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I haven't tried the poutine yet - just seems like too much for a single diner - but damn! Those Devils On Horseback are tasty!
pretty good poutine. Shitty-ass clueless service.
Yeah, I went there last night. Good stuff, but there service is waay bad. I don't know why she couldnt bring us our stuff at the same time. One beer came, then another 10 min later. Umm. you have two hands for a reason?
Steak came cold but burger was hot. Complained and chef could not believe it. What do you expect when it has been sitting there for 20 minutes before it gets served. Had to walk back to the kitchen three times. They said they are still just getting the hang of things. Well Linda needs to get her own lazy ass in there and give them some help. Very sad since I think people will start going elsewhere unless something changes quickly.
I've been in there a couple of times and the service has been impecible.
But then, the place wasn't packed to the rafters either, so maybe you-all should try going there when the servers aren't being slammed?
service might have something to do with the closed circut availability of bartenders on the hill. with that kind of job security, who needs to be nice, quick, or professional? or maybe i'm just a weeee burnt out on the bar scene here.
The service was almost laughably bad when I went a week ago. And the burger was lame: a small, overcooked hockey puck. When a Linda D. joint can't even get a burger right, something's seriously wrong.
I did like the jukebox and the roll-up window wall. But I think it'll be a long time before I try Smith again.
My fellow Canucks tell me that Smith's poutine sucks badly.
Which is a disappointment. I'll have to try it anyway.
Of course, it's completely unknown that I make the best damn poutine in the state of Washington, with wine and truffle salt in the gravy. Yum yum yum.
had to repeatedly beg for water, busser was bitchy about it when asked for help getting some. Ordered four dishes for three of us, each one showed up separately and sporadically well after the previous was finished. Not sure if they don't know how to do it right, or don't care...
Service was actually pretty decent, but jeepers, the place is packed to the gills, so, let's give 'em a break. Also, a vegetarian warning--the sweet potato fries taste like the were fried in bacon fat! I can't confirm this, but yowza, thems were bacony!
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'Spider-Man' Reboot 'Inspired' By John Hughes Movies, Will Feature New Villains Says Marvel's Kevin Feige
"Merging that with the superhero genre in a way we haven't done before excites us," Feige says
"Merging that with the superhero genre in a way we haven't done before excites us," Feige says
Sony and Marvel's newly-minted Peter Parker has been showing off his action skills on social media
Jon Watts will direct stand-alone film featuring Peter Parker
The "Run All Night" actor has confirmed his involvement in David Ayer's comic book movie at Warner Bros.
Jean-Marc Vallee ("Dallas Buyers Club") will direct from a 2007 Black List script by Bryan Sipe
Focus Features is nearing a deal to acquire the high-profile project, which was packaged by CAA
Guest blog: In my imagination she would have the perfect opportunity to declare to the worldwide viewers that we need to prevent global warming
Tom Hanks, Sally Field, Ben Affleck, Martin Sheen and Ang Lee make the scene at the Palm Springs Film Festival gala
Summit Entertainment's tsunami survival saga "The Impossible" jumps 28 percent. "Silver Linings Playbook" expands and raises per-screen average
Michael Haneke's "Amour," a front-runner for Best Foreign Language Oscar, takes in $70K from three theaters
Tom Cruise's "Jack Reacher" will battle for No. 2 with Judd Apatow's comedy "This Is 40," as "The Hobbit" will continue to dominate holiday box...
"The Impossible" effectively shows the enormous bravery and resourcefulness exhibited by the family's individual members in a believable and even low-key fashion
Naomi Watts faced her fear of water to shoot tsunami scenes in "The Impossible," but she had trouble asking a single question of the woman...
AFI Fest announces slate of galas and special screenings, also including Dustin Hoffman's "Quartet" and the animated "Rise of the Guardians"
Survivors of the real tsunami depicted in "The Impossible," says director Juan Antonio Bayona, told him that the film had to be graphic and uncomfortable
The end of opening weekend at the much-lauded festival brings some grim films — including one that one may have caused a patron to faint

subset: commoncrawl


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"quaint ant quiet alleys" Rabat Things to Do Tip by mickeyboy07
Rabat Things to Do: 69 reviews and 182 photos
Just a few minutes walk from the main rd in Rabat and all falls silent as you enter the small streets and alleyways of the centre of town.Its almost like being back in 'Mdina' as silence decends upon you.Lots of the streets are decorated with crowns and religious objects that I think would look great if walking here at night.There's the odd shop and local bar but apart from that its great to witness the tranquillity of these little streets.
Directions: Old town,Rabat.
Website: http://www.malta-guide.net
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Never had one but FIST is highly regarded stuff... I kinda like the K7.
This is a discussion on FIST Kydex holster advice within the Defensive Carry Holsters & Carry Options forums, part of the Defensive Carry Discussions category; Has anyone ever owned either of these holsters? Any feedback appreciated. I'm still debating on what I should purchase.... FIST, INC. FIST, INC. Untitled Document...
Has anyone ever owned either of these holsters? Any feedback appreciated. I'm still debating on what I should purchase....
Untitled Document
Never had one but FIST is highly regarded stuff... I kinda like the K7.
Friends don't let friends be MALL NINJAS.
I am just as nice as anyone lets me be and can be just as mean as anyone makes me. - Quoted from Terryger, New member to our forum.
I've never owned a Fist IWB but I have owned a few of their OWB holsters. Not sure if you know this but most of their leather models can be had in kydex as well. Just add a K to the model number. My favorites are the #7K and #9K.
I have two #1k fist holsters.
1 for my S&W JFrame642 & 1 for my Glock27.
Both are excellent,confortable & very concealable.
The #1K is a no cant holster and can be worn strong side or cross draw.
Because of a shoulder injury I use them as cross draw.
The Ultra thin Kydex adds next to nothing in thickness.
The fist service is great--and I now have a #1K on order for my S&W M66.
Give them a try.
I have two different styles, both in the waistband. ONLY thing I recommend is make sure you order or it comes with the body protector. It's between the gun and you body and helps stops the corners of the pistol from digging into your side and keeps the moisture from your body rusting your weapon. They work and feel great. +1 on the ultra thin kydex.
* Armed Forces, Keep America Free *
I have 2 dozen Fist hosters...they know me by name when I call their office...I really like their quality, prices, and quick service.
I probably have 6 or so kydex holsters, the rest are in leather.
I have the #1 and #1A in both kydex and leather...I prefer the #1A (with a cant)...kydex works, but leather is a little more comfortable. OMO
You won't be sorry with the quality.
Stay armed...use Fist holsters...stay safe!
Proverbs 27:12 says: The prudent see danger and take refuge, but the simple keep going and suffer for it.
Certified Glock Armorer
NRA Life Member
Don't forget about their hybrid options. I recently got a K5 pocket holster for my PM9 w/ultrasuede. Very nice pocket holster indeed. It's my favorite pocket holster and I've had a few good ones. The ultrasuede actually helps the holster grip my pocket some and the lady at FIST said that it may help with any possible cracking of the kydex long termwise. It doesn't add much if any (noticeable) to the thickness either. I bought a used standard K5 to compare and I prefer the hybrid.
Very nice people, excellent products that are priced nicely and you don't have to wait forever. I'm a believer.
I have a Fist #1A and is comfortable to wear. Takes a long time to get it worn in, I prefer Kydex though.
NRA Life Member
Excellent products; I like the thin Kydex.
Outstanding customer service !!!
I have a couple of #1 !!!
The first rule of a gunfight: "Don't be there !"
The second rule: "Bring enough gun"
jfl (NRA Life Member/Instructor - GOA - IDPA - GSSF - ex-IHMSA)
I don't see the Hybrid option on their website. I will probably call them tomorrow and place an order.
Untitled Document
The last link is the ultrasuede. I'm not sure if it's technically part of their hybrid line but it is similar in that they cover the ultra thin kydex with ultrasuede.
I think I'm going to order the 1Ak tomorrow. I've been looking for the thinnest holster possible for my wide load G30sf and the fist kydex looks like my best bet.
Thanks for the Links. I'm not sure how I missed the Hybrid page.
I too will be ordering the 1 AK tomorrow. But, I'm still not sure what the best choice will be for an OWB. I think I would like a holster to ride high and close.
retsupt99, If you are interested in a 5% referal discount on your next holster, pm me your name.
I have been wearing a FIST #1 kydex with a 15 deg cant and
body shield (a $5 add on) and I liken it to Mexican carry with the
trigger covered. They will give you any cant at no extra charge.
The price is very reasonable and they are great people to work with.
Common Sense, the rarest of all senses


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Top Teachers: Stephen Worfolk
Jackson Davis E.S., third grade
Stephen Worfolk happened upon his career calling on a basketball court, while coaching a team at St. Mary's Church.
"Even though we lost a lot of games my first year, I truly enjoyed teaching the kids how to play," he said. "It was then I realized I would like to try my hand at teaching."
Although he now "coaches" a classroom full of third-graders at Jackson Davis E.S., the challenges are similar in some respects.
"A large group of students come to you each year on different levels academically, emotionally and physically," he said. "Trying to meet each student's needs and creating a classroom environment where each can grow can be very challenging."
Sometimes the students, like his basketball players, need physical help and encouragement. In September, for instance, when training begins for the mile or half-mile running test in P.E., many can barely run a lap around the track. But Worfolk makes sure that the students exercise each day and run a mile at least three times a week.
Worfolk notes that one of his favorite days of the school year is the spring running test, when students who ran with difficulty in September find they can now go the distance without stopping. "It's incredibly rewarding," said Worfolk. "It is so neat to see students get excited about conquering a challenge they might have hated in the beginning of the year."
A parent who observed this transformation comments, "Some kids never have – and may never again have – the opportunity or the encouragement that he provides. The physical progress for many of the kids is very inspirational."
Parents also admire Worfolk's "relentless" energy and concern for his students, and note that while strict, "he has a huge heart."
To his students' delight, he makes a point of attending their extracurricular activities and sports throughout the year. And to the delight of parents, he compiles an end-of-year show featuring photos from extracurricular events as well as from in-school activities.
Worfolk's interest in the children as individuals, say parents, has a tremendous effect on students' motivation and enthusiasm when it comes to school.
When it comes to enthusiasm for his students and for his colleagues, it's hard to match Worfolk, as well.
One of his more rewarding teaching experiences involved a student who came into his class reading far below grade level.
Worfolk said the student was "incredibly hard-working," but required help from many teachers beside himself due to being so far behind.
"I was proud to be a part," he said, "of this amazing group of teachers . . . who helped this student with her reading to the point where she could read proudly to the rest of the class."
Local choral group seeks volunteers
Citizen Staff Reports 07/18/2016
Good Vibrations choral group is looking for all voices with some musical experience to sing with the volunteer choir. The season runs from August to November. Genre includes patriotic and inspirational. > Read more.
County plans Fourth of July event
Henrico County Recreation and Parks will present "Red, White, and Lights" at Meadow Farm Museum/Crump Park July 4.
Henrico County has hosted a Fourth of July celebration annually since 1981, but this year's event will offer a later start time and expanded hours and be highlighted by new entertainment.
The free event will begin at 4:30 p.m. and will feature the Richmond Symphony, a laser-light show, patriotic performances, and family activities. > Read more.
Restaurant Watch
Find out how your favorite dining establishments fared during their most recent inspections by the Virginia Department of Health. > Read more.
Henrico CASA seeks volunteers for training as child advocates
'Evening with Henry Winkler' event to benefit Henrico Schools
Henrico Public Library offers new nature exploration backpacks
Henrico Extension to hold free lawn care workshop Aug. 13
Allen named COO of Parham Doctors' Hospital
- More News
Print Edition
Jul. 21, 2016Click here to read the print edition.
Restaurant Watch
Weekend Top 10
Good food and fun, bargain prices
Weekend Top 10
Polka taking over Henrico libraries July 19-21
- More Entertainment
Obituary – Angela Carole Shumate
Obituary – Samuel A. "Sammy" Kirby
Obituary – Virginia Whipple Seaton
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Local choral group seeks volunteers
County plans Fourth of July event
Tuckahoe YMCA to host Refugee Community Resource Fair
- More Community
'Good old days' were good – for some
Of character and parenting
Opinion: Rename school for late Henrico officer
- More Opinions
Henrico teams win district, state championships
Varina HS to host Basketball Skill Development Academy June 20-23
Strawberry visits Tuckahoe Little League
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CalendarThe Glen Allen Ruritan Club will host the first annual Summerfest Party from 6 p.m. to 10 p.m. at the Glen Allen Community Center, 10800 Brookley Rd. This adults-only event… Full text


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Book your room at Radisson Blu Resort & Spa, Cesme
Get an overview of this hotel5-star beach hotel with a full-service spa
This family-friendly Cesme hotel is located on the Strip, within 2 mi (3 km) of Aqua Toy City and Boyalık Beach. Ilica Beach and Cesme Open Air Theatre are also within 3 mi (5 km).
Hotel Features
Catch some rays at the nearby beach, pamper yourself at Radisson Blu Resort & Spa, Cesme's full-service spa, or enjoy volleyball.
Room Amenities
All 311 rooms feature thoughtful touches like bathrobes and slippers, plus free WiFi, free wired Internet, and flat-screen TVs with satellite channels. Minibars, premium bedding, and free bottled water are among the other amenities available to guests.Would you like to give us feedback? Share it! Opens in a new window
Radisson Blu Resort & Spa, CesmeAltinyunus mah 3435 Sok No. 25 Cesme Izmir 35930
Renovations & Closures
Hotel Amenities
Hotel Amenities
Spend the day at the beach and work on your tan in the sun loungers (chaise longues) or kick back in the shade with complimentary cabanas and umbrellas. Pamper yourself with a treatment at the full-service spa and enjoy amenities at Radisson Blu Resort & Spa, Cesme like a complimentary children's club and an outdoor pool.
A complimentary breakfast is offered each morning. Dining options at the hotel include a restaurant, a coffee shop/café, and a snack bar/deli. Guests can unwind with a drink at one of the hotel's bars, which include 2 poolside bars, a beach bar, and a bar/lounge. A computer station is located on site and high-speed wired and wireless Internet access is complimentary. This luxury hotel also offers a children's pool, outdoor tennis courts, and a steam room. Limited complimentary onsite parking is available on a first-come, first-served basis.
Radisson Blu Resort & Spa, Cesme is a smoke-free property.
- 24-hour front desk
- Airport transportation (surcharge)
- ATM/banking
- Babysitting or childcare
- Babysitting or childcare (surcharge)
- Bar/lounge
- Barbecue grill(s)
- Beach bar
- Free beach cabanas
- Beach sun loungers
- Beach towels
- Beach umbrellas
- Pool umbrellas
- Business center
- Children's club
- Children's club (free)
- Children's pool
- Coffee shop or café
- Coffee/tea in common areas
- Computer station
- Concierge services
- Conference center
- Conference space
- Designated smoking areas
- Designated smoking areas (fines apply)
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Elevator/lift
- Express check-out
- Fitness facilities
- Free breakfast
- Free long-term parking
- Free parking nearby
- Free self parking
- Free valet parking
- Free WiFi
- Free wired high-speed Internet
- Full-service spa
- Garden
- Gift shops or newsstand
- Grocery/convenience store
- Hair salon
- Indoor pool
- Laundry facilities
- Luggage storage
- Meeting rooms 6
- Multilingual staff
- Number of floors - 5
- Number of meeting rooms - 6
- Number of poolside bars - 2
- Outdoor pool
- Outdoor seasonal pool
- Outdoor tennis courts - 2
- Parking (limited spaces)
- Free pool cabanas
- Pool sun loungers
- Porter/bellhop
- Restaurant
- Sauna
- Shopping on site
- Smoke-free property
- Snack bar/deli
- Spa services on site
- Spa treatment room(s)
- Steam room
- Supervised childcare/activities
- Supervised childcare/activities (free)
- Terrace
- Total number of rooms - 311
- Tours/ticket assistance
- Turkish bath/Hammam
- Wedding services
- Year Built 2009
Family Friendly Amenities
- Babysitting or childcare (surcharge)
- Children's club (free)
- Children's pool
- Cribs/infant beds (complimentary)
- Free Wi-Fi
- Grocery/convenience store
- In-room childcare (surcharge)
- Indoor pool
- Laundry facilities
- Outdoor pool
- Outdoor tennis courts
- Rollaway/extra beds available
- Snack bar/deli
- Supervised childcare/activities (free)
Available in all rooms: Free WiFi , Free wired high-speed Internet
Available in some public areas: Free WiFi , Free wired high-speed Internet
Free long-term parking, Free self parking, Free valet parking, Parking (limited spaces), Free parking nearby
Room Amenities
- Air conditioning
- Bathrobes
- Blackout drapes/curtains
- In-room climate control (air conditioning)
- Free bottled water
- Free toiletries
- Connecting/adjoining rooms available
- Free cribs/infant beds
- Flat-panel TV
- Free WiFi
- Free wired high-speed Internet
- Hair dryer
- In-room childcare (surcharge)
- Minibar
- Phone
- Premium bedding
- Premium TV channels
- Private bathroom
- Rollaway/extra beds available
- Satellite TV service
- Shower/tub combination
- Slippers
Where to Eat
A complimentary buffet breakfast is served each morning between 7 AM and 10:30 AM.
Element Restaurant - This poolside restaurant serves breakfast and dinner. Guests can enjoy alfresco dining (weather permitting).
Citrus Bar - Onsite lobby lounge. Open daily.
Start your day with a free buffet breakfast, available daily from 7 AM to 10:30 AM.
Nearby Things to Do
An indoor pool, an outdoor pool, and a children's pool are on site. Other recreational amenities include outdoor tennis courts, a sauna, and a fitness center.
The recreational activities listed below are available either on site or nearby; fees may apply.
- Scooter/moped rentals nearby
- Bicycle rentals nearby
- Playground on site
- Beach volleyball on site
Spa Services
Dulcis Thermal Spa has 23 treatment rooms including rooms for couples. Services include massages, facials, body wraps, and body scrubs. A variety of treatment therapies are provided, including aromatherapy and hydrotherapy. The spa is equipped with hot springs/mineral springs, a sauna, a spa tub, and Turkish bath/hammam.
Children under 12 years old are not allowed in the spa without adult supervision. Guests under 6 years old are not allowed in the spa.
- Sauna in spa
- Spa tub in spa
- Hot springs/mineral springs in spa
- Number of treatment rooms 23
- Couples treatment rooms
- Manicures and pedicures
- Body wraps
- Body scrubs
- Aromatherapy treatments
- Hydrotherapy treatments
- Massages
- Minimum age to access spa is 6
- Body treatments
- Facial treatments
To make requests for specific accessibility needs, complete the "Special or Accessibility Requests" section of "Trip Preferences" when you book your hotel.
- In-room accessibility
- Accessible bathroom
Hotel Policies
Minimum check-in age is 18
Special check-in instructions:
Check-out time is Noon
Payment types
- No pets or service animals allowed
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
No rollaway/extra beds available
24-hour check-in
No pets or service animals allowed
- Resort fee
Optional extras
- Airport shuttle fee: TRY 250 per vehicle (one way)
Hotel Name
- Radisson Blu Cesme
- Radisson Blu Resort Cesme
- Radisson Blu Hotel Cesme
- Radisson Blu Resort & Spa, Cesme Hotel Cesme
- Radisson Blu Resort And Spa, Cesme
We should mention
This property offers transfers from the airport (surcharges may apply). Guests must contact the property with arrival details before travel, using the contact information on the booking confirmation. Reservations are required for massage services and spa treatments. Reservations can be made by contacting the hotel prior to arrival, using the contact information on the booking confirmation. A resort fee is included in the total price displayed. The property has connecting/adjoining rooms, which are subject to availability and can be requested by contacting the property using the number on the booking confirmation. No pets and no service animals are allowed at this property.


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I am having problems with the marker clustering working on IE10. It works fine in IE8 and 9. It shows the number of markers, but not the blue and yellow circles behind the numbers. I have switched my theme to Twenty Twelve and deactivated all plugins except BGMP and it showed the same thing.
You can see the map at http://lk10.com/map/


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WEST PALM BEACH, Fla. (AP) - Jurors deciding whether two ex-Salvadoran generals are liable for the 1980 slayings of four U.S. church women were told Thursday the men did not have to order their killings to be held responsible.
U.S. District Court Judge Daniel T.K. Hurley, responding to jurors' questions, said former Defense Minister Jose Guillermo Garcia and former Salvadoran National Guard head Carlos Eugenio Vides Casanova are liable if they knew or should have known that their soldiers were killing civilians and did nothing to stop them.
To find the men liable, the judge said, jurors must conclude the men did nothing to stop a pattern of violence and that doing nothing caused the deaths of the Americans.
The jurors adjourned Thursday and were to resume deliberations Friday.
Five Salvadoran National Guard members were convicted of the Dec. 2, 1980, killings and sentenced to 30 years in Salvadoran prison.
The generals are being sued by the women's families, who are seeking at least $100 million.
Garcia, 67, and Vides Casanova, 62, retired to Florida in 1989 and were granted U.S. residency because they had never been convicted of a crime. Garcia said he was fleeing death threats.
Several years ago, families of the slain women learned of their location from a reporter and unsuccessfully tried to have the pair tried in criminal court in their homeland.
The families then turned to U.S. civil court, accusing the men of overseeing soldiers who killed thousands of Salvadorans, along with an archbishop, six Jesuit priests, doctors, peasants and the four women: nuns Ita Ford, Maura Clarke and Dorothy Kazel and lay missionary Jean Donovan.
Lawyers for the families said hundreds of declassified documents, testimony from a former U.S. ambassador to El Salvador and documentation of rampant killings of other religious figures prove Garcia and Vides Casanova did nothing to stop the massacres. The former generals also allegedly helped cover up evidence that the soldiers were responsible.
During the trial, Garcia and Vides Casanova admitted they knew troops were killing innocents, but said there was little they could do to stop the atrocities.
The generals' lawyer, Kurt Klaus, said there is no solid evidence showing the men knew about the church women's slayings or could have done anything to prevent them. He said both men were put into positions of power by leaders of a government junta working toward democracy in El Salvador.
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All Rise...
Judge Patrick Bromley is so cultured, he prefers the Assassin's Ballet.
The Charge
Who is killing America's deadliest enemies?
The Case
Well, that was disappointing.
The 2012 action thriller Assassin's Bullet has one major thing going for it: it is directed by Isaac Florentine, currently one of the best and most interesting directors working in the action genre. A former MMA fighter himself, Florentine has made some of the better direct-to-DVD action movies of the last few years: Ninja with Scott Adkins, Undisputed II with Scott Adkins and Undisputed III, also with Scott Adkins.
Wait. I think I figured out something else that's disappointing about Assassin's Bullet. No Scott Adkins.
Assassin's Bullet (originally titled Sofia, a better title) stars Christian Slater (Julian Po) as Robert Diggs, an FBI agent still reeling from the shooting death of his wife four years earlier. He is called to Sofia, Bulgaria, by Ambassador Ashdown (Donald Sutherland, The Hunger Games) to track the identity of an assassin who is killing off all the terrorists on the U.S.'s Most Wanted list. There, he meets a belly dancer and is immediately enchanted by her despite the fact that she harbors many secrets. Meanwhile, a meek schoolteacher named Vicky (Elika Portnoy) sorts out her own tragic past with the help of her psychiatrist, Dr. Kahn (Timothy Spall, Vanilla Sky).
There are twists in Assassin's Bullet that make describing the plot in detail difficult. Suffice it to say that it's much more Portnoy's movie than it is Slater's, who is basically playing a clueless, occasionally horny fool—though he does so with great grimness and determination. Portnoy shares a story credit on the movie, and that's easy to believe. It's primarily a vehicle to show her off. Her performance is not great in a lot of areas—acting chief among them—but she gets to demonstrate a bunch of other skills.
This really should have been Florentine's show, and he, too, is working outside his comfort zone. He still has a frustrating tendency to overdo some of the action moments—there's lots of quick zooms and, most annoyingly, speed ramping—but it's hard to deny his skill at knowing where to place the camera in a fight and how to maintain a sense of geography. Where Florentine excels is in his staging of action sequences, which he allows to play out in longer takes and shoots from a distance that allows the audience to see not just what's going on, but who exactly is doing the fighting. When it's Ninja and you've got Scott Adkins doing the fight choreography, it's money in the bank. When it's Assassin's Bullet and you've got Christian Slater, it's just not the same thing.
But the disappointment of Assassin's Bullet can't be laid at Slater's feet. It can't even be laid entirely at Florentine's, either. The movie—which, for the record, isn't all that bad and totally watchable—is the result of a lot of things not necessarily going wrong, but not exactly going as right as they could have. Florentine appears to be trying to branch out and try something a little different, so rather than just directing another wall-to-wall action spectacle, he's giving a more "grown up" dramatic thriller a shot. It's not the right fit, as evidenced by the fact that the movie only ever really comes alive during its few action set pieces. Christian Slater, who has become a kind of default action hero during his years as a dependable DTV star, does fine work as a guy haunted by his past and fine work as a guy trying to solve a mystery. He's less convincing during the fight sequences, but at least Florentine had the good sense to allow the character to (SPOILER) get his ass kicked. There are even a couple dramatic heavy hitters on hand in Donald Sutherland and Timothy Spall. Unfortunately, Sutherland is doing what amounts to a cameo and Spall feels out of place, probably because he's saddled with a lot of the film's sillier scenes. The result is a movie that vacillates between decent action and bad drama. It also looks and feels very cheap. At least it doesn't try to hide its Eastern European locations.
The good news is that Assassin's Bullet makes a pretty good DVD. The 1.78:1 anamorphic widescreen image is sharp and clean—sometimes too clean, actually. The film appears to be shot digitally, and it has kind of a bright harshness in place of anything remotely filmic. The 5.1 audio track carries some weight during the action sequences, but the music is a little heavy in the mix at times (mostly during the interminable bellydance sequences, of which there are several; Christian Slater's hypnotized reaction during these is unintentionally hilarious) and dialogue is a little low. The lack of any subtitles doesn't, though the movie provides its own during the non-English language sections. The only bonus features included are a making-of featurette and a trailer.
Modern action movies are in such a bad state that we're forced to turn to the Direct-to-DVD genre in the hopes of finding something interesting. Or unique. Or even competent. I had high hopes for Assassin's Bullet, because Isaac Florentine is able to make action movies that are all three. This just wasn't the right material for him.
The Verdict
A letdown.
Give us your feedback!
Did we give Assassin's Bullet a fair trial? yes / no
What's "fair"? Whether positive or negative, our reviews should be unbiased, informative, and critique the material on its own merits.
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4 Reviews
We enjoyed everything about this pizza, including the chicken, ham, pineapple & cheese combo! Definitely a sweet tasting pizza & one we thoroughly appreciated! I'm now looking forward to including it as an appetizer at one of my monthly meetings! Thanks for posting it! [Made & reviewed just for the 'halibut'!]
A bit starnge but not overall bad.. I used turkey instead of Ham
I loved the idea of this recipe! The ingredients sound great and like they would make a good combination. I took a star off for the incorrect(?) instructions in Step 4. I guessed that it was supposed to be to BOIL for 10 minutes and remove from STOVE? It tasted really good that way. If I broiled the pineapple and honey, I would have had a bit of a fire! ;) I also talked to one of the hosts about it and she said that she noticed that too, so I think that my assumptions were right? I took off another star because when I did Step 8, the dough ripped apart because the cheese doesn't melt and wouldn't spread. Another star went because I couldn't cut it into 8 pieces as there were an awful lot of "loose" ingredients on top of the dough and we had to use forks and knives to eat it. It wouldn't have worked as an appetizer. Maybe it would work better if there was more pastry and a melting cheese? Like I said, the ingredients were tasty but I would modify it quite a bit if I were to make it again. I'm sorry - I really wanted to love this recipe!
I thought this was a good idea and the title made me want to try this recipe. I also loved the way the pineapple was prepared although you can grill pineapple and end up with the same results--I do understand that the contest required the addition of honey. The crescent rolls were just not a good "pizza" crust and the cheese was difficult to work with. I ended up wanting more of an Italian flavor--maybe the addition of oregano or pizza seasoning? I did like the chicken and ham combo, but the cheese and pineapple, not so much. Overall, tasy but hard to eat as the ingredients kept falling off the "pizza." There was no sauce or sticky cheese to keep the ingredients glued to the crust.


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Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics
, Volume 61, Issue 1, pp 1-22
First online:
Fluid Dynamics of Heart Development
- Arvind SanthanakrishnanAffiliated withDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of TechnologyDepartment of Mathematics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Email author
- , Laura A. MillerAffiliated withDepartment of Mathematics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Email author
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The morphology, muscle mechanics, fluid dynamics, conduction properties, and molecular biology of the developing embryonic heart have received much attention in recent years due to the importance of both fluid and elastic forces in shaping the heart as well as the striking relationship between the heart's evolution and development. Although few studies have directly addressed the connection between fluid dynamics and heart development, a number of studies suggest that fluids may play a key role in morphogenic signaling. For example, fluid shear stress may trigger biochemical cascades within the endothelial cells of the developing heart that regulate chamber and valve morphogenesis. Myocardial activity generates forces on the intracardiac blood, creating pressure gradients across the cardiac wall. These pressures may also serve as epigenetic signals. In this article, the fluid dynamics of the early stages of heart development is reviewed. The relevant work in cardiac morphology, muscle mechanics, regulatory networks, and electrophysiology is also reviewed in the context of intracardial fluid dynamics.
KeywordsHeart development Hemodynamics Shear stress Mathematical modeling Fluid dynamics
Reference tools
- Title
- Fluid Dynamics of Heart Development
- Journal
Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics
Volume 61, Issue 1 , pp 1-22
- Cover Date
- 2011-09
- 10.1007/s12013-011-9158-8
- Print ISSN
- 1085-9195
- Online ISSN
- 1559-0283
- Publisher
- Humana Press Inc
- Additional Links
- Topics
- Keywords
- Heart development
- Hemodynamics
- Shear stress
- Mathematical modeling
- Fluid dynamics
- Industry Sectors
- Authors
- Arvind Santhanakrishnan (1) (2)
- Laura A. Miller (2)
- Author Affiliations
- 1. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive NW, Parker H. Petit Biotechnology Building, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0363, USA
- 2. Department of Mathematics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3250, USA


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Leominster based Central Mass Voodoo looking for 1 player to round out our roster this season. Ability to play first base, outfield, and possibly pitcher is ideal. Reasonable player fee, 6 tournaments for summer season, starting up Mid June through August 17th. 3 Showcase tournaments and 3 invitational tournaments. One tournament in PA, four in MA, and one RI. Please contact Matt at email@example.com for details and questions.
ACTIVE is the leader in online event registrations from 5k running races and marathons to softball leagues and local events. ACTIVE also makes it easy to learn and prepare for all the things you love to do with expert resources, training plans and fitness calculators.


text:
Leigh Harrison, head of global equities at Threadneedle Investments, said neither Mr Gruebel nor UBS chairman Kaspar Villiger needed to resign over the scandal.
The show of support came as Mr Gruebel faced growing pressure in Singapore where he was fighting for the future of the bank's investment arm. UBS's board was due to meet again in Singapore on Friday , a spokeswoman said.
Dismissals and resignations were unnecessary, Mr Harrison told Reuters, adding he had no interest in buying more shares in UBS. "It's a very high quality business with a terrific reputation, but it's been tarnished by inability to manage the risks," he said. "It doesn't have to be in every part of investment banking."
Three other investors said they would reassess their bank equity and bond holdings following the events at UBS.
"We are likely to re-evaluate portfolios," one said. "[The UBS case] will mean that we place more emphasis on perceived risk controls – something which is very difficult to assess with any kind of accuracy."
Discussions about the future of those at the top of UBS coincided with news that between 5pc and 10pc of its staff – including up to 30 managing directors – would be lost within the investment banking division. The cuts are part of a wider savings drive that will see 3,500 jobs go and are not linked to the recent rogue trading.
The loss suffered by UBS has hardened attitudes of bosses at investment firms managing a total of $1.7 trillion in assets. The dozen polled by Reuters agreed that chief executives of banks should take responsibility if risk controls were found to be flawed.
One fund manager surveyed said: "Fraud by individuals has always been a risk. Regulation will never stop this. Good management will minimise the risk."
Another said bank chiefs should step down or be fired if unauthorised trading is discovered, saying: "[It] gives them skin in the game and the resolve to put in place stronger processes."
Christian Stark, analyst at Cheuvreux, said the head on the block should be Carsten Kengeter, the chief executive of investment banking at UBS.
Meanwhile, UBS trader Kweku Adoboli appeared at City of London Magistrates' Court on Thursday charged with false accounting amounting to £1.5bn as well as a second count of fraud between October 2008 and December 2010.
Patrick Gibbs, defending, said Mr Adoboli, 31, who did not enter a plea, was "sorry beyond words for what had happened".
Mr Gibbs added: "He stands now appalled at the scale of the consequences of his disastrous miscalculations."
Mr Adoboli was remanded in custody until October 20.


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Giant BombShared publicly -
Yo, I got that Bombcast you been looking for! Give you a syringe and everything!
The health experts at Giant Bomb finally wade into the flu vaccine debate, then we discuss the deeper nuances of Action Biker for the Commodore 64, some of this Dota 2 business, and end up talking about Ryu's magical/not-magical abilities some more.
7 comments
I check giantbomb.com every day but still would be great if you guys posted more here.
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A Victoria Cross won by a convicted burglar in the First World War and found in a relative's drawer sold at auction for £120,750 yesterday.
The medal, won by Pte William Mariner of the King's Royal Rifle Corps at the Battle of Festubert in 1915, was thought to have been lost with him when he died the following year.
Mariner was given Britain's highest award for gallantry in the field after crawling up to a German machine-gun emplacement and destroying it with grenades.
The medal was found in the drawer of his relative, Bill Wignall, near High Peak, Derbyshire, last Christmas. The citizens of Chorley, where Mariner was born, were trying to raise £80,000 to bring the VC home, but bidding at the London auction house Spink quickly took it out of their reach and it was bought by a private collector.


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Recording Artist | Love & Hip Hop ATL | Reality Personality | Actress | Model | Film Director | Booking: firstname.lastname@example.com
(310)358-5424 IG: IamKarlieRedd
Face Tags
DC meet me at Josephine's Lounge Tonight! I'm following everyone that comes out tonight!
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RT @charmaine_cox: @KARLIEREDD Hook me up with some Bikefest tickets boo!!>
Throwback Thurs! Been Grinding Been getting Checks
RT @Maaadison__: Karlie Redd always has thin hair
@_CandyBling This Bitch Look Like Chris Rock Sister
RT @_CandyBling: @KARLIEREDD ------> RT @cscprince: @_CandyBling When is this alleged movie coming out?
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@DatGirlDi why u look like this.
My Birthday Party in New York wit Funkmaster Flex This Sat 4/19 at Phuket with @djfunkflex @jovanguard @demboyzent!!
RT @DatGirlDi: @KARLIEREDD this is u ma? http://t.co/pHDVGGDouG> no this is me ma is this u ma http://twitpic.com/e1g4mn
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Tonight in FortLauderdale On My way to Club Euro wit My celeb Friends Cameras are out
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My sis @toshiras rocking the @KarlieRedd hat
Meet me Detroit at Club Sting
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Sideways Stories from Wayside School (Hardcover)
Lois Sachar, best-selling author of the Wayside School series, knows how to make kids laugh. And there are laughs galore in this popular book, now available again in hardcover. Meet Mrs. Gorf, the teacher who turns the students in Wayside School into apples.
About the Author
When Louis Sachar was going to school, his teachers always pronounced his name wrong. Now that he has become a popular author of children s books, teachers all over the country are pronouncing his name wrong. It should be pronounced Sacker, like someone who tackles quarterbacks or someone who stuffs potatoes into sacks.
Mr. Sachar received a B.A. in economics from the University of California at Berkeley. His first book, Sideways Stories from Wayside School, was accepted for publication during his first year of law school. After receiving his law degree, he spent six years asking himself whether he wanted to be an author or a lawyer before deciding to write for children full-time. His books include Wayside School Gets a Little Stranger, There s a Boy in the Girls Bathroom, Wayside School is Falling Down, Dogs Don t Tell Jokes, and the Marvin Redpost series.
Louis Sachar lives in Austin, Texas, with his wife and their daughter, Sherre.
Adam McCauley is the illustrator of the successful middle-grade fiction series, " Time Warp Trio "by Jon Scieszka, as well as Louis Sachar s "Wayside School" books. He lives in San Francisco, California.


text: Posted October 29, 2013 Seems some people might be mistaken. This is just for this week and were just from the 7 games they had reviewed up to that point, not overall on the season or even the week. Although I am pretty positive Hardy and Johnson are both top 10 on the season. Share this post Link to post Share on other sites


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Planet Home
Planet Home
Conscious Choices for Cleaning and Greening the World You Care About Most
Potter Style, Paperback, 9780307716644, 352pp.
Publication Date: December 28, 2010
FROM THE COFOUNDER OF SEVENTH GENERATION, the most trusted brand in environmentally friendly household products, comes this indispensable guide to maintaining absolutely everything in the home in a natural, nontoxic way. Jeffrey Hollender leads you through each room of the house with straightforward advice, comprehensive checklists, quick tips, and unparalleled resources while revealing the hidden repercussions of daily routines that most of us take for granted. From improving air quality in your bedroom to avoiding mildew in the bathroom, from sourcing local or organic food to safely laundering your clothes, Planet Home offers invaluable information for making conscious decisions for your family, your neighbors, and our shared planet home.
With additional information on power, garbage and recycling, air quality, and community activism, this book goes a step further to describe how any household is part of a much larger system. Planet Home offers a unique, comprehensive, educational, and easy approach to helping you and your family lead healthier lives as we collectively protect and maintain our shared resources for many years to come.
JEFFREY HOLLENDER is the cofounder and chairman of Seventh Generation, an award-winning company lauded for its progressive business practices. He is also the author of several books, including The Responsibility Revolution, What Matters Most, and Naturally Clean. He and his wife, Sheila, have three children and live in Vermont.
ALEXANDRA ZISSU is a writer, editor, speaker, and consultant. She is the author of The Conscious Kitchen and coauthor of The Complete Organic Pregnancy. She lives with her family in New York City.


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Fiber: The Amazing Diabetes Fighter
…supplemental fiber is the dietary supplement glucomannan. The suggested does is ½ teaspoon (2.5 g) mixed in an eight-ounce glass of water, two or three times daily, 30 minutes before meals (drink it quickly, before it thickens). Avoid glucomannan capsules because they may stick and expand in…Read More


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User:Tong Zhou
From OpenWetWare
(Difference between revisions)
(→Former Position)
(→Contact Info)
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[[Image:1.png|thumb|right|Tong Zhou]]
[[Image:1.png|thumb|right|Tong Zhou]]
*Tong Zhou
*Tong Zhou
*The University of
*The University of at , ,
*[[Special:Emailuser/Tong Zhou|Email me through OpenWetWare]]
*[[Special:Emailuser/Tong Zhou|Email me through OpenWetWare]]
Revision as of 14:24, 14 June 2010
Contact Info
- Tong Zhou, Research Assistant Professor
- Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine
- The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612
- Email me through OpenWetWare
Former Position
- 2006 - 2010, Postdoc, Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics and Section of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin
- 2006, PhD, Southeast University, China
- 2002, MS, Southeast University, China
- 2000, BS, Southeast University, China
Research interests
- Computational Biology
- Bioinformatics
- Zhou T, Gu W, and Wilke CO. . pmid:20231333.
- Novella IS, Presloid JB, Zhou T, Smith-Tsurkan SD, Ebendick-Corpus BE, Dutta RN, Lust KL, and Wilke CO. . pmid:20181701.
- Gu W, Zhou T, and Wilke CO. . pmid:20140241.
The first two authors contributed equally to this work
Featured in GenomeWeb Daily Scan
- Zhou T, Weems M, and Wilke CO. . pmid:19349643.
- Zhou T, Enyeart PJ, and Wilke CO. . pmid:19018282.
- Zhou T, Drummond DA, and Wilke CO. . pmid:18379715.
- Zhou T, Weng J, Sun X, and Lu Z. . pmid:16640774.
- Zhou T, Sun X, and Lu Z. . pmid:16380221.
- Zhou T, Lu ZH, and Sun X. . pmid:17281312.
- Zhou T, Gu W, Ma J, Sun X, and Lu Z. . pmid:15917130.
- Gu W, Zhou T, Ma J, Sun X, and Lu Z. . pmid:15041183.
- Gu W, Zhou T, Ma J, Sun X, and Lu Z. . pmid:15013221.
- Gu W, Zhou T, Ma J, Sun X, and Lu Z. . pmid:15376949.
- Ma J, Zhou T, Gu W, Sun X, and Lu Z. . pmid:12069729.


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Neurexins are a large family of proteins that act as neuronal cell-surface receptors. The function and localization of the various neurexins, however, have not yet been clarified. Beta-neurexins are candidate receptors for neuroligin-1, a postsynaptic membrane protein that can trigger synapse formation at axon contacts. Here we report that neurexins are concentrated at synapses and that purified neuroligin is sufficient to cluster neurexin and to induce presynaptic differentiation. Oligomerization of neuroligin is required for its function, and we find that beta-neurexin clustering is sufficient to trigger the recruitment of synaptic vesicles through interactions that require the cytoplasmic domain of neurexin. We propose a two-step model in which postsynaptic neuroligin multimers initially cluster axonal neurexins. In response to this clustering, neurexins nucleate the assembly of a cytoplasmic scaffold to which the exocytotic apparatus is recruited.
Synapses are highly specialized cellular junctions that join individual neurons into a functional network. The appropriate differentiation of pre- and postsynaptic terminals is controlled by bi-directional signaling between the synaptic partners1-3. One family of postsynaptic proteins that might contribute to the induction of synapse formation between CNS neurons are the neuroligins4,5. Non-neuronal HEK293 cells that ectopically express neuroligin-1 or neuroligin-2 trigger the formation of functional presynaptic elements in contacting axons in vitro6. The extracellular domain of neuroligin presented at the cell surface of the non-neuronal cells is sufficient for this activity, suggesting that it may signal through an axonal receptor that triggers the induction of presynaptic differentiation.
The identity of this axonal receptor is unknown. Leading candidates are the beta-neurexins, which are neuronal plasma membrane proteins that interact with neuroligins in vitro4,7. Consistent with a role for beta-neurexins in neuroligin-induced synapse formation, recombinant beta-neurexin can block the synapse-inducing activity of neuroligin-expressing HEK293 cells6, though a similar blocking effect would be expected for any protein interacting with the extracellular domain of neuroligin.
A major concern regarding the role of neurexins as presynaptic neuroligin receptors is that there is currently no direct evidence for a synaptic function or localization of neurexins in the vertebrate CNS. Moreover, it is unclear how neuroligin-binding to beta-neurexin could trigger the recruitment of the presynaptic exocytotic machinery to the cell–cell contact sites. An attractive hypothesis is that the cytoplasmic tail of neurexins may recruit scaffolding molecules via a PDZ-binding motif8,9. A specific signaling function resulting from such interactions with neurexins, however, has not yet been observed in a cellular context.
Here we investigated the molecular mechanism of neuroligin-induced synapse formation. We found that endogenous neurexins localize to synapses and that overexpression of neuroligin-1 stimulates synapse formation and promotes recruitment of neurexins to newly forming synapses. We also show that neuroligin activity does not require any additional factors in the target cell, as purified recombinant neuroligin reconstituted into lipid bilayers induced presynaptic differentiation. In addition, the formation of neuroligin multimers is necessary for its activity, indicating a role for lateral clustering of neurexin by neuroligin multimers in the induction of presynaptic terminals. Strikingly, direct antibody-mediated clustering of beta-neurexin is sufficient to trigger recruitment of synaptic markers. This synaptogenic activity of beta-neurexin requires the cytoplasmic tail of the protein, which contains the PDZ interaction sites for scaffolding proteins. We propose that the clustering of beta-neurexin molecules by neuroligin multimers in a target cell and interaction of beta-neurexins with axonal scaffolding proteins are two essential (possibly sequential) steps by which cognate cell–cell interactions can trigger the assembly of presynaptic active zones.
To investigate the function of neurexins at the synapse, we first focused on the neurexin ligand neuroligin-1, which has a synapse-promoting activity. We dissected the structural requirements for this activity and then investigated how they relate to the interactions between neuroligin and neurexin.
The synapse-promoting activity of neuroligin can be measured in a mixed culture assay in which axons emerging from pontine explants form functional presynaptic terminals on HEK293 cells transfected with neuroligin-1 expression constructs6. We used this assay to identify structural elements in neuroligin that are essential for its activity. In an initial screen (see Supplementary Fig. 1 online), we generated chimeric proteins between the neuroligin ectodomain and its structural homologue acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Using this approach, we identified three sequence elements that are essential for neuroligin function: one located in the center of the domain (mutated in NLG/AChE-2) and two within the carboxy (C)-terminal portion of the domain (NLG/AChE-4 and NLG/AChE-6) (Fig. 1a and Supplementary Fig. 1).
Within these regions, we performed alanine-scanning mutagenesis and assayed the synaptogenic activity of the mutants. The mutagenesis yielded two mutants within the C-terminal region, K578A/V579A and E584A/L585A, that showed expression levels comparable to the wild-type protein, but that had strongly reduced synaptogenic activity, suggesting that these residues are essential for the function of neuroligin at the plasma membrane (Fig. 1a and Supplementary Fig. 1).
Neuroligin-1 was originally purified as a neurexin-binding protein by affinity chromatography4,7, and neurexins are therefore candidate neuroligin receptors in synapse formation. We reasoned that the inactive neuroligin mutants might lose activity because of reduced affinity for a neurexin in pontine axons. To quantitatively assay neurexin–neuroligin interactions, we performed binding assays with a soluble neurexin-alkaline phosphatase fusion protein (neurexin-AP) on neuroligin-1 transfected cells (Fig. 1b). Mock-transfected HEK293 cells do not show significant neurexin-AP binding, whereas wild-type neuroligin-1 expressing cells bound neurexin-AP in a calcium-dependent manner. The chimera NLG/AChE-2, which lacks synaptogenic activity, showed a complete loss of neurexin binding, suggesting that the interaction with neurexin is necessary for the synapse-inducing function of neuroligin. However, soluble neurexin-AP bound equally well to HEK293 cells expressing wild-type neuroligin-1 and the inactive mutants NLG/AChE-6, K578A/V579A and E584A/L585A (Fig. 1b). This suggests that neuroligin activity might require neurexin binding but that its synaptogenic activity also depends on additional interactions or properties of the protein.
In trans-synaptic adhesion complexes, neurexin and neuroligin must interact as membrane proteins in opposing cell membranes. To directly assay adhesion between neuroligin-1 and neurexin presented on cell membranes, we performed cell aggregation assays with PC12 cells that had been separately transfected with epitope-tagged neurexin-1β and wild-type neuroligin-1. Neurexin-expressing cells showed robust calcium-dependent aggregation with cells expressing wild-type neuroligin that was comparable to aggregation of N-cadherin expressing cells (Supplementary Fig. 2 online). Within the cell aggregates, neurexin-1β and neuroligin-1 were strongly concentrated at sites of cell–cell contacts and strings of alternating neuroligin and neurexin expressing cells were observed frequently, further supporting the notion that the adhesive interactions are exclusively heterophilic (Fig. 2a).
We next assayed adhesion between cells expressing neurexin-1β and cells expressing mutant neuroligins. Only background levels of aggregation were observed for the chimeric neuroligin mutants that were deficient in neurexin binding, such as the NLG/AChE swap mutant in which the extracellular AChE-homologous domain of neuroligin is replaced by the homologous sequences of mouse acetylcholinesterase. Strikingly, mutants K578A/V579A and E584A/L585A showed a dramatic loss of aggregation with neurexin-1β expressing cells (Fig. 2b) despite their wild-type level of interaction with soluble neurexin-1β (Fig. 1b). The observed differences in aggregation were not due to lower expression levels of the mutant proteins since western-blotting analysis of surface-biotinylated proteins indicated comparable protein levels at the plasma membrane of the transfected cells (Fig. 2c). Therefore, the amino acids K578/V579 and E584/L585 are essential for strong adhesion between neuroligin- and neurexin-expressing cells, but not for binding to individual neurexin molecules in soluble form.
To understand the functional importance of the residues K578/V579 and E584/L585 in neuroligin-1, we generated a structural model of neuroligin-1 based on the mouse AChE crystal structure (Fig. 3a)10. In this model, amino acids K578/V579 and E584/L585 are located in an alpha helix at the base of the AChE-homologous domain of neuroligin-1 (Fig. 3b). AChE forms tetramers by parallel association of two primary dimers with each other. Importantly, the helix in AChE corresponding to the mutated helix in neuroligin represents exactly the primary dimerization interface of the molecule, and mutations in this site have been shown to perturb AChE oligomerization10,11. According to the model for neuroligin-1, these amino acids are perfectly positioned to mediate lateral interactions with other neuroligin molecules through a second helix in the protein (Fig. 3b). Strikingly, in our original screen for essential regions in neuroligin-1, we had also isolated mutations in this second helix that led to a loss of synaptogenic activity (mutant NLG/AChE-4; Fig. 1a). These results suggest that interactions between these two helices are critical for neuroligin-1 function and that the inactivating mutations K578A/V579A and E584A/L585A perturb lateral (cis) interactions between individual neuroligin-1 molecules.
Chemical cross-linking of purified recombinant neuroligin ectodomain confirmed the formation of dimers and tetramers by the neuroligin extracellular domain (Fig. 3c). To compare oligomerization of full-length, wild-type neuroligin complexes to the mutants, we used native gel electrophoresis which has previously been used to separate different oligomeric complexes of AChE11,12. For wild-type neuroligin-1, we detected two higher molecular weight species which were greatly reduced in the inactive mutants K578A/V579A and E584A/L585A (Fig. 3c). Neuroligin oligomers were also detected by co-immunoprecipitation. Myc-tagged, wild-type neuroligin co-precipitated with hemagglutinin (HA)-tagged wild-type neuroligin, but co-precipitation of HA-tagged mutant neuroligins was significantly reduced (Fig. 3c). Compared to the wild-type protein, only 27 ± 13% and 15 ± 7% (n = 3) was recovered in the immunoprecipitates for the mutants K578A/V579A and E584A/L585A, respectively, further confirming the decreased stability of neuroligin complexes in the mutants. These findings suggest that the formation of stable neuroligin-1 multimers is essential for the synaptogenic activity of the protein as well as for adhesion with neurexin-expressing cells.
Our structure–function analysis is consistent with a role for neurexins as presynaptic neuroligin receptors. To date, however, there is no direct evidence for a synaptic localization or function of neurexins. To directly analyze the subcellular localization of neurexins, we generated antibodies against the cytoplasmic tail of neurexin-1. Due to the sequence similarities between neurexin family members, this antiserum is likely to recognize the alpha and beta isoforms of neurexin-1, neurexin-2 and neurexin-3, but not proteins in the neurexinIV/CASPR/paranoidin family. Consistent with this notion, affinity-purified antisera recognized two proteins with apparent molecular weights corresponding to alpha- and beta-neurexins in western blots (Fig. 4a). In immunostained dissociated cultures of cerebellar granule cells and hippocampal neurons, the antiserum revealed a punctate distribution of the protein that showed extensive overlap with the synaptic vesicle marker synaptobrevin, demonstrating that endogenous neurexins are indeed concentrated at synapses (Fig. 4e–g and data not shown). In isolated axons emerging from pontine explants neurexins were strongly enriched in growth cones, appropriately localized to mediate initial interactions with neuroligins in the postsynaptic target cell (Fig. 4b–d). In vivo, pontine mossy fiber axons form synapses with cerebellar granule cells in the inner granular layer (IGL) of the cerebellar cortex. Neurexin was detected in the same regions of the IGL as the synaptic vesicle marker synaptobrevin (Fig. 4h–j), consistent with an enrichment at mossy fiber–granule cell synapses. In addition, we also observed an intracellular pool of neurexins in the cell bodies of Purkinje and granule cells (data not shown). The identity of this intracellular compartment and a direct confirmation of neurexin localization in mossy fiber terminals will require ultrastructural studies, which we are currently performing.
If the synaptogenic activity of neuroligin-1 were mediated through neurexin in the presynaptic membrane, we would predict a recruitment of endogenous neurexin to the synaptic terminals induced by neuroligin-1. To observe neurexin recruitment to newly forming synapses, we transfected dissociated cerebellar granule cells with a neuroligin-1 expression vector before synapses were formed in culture (at the day of plating). Neuroligin overexpression increased the number of synaptic vesicle clusters formed fivefold, and there was a strong accumulation of endogenous neurexin in neuronal processes at sites of contact with the neuroligin-expressing cells (Fig. 5). Confocal imaging revealed that neuroligin-1 was concentrated at these immature synaptic contacts and that synaptic vesicles and neurexin colocalized at points of contact with neuroligin-expressing cells (Fig. 5e–h). This suggests that neurexins are recruited to newly forming neuroligin-induced synaptic sites.
In hippocampal cultures that had been maintained in vitro for 12 d, endogenous neuroligin-1 was strongly concentrated at synapses (Supplementary Fig. 3). Overexpression of neuroligin-1 in these more mature cultures similarly stimulated synapse formation as in the immature cerebellar granule cells. The number of detectable synaptic vesicle clusters was increased fivefold, and the number of PSD95- and GluR2/3-positive puncta was increased 3–4 fold (Fig. 5i–m and Supplementary Fig. 3). These findings suggest that neuroligin-1 stimulates pre- and postsynaptic differentiation and can recruit neurexins to newly forming synapses.
To test whether neuroligin–neurexin interactions are sufficient to induce synaptic differentiation in the absence of other postsynaptic factors, we purified the AChE-homologous ectodomain of neuroligin-1 attached to a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor. The recombinant protein was reconstituted into liposomes that were coated onto 5-μm silica beads. This approach allows presentation of the functional domain of neuroligin-1 on a surface with dimensions approximating a neuronal dendrite, in a freely diffusible form (Supplementary Fig. 4 online; for further analysis and detailed methods, see Baksh, M., C.D., E.I. and Groves, J.T., unpublished data). When these neuroligin-coated beads were applied to hippocampal neurons in culture, we observed clustering of neurexin and synaptic vesicle proteins at the bead contact sites (Fig. 6a–d). Synaptic vesicles that accumulated at these sites showed depolarization-induced turnover, as indicated by uptake of an antibody directed against a luminal epitope of synaptotagmin (Fig. 6e–g). These findings show that the AChE-homologous domain of neuroligin-1, as a purified protein, is sufficient to induce the formation of functional synaptic vesicle release sites in axons.
This activity of neuroligin was highly specific and was critically dependent on membrane anchoring of the protein. Uncoated beads, beads coated only with lipid bilayers and beads coated with bilayers containing GPI-anchored placental alkaline phosphatase did not induce any accumulation of synaptic vesicle markers (Fig. 6h and Supplementary Fig. 4). Soluble recombinant neuroligin that was not anchored in a bilayer did not show activity when applied at a concentration of up to 100 μg/ml (data not shown).
Our findings suggest that complexes of neuroligin-1 in the postsynaptic membrane induce presynaptic differentiation by recruitment of neurexin to cell–cell contact sites. To test whether neurexin clustering triggers the recruitment of synaptic vesicles, we transfected neurexin-1β with an extracellular vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) epitope tag into cultured hippocampal neurons. Overexpressed VSV–neurexin-1β was distributed all along the axonal plasma membrane of the transfected cells (data not shown). Rather than using neuroligin-coated beads, we directly clustered neurexin with anti-VSV antibodies that had been multimerized with a secondary antibody. Oligomerized antibodies induced patches of neurexin and an accumulation of synaptic vesicle proteins (Fig. 7a–c). Recruitment of synaptic vesicle markers occurred downstream of neurexin-1β in the transfected cell, and postsynaptic markers such as GluR2/3 were absent from such clustering-induced sites (Supplementary Fig. 5 online). Addition of anti-VSV antibodies that had not been multimerized by secondary antibodies did not show vesicle accumulation (Supplementary Fig. 5), suggesting that clustering of at least four neurexin molecules is required to induce recruitment of synaptic vesicles.
This activity was specific to neurexins and was not observed when other cell adhesion molecules were clustered by antibodies. We tested L1 and N-cadherin, both fused to the same VSV epitope-tag. Oligomerized VSV antibodies produced patches of L1 and N-cadherin, but did not induce an accumulation of presynaptic markers, indicating that the recruitment of vesicles depends on specific interactions downstream of neurexin (Fig. 7g–i and data not shown).
When a neurexin mutant lacking the cytoplasmic tail (which contains its PDZ-interaction domain) was clustered with oligomerized anti-VSV antibodies, the mutant protein formed patches at the cell surface similar to wild-type neurexin, but these patches did not accumulate synaptic vesicle proteins (Fig. 7d–f). Whereas synapsin accumulation was observed in 92 ± 3% of all clusters of wild-type VSV–neurexin, synapsin was only detected in 9 ± 4% of the clusters of the tail-deleted VSV–neurexin mutant comparable to what was seen with N-cadherin (10 ± 2%) and L1 (10 ± 3%) (n ≥ 140 puncta from ≥ 4 cells for each construct, Fig. 7j). This result supports the idea that the synaptogenic activity of neurexin critically depends on protein interactions with the cytoplasmic domain of neurexin, suggesting that extracellular clustering of neurexin leads to intracellular recruitment of scaffolding or signaling proteins in the axonal cytoplasm.
In our analysis of the molecular mechanism of neuroligin-induced synapse formation, we observed that overexpression of neuroligin stimulates pre- and postsynaptic differentiation in cultured hippocampal neurons, suggesting that neuroligin is a limiting component of the postsynaptic machinery involved in synapse formation. Neuroligin activity depends on its interaction with neurexins. We found that (i) endogenous neurexins are concentrated in synaptic terminals, (ii) postsynaptic multimers of neuroligin-1 are sufficient to trigger the recruitment of neurexin to newly forming synaptic sites and (iii) clustering of neurexin induces recruitment of synaptic vesicles.
The neurexin family of proteins was first identified as high-affinity receptors for the venom alpha-latrotoxin13. Although an involvement of neurexins in the latrotoxin response of neuronal cells is now well documented14,15 the subcellular localization and normal function of the neurexins are still unknown16-18. Using a newly generated neurexin antibody that recognizes most neurexin isoforms, we show here that neurexins are concentrated at synapses. Neurexin immunoreactivity was not completely restricted to synapses, so we cannot determine whether the additional non-synaptic neurexin pool consisted of specific non-synaptic isoforms, or whether most neurexins are localized to both synapses and non-synaptic regions of the plasma membrane. In either case, our data show that at least a subset of neurexin family members is concentrated at CNS synapses.
Neuroligin was originally isolated as a splice-specific ligand of beta-neurexins by affinity chromatography4. Using a functional in vitro assay, we previously demonstrated that neuroligins have a synaptogenic activity, but it remained unclear whether this activity of neuroligin was mediated through a neurexin6. We now provide strong evidence that neurexin functions as a neuroligin receptor in synapse formation: overexpression of neuroligin in neurons induced recruitment of neurexins to newly forming terminals and promoted the formation of synaptic specializations. This activity of neuroligin-expressing cells can be mimicked by purified neuroligin presented to axons in a fluid lipid bilayer on a bead. Mutations in neuroligin that inhibit neurexin binding or adhesion with neurexin-expressing cells reduce the synapse-promoting activity of the protein.
Moreover, our results indicate that lateral clustering has a critical role in neuroligin–neurexin signaling. Clustering of beta-neurexin in axons with multimerized antibodies is sufficient to trigger the accumulation of synaptic vesicles, whereas crosslinking of neurexin with monomeric antibodies is ineffective. This suggests a highly cooperative process in which a minimum number of beta-neurexins (at least four) must be clustered to result in productive signaling (Supplementary Fig. 6 online). These findings support a striking mechanistic analogy between the induction of synaptic differentiation in CNS neurons and synapse formation in the immune system where receptor clustering represents a crucial event in T-cell activation19.
How can the clustering of beta-neurexin trigger the assembly of presynaptic terminals? We found that for beta-neurexin to be active it must have an intact cytoplasmic C-terminal tail, which contains a PDZ-binding motif. This domain is known to interact with the cytoplasmic scaffolding molecules CIPP, CASK/Lin-2 and Mint/Lin-10/X11α8,9,20 and may interact with other proteins that have not yet been identified. The clustering of beta-neurexin monomers in the axon by neuroligin tetramers may either recruit specific downstream signaling components to the beta-neurexin at the forming contacts or activate signaling through components that are 'pre-bound' to beta-neurexin. In either case, the small neurexin clusters would provide the minimal nucleation site for assembling a presynaptic protein scaffold and, subsequently, the secretory apparatus (see model in Supplementary Fig. 6). Most of the cytoplasmic neurexin binding proteins are multivalent and can generate a scaffold with additional neurexin binding sites8,21. Thus, the initial complexes could be enlarged by recruitment of more beta-neurexins, and, subsequently, additional neuroligins, forming an expanding cell–cell contact. Such a model might also account for the fact that clustering of ephrinB by EphB receptors induces the recruitment of adapters and signaling molecules resulting in a retrograde signal transmitted into the ephrinB-expressing cell22-25.
Our model predicts that a beta-neurexin is localized to the presynaptic terminal. With the immunological reagents currently available to us, we cannot provide direct evidence for a presynaptic localization of beta-neurexin. Here, however, we report several lines of evidence that support such a localization: (i) a pan-neurexin antibody that recognizes alpha- and beta-neurexins shows that neurexin isoforms are concentrated at synapses and in axonal growth cones, (ii) clustering of endogenous neurexins with neuroligin-coated beads induces presynaptic specializations in the absence of postsynaptic elements and (iii) clustering of epitope-tagged beta-neurexin in axons with antibodies triggers the recruitment of synaptic vesicles. It is possible that individual neurexin isoforms show differential distribution over pre- and postsynaptic plasma membrane domains. To address this question, we are currently generating beta-neurexin-specific antibodies, and ultrastructural studies with our pan-neurexin antibodies are underway.
Whereas neuroligin–neurexin signaling is sufficient to promote synaptic differentiation, during development both molecules function in concert with several additional trans-synaptic signaling factors such as WNTs26, cadherins27,28, Ig-domain proteins29-31 and Eph receptors32. One factor whose function at least partially overlaps with that of neuroligin is the Ig-domain protein SynCAM30. Whereas neuroligin–neurexin interactions are heterophilic and therefore provide the synapse-induction process with directionality, SynCAM apparently functions through homophilic interactions. It is noteworthy that neurexin and SynCAM contain binding sites for the same cytoplasmic scaffolding proteins, indicating that they may converge on common downstream effectors. A common cytoplasmic scaffold may thus integrate adhesive and signaling cues from several extracellular pathways and allow for a stepwise assembly of trans-synaptic complexes. Future work should elucidate whether cross-talk between different adhesion and signaling system exists and, if so, how it contributes to the regulation of synapse formation and synaptic specificity in the CNS.
Neurexin antibodies. For the production of neurexin antibodies, female chickens were immunized with a recombinant neurexin–GST (glutathione S-transferase) fusion protein containing the cytoplasmic tail of neurexin-1. IgY was isolated from egg yolk with the Pierce Eggcellent kit, and antibodies were affinity purified by chromatography on columns carrying the neurexin cytoplasmic tail sequence fused to maltose binding protein. All experiments involving animals were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the Health Science Division at Columbia University.
Neuronal cultures and transfection. Cerebellar granule cells were isolated from mice at postnatal day 5 or 6 (P5/P6)33. For transfection, cells were resuspended at a density of 500,000 per ml in 150 μl of neurobasal medium containing 2 mM Glutamax, 2% B27 supplement (Invitrogen) and 5 ng/ml BDNF (Preprotech). DNA/lipid complexes were formed by incubation of 0.03 μl Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen) with 0.2 μg of DNA in 100 μl OptiMEM (Invitrogen) and added to the cell suspension. After 45 min incubation at 37 °C and 5% CO2, the cell suspension was plated into one well of an 8-well Lab-Tek Permanox chamber slide coated with polyornithin (Sigma) and Laminin (Invitrogen). After 2–4 h, 200 μl of culture medium containing penicillin and streptomycin (Invitrogen) were added. Cultures were generally maintained in vitro for 4–10 d before analysis.
Hippocampi were removed from embryonic day 18 (E18) rats and treated with trypsin for 20 min at 37 °C, followed by washing and trituration. Dissociated cells were plated at 100,000 cells/cm2 on poly-lysine-coated glass coverslips (Carolina Biologicals) and cultured in neurobasal medium supplemented with 2 mM Glutamax, and 2% B-27. Cells were transfected with Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen) 12–21 d after plating and analyzed 2–4 d after transfection.
Clustering of neurexin by beads or antibodies. Recombinant GPI-anchored neuroligin was expressed in HEK293 cells and isolated from cell lysates by chromatography on NTA-agarose (Qiagen). The protein bound to the column in phosphate-buffered saline containing 350 mM NaCl, 0.5% Triton X-100 and 6 mM imidazole. Unspecifically bound proteins were removed by extensive washing with PBS containing 1 M NaCl and 0.1% Triton X-100. The detergent was then switched to 25 mM octyl-glucopyranoside (Calbiochem), and bound protein was eluted with an imidazole gradient (10–200 mM). Peak fractions containing purified GPI-neuroligin were used for reconstitution into preformed liposomes composed of egg-Phosphatidylcholine (Avanti Polar lipids) by dialysis of octyl-glucopyranoside against PBS. The reconstituted material revealed a single protein band at the predicted size for GPI-neuroligin by silver staining, which showed immunoreactivity with specific antibodies directed against the hexa-histidine tag (data not shown). Purified GPI-anchored placental alkaline phosphatase was purchased from Sigma.
Coating of cleaned 5-μm silica beads with GPI-neuroligin containing liposomes was done using a method developed by J. T. Groves and colleagues (University of California, Berkeley), and beads were added to dissociated cultures of hippocampal neurons. In control experiments, the lipid bilayers were visualized with fluorescently labeled lipids (1,2-Dipalmitoyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphoetanolamine-N-(Lissamine Rhodamine B Sulfonyl); Avanti Polar Lipids), and the reconstituted protein was visualized in the bilayer by immunostaining. Cells were fixed and analyzed 24–72 h after addition of beads.
Vesicle turnover on beads was assayed 16 h after addition of beads to hippocampal cultures by incubating cultures for 5 min with a pre-warmed, isotonic depolarization solution containing 10 μg/ml of affinity-purified rabbit anti-synaptotagmin lumenal domain antibodies. After incubation, cultures were briefly washed three times with pre-warmed medium, fixed and processed for immunohistochemistry.
Anti-VSV antibody multimers were generated as previously described for EphB ligands34 by pre-incubation of 50 ng/ml anti-mouse Cy-3 antibody (Jackson Laboratories) with 500 ng/ml mouse anti-VSV antibody (Roche) in neuronal culture medium (neurobasal medium containing 2 mM Glutamax and 2% B-27 supplement). Antibodies were added to dissociated hippocampal cultures and analyzed 18–24 h after addition of antibodies.
Image acquisition and quantitation. Images were acquired with a Leica TCS NT or Zeiss LSM510 confocal microscope. Laserpower and photomultipliers were set such that no detectable bleed-through occurred between the different channels. Eight to ten sections were taken from top to bottom of the specimen and brightest point projections were made. Images were analyzed with OpenLab (Improvision) and Metamorph (Universal Imaging) software (see Supplementary Methods online for details) and processed using Adobe Photoshop software.
Neurexin binding assays and cell aggregation assays. The soluble neurexin-1–alkaline phosphatase fusion protein was expressed in HEK293 cells and collected in the culture medium. For binding assays, HEK293 cells in 35 mm dishes were transfected with various neuroligin expression constructs in triplicates. We removed the culture medium 36 h after transfection and added the fusion protein in Hank's buffered saline containing 2 mM CaCl2,1 mM MgCl2 and 5% fetal bovine serum. After incubation for 90 min at 4 °C, the unbound protein was removed quantitatively, and the bound protein was collected in a solution containing 1% Triton X-100 and 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0. Alkaline phosphatase activity was measured kinetically with 3 mg/ml para-nitro-phenyl-phosphate (Sigma) as substrate in a solution containing 100 mM Tris-HCl (pH 9.5), 50 mM MgCl2 and 100 mM NaCl.
For aggregation assays, 80% confluent PC12 cells were transfected separately with epitope-tagged neurexin-1 and neuroligin-1 or neuroligin mutants using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen). The cells were resuspended 36–48 h after transfection, carefully triturated, and mixed at a final density of 5 × 106 cells per ml. Cells were incubated in 1.5-ml microcentrifuge tubes at 37 °C with rotation in a total volume of 0.3 ml HBSS containing 10 mM CaCl2 and 20 mM MgCl2. At 0, 20, 40, 60 and 80 min, an aliquot was removed and aggregation determined by calculating N0 (number of particles at time 0) divided by Nt (number of particles at time t).
Analysis of neuroligin complexes. Recombinant soluble neuroligin was expressed in HEK293 as secreted protein with a C-terminal hexa-histidine tag. The protein was purified on NTA-agarose and eluted with a 10–200 mM imidazole gradient.
For chemical cross-linking, 1 μg of purified recombinant neuroligin-1 was incubated in phosphate-buffered saline for 30 min at ambient temperature with 20 μM BS3 (Pierce). The cross-linker was quenched by addition of Tris-HCl (pH 8.0) to a final concentration of 200 mM and cross-linking products were analyzed by western blot.
For native gel electrophoresis, HEK293 cells on 35-mm culture dishes were transfected with wild-type or mutant neuroligin expression vectors. Thirty-six hours after transfection, cells were washed with ice-cold phosphate-buffered saline and 150 μl of ice-cold lysis buffer was added: 20 mM Tris-HCl (pH 6.8), 50 mM NaCl, 5 mM MgCl2,2 mM CaCl2,2 mM DTT and 1% (w/v) Triton X-100 containing protease inhibitors "complete EDTA-free" (Roche). After 5 min incubation on ice, cell lysates were homogenized by repeated pipetting and centrifuged for 5 min at 14,000 r.p.m. The supernatants, which contained more than 95% of total neuroligin protein, were analyzed by electrophoresis (8 h, 60 V at 4 °C) in 8% poly-acrylamide gels; electrophoresis buffer contained 375 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.8), 0.5% Triton X-100 with 250 mM Tris-base and 190 mM glycine. Neuroligin complexes were detected by western blot.
For analysis of oligomers by co-immunoprecipitation, myc-tagged wild-type neuroligin-1 was co-transfected into HEK293 cells with HA-tagged wild-type or mutant neuroligin-1. Cells were lysed in 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.4), 100 mM NaCl, 1 mM CaCl2,1 mM MgCl2, 0.5% Triton X-100 and 1 mM DTT containing "complete EDTA-free" protease inhibitor cocktail (Roche) at 4 °C. Insoluble material was pelleted by 5 min centrifugation at 13,200g, and supernatants were incubated with 9E10 anti-myc antibodies for 1 h at 4 °C. Lysates were then re-centrifuged for 5 min and immune complexes in the supernatants were recovered on protein G sepharose (Pharmacia). Immunoprecipitates were washed twice with lysis buffer containing 0.1% Triton X-100 and analyzed by western blotting with anti-HA antibodies (Roche). Expression levels of both transfected proteins in the cell lysates were verified by western blotting with anti-HA and anti-myc antibodies.
Structural modeling. Sequence alignments between neuroligin-1 and mouse AChE were carried out using clustalX35. Homology modeling between aligned sequences was performed with MODELLER36. Figures showing the mouse AChE and modeled neuroligin-1 structures were generated with RIBBONS37.
A more detailed account of the methods and the DNA constructs and antibodies used in this study can be found in Supplementary Methods online.
We thank T. Serafini and M. Tessier-Lavigne for their generous support during the early phase of this project, N. Brose and F. Varoqueaux for anti-neuroligin-1 antibodies, and A. Broder for technical assistance. Beads coated with lipid bilayers were generated in collaboration with M. Baksh, S. Pautot, and J. Groves. We also thank J. Dodd, C. Mason, M-M. Poo and members of the Poo lab for support and sharing equipment, and O. Hobert, T. Jessell and M-M. Poo for comments on the manuscript. This work was supported by funds to P.S. from the Searle Scholar Program, the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the Esther A. & Joseph Klingenstein Fund and the Christopher Reeve Paralysis Foundation, and a grant from the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) to E.I. (R01MH60771). C.D. was supported by a NIH training grant.
Note: Supplementary information is available on the Nature Neuroscience website.
COMPETING INTERESTS STATEMENT The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.
PubMed Central Canada is a service of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) working in partnership with the National Research Council's national science library in cooperation with the National Center for Biotechnology Information at the U.S. National Library of Medicine(NCBI/NLM). It includes content provided to the PubMed Central International archive by participating publishers.


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Volkswagen has launched IPL edition models of their Polo hatchback and Vento mid-sized sedan as part of their two year sponsorship contract with India's premier T20 Cricket leage. The German car maker had launched similar special edition models of their cars last year as well. This year's models will have built-in enterainment systems wiht Satellite Navigation, social networking options for rear passengers, new floor mats and seat covers and a couple of IPL logos on door sills and on the boot.
Mr Neeraj Garg, Director, Passenger Cars, Volkswagen Group Sales India said: "Brand recall is still a challenge for Volkswagen in India. We hope the IPL will help us reach more people and improve our brand recall."
The company has a two-year sponsorship contract with the IPL. Last year, the company sold 2,000 units of the Vento IPL edition. "Last year, the IPL variants not only brought in customers to our showrooms, they also had a rub-off effect on our other brands."


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The Lincoln Lawyer (2011)
Actors:Josh Lucas , Marisa Tomei , Matthew McConaughey , Ryan Phillippe , William H. Macy , Laurence Mason
Directors:Brad Furman
MPAA Rating:R
In the gripping thriller "The Lincoln Lawyer," Matthew McConaughey stars as Michael "Mick" Haller, a slick, charismatic Los Angeles criminal defense attorney who operates out of the back of his Lincoln Continental sedan. Having spent most of his career defending petty, gutter-variety criminals, Mick unexpectedly lands the case of a lifetime: defending a rich Beverly Hills playboy (Ryan Phillippe) who is accused of attempted murder. However, what initially appears to be a straightforward case with a big money pay-off swiftly develops into a deadly match between two masters of manipulation and a crisis of conscience for Haller.
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I have installed WordPress in my website and it pulls up fine when I go go http://www.mysite.com/wordpress.
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This paper proposes a new modulation scheme using high-order harmonic information to solve the so-called ambiguity problem of interferometry. To start with, we build a fiber Fabry-Perot interferometer to serve as a displacement sensor, which has two operation modes - coarse and fine modes. Integrating the afore-developed sensor, a piezoelectric actuator, and a scheduled proportional-integral/adaptive-sliding controller, we construct a dual-stage nanopositioning system. The experimental results show that the proposed system has the capability to extend the positioning range beyond the limit of the wavelength while keeping the naturally high resolution, plusmn5 nm, of interferometry.
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WASHINGTON (July 8, 2013)--The federal budget deficit for the current fiscal year will shrink to $759 billion, the White House said Monday, more than $200 billion less than the administration predicted just three months ago.
The new figures Monday reflect additional revenues generated by the improving economy and take into account automatic, across-the-board spending cuts that the White House had hoped to avert.
The 2013 budget year, which ends on Sept. 30, will be the first of Mr. Obama's presidency in which the deficit won't exceed $1 trillion.
Mr. Obama inherited a struggling economy and record deficits.
A 2011 deficit-cutting deal with Republicans pared deficits somewhat, as did a tax hike enacted earlier this year on upper-bracket earners, but Mr. Obama has remained at odds with Republicans over cutting benefit programs and further tax increases.