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A $2.5 million sewer project is on the minds of candidates for supervisor and trustee in Bay County's Pinconning Township.
Many candidates who will face off in Aug. 5 Democratic primaries say they support the project, funded with federal grants and loans, because it will improve services to residents in the township.
Candidates say infrastructure like sewers also is needed to handle increased traffic and spur development related to the recently opened Saganing Eagles Landing Casino near Standish.
Longtime township supervisor Sharon M. Stalsberg will face off against Terry Bersano, a General Motors retiree. The term lasts for four years and pays $11,500 annually.
Three Democrats also are vying for two trustee seats: Incumbents Louis Buchalski and Charles Lichon are being challenged by Joe Holbrook, also a GM retiree.
The term runs for four years and pays $2,300 annually.
The sewer project, funded with $1.85 million in loans and $645,000 in grants, will serve several businesses and about 88 homes.
Sewer lines will run from Seven Mile Road on the west to the area of Center Drive, near the city of Pinconning, on the east. Bids are expected to go out next month.
Stalsberg, who helped apply for the $2.5 million in federal aid, said she wants another term because she loves her job.
"I love the people," she added. "I love the accomplishments we've made. We have progressed forward."
She said she's helped secure more than $2 million in grants for the township since taking office, which have paid for water lines, fire equipment and a new township hall.
She said she also does the assessing for the township, and has only received a $500 raise during her years in office.
Bersano said he's running because he recently retired and has time to devote to the job.
"I worked all my life and I've always wanted to do something for the community," he said. "I figured now's the time to do it."
Bersano said he hopes to be a local leader.
"I think we should be promoting our township right now," he said. "The casino's going in and all that and the township should start working together to try and get more business and things into the area."
For trustee, Buchalski said he wants another term to follow through on the sewer project, which he hopes will lure new jobs and businesses to town.
"I just think really keeping the development going for jobs and stuff like that in this area, to me, I think is really key," he said.
Lichon said he enjoys serving the public and working to secure grants for the community, like $30,000 in federal funds he's seeking for the control of phragmites, an invasive plant.
Besides the sewer improvements, Lichon said he supports a proposed vertical expansion of the Whitefeather Landfill, to allow operators to pile trash higher there.
"This one's already existing, so expanding it, as long as they do a good job, you shouldn't even know it's there," Lichon said.
Holbrook, who lives near the landfill, opposes the expansion, due to odor and other environmental problems that have occurred there in recent years.
Holbrook said he's been attending township meetings for the last nine years and would like to see more citizens come out to give their input on local issues.
"They don't pay attention to that thing," Holbrook said of trustees and the landfill. "They take the money in, but they don't pay attention."
He pledges to keep on top of operations at Whitefeather if elected.
The township receives a percentage of tipping fees from the landfill. Those fees vary from year to year, but totaled about $80,000 in 2007, according to Clerk Mary Kusterer.
The money goes for road maintenance, emergency services and to pay debt on the township hall and fire department, she said.
Terry Bersano
Age: 59
Address: 1687 E. Pinconning Road.
Political background: First time running for public office.
Professional experience: Retired from General Motors Saginaw Steering Gear; worked there 33 years.
Education: Graduated from Pinconning Area High School.
Community involvement: Belongs to American Legion, Knights of Columbus, American Motorcycle Association.
Family: Wife Kathleen; three children: Dana, 31; Blair, 30; and Brett, 21.
Quote: 'I worked all my life and I've always wanted to do something for the community. I figured now's the time to do it.'
Sharon M. Stalsberg
Age: 56
Address: 3642 N. M-13.
Political background: Has served as Pinconning Township supervisor for 17 years; serves on various boards, including the Pinconning-Fraser Fire Department Board and the Northern Bay Ambulance Board.
Professional experience: Was an emergency medical technician prior to supervisor post; Certified State Assessor.
Education: Graduated from Pinconning Area High School; attended Delta College.
Community involvement: Treasurer for Bay County Township Officers Association; member of Bay Regional Medical Center Advisory Board; East Central Michigan Planning; volunteer for Pinconning Plays and Angel Food Ministries.
Family: Three children.
Quote: 'I love the people. I love the accomplishments we've made. We have progressed forward.'
Name: Louis Buchalski
Age: 41
Address: 1967 E. Neuman Road.
Political background: Trustee for seven years.
Professional experience: Quality engineer for Tubular Metal Systems, an auto supplier in Pinconning.
Education: Graduated from Pinconning Area High School.
Community involvement: Assistant wrestling coach at high school for 15 years; was on Pinconning-Fraser Fire Department for seven years.
Family: Two daughters, Angela, 23; and Alexandria, 17.
Quote: 'I just really want to make sure the township stays on the correct path.'
Name: Joe Holbrook
Age: 70
Address: 2717 E. Whitefeather Road.
Political background: First time running for public office; worked with State Rep. Tim Moore, the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality and the Whitefeather Landfill to help resolve odor and other problems at the landfill.
Professional experience: Retired from General Motors Powertrain plant in Bay City.
Education: Attended St. Michael's School, received GED at Delta College.
Community involvement: Church volunteer.
Family: Wife Charlotte; four daughters and a son.
Quote: 'I'd like to see more people attend the meetings there. I've been attending the meetings at that township hall for the last nine years.'
Name: Charles Lichon
Age: 60
Address: 3132 E. Neuman Road.
Political background: Served three years as trustee, more than 30 years of local government experience, adjunct instructor at Davenport University.
Professional experience: Midland County environmental health director.
Education: Master's degree from University of Michigan in public health.
Community involvement: Active in conservation organizations; St. Michael's Catholic Church.
Family: Divorced; a son, Jeff, 29; and a daughter, Michelle, 32.
Quote: 'I think it's important that local government maintain local control.'
On the Ballot
Voters in Pinconning Township also will elect a clerk and treasurer in the upcoming election.
Incumbent Clerk Mary Kusterer, a Democrat who lives at 2644 E. Pinconning Road, is running unopposed.
Troy Trudo, a Democrat who lives at 3366 N. Huron Road, is seeking election as treasurer. He is running unopposed.
Incumbent Treasurer Mary Ann Waibel is not seeking re-election.


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Arsenic trioxide Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Warnings
Arsenic trioxide is also known as: Trisenox
Arsenic trioxide Pregnancy Warnings
Arsenic trioxide has been assigned to pregnancy category D by the FDA. Animal studies have revealed that inorganic arsenicals cross the placental barrier when given orally or by injection. The reproductive toxicity of arsenic trioxide has been studied in a limited manner. An increase in resorptions, neural tube defects, anophthalmia, and microphthalmia have been reported in animal studies. There are no controlled data in human pregnancy. One patient who became pregnant while receiving arsenic trioxide had a miscarriage. Arsenic trioxide should only be given during pregnancy when there are no alternatives and benefit outweighs risk. Women of childbearing potential should be advised to avoid becoming pregnant. If this drug is used during pregnancy or if the patient becomes pregnant while taking this drug, the patient should be apprised of the potential harm to the fetus.
Arsenic trioxide Breastfeeding Warnings
Arsenic is excreted in human milk. Because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in nursing infants from arsenic trioxide, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother.
References for pregnancy information
- "Product Information. Trisenox (arsenic trioxide)" Cell Therapeutics, Seattle, WA.
- "Multum Information Services, Inc. Expert Review Panel"
References for breastfeeding information
- "Product Information. Trisenox (arsenic trioxide)" Cell Therapeutics, Seattle, WA.
See Also...
Disclaimer: Every effort has been made to ensure that the information provided by Cerner Multum, Wolters Kluwer Health and Drugs.com is accurate, up-to-date and complete, but no guarantee is made to that effect. In addition, the drug information contained herein may be time sensitive and should not be utilized as a reference resource beyond the date hereof. This material does not endorse drugs, diagnose patients, or recommend therapy. This drug information is a reference resource designed as supplement to, and not a substitute for, the expertise, skill , knowledge, and judgement of healthcare practitioners in patient care. The absence of a warning for a given drug or combination thereof in no way should be construed to indicate that the drug or combination is safe, effective, or appropriate for any given patient. Multum Information Services, Inc. does not assume any responsibility for any aspect of healthcare administered with the aid of information Multum provides. Copyright 2000-2008 Multum Information Services, Inc. The information contained herein is not intended to cover all possible uses, directions, precautions, warnings, drug interactions, allergic reactions, or adverse effects. If you have questions about the drugs you are taking, check with your doctor, nurse, or pharmacist.

subset: commoncrawl


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WEST ORANGE — An Irish pub in West Orange has been closed since its owners were arrested Thursday on multiple charges, reports WestOrange.Patch.com.
Thomas Halligan, the 50-year-old owner of Halligan's Public House, faces 30 charges, including sexual assault, endangering the welfare of a child and drug possession, according to the report. Lorraine D. Murphy, 57, was charged with endangering the welfare of a child.


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Now some changes have begun:Had the front roll downs tinted 20% and eyebrow done at 5%Painted / Escalade handles w/ tailgateJason Extreme Series Topper: (winter) ... more
Generation III LQ4The Vortec 6000, or LQ4, is a V8 truck engine. Displacement is 6.0 L (366 cu in) from 101.6 mm bore and 92 mm stroke. It ... more
Date Installed Jul. 1, 2010
Installed 07/01/2010
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Show: All Deals | New Deals Only | Deals Ending Today
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£2.99 instead of £19.99 (from Alvi's Fashion) for a beard grooming comb - save 85%
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Town of Dickinson (WBNG Binghamton) A tractor trailer drove off a local highway and down an embankment.
Crews responded just before 1 p.m. Friday to 930 Upper Front St. in the town of Dickinson.
The tractor trailer headed south on Interstate 81 veered off the road and down a small hill.
New York State Police say the driver was not injured.
It's not known whether the driver was cited.


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DEKALB COUNTY, Ind. (21Alive) -- An Thursday morning accident leaves a man in the hospital with a broken nose and abdominal pain.
According to police, Daniel Douglas, 35, is in the hospital after he closed his eyes for a short time while driving home from work and drifted across the road, into a ditch and struck a tree, falling on its passenger side.
The crash happened at CR 327 south of CR 68 a little before 9 a.m. Thursday.
What are your thoughts CLICK HERE to leave us a "QUESTION OF THE DAY" comment.
© Copyright 2016, A Quincy Media broadcasting station. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


text:
Search for
How to Use the 925 Silver Catalog
The Convenience and Selection of Online Shopping . . .
The Trust and Reliability of Your Favorite Jeweler!
925silvercatalog.com is the easy, convenient, and secure way for you to place online orders with your jeweler! Browse your jeweler's wide selection of styles, choose the designs you want, and send your order to your jeweler through this online catalog!
This web catalog features the "best of the best" sterling silver and fashion jewelry. You can browse thousands of today's most popular items, and discover the perfect jewelry to express your own personal style.
And you'll be ordering directly from your favorite jeweler. You'll get great service and quality jewelry, plus you'll be supporting the jeweler you know and trust. With 925silvercatalog.com, you get all the benefits of buying from your favorite local jeweler, the convenience of online ordering, and a selection wider than any jewelry showroom!
925silvercatalog.com is the perfect way to get the convenience and selection of online shopping together with the service and reliability of your favorite jeweler. An amazing collection of the world's best sterling silver and fashion jewelry awaits you.
You will be asked to provide your Vendor Code during checkout. If you do not yet have a Vendor Code, please contact your jeweler or sales representative.
All items are .925 Sterling Silver unless labeled "fashion jewelry" or otherwise noted.


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For the third time this year, ladies, your beloved MEGA-BUBBLE, NKE, effectively IGNORED another huge DOW gain, and that is ULTRA ULTRA ULTRA ULTRA BEARISH. I recognized the NKE doggie was on the verge of TOTAL BREAKDOWN when it COMPLETELY IGNORED the 500 point rise in the DOW at the beginning of the year, and that is when SMARTER pros increased NKE shorts to the max, via stock...out of the money WRITTEN calls....and in the money PUTS. Finally, when Old Baldie, aka Cramer, my favorite DISINFO shill acting on behalf of the slimy call WRITING funds, kept providing one OBVIOUSLY PHONY pump after another, that was the final INCONTROVERTIBLE empirical evidence that the NKE MEGABUBBLE would COLLAPSE. Now, at this point, the "whole farm is mortgaged to the hilt," speaking metaphorically, on every kind of NKE SHORT play there is, for what will prove to be the BIGGEST SHORT SCORE in history.
We are on the cusp of witnessing a FULL CRASH in this preposterously OVERHYPED OBSCENE MEGA-BUBBLE, one that will see it trade in LOW single digits well before year's end.
I very accurately predicted the COLLAPSE of Molycorp more than a year ago, when it dived from 80 bucks to 6 bucks, and I sure as hell will be proven 100% CORRECT about this NKE CRASH prediction, sooner than later.
Ladies, you bet against market vets and your intellectual superiors at risk to your SINKING bank accounts.
To the golf course....where the WINNERS play while the suits and ties lead lives of quiet desperation!
Sweets dreams Pa...


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Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center - Houston, Texas
DeBakey VA to Highlight Medical Advancements in Research during the 2013 National VA Research Week
May 13, 2013
The Department of Veterans Affairs will celebrate National VA Research Week May 13-17, 2013. As part of the nationwide observance, the Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center (MEDVAMC) will conduct a Research Day event on Friday, May 17, 2013, beginning at 1 p.m. The program will be moderated by Laura A. Petersen, MD, MPH, associate chief of staff for research, and will include four scientific presentations by MEDVAMC investigators: Rolando Rumbaut, MD, PhD, on "CTRID: A Collaborative Approach Towards Research Excellence in Inflammatory Diseases;" Mark Kunik, MD, MPH, on "Prevention Research in Alzheimer's Disease: Addressing Pain to Reduce Aggression;" Jose Manuel Garcia, MD, PhD, on "Ghrelin: A Novel Treatment for Cancer-Associated Weight Loss," and Randall Scheibel, PhD, on "Functional Brain Imaging in Veterans with Mild Traumatic Brain Injury."
"VA research is a national asset that benefits Veteran patients and the entire nation by moving medical science forward," said Laura Petersen, M.D., M.P.H., F.A.C.P, the medical center's associate chief of staff for research. "VA investigators have played key roles in developing devices and techniques that revolutionized health care – including the cardiac pacemaker, the CAT scan, the Shingles vaccine, liver and kidney transplants, and much more. Today, VA is a leader in many areas of research, such as HIV/AIDS, mental health, genomics, heart disease, cancer, diabetes, infectious diseases, and spinal cord injury."
VA conducts biomedical, rehabilitation, clinical, and health services research – as well as large, multi-center clinical trials – at more than 100 medical centers across the country. The MEDVAMC is the national leader of 49 participatory sites in recruitment efforts for The Million Veteran Program (MVP): A Partnership with Veterans. MVP is a national research program to study how genes affect health and illness, with the goal of improving health care for Veterans. The MEDVAMC Network of Dedicated Enrollment Sites (NODES) is one of ten NODES Centers funded throughout the country. Established in October of 2012, the NODES mission is to increase the efficiency of local coordination of the VA Cooperative Study Program (CSP) studies at MEDVAMC. Researchers at the MEDVAMC Neurorehabilitation: Neurons to Networks (N:N2N) Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) Center of Excellence (CoE) are evaluating the Service Members and Veterans who were deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan since 2001 to better understand how brain injury and other deployment-related conditions affect their lives. The researchers want to help to improve Veterans' reintegration into civilian life, develop new tools and treatments for TBI-related symptoms and other deployment-related conditions, and improve diagnosis of TBI. The Houston Center for Quality of Care and Utilization Studies is one of 14 VA Health Services Research and Development Centers of Excellence. Established in 1990, the Houston center systematically examines the impact of the organization, management and financing of health care services on the delivery, quality, cost, utilization, and outcomes of care for Veterans.
For more information, or to schedule an interview with a researcher, please contact Fran Burke, at 713-794-7349.


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The accident was in the south-bound lanes, and the left lane of the divided highway was closed, causing 10-minute traffic delays, according to HART Commuter Information Services.
Traffic was backed up to near the state Motor Vehicle inspection station in Raritan Township. There were also minor delays for north-bound traffic.
The accident reported at around 3:50 p.m. and it appeared that three vehicles were involved. The occupants were all out of the vehicle, according to unconfirmed emergency radio reports from the scene. They were said to be two adults and two infants and a witness reported seeing a double stroller in the grass median behind an SUV.
Amwell Valley Rescue Squad and Hunterdon Medical Center paramedics were among the agencies dispatched. State Troopers and West Amwell Township police were on the scene.
More Hunterdon County news: NJ.com/hunterdon • Facebook • Twitter


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The former information technology director for the Alabama court system pleaded guilty this week to a federal charge of stealing court system computer code, according to the U.S. Attorney's Office in Birmingham.
David Michael Carroll, 59, pleaded guilty Tuesday to one count of being a state government employee who stole property worth at least $5,000 from a program that received $10,000 or more in federal funds annually. Carroll's sentencing date has not been set. Carroll retired from AOC in June 2007.
Under the plea agreement prosecutors are recommending a nine-month prison sentence for Carroll, a $1,000 fine and restitution payments of $17,000 to the Alabama Administrative Office of Courts and a $20,000 restitution payment to the Alabama Criminal Justice Information Center.
Carroll's co-defendant Jill Hawthorne, a former Alabama Administrative Office of Courts database administrator, pleaded guilty earlier this year to aiding and abetting access to a protected law enforcement database. Her sentencing is scheduled June 14.
The U.S. Attorney's Office said in their plea agreements Carroll and Hawthorne "stole computer code from AOC's county court records database, known as Namemaster, in November 2007 while Carroll was doing contract work for the Madison County Circuit Court.
"Hawthorne was still employed with AOC at that time. Carroll and Hawthorne transferred the computer code and related information to an Orlando-based computer software development company, CyberBest Technology. Carroll had a working relationship with CyberBest management at the time, according to his plea agreement."
Madison County Circuit Clerk Jane Smith pleaded guilty last year to federal misdemeanor charges related to sharing her password with Carroll that gave him access to the state court computer system. Smith said Carroll was working on a project linking Madison court system computers with the district attorney's office and sheriff's department, and she thought Carroll needed her password for that project.


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"Where are you moving?" People logically ask when they hear I am once again pulling up stakes.
"I don't know," I say, which is sad, true, and puzzling to most normal people, a group to which I have not belonged for some time.
Story by
Marni Jameson
Special to NOLA.com | The Times-Picayune
Eyebrows raise. Silences grows. Subjects change. People whisper.
After seven-months of living in and staging a lovely Southern Plantation-style Florida home, I am moving. Allegedly, I am moving to another home that I will again decorate to help sell.
The home staging company and I have a house in mind, a lovely Spanish Mediterranean facing a lake. There's just one little hitch. I need to be out of my house 48 hours sooner than the current resident of my target home plans to move out. Apparently those living in the target home can't be out any sooner.
I appear to be the only one concerned about this.
Although two days don't seem like much in the shifting sands of real estate time, when you're trying to coordinate the handing over of the keys along with the relocation of, oh, ten tons of household contents, two days might as well be two years.
What am I supposed to do, sit on the curb with my stuff? Move in with the current resident?
Sometimes I picture the real estate map of America like a giant chess game. One move triggers a cascade of contingencies that ripple across the entire board, often at the expense of someone's castle.
Meanwhile, speaking of bad timing, as I'm packing to move to a home where I may or may not be headed -- asking myself whhhyyyy am I in this situation, and answering, oh, yeah, because I don't want to buy a home until I sell the home I own in Colorado, which is difficult since it isn't for sale, but hopefully that will end in August when the lease is up and I can put that house on the market -- my tenant calls.
She wants to extend the lease. For a year.
No! I think. But what I say is, "The end of the lease is months away. Do we need to decide this now?" I mean, why panic today when you can panic later? That's my motto.
"Actually, yes," she says, adding something about wanting to know where she'll be living in six months and not liking uncertainty.
I find my last shred of calm, and say, "Let me think about it."
And I will, even though this hurts my head so bad I want to rush back to fourth grade when my biggest problem was keeping my knee socks from sliding down.
For therapy, I run all this by my friend Audrey Will, a real estate agent from Castle Rock, Colo. "So many things have to align for everyone's life to fall into place," she said.
"It's like dominos. You can have them all lined up, but if one down the line falls the wrong way, or doesn't fall, it sets off a chain reaction of frenzy."
We agree, though timing is a huge issue, it's the elephant in the room no one talks about.
To prepare her clients, Will tells them up front: "Every deal takes on a life of its own. We're going to have issues. We just don't know what they are yet."
Here are a few hiccups that can derail a move's timing, and suggestions from real estate pros on avoiding or getting through them:Why timelines blow up:
- The house doesn't appraise well, so everyone goes back to the bargaining table.
- The loan falls through. Get a lender letter soon after the home is under contract stating the confidence level of funding.
- A failed home inspection. A pre-inspection from the seller can disclose problems up front.
- Arguments about repairs. Parties have walked away after disagreeing about who's going to pay for fixing what. "Check your ego at the door," Will said.
- The roof caves in. After a house is under contract, catastrophes -- the basement floods - can set deals back.
- Cold feet. For reasons ranging from sudden job loss to a change of heart to onerous homes associations, buyers back out.
- A lien surfaces. Escrows collapse when a property doesn't clear title, or a lien pops up. Run a title search beforehand.
- Other people. Any one of the above happening to another deal in the housing chain can affect yours.
When move dates don't align:
- Buy time. If sellers need more time in the house, they can rent the property back from the buyer. If buyers want in sooner than the seller is out, they can hold their stuff on the truck if the overlap is only a day (otherwise it can get expensive), or rent a pod, which they can fill and store until the new place is ready. Then find a friend that has a guest room or stay at an inn.
- Adopt the Zen of moving. "When you think about how much real estate changes hands every day, it's amazing how well it all works out," Will said. "You may not move the day you set out to, but ultimately you move. You can't know how it's all going to work out, but trust that it will."
Syndicated columnist and speaker Marni Jameson is the author of "House of Havoc" and "The House Always Wins" (Da Capo Press). Contact her through www.marnijameson.com.


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Version History of VLC Player 0.9.9
- Experimental new decoder for Real Video 3.0 & 4.0
- Various fixes related to real demuxer
New Localizations:
- Indonesian
- Bengali
- Updates of other localizations
Various bugfixes:
- Support for receiving RTP packets on odd port numbers.
- Lots of small bugfixes.
- Correct Fullscreen behaviour on Multi-Screen setups on Windows
- Telnet fixes on Windows
- Resampling fixes when transcoding


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UEFA president Michael Platini has formally declared that he no longer supports Sepp Blatter as FIFA president, saying the world governing body needs "a breath of fresh air".
UEFA president Platini was a strong supporter of Blatter's in the past but believes it was wrong of the 78-year-old to go back on his word to stand down in 2011.
Platini, in Sao Paulo ahead of the opening match of the World Cup, said: "I do not support him. I have known him for a long time and I like him but I am not in favour of him having a new term.
"I supported him in 1998 but I do not support him in 2014. And in the future I will not support Mr Blatter.
"I told him. I think that FIFA needs a breath of fresh air.
"In 2011 he asked for our support [UEFA's] and told us that that would be his last term..."
Platini said it was still an possibility that he would run against Blatter but he would not decide until the end of August.
He added: "It is an option. But it is not because Blatter is running that Michel Platini will not run. And it is not because Blatter is not running that Michel Platini will run.
"My only concern is knowing what I want to do. I am 60 soon and I need to know what I want. I will take my time."
There was a European rebellion against Blatter's U-turn on his promise to stand down in 2015.
Asked about the response to Blatter, Platini said: "I was very proud of the Europeans."
England's football chiefs rounded on Blatter, telling him he should stand down next year and that his claim racism was behind World Cup corruption allegations was "offensive and totally unacceptable".
English FA chairman Greg Dyke responded forcefully to Blatter at a meeting of UEFA federations in Sao Paulo after the FIFA president had addressed the room indicating he would stand again for a fifth term.
Dyke said after the meeting: "What Mr Blatter said yesterday I found offensive. I said [to him], 'I regard the comments you made yesterday about the allegations in the British media in which you described them as racist as totally unacceptable.
"The allegations being made have nothing to do with racism - they are allegations about corruption within FIFA. These allegations need to be properly investigated and properly answered.
"Mr Blatter, many of us are deeply troubled by your reaction to these allegations. It's time for FIFA to stop attacking the messenger and instead consider and understand the message."
Dyke added that it was important to clarify whether FIFA's ethics investigator Michael Garcia - who will confirm on Wednesday that he has completed his case - has had access to the files of documents obtained by the Sunday Times newspaper alleging corruption in World Cup bidding.
"Mr Blatter, many of us are deeply troubled by your reaction to these allegations" - English FA chairman Greg Dyke
"We need to know from Mr Garcia if he was aware of the material in the Sunday Times before it was published and if not whether he will know extend his investigation to consider these allegations," Dyke said.
Dyke said Blatter should "stick" with his 2011 decision to step down next year and warned that FIFA was suffering from the constant bad publicity.
African officials were among those alleged to have taken payments from Qatar's former FIFA member Mohamed Bin Hammam, according to the Sunday Times.
UEFA's growing unhappiness also saw Dutch FA chief Michael van Praag, German FA president Wolfgang Niersbach and Norway's executive committee member Karen Espelund calling on the 78-year-old not to stand for a fifth term in office.
Van Praag is regarded as a possible challenger to Blatter, along with European clubs' chairman Karl Heinz Rummenigge - although there is no expectation they would beat the incumbent president.
The Dutchman did not rule himself out of mounting a challenge if Platini decides not to stand, but Niersbach did do so.


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Upon watching tapes from his years in Los Angeles, Shawn Green said that he found a mechanical flaw in his swing that may explain his sudden drop in power the past few years.
"I'm anxious to show everyone that I could play the way I did in Los Angeles. When my approach is right, my swing is right, and the power will come.â€
While I'm not holding my breath, it wouldn't be beyond the realm of
possibility for Green to reclaim a little of his previous power.
Looking at his stat line, something
changed in him after the 2002 season. From 1999 to 2002, Green averaged
39 home runs, 114 RBIs and a slugging percentage around .550 ; in the
four years since, he's averaging 21 homers, 80 RBIs and a slugging
percentage around .450.
In fact, if Green didn't have such a beanpole
frame (6'4, 190 lbs), he would be the most likely candidate outside of
Bonds/McGwire/Sosa to have taken performance-enhancing drugs. Why else
would he have suddenly lost power after his age 29 season? And why
wouldn't he have experienced even a slight jump in power when he moved
from Dodger Stadium to the launching pad in Phoenix? It's rare for an
athlete in prime of his career to go from one of the most feared
sluggers in the league to an #7 or #8 hitter; to do so in The Steroid
Era raises eyebrows.
But assuming he didn't go the steroids route, hide an injury or
go through any personal issues, a mechanical flaw in
Green's swing seems like a reasonable explanation for his downturn.
We'll have to wait and see, of course. But if Green did, in fact,
discover a hitch in his swing and can split the difference between his
glory years and his recent performance this year (say, .280/.350/.500),
the 2007 Mets lineup will be a force to be reckoned with.
Around the Web:
- I was mildly discouraged by the Mets' signing of Sandy Alomar Jr. until I read Metstradamus's take on the situation. Now I welcome him with open arms.
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- Who will join Eric Valent, Tyler Yates, Roberto Hernandez, Manny Aybar and Darren Oliver as surprise contenders for starting jobs? MetsGeek's Alex Nelson thinks the most likely player is Alay Soler, Jason Vargas or Joe Smith.
- Fernando Martinez wowed the crowd, including owner Fred Wilpon.
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CBlake wrote:Hello most of you know me as CBlake, some of you know me as Big daddy.
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No I don't when was this lol
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Patent application title: Color Bitmap Normalization
Salvo Aliffi (Rome, IT)
Filomena Ferrara (Taranto, IT)
International Business Machines Corporation
IPC8 Class: AG06K900FI
USPC Class:
Class name: Image analysis color image processing compression of color images
Publication date: 2008-09-04
Patent application number: 20080212876
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In remote control systems (as in many other circumstances) the color
representation of a bitmap is one of the heaviest factor in term of
storage occupation and speed of transmission. Often, only a limited
number of colors is actually used by a bitmap, so that the bit pattern of
the single pixels is bigger than what is really needed to represent all
the possible different colors.
With the present invention, in case the number of colors does not exceed a
predetermined thresholds, a palette table containing all the colors used
in the bitmap is created. The pixel representations in the bitmap are
then replaced by a pointer to the corresponding entry in the palette
table. This allows to reduce the total size of the bitmap. The reduced
bitmap is then transmitted together with the associated palette table.
The receiving computer (the controller in a remote control system) is
able to rebuild the original bitmap with the help of the palette table.
1-6. (canceled)
7. A system for transmitting a bitmap of a digital image over a network, the network connecting a first and a second computer, the system comprising:means, in the first computer, for reducing the size of an original bitmap by:counting a number n of different bit patterns included in the original bitmap;determining if the number n of different bit patterns included in the original bitmap is less than a number of entries in a first palette data structure;creating, for later reuse, a second palette data structure having at least n entries, each one of the different bit patterns in the original bitmap having at least one corresponding entry in the second palette; andreplacing, in the original bitmap, the bit patterns with a pointer to a corresponding entry in the second palette data structure to thereby generate a normalized bitmap, wherein each of the entries in the second palette data structure provide a pointer to a corresponding entry in the first palette data structure containing an indication of a color to be displayed when representing a bit pattern corresponding to the entry in the second palette data structure, wherein the processor performs the create and replace operations in response to the number n of different bit patterns included in the original bitmap being less than a number of entries in the first palette data structure;network means for transmitting the normalized bitmap and the second palette data structure from the first to the second computer; andmeans, in the second computer, for obtaining the digital image using the normalized bitmap and the second palette data structure.
8. The system of claim 7, wherein the second computer is used for remotely controlling the first computer over the network.
9. An apparatus for reducing the size of a bitmap, the bitmap representing a plurality of pixels, each pixel being represented by a bit pattern, the apparatus comprising:a processor; anda memory coupled to the processor, wherein the processor:counts a number n of different bit patterns included in an original bitmap stored in the memory;determines if the number n of different bit patterns included in the original bitmap is less than a number of entries in a first palette data structure;creates, for later reuse, a second palette data structure having at least n entries, each one of the different bit patterns in the original bitmap having at least one corresponding entry in the second palette; andreplaces, in the original bitmap, the bit patterns with a pointer to a corresponding entry in the second palette data structure to thereby generate a normalized bitmap, wherein each of the entries in the second palette data structure provide a pointer to a corresponding entry in the first palette data structure containing an indication of a color to be displayed when representing a bit pattern corresponding to the entry in the second palette data structure, wherein the processor performs the create and replace operations in response to the number n of different bit patterns included in the original bitmap being less than a number of entries in the first palette data structure.
10. The apparatus of claim 9 wherein each entry in the first palette data structure represents a color in a three color representation.
11. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the processor performs the counting, determining, creating, and replacing operations in response to another computing device remotely accessing the apparatus.
12. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the processor further:generates a package comprising the second palette data structure and the normalized bitmap; andtransmits the package from the apparatus to an external device.
13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the external device remotely controls the apparatus.
14. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the original bitmap is a bitmap of a portion of a display being presented on the apparatus.
15. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the external device receives the package and recreates the original bitmap based on the second palette and the normalized bitmap.
16. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the external device recreates the original bitmap by correlating entries in the second palette data structure with entries in the first palette data structure and correlating pointers in the normalized bitmap to entries in the second palette data structure.
17. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein if the number n of different bit patterns is less than or equal to 16 and greater than 4, a number of entries in the second palette data structure is 16 and a number of bits in each of the pointers in the normalized bitmap is 4.
18. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein if the number n of different bit patterns is greater than 2 and less than or equal to 4, a number of entries in the second palette data structure is 4 and a number of bits in each of the pointers in the normalized bitmap is 2.
19. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein if the number n of different bit patterns is 2, a number of entries in the second palette data structure is 2 and a number of bits in each of the pointers in the normalized bitmap is 1.
20. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the processor further performs a color reduction operation on the original bitmap before counting the number of different bit patterns in the original bitmap.
21. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the processor counts a number n of different bit patterns in the original bitmap by:initializing an array and a counter;scanning the original bitmap;during scanning of the original bitmap, when a new bit pattern is encountered, the bit pattern is used as an index into the array and a corresponding entry in the array is set to 1; andduring scanning of the original bitmap, when a new bit pattern is encountered, incrementing the counter.
[0001]The present invention relates to a method and system for reducing
the storage occupation of a color bitmap, particularly for use in those
system where a bitmap must be stored or transmitted through a network.
[0002]Bitmap size is a critical parameter, particularly when the bitmap is to be stored or transmitted over a network. The storage occupation in the first case and the speed of transmission in the latter can be heavily affected. For this reason many techniques have been developed for reducing the size of bitmaps and consequently their storage occupation and speed of transmission. One kind of application, even if not the only one, where this need is extremely important is "remote control". Remote control programs are a special category of communication applications; they go beyond just connecting a computer with another computer to actually taking control of it. By connecting through phone lines and modems or through LAN connections, these programs can put all the resources of one data processing system (e.g. a personal computer or a workstation), usually called the target, under the complete control of another data processing system (e.g. a personal computer or a workstation, connected with a LAN), usually called the controller. The controller screen duplicates the target one. The keyboard of the controller can enter characters directly on the target data processing system; the mouse of the controller can move the mouse pointer on the target screen. The controller screen constantly receives data from the target data processing system screen. Likewise, the keyboard of the controller sends data to the target data processing system every time a key is hit. For all practical purposes, the controller user may as well be sitting in front of the target data processing system.
[0003]This kind of remote control software can be useful in a number of circumstances. Just as an example an office personal computer system can be controlled and operated from home personal computers. If the office PC is left connected (e.g. to a modem), the control can be taken from the home PC and all the resources of the target PC can be controlled and used remotely. A more specific use is to dial in (e.g. via modem) to a network--connected PC at the office, log in, and run network applications or update shared files an the network.
[0004]The bottleneck caused by transmission lines can have a significant effect on the speed of remote control operations. To boost performances, remote control programs try to reduce and minimize the amount of data that needs to be transmitted over the communication lines (e.g. LAN or telephone cables). The refresh of the video image on the display screen of the target PC, which should be duplicated on the controller PC, constitutes the main factor in the transmission speed, due to the large quantity of information which has to be transferred. In the past, remote control programs worked by sending and refreshing the entire image of the target PC screen to the remote PC every fraction of a second. The constant rate at which the screen images were sent to the controller PC was called the screen refresh rate. The controller PC screen accurately reflected the target PC screen as changes at the target PC would be included in the next screen refresh. This approach was, of course, not very satisfactory in terms of speed, because of the enormous amount of data to be transmitted at each refresh.
[0005]Often, a change of the image is limited to a small section of the screen (e.g. pulling down a menu, highlighting an object) and only the changed data need to be refreshed. The controller system can use the screen data previously received and just refresh the modified part of the screen. By cutting out redundant screen refresh data, a remote control program can improve the response time. Cache memories speed the performance of hard drives and memory chips, and can also be useful for remote control programs. The idea behind a cache is to keep recently used data in a temporary storage area that is quickly accessible. If the data are soon needed again, it is much quicker to access them from a fast-access temporary storage area than to retrieve from the original source. According to this technique, elements of a recently displayed screen are saved as a cache in extended memory. The entire page redraws from the controller PC screen cache, eliminating the need to transfer large amounts of information over the modem from the target to the controller PC. Screen elements that are often redrawn from a screen cache include bitmaps, text and fonts.
[0006]In the transmission of a bitmap image, one of the heaviest information to send is the color of each pixel. In the well known RGB format, the color of each pixel is represented by three octets (i.e. three bytes having 8 bits each), one for the Red, one for the Green and one for the Blue. The maximum possible number of different colors is 16,777,216,i.e. 2**24. This representation with all the possible colors is called "true color".
[0007]In remote control systems (as in many other circumstances) this detailed color representation is not always needed and the transmission of all this information frequently constitutes an unwanted burden. Usually for the scope of the controller system, a poorer color image would be enough. For this reason, many remote control systems use color reduction algorithms to reduce the color representation from 24 (or 16) bits to 8 bits or even 4 bits. An example of a function implementing these algorithms is GetDIBits from Microsoft. A drawback of prior art color reduction functions is that they require a relatively long computation time to perform this color reduction, mostly due to the effort of creating a reduced image as close as possible to the original one. In remote control system, where these operations must be performed very often at a very high speed rate, the color reduction delay is unacceptable. An alternative reduction mechanism is the one implemented by Tivoli Remote Control by International Business Machines Corp and described in GB Patent Application 9917455.9. This mechanism has the advantage of a faster processing, balanced by a reduced precision in the correspondence between the resulting "reduced" colors and the original ones. This reduced precision is normally acceptable, particularly in remote control systems, and preferrable to a delay in computation. A method combining the speed and easiness of processing with the precision of the results would therefore be highly welcome.
[0008]It is an object of the present invention to provide a technique which overcomes the above drawbacks.
[0009]According to the present invention we provide a method for reducing the size of a bitmap, the bitmap representing a plurality of pixel each pixel being represented by a bit pattern, the method including the steps of: [0010]counting the number n of different bit patterns included in the bitmap; [0011]creating for later reuse a palette table having at least n entries, each one of the different patterns having at least one corresponding entry containing the bit pattern; [0012]replacing in the bitmap the bit patterns with a pointer to the corresponding entry in the palette table.
[0013]Also according to the present invention we provide a computer program including program code means for performing the method above when the program is run on a computer.
[0014]Various embodiments of the invention will now be described in detail by way of examples, with reference to accompanying figures, where:
[0015]FIG. 1 shows schematically the network and the personal computers which may be utilized to implement the method and system of the present invention;
[0016]FIG. 2 shows a color palette according to the prior art;
[0017]FIG. 3 shows an example of second level color palette system according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention;
[0018]FIG. 4 shows the method a according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
[0019]FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a typical Local Area Network (LAN) where a remote control system can be implemented. It comprises a LAN server 101 which acts as a communication bridge between two or more data processing systems. In other connection systems the function of the server would be performed, for example, by a bridge, a modem, a cable or, in general, any device that, interposed between two or more data processing system, makes them connected.
[0020]The data processing system 105 is the controller and can alternatively take the control of one of the other data processing system 103, 107 and 109.
[0021]Data processing systems 103, 105, 107 and 109 can be personal computers or workstations available on the market. They preferably include a display unit and a keyboard, coupled in a manner well known in the art. Additionally, the data processing systems include a processor system unit which may serve to mount a fixed disk drive and a diskette drive in addition to the main processor and memory. Further, in order to facilitate the utilization of a graphical user interface, the data processing systems preferably include a graphic pointing device, such as a mouse, which may be utilized to manipulate the position of a pointer within a visual display on the screen.
[0022]Those skilled in the art will appreciate that data processing systems described above may be implemented utilizing any state of the art personal computer, such as the Personal Computer manufactured by International Business Machines Corporation.
[0023]Data processing systems are usually provided with a graphical user interface (GUI) to allow a user to control the data processing system and to present the results of user actions on the system display. In a graphical user interface, applications and data are generally presented as objects depicted on a user interface. A user is then provided with a graphical, intuitive interface to a complex data processing system which permits graphic selection of depicted objects and manipulation of applications corresponding to those objects.
[0024]There are a number of different graphical user interface environments commercially available which utilize the arrangement described above. These environments include the System 7 operating system developed by Apple Computer, Inc. (System 7 is a trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.), the Windows graphical user interface developed by the Microsoft Corporation (Windows is a trademark of Microsoft Corporation) and the OS/2 Presentation Manager developed by International Business Machines Corporation (OS/2 and Presentation Manager are trademarks of International Business Machines Corporation).
[0025]The window environment is generally part of the operating system software that includes a collection of utility programs for controlling the operation of the computer system 100.
[0026]In the example shown in FIG. 1 system 103 is defined as the target system and all the resources of system 103 can be used and activated by the controller system. For performing such control, system 105 must be able to represent on its display an exact copy of the target display 103.
[0027]As mentioned above, one of the heaviest information relating to bitmaps is the color of each pixel of the original image. In remote control system, the level of precision requested is not usually very high and sending complete color information would waste transmission time. According to RGB format, the color of each pixel is represented by three octects (i.e. three bytes having 8 bits each), one for Red, one for Green and one for Blue. A subset of 256 of the possible 16.777.216 colors is usually enough for any applications. For remote control system, 16 colors are sometimes an acceptable compromise. These reduced representation make use of a sort of index (palette) which contains all the possible colors, usually in a "true-color" representation (i.e. three bytes). Another possible representation used in state of the art systems is the 64 k color bitmap. In a 64 k-color bitmap each pixel is represented by two bytes. These two bytes are not in this case an index in a 64 k long palette, but represent themselves the color. The sixteen bits are divided in three five-bit long groups. One bit is ignored. Each of these groups identifies the intensity of one of the basic colors: red, green, and blue.
[0028]FIG. 2 shows a state of the art color palette which implements a 256 color bitmap. Each pixel of the bitmap 201 will be 8 bits long. The 8-bit pixel in this case does not represent the color itself, but instead an entry to table 203 containing the physical colors used by the system. This table is called palette. The palette of a 256-color bitmap must necessarily have 256 entries: one for each color. Each entry is made up of three values, representing the amount of green, red, and blue, needed to render the desired color. The use of the color palette is a technique to normalize the bitmap and save a lot of space. In fact each entry is 3-byte long (RGB) against the 1 byte (8 bits) needed for each pixel. It is through this mechanism of indexing that the size of the bitmap is considerably reduced.
[0029]However it may happen, and it normally happens, that most of these colors are never actually used. The number of colors that a bitmap supports determines only the number of bits that are used in that bitmap to represent the color, and not necessarily the number of colors that are really in use. In other words, one thing is the theoretical number of colors that could be found in the bitmap and another thing is the number of colors really used in the bitmap.
[0030]In theory a 256 colors bitmap could even have only 1 color if it is an area that has been painted with a "solid brush"; 2 colors if it is an area painted with a 2 color brush, or containing some writings. This is a very usual occurrence in a remote control systems, because it is the classic case of a big portion of a written page (i.e. when a word processor is displayed on the screen). The same concept can be extended to 4 colors as well as 16. The method and system according to the present invention could be used even with bitmaps having a bigger numbers of colors, but the advantages could be reduced or even vanished.
[0031]According to the present invention, when one of the above circumstances arise (i.e. only a limited number of colors are really used within a bitmap) the original bitmap can be substituted by a "normalized" version which addresses only the colors actually used. In the example made in FIG. 1 above, only two colors are represented in the bitmap 201: the first (00 in hexadecimal representation) and last (FF) of the 256 possible colors. This means that 254 entries of table 203 will never be used by this bitmap. Each pixel in the bitmap requires 8 bits for representing the hexadecimal numbers (4 bits per digit) needed to address the 256 entries of the table 203. In this case a single bit would be enough to represent all the possible colors of the bitmap (0 and 1). A table (palette) with two entries having three bytes each could contain all he colors needed by the bitmap 201. According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention a "second level palette" can be interposed between the bitmap 201 and the palette 203 as shown as example in FIG. 3.
[0032]In bitmap 301 the pixel values 00 and FF have been substituted by 0 and 1, because the bitmap was actually using just two colors (corresponding to the first (00) and last (FF) hexadecimal entries of the color palette 203). The original bitmap 201 of FIG. 2 was using 8 bits per pixel, while the same information could be represented with just one bit per pixel. A bit can in fact represent just two values, which are enough in this case. The problem is how to match the two values of a bit to the two real entries in the 256-color palette. The answer is by using the 2nd level palette 303. The 2nd level palette is a way of normalizing the bitmap with respect to the number of colors really in use. It is a second level of indirection to the original color palette. In other words, referring to the above example, the bit value of 0 would address the first entry of the 2nd level palette, which would address the entry number 00 of the original palette. The bit value of 1 would address the second entry of the 2nd level palette, which would address the entry number of FF of the original palette.
[0033]The example above shows how the original bitmap could be theoretically reduced to one eighth of the original size with a very simple operation and without loosing the precision of the original representation. In this case it is enough to replace all the occurrences of the byte 00 with a bit value of 0 and all the occurrences of the byte FF with a bit value of 1. The new bitmap is therefore meaningful when coupled with its 2nd level palette. It is by the 2nd level palette that it is possible to rebuild the original bitmap.
[0034]FIG. 4 shows schematically the steps of a method according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. A "normalization process" is applied to bitmap 401 to produce as output the package 403, which can be for example transmitted over a network. Package 403 includes a normalized bitmap 405 and the corresponding palette 407 which is needed to "decode" normalized bitmap 405. A "reverse normalization" process will receive package 403 as input and it will produce bitmap 409 as output. Bitmap 409 corresponds to original bitmap 401. In the example above of a remote control system (see FIG. 1) bitmap 401 must be transmitted over a network (e.g. A LAN) from a target computer (e.g. 103) to a controller computer 105. If the numbers of colors actually used in the original bitmap is limited (e.g. less than 16) it could be advantageous to reduce the size of the color bitmap 401 by applying the normalization process according to the present invention. This normalization process should be performed in the target computer 103 and it produces as output a normalized bitmap 403, and a palette 407. The normalized bitmap has a reduced size and it is easier and faster to be transmitted over the LAN to controller computer 105. When the normalized bitmap 403 is received by the controller computer 105 together with the palette 407, a reverse normalization process is able to build the bitmap 409 which is identical to original bitmap 401.
[0035]In the example made before the system uses a 256 color representation and a corresponding palette 203 (see FIGS. 2 and 3) is available both in target computer 103 and in controller computer 105. The pixels of bitmap 401 need therefore 8 bits each to be able to address 256 different colors. As mentioned before it may often happen that only a limited subset of these 256 colors is actually used. In this case it is advantageous to substitute the original bitmap 401 with a normalized bitmap 405, which addresses a "second level" palette. This second level palette has as many entries as the maximum number of colors which can be represented in the normalized palette, according to the following table
TABLE-US-00001 Palette entries No. of colors Bits per pixel 1 1 0 2 2 1 4 3 or 4 2 16 4 < x <= 16 4 256 x > 16 8
[0036]It should be noted that, in the first case no bitmap should be really transmitted, because only the single color is needed to reproduce the picture, while in the last (>16 colors used) there would be no advantage with the method of the present invention.
[0037]According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention the second level palette is obtained with the following steps:
[0038]counting the number of colors actually used by the bitmap to be transmitted;
[0039]if this number is less than 16, create a second level palette (having a size according to the table above) for addressing each one of these colors on the 256-color palette;
[0040]substituting the original bitmap with a normalized bitmap where the pixels address the corresponding colors in the second level palette.
[0041]The present invention has been described in details with reference to a starting bitmap having a 256-color representation. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that this is just an example and the same techniques can be applied to various representations without big differences. Another possibility, in case the original bitmap uses a color representation with a bigger number of colors, is to perform a color reduction step before the normalization process of the example above. In many cases this wouldn't be an additional burden, because, as mentioned above, a color reduction technique is often used in state of the art remote control systems. According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, a color reduction technique, as disclosed in GB Patent Application 9917455.9, is used to convert a 64 k-color bitmap (or even a "true-color" bitmap) to a 256-color bitmap. When this kind of color reduction is performed the whole bitmap is scanned pixel by pixel. A preferred embodiment of the present invention, takes advantage of this scanning for additional operations:
[0042]to count the number of colors actually in use;
[0043]to build the second level palette.
[0044]The same information can be obviously retrieved without necessarily modifying the color reduction algorithm, but it is reasonable to do so for higher efficiency.
[0045]The following are examples of the way the method steps described above could be implemented in a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
Counting the Number of Colors.
[0046]In the case of a 256-color bitmap, it is enough to allocate a 256 byte long array and a counter. Initialize the array and the counter to zeros. To count the number of colors you need to scan the bitmap. Every time that a new pixel is scanned, use the pixel as the index to this array. If the corresponding element value is still at 0, change it to 1 and increment the counter. When the scanning is complete the counter indicates the number of colors really used by the bitmap.
Normalization of the Bitmap.
[0047]In the case of a 256-color bitmap, it is enough to allocate a 256 byte indirection array. Again, it is obvious that this scanning, when possibly, should take advantage of a scanning of the existing method. A variable is needed that indicates which new entry in the indirection index array is being added. This array represents the translation of the corresponding palette entry in the 2 nd level palette. Therefore it turns out that only N entries will be used, where N is exactly the number of colors. The value that the other entries assume is meaningless. Those entries will never be accessed since there is no pixel in the original bitmap pointing to those locations. Every time a new color is encountered the pixel value itself is used as the index to this array (similar process used when counting the colors) and the corresponding entry is updated with the new value of the pixel in the normalized bitmap. The counter is then incremented. The same counter used to count the colors can be used if the two processes are combined together. Once this array is made, it is easy to build the second level palette and to perform the normalization of the bitmap, replacing all the occurrences of the original pixel with the corresponding entry of the indirection index.
[0048]While the indirection index is used in the normalization bitmap process, the second level palette is used to perform the reverse process. For this reason, the second level palette must be transmitted together with the normalized bitmap, so that the original bitmap can be obtained with a reverse process.
[0049]The second level palette is an output of the normalization process, and an input to the reversed normalization process.
[0050]In a normalized bitmap a pixel is represented with less bits than the original bitmap. The pixel is interpreted as an index to the 2nd level Palette where the expanded or original value of the pixel in the non-normalized bitmap is stored.
Reverse Normalization Process.
[0051]This process is supposed to restore the original bitmap from the normalized bitmap and the 2 nd level Palette. The process is exactly the reverse of the normalization one. Given the number of bits per pixel used by the normalized bitmap, the process is to replace the occurrence of each value with the corresponding entry of the 2nd level Palette.
[0052]It must be noted that the performances of method and system described above, when implemented in state of the art systems which store or transmit color bitmaps (e.g. remote control systems) could be affected by compression algorithms. It is therefore difficult to give an exact absolute dimension of the improvement in performances when using the present method. It has been estimated anyway that, when a limited number of colors is used in a bitmap (e.g. less than 16 in a 256 color representation), an average decrease of 20% in the size of the bitmap is obtained, with consequent reduction in transmission speed rate.
Patent applications by Filomena Ferrara, Taranto IT
Patent applications by Salvo Aliffi, Rome IT
Patent applications by International Business Machines Corporation
Patent applications in class Compression of color images
Patent applications in all subclasses Compression of color images
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INDEPENDENCE The cafeterias at the middle school and the high school will be transformed over the summer and, come fall, will resemble the food courts one sees at shopping malls.
During his report on behalf of the school board's Finance and Audit Committee, member Kenn Synek said profits in the foodservice department have declined while newer, more nutritional menus have been required by the federal Child Nutrition Act.
"As the menu changed, students voted with their wallets and chose not to buy lunches," Synek said, adding the district lost about $50,000 in foodservice revenue during the past fiscal year.
Service Director Al Yano advised he is planning to convert the middle school and high school lunch rooms from the line system to the pod system, which will allow students to visit stations to create their own sandwiches, tacos, pastas and more. The stations will change daily, Yano said.
"The lunch rooms are going to be fun places students look forward to going (to)."
At the primary school level, the menu will change but the line system will remain.
During the committee discussion, Synek later brought up the idea of increasing lunch prices. The current price of a student lunch at the middle school and at the high school is $3, which has not been raised since 2004.
"Do we want to raise prices now in light of the fact that we'll be able to demonstrate changes starting next year, and prove that we're offering more?" he asked.
Yano responded by suggesting the board consider allowing time for the lunchroom changes to take effect before raising the prices.
"Every time we've raised it, sales just fell through," Yano said. "If we raise it this time, what I'm doing here — all this work — could be a wash."


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Product Overview
The R-Series Robots are setting the benchmark for all small to medium duty industrial robots. The compact design, along with industry leading speed, reach and work range make the R-Series Robots ideal for a wide range of applications throughout a multitude of diverse industries.
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Ashok Brothers Impex Pvt. Ltd.
A-1, Suchita Apartments, Nr. Vijay Restaurant,
Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380 009
Integrated Industrial Technologies, Inc.
221 7th Street, LL
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United States


text:
The Auburn Tigers pulled out a 16-13 upset on the road versus 10th-ranked South Carolina on Saturday, to move to 4-1 on the season and remain undefeated in the SEC. (See the box score.) The Auburn Play of the Week could be none other than the catch that won the game for the Tigers.
Less than two minutes left in the game, Auburn was facing a 3rd and 5 from just inside the South Carolina 10-yard line, down by four points. QB Barrett Trotter takes the snap in shotgun, rolls to his right then fires a pass back to the left just before getting hit.
TE Philip Lutzenkirchen catches the pass, fumbles as he crosses the goal line, then falls on top of it to recover and score the game-winner.
The catch was Lutzenkirchen's only catch of the day. Trotter finished the game 12-23 for 112 yards and one touchdown against two interceptions.
Watch more highlights from the game below.
What was your favorite play in Auburn's win over South Carolina? Sound off in the comments below.


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This deal has ended.
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Madonna And Her Hairy Armpits Are Back In The Studio
With all the armpit flashing, shower door licking and other weirdness taking place on her Instagram page, it's easy to forget what Madonna actually does for a living: make music. Lately she's been acting more like our crazy Aunt Winifred than the Pop Goddess we once worshipped, but that's another story.
Well, folks, get ready to "throw your hands in the air like you just don't care," because the Queen of Pop is planning a comeback. She recently revealed that she's hard at work on a follow-up to 2012's MDNA.
In case you forgot (which would be perfectly understandable), MDNA received lukewarm reviews upon its release, suffered an 88 percent sales drop between its first and second weeks, and spawned no memorable singles. It was, hands down, Madge's most uninspired album to date, which seemed impossible after 2008's Hard Candy, but she proved everyone wrong. MDNA is currently selling for $5.99 on Amazon, a full dollar less than her half-baked Remixed & Revisited EP from 2003.
(To be totally fair, MDNA did result in one of the highest grossing concerts of all time, but that likely had more to do with Madonna the brand than the album itself.)
Earlier this month, the 55-year-old Kabbalist posted the following photos of herself in the studio with Swedish superstar DJ Avicii to her Instagram page:
We're excited about this new pairing. Let's be honest, Madonna has only ever been as good as her collaborators, and this time around she's picked an especially talented one. We love Avicii's fresh, country-inspired club sound, and we think it will highlight Madonna's thin but catchy vocals nicely. (We can't help but think of her twangy dance track Don't Tell Me from 2000's Music, which we loved.) Also, he's not totally overexposed yet, unlike the majority of her collaborators from the past ten years. (Most notably Timbaland in 2008, or, worse, Nicki Minaj in 2012.)
Now that we know what to expect musically, how about lyric content? Madonna's go-to topics have historically included the following: sex, having no regrets, music, sex, partying, dancing, sex, being famous, and, occasionally, when she's feeling particularly vulnerable, heartbreak. Can we expect more of the same this time around?
Yesterday, she posted another picture on Instagram:
The photo is paired with the caption, "Day turns into night. I won't give up the fight. Don't want to get to the end of my days……….saying I Wasn't amazed! #revolutionoflove." Some have speculated that she's teasing lyrics to one of her new songs. Time will tell.
No word yet as to when we can expect to hear these new tunes. Though her last few offerings have admittedly turned us into fair weather fans, we're still holding out hope for one more great Madonna album. We know she has it in her. Here's hoping it arrives soon. Summer is fast-approaching and we'll be needing some new jams to blast by the poolside.
disgusting article, stay pressed
Surely, she has plenty of money to retire.
MDNA was a great album! Sure, the lyrics got a bit dorky in places but that was part of the fun! She seemed like she was just doin' her thang without a care in the world! Several of the songs are some of her best work IMO. For those that missed out on them, Turn Up the Radio, I'm a Sinner and Love Spent are a great place to start on MDNA. One of my favorite albums of hers for sure.
Totally agree with those posting in defense of MDNA! Don't know what went wrong with the marketing, but the album was much better than Hard Candy or American Life. Beginning to end, it's very good, give or take 1 or 2 tracks at the most. Most likely, this article was written by a "Little Monster".
Madonna stopped being good after Ray of Light..lets stop kidding ourselves.
Who cares about this disease-ridden OLD hag. In the meantime, Lady Gaga is the new Queen of Pop.
MDNA is one of my favorite albums from her. It has some interesting music within. That said, I accept that not everyone loves her or her music. Still, it is an interesting choice mixing opinion with fact in a piece like this. In the end both become obscure. The catty responses are cute. Oh look, a multimillionaire has haters. How original.
@Madonnaids: Funny how you call Madonna "old" in bold type, yet it's your Mama Plagiarist who can't tour without breaking a hip. Just like Gagme, you have no new material.
MDNA didn't deliver like she did in Confessions on a Dancefloor.


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Empty Netter Assists - 02-25-10
-United States 2, Switzerland 0. United States coach Ron Wilson said Zach Parise was his best player. NHL.com's recap.
-The United States might've only won by two goals, but it was their best game of the tournament.
-"If you said at the beginning of the tournament that we'd be 4-0 and the No. 1 seed, everybody would say, 'You're on crack or something.'" - Wilson.
-Ryan Miller leading the United States onto the ice:
-Brooks Orpik dishing out some freedom candy to Switzerland's Romano Lemm:
-Orpik playing the puck:
-United States forward and former Penguin Ryan Malone crashing the crease:
-United States defenseman and former Penguin Ryan Whitney being popular:
-Ditto Brian Rafalski:
-Miller kept his eyes on this puck:
-Heads up:
-Happy times for Captain America, Jamie Langenbrunner:
-United States forward Ryan Kesler being a hero with another empty net:
-Rafalski sent Switzerland's Roman Wick into the boards facefirst:
-Face of the Day: United States forward Chris Drury:
-Lemm had issues with the United States' Dustin Brown as well:
-This goal was called back, but Switzerland's Jonas Hiller had all sorts of troubles with this puck:
-A good look at Switzerland's Mathias Seger's hip check on the United States' Bobby Ryan:
-Switzerland's Andres Ambuhl gave the United States' Paul Stastny a ride into the boards:;
-Parise squeezing his first goal by Hiller while Switzerland's Thierry Paterlini makes an awesome face:
-Hiller and Ryan, teammates with the Ducks, being sportsmen:
-Miller and Hiller being sportsmen:
-Canada 7, Russia 3. CROSBY-OVECHKIN!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! turned out to be Crosby 0, Ovechkin 0 in terms of goal scoring. NHL.com's recap.
-"I didn't do my job." - Russia goaltender Evgeni Nabokov.
-Canada forward Eric Staal was shaked up late, but was fine.
-"We won a game. It happened to be against Russia." - Sidney Crosby downplaying the significance of the win.
-So far so good for Canada's Roberto Luongo experiment.
-"They came like gorillas coming out of a cage." - Russia goaltender Ilya Bryzgalov.
-"Unfortunately, our Olympic Games are over and I apologize for how it happened." - " Russia coach Vyacheslav Bykov.
-Crosby getting ready for a faceoff:
-Crosby taking a shot:
-Crosby grabbing his lid:
-Check out "Pierre" McGuire without his NBC life vest.
-Canada's Dan Boyle had some big-time issues with Russia's Alexander Semin:
-Canada's Shea Weber being popular:
-Weber destroying lives:
-Rough times for Canada's Eric Staal:
-Canada's Jarome Iginla took a tumble:
-Canada's Roberto Luongo had issues with this puck:
-Nabokov had all sorts of issues:
-Canada's Corey Perry beating Nabokov:
-Canada's Rick Nash beating Nabokov:
-And Canada's Ryan Getzlaf being Nabokov:
-Nash being popular:
-Happy times for Canada:
-Happy times for Canada. Not so much for Russia captain or former Penguin Aleksey Morosov:
-Rare happy times for Russia's Pavel Datsyuk, Sergei Gonchar and Evgeni Malkin:
-Rare happy times for Ovechkin:
-We don't want to say Russia's defense has some positional flaws, but...:
-Alex Ovechkin playing defense:
-We think.
(That's a joke. Relax.)
-Bykov trying to spell "D-E-F-E-N-S-E" to his team:
-Luongo and Russia's Ilya Bryzgalov being sportsmen:
-This Russian fan's bear costume was just as fierce as his team's defense:
-Finland 2, Czech Republic 0. A rule on helmets might've cost the Czech Republic a medal. NHL.com's recap.
-"It's a really stupid rule." - Czech Republic defenseman Pavel Kubina on being forced to retrieve his helmet after losing it. As a result, Kubina lost track of Finnish forward Niklas Hagman who scored the winning goal
-He got a shutout, but Finland's Miikka Kiprusoff had issues with this puck:
-Happy times for Kiprusoff and Lasse Kukkonen:
-Happy times for Kiprusoff and Saku Koivu:
-Finland's Teemu Selanne uncorking a shot:
-Happy times for Selanne:
-Jaromir Jagr taking a seat:
-Czech defenseman Zybnek Michalek and forward Martin Havlat running some passing drills in front of some Finnish fans:
-Sad times for Czech forard Petr Cajanek:
-Slovakia 4, Sweden 3. "We've got nothing to lose." - Slovakia forward Tomas Kopecky. NHL.com's recap.
-Happy times for Slovakia:
-Happy times for Slovakia's Pavol Demitra:
-Happy times for Kopecky and Demitra:
-Slovakia's Zdeno Chara tried to take out Sweden's entire bench apparently:
-Slovakia's Marian Gaborik disappears in Chara's arms here:
-Rough times for Slovakian defenseman and former Penguin Martin Strbak:
-Sweden's Henrik Lundqvist kept his eyes on this puck:
-Lundqvist having a moment:
-Slovakia's Andrej Sekera beating Lundqvist:
-Happy times for Slovakia's Michal Handzus. Not so much for Lundqvist:
-Happy times for Slovakia. Not so much for Sweden:
-Happy times for Sweden. Not so much for Slovakia's Milan Jurcina:
-Is this the last time we see Peter Forsberg in one of those marvelous "tre croner" jerseys:
-Sad times for Forsberg:
-A Tore Vikingstad fan apparently abandoned Norway for another Scandinavian country:
-Lundqvist and his Slovakian counterpart Jaroslav Halak being sportsmen:
-NBC will broadcast Friday's United States-Finland game live across all time zones.
-All six of the Blackhawks' six Olympians - Canada's Duncan Keith, Brent Seabrook, Jonathan Toews, Slovakia's Marian Hossa, Tomas Kopecky and the United States' Patrick Kane - have reached the semifinals.
-How much blame does Gary Bettman deserve for how NBC has handled the Olympic telecasts?
-United States women's coach and former Penguins forward Mark Johnson had two pretty good coaches he looked up to.
-United States goaltender and former Robert Morris player Brianne McLaughlin is on Twitter. She can be reached @briannemcl.
-Maxime Talbot (right) is still dinged up.
-Happy 60th birthday to former Penguins goaltender Cam Newton. An eighth round pick of the club in 1970, Newton appared in16 games for the Penguins from 1970-71 through 1972-73. He went 4-7-1 with a 3.76 goals against average over that span. The left the team in the 1972 offseason when he signed with Chicago Cougars of the WHA.
Atlantic Division
-The Rangers recalled former Penguins goaltending prospect Chad Johnson from Hartford of the AHL and demoted goaltender Steve Valiquette.
-Rangers defenseman Michael Del Zotto is still dealing with a chest laceration he suffered earlier this month at Mellon Arena.
-Devils defenseman Paul Martin is still recovering from a broken forearm suffered Oct. 24 at Mellon Arena.
Northeast Division
-With goaltender Jaroslav Halak still playing for Slovakia, the Canadiens recalled goaltender Robert Mayer from Cincinnati of the ECHL.
Southeast Division
-The Lightning promoted former Penguins defenseman Jim Johnson (right) from the head coaching job with the club AHL affiliate in Norfolk to an assistant position at the NHL level. The club also fired Wes Walz as assistant coach after he declined a demotion to the AHL.
-Tampa Bay coach and former Penguins forward Rick Tocchet said he was not consulted about the move.
-The Lightning recalled goaltender Jaroslav Janus from Norfolk.
-Thrashers defenseman Christoph Schubert resumed practicing for the first time since suffering a knee injury Jan. 16.
-With goaltender Ondrej Pavelec still playing for Slovakia, the Thrasher recalled goaltender Peter Mannino from Chicago of the AHL.
-The Panthers recalled forwards Shawn Matthias and Michal Repik from Rochester of the AHL and with goaltender Tomas Vokoun with the Czech Republic, recalled goaltender Chris Beckford-Tseu from Florida of the ECHL.
Central Division
-Blue Jackets forward R.J. Umberger, who opened a fitness center outside of Pittsburgh during the Olympic break, took interim coach Claude Noel to task for criticizing his players' conditioning.
-The Predators signed goaltender Pekka Rinne to a two-year contract extension worth a total of $6.8 million.
-Red Wings forward Kirk Maltby will undergo shoulder surgery.
Northwest Division
-Avalanche forward Milan Hejduk practiced for the first time since suffering a knee injury Jan. 11.
-Wild forward Andrew Brunette sat on a Mexican beach for five days during the Olympic break and did nothing.
Pacific Division
-The Stars put goaltender Alex Auld (right) on waivers.
-The Kings recalled forwards Richard Clune and Marc-Andre Cliche from Manchester of the AHL.
-With goaltender Ilya Brzygalov playing for Russia, the Coyotes recalled goaltender Joel Gistedt from Las Vegas of the ECHL.
-With Nabokov and Thomas Greiss of Germany still tied up at the Olympics, the Sharks have dusted off retired goaltender Steve Shields for practice.
Adams Division
-Happy 68th birthday to former Pittsburgh Hornets forward Duke Harris.
(Photos: Olympics-Luis Acosta/AFP/Getty ImagesBruce Bennett/Getty Images, Cris Bournocle/AFP/Getty Images, Kevork Djansezian/Getty Images, Jae C. Hong/Associated Press, Harry How/Getty Images, Julie Jacobson/Associated Press, Jasper Juinen/Getty Images, Alex Livesey/Getty Images, Chris O'Meara/Associated Press, Gene J. Puskar/Associated Press, Matt Slocum/Associated Press and Cameron Spencer/Getty Images; Talbot-Joel Auerbach/Getty Images; Johnson-eBay; Auld-Ronald Martinez/Getty Images)


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2010-2011 Undergraduate Catalog
All schools & programs >
College of Liberal Arts and SciencesVisit their website » Print...
- University Regulations
- Academic Integrity
- Change of School
- Credit/No Credit
- Graduation with Distinction and Highest Distinction
- Honor Roll
- Honors Graduates
- Incompletes
- Maximum and Minimum Semester Enrollment
- Nonresidence Study Before the Last 30 Hours
- Prerequisites and Corequisites
- Probation
- Required Work in Residence
- Time Limit on Degree Requirements
- Transfer of Credit
University Regulations
For information about university regulations, see Regulations or visit the University of Kansas Policy Library.
Academic Integrity
CLAS strictly enforces KU and CLAS policies on academic misconduct. Academic integrity requires honest performance of academic responsibilities by students. These include preparation of assignments, reports and research papers, taking examinations, completing administrative requirements, and a sincere and conscientious effort by students to abide by the policies set forth by instructors. See the Regulations page.
Change of School
To change from one school to another, you must submit a Change of School form in the dean's office of the school you plan to enter or in College Student Academic Services if you plan to enter the College. Follow the deadlines on the form. See the school's requirements for admission.
Students applying for admission to the College from other schools in the university must meet the same minimum grade-point average requirements in KU attempted course work as continuing College students. Consult College Student Academic Services, Strong Hall, 1450 Jayhawk Blvd., Room 109, Lawrence, KS 66045-7518, 785-864-3500.
Credit/No Credit
A Credit/No Credit option is available to all degree-seeking undergraduates. You may enroll in one course a semester under the option, if the course is not in your major or minor. To exercise the option, you must fill out a card at the dean's office of the school in which you are enrolled during the fifth and sixth weeks of the semester (or the third week of summer session and 8-week courses). See the Schedule of Classes for current dates for electing this option. After the close of the option period, the choice cannot be changed. Under the option, a grade of Credit is recorded for grades of A, B, or C; No Credit is recorded for grades of D or F. Courses graded Credit or No Credit do not count in computing the grade-point average. Courses graded Credit are included in the total hours counted toward graduation. Courses graded No Credit do not count toward graduation.
Warning: Certain undesirable consequences may result from exercising the option. Some schools, scholarship committees, and honorary societies do not accept this grading system and convert grades of No Credit to F when computing grade-point averages.
Students must fill out a request in College Student Academic Services. The university-established timeline for exercising this option is strictly enforced.
Graduation with Distinction and Highest Distinction
Students must have completed at least 60 hours graded A through F in residence at KU (including the hours in which they are enrolled during the semester of graduation). Awards of distinction and highest distinction are based solely on the grade-point average determined by KU residence credit hours unless the overall grade-point average (including transfer hours) is lower than the residence grade-point average. In this case, the award is determined by the overall grade-point average. Students who rank in the upper 10 percent of their graduating class graduate with distinction. The upper third of those awarded distinction graduate with highest distinction.
Honor Roll
Students with grade-point averages of 3.5 who have completed at least 12 hours with letter grades are recognized on the honor roll or dean's list in fall and spring. An Honor Roll notation appears on the transcript.
Honors Graduates
Requirements for graduation with honors are listed on the Honors page and on department and program pages.
The letters W and I may be given. The letter I indicates incomplete work that may be completed without re-enrollment in the course. The letter W indicates withdrawal for which no credit or grade point is assigned.
The letter I should not be used when a definite grade can be assigned for the work done. It is not given for any course except to indicate that some part of the work has, for reasons beyond the student's control, not been done, while the rest has been satisfactorily completed. At the time an I is reported on the electronic roster, the character and amount of work needed, as well as the date required for completion and lapse grade if further work is not completed by this date, should be indicated.
A student who has an I posted for a course must make up the work by the date determined by the instructor, in consultation with the student, which may not exceed 1 calendar year, or the last day of the term of graduation, whichever comes first. An I not removed according to this rule is automatically converted to a grade of F or U, or the lapse grade assigned by the course instructor, and appears on the student's record.
Extensions to the time limit may be granted by the dean's representative upon submission of a petition from the student containing the endorsement of the course instructor who assigned the I grade, or the department chair if the instructor is unavailable. After the I grade is converted to a grade of F or U, the grade may only be changed in accordance with USRR Article II, Section 3.
Maximum and Minimum Semester Enrollment
No student may enroll for more than 20 hours a semester except by permission of the assistant dean of Student Academic Services. Summer enrollment is limited to 10 hours. Permission is not considered unless the student has demonstrated high levels of academic ability in previous semesters.
Nonresidence Study Before the Last 30 Hours
Before the last 30 hours required for the degree, students may, under certain conditions, take courses at other institutions and transfer the credit to KU. Before enrolling in a nonresidence course, check on how your courses will transfer to KU or complete KU's standard form, Request for Tentative Evaluation of Transfer Credit, in your dean's office or in College Student Academic Services for students in the College. After completing the course work, you must request that an official transcript be sent to the Office of Admissions, KU Visitor Center, 1502 Iowa St., Lawrence, KS 66044-7576, 785-864-3911. For transcripts to be official, they must be mailed from the college or university directly to KU. Faxed transcripts are not accepted for posting of transfer credit.
Nonresidence credit includes all credits from another college or university taken after initial enrollment at KU, military service courses, and other undergraduate course work not formally offered in the Schedule of Classes.
Only transfer grades of C or higher apply toward course work for students entering KU in spring 1990 or after.
Prerequisites and Corequisites
Students are advised to enroll according to prerequisites and corequisites noted in individual course descriptions. These prerequisites are enforced in a variety of ways including blocking enrollment, administrative drops without notice, etc.
The College reviews all students at the end of fall and spring semesters and summer term to determine their academic standing. Students must maintain a 2.0 cumulative KU grade-point average to be in good academic standing. Students below that average are placed on probation.
- Freshmen and Sophomores on Probation (between 0 and 59 completed hours): Each student in this category must earn a 2.0 KU term grade-point average until his or her cumulative KU grade-point average reaches 2.0, returning the student to good academic standing. Students who fail to meet these requirements are dismissed.
- Juniors and Seniors on Probation (60 or more completed hours): Each student in this category must earn a 2.5 KU term grade-point average until his or her cumulative KU grade-point average reaches 2.0, returning the student to good academic standing. Students who fail to meet these requirements are dismissed.
To return to the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences the student must follow CLAS readmission guidelines.
Readmission after Dismissal
Students dismissed for the first time from the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences must wait at least 1 full fall or spring semester before returning to KU*. Summer session does not count as a full semester. In addition, a dismissed student must demonstrate academic success by completing a minimum of 6 hours of transferable academic course work at another higher education institution. To be readmitted, students must attain a grade-point average of 2.5 or higher in all hours taken after dismissal. All course work taken at every institution is calculated into the grade-point average since dismissal, even if the student opted for that institution's retake policy. If students are lacking math or English courses to fulfill the Early and Continuous Enrollment requirements, they must complete all the courses necessary, through ENGL 101 (or equivalent) and MATH 101* (or equivalent) during the dismissal period. The College reviews the status of students dismissed from another KU school, based on CLAS regulations, beginning with the initial KU term. If the student would have been dismissed under CLAS regulations, this is considered a first dismissal, even though the student was not a CLAS student. Upon readmission, the student must maintain at least a 2.5 semester grade-point average until reaching good academic status to be allowed to continue in the College.
*This may mean that some students must actually wait more than one semester to meet these conditions and apply for readmission.
Students dismissed for the second time from the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences must wait at least one academic year before applying for readmission. In addition, a dismissed student must demonstrate academic success by completing a minimum of 12 hours of transferable academic course work at another higher education institution. To be readmitted, students must attain a grade-point average of 2.5 or higher in all hours taken after dismissal. All course work taken at every institution is calculated into the grade-point average since dismissal, even if the student opted for that institution's retake policy. If students are lacking ENGL 102 (or equivalent) and the second required math course (MATH 105, MATH 106, MATH 111, MATH 115, MATH 121, MATH 365 or BIOL 570 or an equivalent course), they must complete these courses during the dismissal period. Upon readmission, the student must maintain at least a 2.5 semester grade-point average until reaching good academic status to be allowed to continue in the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences.
Note: Students who are in their last 30 hours must meet with the readmission adviser in College Student Academic Services to discuss their options.
A third dismissal is final.
Required Work in Residence
A student may complete 12 of the last 30 hours at another institution of higher learning if he or she
- Has earned a grade-point average of at least a 2.0 in residence and
- Does not take courses required for the major or minor out of residence.
Students wishing to take courses out of residence in the last 30 hours must petition College Student Academic Services before enrolling in courses outside of KU.
Time Limit on Degree Requirements
Students are strongly encouraged to complete the bachelor's degree within 4 academic years. Students should complete a minimum of 31 credit hours each year. If a student is unable to complete 31 hours in the fall and spring terms, summer enrollment should be strongly considered.
Students readmitted 10 years or more after the initial term of degree-seeking admission to KU must fulfill all current requirements (this includes general education, major, minor, and all other related policies) to earn a degree.
Transfer of Credit
CredTran is a transfer course equivalency system that lists more than 2,200 colleges and universities from which KU has accepted transfer courses in the past. If your school or course is not listed, your evaluation will be completed when you are admitted to KU.
Only transfer grades of C or higher contribute to total hours earned for students entering KU in spring 1990 or after, and for courses taken in spring 1990 or after by all students. For questions about transfer work fulfilling College requirements, contact College Student Academic Services, 109 Strong Hall.
The University of Kansas prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, ethnicity, religion, sex, national origin, age, ancestry, disability, status as a veteran, sexual orientation, marital status, parental status, gender identity, gender expression and genetic information in the University's programs and activities. The following person has been designated to handle inquiries regarding the non-discrimination policies: Director of the Office of Institutional Opportunity and Access, email@example.com, 1246 W. Campus Road, Room 153A, Lawrence, KS, 66045, (785)864-6414, 711 TTY.