text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Publication date
|Aug 30, 1960
|Filing date
|Dec 24, 1956
|Priority date
|Dec 24, 1956
|Publication number
|Lantos Peter Richard
|Original Assignee
|Du Pont
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (10), Referenced by (21), Classifications (10)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
2,951,947 Patented Aug. 30, 1960 i a s,
lREPARA-TION. F FILAMENT S FROM POLYTET- RAFLUOROETHYLENE EMULIONS Peter Richard Lantos, Kennett Square, Pa, assignor to E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, Del., a corporation of Delaware No Drawing. Filed Dec. 24, 1956, Ser. No. 630,072
1 Claim. (01.260-17) The present invention relates to the formationofifilms, fibers and the like from tetrafluoroethylene polymers. Specifically the invention is directed to a proces of making continuous structures from an aqueous polytetrafluoroethylene dispersion which is emulsified in a waterimmiscible organic solvent containing an organic polymer.
Throughout the description of this invention, the term dispersion will be understood to designate an intimate suspension of finely-divided solid particles in a liquid, whereas the term emulsion will be applied only to indicate suspensions of finely-divided liquid droplets in another liquid.
A fiber having the desirable properties of polytetrafluoroethylene, e.g., chemical inertness, high temperature stability, non-adhesiveness, low modulus, low wettability with water and organic liquids, low coefiicient of friction and unique electrical properties, has promising utility for many industrial purposes. However, the chemical inertness of polytetrafluoroethylene (apparent from its low solubility) and its high temperature stability (apparent from its high melting point) have made the processing of this polymer difficult. It is therefore obvious that polytetrafiuoroethylene cannot be spun into fibers by conventional spinning methods, e.g., by wet .or dry spinning 7 from solution or 'by melt extrusion. A newer method in-' volving the spinning .of polytetrafiuoroethylene in the form of a lubricated "paste, requires enormous pressures, and yields only coarse fibers ofuneven denier and extremely low strength, before the required sintering involved in the making of the final product; the high pressure, the unadaptability of the polymer to the spinning .of multi-filament yarns composed of low denier fibers, and the inability to use the continuous process in the application of the lubricated paste method impose serious limitations on the use' of this process. Other known techniques for forming continuous structures of polytetrafiuoroethylene have resulted in very weak filaments of no practical value; the filaments were not well formed and their weakness before they were subjected to the sintering step prevented their handling by conventional methods. An approach to the problem of the dry spinning of polytetrafluoroethylene dispersions 'by transferring the aqueous polytetrafluoroethylene dispersion into an organic liquid has hitherto been unsuccessful; this atfor making strong textile filaments from tetrafluoroethylone polymers. 'Other objects will appear hereinafter.
surface-active agent, sold under the trade name ".SpanZO :and believed tobe sorbitan monolau rate, wasadded 625 These and other objects are accomplished by emulsitying an aqueous dispersion of polytetrafluoroethylene in a solution of --a different polymer serving as a matrix in an organic solvent substantially immiscible in water. Such a mixture can properly be considered a waterin oil type emulsion of the following four components: water, a water-immiscible organic solvent, polytetrafiuoroethylene, and the matrix polymer. This emulsion contains therefore, in colloidally distributed form, the dispersion of the polytetrafluoroethylene in water, the organic solvent'being the continuous phase and the aqueous dispersion being the disperse phase of the emulsion;
This emulsion dispersion comprises a colloidally dispersed, water-containing spinnable tetrafluoroethylene polymer composition in contact to compositions which are water free but are invariably coagulated. The combined water-organic solvent system has permitted the use of polymers as a matrix for the polytetrafluoroethylene not possible in a dispersion of polytetrafiuoroethylene alone. In particular, this-emulsion dispersion makes possible the use of pol-ytetrafluoroethylene in-dry spinning and in wet spinning processes.
The production of film or fibers from this emulsion of polytetrafluoroethylene in accordance with the present invention involves the following steps: "extrusion of the emulsion through a conventional spinningorifice or orifices, e.g., a spinneret, into a .s etting medium for the matrix material, sintering of the contained polytetrafluoroethylene at a temperature above its crystalline melting temperature (327 C.), and elimination of the matrix material if necessary or desired. The step of eliminating the matrix material will not in most cases have to 'be carried out as a separate step, depending on the selection of matrix material, since, at the sintering' temperature of polytetrafiuoroethylene, most matrices will decompose into volatile and hence readily removablematerials, e.g., monomers, gases of decomposition, or low molecular polymers which will flash out. i i
The strength of the fibers or film during s'pinriing is due, in large part, to'the matrix polymer which coagulat'es and coalesces after being extruded through the spinneret, thereby enveloping therein discrete particles 'of the insoluble, unmelted 'polytetralluoroethylene. i
As a setting medium for the matrix polymeryaii (for dry spinning) or methanol '(for'wet spinning) have been found satisfactory; although equivalent gaseous and liquid coagulants may be usedf For the purpose of making the emulsion/dispersion smooth and stable, one to four percent by weight of the combined weight of liquids of the emulsion/ dispersion, of a surfactant, i.e., surface-active agent, is added to the above four-component system. Illustrations of these surface-active agents, which are agents for forming the water-in-oil type of emulsion, will be found in theexamples and the discussion following the examples.
The invention will be more clearly understood by reference to the examples and the discussion which follows the examples. These examples are given for illustration only and arenot limitative; parts, proportions and percentages are by weight'throughoutthe examplesand specifics.
tion unless otherwise indicated. v
'Example I To 500 grams of a 25% solution of polystyrene (molecular weight.1'00,0'00) 'inxltoluene containing 2% of a grams of a 60% dispersion of polytetraflnoroethylene (molecular weight :lgOtJIljGOOi) water] This gavea 3:1
iof. being shaped into the desired form.
ratio of polytetrafluoroethylene/ polystyrene. The dispersion of polytetrafluoroethylene (average particle size 0.2 microns) was prepared by the method described in Kroll, U.S. Patent No. 2,750,350, issued June 12, 1956, with the addition of a compound sold under the tradename Triton X-100 and believed to be an alkaryl polyether alcohol formed by condensing 10 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of alkphenol, as a dispersantfollowed by concentration (through evaporation) of the dispersion. The emulsion/dispersion was spun through a 5-hole spinneret, the holes being 0.008 inch in diameter, into warm (55 C.) methanol. Fine fibers were obtained having a strength quite adequate for winding up after passing from the methanol bath. The fibers were then sintered by passage over and in contact with a hot plate at 370 C. with the production of fibers of satisfactory tenacity. The same composition was also cast into a tough film by pouring on a steel plate, followedby air drying without sintering.
Example 11 An emulsion/ dispersion of polytetrafluoroethylene was prepared by dissolving 'g. polyisobutylene (molecular weight 250,000) in 90 grams toluene, adding 2 grams of the Span 20 surface-active agent, and then 100 grams of the aqueous 60% polytetrafluoroethylene dispersion of Example I. After stirring for one minute, this mixture was spun through a S-hole spinneret (0.008-inch diameter holes) at the speed of 60 feet per minute into a bath containing methanol at 55 C. with a 2-foot bath travel. The yarn was wound up on a bobbin and sintered by passage over and in contact with a hot plate at 380 C. to obtain yarn having good strength.
Example Ill (47%), myristyl (18%),,palmityl (8%), stearyl (5%) and oleyl (5%); sold under the trade name Ethomeen 18/15, and 150 grams of the 60% aqueous polytetrafluoroethylene dispersion of Example I to give a ratio of 3 partsof the intractable polytetrafluoroethylene to one part of matrix material. After stirring, a smooth emulsion/ dispersion, dilutable'. with toluene, was formed. This was dry-spun through a 3-hole spinneret of 0.008-inch orifice diameter into a hot air spinning cell at a spinning head temperature of80 C. and a spinning cell temperature 'of 150 C. Thefibers were self-supporting for 8 feet of their length and were thereafter sintered at 375 C. to abrownish filament. A film, cast from the same 'mixture was strong and flexible when dry and was sintered at 380 C. over two rollers to a very light-colored tough product.
p This experiment of Example III above was repeated with different surfactants in, place of that of Example III,
. such as phosphates of long-chain alcohols marketed under the trade name Ortholeum 162, sorbitan monooleate marketed under the trade name Span 80, a non-ionic surface-active agent prepared by condensing ethylene oxide with a hydrophobic base formed by the condensation of propylene oxide with propylene glycol, the molecular weight of polyoxyethylene chain being in the range 1500-1800 and the polyoxyethylene comprising 40% of the total weight marketed under the trade name Pluronic L 64, and in another modification, using 4% Span 80 surfactant and the 60% aqueous polytetrafluoroethylene dispersion'stabilized with 'Iriton X100- surfactant. In all these experiments water-imoil type emulsion/ dispersions were obtained, all of. which were substantially equally capable 4 Example IV 300 grams toluene containing 23% polystyrene (molecular weight 100,000) and 2 grams Ethomeen 18/ 15 surfactant were deaerated. To this solution was added 150 grams of an aqueous 30% polytetrafluoroethylene (molecular weight 1,000,000) dispersion prepared as in Example I, and the mixture stirred. It was then spun into monofilaments through a 15 mil h'ole spinneret into a hot air dry spinning column the filaments being separately collected. The head temperature of this spinneret was C., the cell wall temperature being C. The product could be subsequently sintered at a high temperature in the manner indicated in the preceding examples.
Example V When the experiment of Example I was repeated by replacing the Span 20" surfactant by an equal amount of a cationic surface-active agent comprising a mixture of tertiary amines, each tertiary amine having one alkyl group and two polyoxyethylene groups attached to each nitrogen; in the mixture of tertiary amines the ,alkyl groups consisting of palmityl (6%), stearyl (93%) and oleyl (1%) product sold under the trade name Ethomeen C 15 as a surfactant, an equally well shapable water-in-oil type emulsion/dispersion was obtained which may be used to produce equally satisfactory filaments.
While the production of the tetrafluoroethylene polymer dispersions is not a part of the present invention, they may be prepared to any suitable process described in the prior art, for example, according to the procedures of Llewellyn and Lontz, U.S. Patent No. 2,685,707, issued August 10, 1954; Berry, U.S. Patent No. 2,559,750, issued July 10, 1951; Renfrew, U.S. Patent No. 2,534,058, issued December 12, 1950 or Berry, U.S. Patent No. 2,478,229, issued August 9, 1949.
While the particle size of the tetrafluoroethylene polymer in a dispersion may vary over a wide range it is preferred that the polymer particles be of a size sufii-' ciently small to pass through the holes of a spinneret; normally a polymer, the particles of which are included within the range of 0.05 to 5 microns and preferably within the range of'0.1 to 2 microns, is suitable for the practice of the invention.
'Generally, it can be said that polytetrafluoroethylene dispersions can be emulsified in various polymer solutions, provided the organic solvent is substantially immiscible with water. These emulsions contain colloidal particles of unagglomerated polytetrafluoroethylene, and may readily be diluted as desired by the same or other water-immiscible organic solvent.
The following surfactants for the emulsification step have been found useful: the surface-active agents sold under the trade names Ethomeen 18/15, Ethomeen C 15, Span 20, Span 80, Pluronic L-64, and Ortholeum 162. The emulsions are generally prepared by dissolving 01-10%, preferably 0.5-5% of the surfactant together with the matrix polymer in the organic solvent, then adding the aqueous: polytetrafiuoroethylene dispersion and stirring till emulsified. This stirring must be vigorous enough to affect emulsification, but should preferably not shear the polytetrafluoro'ethylene nor beat air into the emulsion. It is a surprising characteristic of the present invention that these surfactants promote the desired water-in-oil type emulsion. .As can be seen from the above examples, complete coalescence of the polymer particles is achieved by sintering. -Development of optimum mechanical properties is dependent in pant uponthe sintering conditions, since incomplete sintering results in weak spots with attendant poor mechanical properties. The optimum sintering temperature for the developing of maximum properties appears to be approximately 350 to 400 C. At this temperature, yarns have to be sintered about 7 seconds before maximum physical, properties can be developed.
While higher sintering temperatures naturally require shorter sintering times, and sintering temperatures up to 430 C. have been used successfully, the contact times at temperatures below about 375 C. required to develop maximum properties become excessive. Many suitable heating media, such as molten salt or metal baths, heated rolls or plates, hot air, or radiant heat may be used for the sintering step.
Suitable tensile .properties for commercial applications are obtained by drawing the filaments after sintering, preferably at temperatures between the melting point and the decomposition temperature of the tetrafluoroethylene polymer. When sintering and drawing are combined into a single operation, temperatures of approximately 400. C. represent about the best balance between sintering rate, drawability, decomposition, and the yarn properties. Where drawing is performed as a separate operation from sintering, it is preferably carried out at temperatures between 330 C. and 400 C.
The invention has been described particularly in terms of tetrafiuoroethylene homopolymer, also called polytetrafiuoroethylene, made in the absence of materials copolymerizable with tetrafiuoroethylene, and it is the preferred polymer for use in this process. However, the invention also applies to other polyhalogenated polymers. For example, copolymers of tetrafluoroethylene with other unsaturated organic compounds, such as ethylene, perfiuoropropylene and chlorotrifluoroethylene may be used. The copolymerizable modifier may be present in the copolymer up to about 15% of the polymer and still maintain the essential properties of the tetrafiuoroethylene homopolymer. Telomerized tetrafluoroethylene polymers in which the end groups of the polymer chain are supplied by non-polymerizable compounds (e.g., methanol and ethanol) present during the polymerization to terminate polymerization at the desired molecular weight, may also be used.
The tetrafluoroethylene polymer can vary widely as to molecular weight. Generally speaking, the preferred molecular weights for the tetrafiuoroethylene polymer are 8,000 or higher.
A great deal of water in the emulsion/ dispersion complicates the spinning process. A total solids content of over 25% of the combined weight of the emulsion/dispersion components has been found satisfactory. The preferred total solids content, however, is above about 30%, since dispersions of this or higher concentrations can easily be dry spun, while dispersions containing from about 20 to 30% solids are preferably wet spun. In wet-spinning a lower percentage of solids is required, as the setting medium chosen is a solvent for the organic, water-immiscible solvent, thus concentrating the solids of the extruded mixture with a solidification of the matrix polymer containing embodied therein discrete particles of the intractable polymer.
Another important condition concerns the composition of the solids in the emulsion/dispersion. The ratio of polytetrafluoroethylene/matrix polymer may range from 1:2 to :1, with the preferred range being from 2:1 to 8:1. Too low a polytetrafiuoroethylene content yields poor fibers after sintering. At higher ratios the emulsion tends to invert or becomes unspinnable. A high ratio of polytetrafiuoroethylene dispersion to matrix solution can be readily attained by the addition of a sufficient amount of the above-specified surfactants.
Matrix materials useful in practicing the present invention are all those polymers which are substantially water-insoluble but are soluble in an organic, water-immiscible solvent. The preferred matrix materials for practicing the present invention have a decomposition temperature below 300 C. and flash off at such a temperature without leaving charred remains. Examples of useful matrix materials are polystyrene, polyisobutylene, polyvinyl toluene, nitrocellulose, polyethyene, or copolymers like a butadiene/ styrene copolymer. Some of these matrix materials are even available in their solution form in" an organic water-immiscible solvent. These matrix materials are generally characterized by their ability to deposit .a coherent, homogeneous, self-sustaining film from solution and after removal of the solvent. They are presentin the organic solvent in the amount of 1% :to 10% by weight of the total weight of matrix and'solvent, the, preferred range being from 2% to 8%.
Among the organic solvents useful-in practicing this invention are heptane, toluene, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, benzene, liquid aliphatic hydrocarbons or their halogen derivatives, water-immiscible ethers, waterimmiscible esters or ketones, nitrobenzene, chlorobenzene, the xylenes, etc. These solvents are substantially immiscible with water since their solubility in Water is small and the bulk of this solvent is undissolved in the water of the emulsion/ dispersion.
The new compositions of matter of the present invention are clearly distinguished from the formerly known dispersion spinning mixtures. In the case of these new compositions, water-insoluble organic polymers can be used as matrix materials. Many of these matrix materials, in contrast to water-soluble polymers, revert to volatile materials at sintering temperatures of polytetrafluoroethylene; such a matrix material has the valuable and desired characteristic of flashing off during sintering without leaving any charred remains, thus yielding a white polytetrafluoroethylene structure which cannot be obtained by using polymeric Water-soluble matrices. The continuous phase in these compositions is the organic solvent, which means that emulsions made up with a given amount of solvent may be diluted with organic solvent at any time to any desired extent. These compositions can be kept for months and no agglomeration occurs; they are fiber forming with about the same ease as a cellulose acetate spindope, and they are readily dry spun. Dry spinning is more easily carried out when the water content of the emulsion is held to a minimum.
Any departure from the above description which conforms to the present invention is also intended to be included within the scope of the claim.
I claim:
The process which comprises oommingling an aqueous dispersion consisting essentially of water, polytetrafluoroethylene particles of a size between about 0.05 and about 5 microns and a dispersing agent with a solution in a water-immiscible organic liquid selected from the group consisting of heptane, toluene, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, benzene, nitrobenzene, and chlorobenzene, of a water-immiscible film-forming polymer selected from the group consisting of polystyrene, polyisobutylene, polyvinyl toluene, nitrocellulose, polyethylene, and butadienestyrene copolymers; thoroughly agitating the resulting mixture in the presence of from about 0.1 to about 10% of a water-in-oil emulsifier for this system selected from the group consisting of a cationic surface active agent comprising a mixture .of tertiary amines, each tertiary amine having one alkyl group and two polyoxyethylene groups attached to each nitrogen, in the mixture of tertiary amines, the alkyl groups consisting of octyl (8%), decyl (9% lauryl (47%), myristyl (18%), Pahnityl (8%), stearyl (5%) and oleyl (5%); a cationic surface-active agent comprising a mixture of tertiary amines, each tertiary amine having one alkyl group and two polyoxyethylene groups attached to each nitrogen, in the mixture of tertiary amines, the alkyl groups consisting of palmityl (6%), stearyl (93%) and oleyl (1%); a non-ionic surface-active agent prepared by condensing ethylene oxide with a hydrophobic base formed by the condensation of propylene oxide with propylene glycol, the molecular weight of polyoxyethylene chain being in the range 1500-1800 and the polyoxyethylene comprising 40% of the total Weight; sorbitan monolaurate; and sorbitan monooleate; to form a water-in-oil emulsion, the ratio of polytetrafluorethylene to film-forming polymer being froni hbout 1:2 to about 10:1 and extruding the resulting emulsion into filaments.
lieferehces Cited in the file of this patent 7 UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,530,362 M-orris Nov. 14, 1950 2,668,157 Emig et a1 Feb. 2, 1954 2,671,065
Ulrich Mar. 2, 1954
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Nov 22, 1946
|Nov 14, 1950
|Dow Chemical Co
|Coagulation of nonelastic polymers
|Mar 15, 1951
|Feb 2, 1954
|Du Pont
|Abrasion resistant wire enamels
|Mar 30, 1950
|Mar 2, 1954
|Minnesota Mining & Mfg
|Polyvinyl acetate dispersion and method of making utilizing polyacrylic acid and monomer soluble and monomer insoluble catalyst
|Aug 9, 1951
|Jun 15, 1954
|Du Pont
|Polytetrafluoroethylene coating compositions
|Oct 29, 1953
|Sep 20, 1955
|Du Pont
|Polytetrafluoroethylene organosols and the formation of shaped articles therefrom
|Dec 3, 1952
|Mar 6, 1956
|Dow Chemical Co
|Making continuous fibers from a normally crystalline polymer latex
|Oct 22, 1953
|Oct 9, 1956
|Allied Chem & Dye Corp
|Emulsifiable polyethylene waxes and preparation thereof
|Sep 16, 1952
|Du Pont
|Polytetrafluoroethylene organosols
|Mar 29, 1955
|Du Pont
|Aqueous colloidal dispersions of tetrafluoroethylene and the shaped structures therefrom
|Title not available
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Dec 10, 1957
|Oct 24, 1961
|Du Pont
|Thermoplastic resins containing finely divided, fibrous polytetrafluoroethylene
|Sep 8, 1958
|Sep 25, 1962
|Acheson Ind Inc
|Polytetrafluoroethylene-cellulosic ether dispersion, method of forming coatings therewith, and article coated therewith
|Oct 4, 1962
|Dec 21, 1965
|Philip Morris Inc
|Polyethylene coated blades and process for their production
|Mar 26, 1962
|Dec 20, 1966
|Acheson Ind Inc
|Thermosettable resin compositions and method for forming low friction surface coatings
|Sep 15, 1964
|Dec 27, 1966
|American Cyanamid Co
|Poly (tetrafluoroethylene)-thermoplastic resin composition
|Dec 3, 1963
|Aug 1, 1967
|Union Carbide Canada Ltd
|Polyethylene blends containing trace amounts of polytetrafluoroethylene
|Jan 5, 1967
|Jan 2, 1968
|Acheson Ind Inc
|Aerosolized halogenated olefin polymer composition
|Dec 17, 1990
|Mar 24, 1992
|Yeu Ming Tai Chemical Industrial Co., Ltd.
|Process for forming an expanded porous tetrafluoroethylene polymer
|Apr 28, 1995
|Jul 2, 1996
|Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company
|Surfactants to create fluoropolymer dispersions in fluorinated liquids
|May 7, 1996
|Aug 26, 1997
|Minnesota Mining & Manufacturing Company
|Surfactants to create fluoropolymer dispersions in fluorinated liquids
|Dec 20, 1996
|Mar 3, 1998
|E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company
|Dispersion spinning process for polytetrafluoroethylene and related polymers
|Dec 20, 1996
|Jun 9, 1998
|E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company
|Dispersion spinning process for polytetrafluoroethylene and related polymers
|May 1, 1997
|Dec 1, 1998
|Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company
|Surfactants to create dispersions in fluorinated liquids
|Apr 30, 1998
|Nov 23, 1999
|Gore Enterprises Holdings, Inc.
|Polytetrafluoroethylene fiber
|Sep 23, 1999
|Jun 6, 2000
|Gore Enterprise Holdings, Inc.
|Process of making polytetrafluoroethylene fiber
|Sep 23, 1999
|Sep 5, 2000
|Gore Enterprise Holdings, Inc.
|Polytetrafluoroethylene fiber
|Sep 23, 1999
|Sep 12, 2000
|Gore Enterprise Holdings, Inc.
|Polytetrafluoroethylene fiber
|May 21, 2013
|Coreleader Biotech Co., Ltd.
|Wound dressing and process for producing the same and use thereof
|Oct 1, 2003
|Jun 22, 2006
|William Neuberg
|Process of making cellulosic fibers including ptfe
|May 26, 2010
|Dec 1, 2011
|Coreleader Biotech Co., Ltd.
|Wound dressing and process for producing the same and use thereof
|Dec 16, 1997
|Jul 2, 1998
|E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company
|Dispersion spinning process for poly(tetrafluoroethylene) and related polymers
|U.S. Classification
|524/32, 264/127, 264/184, 524/546
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


text:
The Hearne Eagles got over a big hump Tuesday night, beating the Hallettsville Brahmas, 77-to-68, at Brenham's Blinn College.
Hallettsville pulled within a point of the Eagles in the second half, but could never take the lead.
The Eagles pulled away with some clutch buckets and a few free throws late in the fourth quarter.
Forrest Rucker controlled the boards and poured in 26 points for Hearne, while three-point bomber Anthony Gonzales went off for 24.
Pierre Flemings fired in 12 points and Justin Evans tallied 11 for the Eagles.
The Brahmas finish their campaign at 25-&-9.
Hearne is 22-&-8 and bound for the Class 2A Region IV semifinals.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Diabetes Health Center
Type 2 Diabetes Threatens Pregnancy
Control Is Critical continued...
There were four fetal or newborn deaths and four major birth defects among the 61 women, compared with no deaths and no major birth defects among the type 2 diabetes group who gave birth in the 1980s.
The rate of preterm deliveries was twice as high in the former group, and these women also tended to be heavier and older than the women with type 2 who gave birth in 1980.
The findings are published in the February issue of the journal Diabetes Care.
Pregnancies Not Planned
Clausen says the women with type 2 diabetes in the study tended to seek medical care during pregnancy later than women with type 1, with more than half waiting until the later parts of their pregnancy to see an obstetrician.
She added that women with type 1 diabetes are much more likely to plan their pregnancies and get prepregnancy care than women with type 2 diabetes.
Only 5% of the women with type 2 diabetes in the study had planned pregnancies. Because birth defects generally develop at the time a woman first becomes pregnant or during the first trimester, Clausen says it is critical that all women with diabetes have their disease under control before getting pregnant.
"One of the best things a woman with diabetes can do to minimize the potential risk is to achieve good metabolic control before conception," she says.
Endocrinologist Robert Rizza, MD, who is president-elect of the American Diabetes Association, agrees.
"Historically, women didn't get type 2 diabetes until they were beyond their childbearing years, but that has changed," he tells WebMD. "That's why it is critical that younger women with type 2 diabetes control their blood pressure and blood (sugar) and try to get their weight under control."
Obstetrician Donald Coustan, MD, says type 2 diabetes tends to be easier to control during pregnancy than type 1.
"If a pregnant woman has undiagnosed type 2 diabetes, it makes sense that they might have a poorer outcome, but if we know about it we usually treat it," he tells WebMD.
Today on WebMD
WebMD Special Sections
- Managing Diabetes, Insulin, and High Blood Sugar
- Your Child and Type 1 Diabetes
- Next-Level Fitness When You Have Diabetes
- Type 2 Diabetes: Learn How New Treatments Can Help You
- Live Better Daily With Diabetes
- 8 Snacks That Won't Spike Your Blood Sugar
- Living with Diabetes Assessment
- Diabetes: Keys to Better Daily Control
- Diabetes as You Age: Stay Active, Live Better
- Diabetes: Ready to Lower Your Blood Sugar?


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Bleszinski to unveil "fresh, new experience" from Epic at VGAs
Boomtastic. Cliff Bleszinski's appeared in a VGA teaser, confirming a brand new "experience" from Epic will debut at the event this weekend.
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Why Milwaukee is ready for Zweig's public art
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Her planned involvement with the local artist community is just what this city needs. Much of her budget is being sunk back into Milwaukee. This is a project done right! Kudos to Ms. Zweig!
I like it. It's interesting as all hell. If it does get the go-ahead, and I'm hoping it does, the next likely hurdle will be the choice of local artists to commission.... there will no doubt be lots of controversy about that too. Here's hoping Ms. Zweig has the thick skin needed to survive the project without departing Milwaukee frustrated and dejected.
This is stupid! In a time where people are hurting, taxes are high and getting higher, and government spending is out of control at every level, artwork is a luxury that should not be funded. Especially stupid art!
I like it. A lot.
But I question its mechanical durability and the associated maintanance issues, as a public work of art.
Why do art and architecture critics have the compulsion to always lecture to us about what is "good" art and how backward and old fashioned we are in our preferences of art?
Try this on for size, people know what they like and don't need art "elites" finger wagging and telling us that we're rubes. If you want to see if an art project is worthwhile, try getting people to pay for it with their own money instead of feeding at the public trough.
As for this project, I actually think it is interesting, although I don't know if I'd classify this as art, it seems more like entertainment. And how about putting it out for bids, $300,000 is completely ridiculous and a waste of taxpayer money.
p.s. Yes, the di Suvero is an abomination on the lakefront that any experienced welder could have created in a couple of weekends.
Ozymandius, why is it that people never have a problem with TV critics talking about "good" and "bad TV, movie critics giving thumbs up and thumbs down, rock critics telling us what music is worth listening to and not -- but art is somehow off limits?
For what it's worth, I'm not trying to lecture or wag my finger. Thanks for weighin in everyone.
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Any solutions for sleeplessness while taking prednisone? It's 3 o'clock in the am and still wide awake, and once I fall asleep then I can't get up untill noon the next day. Anybody got an answer that doesn't involved MORE drugs? Have tried all the normal getting up early, no naps, dark room, no noise etc. I know that fibro causes fatigue, but it's like I'm not getting quality sleep even when I do fall asleep.
Sleeplessness and prednisone?
- Posted:
- 7 Jun 2010 by lizevans
- Topics:
- fibromyalgia, prednisone
Answers (1)
9 Jun 2010
Unfortunately the only way this may change is to get off the Prednisone. I went through the the same thing on Prednisone, thank God I was only on it for a short time. I know getting off the prednisone is not an option for some people so you may want to ask the doctor if there is another drug that would help you so you can sleep. Just tell the doctor you cannot sleep and see if there is a substitute for the Prednisone and let the doctor know you don't want another drug just for sleep, see if they will change it not add another. I don't blame you for not wanting more drugs, doctors pass out too many at once as it is. Good luck and let me know how it goes, marjorie zych
im going threw the same thing with the sleep on the prednisone, its horrible as im a cranky person if i dont get sleep, on the advice of another member of the group i changed the time i take the prednisone i was taking it at 5pm everyday, changed it to 1 or 2 if i forget and by 12am i do fall asleep for the most part the only thing is i do get up almost every hour for a few moments but fall right back to sleep, i know it doesnt sound promising but befor i changed the time i was taking it i was up until 3am and couldnt stay asleep past 5am so in its own way it has helped to adjust the time i take it, i take 40mg a day with no end in sight. i dont want to take anything to help me sleep either so ive even tried hot coco, warm milk, etc. hope you find some thing that works for you, its misrable not being able to sleep..
Further Information
- Prednisone Information for Consumers
- Prednisone Information for Healthcare Professionals (includes dosage details)
- Side Effects of Prednisone (detailed)
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Editors' Note: The download only contains an incremental update to the actual product, which has to be acquired separately.
Worms 3D Update for MacFree
Quick Specs
Total Downloads:31,010
Date Added:May 04, 2012
File Size:30.03MB
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Product ranking:#16 in Action Games
From Feral Interactive: Worms 3D expands the strategic options in previous Worms games in some fascinating new directions. Think caves, cliffs, tunnelling, roping, multiple random levels and realistic landscape deformation. And what they haven't done is mess up the game. As Team 17 explain it, the problem with moving the game into three dimensions was one of the technology allowing them to do a good job of randomly generating and destroying landscape. It was not until they were confident that the technology they had developed allowed for both true-3D landscape deformation as well as the faithful translation of the established Worms visual style, that they were prepared to do the 3D thing. Question of the week - Worms 3D- annelids or nematodes?
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A new castle defense title with online multiplayer has hit the App Store. The name of this game is Ancient War II and it pits you in the role of a god.
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Sounds Like: Chris issak
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Bio: An old head singer/songwriter, Jimmy "the Bugman" Clisham teams up with a young, talented composer/ engineer, Derek Euston (Diggler) to create music for your soul - New age classic rock, if you will. Dave (Black Sheep) Hassler adds some killer drum work and the Bugman's daughter and son, Hannah ...See Full Bio
Jimmy the Bugman
"The Stage" by Jimmy The Bugman is a well crafted rock single reminiscent of some early Pink Floyd material in terms of the cool background vocals, structure and overall feel. Jimmy is a great singer and songwriter. It seems to me, that on this track, he is a one man band.. (I might be wrong here). Either way - great effort Jimmy !


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1910 Ford Model T news, pictures, specifications, and information
The Model T Ford was built from 1908 until 1927 with only minor changes over those years. Over 15 million were built. It put America on wheels. The touring car cost $950 in 1910, but by 1926/1927, the price was only $290, made possible by Ford's introduction of the moving assembly line to achieve mass production.
This car was assembled on November 11th of 1910. Normally, 1909/1910 style bodies were wooden, but this 1910 style body is partially steel, the only one known; presumably a transition to the use of all steel bodies in 1911. It was originally delivered to R.E. Lawrence in Astoria, IL. Vernon Jarvis of Decatur, IL, purchased the car in 1951 and later displayed it in his Early American Museum at Silver Springs, FL, until in 1967, when the current owner bought it. After 30 years in storage, restoration was completed in March, 2007.
After successfully building and selling nearly 10,000 Model T Fords during the first model years, Ford continued its success in 1910. The Model T's for 1910 were largely similar to the 1909 models but had a number of mechanical improvements made to the rear axle.
Ford built the Model T using components supplied by many outside manufacturers. A large portion of the engines and chassis were built by the Dodge Brothers and the bodies were built by a variety of manufacturers including the Pontiac, Beaudette and Hayes.
Six different body styles were available in 1910, including a touring car, a tourabout, a runabout, a town car, a landaulet and a coupe. In addition to these offerings, Ford also sold a bare chassis to customers that wanted to build their own special-purpose bodies. Of the six styles offered, the touring car was the most popular and contributed to nearly seventy-five percent of all vehicles sold that year. At the end of the 1910 model year, Henry Ford had built and sold nearly 20,000 vehicles, which was double his 1909 production.
This 1910 Model T Touring car sold new for $950 fob Detroit.
This car was manufactured by the Ford Motor Company in Dearborn, Michigan. The Model 'T' was introduced to the public in December of 1908, selling over 15 million units thru May of 1927. During this production period there were very few design changes, there was a saying 'you can get any color you want as long as it is black.'
The car has a foot brake which stops the drive shaft, the transmission had 2 forward and 1 reverse gears which were speed controlled by three pedals and a lever. The engine is a 4 L-Head cylinder unit with 176.7 cubic-inches, generating 22 horsepower. The wheelbase is 100 inches and the weight is 1200 lbs. Total production of the model was 16,890 units, with a selling price of $950.
Build Num: Louis W.
The Ford Motor Company and Henry Ford were involved in racing from the earliest days. It was Ford's way of promoting the company - and it worked.
Between 1901 and 1912 his race cars, including the famous '999,' broke records across the U.S. and made legends of drivers such as Barney Oldfield.
This Model T is an exact re-creation of the modified Ford Model T that was driven to several record-breaking victories by Frank Kulick. When Ford tried to enter Kulick and his Ford in the Indianapolis 500 race in 1913 he was told by race officials that in order for the entry to be accepted the weight of the car would have to be increased by 1,000 pounds. Ford's reply was 'We're building race cars, not trucks' and withdrew from factory-sponsored auto racing.
The Ford Motor Company did not revive its 'factory' racing program until years after Henry Ford's death in 1947, other than the unsuccessful Miller-Ford entries in the 1935 Indianapolis 500.
This year marks the beginning of mass production. Note the lack of front doors and extensive use of brass - features found only on early Model T's. Contrary to popular belief, all Model T's were not black. From 1909-1913, Ford offered six different colors.
Source - Luray Cavern Museum
The Ford Model T has an extensive history in the automotive market lasting for nearly 20 years. It is often called the 'Tin Lizzie' and the 'Flivver' and is credited with 'putting America on wheels.' During the early 1900's, the automobile was very new and the market place was adjusting to having these horseless carriages carry its passengers rather than bicycles or horses. Steam, electricity, and gasoline were the three means of powering the vehicles. Up until about 1915, no one really knew which would be the favorable power-source. Steam provided many benefits such as being quiet, clean, and cheap. Gasoline or kerosene fuel was used to heat water in a boiler; the steam produced was channeled to the cylinders, where the pressure drives the pistons up and down. The shortcomings were that it took a while to start, having to wait for the steam to prepare. It was dangerous, often exploding and causing injury. It had a limited range, lasting about 20-40 miles before requiring a refueling. Electricity was popular but it too had a limited range. It was easy to start and was very popular with the ladies for driving around town. Then there was gasoline, which was dirty and hard to start. It required fueling stations which were sometimes difficult to find in this new and evolving marketplace. The main benefit of the gasoline engine was that it had the most potential and an ever increasing amount of power. It was said that how a vehicle finished on the race track often determined the success of sales. With gasoline engines winning most of the races, the other sources of power were eventually doomed.
There were over 200 automobile manufacturers during the early 1900's. The average production figures for a factory were a couple hundred vehicles a year. This of course varied greatly due to the complexity and prestige of the vehicle being produced. Henry Ford, founder of the Ford Motor Company, produced a vehicle that was affordable, but more importantly, mass produced. By using an assembly line to construct parts, rather than the traditional hand assembly, the process was streamlined. Using an assembly line process was not new, it had been done before in the meat packing industry. William C. Klan had visited a slaughterhouse in Chicago. Upon returning from his visit, he proposed the idea to Peter Martin. A team was assembled and perfected through trial and error. The assembly line did not begin operation on the Model T until 1914. The assembly line process streamlined the production greatly, now averaging just over 90 minutes to assemble a car. During 1914, there were more Ford's produced than all other manufacturers combined. At that point 'you get it in any color you wanted so long as it was black'. Henry Ford favored the black color because it dried the fastest. During the years 1917 through 1923, Ford did not do any advertising, with 9 out of 10 cars being Fords, none was necessary.
He paid his workers a wage proportionate to the cost of the automobile, so they would be able to buy what they produced. By introducing these innovations, his factories were able to out produce and outsell the rest of the industry and mobilize the country. When production of the Model T began, the cost was around $850, around $1200 less than most cars. By the early 1920's, the price of the Model T cost about $300. Ford had found many ways to cut costs and offer the least-expensive product. He instructed his suppliers how to assemble the wood crates that were used to ship him parts. The crates were then dismantled and used within the bodies of the car. The scrapes were made into charcoal and sold under the name 'Kingsford'.
The first Model T was produced on September 27th, 1908 at the Piquette Plant in Detoit, Michigan. There are two classes of the Model T, those that were produced before 1919 and after 1919. The pre-1919 Model T's are known as veteran cars while the later models are called vintage cars. Even though the name Model T was used for almost twenty years, it was much improved both visually and mechanically over the years. At all times, the vehicle could be had in a wide variety of bodystyles. The open touring cars and roadsters were cheaper to produced and thus, produced in greater numbers. The Volkswagen 'Beetle' is the only car model to outsell the Model T Ford.
The Model T was designed by Henry Ford, Childe Harold Wills, Joseph A. Galamb and Eugene Farkas. A 177 cubic-inch four-cylinder motor was placed in the front and powered the rear wheels. The 20 horsepower engine was capable of carrying the vehicle to a top speed of around 45 mph. There were three main bearings and side valves. A ten gallon fuel tank could be found beneath the front seat, mounted to the frame. The engine started by a hand crank located at the front of the vehicle. The crank was very difficult to operate and has been the cause of many broken arms.
The smaller engines were favored by Henry Ford. His Model K had used a six-cylinder engine, but when production ceased around 1908, a six-cylinder engine would not be used again by Ford until 1941. The Model K had not been a sales success. While Ford had wanted to produce small and inexpensive vehicles, his board of directors had persuaded him to produce a larger, luxurious, and expensive model. In 1906, Henry Ford purchased the majority of stock leaving him in control and in charge of the direction of the company. After World War I he purchased the remaining Ford stock so he could dispense with the board of directors entirely. From 1906 through 1908, Ford created the Model N, R and S which eventually evolving into the Model T.
A 'three speed' planetary gear type transmission was used. This had been used in the Model K but was not suited to such a large vehicle. As a result it suffered from frequent breakdowns, but worked fine in the Model T. The 3-speed unit was actually two-speeds forward plus one reverse. With no clutch pedal, shifting was handled by floor pedals that did not require a clutch. Also located on the floor was a third pedal which operated the reverse gear. The throttle was controlled by a lever on the steering column. Neutral was located by the parking brake lever. The other foot pedal applied a band around a drum in the transmission. The parking brake lever operated the band brakes on the outside of the rear brake drums. When the hand lever was pulled back, the brake was engaged and the drive gears were disengaged.
Wooden 'artillery wheels' were standard until 1926 when they were replaced with steel wire wheels. The suspension was a transversely mounted semi-elliptical spring for both the front and rear axle. Brass was used throughout the earlier vehicles for items such as horns, radiators, and headlights. Headlights were acetylene lamps but later switched to electric lights.
Sales peaked in 1924 with over 2 million automobiles leaving the assembly line. By this time, many of Ford's competitors had switched to the same principles that had made the Model T success: a cheap and reliable vehicle built on an assembly line produced in mass quantities. Other manufactures started attracting new buyers by offering amenities, extras, or larger engines. Popular options included windshield wipers, anti-theft locks, and light dimmers. Chevrolet vehicles had three forward gears while the Model T still used only two. Also, since the Model T's were so durable, they were still in functioning order. Meaning that many owners did not need a car or when they did, they usually bought a more luxurious vehicle. The used Model T's were then sold for next-to-nothing. Sales began to dip in 1925 and dramatically in 1926. Production ceased in 1927 for nearly six months while preparations were made for the production of the Model A.
The Model T mobilized a nation, not only the United States, but many other countries. With dealerships and factories setup throughout the world, the Model T was mass produced and easily available to many buyers. Often, the factories were established in other countries to get around an import tax, thus keeping the cost low. The innovative Model T served its purpose. It was inexpensive and reliable, many lasting even to this day.
By Daniel Vaughan | Mar 2006
For more information and related vehicles, click
This year's 'Life' exhibit puts the spotlight on cars with headline heritage
– The Hilton Head Island Motoring Festival & Concours d'Elegance, one of the nation's largest and fastest-growing automotive and motorsports enthusiast event weeks, takes a more glamorous approach with its annual 'Life' exhibit and presents Life of the Rich & Famous sponsored by Marriott Vacation Club. Life of the Rich & Famous is the sixth annual 'Life'-themed exhibit on the Fe...
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June 14, 2014, Englewood Cliffs, NJ
- The 2014 edition of the Rodeo Drive Concours will mark the City of Beverly Hills' Centennial on Father's Day, June 15 featuring Maserati as the 'Honored Marque'. The Rodeo Drive Committee - in conjunction with the City of Beverly Hills - has selected the theme '100 Years of Horse Power' to honor this milestone with a one day museum quality installation of vehicles illustrating the city's history. From the horse-drawn Wells Fargo Wagon to the presen...
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Ford To Auction Prototype Of The 2014 Mustang Cobra Jet For National Multiple Sclerosis Society At Barrett-Jackson
◾Ford is selling a one-of-a-kind prototype of the NHRA competition-ready 2014 Mustang Cobra Jet at Barrett-Jackson Las Vegas to benefit the National Multiple Sclerosis Society ◾The sale includes an once-in-a-lifetime Mustang experience. The winning bidder will become an honorary member of Team Mustang with full backstage passes to the Ford Product Development Center, Ford Design Studios and Ford Racing ◾Ford to also offer Ride-and-Drives and hot laps at Mandalay Bay Event Center featuring t...
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One of the race cars American racing legend Dan Gurney is most closely associated with is the Ford Mark IV that he and A.J. Foyt took to a historic victory at the 1967 24 Hours of Le Mans. Gurney will get a chance to become even more familiar with the car he helped make famous when his All-American Racers shop in California takes possession of the car's conservation on behalf of Henry Ford Museum, it was announced today. 'I don't think we could have found a better person or better organiza...
[Read more...]
45Th Anniversary Of 'All-American' Victory At 1967 Le Mans
Forty-five years ago this past week, American racing history was made, and thus far has neve rbeen matched again. With the 24 Hours of Le Mans this weekend, Racing in America reflects on the 45th anniversary of the Ford Mark IV claiming the second of four consecutive victories for Ford Motor Company cars at LeMans, arguably the greatest American racing victory on foreign soil. That day in 1967, the stunning red Mark IV, now in the procession of Henry Ford Museum as part of its Racing in ...
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Nov 16
2nd Annual Laurel Path Gardens Holiday Art Fair 10AM - 5PM Original Affordable Art, Live Music, Food
Nov 10
Its Fall in Austin, and Out Youth is loving it!! Join us, Sunday, 11/10/13 for a community gathering for the Fall Gathering at Out Youth, followed by the Out Youth Annual QUEERS GOT TALENT SHOW!!!! Fall Festival Starts at 2pm: ** Free--> Food, Games, Art, Raffle, Friends, Fun, Live Music by: Grrlz Will Be Boyz, DJ SIR, and more!!! Queers Got Talent Show: starts at 4:30pm-6pm: at Out Youth Backyard Stage The show will feature, LGBTQ Youth Talents, of Poetry, Dance, Art, Singing, Magic, and more! If you are interested in participating in the Talent Show, message us on Facebook or email email@example.com. This is an all age community event! FREE for youth! Suggested donation for non-youth (ages 23+)
Sep 7
A showcase of live music by LGBTQ artists during Pride weekend in the Live Music Capital of the World.
Mar 16
The OUTlander Project Day 4 of music week is a showcase on SATURDAY, March 16, 2013 at Oilcan Harry's at 211 W 4th Street in the heart of downtown Austin featuring more than a dozen LGBTQ and allied artists from around the country on one stage!
Mar 12
The OUTlander 2013 Spring Music Festival is a multimedia festival that will be held in Austin, Texas from March 08-16, 2013, during the 2013 South By Southwest Festival. In addition to interactive and film components, OUTlander will be the largest gathering of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) and allied music artists in Texas performing over 5 days right in the heart of one of the iconic events of the music industry. The event will showcase several regional and national acts along with several well-known local acts.
Sounds Like: Melissa Etheridge, Amy Ray, Indigo Girls, The Cliks, Joan Jett & The Blackhearts
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Bio: Repeatedly described as "hard rocking" and "high energy", Grrlz will be BoiZ is an all female, rock foursome based in Austin, Tx with an "Etheridge-esque rasp in the vocals and a Shirley Manson confidence worn very well on stage." (Bright Knife) Their style, which they describe as "Funk-pop, Root...See Full Bio


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The Vindicator will run a listing of area services that are open to the public in observance of Palm Sunday, Good Friday and Easter.
The deadline to submit information is 4 p.m. March 2. It will be published March 16. Information on Orthodox services will be published prior to the Orthodox observance on May 5.
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Twin v. Twin, Company at Stake;At Value Line, a Private Feud With Public Consequences
By DIANA B. HENRIQUES
Published: July 3, 1996
More than a half-century ago, as brother and sister growing up on a lush estate in Connecticut, Jean and Van Bernhard spoke the secret language of twins and bounced together on their beds to exult over their Christmas stockings.
Today, they speak only through their lawyers, and those conversations have grown so bitter that a few years back even their visits to their dying mother were scheduled by a legal contract. In February, Van Bernhard sued his sister, Jean Bernhard Buttner, asking a New York court to dissolve the family holding company that gives her control of his inheritance.
The feud was fanned by the very different approaches that the twins, who are now 61, have toward life -- Jean, always firmly focused, has dominated the family's business interests for years; Van, more relaxed and restless, largely left that business behind two decades ago to study ecology in the Bahamas. But theirs is no ordinary sibling rivalry, of interest merely to their family and to gossip mongers.
In fact, it is of great importance to a publicly traded company with a brand name: Value Line Inc., the national financial publisher and mutual fund management company. By a margin of just two shares, Mrs. Buttner controls the family holding company, Arnold Bernhard & Company, which in turn owns an 80 percent stake in Value Line that is worth at least $272 million. The public owns the remaining 20 percent.
The reputation of Value Line rests on its widely followed investment surveys, reports that analyze in great detail how well other public companies are managed. But Mrs. Buttner's company may not be in any position to sit in judgment.
For one thing, Value Line has not told its shareholders about Mr. Bernhard's suit, although several corporate law experts said it should, given its potential importance to Value Line's ownership. Indeed, Mrs. Buttner's own lawyers seemed to concede the significance of the case in March when they asked a New York State Supreme Court justice to seal the records because publicity could "spook the marketplace" and "have a debilitating effect" on public confidence in Value Line. The judge is now considering the lawyers' motion to have the suit dismissed.
Not reporting the suit to shareholders -- even after the judge refused to seal the case and lectured the lawyers about the wisdom of disclosing it -- is only one example of how Mrs. Buttner's public company has taken on the coloration of a private family business with no obligations to its outside shareholders.
With Mrs. Buttner as chairwoman and chief executive, Value Line has no outside directors without professional or personal ties to Mrs. Buttner and Bernhard & Company. And in recent years, this family-dominated board has taken these actions:
*Set up an executive compensation committee consisting entirely of Mrs. Buttner and two Value Line executives who work for her -- an extremely unusual arrangement, several compensation consultants said. "It just looks so bad," said Alan Johnson, managing director of Johnson Associates in New York. "Why go out of your way to show that you're not even pretending to be objective?"
*Appointed Mrs. Buttner to the board's audit committee. This arrangement, too, "is an unusual practice, and a bad one," said John C. Burton, the former chief accountant of the Securities and Exchange Commission, because it could impair the independence of the committee, the shareholders' best watchdog.
*Accepted the compensation panel's remarkable view that Mrs. Buttner's pay should be measured against the sum -- yes, the sum -- of the average amounts paid to chief executives in Value Line's two lines of business, publishing and fund management, a theory that pay consultants labeled "laughable."
Mrs. Buttner declined to be interviewed, on the advice of her lawyer, Donald I. Strauber of New York. But Mr. Strauber said his firm had advised Mrs. Buttner that her brother's challenge was "very much a frivolous lawsuit" that need not be disclosed. As for Value Line's other unusual board room arrangements, Mr. Strauber said, "As far as I am aware, they are all totally correct and appropriate." He said that the company had complied with all the regulatory requirements of Nasdaq, where its shares are traded.
But public investors in any family-controlled company should study how that family's own minority shareholders are treated, said Fredda Herz Brown of the Metropolitan Group in Leonia, N.J., a consultant to family businesses. "The family values become the corporate values," Ms. Brown said. "The culture carries -- and the issues are always the same: fairness and power."
Those are exactly the issues that divide the Bernhard twins, whose fortune and fates were locked together by their father, Arnold Bernhard, the founder of Value Line.
Van Bernhard -- his full name is Arnold Van Hoven Bernhard -- worked at Value Line from 1962 until 1974, but says he was worn out by the pressures of the paperwork backlog that engulfed all of Wall Street in the late 1960's. Restless, he left to pursue his new-found interest in ecology at a primitive Bahamian outpost called Hummingbird Cay, where he still spends some time, expecting to support himself on the dividends from his stock in the family business.
In 1982, Mrs. Buttner went to work for her father at Value Line, after years of running an interior design firm in California with her husband, whom she eventually divorced.