text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Mar 12, 1996
|Filing date
|Aug 25, 1993
|Priority date
|Aug 25, 1993
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Ross A. Caputo, Phillip A. Martens
|Original Assignee
|Abtox, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (11), Non-Patent Citations (19), Referenced by (38), Classifications (18), Legal Events (12)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention generally involves biological indicators for gaseous sterilizing processes, and more particularly to the use of Bacillus circulans based biological indicators for gaseous oxidizing sterilants and sterilizing processes.
The U.S. Pharmacopeia XXII, Official Monograph, pp. 1625-1626 begins by defining a biological indicator as "a characterized preparation of specific microorganisms resistant to a particular sterilization process. It is used to assist in the qualification of the physical operation of sterilization apparatus in the development and establishment of a validated sterilization process for a particular article, and the sterilization of equipment, materials, and packaging components for aseptic processing. It may also be used to monitor a sterilization cycle, once established, and periodically in the program to revalidate previously established and documented sterilization cycles. It is in one of two main forms, each of which incorporates a viable culture of a known species of microorganism. In one the spores are added to a carrier (disk or strip of filter paper, glass, or plastic) and packaged so as to maintain the integrity of the inoculated carrier but, when used appropriately in the individual immediate package, so as to allow the sterilizing agent to exert its effect. In the other, the spores are added to representative units of the lot to be sterilized (inoculated product) or to similar units (inoculated similar product)."
A bit later, the Pharmacopeia, at p. 1626, states: "A particular strain of microbial spores selected for use as a biological indicator and resistant to one sterilization process may not necessarily be suitable for other sterilization processes or even differing sterilizing conditions of the same mode of sterilization."
State and federal legislation are severely restricting the amount of hazardous gases, such as ethylene oxide (a carcinogen), in working environments for the use of systems or methods that produce toxic residues or exhaust products. Ethylene oxide has been widely used in hospitals and other areas of the health industry for sterilization processes.
The use of plasma to sterilize containers was suggested in U.S. Pat. No. 3,383,163. Plasma is an ionized body of gas which may be generated by the application of an electromagnetic field to gas. The ionized gas can contact microorganisms on the surfaces of the items to be sterilized and effectively destroy the microorganisms.
Two recently issued patents, of common assignment herewith, use oxidizing gases for sterilization. U.S. Pat. No. 5,084,239, issued Jan. 28, 1992, inventors Moulton et al., describes a process in which an antimicrobial agent treatment is alternated with a downstream plasma treatment. The antimicrobial agent may be peracetic acid vapor under reduced pressure conditions. U.S. Pat. No. 5,115,166, issued May 19, 1992, inventors Campbell et al., describes a plasma sterilizing apparatus and method where an article to be sterilized is exposed to active species made from a plasma. The plasma is generated from a mixture of oxygen; argon, helium, and/or nitrogen; and hydrogen, or with a mixture of air and hydrogen, supplemented by oxygen or nitrogen to give the desired ratios.
While such sterilizing processes involving oxidizing gases effectively kill organisms, including spores, without damage to the articles being sterilized and with no toxic residues or emissions presenting environmental safety hazards, monitoring the process has posed a challenge due to the reduced resistance of various commonly used biological indicator organisms to such processes. Further, Bacillus stearothermophilus, which is recognized as an organism useful in biological indicators for steam sterilizations, has been found to have a curvilinear response curve to oxidizing gas sterilization processes. This is disadvantageous because inactivation of an indicator organism must occur in a predictable manner. Thus, the number of viable indicator organisms in a biological indicator should decrease exponentially with exposure time to allow the sterilization process time to be adjusted with an appropriate safety margin. Under the right conditions, sterilization can approximate first order kinetics, and thus allow sterilization cycle times to be readily determined. Thus, better bacteriological indicators, particularly those suitable for gaseous oxidizing sterilants and sterilizing processes, would be useful.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a biological indicator with close to first order death kinetics in gas sterilizing processes once the sterilizing agent has penetrated the packaging and has reached a substantially steady, high concentration in the vicinity of the organism spores.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a biological indicator with more consistent and relatively stable resistance to oxidizing gas sterilizing processes.
These and other objects of the present invention are provided in one biological indicator embodiment comprising a selected number of viable organism spores contained in a package. The organism is Bacillus circulans. The package is impenetrable to microorganisms (that is, substantially bacteria impermeable), but has a portion having sufficient permeability to let a sterilizing amount of vapor come into contact with the spores during vapor sterilizing processes.
In another aspect of the present invention, a method for monitoring a sterilizing process is provided whereby a biological indicator including a selected number of viable Bacillus circulans spores are exposed to a sterilizing gas, such as an oxidizing gas. The biological indicator is then removed, and the carrier incubated. The number of surviving spores can be determined under spore growth conditions.
Biological indicators using Bacillus circulans as the organism are advantageous in gas sterilizing processes since the organism is considered non-pathogenic, is stable enough to provide a relatively long shelf life when packaged, is easy to grow so that sterility tests can be performed using common techniques and materials, and has been found to have a higher resistance and more stable resistant pattern when compared to prior art organisms such as B. subtilis and B. stearothermophilus.
FIG. 1 graphically illustrates typical survivor curves for an embodiment of the invention and by comparison three other Bacillus organisms (B. subtilis, B. stearothermophilus, and B. pumilus) with the vertical axis being a logarithmic scale of survivors and the horizonal axis being time in minutes and where the process used was a synergistic exposure to two sterilants, one of which was peracetic acid vapor and the other of which was a plasma generated oxidizing gas mixture;
FIG. 2 compares survivor curves of Bacillus circulans and Bacillus subtilis in a sterilizing process where only peracetic acid vapor was used; and,
FIG. 3 is similar to FIG. 2 but in a sterilizing process where only a plasma generated oxidizing gas mixture was used.
Biological indicator embodiments of the invention must have spores of Bacillus circulans packaged to maintain integrity of the spores until the biological indicator is used for its intended purpose.
Bacillus circulans cultures are available, for example, from the American Type Culture Collection, 12301 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, Md. 20852. For example, among the B. circulans strains available are ATCC 61, ATCC 13403, and ATCC 21821, 21822 (subspecies n. proteophilus and n. biotinicus, respectively). The strain used to exemplify the present invention was obtained as ATCC 61.
Packages of the invention have at least a portion that is gas or vapor permeable, but bacteria impermeable. This portion may constitute the entire package, but more usually the package will be constructed of the portion and one or more other materials. The other material, when present, is usually gas and bacteria impermeable. Examples of impermeable materials suitable in forming part of the inventive packages include polyethylene, polypropylene, poly(vinyl chloride), and poly(ethylene terephthalate), usually in the form of film, sheet, or tube.
The portion that is permeable to gas or vapor, but impermeable to bacteria will typically be microporous with the volume average diameter of pores being in the range of from about 0.02 to about 0.5 μm. The words "gas" and "vapor" are used throughout as being substantially synonymous, but where "gas" may more clearly describe the active species generated from a plasma step. Suitable microporous materials include spunbonded polyethylene, spunbonded polypropylene, microporous polyethylene, and microporous polypropylene, usually in the form of film or sheet. Paper can also be used as the permeable portion for inventive embodiments. The thickness of the permeable material can vary, but usually will be in the range of from about 0.23 to about 0.65 mm. The gas or vapor permeable portion is configured so as to define at least one path for providing entry of sterilizing gas or active species from a plasma from the chamber in which sterilization is performed and into contact with the Bacillus circulans spores.
Packages of the invention can be formed with seams, joints, and seals made by conventional techniques, such as, for example, heat sealing and adhesive bonding. Examples of heat sealing include sealing through use of heated rollers, sealing through use of heated bars, radio frequency sealing, and ultrasonic sealing. Peelable seals based on pressure sensitive adhesives may also be used.
The package provides integrity for the enclosed organism during shelf life until use. Other microorganisms are prevented entry by the package as barrier, since other microorganisms could interfere with or confuse sterility determinations based on the expected number and type of organism spores. Thus, the organism spores within will be preserved in a condition so that subsequent laboratory analysis is meaningful and reliable.
Biological indicator embodiments of the invention preferably further include a carrier that is inoculated with the spores. As will be understood, the carrier is simply a means by which organism spores in a selected number are positioned within the package, and then subsequently analyzed for viability. Consequently, the carrier can vary widely in the choice of materials and shapes so long as the function as carrier is served.
It has been suggested that the type of product or carrier material inoculated can significantly affect the resistance of the biological indicator. The preferred filter paper carrier material has been shown to have excellent storage stability for embodiments of the invention. Preferred carriers are formed of materials such as filter paper, which can be readily macerated along with the carried spores if one wishes to perform survivor determinations.
The carrier, such as a preferred filter paper carrier, can be quite simply inoculated with spores by preparing an aqueous suspension with the desired spore concentration and pipetting aliquots onto the carrier. Thus, inoculation of carrier can be according to the USP XXII Bacteriostasis Test Method. Briefly, a suspension of Bacillus circulans spores in water is prepared so as to yield a desired number of spores per aliquot for inoculating a carrier such as filter paper.
Spores, rather than the vegetative form of the organism, are used because vegetative bacteria are known to be easily killed by sterilizing processes. Spores also have superior storage characteristics as they can remain in their dormant state for years. Thus, when sterilization of a standardized spore strain occurs from a sterilization process, such can provide a high degree of confidence that sterilization of bacterial strains in the sterilizing chamber has occurred. The Bacillus circulans spores of this invention may be placed into the package as a selected number as follows.
A selected number of spores are inoculated on the carrier. Before inoculating spores onto the carrier, a heat shock step is desirably performed. Heat shock is a sublethal thermal treatment given to spores to prepare the enzymatic reactions for germination. Thus, a preferred sequence is a heat shock step, cooling, diluting the liquid spore suspension, and then inoculating carriers. The following method can be used to prepare inoculated carriers and to perform a population count.
An inoculated disk is placed in a 10 ml dilution blank. Each disk is then macerated into a homogenous suspension and vortexed vigorously for a minimum of 15 seconds. Appropriate dilutions are then conducted and each is plated. TSA (Tryptic soy agar) may be used as the recovery (growth) medium. Between about 20 and 35 ml of agar is poured into each plate after the appropriate aliquot of the sample has been transferred. The plates are allowed to completely solidify, are inverted and incubated at 32�-37� C. for 24-48 hours. Plates that contain between about 30 and 300 colony forming units are counted and the average population per disk is calculated.
Biological indicators of the invention can optionally include one or more desired additional elements, such as to indicate when the biological indicator has already been used. For example, such optional means can take the form of a marker, preferably a visual marker such as dye or color changeable ink. An optional such additional element can be interior the package or carried on an exterior surface. Another optional component can be where the package is flexible and includes spore growth medium in a frangible, sealed vial. This variation can be used to test for sterilization without having to remove the carrier. Illustrations of several such variations are discussed by U.S. Pat. No. 4,743,537, issued May 10, 1988; U.S. Pat. No. 4,717,661, issued Jan. 5, 1988; U.S. Pat. No. 3,661,717, issued May 9, 1972; and U.S. Pat. No. 3,440,144, issued Apr. 22, 1969, all incorporated herein by reference. Thus, after sterilization the biological indicator package can be bent or squeezed in order to rupture the vial. The carrier is then exposed to the released growth medium and can be incubated without the necessity of removing the carrier from the package in order to monitor the biological indicator for growth. A visual means for indicating growth, such as pH indicator dye, can be included.
The inventive biological indicators were developed for preferred use with a synergistic, two-step oxidizing gas sterilization process. However, biological indicators of the invention are broadly useful with other gaseous sterilants and other gaseous sterilizing processes.
In the first step of the particular two-step process for which the invention was developed, an oxidizing gas, typically peracetic acid vapor, is introduced as a sterilant. In the second step of the process, active species made in a plasma using a mixture of argon, oxygen, and hydrogen gases are passed through a gas distribution manifold to allow ion-electron recombination and fast relaxation processes to occur, and the oxidizing gas mixture is then introduced into the sterilizing chamber. U.S. Pat. No. 5,115,166 particularly describes the plasma generated gas mixture while U.S. Pat. No. 5,084,239 describes a two-step process, one step of which can use peracetic acid vapor as sterilant. Both patents are hereby incorporated herein by reference.
Biological indicator embodiments of the invention were prepared as follows. Packages for the biological indicators were obtained from Baxter Laboratories as "Plastipeel Pouches." These pouches have an upper sheet of a gas permeable fabric of bound polyethylene fibers ("Tyvek"), which is already sealed on three edges and where the user seals the fourth edge, after insertion of the carrier, to a lower sheet of impermeable clear polyester film ("Mylar"). Filter paper disks (1/4 inch diameter Schleicher & Schuell 740E) were used as the carriers. Each disk was inoculated with 106 spores of viable organism. For comparative survivor curve experiments, each pouch contained two paper carriers, one with Bacillus circulans spores and the other with the organism for comparison, such as Bacillus subtilis. In comparing survivor curves and performing fraction negative analyses for spores of Bacillus subtilis and others with Bacillus circulans, heat seals were used to create separate compartments.
Exposure intervals for exposure to the sterilizing gas were chosen, and the biological indicators placed into a Plazlyte sterilizer (AbTox). Such an apparatus is substantially as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,115,166 and 5,084,239. The biological indicators were exposed to only a peracetic acid cycle, only a plasma cycle, or both cycles for the selected exposure required time intervals. The amount of peracetic acid vapor for a cycle used was approximately 2 mg/l, and the vapor was obtained by evaporating a peracetic acid solution. Thus, in addition to what is believed to be the primary gaseous oxidizing species of peracetic acid, the vapor also includes hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid (and water). The feed gas for the plasma generated gaseous mixture was argon, oxygen, and hydrogen, which was prepared with about 91.4% argon, 3.8% hydrogen, and 4.7% oxygen and for a cycle was flowed at a volume of about 5.5 standard l/min. The combined treatment (both sterilants) used peracetic acid vapor exposure for a time interval double that (and preceding) treatment with the plasma generated gas mixture. For example, the three minute exposure time involved exposing the carriers to peracetic acid vapor for two minutes and then subjecting them to the plasma process for one minute.
After exposing the biological indicators to the sterilizing gas treatment (the wall temperature was maintained at about 95� F.) the indicators were removed and tested for sterility.
Each pouch was cut open and each carrier was aseptically transferred to labelled, individual grind tubes. Each tube was vortexed until the carriers were macerated. Each macerated carrier was serially diluted using standard plate count techniques. The number of surviving spores (if any) were determined under spore growth conditions.
Survivor curves with the number of surviving spores being determined as a function of exposing step time were generated. D-values for the separate components were calculated using linear regression analysis. D-values (decimal reduction) are the time required at a given set of exposure conditions to reduce a specific population by 90%, and are the negative reciprocal of the slope of the line fitted to the graph of the logarithm of the number of survivors versus time.
Following the experimental methodology just described, data for biological indicator embodiments of the invention and comparative data were determined, as described below.
Using peracetic acid vapor as the sole sterilant, survivor curves and fraction negative analyses were generated for spores of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus circulans. Exposure times for enumeration were 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, and 18 minutes (and for fraction negative testing, exposure times were 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, and 24 minutes. After exposure, each biological indicator was tested for population or sterility and an additional three unexposed carriers from each microorganism were enumerated as positive controls. Table 1 sets out the average data from triplicate such experiments.
TABLE 1______________________________________Inventive Embodiment Comparative(Bacillus circulans) (Bacillus subtilis)______________________________________0 6.21 6.043 6.12 5.386 6.00 3.789 5.19 1.3412 2.82 1.0315 1.34 0.0318 1.10 -0.32______________________________________
D-values with peracetic acid vapor phase only were 3.0 minutes for B. circulans (and 2.2 minutes for peracetic acid vapor phase with B. subtilis).
The data of Table 1 is plotted in FIG. 2. These data show that Bacillus circulans is as resistant to peracetic acid vapor as B. subtilis, but with a major difference being the lag factor exhibited for Bacillus circulans at the shorter process exposures.
Another experiment similar to that described for Example 1 was performed (in triplicate), but where the inventive biological indicator embodiments and the comparative indicators were exposed to the plasma phase cycle only. The data from this experiment are set out in Table 2.
TABLE 2______________________________________Inventive Embodiment Comparative(Bacillus circulans) (Bacillus subtilis)______________________________________0 6.00 6.123 5.96 5.866 4.82 4.649 3.93 3.8812 2.41 2.0615 1.44 0.7918 1.18 0.70______________________________________
These data are plotted by FIG. 3 and demonstrate that Bacillus circulans is as resistant to the plasma processing cycle as Bacillus subtilis.
Another experiment was performed (in triplicate) in a similar manner to Examples 1 and 2 but where a peracetic acid vapor cycle was conducted followed by the plasma generated, oxidizing gas mixture cycle. In addition, comparison was made with two more organisms. Table 3 sets out these data while FIG. 1 graphically illustrates the typical survivor curve analysis of an inventive embodiment when compared to three other organisms.
TABLE 3______________________________________InventiveEmbodiment Comparative B. stearo-B. circulans B. subtilis thermophilus B. pumilus______________________________________0 6.54 6.05 6.16 5.793 6.27 3.87 4.19 3.776 5.49 2.85 2.92 19 4.22 2.2412 2.91 1.5615 1.16 0.58______________________________________
D-values for B. circulans in the combined process (peracetic acid vapor cycle followed by plasma phase cycle) were in the range of 1.7 to 2.4 minutes.
The population and resistance stability of biological indicator embodiments of the invention were investigated, since a known, predictable, stable level of resistance is important to be maintained over an adequate shelf life. Table 4 sets out the data taken from the biological indicator stability evaluations over an eight month storage time (ambient conditions).
TABLE 4______________________________________Lot Number Storage Time (Month) Spore Count* � 106______________________________________1 0 2 2.0 5 1.9 6 2.2 8 2.02 0 2 2.1 5 1.8 6 2.6 8 2.33 0 2 2.0 5 1.6 6 2.1 8 1.6______________________________________ *Reported population represents the averaged counts derived from a minimu quantity of six (6) individual BI's, each plated in triplicate.
This data indicates the ambient temperature storage stability of the B. circulans spores dried on paper carriers demonstrates storage stability for an eight month or longer product expiration date.
Biological indicator embodiments of the invention are contemplated to be an integral part of oxidizing gas sterilization cycle validation and routine monitoring programs and can be used quantitatively to demonstrate that sterilization has been achieved. The known population and resistance levels of inventive embodiments can be used to give sterilization assurances to any predetermined probability, and provide a known, predictable, stable level of resistance over a reasonable ambient temperature shelf life.
It is to be understood that while the invention has been described above in conjunction with preferred specific embodiments, the description and examples are intended to illustrate and not limit the scope of the invention, which is defined by the scope of the appended claims.
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|U.S. Classification
|435/31, 435/832, 435/835, 436/163, 435/242, 315/111.21, 436/1, 422/416
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Aug 25, 1993
Owner name: ABTOX, INC., A DE CORP., ILLINOIS
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:CAPUTO, ROSS A.;MARTENS, PHILLIP A.;REEL/FRAME:006679/0279
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text:
Hi all...this is my first attempt at getting into creating a theme for WordPress and I require a little assistance.
I'm creating a site where I will list events but want to enter the information into a post and then extract the information as separate segments (unless there is an easier way). My thinking is that it would be something along the lines of using certain tags and then creating a query to search for these tags and extract everything between. So if I had a 'price' field for example that I wanted to be formatted in a different way, contain this within tags <price>$4.00<price> so I can then format this exclusively.
Any thoughts on the best way of doing this?


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Easy Origami LITE
By Portable Monster LLC
Open iTunes to buy and download apps.
A collection of 5 projects for novice origami hobbyists, Easy Origami LITE features clearly illustrated step-by-step instructions. Developed for results, Easy Origami LITE's simplified interface will take away the guesswork of folding. Subjects range from the ultra-easy fish and penguin to more involved projects.
✓ Ability to email and print multiple 6x6 inch origami patterns.
✓ Ability to email and print instructional sheets for each project.
✓ Simplified step-by-step method and guide to explain each move.
Projects in Easy Origami LITE
★ 4 Pointed Star
★ Bow Tie
★ Fish
★ Jumping Frog
★ Penguin
What's New in Version 1.4
+ Universal app supports iPhone/iPad
- Free
- Category: Education
- Updated: 10 November 2011
- Version: 1.4
- Size: 15.3 MB
- Language: English
- Developer: Portable Monster LLC
- © 2011 Portable Monster LLC
Compatibility: Requires iOS 3.2 or later. Compatible with iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch.


text:
The petroleum industry is seeing its market shrink as vehicle fleet mileage improves and transportation technologies evolve. On top of this, the ethanol industry displaced 10% of gasoline ostensively as an oxygenate to replace MTBE poison. The Renewable Fuels Standard (RFS) sets the course toward 20-25 percent of U.S. motor fuel consumption being met by ethanol by mandating 36 billion gallons of production. The RFS is a knife poised at the gut of the petroleum industry, and they are aggressively pushing back with their considerable resources and talent at shaping public opinion. They have mounted an extensive campaign to discredit ethanol.
Ethanol may cost consumers and taxpayers less, produce American jobs and allow us to retire aircraft carriers from cruising the Persian Gulf, produce clean air and sing "God Bless America" when it goes in the fuel tank -- and the petroleum industry is not going to care. They will lie, cheat and pay politicians to stop the RFS and block E-15 because that is exactly what they are doing. They care only about one thing; defending their share of the motor fuel market at the gas pump. The corn-based share of the RFS is 15 billion gallons at the max and the industry is producing over 13 billion gallons, almost there.
U.S. gasoline is limited to a 10 percent ethanol blend, and E-10 demand has maxed out before the 15 billion gallon RFS has been reached. We need to go to E-15 to have the consumer access to consume more ethanol to meet the corn based RFS and to expand the ethanol market to accommodate advance biofuels. They call this the blending wall. There is absolutely nothing wrong with E-15; they use E-25 in all vehicles in Brazil, but the petroleum industry has done everything that they can to conjure risk in E-15 as a roadblock to defend their market share. The opposition to E-15 is commercially motivated, and the arguments against E-15 are totally fabricated and contrived.
The oil industry has a lot of influence and skill at manipulating everything from the AAA to politicians to try to influence the EPA. The difference between E-10 and E-15 is another 5 percent loss of market share of the motor fuel market to them, so they threw up every road block to E-15 that they can think of. So far, they have had only limited success, as they have slowed, but not stopped E-15 and blender's pumps, because the EPA has given limited clearance of E-15. They have challenged E-15 in the courts, lost, appealed and lost again. Federal judges are harder to buy than politicians.
The Grocery Manufacturers Association (GMA) led the lawsuit against E-15, absolutely worried to tears that consumers may be damaged by ethanol. Yeah, like they care about which fuel we can buy. They have other motivation. While the cellulosic ethanol RFS means nothing to the GMA, it is the stick poking the eye of the American Petroleum Institute (API).
Tom Waterman, Ethanol Monitor Editor noted, "There is a reason Big Oil is trying to unseat the RFS - they are very worried. When cellulosic ethanol production becomes a reality - this year in fact - it will be too late as Americans and politicians will have a front row seat - and the tide will have turned. Concerns about E15 have driven a campaign from Big Oil to impede in every way possible, any increase in ethanol use, in order to protect its monopoly. All that comes from Big Oil representation is how America doesn't need biofuels to be energy independent - just fossil fuels. But E-15 is not the biggest concern - no, that's reserved for advanced biofuels, and the impact it would have on oil consumption - particularly gasoline. It removes one of the biggest obstacles and arguments used against biofuels - the impact on food prices."
"Despite a global recession, the cellulosic biofuels industry now has facilities and projects under development in more than 20 U.S. states representing billions of dollars in private investment. Enzyme costs are down 80 percent in the last decade and cellulosic biofuels are being produced for $2.00/gallon or less today. The cellulosic biofuels industry has reached the commercial deployment phase."
Cellulosic advanced biofuel commercialization is progressing to the degree where it is starting to look like it will amount to something. Poet and Dupont are moving ahead with corn stover plants. Cellulosic ethanol will soon be coming to market in commercial quantities. The EPA may have to modify the RFS to accommodate the pace of development, but not like the oil industry wants. The petroleum industry is likely to get desperate and shrill in their opposition to ethanol, as every gallon of ethanol produced displaces a gallon of gasoline, and 36 billion gallons is a lot.
Congress re-authorized the $1.01/gallon advanced biofuel subsidy in the fiscal cliff package, and that will be a carrot to new production. The petroleum industry will continue to beat the biofuel industry with as big a stick as it can find.
David Kruse is president of CommStock Investments,Inc., author and producer of The CommStock Report, an ag commentary and market analysis available daily by radio and by subscription on DTN/FarmDayta and the Internet. CommStock Investments is a registered CTA, as well as an introducing brokerage.


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It was a different kind of challenge for freshman Auburn pitcher Keegan Thompson. And he answered it in the sound and fury of Sewell-Thomas Stadium on Friday night, pitching two shutout innings in relief as the Tigers beat No. 10 Alabama 2-1.
Click here for the original story.
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Bloom's Taxonomy
This taxonomy classifies levels of "intellective behaviours". It is argued that gifted students should be focussing on the higher-level skills which appear on the scale. (Anderson, K., 2000, p.48). In the course of language learning, students are required to work at several of these levels (which is, perhaps, why learning a foreign language is often seen as a good method of extension for gifted students).
The levels,as follows, are from Lymbery, J., personal communication, October 9, 2009, with my additions in italics, showing where some typical language learning activities fit into the scale. (Note that various versions of the taxonomy use slightly different terminology):
- Remember
To recall, name, define
Learning vocabulary and grammatical rules
- Understand
To explain or restate more fully
Getting students to explain grammar/structures, in their own words
Research projects on a region/element of French life/culture
- Apply
To demonstrate; to put into practice
Using the target language to read, write, listen or speak
Being told how to form a tense, and making the examples yourself
- Analyse
To think more deeply; to investigate
Deducing a grammatical rule from given examples
Guessing the meaning of a word based on context
Using your native language to help you to understand a word in the target language
Using a 'bottom up' approach to listening or reading (ie looking at the meaning of each word before considering how they fit together)
- Design
To create new ideas or perspectives
In some versions of Bloom's taxonomy (eg Anderson, 2000, p.48), this level is called 'synthesis'. This is required of all language learners, as they must manipulate the individual parts of a sentence, according to the rules which govern the language, and bring them together in order to create a sentence which conveys meaning.
- Evaluate
To determine the quality of the product or process
Students may be instinctively doing this when making comparisons between the target language and their native language, and the differences in expression.
When translating, deciding which word best converys your meaning, looking at nuance/connotations
Justifying opinions which they or other people have expressed
However, I found it more difficult to create specific activities which allowed for the use of these skills.
Especially with junior classes, I found that most of the content of my lessons was focussed on 'remember' and 'apply' style work. At this stage, students have little vocabulary or syntactic knowledge, so they spend a lot of time learning vocabulary and phrases, and practising these. Extra activities which I used with year 10 students encouraged more comparison between their native language and the target language. This takes students up to the 'analyse' (and possibly 'evaluate') level. However, thus far, I have not worked out ways for junior students to actually use the target language for designing or evaluating.
I believe that gifted senior students (particularly Y12 and 13) should be at a stage where they can complete topic-based tasks in which they are required to design or evaluate. See, for example, the ideas for independent study, which could be completed in the target language.
Here are some possible task types for the various levels, taken from Chalmers, A., personal communication, August 7, 2009 (Creating the Thinking Classroom, 2009, ITC Publications Pty Ltd, p.28):
- Remember
List all the...
What is...?
- Understand
Describe in clear, logical steps...
Using words, pictures and icons, restate what you know about...
- Apply
Using your knowledge of..., construct...
Construct a flow chart for...
- Analyse
From at least 4 people's viewpoint, analyse...
Compare and contrast...
List the pros and cons of...
- Evaluate
Choose and justify a theme song for...
Rank the following from... to most...
Debate the issue....
- Create
Design an improved... for...
Develop an argument to persuade people...
Links for Bloom's Taxonomy
Extending Children's Special Abilities – Strategies for primary classrooms
More examples of question starters, with ideas for activities. Although it is made for primary classrooms, I believe these activities would be more suitable for senior language students to do, in the target language. Taken from Dalton, J. & Smith, D. (1986).
Bloom's taxonomy
With examples of verbs for each of the levels of "intellective behaviours".
The Enrichment Triad Model
This was developed, by Renzulli, for use in Primary schools, but has been adapted for secondary. It would be particularly useful for independent study', as I find it more difficult to apply when teaching discrete language items.
It proposes three types of enrichment:
- General exploratory activities
"a wide range of experiences and activities in order to introduce a variety of topics"
eg media, guest speakers...
Goes beyond the curriculum so that students can find areas of interest
- Group training activities
To give students the skills they need to carry out investigations, and develop "a range of thinking and feeling processes"
eg creative-thinking, decision-making, research skills
As a result, they can "deal more effectively with advanced, differentiated content" (Riley, 1996, p.188)
- Individual and small-group investigations of real problems
Touted as the most suitable for gifted students
Students investigate real problems
They 'produce' knowledge
They are encouraged to "select appropriate audiences" for their final product
The process is cyclical, so students may move backwards and forwards between stages.
Pictorial format showing possible progressions through the stages
While I feel that this model would be hard to apply in the language classroom in general, it would be useful for the independent study suggested. For example, the class could do some research on cultural differences across several areas of everyday life. They could then do some structured comparison in groups. Finally, gifted students could continue with an independent study project (perhaps with a learning contract) either while the class was revising previous concepts, or simply in the spare time which they have during class, when they have completed their work.
Gardner's Multiple Intelligences (1983)
As Neisser et al. (1996, as cited in McInerney & McInerney, 2006, p.72) state: "A given person's intellectual performance will vary on different occasions, in different domains, as judged by different criteria" (my emphasis).
The multiple intelligences proposed by Gardner (in McInerney & McInerney, 2006, p.72) are as follows, with my additions of language-related skills in italics:
- logical mathematical
numbers, reasoning and problem solving
picking patterns in the way in which language is used and creating rules; using context to judge which are appropriate solutions (eg in listening or reading)
- linguistic
language, arts, speaking, writing, reading and listening
speaks for itself!
- musical
songs, rhythms, instruments and musical expression
sensitivity to pronunciation, intonation, word stress
- spatial
learning visually, organising things spatially
- bodily kinaesthetic
physical activity
- interpersonal
responding to the emotional state of others and being people-oriented
reading body language in conversation (communicative competence)
- intrapersonal
understanding and monitoring one's own emotional and physical states
when adapting to new cultural situations
- naturalist
understanding and relating to the plant and animal worlds
- existentialist
reflective thought and philosophising
study Sartre?!
For an example of a task which incorporates several of these intelligences, see the choice grid.
Anderson, K. (2000). Gifted and Talented Students: Meeting Their Needs in New Zealand Schools. Wellington: Learning Media.
McInerney, D. & McInerney, V. (2006). Educational Psychology: Constructing Learning. New South Wales: Pearson Prentice Hall.


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I have five year old boy and girl twins. They always take baths together. They have an older brother, so the girl twin gets treated like one of the boys as far as her brothers are concerned. They wrestle with her and twist her nipples. Is their a time when I should explain that she is different and have them treat her accordingly?
boys and girls bathing together
I don't know how old your girl twins are but I would say the twisting of nipples needs to stop, imo. That's just not something I would condone for a boy or a girl, but especially your girl.
I have a 6 yo ds and 5 yo dd and they do take baths together. Some people would say that's too old, but we're pretty open and they still prefer to bathe together. I figure when one or both is uncomfortable, then they will let me know. I still supervise them and nothing inappropriate has ever happened--other than the normal noticing of different parts, kwim? Heck, they both still run around the house naked as jaybirds so taking a bath isn't much different. lol
Follow your heart.� The people that mind don't matter and the people that matter don't mind.
I stopped bathing my kids when my ds was 5. When his baby sister started to grab for his "boy parts" and ask "what's that?" I had to stop. I took that as a sign.
Lari Ann
Mom to:
Braydon 4/22/99 and Abigail 1/21/04
Mine still bathe together if they want to, but we have talked many times about "private areas" that are not to be touched by ANYONE, except a medical doctor or Mom or Dad. So they're pretty good about leaving each others' parts alone.
I posted on a similar thread, but since we're in Holland, nudity isn't a big whoop here. So they'll bathe together if they want until they no longer fit in the tub! Reminds me of that Shel Silverstein poem:
There's too many kids in this tub,
There's too many elbows to scrub.
I just washed a behind that I'm sure wasn't mine!
There's too many kids in this tub.
t & hrh
My son is 9, my daugther is 7. They bathed together until really recently, but now the tub just isn't really big enough for them both to get clean in there together. They still often play together while one of them is in the tub and the other is not. My son is starting to want some privacy sometimes, when changing clothes, etc., so I think the era of having company in the tub will end soon.
My kids don't bathe together anymore. My oldest is 6. They all still sleep in the same room, and will for probably another year or two. Hopefully we'll have a bigger place by then....
sahm to Elizabeth (10) Joseph (8) and Catherine (5)
Mine stopped for the most part when they were 7 (dd) and 5 ds. My dd is now 8 and my odd is 3. Sometimes they will bathe together. For the girls stop bathing with my son b/c there was always a huge mess when he was in the tub with any of the others. Since then, there have been a few times that I've put them all in together like after doing slip n slide when they are all dirty and cold and wet.
They each have had a few turns taking a bath with the baby now that she is using the tub, but for the most part, I put her in alone. The others are so busy wanting to be by her that it takes me forever to get her bathed.
Emerald Mommy to my awesome monsters
Makenzie 11, Clayton 9, Ivy 6,� Fallyn� 3, Kaity 17 & Zoe 8
I think it is perfectly fine for them to bathe together at this time. It's time to stop bathing together when their bodies start changing. That being said, I would not allow mutual touching of private areas.
LOL, that poem is so cute. Yeah, I think they will demand there privacy when they are ready.
I'm kinda like a big deal. Google me.
my older boys are 10 and almost 8 and they shower seperately. my daughter is 5 almost 6 and she would rather take a shower with me or a bath with her 2 yr old brother. she doesn't like to be in the tub alone for some reason. i wouldn't feel comfortable with my 5 yr old daughter and 7 yr old son in the tub together though. i don't know. my brother and i are almost 2 years apart and we took baths together for a long time. probably until about 2nd grade. it wasn't bad except me torturing him (i'm the oldest)
when you are starting to feel its time to seperate them during bath time i would just start asking them if they want to take a bath together or by themselves. maybe you can get them their own stuff they can use. my daughter even though she's only 5 loves all that spa stuff i use so i get her all the little girl stuff from bath and body works. if you make it more like a girl bath maybe your son won't want to be in ther with her. and maybe if your daughter has a choice of playing with brother or using her good smelling stuff.
Momof Ev&K:
Yoou need to stop the bathing together. Your son has already told you he wants privacy-so why ignor him? Priovacy means in the bath also mom-not just in changing. Perhaps you're not comfortable with him growing up-but you need to do some growing up also and let the boy have his privacy-peroid.


text:
I have a post in the following categories:
- - Texas
- Racket Sports
- - Tennis
- - Squash
So when I list those categories in the post using the_category I would like them to be displayed as follows (also, note I would like the parent categories removed)
USA | Texas | Racket Sports | Squash | Tennis
I can't - for the life of me - figure out how to do this. The main issue here is ordering the parent and sub-cats. At the moment using the_category it orders as follows:
Country | Racket Sports | Sport | Squash | Tennis | Texas | Texas | USA
i.e in alphabetical order with no regard to the parent/sub category order.


text:
Read an Excerpt
DB walked up the stairs and along the corridor, past the dentist's office and the lawyer's office, until he hit the door reading Black's Private Investigations.
Turning the door knob, he was brought up short by the fact that it was locked. Right. He'd had to let Ginny go and her last day had been Friday. He was on his own for phones, bills, filing, everything. Happy Monday to him.
A new outfit had rolled into town six weeks ago, all shiny and new with all the latest gadgetry and about fifty fucking employees. He knew he wasn't the only PI hurting a little. He'd manage, though, he always did.
Digging through his pockets, he found his keys and let himself in.
The place looked the same as it always did: secretary's desk at the end of the room next to the door to his office, a half dozen chairs that actually matched. It had been eight, but he'd had to throw out two. One had a bum leg and the other had been destroyed by the kid of one of his clients. Little brat had sat there and picked at the pleather covering the seat until it finally gave way. He'd have added the cost to the mother's bill, but he felt bad for her--asshole husband not only cheated but hid all their assets, leaving her high and dry.
People sucked.
The one plant the office boasted looked kind of droopy, and God only knew how old the magazines were, but there was a little water cooler with a paper cup dispenser, and tissue boxes here and there. The place didn't look as near to the bone as it was.
Activating the door ringer, DB grabbed the appointment book off Ginny's desk and headed into his office, leaving the connecting door open.
His office was nicer--he had windows and a bigmahogany desk, an oak chair for clients and a comfy one behind the desk for himself. The filing cabinets had a fake wood finish, but they blended well enough they didn't overpower the room.
He turned on his computer and sat, flipping through the appointment book as he tugged a Camel out of his shirt pocket.
"You're late," a voice behind him said. "And you shouldn't smoke in the office."
He tried very hard not to jump at the voice. "What? No good morning? No how are you today?" He lit up, taking a long drag. Better than fucking coffee, that was. "Besides, it's my office."
"So you say." There was a long pause and the voice turned a little whiney. "Seriously, don't do that. It's rude."
Rude. Right. DB rolled his eyes and sat back. He took another drag and started to blow smoke rings.
"Show off." There was a long-suffering sigh and then, "Good morning. How are you today? Where the hell is Ginny? Why isn't there any coffee? Are we going to work today?"
God, he hated it when Jesse only half followed along. "I have a headache. Ginny doesn't work here anymore, which is why there's no coffee--you don't drink coffee anyway so why are you complaining? We sure as hell had better be working today or we won't have an office anymore, either. Why the hell am I saying we? I. I better be working or I won't have an office. And stop hovering over my shoulder--you know I hate that!"
"And I hate you flaunting your lovely nicotine at me! Can't smoke, either." Jesse came out from behind him and moved to the client chair, sitting down with the same careful precision he always used when he was acting normal. He looked pretty solid today, too, instead of half-there. "I liked the smell of Ginny's coffee, is all," he said, eyeing the latest smoke ring as it floated above his head.
"I'm not flaunting, I'm smoking. There's a difference." Okay, so maybe the smoke rings had been showing off. But it just wasn't right for a ghost to nag you over your bad habits. "And you're going to have to get used to the smell of just Starbucks again 'cause Ginny's gone until business picks up." He tapped the appointment book. "We've--I--have a lady coming in today at eleven." Which gave him--he glanced at his watch--about five minutes to smoke his cigarette and spray the air freshener around.


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An Introduction to Wolf Spiders
The Wolf spider (also known as the 'hunting spider' and the 'ground spider') is from the Lycosidae family. 'Lycosidae' meaning 'Wolf' in Greek. They most likely got their name due to their wolf-like stalking and chasing of prey.
Wolf spiders are typically large and hairy and are a mix of black, brown and grey in color. They are dangerous to humans as they are poisonous, however, their venom is not lethal.
|Usually dark brown, often with paler (or sometimes yellow) stripes or markings
|Stout-robust body with long, spiny legs
|3/8 – 1 3/8" (female) 1/4 – 3/4" (male)
|Found throughout U.S.
Origins of Wolf Spiders
Wolf spiders fact can be found worldwide, but are most commonly found in Australia. They are distributed widely across inland regions due to their ability to disperse aerially as young spiders over large distances.
A fully grown wolf spider is usually around a half an inch to two inches in length. Their bodies are low to the ground, which makes them look like that they're always on the prowl for prey, and have markings that resemble a Union Jack. The wolf spider has eight eyes in three rows: the top row features two medium-sized eyes, the middle row two very large eyes and the lower row has four small eyes.
Wolf spiders hunt day or night wandering for prey, like insects and small spiders. They mainly use their sight to locate prey, but also by touch. Their front legs are used to grab hold of prey and then bite, crushing it with their powerful mouthparts.
Wolf spiders dig holes or live under rocks. When it gets colder in the fall they look for warm places and can be found in and around homes, for example, around doors, windows, plants, and in basements and garages.
The mother Wolf spider carries her eggs around in a large silk sac on her abdomen. She usually lays a dozen eggs at a time. After hatching, the newborn spiders ride around on their mother's back for a week.
Wolf spiders can live up to two years.
Quick Facts About Wolf Spiders
- Wolf spider's fang-like mouthparts are called the 'chelicerae'.
- When a Wolf spider grows to an adult, it sheds its skin several times.
- There are more than 2000 species of Wolf spider.
- There are 125 species of Wolf spider in the US, 50 in Europe.
- The Wolf spider was mentioned in Aristotle's 'History of Animals'.
- Wolf spiders do not make webs.
- Wolf spiders have an acute sense of touch


text:
Interactive LearningWare 18.2
provides a review of the concepts that are important in this
The drawing shows three point charges fixed in place. The charge at the coordinate origin has a value of q1= +9.00 µC; the other two have identical magnitudes, but opposite signs: q2 = -7.00 µC and q3 = +7.00 µC.
(a) Determine the net force (magnitude and direction) exerted on q1 by the other two charges.
direction__________________° (measured counter clockwise from the x-axis)
(b) If q1 had a mass of 1.10 g and it were free to move, what would be its acceleration?
Please show steps!


text:
A lot of the arguments here feel to me like "trying to shame minorities into not having a spine, because things were so much easier when they knew their places."
Type: Posts; User: the4thpip
A lot of the arguments here feel to me like "trying to shame minorities into not having a spine, because things were so much easier when they knew their places."
Are you saying hurt feelings don't matter?
Also: A mansplained argument has no strength, so your point is moot.
If Obama was the first African-American president, Cruz could become the first Cuban-Canadian prez!
The task of replacing Jon Stewart just became a lot easier:
Ted Cruz to announce presidential run
Ideally, the more people understand the meaning of the -splaining suffix, the more it will become a very useful buzzword like "bullying" (although I know from frustrating experience on this board...
Working my way through Dickens' "David Copperfield" and quite loving it.
Can't we just agree to go with the dictionary definition instead of your own personal one? Because (a) it's really hard for us go guess what your own personal definition of any given word is, which...
You reverse-win the internet for that ignorant statement.
When people have their prejudice pointed out, and their privilege, and their arrogance; it often feels to them like prejudice against them. It's all part of a behavior pattern designed to prevent...
A lot of the words in my post, and even some of the words in your post, have different meanings than you think they do.
What we have here, is a failure to communicate.
I usually agree with that, but it's harder with this subject than usually when the topic includes why different groups of people don't communicate well, and the same patterns that the thread is about...
Let's just call one group Group ( ) and the other Group ( .... ); it'll be easier!
One kind of has to to navigate society and survive.
Also, the "-splaining" meme is not about Group A explaining their needs to Group B. It's about Group A explaining Group B's needs to Group B.
My gut feeling is still that Land's hairstyle choice came first (because it is such a "Land look") and then Ewing figured "I can work with that" and came up with the plot line. And with all the...
Have you read Loki, Agent of Asgard?
He's arguably Marvel's most high-profile queer character, and they don't come more tarnished than the God of Lies.
Phyla-Vell somehow managed to be both...
A supporter is not gonna get "vitriol and abuse."
But if you're mansplaining, and whitesplaining, and straightsplaining and confuse that with support... chile, you better duck and cover.
I forget which issue it was, but a young African American mother with a little girl walked up to Monica and thanked her for finally relaxing her hair, as her daughter was a huge Spectrum fan and had...
Don't confuse anger with hate.
I hate hate, but I'll defend anger till the day I die.
I think those people whose internalized privileged makes them feel victimized so quickly is never, ever gonna be much of an ally, and good riddance.
There is nothing wrong with anger.
Very few, if any, wrongs in society ever got changed without people getting angry first.
Wish The Man still let us post videos, but here is a link:...
When did "hyped" and "buzzworthy" become the same thing? How can you even hear a buzz over the hype machine's noise?
I think it came down to Greg Land finding it harder to trace curls and kinky hair.
Did you read the issue of Mighty Avengers where the issue of her hair is actually brought up? I thought that was...
Come to think of it, hadn't they announced a series called "Unworthy" to focus on Odinson? Those plans seem to be scrapped. I think the reason we're not getting tales of how heroic Odinson can be...
I see that as one (possible) part of it, though sales figures tell us that it very rarely seems to be working.
The other aspect is that we now have more female, queer, black, Asian, Turkish,...


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Coupon Drop Down. How to Remove? (Uninstall Guide)
What is Coupon Drop Down?
Coupon Drop Down (can also be found as CouponDropDown) is totally annoying adware-type program, which is used for causing tons of commercial ads. These ads should appear on your PC's desktop only when using such websites as eBay, Amazon and similar shopping sites. However, there are hundreds of PC users who claim that Coupon Drop Down ads are appearing during each of their search sessions. Please, be careful with them because the most of them are displayed on your computer because of trying to redirect people to predetermined websites that are seeking to increase their page rank or sales. So, after clicking on any of these ads (they are usually displayed in a form of underlined words, banners, in-text links, etc.), you may be redirected to websites that may be filled with suspicious content. Besides, you should also keep in mind another thing related to this program and that thing is Coupon Drop Down's ability to track PC users and collect personally non-identifiable information about them. Beware that this program may collect your search terms, mostly visited websites, data that you enter when visiting them, your PC's IP address, location, etc. After doing so, it may share it with unknown parties. That's why we think that you shouldn't keep Coupon Drop Down on your computer. If this program has already become really annoying application that causes only unwanted interruptions during each of your browsing sessions, you should check your machine with updated anti-spyware and see what it finds. We recommend running a full system scan with one of these programs: Reimage (Windows OS) or Webroot SecureAnywhere AntiVirus (Windows and Mac OS X).
HOW CAN Coupon Drop Down hijack MY COMPUTER?
Coupon Drop Down is distributed via several methods. You can download it voluntarily from its official website, but it can also be downloaded in one pack with freeware and shareware. 1ClickDownload, Yontoo and FBPhotoZoom are especially known to promote this application. You should know that this unfair method of distribution can be easily stopped by unclicking Coupon Drop Down and other optional installs during the installation process of a program. However, if it gets inside, this adware modifies the system and starts showing its commercial ads that are filled with various coupons, offers, promotions and deals. If you are one of these people who can't stand this program or you haven't installed it by yourself, you should remove Coupon Drop Down from the system without any delay.
HOW TO REMOVE Coupon Drop Down virus?
In order to get rid of Coupon Drop Down, you should firstly uninstall it from your computer manually. Besides, you should also look for these programs and, if detected, uninstall them from your computer: Online HD TV Toolbar: Online HD TV, PutLockerDownload, TornTV, Yontoo, 1ClickDown, 1ClickDownloader, FB Photo Zoom, GoPhoto.it, HDvid Codec, IB Updater, Incredibar Toolbar, OneClickDownload, OneClickDownloader. For that, use these steps that are given below or run one of anti-spyware programs that can also be found in this article:
You can remove Coupon Drop Down automatically with a help of one of these programs: Reimage, Malwarebytes Anti Malware. We recommend these applications because they can easily delete potentially unwanted programs and viruses with all their files and registry entries that are related to them.
Step 2. Remove Coupon Drop Down from Mac OS X
Step 3. Remove Coupon Drop Down from Internet Explorer
Step 4. Remove Coupon Drop Down from Mozilla Firefox
Step 5. Remove Coupon Drop Down from Google Chrome
Step 6. Remove Coupon Drop Down from Safari
Remove Coupon Drop Down from Windows 7 / Vista / XP systems
- Click Start → Control Panel → Programs and Features (if you are Windows XP user, click on Add/Remove Programs).
Remove Coupon Drop Down from Windows 10 / Windows 8 systems
- If you are Windows 10 / Windows 8 user, then right-click in the lower left corner of the screen. Once Quick Access Menu shows up, select Control Panel and Uninstall a Program.
- Here, look for Coupon Drop Down or any other recently installed suspicious programs.
- Uninstall them and click OK to save these changes.
Remove Coupon Drop Down from Mac OS X system
If you are using OS X, click Go button at the top left of the screen and select Applications.
Wait until you see Applications folder and look for Coupon Drop Down or any other suspicious programs on it. Now right click on every of such entries and select Move to Trash.WindowsMac OS XInternet ExplorerFirefoxGoogle ChromeSafari
Remove Coupon Drop Down from Internet Explorer (IE)Remove dangerous add-ons
- Open Internet Explorer, click on the Gear icon (IE menu) on the top right corner of the browser and choose Manage Add-ons.
- You will see a Manage Add-ons window. Here, look for Coupon Drop Down and other suspicious plugins. Disable these entries by clicking Disable:
- Click on the gear icon (menu) on the top right corner of the browser and select Internet Options. Stay in General tab.
- Here, remove malicious URL and enter preferable domain name. Click Apply to save changes.
- Click on the gear icon (menu) again and select Internet options. Go to Advanced tab.
- Here, select Reset.
- When in the new window, check Delete personal settings and select Reset again to complete Coupon Drop Down removal.
Remove Coupon Drop Down from Mozilla Firefox (FF)Remove dangerous extensions
- Open Mozilla Firefox, click on the menu icon (top right corner) and select Add-ons → Extensions.
- Here, select Coupon Drop Down and other questionable plugins. Click Remove to delete these entries.
- Click on the Firefox menu on the top left and click on the question mark. Here, choose Troubleshooting Information.
- Now you will see Reset Firefox to its default state message with Reset Firefox button. Click this button for several times and complete Coupon Drop Down removal.
Remove Coupon Drop Down from Google ChromeDelete malicious plugins
- Open Google Chrome, click on the menu icon (top right corner) and select Tools → Extensions.
- Here, select Coupon Drop Down and other malicious plugins and select trash icon to delete these entries.
- Click on menu icon again and choose Settings → Manage Search engines under the Search section.
- When in Search Engines..., remove malicious search sites. You should leave only Google or your preferred domain name.
- Click on menu icon on the top right of your Google Chrome and select Settings.
- Scroll down to the end of the page and click on Reset browser settings.
- Click Reset to confirm this action and complete Coupon Drop Down removal.
Remove Coupon Drop Down from SafariRemove dangerous extensions
- Open Safari web browser and click on Safari in menu at the top left of the screen. Once you do this, select Preferences.
- Here, select Extensions and look for Coupon Drop Down or other suspicious entries. Click on the Uninstall button to get rid each of them.
- Open Safari browser and click on Safari in menu section at the top left of the screen. Here, select Reset Safari....
- Now you will see a detailed dialog window filled with reset options. All of those options are usually checked, but you can specify which of them you want to reset. Click the Reset button to complete Coupon Drop Down removal process.
If this free removal guide helped you and you are satisfied with our service, please consider making a donation to keep this service alive. Even a smallest amount will be appreciated.
Geolocation of Coupon Drop Down
Removal guides in other languages
Comments on Coupon Drop Down
Please explain it as you would to a 5th grader. I am adult, but I need super easy steps to remove this horrible, aggravating problem.
First I tried to uninstall and then re-install IE8 but after doing that it was still there. Then I tried to reset settings on IE8 using tools>internet options>advanced tab>reset. I kept getting an error message saying I had to close open tabs still running to perform reset. There were no other tabs open that I could see so I know this tricky little bastard was still running in the background preventing a reset of IE8.
I went to Microsoft download site and found this program called Mr. Fixit that will perform the reset and override the coupon drop down virus running in the background. Here is the link to download the Mr. Fixit program.
http://support.microsoft.com/kb/923737 (copy and paste into your browser)
I did not check the box for resetting my personal settings and just let it reset IE8 back to default settings. After completing the Mr. Fixit reset the coupon drop down virus was gone. Yes!
After getting rid of this coupon drop down virus I downloaded and installed a great program that restores all the windows programs and corrects all the errors that were caused by this piece of crap. You can download it here...(copy and paste link)
After running the tweaking repair program my Windows IE8 is golden. Both Mr Fixit and the tweak windows repair are free programs. Hope this helps.
I need new ideas.
Post a comment
Attention: Use this form only if you have additional information about a parasite, its removal instructions, additional resources or behavior. By clicking "post comment" button you agree not to post any copyrighted, unlawful, harmful, threatening, abusive, harassing, defamatory, vulgar, obscene, profane, hateful, racially, ethnically or otherwise objectionable material of any kind.


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Re: Boyfriend wants to sign up for utility - gets hit with security fees
If DBF can't get utilities without a cosigner (after being made AU on three cards) there's a real problem.
I hate to state the obvious but it seems pretty risky. I know people say "It's only a low limit card", but a late payment is a late payment.
Starting Score: 675
Current Score: EX 753 FICO, EQ 737FICO, TU 738
Goal Score: 776 FICO
Take the FICO Fitness Challenge
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EA Shows Its Love For Kinect: 2 Rubbishy Games, 3 Sports Games And ME3
Posted on Monday, June 6 @ 10:01:45 PST by Sebastian_Moss
That's why EA Sports announced Tiger Woods, Madden, FIFA and an unnannounced game for Kinect, EA revealed Sims 3 Pets, Family Game Nights 4 and BioWare revealed Mass Effect 3 with Kinect support. In ME3 you will be able to command Shepard with your voice.
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Date: date unknown
Description: Elevated view of cattle stockyards. Cattle can be seen in many different pens.
Date: 1939
Description: View from street of man loading a bouquet into the back of an International D-2 panel van owned by Lou's Flower Shop. The truck is parked along a commercia...
Description: Front cover and selected drink pages from the Kona Kai Lounge, a Polynesian-themed bar and restaurant in the Marriott Hotel, with a carved figure used as a...
Date: 1970 ca.
Description: A visual comparison of an old International Harvester logo and a new one as shown on the cover of "The Corporate Mark."
Date: 1905 ca.
Description: Men in a factory comb fiber (fibre), the first process preparatory to spinning. International Harvester used sisal fiber to make binder twine. The men may...
Date: 1948-11-02
Description: WENR in Chicago broadcasts the first live national television presidential election returns when Truman upset Dewey.
Date: 1918-05-15
Description: Vacant city lot cluttered with litter and advertising billboards for Premium Ham and Bacon and Wool Soap. The department likely used the photograph to show...
Date: 1918-11-26
Description: Factory worker stands at what appears to be a large press at International Harvester's McCormick Works. The machine is labeled, "Williams, White & Co., Mol...
Date: 1954 ca.
Description: Cover of an advertising brochure for International Harvester "femineered" refrigerators. Features a woman leaning in on a refrigerator and an inset of a wo...
Date: 1936-07-29
Description: Factory worker inspects tractor pistons at International Harvester's Tractor Works.
Date: 1950 ca.
Description: Several men load boxes and pallets from International Harvester's Tractor Works onto a train.
Date: 1910 ca.
Description: Front cover of an advertising catalog for International Harvester's Cloverleaf manure spreader, featuring an illustration of a man operating a horse-drawn...
Date: 1944
Description: The original photograph caption reads, "Carl Mott, research engineer in International Harvester Company's farm engineering machinery department in Chicago,...
Description: Female worker using a drill press in a window display at International Harvester's employment office in the company's Michigan Avenue annex. The display ce...
Date: 1910-02-02
Description: International Auto Buggy with removable top on a snow-covered street or lot.
Description: A Kotex feminine product advertisement from early in the 20th century.
Date: 1933
Description: Street scene of Michigan Avenue and Randolph Street in Chicago. The Allerton Hotel is in the background.
Description: International Harvester's Deering Twine Mill. The twine mill was part of the Deering Works. The factory was owned by the Deering Harvester Company until 19...
Date: 1937-12-08
Description: Blooming mill at International Harvester's Wisconsin Steel Works (factory). Original caption reads: "General view of a portion of the new Wisconsin Steel W...
Date: 1935
Description: Workers grind pistons at International Harvester's Tractor Works.
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CHILDRESS - Louise Bearden, 94, of McKinney, died Saturday, Feb. 27, 2010.
Services will be at 2 p.m. Wednesday in Johnson Funeral Home Chapel with the Rev. Chad King officiating.
Burial will be in Childress Cemetery.
Mrs. Bearden was born Aug. 31, 1915 in Childress. She married Orville Bearden on March 12, 1938.
Survivors include two daughters, Regina Keeling of Amarillo and Louine Keeling and husband Royce of Princeton; four grandchildren, 10 great-grandchildren; seven great-great-grandchildren; and several nieces and nephews.
Amarillo Globe-News, March 2, 2010
Amarillo Globe-News © 2016. All Rights Reserved. Terms of Service | Privacy Policy / About Our Ads


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There are over 175 million professionals on LinkedIn – with two new members joining every second – so don't let the competition stop you from standing out as a professional all-star. So today the company has shared tips for you to get success online and get noticed.
Read the defense: LinkedIn counts executives from all 2011 Fortune 500 companies as members; its corporate talent solutions are used by 85 of the Fortune 100 companies.Make sure you're following both the companies you would like to be recruited by, and those with whom you compete, in order to get the insider read on who's coming and going. You'll also be able to check out the LinkedIn Skills that their top players have listed.
Build out your bench: Expand your network and get connected to at least 50 connections that you know and trust. By making sure you have at least 50 contacts on LinkedIn, you'll soon discover that you have more second and third degree contacts who can help pass your profile into the professional end zone.
Get drafted: With all the competition out there you need to do everything in your power to stand out from the crowd and get yourself noticed. Simple things, like adding a photo, make your profile seven times more likely to be viewed. When highlighting your past work experience, be sure to list more than just your last position. You're 12 times more likely to have your profile viewed if you add more than one position on your profile. When describing what you have accomplished in your summary, steer clear of overused buzzwords like "organized" and "motivated." Instead, demonstrate your assets by quantifying your accomplishments using statistics and hard numbers that snag a recruiter's attention.
Train like a pro: If, after doing all this, your inbox still isn't filled with offers, that doesn't mean defeat. It just means you've got to tackle your job search in a more proactive way. Do a LinkedIn Advanced People Search to find recruiters in your zip code, so you're taking the reins of your job hunt rather than sitting on the sidelines waiting for an offer to magically appear.
Call an audible: The best quarterbacks can read the defense and can change the play on the line of scrimmage. The ability to share valuable information and insights on a regular and timely basis demonstrates flexibility, initiative and it also makes you ten times more likely to have your profile viewed by a recruiter. Whether it's sharing a lead on a great opportunity you just learned about or a link to an article that just posted on LinkedIn Today, your network will deem you a valuable player if you take the time to help your teammates up their game.


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Mughal-Rajput War (1525)
|This article needs additional citations for verification. (November 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The Mughal-Rajput War was a campaign into the Punjab region of India by the force of the Timurid ruler Babur. In 1525, after the conquest of Transoxania, Babur invaded the Punjab several times. To campaign he took the time to furnish his army with gunpowder weapons and to train them in their use, meanwhile preserving the more traditional skills of steppe warfare. Not until the end of the year did he invade Hindustan.
Babur defeated the rajputs in many skirmishes with his army en route to face the Lodis at the Battle of Panipat (1526), where he killed Lodi and his forces seized control of Delhi.
Babur's grandson, Akbar, allied with the Rajputs in 1556. However, he crushed their revolts in the 2nd Mughal-Rajput War. By the later 1700s some of the Rajputs had lost all of their power.
- David, Saul: War


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Is there a difference between the two? It looks almost like cilantro?
It is just another name for cilantro AKA coriander, Latin name coriandrum sativum. There is another herb also labelled "Chinese Parsley," but it does NOT resemble cilantro. This herb is Salt Helioptrope, Latin name Heliotropium curassavicum.
See the picture below for comparison to cilantro:


text: I'm having the oddest time with scheduled posts... Every time a scheduled post is published, the custom fields are erased. The "Key" is still there but the "Value" is empty. The value is there when I initially save, when I initially set it to be published at a later date, and when I view the post before the scheduled time. However, as soon as it publishes the post (at the scheduled time), the values are gone. Any ideas? Thanks in advance for your help!


text:
Gran Turismo Café opens in Japan
Polyphony Digital launched the Gran Turismo Café at Twin Ring Motegi circuit in Japan last week.
Apparently, the "exterior, interior, and even the staff uniforms have been decorated in the image of Gran Turismo, and there are additional items added to the already popular menu lineup as well."
The restaurant even has booths where you can play GT5 Prologue.
Japan always seems to get the cool stuff.
Sometimes we include links to online retail stores. If you click on one and make a purchase we may receive a small commission. For more information, go here.


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This place has all the trappings of a seedy motel room. It even smells like it. Stale. Unkempt. Even the mattress smells bad, covered by a grimy gray sheet.
I stagger to the sink. My head feels heavy. Everything seems to be vibrating from side to side. I feel like I've been drugged. I look into the mirror.
The face staring back is completely unfamiliar.
But this is me. Male. Seventeen. Maybe eighteen. Short cropped brown hair. Brown eyes. A small scar on the left side of my chin. I'm wearing a blue and white striped t-shirt. Gray jacket. Faded blue jeans. My shoes are clean, though worn.
Then I examine my hands. Not working hands. Not someone who's used to outdoor labor. I'm probably still at school.
Wherever that is.
But I still have one overriding question.
Who am I?
I turn around to survey the room and discover something so unexpected I fall back in surprise and almost dislodge the sink completely from the wall.
A man is lying on the floor.
As I was a few minutes earlier, he is face up and staring at the ceiling. Unlike me, he has a wound in his side, possibly a bullet wound. Blood seeps from it. His eyes are open and staring. More blood stains his mouth.
He is lying so close to the bed, I can see why I didn't notice him earlier. Did I do this? Did I harm this man? I don't see a weapon. Regardless, I have to help him in whatever way I can. Kneeling beside him, I gently pull his shirt apart to examine the wound. I don't know wounds – no medical training springs to mind – but it looks bad. I reach into my pocket and find a handkerchief. Pushing it hard against the injury, the man's eyes shift to me.
"It's okay," I tell him. "I'm going to get help."
He shakes his head. Tries to speak. Fails.


text:
EGEN-001 and Pegylated Liposomal Doxorubicin Hydrochloride in Treating Patients With Recurrent or Persistent Ovarian Epithelial Cancer, Fallopian Tube Cancer, or Primary Peritoneal Cancer
This study is currently recruiting participants. (see Contacts and Locations)
Verified August 2014 by Gynecologic Oncology Group
Gynecologic Oncology Group
National Cancer Institute (NCI)
Information provided by (Responsible Party):
Gynecologic Oncology Group
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
First received: December 8, 2011
Last updated: August 11, 2014
Last verified: August 2014
- Full Text View
- Tabular View
- No Study Results Posted
- Disclaimer
- How to Read a Study Record
No Study Results Posted on ClinicalTrials.gov for this Study
|Study Status:
|This study is currently recruiting participants.
|Estimated Study Completion Date:
|No date given
|Estimated Primary Completion Date:
|October 2014 (Final data collection date for primary outcome measure)


text:
Seymour senior Paxton DeHaven chalked up Saturday's sectional as a success.
The Owls leader shot her best score at Otis Park Golf Course in Bedford and earned medalist honors with even-par 72. The only other time she was sectional medalist was her sophomore year when she shot 76.
As a team, Seymour shot 381 and placed third, so DeHaven will have her team with her at regional for the first time since her freshman year. She went as an individual the past two years.
This story appears in the print edition of The Tribune. Subscribers can read the entire story online by signing in here or in our e-Edition by clicking here.
All content copyright ©2016 The Tribune, a publication of AIM Media Indiana unless otherwise noted.
All rights reserved. Click here to read our privacy policy.


text:
Bonds of Friendship
|Complete all Challenge Acts featuring Sonic's friends.
Refer to Mission Accomplished.
|Rate this achievement
|Average Rating
|You need to register before being able to post comments.
|You need to log in or register to use MyAchievements.
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User Score is based on 299 user ratings.


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GoldenEye: Rogue Agent DS
- Publisher: EA Games
- Release Date: Jun 13, 2005
- Also On: PlayStation 2
- Critic score
- Publication
- By date
On the surface it's a good, fun, action shooter, but the game lacks an extra layer or two of polish to tighten up the production.
Rogue Agent had all the makings of a genuinely stellar first-person shooter but it followed in the same footsteps of the disappointing console version.
Game InformerDemonstrates that FPS games can be done on the DS, but the real question is if they should. [Aug 2005, p.107]
Not much better than last year's unimpressive console games. However, the smooth control, portability, and uniqueness of the experience -- this is the only FPS for the DS at the moment -- help differentiate it enough that some folks might enjoy it.
For the first DS FPS out the door, Goldeneye: Rouge Agent will more than fit the bill on both the lack of titles that have been offered the last couple months, and the lack of any real action titles too.
Shows an incredible amount of promise, but the final product is ultimately flawed in too many ways to get a hearty recommendation.
Solo players won't find themselves with much depth, while multiplayer fans without a heap of DS-wielding friends will scoff at the poor level design and inability to have much fun without at least three players.
GoldenEye: Rogue Agent nails the 3D engine and proves that FPS gaming does have a place on handheld systems. There are still a few kinks in the FPS control scheme that need to be ironed out, hopefully before Metroid arrives, but if you put in the effort you will find it actually does work surprisingly well.
It's disappointing that to get the most enjoyment out of Rogue Agent, you have to "bond" with others.
This game is more torture than anything Dr. No or Goldfinger ever dreamed up.
This game hurts bad in the sound department. A bunch of MIDI clips were used for the music and it fails to create the mood and atmosphere of being a badass agent.
Nintendo PowerWith a little more depth and developer love, this could have been a top DS title. [Sept 2005, p.84]
Lackluster graphics and poor sound really kick this game right where counts.
While normally, this game wouldn't be anything of particular interest, on an action-starved, multiplayer-deprived handheld, for some this may just be worth buying for anyone who is somewhat interested.
Manages to passably imitate a decent gaming jaunt, at least for its first few levels. However, once the largely bland and repetitive environments, generic opposition, disgraceful A.I. and lack of genuine gameplay panache make themselves known, Rogue Agent quickly becomes little more than a rinse-and-repeat shoot fest.
The sad thing is that the controls really aren't too bad, but the shoddy programming puts it all to waste.
There are far too many flaws for me to recommend Rogue Agent and have a good conscious, but it does show that the FPS genre can be done on the DS.
Awards & Rankings
#23 Most Discussed DS Game of 2005
#24 Most Shared DS Game of 2005
User Score
Mixed or average reviews- based on 17 Ratings
User score distribution:
Positive: 9 out of 11
Mixed: 2 out of 11
Negative: 0 out of 11
Jan 7, 2011GoldenEye: Rogue Agent is an amazing first-person shooter. The Story isn't the best but the Multiplayer makes this game great with it'sGoldenEye: Rogue Agent is an amazing first-person shooter. The Story isn't the best but the Multiplayer makes this game great with it's variety in weapons. The Multiplayer expirience alone makes this game a great game.… Full Review »
Dec 28, 2010GoldenEye: Rouge Agent is super fun first-person shooter game that has easy controls and touch screen that aims for the perfect shot. The hugeGoldenEye: Rouge Agent is super fun first-person shooter game that has easy controls and touch screen that aims for the perfect shot. The huge problem with it though is that it is way too short. I finished the game within two to three days of buying it. It would be the perfect Bond game if it had Wi-Fi connection and a longer story. Plus, the "training rooms" are really boring. Think of this game as a quarter-ounce of filet mignon (a tiny bit of a fine thing). It's more like a demo than an actual video game.… Full Review »
JeffC.Jan 14, 2008I find this game to be the most underrated DS FPS. The multi player was very fun with lots of friends. It is decent, but not as horrible as I find this game to be the most underrated DS FPS. The multi player was very fun with lots of friends. It is decent, but not as horrible as some would leave you to believe. It does have its drawbacks unfortunately.… Full Review »