, the boards are liberated from the larger printed circuit board by snapping off the holding portions and are forcibly rotated into a position parallel to each other, with the components of each board on the side facing the other board.
After a desirable spacing between components of both boards is achieved, both boards are pinned together with posts to maintain achieved proximity. The posts are soldered or fastened to each board, forming a rigid structure.
This technique is particularly indicated for high-density applications such as memory modules. The short wire lengths and low inter-conductor capacitance provided by this technique are required for high speed DATA BUS in the 100 MHz frequency range and above.
It is the general object of this invention to provide a high-density packaging configuration for use in computer memory systems. It is a further general object of this invention to alternatively provide such a packaging configuration without sacrificing speed of access of the memory. It is a specific object of this invention to provide such high speed configuration by means of a multi-circuit board array, wherein the interconnection between boards is made by arrays of conductors in the form of jumpers having high conductivity and low inter-conductor capacitance.
According to one aspect of the invention, an electronic assembly includes at least two laminarly formed circuit boards, each of which has a multiplicity of jumper pads, conductive leads and connecting stations applied thereto. Each board has a first face and a second face, which are parallel to each other. All the circuit boards are located in a parallel relationship to the other boards, and one or more flexible jumper assemblies are provided, each of which contains a multiplicity of conductors, each conductor having a first end and a second end. The first end of each jumper is bonded to pads on the first face of a circuit board, and the second end is bonded to pads on the second face of the adjacent circuit board. A comb of conducting contacts etched onto at least one edge of at least one of the boards. Means are provided for maintaining the boards in a configuration parallel to each other, so that electronic signals may travel from any board in the array to an adjacent board.
According to a second aspect of this invention, the means for maintaining the boards in a parallel configuration has a multiplicity of posts, each of which have a first end and a second end. The first end of each post is rigidly affixed to the first face, while the second end is rigidly affixed to the second face.
According to a second aspect of this invention each board contains at least one post via, with each post via sized dimensioned to accommodate passage of at least one post. The post vias on adjacent boards are aligned to accommodate the posts, and each post is affixed to adjacent boards by soldering.
According to yet another aspect of the invention, the assembly includes means for cooling the assembly, namely, maintaining spacing between adjacent boards such that cooling air may freely circulate between said adjacent boards.
According to still another aspect of the invention, the jumpers includes a body and lead contacts, where the body is made of a material selected from the group consisting of KAPTON and ACRYLIC.
According to yet another aspect of the invention, a method for manufacturing the electronic module from a printed circuit substrate includes the steps of etching jumper pads, circuit pads, circuit vias, post vias, and a connector comb onto the substrate, cutting a multiplicity of gaps into the substrate, separating the substrate into a frame, an upper board, and a lower board, with the areas being joined by a multiplicity of snap-offs. The method next includes mounting the electronic components onto the boards, and then mounting a multiplicity of jumpers, the jumpers including an array of wires with upper ends and lower ends, the upper end mounted to pads on the upper board, and the lower end mounted to pads on the lower board. Following these steps are the steps of soldering the electronic components and jumpers to the boards, breaking the snap-offs, so that the two boards are free of the frame, rotating the boards until they are parallel to each other, inserting posts through the post vias, and affixing the posts to the post vias.
According to a final aspect of the invention, the attachment of the posts to the post vias is by means of soldering.
These, and further features of the invention, may be better understood with reference to the accompanying specification and drawings depicting the preferred embodiment, in which:
FIG. 1 depicts a plan view of a memory module in the first stage of manufacturing, in accordance with the first preferred embodiment.
FIG. 2 is a cross section view of the memory module of FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 depicts a plan view of a memory module in the first stage of manufacturing, in accordance with the second preferred embodiment.
FIG. 4 depicts a cross-section view of the memory module of FIG. 1 after completion of the manufacturing process.
FIG. 5 depicts a perspective view of the memory module of FIG. 1, after completion of the manufacturing process.
FIG. 6a depicts a plan view of the jumper used in all the preferred embodiments.
FIG. 6b depicts a side view of the jumper used in all the preferred embodiments.
Referring now to FIG. 1, a top view of a memory module assembly is depicted as it appears after the first stage of manufacturing. The entire base structure as seen in FIG. 1 was formed by die-cutting from a single piece of substrate. This substrate may be either a two-sided printed circuit substrate, or a multi-layer substrate. The manufacturing process used to produce such a substrate is well known and is a mature technology, and will not be described herein. The channels, or gaps 21 through 29, inclusive, are cut, leaving snap-offs 6 to connect the outer frame 20 to the module boards 1 and 2. The size of the snap-offs may vary.
The gaps are typically formed by routing. They must be wide enough to allow use of available mechanical means to perform such routing operation. Forming of the gaps can also be performed by laser cutting, or by etching methods.
The gap dimension is critical in order to provide a geometry which allows for minimum jumper wire length. The jumper length must be sufficiently long to bridge the edge-connector fingers used to mount the final assembly to the connector. Allowance must also be made for soldering the jumper ends to the pads.
Also shown on this figure are chips 8 which have been affixed to the board physically and electrically by soldering, the comb 7 of contacts etched on both sides at the edge which make up the edge connector intended to mate with the female connector on the motherboard, and the arrays of pads 3 used to affix the jumpers to the board physically and electrically by means of soldering.
Also shown are circuit vias 8, as well as printed wires 11 that interconnect various circuits within layers of the boards that make them functional.
There are distinct from the post vias 13 that are used to line up the two rigid board sections when folded. Through said post vias 13 a post 14 is inserted and soldered on each rigid section. Such post 14 holds the two rigid sections together in a specified separation distance. Such posts are not restricted to solderable types. They may be of a mechanical nature, such as screws or rivets.
The perimeter of the boards are routed out except in strategic locations where small sections 6, snap-offs, are left to hold both boards the proper distance from each other. The board sections are scored so that they can be easily removed after the soldering process in order to separate the boards 1 and 2 from the frame 20. The board sections may also be routed out by a routing machine after the soldering process.
The electronic components 9 and the flexible jumpers 5 are placed on the boards before the boards are separated from the frame, either with a pick-and-place machine or by hand. Then the whole panel, including frame 20 and boards 1 and 2, is processed through a solder re-flow oven to solder the components on the boards.
The vias 13 are plated-through holes drilled through the boards 1 and 2, through which the posts 14 (not shown in FIG. 1) will be inserted.
Referring next to FIG. 6a, the jumper is seen to consist of a body 5 from which the contact pins 4 appear on opposite sides, forming an array of conductive wires electrically isolated from each other. Thus, the left-most top contact pin of the jumper is electrically connected to the left-most bottom contact pin, and is further electrically isolated from all the other contacts.
Referring now to FIG. 6b, the side view of the jumper discloses a very thin material, which is flexible and allows substantial bending of the jumper material without diminishing the electrical conductivity of the individual conductors.
The flexible jumpers 5 are thus clusters of conductive wires of desirable length, width and height, are typically for rectangular in shape or rounded to a desirable diameter, and held together with a high-dielectric, heat resistant, flexible insulating material such as KAPTON or ACRYLIC, having the ends of both sides of each wire in the cluster exposed and treated for soldering.
It is important that the insulating material is high dielectric, so as to minimize inter-conductor capacitance and therefore provide a high-speed signal path through the jumpers. The temperature-resistance is important to allow the jumpers to be soldered in place by conventional techniques without damage to the jumpers. Flexibility is important since the jumpers will be bent into "U" shapes as the manufacturing process proceeds. This "U" shape bend may be seen by referring to FIG. 4, which shows the bent jumper 5.
The contacts 4 are spaced precisely to align with etched jumper pads 3 of both boards and prepared for soldering to the designated jumper pads that are precisely aligned on both boards. The jumpers are the only means of electrically interconnecting the boards, and to connect the combs 3 of either side to electronic components on board 2.
The jumpers are quite short, and it should be apparent from FIG. 4 that the jumpers provide a minimum-distance interconnection between adjacent boards. Furthermore, the construction of the jumper is such that a constant distance between adjacent wires in the jumper array is maintained, as can be seen by referring to FIG. 6a. The material from which the body of the jumper is made is generally of a high dielectric constant as well. The result is that inter-conductor capacitance is also minimized, further enhancing propagation signal speed across the jumpers.
Referring next to FIG. 2, it may be seen that the frame 20 has been snapped away from the boards 1 and 2, fracturing the snap-offs 6. FIG. 2 also depicts the jumpers attached to the boards, with the contacts 4 soldered onto the pads 3.
Referring to FIG. 4, the boards have been rotated, clockwise as to the top board of FIG. 2, and anti-clockwise as to the bottom board, so that the comb 7 extends freely downward and is available to insert into female connector 30. The posts 14 have been inserted through the vias 13, soldering the posts into the vias converts the entire combination into the final module assembly and related wiring as a rigid module.
After the soldering process, the boards with the components 9 and other decoupling capacitors on them held together with the flexible jumpers are separated from the panel or sub-panel by breaking away the snap off sections.
Note that, in the final assembly configuration the gap between the two parallel edges of the boards is wide enough to allow soldered, integrated components to ventilate, and to allow mounting of the assembled boards in a parallel, face-to-face layered arrangement of supporting structures. Ventilation is critical for the purpose of cooling the module. Proper spacing is determined by empirical methods. It has been found that adjacent boards should be separated sufficiently so that the chips and other components mounted thereon do not touch, but rather allow cooling air to pass between the components.
FIG. 5 depicts a perspective view of the completed assembly of the first preferred embodiment, showing how the edge connector comb 7 mates into the female connector 30 of the motherboard.
In a second preferred embodiment, the boards are manufactured without using a frame to support the structure in the initial stages of manufacturing. Referring to FIG. 3, the snap-offs 31 only extend between the boards 1 and 2 in the vicinity of the comb 3. Not only does the second preferred embodiment require less material and produce less waste (i.e. the frame), but separating boards 1 and 2 is much easier, as there are only two snap-offs, and rotating the boards along the axis of the comb is sufficient to break the snap-offs. The resulting completed assembly is identical to that of the first preferred embodiment.
It will be apparent that improvements and modifications may be made within the purview of the invention without departing from the scope of the invention defined in the appended claims.
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|U.S. Classification
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|International Classification
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|European Classification
|26 Mar 2003
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|1 Jul 2003
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|1 Jul 2003
|Surcharge for late payment
|28 Mar 2007
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|22 Aug 2007
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|22 Aug 2007
|Surcharge for late payment
Year of fee payment: 7
|11 Apr 2011
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|7 Sep 2011
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|25 Oct 2011
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20110907


text:
DESOTO (March 20, 2013)--A suburban Dallas couple whose bodies were found in a house died in what evidently was a murder-suicide on the day their divorce became final.
DeSoto police received a 911 report Tuesday night about a break-in at a house and minutes later discovered the bodies.
Police Capt. Ron Smith did not immediately release names of the victims, but said that officials believe their divorce was finalized Tuesday.
Investigators said it appears the man shot the woman to death before taking his own life at the home of one of her relatives.
Further details were not immediately available Wednesday.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
December Commencement Convocation
See Apply for Graduation page
December Commencement (all graduating students)
Saturday, December 19, 2015 at 10:00 a.m.
Moody Coliseum (8:30 a.m. - Student line up begins in Dedman Center for Lifetime Sports)
3009 Binkley Avenue
Dallas, Texas 75205
December Commencement is a special occasion where all graduates are called on stage to be recognized for their achievement. On Saturday morning, the all-University December Commencement Convocation assembles degree candidates from all of SMU's schools and professional programs.
Students will line up in the Dedman Center for Lifetime Sports. Please proceed to the main entrance of the building. Candidates must have academic regalia to be admitted into Dedman Center. No honor cords or other decorations or adornments are worn to this ceremony. This includes pins, sashes, leis, etc. Students without regalia or with altered mortarboards will be directed to the SMU Bookstore to rent a cap and gown. Doors open at 8:30 a.m. Groups begin forming at 9:15 a.m. at designated places in the Dedman Center. Doors will close at 9:40 a.m. You should arrive early to avoid graduation day traffic.
Assemble with your degree group. Signs will be posted and faculty marshals will be on duty. The student procession will begin moving at 9:50 a.m. Faculty Marshals will direct you to your seat. Please follow the marshals' directions. Remain standing until invited to sit.
Please leave bags, purses, coats, and other personal belongings with one of your guests. There will be nowhere to store these items during the ceremony. We can not secure anything left inside the Dedman Center for Lifetime Sports. The building will not be accessible after the event.
Guests, for more information please go to Guest Information.
Graduation candidates and guests of graduation candidates do not need a ticket to attend the Saturday morning Commencement Convocation in Moody Coliseum.
Guests, for more information please go to Guest Information.
Personalized invitations and announcements may be ordered at the SMU Bookstore or directly from herffjones.com/college/smu.
These announcements and invitations contain the name and degree of the candidate. For additional information, please call the SMU Bookstore at 214-768-2435.
The Grad Fair will be held in rooms 108, 110 & 112 of the Laura Lee Blanton Building on:
The following companies will have representatives available at the Grad Fair to help you get ready for graduation:
All participating candidates must wear SMU academic regalia. Pre-ordered regalia will be available for pickup at the SMU Bookstore beginning Saturday, December 12th.
No honor cords, decorations or adornments may be worn to the ceremony, including messages or images on mortarboards. This includes pins, sashes, leis, etc. Students without regalia or with altered mortarboards will be directed to the SMU Bookstore to rent a new cap and/or gown.
Orders for academic regalia must be placed at the Grad Fair or through the Herff Jones website by Sunday, November 8th. Regalia is available for pickup from the SMU Bookstore beginning on December 12th.
If you do not pre-order your regalia, a selection of regalia is available at the SMU Bookstore. There is no guarantee that the Bookstore has the exact size you need.
Students are responsible for knowing their degree type and discipline color when placing their order. Please review your Degree Progress Report and the Inventory of Academic Programs to determine your degree type and discipline color. Students are also responsible for checking that they have received all needed items and verifying that the discipline color is correct when picking up their order.
If you are a Doctoral candidate and are unsure if you are graduating in December, please place an order. If you do not need the regalia, you will be reimbursed the rental fee.
All rented gowns and hoods must be returned to the SMU Bookstore by 5:00 p.m. on the Sunday after commencement. Please note that a $10.00 per-day late return fee is applied on Monday morning.
Ph.D. and D.E. candidates in Dedman College, Lyle School of Engineering, and Simmons School of Education and Human Development are given hoods during the ceremony and may keep them as a gift from the University.
All graduates may keep their caps and tassels and undergraduates may keep their stoles.
Payment for all regalia will be made online during the ordering process.
If you wish to purchase your regalia, please contact Didi Archilla at the SMU Bookstore at 214-768-2435 to acquire a custom regalia order form and retail rates. Custom regalia takes approximately 8 weeks to arrive after an order has been placed.
The SMU Ring is a tangible and recognizable symbol of pride in SMU and its history. It is a link with classmates, friends, and alumni spread all over the world, as well as a reminder of accomplishments and experiences during college years. Students wear the ring with the seal facing them until the granting of degrees at Commencement. After graduation the ring is worn with the seal facing outward to symbolize that the graduate is now ready to face the world!
The design of the SMU Centennial Ring is based on the very first SMU Ring from 1924, and will only be available to students through 2015. It commemorates your time at SMU during the special celebration of its centennial, and serves as an enduring symbol of SMU's rich 100-year history. It can be purchased at the Grad Fair, online at smu.edu/smuring, or by calling 1-800-BALFOUR.
The 2015 Fall Ring Ceremony will take place in the Rotunda of Dallas Hall on Tuesday, December 8th from 10:00 am to 12:00 pm.
For details regarding guest parking please visit the Guest Information page.
Personal photographs may be taken only before and after the December Commencement ceremony.
Arrangements have been made with a professional photographer to take candidates' photographs as they walk across the stage. If you have questions concerning photographs, please contact Flash Photography at 214-443-9393, Monday through Friday, 10:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m.
There will be a livestream of December Commencement for guests who are unable to attend the ceremony. Please visit smu.edu/live


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4 Reviews
These are strangely addictive little morsels. I found them a little tedious to put together until I got an assembly line going. I used a homemade hoisin sauce which I think has more flavor than store-bought. DH did not care for them, but he could not put his finger on the reason.
These were okay- but weird. Beforehand- I marinated at room temp. for 3 hours. When we were wrapping them, DD got some on her fingers and tasted it. She said it was awesome. Then, once they baked, there was a "strange" taste to them. Maybe it's the fact that they are baked in foil??? IDK- but DH could not eat them AT ALL.
I didn't really this. I marinated it overnight but it was still a but bland. I was looking for a more Chinese flavor with this and was surprised that it was so bland given the pungent smell of the ingredients.My husband thought it was okay but I won't make this again.
This was a great little appetizer. I made it to go with my Kung Pao Chicken dinner and everyone gobbled them up.


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10 a.m. Wednesday, October 5th to 3 p.m. Friday, October 7th.
It's the place where her father, Gregorio, a migrant farmworker, bought a house in 1942. There her father grew food and sold it in Seattle's International District. And he led the family by example. She remembers him saying to her, one time, "I may be poor, but I am rich in value."
Late last week, the regular legislative session ended, and Governor Jay Inslee called legislators back to work, starting this Wednesday, to accomplish the critical task of writing the next two-year operating budget.
State legislators and engaged Washingtonians have made tremendous progress over the past four months in building the kind of future Washington's kids deserve. Both chambers of the Legislature passed their respective versions of the Early Start Act, which makes historic investments in the first five years of life.
From the Children's Alliance news page:
Advocates for children and families in Washington applauded the U.S. Senate for passing a bill yesterday that extends funding for the Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP) for two years.
The vote follows passage of identical legislation in the House. It demonstrates that members of Congress overwhelmingly support the CHIP program and understand it is vital to keeping kids across the country healthy.
"This vote demonstrates the overwhelming popularity of the Children's Health Insurance Program, and for getting kids the health coverage they need to succeed," said Jon Gould, deputy director of the Children's Alliance.
All children deserve a great start in life. But our state's tax system puts too many of them in harm's way. Our tax system is:
Inequitable. Washington's tax system is the most regressive in the nation: Low-income families pay a much higher proportion of their income than do wealthy families. The racial wealth gap means that children of color are also more likely to live in households that bear a disproportionate share of responsibility for our state's basic services.
Regressive taxation hurts kids of all racial/ethnic backgrounds, because 4 out of 10 Washington children live in a disproportionately tax-burdened low- or moderate-income home.
House and Senate budget leaders have each released their guiding documents for state spending over the next two years. Here's a summary of how they address priorities for Washington's kids:
Resolving that no child's future should be hindered by inadequate nutrition, the House would restore full funding to food assistance for qualified immigrant families. The Senate maintains funding at current levels, 25 percent less than federal food stamps.


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text:
All cheats, tips and news tagged: new super mario bros u
Social Space: Wii U Miiverse blurs lines between social, console games
New Super Mario Bros. U on Wii U: But don't call it a throwback
Is Nintendo overcome with Mario madness? CEO says 'categorically, no'
New Super Mario Bros. U Hands-on: Blazing through Boost Rush Mode
Wii U is first Nintendo home console to launch with Mario since N64
E3 2012: New Super Mario Bros. U: Fifth wheel has its highs and lows
E3 2012: New Super Mario Bros. U takes a cue from Facebook
Our Top Games
Just Words
If you love Scrabble, you'll love the wonderful word game fun of Just Words. Play Just Words free online!
Poker: Texas Hold'em (No Limit)
Play two face down cards and the five community cards. Bet any amount or go all-in.
Solitaire: Classic
Play Solitaire, one of the most addicting games online, for free on Games.com. Build in the same suit from Ace to King until…
Slots Lounge
Free premium casino-style slots and classic video poker by the creators of authentic PC & Mac casino slots from IGT, WMS…
Play one of the oldest board games in the world...Backgammon on Games.com! Remove all of your pieces from the board before…
Letter Garden
Spell words by linking letters, clearing space for your flowers to grow. Can you clear the entire garden?
Enjoy a classic game of Hearts and watch out for the Queen of Spades!
Spades is all about bids, blinds and bags. Play Spades for free on Games.com alone or with a friend in this four player…
Aces around, dix or double pinochles. Score points by trick-taking and also by forming combinations of cards into melds.
Bubble Town
Save Borb Bay from calamity!


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Jordan AJIV Retro 89 Men's Tee Shirt
The Jordan AJIV Retro 89 Men's Tee Shirt pays tribute to the legend himself. Wear the Jordan shirt with iconic Jumpman script graphics on the court or off the court. Standard fit with rib crew neck and interior taping make this hoops style men's shirt classic.


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SIGN IN to access Harper's Magazine
Need to create a login? Want to change your email address or password? Forgot your password?
1. Sign in to Customer Care using your account number or postal address.
2. Select Email/Password Information.
3. Enter your new information and click on Save My Changes.
Subscribers can find additional help here. Not a subscriber? Subscribe today!
Percentage of seats in Pakistan's parliamentary elections this month that will be reserved for women: 19
Embassy of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (Washington)
A school in South Korea was planning to deploy a robot to protect students from unwanted seductions.


text:
Your favorite Apple, iPhone, iPad, iOS, Jailbreak, and Cydia site.
Thread: Need Help Fix My Iphone.
- Join Date
- Jan 2008
- Posts
- 11
- Thanks
- 0
- Thanked 0 Times in 0 Posts
Need Help Fix My Iphone.
So this is my situation...I had a 1.1.1 unlocked iphone and my service was t-mobile. Everything was working fine until i just updated my installer to version 3.0. Then suddenly it crashed and the phone flashes with white and black stripes. So I got nervous and restored my iphone with itunes restoring it to 1.1.3 and I think it's locked and I can't use my t-mobile service anymore. When I open it, it shows the "slide for emergency" and the iphone plug pointing to the itunes icon (above). Any iphone experts out there can save me from this heart-stabbing incident of mine? I just want it to be back to the way it used to be and I don't mind re-installing all my apps. Help....
- Join Date
- Nov 2007
- Location
- Liberty City
- Posts
- 1,292
- Thanks
- 120
- Thanked 205 Times in 117 Posts
restore to 1.1.1 downgrade the baseband restore again to 1.1.1 unlock
with the bit in the guide that makes you downgrade the baseband with terminal just downgrade the baseband with downgrader pack 3 its in the hack that phone source
Last edited by heath_rox; 02-02-2008 at 04:59 AM."Its better to be a pirate than join the navy"Steve Jobs
The Following User Says Thank You to heath_rox For This Useful Post:
hippie_man (02-02-2008)


text:
Github: goto-bus-stop
StackOverflow: René
sometimes i try to make computers do things by typing into a text editor. most of the time it doesn't work, but sometimes it does!
- WikiBattle : 1v1 races through Wikipedia pages
plug.dj related
unfortunately plug.dj has shut down as of 28 september 2015. i worked on several projects related to the site that i'm still really proud of, though, so here they are. :)
- ExtPlug : flexible plugin loader and extension framework userscript for plug.dj
- replug : advanced semi-automatic deobfuscation and "unconcatenation" of plug.dj JavaScript
- ExtPlug plugins : several plugins for ExtPlug
- plug-login : Node.js function for logging in to plug.dj
- plug-socket : evented Node.js microlib for working with plug.dj's websocket server
- dizzay : dizzay (/ˈdɪːdʒeɪ/) plays media from a plug.dj room in VLC or MPlayer
- SekshiBot : room moderation, statistics & fun bot for the WE ♥ KPOP room
- sekshi-data : minimal Laravel-based web app for viewing data collected by SekshiBot
- awestruct : library for reading/writing binary Buffer structures into/from object structures in Node.js
- genie-drs : Genie Engine (Age of Empires 1/2) .DRS file reader/writer library for Node.js
- genie-slp : Genie Engine (Age of Empires 1/2) .SLP graphics file parser in Node.js
- jascpal : Jasc Paint Shop Pro palette file reader/writer library for Node.js
- lyner : Somewhat speedy Javascript
<canvas>renderer for drawing lots of mostly-unchanging lines
- punbb_new_posts_count : PunBB extension that shows the amount of unread posts next to the "New Posts" link
- punbb_country_flags : PunBB extension that displays country flags (lipis/flag-icon-css) next to usernames
- rainbash : rainbash plays with your display gamma using
- recanalyst : more up-to-date fork of biegleux/recanalyst
- sistyl : Simple JSON-to-CSS library with nested rulesets in Javascript
unfinished / wip
- AoCMulti : Age of Empires 2 matchmaking software, potentially
- DPRun : utility for starting DirectPlay lobbyable applications
- lobby-server : minimal Node.js/Ember.js lobbying/matchmaking server
- ircs : Soon-to-be extensible IRC Server library for Node.js


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what do you use to extract the file
Type: Posts; User: sarugetyou
what do you use to extract the file
hm, i found something very interesting.
i also found someone having the exactly same issue so we might see more of this problem as d2e and d2pro9 become more mainstream.
so i've conducted some...
so even if i haven't installed d2pro9, would i still be having this problem right now?
ok that's cool i guess... so maybe they will try to fix that with next firmware or something if enough people are having the same issue.
i just don't understand why this only seems to happen when i...
hmm.. so i'm not the only one with this exact same problem?
my wii is only 1~2 weeks old.
it's d2e.
i'm not gonna try to fix it because it's no biggie.
all i have to do is just turn it off and back on.. it takes like 2 seconds..
and it doesn't happen...
ok.. how do i reflash it?
please don't tell me to use d2prog or whatever it's called because i don't have it.
ewwww.. i'm so glad i didn't wait any longer and picked up a wii... mine is d2e..
those pics look like.. as if someone took sh1t on the chip... just ugly.. lol.. i'm glad my wii is not covered in...
does yours do the same??
hmm maybe that's why?
when i play for only like 10~20 minutes (to test this problem), it doesn't have any issues...
maybe my wii is overheating.
it can't be a good thing.. because it's only happening to my wii.
ok i don't think my problem is the so called 'eject' problem, so let me just describe it.
when i turn my wii on, it goes to the home menu thing like normal wii would.
and i can put in a disk or...
if anyone who's willing to help wants to see what's happening, maybe i can record a short clip and post it on youtube.
ok i just got my wii modchipped (d2pro9).
and burned 5 games...
4 are USA and 1 is japanese.
4 USA ones work fine (my wii is usa version) but the japanese one doesn't work.
when i pop in the...
but i don't have the d2prog?? what is it???
and what the hell does this mean? "There is a 50% chance that the pins on your drive chip are not cut."
ok so i had a nightmarish time with my d2e wii and d2pro9.
refer to this thread : http://www.wiihacks.com/d2pro9/5219-wii-d2pro-killing-me-2.html
basically i had the 'inching' problem and i...
damn.. so who is right? i am confused.
so i can't solve this problem buy just putting 2.3 firmware on it?
there is no way to make this work other than having to solder j wire or whatever?
is wasabi d2sun?
and if i get wasabi, i don't have to solder?
i don't have any soldering tools at the moment.
well, it clearly says 'solderless' chip, so it should NOT need any soldering and that's why i'm so annoyed and frustrated.
and i buy a lot of hardware.. and 999 times out of 1000, they stick to...
ok thanks, i will do that.
but are there any other chips that are more reliable than d2pro9?
i've been searching on the web, and it seems like there are a lot of people with the same problem... and...
before i ordered, i asked the seller which chip i should get.
he asked me which version i have.
i told him it's d2e.
then he told me to order d2pro9 for d2e with wiiclip and even gave me the link....
i just bought a wii.
i opened it, and it's d2e.
so i ordered d2pro9 chip for d2e, already soldered onto a wiiclip.
i installed it, then the red light.. never changes to blue.
and i can hear the...


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We liked the indoor pool, which was great in October. Friendly staff and comfortable room with view of bay. Would like to return in the spring for another stay.
Since we are not early risers, the 11am check-out time can be a bit early for us.
I felt this inn had great value. A beautiful view, a little breakfast with a view and newspaper available, a very clean room , all new bathroom fixtures with granite accent and excellent water pressure , fantastic bed and bedding with great temperature.
Very pleasant and comfortable. Best sleep in a long time. Deceiving from the outside and parking lot. I was pleasantly surprised. Thank you For a nice relaxing evening
Newly remodeled room! Fridge/Micro/CoffeeMaker very nice! The view from the back patio & breakfast area was a real treat first thing in the morning! Room was thoroughly cleaned each day, coffee/tea replenished, and fresh towels left in bathroom!
Convenient to Belfast. Inexpensive. But sparse amenities. No bathtub - but had shower. No hair dryer. No coffee setup in room. I wouldn't stay there again. But clean room and basic needs were met.
loved our stay here, comfy beds, comfy rooms, cute little kitchen
lack of breakfast options, they did however offer tasty muffins
It was a good location.
The shower head needs to be replaced, there was no room to put clothing away (1 drawer of a nightstand and 5 hangers), and the wireless connection was terrible. I ended up using a personal hotspot rather than the wireless service.
It was clean, updated and the staff was very nice.
They close at 9 and nobody is on site until 8am.
A modern hotel at a great price. The place was clean, well decorated, and everything worked well including .Wi-Fi and new flat screen TV. Hotel is within walking distance- about a mile--- from down town Belfast. The rooms have hardwood floors...probably because pets are allowed. I liked the hardwood floors even without a pet because they seem cleaner than carpeting.
So nice to be on the water. Rooms are basic but comfortable. The motel rooms have a nice rear porch for sitting and breezes.
It was clean , peaceful and I plan in coming back again
Saiba o porquê:
Nós não somos os vendedores
O KAYAK não estabelece nenhum preço, por isso não é possível garantirmos o que outras empresas estão vendendo.
Nós reunimos toneladas de informações pra você
Nossos serviços permitem que você compare resultados de centenas de sites de viagem ao mesmo tempo. Sendo assim, o KAYAK é um buscador e não garantimos os preços que encontramos.
Por que os preços não estão sempre corretos?
Os preços de voos, quartos de hotéis e aluguel de carros mudam com frequência. Outras pessoas podem estar tentando comprar a mesma viagem ao mesmo tempo. E como resultado, você pode acabar encontrando resultados que não estão mais disponíveis.
Se tiver dúvidas ou um preço errado para nos mostrar
Envie-nos um
e alguém de nossa equipe responderá a você o mais rápido possível.


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Dead or Alive 5's Mila gets the screenshots treatment
Dead or Alive 5 shots and character renders for Mila have been released by Koei Tecmo. Mila was outed a bit earlier than planned this week via an escaped trailer, so the firm has apparently decided to go with it, and sent out some media to accompany the oopsie. Have a look at her below. Dead or Alive 5 launches at the end of the month on PS3 and Xbox 360.
Sometimes we include links to online retail stores. If you click on one and make a purchase we may receive a small commission. For more information, go here.


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I am trying to run an application on a Windows Server 2008 R2 machine from a Windows Server 2003 R2 machine using a batch file with the following line of code in a batch file:
psexec \\nightmachine -u DOMAIN\User -p Password -i "C:\FilePath\Application.exe" argument1 argument2
The application fails to run correctly when started using psexec, but the application will run correctly if I have logged into the nightmachine with the same user and started it from its file path via cmd. I have been able to get hold of the error returned in the application from its log and the exception returned is the following:
System.DllNotFoundException: Unable to load DLL 'rasapi32.dll': A dynamic link library (DLL) initialization routine failed. (Exception from HRESULT: 0x8007045A)
After searching for that error code on the net, there are a lot of posts saying that this is caused by file corruption, but I cant see why that would be the case as the application will run normally when not being run from psexec. (the user is an administrator on both machines)
Can anyone please help me on this? If any more information is needed to help solve this issue then please ask and I will do my best to post it.


text:
Printing and Graphics 1
Course Number: 7911
This course introduces graphic communications and imaging technology with emphasis on printing production, publishing, and packaging industries. Topics include safety, layout, design, electronic imaging, reproduction photography, image assembly, platemaking, duplicator operations, finishing, and binding. Thinking skills, science, leadership, and visual art concepts are reinforced in this course. Job shadowing and internships are appropriate work-based learning strategies for this course. Hands-on work experiences and SkillsUSA leadership activities provide many opportunities to enhance classroom instruction and career development.
Prerequisite: None
Recommended Maximum Enrollment: 20
Recommended Hours of Instruction: 135-180
Course Blueprint: http://www.ncpublicschools.org/docs/cte/trade/curriculum/programs/blueprint/printinggraphics1.pdf (372KB pdf)
Content Outline: http://www.ncpublicschools.org/docs/cte/trade/curriculum/programs/outline/printinggraphics1.pdf (120KB pdf)
Curriculum Guide: 7911/7912 PRINTING GRAPHICS I, II
Curriculum Guide Title:
• Graphic Communications: Digital File Preparation and Output,(2005) Catalogue Number TI1097
• Graphic Communications: Orientation to Graphic Communications,(2005) Catalogue Number TI1051
• Graphic Communications: Press Operations, Binding, and Finishing,(2005) Catalogue Number TI1053
Test bank date: 2005
Guide ordering information:
• Curriculum Instructional Materials Center,
1500 West Seventh Avenue
Stillwater, OK 74074-4364
Phone: 800-654-4502Consultant: David Barbour, email@example.com, 919.807


text:
(MIAMI, FL) -- PD Films, LLC [http://pdfilmsllc.com] founder, Carlos Cavero will be officially introduced as an Adult Seminars Adult Business Advisor during the companys next weekend event, October 7 through October 10, 2010 in Tampa, Florida. Cavero will provide business counseling and management services to those that complete the intensive business course.
Cavero is a graduate of the Adult Seminars business training program, and has launched his own production company, Pleasure Dynasty Films, focusing on reality show spoofs, amateur voyeur lines and utilizing 3D technology in his video content.
Coastline Licensing International Incorporated President, David Kravis sees a bright future for Cavero and his production company, ''We believe Pleasure Dynasty has a bright future as a rising star in reality content. We are very pleased to be representing Pleasure Dynasty exclusively for broadcast worldwide and non-exclusively for all other media.''
Cavero was chosen by Adult Seminars Founder A.J. Comparetto as an Adult Business Advisor, because he has forged a partnership network to support his own business, which includes every element that a new adult entrepreneur needs to fast track their business plans.
''I plan to help producers that go through Adult Seminars program to fulfill their potential and connect all the dots necessary for them to have a successful company. I can relate to them as a new producer who found it difficult to make those connections when I first started. Now I am lucky to be backed by true adult business professionals. I look forward to helping serious adult producers make sure they have the right people in their corner from their very first day in the industry,'' said Cavero.
A.J. Comparetto, Esq., founder of Adult Seminars, is pointing his graduates toward the future of adult entertainment, and the work that Cavero is doing is an important part of his plans. ''Our active members are being carefully recommended to a new outside service bureau that consolidates services for marketing, production and distribution. Carlos is able to introduce Adult Seminars students to new technologies and business models that are beginning to re-shape the adult biz.''
The Adult Seminars October event in coordination with Nightmoves Caravan of Stars and Awards Show, takes place at the Caliente Resort and Spa. For advance seminar registration, please visit AdultSeminars.com or call 888.412.3858.
About Adult Seminars:
Founded by Attorney A.J. Comparretto in 1996, Adult Seminars specializes in training those that are interested in starting adult entertainment companies in the legal and business knowledge that is very important to success in the industry.
About Pleasure Dynasty:
Pleasure Dynasty is a Florida based production company focusing on 3D and true HD video technology in the adult entertainment genre. Pleasure Dynasty is owned by director and producer Carlos Cavero. Pleasure Dynastys 3D content is created in partnership with Minka Studios, who provides the proprietarily designed 3D camera rigs and editing support to allow Pleasure Dynasty the ability to produce content in the 3D format, while keeping the look and feel of amateur and pro- amateur adult video intact.
News Rack: 2015 ED Expo
ED Expo Returns to NO
Katrina Jade GOTM
Marica Hase Official Site
CatalystCon Sessions, Speakers
World Bukkake Tour
Cum Swallowing Auditions
Venus Anniversary 20
BBWcon Takes Over Vegas
Freedom Acres Party
Porn Star by Herschel Savage
TexXxas Fan Event
Shawna Lenee Dogfart GOTM
Paradise Marketing New Website
GFE at Sheri's Ranch
Samantha Hayes Interview
Dead But Dreaming ~ Reviewer Rated
Dava Foxx Self-Booking
Gina Valentina's 1st IR
Submission of Emma Marx: Exposed ~ Reviewer Rated
BBWcon 2016
New Webcam Opportunity
NaughtyAllie Facelift
Nina Elle MiniView
Kahlista Stonem Available
Sanders, Trump Joint News Conference
Naughty Massage
Redefining the Status Quo
Jenevieve Hexxx at Trixie's
Ocean News from Lexi Love
Hard Squeezes
APAC and Sex Worker Rights
New From Rodney Moore
RNSU Radio Thurs March 24
New Girls
What We Signed Up For
The Directors
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Bee, Evans at Sexpo
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The Hapes Consortium Presents by rurouni-jediWatch
©2013-2016 rurouni-jedi
Queen Mother Tenel Ka. Micron Pen and warm grey Copic Markers, colors in photoshop.
I love this character so, and you've done her a great justice! Beautiful!
Art Noveau, simply lovely.
:3! <3!
:3! <3!
Apart of the obvious "It's so pretty!" your piece is so well done. Art Nouveau is beautiful, but it can be very difficult to deliver sometimes and this one looks amazing. Also the light-saber looks so artistic, but so fierce at the same time, just awesome!
Ahhhhhhhhhhhhhhh! This is gorgeous. I'd love to see what you do with the rest of these characters. I made some NJO art nouveau thingies a year or two ago, and this really inspires me to go back and improve on them.
Wow--how pretty is this? I just love the art noveau of it, with the framing and style; beautiful colors, too, and a wonderful representation of TK as Queen. I get a sense of stoicism in her expression here, thinking this might be after Jacen/Caedus' death, and having given up her daughter to the Solos...the mild expression masking a lot of dreadful loss... You've rendered her beautifully here, and this goes into s! Gorgeous work!
lovely! would you like to submit your piece to our contest (in the Everything else but still related to Dathomir -which she is - category:
perfect! can't look at it often enough!
I love the style you approached this with. The handle of her saber looks like antler and the Nuveau is perfect for the feel of it!
Forgive my impertinence here...is she missing part of her left arm?
Forgive my impertinence here...is she missing part of her left arm?
Yes! She lost it in a lightsaber accident when she was 14.
This is breathtaking!! Gorgeous colors, line work, just stunning!


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Ouya "about the size of a Rubik's Cube"
More news from yesterday! Don't worry: we'll have more staff next week. Ouya's Yves Béhar told Kotaku the Android console team has "made a deliberate attempt" to avoid building a machine that resembles Xbox 360 and PS3. "Our console is quite small, around the size of a Rubik's cube, and so it will easily fit anywhere in a room, or be easy to throw in a backpack," he said. There's no release date as yet. Thanks, CVG.
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Arbuckles to Ardmore Race for Mercy held Sunday
Updated: 03/03/2013 - ARDMORE, OK - The annual Arbuckles to Ardmore Race for Mercy was held Sunday morning. The A2A began at 8 a.m. The race offers a full marathon, half marathon and a 5K.
Updated: 03/03/2013 - ARDMORE, OK - The annual Arbuckles to Ardmore Race for Mercy was held Sunday morning. The A2A began at 8 a.m. The race offers a full marathon, half marathon and a 5K.
Updated: 03/02/2013 - MILBURN, OK-Two people are now in custody after a Johnston County school district was put on lockdown Friday.
Updated: 03/01/2013 - POTTSBORO, TX-It's been four years in the making. Now, the city of Pottsboro is just weeks away from opening its much awaited new grocery store.
Updated: 03/01/2013 - PAULS VALLEY, OK - An Elmore City man charged with shooting his girlfriend's ex-husband and dismembering his body will stand trial for first degree murder.
Updated: 02/28/2013 - ANTLERS, OK - A man is still in critical condition hours after a pursuit ended in gunfire on a highway in Pushmataha County.
Updated: 02/28/2013 - ARDMORE, OK - High schoolers from all across Southern Oklahoma met in Ardmore Wednesday. It was the annual District 3 student council convention.
Updated: 02/28/2013 - GRAHAM, OK - Charges have been filed in a fatal crash that killed three family members last March.
Updated: 02/27/2013 - SHERMAN, TX -- Charges are not expected to be filed in an accident involving a teenager Wednesday night.
Posted: 02/26/2013 - SHERMAN, TX-Sherman residents affected by the 2007 flooding gathered at city hall Tuesday night as city officials presented their flood protection plan along with their findings on the Post Oak Creek Watershed study.
Updated: 02/27/2013 - BELLS, TX -- Authorities say a 12-year-old boy stabbed a woman Tuesday night because he was trying to protect his mother.
Updated: 02/27/2013 - ARDMORE, OK - A local pharmacy is receiving some national recognition.
Updated: 02/27/2013 - MADILL, OK - The Marshall County District Attorney's Office has filed second degree murder charges for two women accused of killing a Lindsay man and dumping his body.
Posted: 02/25/2013 - BONHAM, TX-A busy Fannin county roadway will be widened from two lanes to four lanes next week. Monday night, TxDOT held a public meeting to share their plans with residents and get their feedback.
Updated: 02/25/2013 - NORMAN, Okla. (AP) - Officials are warning people to stay off the roads as a blizzard brings more than a foot of snow and white-out conditions to parts of western and northern Oklahoma.
Updated: 02/25/2013 - AMARILLO, Texas (AP) - State troopers are unable to respond to calls for assistance and National Guard units are mobilizing as a winter storm blankets the central Plains with a foot of snow in some places.
Updated: 02/25/2013 - ARDMORE, OK - An American war hero from Carter County will be laid to rest Monday.
Updated: 02/25/2013 - ADA, OK - The Red Cross of Central and Western Oklahoma is assisting an Ada family after their home burned to the ground over the weekend.
Posted: 02/22/2013 - GAINESVILLE, TX-Dozens of unsolved homicides are now back in the public eye posted on a new website launched by the Texas Department of Public Safety. The agency hopes the new site will encourage people to come forward with tips that could help close these cases. Some of them happened right here in Texoma.
Posted: 02/21/2013 - GRAYSON CO., TX-Texas senators are challenging the state's standardized testing system saying too many students fail the new State of Texas Assessment of Academic Readiness test. Results from the test, also known as STAAR have just been released.
Updated: 02/21/2013 - MADILL, OK - Two cousins arrested in connection with the death of Nathan Blankenship reportedly admitted to authorities they covered up the homicide.
Updated: 02/21/2013 - MARIETTA, OK - The Oklahoma State Bureau of Investigation has completed their investigation into some missing money in the Love County Sheriff's Office.
Posted: 02/19/2013 - WAPANUCKA, OK-The Wapanucka city council announced a plan Tuesday night that they hope will help solve their ongoing water problems.
Updated: 02/20/2013 - MARSHALL COUNTY, OK - The Medical Examiner's office has ruled Nathan Blankenship's death a homicide. Investigators said Blankenship was stabbed to death.
Updated: 02/20/2013 - ARDMORE, OK - An official with Valero confirms that a man who had to be taken from the Ardmore Valero refinery to the hospital Monday night has died.
Posted: 02/18/2013 - SHERMAN, TX-Two people are in the hospital after a vehicle collision in Sherman Monday night.


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Impeesa scout group scouts wish you happy scarf day:))) TranslateRead more
agus (16175)
great... Translate
Posted 1st Aug 2014
Posted 1st Aug 2014
Best scarf day with best leaders :) Happy world scout scarf day too all, From Turkey/Ankara TranslateRead more
Posted 10th Dec 2013
great... Translate
Posted 7th Dec 2013
If you wanna join one of our camp you're always welcome:) hugs, from Turkey/Ankara TranslateRead more
Agus, Im really happy to see your message, thank you for your kindness.
The picture is from our summer camp which took place in city, Bolu which has the best forests of our county. and we are looking forward to have a camp with our sisters and brothers from other contingents, whenever you have time you're welcome. Translate


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Permafrost 101: Why We Need To Account For Thawing Ground In Climate Projections
by Roz Pidcock, via Carbon Brief
Melting permafrost in the Arctic could push the earth towards climate change that is "irreversible on human timescales", according to a new report…. Here's our quick guide to what you should know about melting permafrost.
The report, by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), says billions of tonnes of carbon once locked up in permafrost could be released into the atmosphere this century – accelerating global warming. But how much might be released, and how quickly? These questions are still being debated in the scientific community, which means that it's sometimes hard for media coverage to strike the right balance when discussing how significant the effect could be.
1. What is permafrost?
Permafrost is the name given to permanently-frozen ground in high latitudes. Permafrost acts like a lid, locking frozen carbon deposits deep below ground. The upper layer of permafrost thaws and re-freezes naturally each year. As the carbon thaws, microbes degrade it – a process that releases carbon dioxide and methane.
As atmospheric temperatures rise – due mainly to human activity – heat penetrates deeper into the ground than before. This leads to more permafrost thawing, and more carbon being released to the atmosphere.
2. What does that have to do with climate change?
Scientists are concerned that carbon dioxide and methane released into the atmosphere from permafrost will mean more global warming. Methane is a powerful greenhouse gas – around 25 times more effective at trapping heat than carbon dioxide over a 100-year cycle.
What's more, this additional warming can create a vicious circle. Extra warming thaws more permafrost, leading to further warming – and so on. Scientists call a self-reinforcing warming cycle like this a positive feedback.
This has important consequences for limiting climate change – it's already looking increasingly unlikely that warming can be limited to two degrees above pre-industrial levels – the internationally accepted target. An additional source of greenhouse gases from permafrost further reduces the chances of hitting that target.
The positive feedback from thawing permafrost amplifies existing atmospheric warming due to human activities. Source: UNEP report "Policy Implications of Warming Permafrost".
3. Don't scientists know about melting permafrost already?
Yes, scientists have already raised concern that rising temperatures could thaw part of the vast reservoir of frozen methane along continental shelves and undersea in the Arctic and, more recently, in the Antarctic.
But there is a lot of uncertainty about how big the global reservoir is and how much of it is thawing, which we wrote a bit more about here. About 60 per cent of methane in the atmosphere results from human activity, like agriculture and landfill. So far, only a small amount is from melting permafrost. The remaining 40 per cent is released naturally from wetlands.
All of this uncertainty means that the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has been unable to properly account for thawing permafrost in its projections for future global warming.
4. What does the new UNEP report say?
The new report is a synthesis of the most up-to-date scientific research. It says that permafrost covers a quarter of the northern hemisphere and currently stores around 1700 billion tonnes of carbon – almost twice the amount currently present in the atmosphere.
Between 43 and 135 billion tonnes of methane could be released by 2100 as permafrost thaws, according to the report, and by 2200 that number could reach 246 to 415 billion tonnes. These emissions could start now but continue for many centuries, influencing both the short term and long term climate.
Temperatures in the high latitudes are projected to rise twice as fast as the global average. The report warns a three degree world, or six degrees in the Arctic, could melt 30 to 85 per cent of near-surface permafrost. As well as affecting the climate, this would permanently affect local hydrology, alter habitats and could damage critical infrastructure built on melting ground.
One model projection indicates a 59% loss in near-surface permafrost area by 2100 for the IPCC A1B scenario Source: UNEP report "Policy Implications of Warming Permafrost".
5. Will this push the earth past a tipping point?
The UNEP report warns that the release of carbon from permafrost is essentially irreversible on human timescales. Some media coverage of the UNEP report has suggested that carbon released from melting permafrost could push the climate past a tipping point.
A climatic tipping point is a threshold beyond which the climate undergoes a shift from one physical state to another, and could include things like thawing permafrost, melting of the Greenland ice sheet or the dieback of the Amazon rainforest.
While scientists are confident that such tipping points exist in theory, predicting when they might occur and measuring progress towards them cannot be done with certainty. Research is beginning to provide a clearer picture though – a recent study suggests that some tipping points in the climate may even occur below two degrees of warming.
6. So what should be done about melting permafrost?
To reduce some of the uncertainty on this subject, the report recommends a special IPCC assessment into how emissions from melting permafrost will influence global climate. Countries with substantial permafrost should also create national networks to adequately monitor permafrost carbon release and develop adaptation plans to estimate the costs and risks of permafrost thaw, says the report. All this will help scientists factor permafrost feedbacks into future projections of the climate, as well as set emissions targets to reduce global warming.
Looking ahead
Methane from permafrost is likely to be an important source of carbon emissions on timescales of hundreds or even thousands of years, and it's important that the feedbacks are better understood so they can be factored into climate projections. But carbon dioxide emissions from burning fossil fuels continue to be the biggest obstacle to stabilising global climate in the short term.
As Professor David Archer, expert on the impact of methane on global climate at the University of Chicago, explained to Carbon Brief recently, if the problem of excess carbon dioxide emissions is fixed, methane is unlikely to be much of an issue.
Roz Pidcock writes about climate science and media coverage for Carbon Brief. This piece was originally published at Carbon Brief and was reprinted with permission.
23 Responses to Permafrost 101: Why We Need To Account For Thawing Ground In Climate Projections
Nice summary, Roz, thanks.
A scientist from Berkeley told me last week that there has been another surprise: microbes coming back to life, in ground that has been frozen for 10,000 years. This adds considerable methane emissions to previous projections. The paper he referred to has not been published, but if anyone has information here it would be interesting to hear about it.
I assembled a bit on "Flooded soild", which touches briefly on permafrost thawed soils too. The main culprit here which i read a bit about (don't have link now) is the forming of thermocast lakes, which could become a substantial Greenhouse gases emitter. But it varies highly on the soil type, organic matter and such.
Despite the clear effect of increasing temperatures on the rate of methanogenesis, the actual impact of global warming on methane production rates in wetlands and permafrost regions is highly unpredictable. Because methanogenesis requires anoxic conditions, any drying of flooded soil environments would both decrease methane production and increase methane oxidation, reducing overall methane emissions. Alternatively, warmer climates could increase growing seasons, which would increase methane emissions (Sylvia, 2005). http://climateforce.net/2012/01/10/flooded-soils/
Modern thermokarst lake dynamics in the continuous permafrost zone, northern Seward Peninsula, Alaska http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2011/2011JG001666.shtml
Biochar mixed into thawing Permafrost (Good Idea?) http://climatestate.com/forum/study/13-biochar-mixed-into-thawing-permafrost-good-idea.html
Very cautious and understated article which minimizes the very dangerous mess we've gotten ourselves into. Two degrees is "increasingly unlikely"? Gimme a break. There is no way to hold 2 deg and 3 deg would require massive action starting now, which shows no sign of happening. There seem to be a large number of positive feedbacks that are kicking in which were discounted or not understood in the early research.
I'm with the authors at the AGU Conference that titled their paper "Is Earth F**ked?" If scientists want to get anyone's attention, that's the way they have to talk.
I agree with Wes that CO2 is adding 2 plus ppm per year and this rate is increasing led by China and India. This is without permafrost methane added in. Limiting rise to 2 or 3 degrees C seems very unlikely. Stop sugar coating the problem!
NASA points out "the Earth's poles are warming faster than the rest of the planet because of energy in the atmosphere that is carried to the poles through large weather systems." Hence we have the threat of methane releases from the permafrost and icecap melting.
These systems are driven in the main by sea surface heat which can be sapped to produce energy with OTEC. The more energy produced the more the ocean surface is cooled.
Part of this heat is converted to mechanical energy in the process but the bulk, 20 times the energy produce, is moved to the deep water heat sink that has a lower coefficient of exansion.
Kevin Trenberth, points out in a paper, "An imperative for climate change: tracking Earth's global enery", "The warming required to produce 1 mm SLR if the heat is deposited in the top 700 m of the ocean can take from 50 to 75 1020 J, or 110 1020 J if deposited below 700 m depth.
In other words you can move heat from the surface to the depths with OTEC to counter 50 percent of current sea level rise due to thermal expansion.
By sapping the heat of hurricanes you also diminish the amount of heat that would be moved from the tropics towards the poles and thus forestall melting.
This is the lesson of Hurricane Sandy, no one apparently cares to learn.
Probably not a good idea if we have to disturb the thawing soil in the process…
Did the Koch brothers buy Think Progress??? Holy smoke, what a smokescreen. There are more than twenty KNOWN feedback loops, permafrost is arguably only the third worst, the numbers are WAY understated (trillions of tonnes TOTAL), the wording is lamely lowballing, some tipping points will be exceeded in 5 to 10 years, and I can't state ALL that is wrong with the article in this comment, but I am going to do a post on my site refuting this article, stating the actual reality of the dangers of feedback loops…(there are already some posts out there, even about their prior article on permafrost)…
Regarding prior comment, the total planetary methane stored is estimated at 20 to 26 TRillion tons. > Link to summary of planetry methane…
Every single time that I see some projection into 2100 I wonder, does this projection take positive feedback loops into account? If it doesn't, we need that explicitly stated. Positive feedback is the norm in this field, and to assume otherwise without stating your evidence-free assumption creates a misperception.
If I tell you that you're getting a 7% loan, and I extrapolate 7% for one century linearly to get 700% interest, that would be financial malfeasance on my part. (Gag line: and so I'd be hired by a big bank in an instant.)
Your opening comment was really uncalled for. If thats how you really feel about this site none of us here will miss you if don't post here again. All of us here realise the understated mess we are in, but without good science we are lost. Speculation without data is just that. The real fight is against the denial machine that has delayed action and is still promoting the burning of fossil fuels.
Don't act like your the only one with this information or that you are better informed than anyone else. Working together is the only way we can move forward.
QUESTION???- does the 1700 billion tonnes of carbon 'stored beneath the permafrost' include the methane clathrates or not. It seems that there are two distinct 'carbon pools' when speaking of permafrost- one is organic carbon that is simply part of the frozen soil that will be released as 'the lid' of permafrost thaws. The other are the actual methane clathrates that tend to be stored in shelves under freezing water. So…does the 1700 billion tonnes incude the clathrate or is that a whole other carbon pool?
RE: "David Archer, expert on the impact of methane on global climate at the University of Chicago, explained to Carbon Brief recently, if the problem of excess carbon dioxide emissions is fixed, methane is unlikely to be much of an issue."
If this is actually the statement of D. Archer then I conclude he does not understand the basics of climate change.
Well, the idea is basically to have the Biochar act as a sponge for the Greenhouse gases in that soil.
If you read the comments here you see that D. Archer's studies are not without a pitch of controversy. http://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2012/01/much-ado-about-methane/
But, even titling the paper as a question is misleading. It makes it appear as though there is some doubt remaining.
Good observation. Unfortunately, this is the reality of how climate change is reported in the official studies. Kevin Anderson shows how the major climate change reports consistently understated carbon emissions PAST, present, and future, to soften the dire straits we are in. But, even Anderson's relatively harsh conclusions are based on computations that don't take into account the positive feedbacks. I have sufficient experience with nonlinear dynamical systems to know the devastating impact positive feedbacks can have on system performance once triggered. And, we are observing these feedbacks coming into play as we speak, and they are all self-reinforcing.
BTW, could you provide a listing of the twenty positive feedbacks that you mention. I would like to have those for future reference. Even the few I have been focusing on are grim enough; a more complete set would be of real value.
I don't think any of the models include positive feedbacks. Even Kevin Anderson, with his supposedly harsh forecasts, mentions off-handedly that inclusion of positive feedbacks in the models would make the situation worse.
This is all a game. We're seeing numerous positive feedbacks come into play already. No one has convinced me that we can stabilize the temperature at the present 0.8 C given the feedbacks we are already observing, with some of the Arctic methane feedbacks starting to accelerate.
Nobody likes to be told they have Stage 4 incurable cancer, and the average remaining time is six months. That's where we are. Yes, a magical cure for the climate change that removed copious amounts of CO2 from the atmosphere in a short time would ameliorate the problem, just as a magical cure for Stage 4 cancer would prolong life. What's the odds of either happening?
Archer et al understand the problem only too well. Unfortunately, he and almost every other climate change researcher get their funds directly or indirectly from the government. The last thing the government (and its industry supporters) wants is for the citizenry to fully understand the catastrophe we are facing. So, all these climate change reports tend to include underestimates (like not including positive feedback effects in the climate models, or underestimating future carbon emissions, etc), and usually end with patently phony 'glimmers of hope'. If the reality of what we actually face sunk in with the citizenry at large, I think the resulting chaos and retributions would be unimaginable.
Interesting about methane oxidation.
In nature one of the better documented biotic pathways is methane > methanol > formaldehyde > formic acid. The formic acid end point is a relatively stable weak carbonic acid found in soils and emitted to the atmosphere by forests. If we are going to see an increase in formic acid and the intermediate metabolites, methanol and formaldehyde, understanding what those might do would be a help.
Obviously that contrasts to non-biotic methane oxidation.
Look forward to hearing what the latest science says BUT leaders cannot claim that this is "new" – we have had warnings for many years, I have been talking about it for more than a half decade..see by google this one:
Friday 01 September 2006
"Changing climate: 'Compost effect' may cause global warming to reach crisis point in 2050 "
And not just methane emissions higher but also more CO2 in the atmosphere:
rofessor Peter Cox, of Exeter University, told the Royal Geographical Society annual conference that temperatures could rise 8C by 2100 because of a "compost effect" which could see carbon dioxide levels increase 50 per cent faster than previously estimated.
Currently, around one quarter of carbon emissions are absorbed by the soil and one quarter by the oceans. It had previously been assumed that these proportions would remain the same. But Professor Cox said that global warming is damaging the soil's ability to absorb carbon emissions.
It's funny the article talks about "currently" CO2 beign 280…that was "only" 6 years ago…but in political terms it's a long six years ago so corporations can't claim they didn't know about the effects of warming soils until 2012…it's been known this is yet another Positive Feedback danger that the science pointed to as likely what we face "unless urgent action is take" they said in 2006…and said in 2007, and 2008…and so on ad nausium to this day…we need to complain less and get *active* as citizens, without that our profits-based and perpetual-growth based economies around the wolrd guarantee that each climate "summit" will be "far too little, far too late" (at best) and sugarcoated business as usual (or worse than usual) otherwise..


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Shirtless Hunks James Marsden and Josh Hopkins Hit the Beach in Hawaii
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U.S. National Soccer Team, Honduras to Clash at Sun Life Stadium
Clint Dempsey and the national team are headed to Sun Life.
photo by Jarrett Campbell via Wikimedia Commons
Dear Miami: You're the capital of Latin American culture, a city so soccer-crazy that trying to find a free field for pick-up footy is tougher than sneaking an inflatable banana into a nightclub. Yet you cared so little for your MLS franchise that it dissolved after three seasons. The only professional club left in town scrambles for fans. Are you a soccer town or not, dammit?
You have another chance to prove it: The U.S. national team and new wunderbar coach Jurgen Klinsmann just announced they will come to Sun Life Stadium next month for the first time in 13 years. Don't screw this up!
Klinsmann, who took over the team from Bob Bradley at the end of July, has already begun blowing up the team's lineup with a youth infusion and a batch of defections by some hot-shit German-American dual citizens.
He'll bring that new look to Sun Life October 8 to face Honduras, a CONCACAF rival that made the World Cup last year.
Upcoming Events
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TicketsSat., Aug. 13, 2:00pm
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Miami Dolphins vs. Atlanta Falcons
TicketsThu., Aug. 25, 8:00pm
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The catrachos will draw plenty of support from Miami's blue-and-white Tegucigalpa crowd, and don't be surprised to see South Florida native Joze Altidore -- the young winger who's been destroying the Dutch leagues this year -- up front for the Americans.
Last time the U.S. team played at Sun Life? Way back in 1998. (They did play Haiti to a 1-1 tie in 2004 at the Orange Bowl.)
Just to clarify: Neither Argentine Lionel Messi nor the Shakira-shagging Gerard Piqué will be around, so no one expects 70,000 to descend on Sun Life as they did for Barca versus Chivas last month.
But just to throw this out there: A huge, insane crowd certainly wouldn't hurt Miami's chances of getting back on MLS's radar after a bid by Barcelona to establish a U.S. franchise here petered out last year.
After all, we just spent $550 million on an absurdly unnecessary Marlins stadium in Little Havana. Wouldn't the sting feel a little better if a pro soccer club were to share the retractable-roof space?
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