text:
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TWiM regularly receives listener email with corrections, comments, suggestions for show topics, requests for clarification, and additional information. A selection of these is archived on this page.
Steven writes:
Dear Vincent et al,
Firstly, congratulations for keeping up such a wide range of thought provoking podcasts, and maintaining such a tremendous output. I find they all leave me with more questions than answers, which is, I think, a sign of good science.
On the latest TWiM, I listened with fascination to Elio's round up of species able to manage without mitochondria (I wonder: will Wolbachia ever be reduced to the status of organelle?), but then I found myself feeling decidedly uneasy as I listened to the review of the paper on using a phage lysate as a novel antibiotic against bacteria.
Our 'traditional' approach to antibiotics (and, indeed, anti-cancer drugs, and pesticides), through simply prospecting for active chemicals in the environment, and then using them in a haphazard way--both through the profit motive, and misuse--has, in every case, led to the development of resistance and the danger of a return of morbidity to pathogens long thought 'tamed'.
Isn't it time we learnt our lesson? This new attack on the natural resource offered by phage, clearly shows that we have not. By all means, search for an active phage, but, for all our sakes: don't go spiking its guns!
I found myself with a sense of deja vu as I recall my concerns when B.t. products began to be used as pesticides, even though the live bacteria had long been used as a proper biological control--no patent fortunes to be made in that, of course.
Using the natural process, bacteria multiply in the target species and destroy it from within: using bacterial products as sprays that don't multiply, the pest may or may not absorb a lethal dose, and resistance is much more likely to develop (Applying it via the GM route, pests are still able to sample a leaf, and reject it and go somewhere else: not so if they had swallowed whole bacteria.).
No doubt, resistance develops more slowly in insects than with the case of antibiotics and bacteria, but I think that the end result is inevitable: a useful living biocontrol has been rendered ineffective, due to our obsession with finding the active ingredients of everything and using them 'pure'. (The same thinking was applied to the food industry when 'nutrition' kicked off in the 19C and gave us white bread and sugar, from which we still have not recovered.)
Whilst prospecting for antibiotics has been recently given a second chance through the new methods of cultivating bacteria 'in the wild', it seems clear that there is every intention of going on with 'business as usual', mass producing every new find, and then cashing in until resistance develops.
Meanwhile, other countries have, apparently, been using the much more logical approach, of letting whole phage target, and destroy, pathogenic bacteria, all along. Why are the 'Westernised' countries not pursuing what would seem to be a much more likely way to combat bacterial drug resistance than carrying on the way we have been? [Presumably the drug cos don't see fortunes in that approach.]
The rather lame 'excuse' seems to be that us fussy 'Westernised' people would not accept 'live' viruses inside us, whereas we don't mind poisonous chemical drugs. I think that the willingness with which we shovel 'probiotic' yogurts, and even consider stool transplants, demonstrates that it would not be so difficult to market phage as the next big natural medicine--And in this case, it really would be medicine!
Undoubtedly, phage therapies will have their own intrinsic problems to overcome--getting around our immune defenses for one--, but the fact of their quite long history of use shows that ways have been found. So: What right do we, who have squandered all our 'magic bullets', have to start stripping down the medicinal phages used by other nations, to their basic components, in order to extract and squander the magic from them too?
What we witness in the phage lysate paper discussed on TWiM, is the start of an assault on the essential medicinal resources of other nations, that could saddle them with pathogenic bacteria made immune to their natural phages, and, leave them and ourselves powerless to fight disease. And, in a worst case scenario, we might even upset the entire balance between phage and bacteria that has kept the latter under control for billions of years.
I am, of course, only a lay observer of all this, but it rather strikes me, that playing loose and free with the essential tools and weapons with which phages prevent our world from simply piling up with bacteria, when we know that our own methods always result in resistance, is a much more dodgy thing to contemplate, than all those 'gain of function' experiments we argue about. These, indeed, could be called 'loss of function' experiments, because, used the way we know they will be used, they, indirectly, could result in the reduction in effectiveness of some of the most vital housekeeping components of our ecosphere.
I hope I'm wrong, but I think history is on my side.
Ben writes:
Dear Twimers,
I recently discovered your excellent podcast and have been going back through your archives discovering many gems. My favorites so far include the discussion about the Bobtail Squid with Margaret McFall Ngai in TWiM #10, the discussions of Ehux in TWiMs #34 and #37 and the discussion of Centenulid Flatworms in TWiM #21.
I'm an artist and have no scientific training so I listen without expecting to understand everything, but when things get a little too technical I'm always sure that you all will bring the discussion back around to a point that I can readily understand. This is something I really appreciate so thank you for your effects to clearly communicate the intricacies of the fascinating and exciting world of microbial science.
I recently came across this paper that I thought might be of interest
This is an example of a substance that is generating what seems to be a beneficial alteration of the gut microbiota. I found it particularly interesting that the species involved is Akkermansia muciniphila-one that regulates mucus in the gastrointestinal tract. Given that the mucosal lining of the intestine is an important area for communication between host and microbe I wondered whether the ecology of the intestinal mucosa might be in interesting subject for a future TWiM.
Kind Regards
Sydney, Australia
Anthony writes:
Experimental evidence of a symbiosis between red-cockaded woodpeckers and fungi
John writes:
Dear TWIM Team,
First of all, thanks for the supremely informative and entertaining podcast. As a biologist who stumbled into my passion for microbiology almost by accident (as a student, I began my research as a herpetologist and was converted while working with the cutaneous microbial assemblages of woodland salamanders), your podcast serves as a primer for many topics that would otherwise require hours of comparatively boring research.
One trend that I hear often repeated is that every microbiology student can't hope to be a PI in an academic lab, which is very true. I currently work in the R&D department of a small biocatalyst company, and wonder if more attention shouldn't be paid to careers for microbiologists in the private sector. While R&D doesn't afford one the same sort of research freedom that academia can boast (I have had to leave numerous interesting but commercially irrelevant questions relegated to the margins of my notebook), it does give you the opportunity to research a variety of interesting aspects of applied microbiology.
There are a few research conferences coming up this year, namely the Society for Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology (SIMB) annual meeting (http://www.simbhq.org/) and their more specific Recent Advances in Microbial Control (RAMC) symposium (http://simbhq.org/ramc/). Perhaps the list of topics might provide the basis for a TWIM exploring some of the applications of microbiology in agronomy, animal husbandry, bioremediation, wastewater treatment, and other areas. Academic and clinical microbiology seem to get all the attention, and perhaps deservedly so, but there are other options out there for a microbiologist open to branching out.
Thanks again for the fantastic podcast, keep up the great work.
Best Regards,
Ross writes:
Hey TWiMers. I very much enjoyed your discussion of the content of pro-biotics a couple weeks ago. It was interesting to me as previous research I have seen indicated many of those probiotics had little effect on the microbiome, or even had very few live bacteria reaching the gut. Certainly the consensus seems to be they are not very helpful as a health product. But the fact many of those products contain what they claim for the most part was enlightening. This latest research out of Copenhagen may be of interest to you, it seems to further cement the idea that these products are essentially worthless as health supplements. I wonder how this compares to the TWiMers assessment of the current literature? https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/may/10/probiotic-goods-a-waste-of-money-for-healthy-adults-research-suggests
P.S I applied to be a communication ambassador this year for the Australian Society of Microbiology and am very excited to have been successful. I would love TWiM listeners to follow me @rossbalch and the society @aussocmic and keep up with my adventures in my PhD in respiratory virology as well as sharing and talking about the latest in microbial science throughout the year.
Regards, Ross Balch
BAppSc(MedSc), BAppSc(Microbiol), BBiomedSc(Hons)
School of Biomedical Sciences
Queensland Institute of Technology
Centre for Children's Health Research (CCHR)
Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI)
Hunter writes:
I came across this article today and had to share it. I wasn't sure which show to send it to, as the microbe described is related to Giardia and Trichomonas, but I figured TWiM was still more appropriate than TWiP.
Surprise! This eukaryote completely lacks mitochondria:
The article mentions that they're using sulfur with a system acquired from bacteria to replace the mitochondria, and that the researches want to try to find when the mitochondria were lost. However, I didn't see anything mentioning evidence that mitochondria were ever there.
Is there some evidence that the microbes used to have mitochondria but lost them, or is it just assumed that they must have had them at some point and lost them?
It seems to me that it would be possible that some microbes could have evolved similar traits to other eukaryotes without having taken up mitochondria.
I also was thinking about the possibility that two organisms could evolve to have similar looking genomes completely independently of each other simply because similar pressures in different places could cause similar genetic patterns to emerge. The result being two organisms with one or more major differences that appear far more closely related than they really are.
With ongoing increases in information that we can gather about organisms, it seems like our current system for categorizing life is becoming less and less able to accurately represent the way different organisms are connected. When I was in school (not too long ago) we were taught to remember the hierarchy of life using: Kings Play Cards On Fat Green Stools, but this system only goes down to the species level, which seems to leave out at least one level of categorization out.
If the finding that this eukaryote doesn't have mitochondria, which seems like a pretty major difference to others, I would expect to see a new tier added between the currently existing top level eukaryote category and all the current sub-categories that splits the mitochondria and non-mitochondria having eukaryotes, with the currently existing eukaryotes mainly existing under the new mitochondria having category.
With current technology, it seems like it would be more efficient to focus on cataloging organisms and their traits and thinking of them as a relational database where you look for things based on one or more traits with less focus on trying to specifically build a family tree like hierarchy that can be more difficult to adjust to fit new information. For example, with a trait based model, a new finding like this would simply become a new attribute on any appropriate organisms. This, in turn, would cause said organisms to be listed if you were querying all organisms that were both eukaryotic AND lacking in mitochondria without needing to change the categories, or make changes to any other organisms.
With that kind of data, it seems like constructing a hierarchy could be done programmatically, at regular intervals (annually, for example) and with all the needed changes to make sure all life on the tree is at an appropriate level (and that there are enough levels).
Anyway, I don't know if most of this sounds like the rambling of someone that clearly doesn't have a background in biology, but I figured I'd share some of the thoughts I had after reading the article.
Hope all is well back East. It's currently 24C and partly cloudy here in Irvine, CA with a 51% chance of rain that I'm sure we won't see.
PS: For the hardcore condition fans:
It feels like 24
Wind is out of the SW at 14km/h
Visibility is 16.1km (not counting the fact that between walls and other buildings I probably can't see more than 100 meters.
Hunter Curren
QA Analyst 3 : Hearthstone
Blizzard Entertainment
William writes:
An interesting anomaly that you might be interested in discussing: A eukaryote without a mitochondrial organelle
A. Karnkowska, et al. A eukaryote without a mitochondrial organelle. Current Biology. Vol. 26, May 23, 2016. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.03.053.
Stefan writes:
Just discovered this nice episode.
Well made and nicely discussed comment on our pack-hunting paper; quick reply to the question what would happen if you add one single amoebae: it would multiply and a clonal pack would do the same thing as observed (they were actually grown from clonal cultures).
But let's say if only one amoeba was existing before trapping the nematode- no idea if that would be able to kill it alone - would be a nice side study!
very interesting hypotheses you came up with, we should study some of it
Keep on with this great work!
Anthony writes:
Branchial nitrogen cycle symbionts can remove ammonia in fish gills
Just looking at the abstract, I wonder if the relationship really is commensal. Without the bacteria in the gills, won't the ammonia still be carried away from the fish?
# # #
Branchial nitrogen cycle symbionts can remove ammonia in fish gills
Knowledge of the mechanisms by which fish excrete their metabolic nitrogenous waste and insights into nitrogen cycling in aquaculture systems is of utmost importance to improve the sustainable commercial production of fish. In fish, most nitrogenous waste is excreted via the gills as ammonia, a potentially toxic nitrogenous compound. In this study; activity assays, physiological experiments, molecular analysis and microscopy were used to show that the gills of fish harbor a unique combination of hitherto overlooked nitrogen-cycle microorganisms that can theoretically detoxify excreted ammonia by converting it into inert dinitrogen gas. By doing so, these microorganisms may benefit from the ammonia supply by the host and prevent the build-up of this compound to toxic concentrations. This novel relationship between vertebrates and microorganisms may shed new light on nitrogen handling by ammonotelic fish species. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Copper pajamas?
So by the time Gemma was in the hospital fighting for her life, Amber was ready. She brought in copper pajamas, bedding, socks, and a hospital gown for Gemma. (Since copper is a metal the fabrics were a blend of 60% copper, 20% cotton, and 20% bamboo.) Gemma was skeptical at first but within a couple days she felt much better and noticed the open wound was decreasing in size. "It was incredible," said Gemma, "the nurses took swabs from my stomach daily and they always came back infected with MRSA, but a few days after wearing the copper-infused clothing, they came back negative. You wouldn't think something so simple could make such a huge difference but I could feel the difference in my skin almost overnight. Instead of feeling lethargic I felt brighter, more alert and healthier. More importantly, I was healing. It was a miracle."
Clinical trial mentioned in response…
Suzanne writes:
You're right, I do hear women saying "guys" plural to others in a group of women. But I still argue that if I said "That guy over there." you'd be more likely to expect to turn and see a man than a woman. So it isn't really neutral.
I vote for the spread of y'all!
PS. I catch myself at it, too. I will also try to be more vigilant!
Pat Schloss writes:
Hey gals,
Although I'll never be accused of being part of the language police, I was taken aback by Vincent and Michael's reaction to Michele's comment on TWiM #125 regarding the use of "guys" when referring to people that are involved in computer programming. As you may know, it is thought that there are many small biases throughout the career development of female scientists that discourage them from pursuing specific disciplines - particularly computer science. So it would be worth reconsidering the collective nouns we use to refer to people within science.
To bring some data to the conversation, here's a large, but admittedly non-scientific survey of 2300 individuals (http://jvns.ca/blog/2013/12/27/guys-guys-guys/). The survey showed that men are more likely to think that "guys" is gender neutral when referring to people within a computer science context. Regardless, I think we owe it to our female colleagues and trainees to use the terms that are the most inclusive.
As someone that runs a lab with a heavy bioinformatics focus, it is very important to me to maintain a strong balance between men and women knowing that this is difficult given the poor representation of women in computer science. Both programmers that have worked for me have, in fact, been women. To call them "guys" would be obviously wrong. All kidding aside, I would be unlikely to call them "gals" as well. Instead, I have been working cut "guys" out of my language and go back to my Missouri roots by instead saying "y'all". If nothing else, every time I force myself to use this odd slang, I remind myself to check my unconscious biases and to be better.
Happy Sciencing!
Pat Schloss
Anthony writes:
An Abandoned Sailor's Infirmary in NYC Where Cholera Bacteria Was Discovered
Neva writes:
Hello clever TWIM ers,
A rather urgent detective story that TWIM might be interested in talking about. People in the area must be very spooked.
Neva in Buda
Deadly disease outbreak in Wisconsin baffles public health officials
A common and usually harmless microbe is causing a mysterious cluster of deadly bloodstream infections in Wisconsin.
Dennis writes:
Hi Docs, this cnn article gives some info on a continuing Elizabethkibgiam outbreak.
Rarely seen blood infection outbreak continues; source remains mystery
The rarely seen blood infection Elizabethkingia has been found in a Michigan resident. It has sickened dozens in Wisconsin since November. Read the full story
vr: see http://www.promedmail.org/post/4158063
Elizabeth King (used to be Flavobacterium)
Suzanne writes:
Guys isn't gender neutral it's gender absorptive. It's used the same way it became standard over the last few hundred years to use he as a general third person singular pronoun (before that they was acceptable). Just because some women are OK with it doesn't mean the rest of us can't be annoyed by it. If your students will call a specific, individual woman a guy then I guess I'm wrong and it's honestly becoming gender neutral. But I never hear anyone doing that.
Inspired by William:
Dear TWiMers;
Greetings from Berkeley where miracle March (water-wise) was perhaps half a miracle, but that is definitely better than none. At least we will not run out of water this summer.
I found this quasi-synthetic biology result to be very interesting on several levels.
First, it does not surprise me that Craig Venter was the one to do it. Thirty years ago I ran the computing group that supported the DOE Human Genome center at LBNL when it was run by Charles Cantor. The focus was on sequencing long fragments which was hard but the reassembly was relatively easy.
Venter went off on his own and said that shotgun (as I recall the term) sequencing was the way to go: make lots of short fragments that can be sequenced quickly and then use statistical methods to reassemble computationally. He, of course, was right.
Second, I found it fascinating that "... after 20 years of concerted effort, his group has built - essentially from scratch - the minimal life form.
And in the process demonstrated that we have a very incomplete view of how life works at the most basic level.
However, now that they know the 30% unknowns, they can systematically tackle those genes one at a time to figure out their essential role." (The Atlantic article.)
Even when they infer that function of some of these from looking at similar genes in other organisms where their function is know, they still end up with 17% that are essential to this minimal life form that they have no idea what they do. No idea ... surprising.
Thirdly, "In a parallel experiment that didn't wind up in JCVI-syn3.0 , the scientists reorganized about an eighth of the genome to put genes with similar functions next to each other. Venter called this process "defragging the genome," as one would do with a computer's hard drive. In this parallel experiment, the defragging of that section of the genome didn't seem to harm the organism."
I would have thought that gene placement on the genome would be the result of some important optimization evolution, but that is apparently not the case. (THe San Diego Union article - see the nice diagram of this.) THough this may be the key:" "Despite extensive reorganization, the resulting cell grew about as fast as syn1.0, as judged by colony size," the study said. "Thus, the details of genetic organization impinge upon survival in hypercompetitive natural environments, but the finer details are apparently not critical for life." (San Diego Union) So the organization may only be non-critical in a very benign environment.
Fourthly, I like this: 'This philosophy of learning basic biology by building stuff is the best bit of the syn3.0 story, says Drew Endy from Stanford University. "Too often in biology we end up with only data, a computer model, or a just-so story. When you actually try to build something you can't hide from your ignorance. It either works or it doesn't." (The Atlantic article.)
Anyway, it would be interesting to hear you take on this.
The ARS Technica article (http://arstechnica.com/science/2016/03/minimalist-genome-only-473-genes-synthesized-and-used-to-boot-up-a-cell/) gives some of the experimental technique and a pointer to the scientific paper ( Science, 2015. DOI: 10.1126/science.aad6253 )
The best of the popular articles is this San Diego Union Trib. article. (Unsurprisingly - given all of this sort of activity in the San Diego / La Jolla area - they have a lot of good molecular biology articles.)
J. Craig Venter Institute unveils bacterium with smallest functional genome
Jenna writes:
Everyone at TWiM,
I wanted to thank you again for the interest you and your colleagues have taken in our Cell Host & Microbe paper "Fungal Mimicry of a Mammalian Aminopeptidase Disables Innate Immunity and Promotes Pathogenicity," which was expertly reviewed in your most recent podcast. It was wonderful to hear someone as enthused with our findings as we were. However, I just wanted to clarify a minor point. While it is accurate that Alana completed most of the neutrophil work for this paper, for the past two years now my own research has primarily focused on further teasing apart how B. dermatitidis modulates neutrophil function by acting on other cytokines and chemokines using both neutrophil-like cell lines and peripheral primary neutrophils. Again, I very much enjoyed the podcast and appreciate the interest in our work.
Jenna Lorenzini
Ph.D. Graduate Student, Klein Lab
University of Wisconsin-Madison
Kevin writes:
Dear TWiM Team,
In episode 124 (Fungal Parasites) a listener asked if quorum sensing was involved in development of abx resistance.
Dr. Melanie Blokesch studies how quorum signals induce competence in V. cholerae. This phenomenon particularly happens in aquatic environments when V. cholerae forms biofilms on chitinous surfaces. These aquatic biofilms can incorporate multiple V. cholerae strains, and the subsequent DNA transfer between strains could promote the spread of abx-resistance genes. However, I was unable to identify a paper that was specifically tracking the movement of Abx resistance genes between species.
Really enjoying the podcast, looking forward to the next one.
Anthony writes:
Each year, we recognize World TB Day on March 24. This annual event commemorates the date in 1882 when Dr. Robert Koch announced his discovery of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacillus that causes tuberculosis (TB).
Too many people in our country and around the world still suffer from TB. Anyone can get TB, and our current efforts to find and treat latent TB infection and TB disease are not sufficient. Misdiagnosis of TB still exists and health care professionals often do not "think TB."
The theme of World TB Day 2016 is "Unite to End TB" CDC and its domestic and international partners, including the National TB Controllers Association, Stop TB USA, and the global Stop TB Partnership are working together to eliminate this deadly disease. But we need your help.
# # #
In some areas of Jersey City, every day is Tuberculosis Day.
Also from Anthony:
Above is the Link to the artist's Site for the Petri dish art.
Thank you.
Kim D'Alessandro writes about TWiM
Anthony writes:
This image was posted on Facebook by Kim Dallesandro, the wife of the Warhol star Joe Dallesandro. I don't know where it's originally from.
Larissa writes:
Hi Drs. Racaniello et. al,
I have a specific case study of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis which I think may be of interest to you or listeners:
I recently acquired a toddler. At the time the toddler arrived to my house, she was 18 months old, eating only formula from a bottle, was not toilet trained, and did not have a habit of putting things into her mouth. Her previous living conditions are unknown, but it is safe to say they were generally unclean. Her primary caregiver was a vegetarian and an IV drug user.
The toddler had frank diarrhea 6+ times a day upon arrival. Also upon arrival she was switched from formula to "real food" and water. I took her to multiple doctors regarding the diarrhea who across the board suggested that she had a gluten intolerance or a lactose intolerance.
As an owner of multiple dogs who drink out of woodland puddles, I know infected poop when I see it.
After a string of doctors and taking a watch/wait approach, I finally walked into an ER and demanded that a doctor test her for parasites (after lying to the doctor that I had, in fact, removed her from gluten for a period of 4 weeks), and low and behold - the toddler had Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, was treated by antibiotics for about 3 weeks, and is now ~6 months out and 100% symptom free.
A happy ending to a sad story.
Best regards,
Heather writes:
Dear TWiM,
I want to apologize for not writing much lately due to excessive "grad studenting" (yes, this is now a verb). However, I would like to request that you please discuss the hyperthermophile microbes of Peru's Boiling River. I assume you have seen it all over the news last week. I listened to the audiobook and was very impressed. I am anticipating another potential Taq polymerase, or something even more mind-blowing, to come out of this and would love to hear what the learned TWiM hosts have to say about it and the interesting (and potentially academically risky) stance of Andres Ruzo. Back to excessive "grad studenting" now.
Wink writes:
I think ticks are such good transmitters because they stay on you, feeding, for hours to days.
Wink Weinberg
Supti writes:
hello i am Gargee from India and i am a regular listener of your podcasts. I have a question, can development of antibiotic resistance be related to quorum sensing? Have any studies been made on this topic?
thank you
Anthony writes:
Washington Post - Plague alive and well in Madagascar
Plague victims' corpses are to be buried immediately to prevent the spread of the disease. This means that they may be interred near a city hospital, instead of in the family crypt. But families will go so far as to stealthily unearth their loved ones to bring them back to their own villages for burial. Plus, there is a chance that families may anticipate not being able to bury their family members properly and decide to not bring their relatives to the hospital at all, said Ken Gage, chief of Flea-Borne Diseases Activity at the CDC. Among officials' tactics is burying the corpses with concrete tombs to try to discourage the unearthings, Werner said.
Madagascar has seen lower numbers of deaths from the plague in the past two years, but an alarmingly higher rate of contracting the pneumonic form of the disease — the kind that is airborne and can kill you in 24 hours.
Mike writes:
Hello professors TWiM,
Thanks for the great podcast. I have often wondered why we so frequently prescribe single antibiotics to patients. At this point we know that bacteria are rapidly evolving resistance. It strikes me that this is exactly the same problem as we have with HIV infections, with the primary difference being a question of the speed of evolution. Human immunodeficiency virus evolves very fast, to the point that resistance evolves within just a few years (or less) in a single host. With bacteria, the exact same process is happening, but bacteria are much larger and slower evolving, so the process takes decades and many hosts. However, the solution is still basically the same: if it takes a decade plus a few million infected hosts to evolve resistance to a single drug, surely it would take centuries to evolve resistance to a combination therapy?
So then the question is: why does this never happen? I recognise that the resistance issue is not only an issue of medical prescriptions, the massive use of single-drug antibiotics in stock animals is probably an even bigger concern, but still: doesn't it seem that using a triple therapy of antibiotics would be more effective for the patient, as well as being better at preserving our antibiotic supply?
I recognize the immediate response would be: we don't give more drugs than we have to. My answer to that is easy: we have to, we are running out of antibiotics. The next obvious response is that antibiotics have side effects and that this means you should minimise their use. Is that the main reason that we don't do this? Is there a reason we can't give a single pill with multiple antibiotics in it and just give anti-nausea and anti-diarrhea medicines to the patient to take as needed? The side effects of a single antibiotic are primarily due to the death of so many bacteria in the gut, would adding two more antibiotics to the mix actually make those symptoms that much worse? I have no idea, but I would really like to know.
Thanks so much again for your fantastic podcast.
All the best,
Hunter writes:
Greetings TWiM crew!
I recently learned of a new game (currently getting ready for Alpha and crowd funding) where players will edit microbes at the genetic level and pit them against microbes created by other players. The game is called CURE, and can be found here: http://curethegame.com/
It claims to be accurate based on current scientific knowledge, and to have been reviewed by teachers and scientists.
Being a gamer and super interested in Microbiology, this was right up my ally and I figured I probably wasn't the only TWiX fan who would be interested in this.
QA Analyst 3 : Hearthstone
Blizzard Entertainment
Anthony writes:
Tardigrade creed art
Dennis writes:
Hi Docs, regarding TWIM #120 and tubeworm metamorphosis stimulated by a bacterium, what a fascinating observation. Dr. Lynn Margulis and Dorian Sagan in their book, "Acquiring Genomes", have a chapter titled Seaworthy Alliances in which Dr. Donald I. Williamson's work is quoted in which he claimed that invertebrates owed their transformations from larval forms to radically different looking adult forms to "acquired genomes". He did experiments to cross Invertebrate sea urchin fathers (Echinua escalentus) with Chordate mother sea squirts (Ascidia mentula). "Not only did the fertilized eggs survive this bizarre coupling but they developed fully paternal larvae, the immature forms called plutei." … "Some of these weird hybrid forms survived up to 90 days from hatching." There's much more detail and he begged for some independent group to try the same experiments but I've never heard more of this kind of work. Margulis's entire book was dealing with the question of how some animals develop with wildly different phases, for example from embryo to larva to pupa to adult. I wonder if the observation of the bacterium stimulating a tubeworm transformation will also stimulate more work in either expanding on or correcting the theory of acquired genomes in higher forms of animals. Have you any thoughts on the theory of acquired genomes? We know that many life forms acquire viral DNA (and bacterial DNA?). How about higher forms of acquired DNA? Thanks,
Listen to TWiM
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Jeanne writes:
Dear TWiM,
With regard to the question about culturing gut microbes from Drosophila:
I was lucky enough to take a sabbatical in the lab of Dr. Angela Douglas (http://angeladouglaslab.com/) in the Fall of 2012, where I worked on the gut microbiota of Drosophila. Her lab found that the diversity of gut microbes in lab-reared Drosophila is quite low, comprising just 5-6 taxa, almost entirely Lactobacillus and Acetobacter (Wong ACN, Ng P and Douglas AE, 2011. Low diversity bacterial community in the gut of the fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster. Environmental Microbiology 13: 1889-1900. Pubmed link). These are easily culturable, although they grow better in low-oxygen environments. Cultivation techniques for these bacteria can be found here: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3911109/.
Hope that helps!
Dr. Jeanne Kagle
Professor of Biology
169 Grant Science Center
Mansfield University
Mansfield, PA 16933
Steve writes:
Hi Microbophiles,
Happy New Year (And Happy Birthday to Vincent).
I have to say it was good to hear a TWiM (118) where I understood every word! :) Having been a mushroom collector in my time, it was like revising the morphology section--right down to the sterigmata!
I had often wondered how the spores managed to 'stop' and fall down between the gills, but perhaps the air viscosity is sufficient as Elio says. A further point to note may be that the mushroom cap is elevated on the stipe so as to get the spores above the lamina airflow that hugs the ground, close to, and into the turbulent air that carries them aloft. [You might also observe that the gills are always gravitationally aligned, even if the stipe is bent: the spores have to be able to fall down unimpeded.]
Where it comes to the assertion of the importance of fungal spores to cloud formation, I have to refer you back to your programme on EHux, and other phytoplankton, where we were told that the production of dimethylsulphide as a result of breakdown of sulphur-containing metabolites, was the key to controlling the World's weather, as the DMS leads to the formation of sulphate aerosols that act as nucleation foci for water droplets, much as the fungal spores are mooted to do in today's podcast.
Without reading into this before writing whilst it's still fresh in my mind, I would suspect that, as they are derived from molecular processes, the aerosol particles may be smaller than even the fungal spores, and give more nucleation foci per m3 than obtained from even the large number of spores mentioned.
So, on the whole, I think I am more inclined to stick with the phytoplankton than the mushrooms in importance as rainmakers, though I think that almost any dust particle, including spores, will act as a nucleus too...
...Or do the sulphate aerosols need particles to condense on just as the water vapour does? :/
Many thanks for all your great podcasts, and I look forward to many more in the New Year, especially as I have now caught up with the story so far on TWiV, TWiM, and TWiP.
All the best,
Steve writes:
Hi Vincent,
TWIM is one of my top 3 podcasts-an excellent way to relax-thanks for a great job. I enjoyed Bullers drop, fungal spore ejection and discussions of potential life on MARS but what about some discussion of life in Earths subsurface, where most microbes on/in Earth live, at depths down to several kilometers and at very low metabolic rates! They play a major role in geochemical cycles and natural resource formation. The paper below is an old one from Casey Hubert at UoC and talks of bacterial spore transport and so on. I think survival and transport of micro-organisms within and between planets would make an interesting episode for readers. Discussion in more detail of microbial survival on interplanetary transport and landing via meteorites would also be interesting, which you touched on in the spore/MARS episode.
Thanks and best wishes. cheers steve
Hubert, Casey, Alexander Loy, Maren Nickel, Carol Arnosti, Christian Baranyi, Volker Brüchert, Timothy Ferdelman et al. "A constant flux of diverse thermophilic bacteria into the cold Arctic seabed." Science 325, no. 5947 (2009): 1541-1544.
Peter writes:
Dear TWiM team.
I saw this advert for a two year postdoctoral position for a microbiologist at the UK Centre for Astrobiology, University of Edinburgh and thought it may be of interest to other listeners.
I do not have any connection with the University of Edinburgh other than having taken their Coursera astrobiology course.
Here is the description:
A two-year STFC-funded PDRA position is available at the UK Centre for Astrobiology, University of Edinburgh to investigate the behaviour of microorganisms in space, using the International Space Station. Your work will involve understanding the effects of extreme space conditions, including microgravity, on microbial communities and use these data to advance our understanding of how we can look for biosignatures of life elsewhere and develop new methods to look for those signatures. You will work to help develop new experiments using orbital and space facilities. You will lead both laboratory based and theoretical research to apply this research to STFC science. You should also have an interest in technology transfer. Working at the interface between biology and planetary sciences (astrobiology), at Edinburgh, your responsibilities will include advancing work on space experiments and the use of space facilities to carry out research. You should have a PhD in biological sciences.
You will be a member of the UK Centre for Astrobiology. You will play a wider role in developing astrobiology. This includes working on our 'Astrobiology in the Classroom' initiative which, through the Astrobiology Summer Academy, involves developing lesson plans with primary and secondary school teachers to use astrobiology as a vehicle to advance science education in the UK. We seek a self-motivated scientist who will play an active role in creating links with space agencies and other astrobiologists. You will also be responsible for supervision, training and oversight of other staff.
The start date is 1 April 2016. This is a fixed term 2-year position.
You can apply here: http://www.ed.ac.uk/human-resources/jobs
The job vacancy is 035130
Geoffrey writes:
First of all, thank you for reading and commenting on my talmudic question about unleavened bread. I hope that it got some of your listeners thinking.
Second, I had a few thoughts that I thought might or might not help amplify your discussions in this episode.
1) Thanks for the article of amoebic pack hunting. I think that I've heard of similar tactics with other microbes. Dr. Racaniello kept referring to nematodes in a negative sense. One nematode function that he particularly picked on was "parasitism". I'd like to point out that nematodes are as diverse a group as they are because they occupy nearly every ecological niche available somewhere in the world. While many of them are quite nasty, nearly all are valuable contributors to the environment. Because of the differences in scale, we tend to think of plant-eating nematodes as infestations while we tend to think of plant-eating ungulates as cattle. Also, think about the difference (or lack of differences) inherent in nematodes that graze on bacteria and nematodes that graze on algae. Thinking on their level is probably one of the most fascinating things about this group.
2) One of the reasons that I have a small interest in nematodes is exactly their occupation of so many ecological niches. Dr. DesPommier (if he hasn't already heard of this) may be interested to know that Dr. Sharanbir S. Grewel (formerly of the Ohio State University) has been working on a method to measure soil health by microscopic assays of nematodes in a soil sample. Unlike many systems that have used nematodes to generate soil health indices, Dr. Grewel's methodology relies only on identifying the categories of mouth types in the sample's nematodes. Since these mouth parts are fairly characteristic for the nematodes' soil services, they are much quicker and easier to identify that species. The numbers and ratios of the service (mouth) types can give a fairly good idea of how "alive" and diverse the soil is. Unfortunately, Dr. Grewel left OSU before I could work with him to develop a gardener's guide to using this technique and I have not seen that he has published the basics of it yet.
3) Thanks for the article on fungal spore dispersion biophysics as well. I have to say that I disagree with their assessment of evolutionary advantage. I think that:
A) being a point of droplet nucleation would help ensure that the spores could be carried in the clouds further than naked spore because naked spore would be subject to more chaotic and, therefore, shorter overall paths. Genetic dispersion can be an advantage.
B) In the open atmosphere, spores are vulnerable to UV exposure. It seems to me that thicker aqueous coatings would reduce UV exposure and, again, portage inside a cloud would provide some further protection.
C) Being a rain droplet nucleation site would also help ensure that a spore lands with an initial bolus of water to help initiate sporulation. This would take advantage of a short-term survival strategy that requires only an initial exposure to water. It might be that non-ballistosporic spores take advantage of longer-term survival strategy of initiating sporulation only after water has been available long enough to make a water steady state more likely.
4) I suspect that there is a lot that we can learn about hydrophobic / hydrophilic metamaterial surface design from studying these spores.
5) Much of water droplet formation seems to be based on nucleation site chemistry. That might be the mannitol. That might be part of the surface structure of the spore itself. It might be a combination. I saw little reference to this chemistry in the paper. If they aren't already in talks with someone, then I would suggest that the authors need to collaborate with a meteorological chemist to look at the surface chemistry of the aquated and non-aquated spores more closely. If this hasn't already been studied in some detail, then the estimates of atmospheric spore concentrations suggest that it should be. The fact that spore surface chemistry changes may be a point overlooked in previous nucleation site studies.
6) In addition to studying spore effects on droplet nucleation in a cloud chamber (I believe that that's what the warehouse-sized buildings are called, not the atomic tracing chambers), I would suggest that a potentially less expensive test would be a correlational study between the atmosphere and cloud concentrations of the two types of spores versus rain formation based on mannitol biotracer monitoring might be possible.
7) To chime in on Chris' martian pathogen question, I would say that it might be possible even if there wasn't a microbial exchange between Earth and Mars. As long as the martian life-form requires carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and water, I could envision a decomposer-type organism which doesn't so much hijack the host body but chemically decomposes it and scavenges the chemically-shattered remnants. It could be something along the lines of acid-based hydrolysis which would have the added advantage of liberating needed minerals in the martian soil. The bigger question would be if any extremophilic microbial survivors on Mars could survive the (relative) superabundance of water in Earth organisms. Such extremophilic organisms might also grow so slowly as to be swamped out by the abundance of life in most Earth organisms. On the other hand, if a dead body were left on Mars and mostly dried out, then those organisms would be all over the body like bone worms on a whale carcass in the deep blue terrestrial sea.
Thanks for another stimulating episode!
Anthony writes:
What Happens to Your Microbiome If You Own a Dog
Chris writes:
Dear Vincent, I have a fun question for your panel about Mars
I was watching NASA talk about how Mars' atmosphere was stripped away and was wondering about Mars bugs. Here are some fun (probable) facts I learned.
When life was starting on earth, 3.8 billion years ago, Mars had an atmosphere about the same size as earth and had liquid water in lakes and streams all over the surface. So Earth and Mars look a lot alike. At 3.5 billion years ago, Mars' dynamo cooled down and its magnetic field stopped. Then the high solar activity of the sun sent strong solar winds that stripped away Mars' atmosphere, and Mars turned into the icy desert we see today. The one place NASA would look for microbial life today is in Mars' aquifers. If they found some, they would like to know if the genetics are essentially different between Mars and Earth
So let's assume that there was some cross pollination between planets when both were watery, by asteroids throwing Mars and Earth rocks back and forth. My question is; would it be possible for Mars microbes and viruses to infect Mars colonists or would the genetics be too diverged after three or so billion years. Will Martians have to put up "Don't drink the water!" signs.
Andrea writes:
Hello Again,
Here is another one of those articles I find a little strange but what do I know....
I guess it kind of makes sense but I would never have thought of this. I bet you already know about this, don't you?
The rains have returned to Seattle. Yippee!
Arthur writes:
Hello TWiMers!
I've been an avid listener off and on regular for many years since my undergraduate days! I started off learning about viruses from you and now love to listen for interesting tidbits on other microbes! I work in Mycoplasma pneumoniae and my graduate school has one of the largest mycoplasma research groups in the US!
I think you've discussed the synthetic genome cell before (a Mycoplasma species!), but I don't think that I've seen a full session about the smallest known self replicating prokaryotes! I'm a bit biased, but I know some wonderful researchers who would LOVE to do a podcast if there would be interest!
Keep on being awesome and thanks for making my bench time entertaining!
Graduate Student
Sean writes:
Hi everyone,
I've been listening to TWIM for the last few months during my more monotonous lab tasks and have learned so much more about microbiology in systems I'm not familiar with. I would have never thought to read some of the papers shared on the show. However, as a plant pathologist, I keep waiting for the day you put us on the map and bring one of us on! I've only been listening since TWIM #87, so maybe I missed it. If not, I know Michele lives about an hour southeast from a university with a pretty decent plant path department.
Kind Regards,
Anthony writes:
Though exposure to Aspergillus by immunocompetent people, generally is without drama, that's not true for penguins. Air quality is a big question in maintaining these birds in captivity.
If climate change brings an increase in Aspergillus spores to the arctic, this won't be good for penguins.
# # #
Air quality: Penguins as a group are highly susceptible to air-borne fungal infections. For this reason, the air quality in an indoor penguin exhibit should be optimal. Airflow, fresh air exchange, and filter capacity should be researched to provide the cleanest air possible. Aspergillus fumigatus spores range in size from 2.5–3 microns with other aspergillus species spores as large as 10 microns. In order to remove
these spores from the air, a filter should remove particles in that size range or smaller. If possible sources of aspergillus are external to the exhibit then consideration should be given to reducing fresh air intake and providing a high-quality filter on the incoming air line as well as in the recirculation line. If the possible sources of aspergillus are internal to the exhibit, then a high-quality filter in the recirculating system, a
high volume air change per hour, and increased fresh air exchange—as well as identifying and removing the aspergillus source within the exhibit—should be considered. Collection of regular air cultures in the exhibit as well as the air-handling system is a good practice in preventative maintenance. ...
Geoffrey writes:
Drs. Schaechter, Racaniello, Swanson, Schmidt, and Any Guests that I Might Have Missed:
In honor of a section that shows up on your show on occasion, I thought that I might send you an actual talmudic question that I posed and partially answered for another podcast a year or so ago:
Why were the Hebrews unable to take their leavening with them when they left Egypt under Moses' leadership?
During the seven days of Passover (the comemortation of the Exodus), Jews are forbidden to eat chametz. Although often translated as "leavened bread" (the word seems to derive from a root for "sour", indicating that it was a sourdough-type food), the word is probably better translated as "foods or drinks containing leaven" (Exodus 12:15) which includes beer (the production of beer and bread were intermingled in Ancient Egypt and, probably, most of the Ancient Middle East). Why bring this up on TWiM? because chametz is the result of se'or or microbial fermentation. What could be more appropriate than an actual talmudic question about microbiology?
Now, Exodus 12:15 provided the injunction against leaven - "For seven days you shall eat matzeh" (matzeh is unleavened bread, flour and water mixed and baked within 20 minutes, not enough time for yeast production to kick in) but not the reason. A reason was given in Exodus 13:8 - "And you shall explain to your son on that day, 'It is because of what the Lord did for me when I went free from Egypt.'." - but, honestly, that isn't much of a reason. Part of another reason was given in Exodus 12:34 where it stated that "they took their dough before it was leavened" and in 12:39 where it stated that "they baked matzeh of the dough, which they brought forth out of Egypt, for it was not leavened, since they were thrust out of Egypt and could not delay". That, on its surface, might seem reasonable enough but any of us who have baked bread and / or know anything about bread microbiology know that there is something wrong about this whole situation. If they took their dough with them, then it already contained the se'or ("starter"). The bread might have collapse on them if they waited too long to cook it but they didn't leave the se'or behind. That could only have happened had they only brought their grain or flour with them and mixed it with water while they were setting up camp and that is not what the text says.
And there is another complication. Exodus 12:39 implied that they couldn't bring their leavening with them because they were "thrust out of Egypt and could not delay". In other words, they didn't have enough time. Yet the Hebrews had sufficient time to gather jewelry from the Eqyptians (Exodus 12:35-36), enough supplies to build the tabernacle and an altar (Exodus 36-38), and their livestock (Exodus 12:32, 38). They even had time to bring their kneading-boards (mish'eret) bound in the clothes on their shoulders (Exodus 12:34). We know that the Egyptians (and, therefore, and Hebrews living in Egypt) used two main types of starter: a baked yeast cake for storage and, basically, a sourdough starter for continuous use. As most people who have dealt with sourdough starters know, these starters, with their often unique tastes, were cherished family possessions being maintained like a family pet and passed down from generation to generation. They were also mobile. Many American prospectors in Alaska in late 19th / early 20th Century kept them as a cherished part of their minimal possessions in their camps. That means that, if the Hebrews had time to gather other possessions, then they had time to pack their se'or and bring it along. In fact, if they brought their dough along, then they were, technically, bringing their se'or.
So, that brings us back to the question of why leavened bread was forbidden during Passover. I propose that the reason was cultural rather than physical (i.e., a matter of time). The Hebrews that left Egypt were depicted as belonging to many tribes. Their journey through the Wilderness was a depiction of their unification into one overall tribe: the Jews. Se'orim (sourdough starters) were cultural heritage. Because they were handed down from generation to generation, they represented the past. Discarding the se'orim and eating matzeh for seven days until they could make more through wild capture was an act of discarding the past as various hebraic tribes and starting a new life as one larger jewish tribe. I suspect that the Rosh Hashanah ceremony of tashlikh - when one tosses bread crumbs into a body of water to cast away the sins of the previous year - is a similar act. Here too, the se'or and chametz serve as symbols of ones past but delving into the connection further is, I fear, a talmudic question for another time.
This might seem a strange excursion for the TWiM podcast but, when I started to piece it together, I found it to be another fascinating example of how microbiology can serve as a scaffold for understanding cultures long-since vanished from the Earth.
Thanks for the podcast,
Jessica writes:
I just finished listening to Chewates and Coconuts and was so elated to hear about the open access paper comparing the Soybean Oil, Beef Tallow, and Coconut Oil effects on fungal colonization. I am a biologist by education, but I also have quite the "Crunchy" side. If you have ever seen My Big Fat Greek Wedding you may recall that the father figure uses Windex to solve all of life's problems, and that is me with Coconut Oil. I have several friends in different fields of science and they poke fun at my inFATuation (pun totally intended) with Coconut Oil and often demand scientific evidence for my claims. This is going to be a great addition to my arsenal along with your entertaining and informative podcast! If you ever have the time or desire you should devote an entire tsegment to Coconut Oil and all of its anti-microbial claims! Thank you for the segment and your weekly contributions to science.
Laboratory Technician
Aaron writes:
Greetings Dr Racaniello and colleagues,
Thank you so much for your wonderful podcast. I am a high school biology teacher and I thoroughly enjoy your discussions of current articles and topics in microbiology. My background is in biochemistry, and your discussions are engaging and keep me thinking about the unseen microbial world that is all around us.
I am currently working on developing a curriculum where students will investigate the Microbiome of drosophila guts. I was fortunate enough to have a lab fellowship in an immunology lab at the University of Massachusetts medical school this past summer where I developed the fly dissection techniques and basic plating. As most of the Microbiome of Drosophia is comprised of Lactobacillus and acetobacter, I used MRS agar and ACE agar this summer but I found the ace agar difficult to work with and I think it will be challenging for my students (plus it contains cyclohexamide which I don't want to bring into my HS classroom). Could one of the panelists recommend some other potential media that I could consider for introducing these techniques to my students?
Again, thank you for the wonderful show and I look forward to future episodes.
Ethan writes:
Dear TWIM Team,
I have listened to TWIV for a while but just recently added TWIM to my repertoire, so forgive me if this has been addressed in earlier episodes.
Having a background in chemistry and biology with an eye toward human therapeutics (if only in part for funding purposes), I was a amused by the apparent surprise expressed by the hosts at a microbial secondary metabolite being used in human therapy (TWIM #112). I would argue that the majority of small molecule therapies (especially antibiotics and anti-cancers) to date are derived from microbial secondary metabolites, either directly or some having been chemically tweaked for enhanced stability and pharmacokinetic properties.
Chemists are getting better at rational design or the clunky approach of high-throughput screening of random chemical libraries to find new therapies, but 3.8 billion years of evolution has done a lot of work for us.
I found this review paper on the subject which is rather dated, but seems comprehensive and doesn't appear to be behind a paywall.
Always a joy to listen,
Mike writes:
Hi Professors TWIM,
I am a recent convert to microbiology and I am preparing to take a medical microbiology course soon. In preparation, I have been reading several microbiology textbooks and getting a little frustrated. Every book starts with a long discussion of the marvels of the gram stain, but yet after a few hours of googling I still can't find the answer to one very simple question: are gram positives and gram negatives monophyletic? From my initial reading it seems that gram positives are a small monophyletic group, and that 'gram negatives' encompasses a massive group of bacteria so large as to be almost meaningless. Am I completely wrong? Do you know of good review papers that explain bacterial taxonomy? Right now I am left wondering if our obsession with the distinction between gram negative and positive is a relic of a pre genomic age. Or maybe I have no idea what I am talking about (likely). I would love to hear your take on this interesting question.
I love all three of your science podcasts, and I keep meaning to get to the vertical farm podcast soon. I have listened to almost every episode of the others though, and I loved them all.
The weather at Stanford right now (10 pm) is 17 °C, humidity 69%, dew point 12° with a cool breeze from the ocean. A lovely evening; although I really wish we would have some rain.
Thank you ask for the wonderful podcasts, they are all a fabulous service to the community and to the public. They are also wonderful good fun.
Thanks for your help,
Justin writes:
So if I understand this correctly, this means that the cooling towers spray a mist of the bacteria (with or without amoeba) into the air and that "rains down" and contaminates the air around the building?
This really conflicts with how some sources are saying it has to do with showers http://abcnews.go.com/Health/wireStory/legionnaires-deaths-tied-spray-shower-faucet-33068564 since the cooling towers shouldnt feed into the showers at all.
Could you provide a clarification for me as to what is actually going on? I'm inclined to trust the cooling tower mist idea just because of the source but that's a lot of bacteria you'd need to have raining down...
Thank you.


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Road America's Race Season is Almost Here!
ELKHART LAKE, Wis., March 30, 2016 - The 2016 race season is almost underway, and there is certainly a lot to look forward to at America's National Park of Speed! In the offseason, quite a bit has c...Continue Reading
Brashear, Childress, Gabelich, Ganassi, McClelland, Posey, Sweikert To Be Inducted Into Motorsports Hall of Fame of America
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Ford GT 40 America's First and Last World Sports Car Champion at the Simeone Automotive Museum
SEE ALSO: Reinterpreting a Living Legend: Ford Unveils the New GT40 Concept Car Ford Racing Legends By Larry Nutson Senior Editor, New York Bureau The Auto Channel The Ford Motor Company ente...Continue Reading
Lucas Oil Owned MAVTV Motorsports Network Adds Execs
Corona, CA August 21, 2013; Bob Patison, President of MAVTV American Real announces executive team expansion in the key areas of production, marketing, and distribution for the Lucas Oil owned network...Continue Reading
Former "Paperboy" Chris Economaki Named Third Squier-Hall Award Recipient
DAYTONA BEACH, Fla. (July 6, 2013) — Known for more than 50 years as the "Dean of American Motorsports," the late journalist and broadcaster Chris Economaki has been named the third ...Continue Reading
A TRIBUTE TO CHRIS ECONOMAKI' at IMRRC JUNE 15
SEE ALSO: Chris Economaki Dies at 91 WATKINS GLEN, N.Y. (June 10, 2013) - The achievements of Chris Economaki, the late dean of American motorsports, will be celebrated on Saturday, June 15, at the I...Continue Reading
Sanctioning Body News - MARS Inc To Receive Marketing Award From NASCAR
DAYTONA BEACH, Nov. 26, 2012: Mars, Incorporated will be honored with the 2012 NASCAR Marketing Achievement Award at the NASCAR NMPA Myers Brothers Awards held at Encore at Wynn Las Vegas on Thursday,...Continue Reading
Pro Karting - Giebler Racing's Williams Takes 2nd In S5, Spaulding 3rd In TaG Senior
LAS VEGAS, Nov. 26, 2012: Carter Williams of Clovis, Calif., finished second in S5 shifter and Kiel Spaulding of Elk Grove, Calif., was third in TaG Senior to top the feature performances for Phil Gie...Continue Reading
FIA F1 - Race Podium Conference Brazil
Interlagos, Nov. 26, 2012: Drivers: 1 Jenson Button (McLaren), 2 Fernando Alonso (Ferrari), 3 Felipe Massa (Ferrari). Q: First of all, a question for the winner. For sure, you've done a fantasti...Continue Reading
Automotive Performance Brands - Yokohama Tire Sponsors LA Auto Show For 7th Consecutive Year
FULLERTON, Nov. 26, 2012: For the seventh straight year, Yokohama Tire Corporation is a major sponsor of the upcoming Los Angeles Auto Show, November 30-December 9 at the LA Convention Center. Yokoham...Continue Reading
FIA F1 - Third Red Bull Constructors' Title Proud Moment
Interlagos, Nov. 25, 2012: Sunday's United States race did not go exactly to plan for Red Bull, with Sebastian Vettel losing out on victory and Mark Webber retiring, but the result did secure th...Continue Reading
Special Motorsports Event - Force Takes Center Stage At PRI
ORLANDO, Nov. 25, 2012: It's not unusual to see John Force taking center stage and he'll be doing just that at this year's Performance Racing Industry Trade Show as the 15-time NHRA ...Continue Reading
Automotive Performance Brands - Yokohama Tire Giving Away Over 400 LA Auto Show Tickets
FULLERTON, Nov. 21, 2012: Yokohama Tire Corporation (YTC) is giving away more than 400 free tickets to the Los Angeles Auto Show, which will be held at the LA Convention Center from November 30 throug...Continue Reading
Ferrari Challenge - Tucker And Level 5 Complete Big Weekend in Austin
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Special Motorsports Event - An American Real Thanksgiving Message From San Schmidt
Corona, Nov. 22, 2012: Bound to a wheelchair after a serious crash rendered him paralyzed from the chest down, former race car driver Sam Schmidt would seem an unlikely source for a television network...Continue Reading
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I'm replacing all the old windows XP machines in my network to new machines running windows 7.
I hoped it would be an easy task, but apparently it isn't: all the machines I've installed (using WDS) are repetitively showing peculiar errors and going into system restore.
The DC is a Windows Server 2008 R2 machine, and so are the DHCP, DNS and WDS services.
For example: all the machines have shown the error: filename or extension too long when trying to install new programs locally, when trying to open c:\windows\System32\systempropertiesadvanced.exe, or when trying to use WMI, or sysinternals tools such as procmon.
There are probably other programs that will fail in this fashion, but I didn't try to run them.
Moreover, all the machines tend to go into system restore once every 2-3 days - and I haven't been able to ascertain why. Resetting a computer after encountering the first problem will get me to system restore 100% of the time. I can't remember if it ever happened without the first symptom, though. My guess is that this is either a problem with the image that I have installed or with the group policy that might have XP stuff Win7 just doesn't like.
I've tried to run GPUpdate /force on a newly installed machine and restarting it, nothing happened (though this happened after removing some GPOs that I deemed unnecessary).
I've tried installing a machine from a newly captured image and joining the domain - the error lived on (the machine joined the domain before I removed those GPOs, but the error happened after I removed them).
Any advice on how to solve this mess?


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Krugman vs. Obama on border adjustments in the climate bill
Obama's interview on the climate bill last week had this Q&A (transcript here, my earlier summaries here and here):
Media: One of the provisions that got added very late to this bill that senators had expressed some reservations about was the one that puts tariffs on goods imported from countries that don't have these sort of restrictions. What do you think of that revision and would you like to see the Senate strip it out?
Obama: At a time when the economy worldwide is still deep in recession and we've seen a significant drop in global trade, I think we have to be very careful about sending any protectionist signals out there. There were a number of provisions that were already in place, prior to this last provision you talked about, to provide transitional assistance to heavy manufacturers. A lot of the offsets were outdated to those industries. I think we're going to have to do a careful analysis to determine whether the prospects of tariffs are necessary, given all the other stuff that was done and had been negotiated on behalf of energy-intensive industries.
So certainly it is a legitimate concern on the part of American businesses that they are not disadvantaged vis-a-vis their global competitors. Now, keep in mind, European industries are looking at an even more ambitious approach than we are. And they obviously have confidence that they can compete internationally under a regime that controls carbons. I think the Chinese are starting to move in the direction of recognizing that the future requires them to take a clean energy approach. In fact, in some ways they're already ahead of us — on fuel efficiency standards, for example, they've moved beyond where we've moved on this.
There are going to be a series of negotiations around this and I am very mindful of wanting to make sure that there's a level playing field internationally. I think there may be other ways of doing it than with a tariff approach.
Krugman disagrees with the President (and I tend to agree with the Nobel Prize winner in Economics):
The truth is that there's perfectly sound economics behind border adjustments related to cap-and-trade. The way to think about it is in terms of a well-established theory "" the theory of non-economic objectives in trade policy "" that owes its origins to Jagdish Bhagwati, who certainly can't be accused of being a protectionist. The essential idea is that if you have a non-economic objective, such as self-sufficiency in food production, you should choose policy instruments to align incentives with that objective; in normal circumstances this leads to consumer or producer intervention, rarely to tariffs.
But in this case the non-economic objective is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, never mind their source. If you only impose restrictions on greenhouse gas emissions from domestic sources, you give consumers no incentive to avoid purchasing products that cause emissions in other countries; as a result, you have an inefficient outcome even from a world point of view. So border adjustments here are entirely legitimate in terms of basic economics.
And they're also probably OK under trade law. The WTO has looked at the issue, and suggests that carbon tariffs may be viewed the same way as border adjustments associated with value-added taxes. It has long been accepted that a VAT is essentially a sales tax "" a tax on consumers "" which for administrative reasons is collected from producers. Because it's essentially a tax on consumers, it's legal, and also economically efficient, to collect it on imported goods as well as domestic production; it's a matter of leveling the playing field, not protectionism.
And the same would be true of carbon tariffs.
What's happening here, I think, is that people are relying on what Paul Samuelson called an economic "shibboleth" "" they're relying on some slogan rather than thinking through the underlying economics. In this case the shibboleth is "free trade good, protection bad", when what the economics really says is that incentives should reflect the marginal cost of greenhouse gases in all goods, wherever produced "" which in this case happens to imply border adjustments.
Later he added this post:
Testimony on the issue from a real trade lawyer (thanks to Richard Baldwin, who pointed me to this document). The bottom line:
In sum, if carefully calibrated along the lines suggested above, carbon equalization measures at the border, imposed on certain imports, can be modeled in compliance with WTO non-discrimination rules and/or the WTO's environmental exception.
So the economics are right; it's WTO-legal; and it would neutralize a major political argument against controlling greenhouse gases. Why, oh, why, would Obama say "Ni"?
A Monty Python allusion, nudge, nudge!
Ultimately, if the world is going to stabilize anywhere near 2°C total warming — no mean feat — then every major country will need to participate. The world will need very strong sanctions against bad actors.
So I think it is an important precedent to start with what appear to be completely legal and appropriate border adjustments. The judges are giving this round to Krugman.
8 Responses to Krugman vs. Obama on border adjustments in the climate bill
A border tax adjustement is not necessarily a distortion of the market but rather creates an even playing field. It would consist in requiring from the importers to surrender (and therefore purchase) emission allowances based on their real emissions. Off course if free emission allowances are distributed to domestic producers, then importers should receive the same level of allowances for free per tonne of product.
Indeed with a border adjustment, emission allowances and its associated bureaucracy are no longer needed. The full cost of carbon can be passed to steel leading to its efficient use and therefore a decarbonization of the economy through its efficient production AND efficient use. With the distribution of free allowances, the price signal to use less steel or use it less efficiently is weakened.
Is it really bad to contract the steel demand and replace it by efficiency (=good engineering)? I would said not bad considering the US imports roughly 1/5 of its need.
Additional "benefits" of border adjustment are:
– the need for a data collection from the producer (you can't control what you can't measure… and we want to control GHG emissions, right?)
– an negotiation card which strongly invites countries with heavy industries into "sectoral approaches" in which their own production would face similar constraints
– a uniform price signal and no carbon leakages
As you see the solutions rated from the best to the worst are:
– an even playing field for a certain type of goods with full auctionning of emissions worldwide (e.g. country with caps + sectoral cap for industrial sector in developing countries), OR
– A sectoral agreement worldwide for a specific sector
– a cap in developed countries only with free allocation of emission allowances.
– a cap in developed countries only with full auctionning of the emission allowances (maximum market distortion).
Many industries I worked with have a clear preference for border adjustments in sectors where the number of products or sub-categories of products is limited and the number of plants to survey worldwide for the proper number crunching is also limited.
Why not consider import subsidies on low-GHG goods? Tariffs and subsidies can be used in combination to preserve revenue neutrality. If we're considering output-based allocation for our trade-sensitive industries, why not apply the same principle to imports?
Asserting that WTO rules constitute what is "legal" is, while not inaccurate, likely a euphemism for what is, at best, extra-Constitutional (and from a strict Constitutional view, unconstitutional).
That aside (which it should not be!) the devil is in the details. As I consider this I have to wonder whose competitor gets hammered and whose doesn't—at least when it comes to enforcement; to practice. Do I see a new source of political contributions opening—and more sausage making that has little to do with clean or secure energy, or GHG regulation?
In addition, is the inclusion of tariffs a conflict regarding the stated jurisdictional rational for the legislation (regulating GHG emission from U.S. sources)? Isn't the conundrum of this legislation (if it isn't just a jobs bill) that unless the jurisdictional is Constitutional the legislation is flawed, and unless the legislation is framed to cover all the global sources that are the result of what is consumed and/or invested in by United States citizens, it is scientifically ineffective relative to the reported need to reducing CO2 emissions to 1990 levels by 2050? Isn't what is "legal"—but not rational/sane—that we are free to pursue, with "legal" limited liability (relative to precedents of common law) profit and consumption as we feel is best for us?
BTW, my read of the transcript says words are being put into the President's mouth that he did not say. Is his phrasing, like his use of language during the campaign relative to "hope" and "change," such that one can project into it whatever ones feelings say should be there?
Well, the obvious reason border tariffs are a bad idea is that the threat of them makes a global climate deal impossible. We are not setting the terms here, folks.
I'm a strong supporter of border tax adjustments (BTAs) for the reason that Joe stated quite succinctly: "The world will need very strong sanctions against bad actors."
But when it comes to the BTAs in the Waxman-Markey bill, there is trouble in the fine print. The relevant sections of the Waxman-Markey bill are Sections 765-769 of the bill, especially 767 (c). In my opinion, BTAs should apply if a country is not participating in, or in compliance with, an international agreement.
The provisions in W-M are different, and impose other conditions on countries. While I can see the temptation to do that, I don't think it will help. The W-M provisions require that countries satisfy one of the following requirements in order to avoid BTAs:
(1) The country is a party to an international agreement to which the United States is a party that includes a nationally enforceable and economy wide greenhouse gas emissions reduction commitment for that country that is at least as stringent as that of the United States.
(2) The country is a party to a multilateral or bilateral emission reduction agreement for that sector to the which the United States is a party.
(3) The country has an annual energy or greenhouse gas intensity, as described in section 763(b)(2)(A)(ii), for the sector that is equal to or less than the energy or greenhouse gas intensity for such industrial sector in the United States in the most recent calendar year for which data are available.
This could imply that India, with per-capita emissions something like 16 times less than the United States, could be subject to BTAs. We should not forget that the Kyoto Protocol is now in force, but the US has not ratified, even though the US negotiated a 7% reduction for the commitment period. If any country should be subject to BTAs, the US (and possibly Canada) would be prime candidates.
Might I suggest, Eli Rabett's Simple Plan to Save the World, first published in December 2007
Nations wishing to make major progress on decreasing greenhouse gas emissions should introduce emission taxes on all products. These taxes should be levied on imports as well as domestic goods at the point of sale, and should displace other taxes, such as VAT, sales taxes, and payroll (e.g. social security, health care) in such a way that tax revenues are constant, and distributed equitably.
These should be introduced as an Emissions Added Levy (avoiding the bad jokes). EAL would be imposed on sale for emissions added in the preceding step and inherent to the consumption of the product, as would be the case for heating oil and gasoline. Manufacturers would pay the EAL on electricity they bought, and incorporate this and the levy on emissions they created into the price of the product they sell.
Imports from countries that do not have an EAL would have the full EAL imposed at the time of import. The base rate would be generic EALs based on worst previous practices in the countries that do have EALs, which would be reduced on presenting proof that the actual emissions were lower.
A related issue is what happens if a country, that has a carbon price and is in compliance with an international agreement, but exports fossil fuels to a country that is not. There is an argument that a border adjustment should be levied in this situation as well — the exporting country should tax the fossil fuel.
While President Obama's concern regarding protectionist signals is reasonable, something – whether border adjustments or another alternative – needs to be done in order to decrease the emissions from the production of the goods we consume.
Leakage of American demand to other countries could set back some progress made toward answering the challenge of global warming. In order to have the greatest impact on climate change, we should ensure that calculation of emissions consider the entire lifecycle of products, a lifecycle that includes manufacturing and transportation in other countries.
Preventing this leakage is particularly important given the potential of a clean energy bill to recharge our economy and, in the words of Speaker Pelosi on June 26th on the House floor, create "jobs, jobs, jobs, and jobs" for Americans.
Ideally, all countries would take global warming emissions into account as a cost of production. A global agreement is one solution to the problem of uneven emissions standards. It would be a great success if President Obama leaves Copenhagen this fall with an international agreement, and much more likely to happen if the Senate passes a strong cap-and-trade program.
But, until such an agreement takes place, a border tax adjustment should not be off the table. This policy could be the answer. An effective energy bill with a border tax adjustment can provide a level playing field for American businesses and motivate changes internationally.
And such tariffs do not need to be considered punitive; as stated by the President of the United Steel Worker, Leo W. Gerard, in a June 25 letter to the House of Representatives endorsing their recently passed cap-and-trade program, the tariff could acknowledge that "The privilege of being able to sell to the American consumer brings with it the shared responsibility to improve the global environment for future generations."
Stefanie Feldman, Environment America Global Warming Intern


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I couldn't find a question like this, which might be because I don't have a clue how the top bar icons are named properly.
I am using 2 monitors and Ubuntu 12.04 with the standard interface (Unity 3D?). I got it to look like I want it to, but the icons on the right of the top bar are shown on both monitors.
Is it possible to hide the icons (power icon, etc.) on one monitor only?


text: 11 Nov 2015 Dariusburst Second Prologue Game on ITunes By kaburulu Iphone Games 0 Comments The shooting game classic has arrived! Darius is a series of side-scrolling space shooter Taito. We remember with pleasure, among others, the episode G-Darius, came out years ago on the Playstation. If you liked the genre, you know that Darius Burst SP is available for Android and iOS at full price, by promising a healthy dose Read More 10 Nov 2015 Rapture – World Conquest Game arrives on the App Store By kaburulu Iphone Games 0 Comments I like the idea of imitating the role of a jealous god of heaven. Rapture – World Conquest will do this and more, and will guide you through an adventure that uses the formula of real-time strategy, made here particularly "brisk", to make the experience as exciting as possible. Unlike other strategy games it gets Read More 10 Nov 2014 THE DEAD : Beginning Game arrives on Android By kaburulu Android Games 0 Comments November: the totality of autumn makes its presence, the plants have been exposed of their leaves forever, and in the homes they remember the dead and their exploits. November, then, is the month before the Christmas period. Missing is still time for parties, so why not shorten the wait with this new collection games!! Will Read More


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Abidemi / Nigeria
My name is Abediemi and I'm Nigerian. The question is do you like cleaning?
Actually, I don't like cleaning at all. I find that it takes a lot of time and I don't want to spend so much time on cleaning. So, if had a lot of money, I would pay somebody to do my cleaning for me. However, I do like clean places, so I don't like dirt or having to deal with dirty things so I do wash by myself and I clean now but someday when I'm rich, I'm going to get somebody to do my cleaning for me.
Answer these questions about the video.
Study Tip
The more you listen, the faster you improve!


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WASHINGTON--Today, as part of the Administration's all-of-the-above energy approach, the Department of Energy has selected four projects to receive funding for next-generation gasification systems that also reduce harmful greenhouse gas emissions. Awardees will receive approximately $16 million to advance the gasification process, which converts carbon-based materials like coal into syngas for use as power, chemicals, hydrogen, and transportation fuels.
Today, the Department of Energy announced the selection of three multiyear, field laboratories and six other multiyear research projects for continued research to promote environmentally prudent development of unconventional oil and natural gas resources.
The U.S. Department of Energy today announced the selection of a multi-year, field-based research project designed to gain further insight into the nature, formation, occurrence and physical properties of methane hydrate‐bearing sediments for the purpose of methane hydrate resource appraisal.
WASHINGTON D.C. — Today, the Department of Energy and Skyonic Corporation marked the opening of a major project demonstration for converting carbon dioxide (CO2) into commercial products. This new plant will use a first-of-its-kind process to capture 75,000 tons of CO2 from a San Antonio, Texas, cement plant and convert the greenhouse gas into other products, including sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate, hydrochloric acid and bleach.
The U.S. Department of Energy has selected four research projects that will provide educational and research training opportunities for minority students while advancing key technical areas in fossil fuel utilization.
The National Energy Technology Laboratory has released a technical report on the results of a limited field study that monitored a hydraulic fracturing operation in Greene County, PA.
The Energy Department announced today that it has issued the final authorization to Cameron LNG, LLC (Cameron) and Carib Energy LLC (Carib) to export domestically produced liquefied natural gas (LNG) to countries that do not have a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with the United States.
The DOE selected six new projects under the University Coal Research Program that seek long-term solutions for the clean and efficient use of our nation's abundant coal resources.
The U.S. Department of Energy announced the selection of 13 projects to develop technologies and methodologies for geologic storage of carbon dioxide.
The Department of Energy announced today that Grace Bochenek has been named the director of the National Energy Technology Laboratory.
Office of Fossil EnergyForrestal Building1000 Independence Avenue, SWWashington, DC 20585


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Hello all --
New WP user, just made the jump from LJ. Moved over years worth of entries. I would like a way to batch edit many entries at a time. More specifically, a batch Find/Replace.
For the past two years-ish, I started every LJ entry with a DIV tag, for my own styling rules. Now in WP I don't need them, and it's throwing off my themes. I simply can't go one-by-one to remove them by hand.
Any help is appreciated!