text:
Mongoloid /ˈmɒŋ.ɡə.lɔɪd/[1][2] is a term for peoples indigenous to East Asia, Central Asia, Southeast Asia, Siberia or North Asia, Northern Europe, the Arctic, the Americas, parts of the Pacific Islands, parts of Africa (Madagascar), and parts of South Asia. Individuals within these populations often share certain associated phenotypic traits, such as epicanthic folds (epicanthus), sinodonty, and neoteny.
Epicanthic folds and oblique palpebral fissures are common among most Mongoloid individuals. Most exhibit Mongolian spot from birth to about age four.[3][4] The vast majority have straight, black hair and dark brown almond-shaped eyes, and most have broad, relatively flat faces as well.[5]
Traits more controversially ascribed to Mongoloids include high intelligence[6][7][8] and a stoic, taciturn, unaggressive demeanor. The extent to which individual psychological makeup is a social construct, rather than a matter of biology, remains a matter of debate. (See also the articles Race and intelligence and Model minority.)
The term "mongoloid" was introduced by 18th century ethnologists to describe Central Asian and East Asian populations, as part of a tripartite typological model of race: Mongoloid, Caucasoid, and Negroid. Although some forensic anthropologists and other scientists continue to use such terms in some contexts (such as criminal justice),[citation needed] their usage is now discouraged by most anthropologists due to the questionable nature of such models. In addition, "Mongoloid" has had a second usage, now generally avoided as highly offensive: until the late 20th century, people with Down syndrome[9][10][11][12] were often referred to as "Mongoloids" or in terms of "Mongolian idiocy" or "Mongolian imbecility".
- 1 Geographic range and populations included
- 2 Subraces
- 3 History of the concept
- 4 Features
- 5 Genetic research
- 6 Criticism
- 7 Gallery
- 8 See also
- 9 References
Geographic range and populations included[edit]
Mongoloid or Asiatic peoples are the most spread out among all human populations since they have stretched almost completely around the earth's surface. They can be found as far "east" as Greenland, and yet also as far to the "west" as Kalmykia and the Crimea, giving Asiatic peoples or their descendants a historical presence across the vast expanse of four continents. According to the Meyers Konversations-Lexikon (1885–90), peoples included in the Mongoloid race are North Mongol, Chinese & Indochinese, Japanese & Korean, Tibetan, Malay, Polynesian, Maori, Micronesian, Eskimo, and Native American.[17]
In 1856, the "Mongolian" race, using a narrow definition which did not include either the "Malay" or the "American" races, was the second most populous race in the world behind the Caucasian race.[18] In 1881, the Mongoloid race, using a broad definition which included both Malays and indigenous Americans, was the most populous race on Earth,[19] and it was still the most populous race on Earth in the year 1892, using a narrow definition which did not include either the "Malayan" or the "American" races.[20] In 1994, the Mongoloid race, using a broad definition which included indigenous Americans, comprised 34% of the Earth's human population which made it the second most populous race behind Caucasoids who comprised 56% of the Earth's human population at that time.[21]
The first use of the term Mongolian race was by Christoph Meiners in 1785, who divided humanity into two races he labeled "Tartar-Caucasians" and "Mongolians".[22]
Johann Friedrich Blumenbach said that he borrowed the term Mongolian from Christoph Meiners to describe the race he designated "second, [which] includes that part of Asia beyond the Ganges and below the river Amoor, which looks toward the south, together with the islands and the greater part of these countries which is now called Australian".[23]
In 1861, Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire added the Australian as a secondary race (subrace) of the principal race of Mongolian.[24] In the nineteenth century Georges Cuvier used the term Mongolian again as a racial classification, but additionally included American Indians under the term.[25] Arthur de Gobineau defined the extent of the Mongolian race, "by the yellow the Altaic, Mongol, Finnish and Tartar branches".[26][27] Later, Thomas Huxley used the term Mongoloid and included American Indians as well as Arctic Native Americans.[28] Other terms were proposed, such as Mesochroi (middle color),[29] but Mongoloid was widely adopted.
In 1940, anthropologist Franz Boas included the American race as part of the Mongoloid race of which he mentioned the Aztecs of Mexico and the Maya of Yucatan.[30] Boas also said that, out of the races of the Old World, the American native had features most similar to the east Asiatic.[30]
In 1981, Elizabeth Smithgall Watts who taught anthropology at Tulane University[31] said that the question of American Indians being a separate race from "Asiatic Mongoloids" is a question of how much genetic difference a population needs from another population to be considered a "major race". She said that even the people who consider American Indians to be a separate race acknowledge that they are genetically closest to "Asians".[32]
In 1983, Douglas J. Futuyma, professor of evolutionary processes at the University of Michigan, said that the inclusion of Native Americans and Pacific Islanders under the Mongoloid race was not recognized by many anthropologists who consider them distinct races.[33]
In 1984, Roger J. Lederer, Professor of Biological Sciences at California State University at Chico,[34] separately listed the Mongoloid race from Pacific islanders and American Indians when he enumerated the "geographical variants of the same species known as races...we recognize several races, Inuit, American Indians, Mongoloid... Polynesian".[35]
In 1995, Dr. Marta Mirazon Lahr of the Department of Biological Anthropology at Cambridge University used the term Mongoloid to refer to Asian populations, Indigenous Australians, Pacific Islanders, Negritos, and Amerindians, classifying Northeast Asians as typical Mongoloids and all other Mongoloid groups as atypical Mongoloids.[36]
Finns were previously considered by some scholars to be partly Mongoloid, dating to claims by Johann Friedrich Blumenbach. Finns (and other Finno-Ugrians in Europe) are now considered typically European.[37] 10% of Finnish genes are shared with Siberian populations. Nevertheless more than 80% of Finnish genes are from a single ancient Northeastern European population.[38] Sami people, another Finno-Ugric people, have also been considered Mongoloid by some;[39] however, they possess only a modest amount of East Asian ancestry.123
In 1900, Joseph Deniker said the "Mongol race admits two varieties or subraces: Tunguse or Northern Mongolian... and Southern Mongolian".[24]
Archaeologist Peter Bellwood claims that the vast majority of people in Southeast Asia, the region he calls the "clinal Mongoloid-Australoid zone", are Southern Mongoloids but have a high degree of Australoid admixture.[40]
Professor of anthropology, Akazawa Takeru (赤沢威?) at the International Research Center for Japanese Studies, Kyoto, said that there are Neo-Mongoloids and Paleo-Mongoloids. Akazawa said Neo-Mongoloids have "extreme Mongoloid, cold-adapted features" and they include the Chinese, Buryats, Eskimo and Chukchi. In contrast, Akazawa said Paleo-Mongoloids are less cold-adapted. He said Burmese, Filipinos, Polynesians, Jōmon and the indigenous peoples of the Americas were Paleo-Mongoloid.[41]
History of the concept[edit]
The earliest systematic use of the term was by Blumenbach in De generis humani varietate nativa (On the Natural Variety of Mankind, University of Göttingen, first published in 1775, re-issued with alteration of the title-page in 1776). Blumenbach included East and South East Asians, but not Native Americans or Malays, who were each assigned separate categories.
In 1865, biologist Thomas Huxley presented the views of polygenesists (Huxley was not one of them) as "some imagine their assumed species of mankind were created where we find them... the Mongolians from the Orangs".[42]
In 1972, physical anthropologist Carleton Coon said, "From a hyborean [sic] group there evolved, in northern Asia, the ancestral strain of the entire specialized Mongoloid family".[43] In 1962, Coon believed that the Mongoloid "subspecies" existed "during most of the Pleistocene, from 500,000 to 10,000 years ago".[44] According to Coon, the Mongoloid race had not completed its "invasions and expansions" into Southeast Asia, the Americas, and the Pacific Islands until "[t]oward the end of the Pleistocene".[44] By this time Coon hypothesis that the Mongoloid race had become "sapien".[44][verification needed]
Mahinder Kumar Bhasin (Hindi: महेंद्र कुमार भसीन) of the Department of Anthropology at the University of Delhi suggested in a review of an article referencing Mourant 1983 that "The Caucasoids and the Mongoloid almost certainly became differentiated from one another somewhere in Asia" and that "Another differentiation, which probably took place in Asia, is that of the Australoids, perhaps from a common type before the separation of the Mongoloids".[46]
Paleo-anthropologist Milford Wolpoff and Rachel Caspari characterize "his [Carleton Coon's] contention [as being] that the Mongoloid race crossed the 'sapiens threshold' first and thereby evolved the furthest".[47]
Douglas J. Futuyma, professor of evolutionary processes at the University of Michigan, said the Mongoloid race "diverged 41,000 years ago" from a Mongoloid and Caucasoid group which diverged from Negroids "110,000 years ago".[33]
In 1996, professor of anthropology, Akazawa Takeru of the International Research Center for Japanese Studies, Kyoto, said Mongoloids originated in Xinjiang during the "Ice Age".[41]
In 1999, Peter Brown of the Department of Anthropology and Paleoanthropology at the University of New England evaluated three sites with early East Asian modern human skeletal remains (Liujiang, Liuzhou, Guangxi, China; Shandingdong Man of (but not Peking Man) Zhoukoudian's Upper Cave; and Minatogawa in Okinawa) dated to between 10,175 to 33,200 years ago, and finds lack of support for the conventional designation of skeletons from this period as "Proto-Mongoloid". He stated that "The colonisation of the Americas by 11 kyr indicates an earlier date for the appearance of distinctively East Asian features, however, the earliest unequivocal evidence for anatomically East Asian people on the Asian mainland remains at 7000 years BP." He saw this as "possibility that migration across the Bering Strait went in two directions and the first morphological Mongoloids evolved in the Americas." [48]
In 2006, Yali Xue (Chinese: 薛雅丽) et al. of the genome research Sanger Institute conducted a study of linkage disequilibrium that said that northern populations in East Asia started to expand in number between 34 and 22 thousand years ago, before the last glacial maximum at 21–18 KYA, while southern populations started to expand between 18 and 12 KYA, but then grew faster, and suggests that the northern populations expanded earlier because they could exploit the abundant megafauna of the "Mammoth Steppe", while the southern populations could increase in number only when a warmer and more stable climate led to more plentiful plant resources such as tubers.[49]
Mongoloids are characterized by absent browridges.[51]
Mongoloid subjects had about "20% higher bone density at the angle of the mandible" when compared to Caucasoid subjects.[52]
Samoans are of the Mongoloid race but their features represent a "slightly different evolution since the time of their separation and isolation from their parental stock" or a retention of features that have been lost in other Mongoloid types. The wavy and wooly hair of the Samoan is one such retention compared to the stiff, coarse hair that typifies the Mongoloid. Most of the characteristics of the Samoan have Mongoloid affinities such as: skin color, hair color, eye color, conjuctiva, amount of beard, hair on chest, nasal bridge, nostrils, lips, face width, biogonial width, cephalo-facial index, nasal height, ear height and chin.[53]
Mongoloid features are a mesocranic skull, fairly large and protruding cheekbones, nasal bones that are flat and broad, a nasal bridge that is slightly concave without depression in the nasion, "the lower borders of the piriform aperture are not sharp but guttered", shallow prenasal fossae, small anterior nasal spine, trace amounts of canine fossae and moderate alveolar prognathism.[54]
The Paleoindian has proto-Mongoloid morphology such as pronounced development of supraorbital ridges low frontals, marked post-orbital constriction, prominent and protruding occipitals, small mastoids, long crania and a relatively narrow bizygomatic breadth.[36]
The Mongoloid eyelid is characterized by puffiness of the upper eyelid, "superficial expansion of the levator aponeurosis" that are "turned up around this transverse ligament to become the orbital septum", "low position of the preaponeurotic fat" and narrowness of the palpebral fissure.[55]
The Mongoloid racial type is distinguished by forward-projecting malar (cheek) bones, comparatively flat faces, large circular orbits, "moderate nasal aperture with a slightly pointed lower margin", larger, more gracile braincase, broader skull, broader face and flatter roof of the nose.[56]
Mongoloid skin has thick skin cuticle and an abundance of carotene (yellow pigment).[41] Mongoloid males have "little or no facial or body hair".[57] Mongoloid hair is coarse, straight, blue-black and weighs the most out of the races.[58] The size of the average Mongoloid hair is 0.0051 square millimetres (7.9×10−6 sq in) based on samples from Chinese, North and South American Indians, Eskimos and Thais.[59] Mongoloid hair whether it be Sioux, Ifugao or Japanese has the thickest diameter out of all human hair.[60] Mongoloids evolved hairlessness to keep clean while wearing heavy garments for months without bathing during the Ice Age.[41]
In 1996, Rebecca Haydenblit of the Hominid Evolutionary Biology Research Group at Cambridge University did a study on the dentition of four pre-Columbian Mesoamerican populations and compared their data to other Mongoloid populations.[61] She said that Tlatilco, Cuicuilco, Monte Albán and Cholula populations followed an overall Sundadont dental pattern characteristic of Southeast Asia rather than a Sinodont dental pattern characteristic of Northeast Asia.[61]
The traits of the Mongoloid skull are: long and broad skulls of intermediate height, arched sagittal contour, very wide facial contour, high face height, rounded orbital opening, narrow nasal opening, wide, flat nasal bones, sharp lower nasal margin, straight facial profile, moderate and white palate shape, 90%+ shovel-shaped incisors and large, smooth general form.[62]
Miquel Hernández of the Department of Animal Biology at the University of Barcelona said East Asians (Kyushu, Atayal, Philippines, Chinese, Hokkaido and Anyang) and Amerinds (Yaujos, Santa Cruz and Arikara) have the typical Mongoloid cranial pattern, but other Mongoloids such as Pacific groups (Easter Island, Mokapu, Guam and Moriori people), arctic groups (Eskimos and Buriats), Fuegians (Selk'nam, Ya´mana, Kawe´skar) and the Ainu differ from this by having "larger cranial dimensions over many variables".[63]
Commenting on the lack of body hair (glabrousness) of Negroids and Mongoloids, Carleton S. Coon wrote that "[b]oth negroid and mongoloid skin conditions are inimical to excessive hair development except upon the scalp."[64]
The theoretical index of hair bending stiffness is calculated using the thickest and thinnest axial diameters of human hair, and this index differs by race. The hair stiffness indexes of Mongoloids, Africans and Europeans are: 4.23, 2.75 and 1.59, respectively. This means that Mongoloids with the highest hair stiffness index value of 4.23 have the most rigid hair and Europeans with the lowest hair stiffness index value of 1.59 have the least rigid hair. The eccentricity of hair cross-sectional shape index is also calculated using the thickest and thinnest axial diameters of human hair, and this index also differs by race. The hair eccentricity indexes of Africans, Europeans and Mongoloids are: 1.74, 1.49 and 1.30, respectively. This means that Africans with the highest hair eccentricity index value of 1.74 have the curliest hair and Mongoloids with the lowest hair eccentricity index value of 1.30 have the least curly hair.[65]
|Cranial form
|Sagittal outline
|highly variable,
|Nose form
|Nasal bone size
|Nasal profile
|Nasal spine
|Nasal sill
|Incisor form
|Malar form
|Palatal form
|Orbital form
|gracile, oblique
gonial angle
|Chin projection
|Chin form
Mark J. Hudson, Professor of Anthropology at Nishikyushu University, Kanzaki, Saga, Japan, said Japan was settled by a Proto-Mongoloid population in the Pleistocene who became the Jōmon and their features can be seen in the Ainu and Okinawan people. Hudson said that, later, during the Yayoi period, the Neo-Mongoloid type entered Japan. Hudson said that genetically Japanese people are primarily Neo-Mongoloid with Proto-Mongoloid admixture.[68]
Theodore G. Schurr of the Department of Anthropology at University of Pennsylvania said that Mongoloid traits emerged from Transbaikalia, central and eastern regions of Mongolia, and several regions of Northern China. Schurr said that studies of cranio-facial variation in Mongolia suggest that the region of modern-day Mongolians is the origin of the Mongoloid racial type".[56]
Dr. Rukang Wu (Chinese: 吴汝康) of the Institute of Vertebrate Palaeontology and Palaeoanthropology, Academia Sinica, China, said that the remains of Liukiang human fossils were an early type of evolving Mongoloid that indicated South China was the birthplace where the Mongoloid race originated.[54]
Dr. Marta Mirazon Lahr of the Department of Biological Anthropology at Cambridge University said there are two hypotheses on the origin of Mongoloids. Lahr said that one hypothesis is that Mongoloids originated in north Asia due to the regional continuity in this region and this population conforming best to the standard Mongoloid features. Lahr said that the other hypothesis is that Mongoloids originate from Southeast Asian populations that expanded from Africa to Southeast Asia during the first half of the Upper Pleistocene and then traveled to Australia-Melanesia and East Asia. Lahr said that the morphology of the Paleoindian is consistent with the proto-Mongoloid definition.[36]
Ashley Montagu claimed "the skeleton of the classic Mongoloid type is very delicately made, even down to the character of the sutures of the skull which, like those of the infant skull, are relatively smooth and untortuous. In fact the Mongoloid presents so many physical traits which are associated with the late fetus or young infant that he has been called a fetalized, infantilized or pedomorphic type. Those who have carefully observed young babies may recall that the root of the nose is frequently flat or low as in Mongoloids, and that an internal epicanthic fold in such instances is usually present. The smaller number of individual head hairs and the marked hairlessness of the remainder of the body are infantile traits, as are likewise the small mastoid processes, the shallow fossa into which the jawbone fits (the mandibular fossa), the rather stocky build, the large brain-pan and brain, lack of brow ridges, and quite a number of other characters."[5]
Stephen Oppenheimer of the Institute of Cognitive & Evolutionary Anthropology at Oxford University said, "An interesting hypothesis put forward by paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould many years ago was that the package of the Mongoloid anatomical changes could be explained by the phenomenon of neoteny, whereby an infantile or childlike body form is preserved in adult life. Neoteny in hominids is still one of the simplest explanations of how we developed a disproportionately large brain so rapidly over the past few million years. The relatively large brain and the forward rotation of the skull on the spinal column, and body hair loss, both characteristic of humans, are found in foetal chimps. Gould suggested a mild intensification of neoteny in Mongoloids, in whom it has been given the name pedomorphy. Such a mechanism is likely to involve only a few controller genes and could therefore happen over a relatively short evolutionary period. It would also explain how the counterintuitive retrousse [turned up at the end] nose and relative loss of facial hair got into the package". "[D]ecrease unnecessary muscle bulk, less tooth mass, thinner bones and smaller physical size; ...this follows the selective adaptive model of Mongoloid evolution".[70]
Paul Storm of the Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Netherlands, said that in Australasia there are two types of cranial morphologies—the "Sunda" (Mongoloid) and "Sahul" (Australoid) types. Storm said that the "Sunda" (Mongoloid) type includes Chinese and Javanese people, and he said that the "Sahul" (Australoid) type includes Papuans and Australian aborigines. Storm said that the "Sunda" (Mongoloid) type has a flat face with high cheek bones, and Storm said that this "flat face" of the Chinese and Javanese is known as the "mongoloid face". Storm further said that the "Sunda" (Mongoloid) type has a more rounded skull, "feminine (juvenile) characters", a "retention of juvenile characters" and a limited outgrowth of superstructures such as the supraorbital region. Storm said that "Sunda" (Mongoloid) skulls resemble female skulls more than "Sahul" (Australoid) skulls resemble female skulls. Storm said that the skulls of "Asian" males ("Chinese and Javanese") have "more feminine characteristics", and he said that they have "many feminine characters in contrast with Australians".[71]
Paul Storm said that Asia contained humans with "generalized" cranial morphology, but between 20,000 BP and 12,000 BP this generalized type disappeared as a new type emerged. This new type had a flatter face with more pronounced cheekbones, a more rounded head, reduced sexual dimorphism (male skulls started to resemble female skulls), a reduction of superstructures such as the supraorbital region and an increased "retention of juvenile characters". Storm said that this new type of skull that emerged is called the "Proto-Sunda" (Proto-Mongoloid) type, and it is distinguished from the "Sunda" (Mongoloid) type by being more "robust". Storm said that the "Mongoloid" or "Asian" type of skull developed relatively fast during a population bottleneck in Asia that happened during the Late Pleistocene or Early Holocene through a microevolutionary trend that involved a "continuation of neoteny and gracilisation trends". Due to different courses of evolution, Storm said that these two types of skulls, the "Sunda" (Mongoloid) type and the "Sahul" (Australoid) type, are now clearly recognizable at the present time.[71]
Andrew Arthur Abbie who was an anatomist and anthropologist at the University of Adelaide[72] talked about leg-to-torso length being related to neoteny. Abbie said that women normally have shorter legs than men, and he said that shorter legs are the normal condition in some ethnic groups such as Mongoloids. Abbie said that Mongoloids of whom he listed the people of "China, Japan and the Americas" have proportionately larger heads and shorter legs than Europeans, and he said that this is a case of "paedomorphism". Abbie said that aboriginal Australians and some African ethnic groups such as the "Negro", the "Hottentot" and the "Nubian" peoples have proportionately longer legs than Europeans, and he said that this is a case of "gerontomorphism". Abbie said that ethnic groups with proportionately shorter legs than Europeans are relatively "paedomorphic" in terms of leg-to-torso ratios when compared to Europeans, and he said that ethnic groups with proportionately longer legs than Europeans are relatively "gerontomorphic" in terms of leg-to-torso ratios when compared to Europeans.[73]
Cold adaptation[edit]
Professor of anthropology, Akazawa Takeru of the International Research Center for Japanese Studies in Kyoto Japan, said that Mongoloid features are an adaptation to the cold of the Mammoth steppe.[41] He mentions the Lewis waves of warm blood cyclical vasodilation and vasoconstriction of the peripheral capillaries in Mongoloids as an adaption to the cold.[41] He lists the short limbs, short noses, flat faces, epicanthic fold and lower surface to mass ratio as further Mongoloid adaptations to cold.[41]
Nicholas Wade said that biologists have speculated that the Mongoloid skull type was the result of natural selection in response to a cold climate, and Wade said that the Mongoloid skull type first started to indisputably appear in the archaeological record 10,000 years ago. Wade said that biologists have speculated that the fat in the eyelids of Mongoloids and the stocky builds of Mongoloids were selected for as adaptations to the cold.[74]
Takasaki Yuji (高崎裕治?) of Akita University, Japan,[75] in the Journal of Physiological Anthropology and Applied Human Science said that, "Mongoloid ancestors had evolved over time in cold environments" and the short limbs of the Mongoloid was due to Allen's ecological rule.[76]
Professor of anthropology at Trent University Ontario, Canada, Joseph K. So (1980) cited a study by J. T. Steegman (1965) that the so-called cold-adapted Mongoloid face has been shown in an experiment, using Japanese and European subjects, to not offer greater protection to frostbite.[77] In explaining Mongoloid cold-adaptiveness, So cites the work of W. L. Hylander (1977) where Hylander said that in the Eskimo (Inuit), for example, the reduction of the brow ridge and flatness of the face is due to internal structural configurations that are cold adapted in the sense that they produce a large vertical bite force necessary to chew frozen seal meat.[77]
Miquel Hernández of the Department of Animal Biology at the University of Barcelona said that the high and narrow nose of Eskimos (Inuit) and the Neanderthals is an adaptation to a cold and dry environment, since it contributes to warming and moisturizing the air and the "recovery of heat and moisture from expired air".[63]
A. T. Steegman of the Department of Anthropology at State University of New York investigated the assumption that Allen's rule caused the structural configuration of the Arctic Mongoloid face.[78] Steegman did an experiment that involved the survival of rats in the cold.[78] Steegman said that the rats with narrow nasal passages, broader faces, shorter tails and shorter legs survived the best in the cold.[78] Steegman paralleled his findings with the Arctic Mongoloids, particularly the Eskimo and Aleut, by claiming these Arctic Mongoloids have similar features in accordance with Allen's rule: a narrow nasal passage, relatively large heads, long to round heads, large jaws, relatively large bodies, and short limbs.[78]
Kenneth L. Beals of the Department of Anthropology at Oregon State University said that the indigenous people of the Americas have cephalic indexes that are an exception to Allen's rule, since the indigenous people of the hot climates of North and South America have cold-adapted, high cephalic indexes.[79] Beals said that these peoples have not yet evolved the appropriate cephalic index for their climate, being, comparatively, only recently descended from the cold-adapted Arctic Mongoloid.[79]
Physical features of "Asian" people[edit]
Willett Enos Rotzell professor of Botany and Zoology at the Hahnemann Medical College said the Asian race has skin color ranging from a yellowish tint to an olive shade, with black and coarse hair with a circular cross section, an absent or scanty beard, a brachycephalic skull, prominent cheek bones and a broad face. Rotzell said that the Asian race has its original home in Asia.[80]
Dennis C. Dirkmaat professor of paleoanthropology and archaeology at Mercyhurst University[81] said that Southeast Asian skulls can be distinguished from Asian and Native American skulls in that they are "smaller and less robust" with noses exhibiting a medium width without nasal overgrowth, and can "exhibit gracile features common to female skulls".[82]
Dr. Ann H. Ross, Co-Director of the Forensic Sciences Institute at North Carolina State University,[83] in a presentation on the concept of "race" (written in scare quotes) from the perspective of forensic anthropology, said individuals of "Asian ancestry" have an "intermediate profile", meaning the part of the maxilla is "moderate" compared to individuals of "African ancestry" who have a "projecting maxilla", and compared to individuals who are "White/Hispanic" who generally have a "straight profile" or "lack of prognathism". She qualified her statement about Hispanics by adding that their lack of prognathism would not hold true for Hispanic populations with "African admixture".[84]
Qing He et al. of the Obesity Research Center at Columbia University did a study on "fat distribution" of 358 prepubertal children and the study said that Asians had less gynoid fat than African Americans and more relative trunk fat than Caucasians, but less relative extremity fat than Caucasians.[85]
Douglas W. Deedrick, Unit Chief of the Trace Evidence Unit for the Federal Bureau of Investigation, said that hairs of "Mongoloid or Asian origin" are characterized as being straight and coarse with a circular cross section and a wider diameter than those of other "racial groups". He said that the cuticle is thicker than those of Negroid or Caucasian hairs while the medulla is "continuous and wide". He said that the pigment granules are smaller than the larger pigment granules of Negroid hair, and the pigment granules in the cortex are "generally larger" than those of Caucasian hair. Unlike the "evenly distributed" pigment granules of Caucasian hair, Asian hair frequently has clusters of pigment granules that form "patchy areas".[86]
Sang-Ki Jeong (Korean: 정상기) et al. of Chonnam University, Kwangju, Korea, using both Asian and Caucasian cadavers as well as four healthy young Korean men said that "Asian eyelids" whether "Asian single eyelids" or "Asian double eyelids" had more fat in them than in Caucasians.[88] Jeong et al. said that the cause of the "Asian single eyelid" was that "the orbital septum fuses to the levator aponeurosis at variable distances below the superior tarsal border; (2) preaponeurotic fat pad protusion and a thick subcutaneous fat layer prevent levator fibers from extending toward the skin near the superior tarsal border; and (3) the primary insertion of the levator aponeurosis into the orbicularis muscle and into the upper eyelid skin occurs closer to the eyelid margin in Asians."[88]
The average size of random melanosomes of "Asian skin" for Chinese individuals of Fitzpatrick phototype IV through V was measured to be 1.36 ± 0.15 μm2 x 10−2 which was between the higher value of 1.44 ± 0.67 μm2 x 10−2 measured for "African/American skin" of Fitzpatrick phototype VI and the lower value of 0.94 ± 0.48 μm2 x 10−2 measured for "Caucasian skin" of Fitzpatrick phototype II. The ratio of clustered to distributed melanosomes was 37.4% clustered vs. 62.6% distributed in Asian skin, 84.5%. clustered vs. 15.5% distributed in Caucasian skin and 11.1% clustered vs. 88.9% distributed in African/American skin.[89]
George Richard Scott, physical anthropologist at the University of Nevada, said that some East Asians (in particular, Han Chinese and some Japanese), as well as Native Americans, have a distinctive dental pattern known as Sinodonty, where, among other features, the upper first two incisors are not aligned with the other teeth, but are rotated a few degrees inward and are shovel-shaped.[90]
Both darker-skinned and lighter-skinned Asians have a thicker dermis than Caucasians of comparable skin pigment which may be the reason for a "substantially lower incidence of fine wrinkles" in Asians when compared to Caucasians, and this lower incidence of fine wrinkles may be the reason for the "myth" that Asian faces age slower than Caucasian faces.[91]
Asian people and black people have a thicker dermis than white people. The skin of Asian people and black people also has more sun protection than the skin of white people due to Asian people and black people having larger and more numerous melanosomes in their skin than white people. The thicker dermis and the more numerous melanosomes of larger size might be the reasons that Asian people and black people have a lower incidence facial wrinkles than white people.[92]
Turkic peoples[edit]
All the Turkic peoples native to Central Asia are of mixed Caucasoid and Mongoloid origin. Turkic people display a great variety of ethnic types.[93] They possess physical features ranging from Caucasoid to Northern Mongoloid. Mongoloid and Caucasoid facial structure is common among many Turkic groups, such as Chuvash people, Tatars, Kazakhs, Uzbeks, and Bashkirs. Historically, the racial classification of the Turkic peoples was sometimes given as "Turanid". Turanid racial type or "minor race", situated at the boundary of the distribution of the Mongoloid and Europid "great races".[94][95]
The Turkic people live in central, eastern, northern, and western Asia as well as parts of eastern Europe.[96] The term "Turkic" represents a broad ethnic group of peoples including existing societies such as Altai, Azerbaijanis, Balkars, Bashkirs, Chuvashes, Crimean Karaites, Gagauz, Karachays, Karakalpaks, Kazakhs, Khakas, Krymchaks, Kyrgyz people, Nogais, Qashqai, Tatars, Turkmens, Turkish people, Tuvans, Uyghurs, Uzbeks, and Yakuts and as well as past civilizations such as Dingling, Bulgars, Chuban, Göktürks, Oghuz Turks, Khazars, Khiljis, Kipchaks, Kumans, Karluks, Bahri Mamluks, Ottoman Turks, Seljuk Turks, Tiele, Timurids, Turgeshes, Yenisei Kirghiz, and possibly Huns, Tuoba, Wusun, and the Xiongnu.[96][97][98][99][100]
Mongolian spot[edit]
A Mongolian spot, also known as Mongolian blue spot, congenital dermal melanocytosis,[101] and dermal melanocytosis[101] is a benign, flat, congenital birthmark with wavy borders and irregular shape. In 1883 it was described and named after Mongolians by Erwin Bälz, a German anthropologist based in Japan.[102][103][104][105] It normally disappears three to five years after birth and almost always by puberty.[3] The most common color is blue, although they can be blue-gray, blue-black or deep brown.
The spot is prevalent among East, South, Southeast, North and Central Asian peoples, Indigenous Oceanians (chiefly Micronesians and Polynesians), Sub-Saharan Africans,[106] Amerindians,[107] non-European Latin Americans, Caribbeans of mixed-race descent, and Turkish people.[108][109][110][111] They occur in about 90-95% of Asian and 80-85% Native American infants.[110] Approximately 90% of Polynesians and Micronesians are born with Mongolian spots, as are about 46% of children in Latin America,[112] where they are associated with non-European descent. These spots also appear on 5-10% of babies of full Caucasian descent; Coria del Río in Spain has a high incidence due to the presence of descendants of the first Japanese official envoy to Spain in the early 17th century.[110][113] Black babies have Mongolian spots at a frequency of 96%.[114]
Genetic research[edit]
|Genetic Distances and Effective Divergence Times Between The Three Major Races of Man (3) by Masatoshi Nei (Japanese: 根井正利), Professor of Biology at Pennsylvania State University[115]
(62 loci)
|Blood groups
(23 loci)
(85 loci)
|Effective divergence time (years)
|41,000 ± 15,000
|113,000 ± 34,000
|116,000 ± 34,000
In 1994, geneticist Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza of Stanford University divided a principal coordinant map of 42 Asian populations into three groupings: Asian Caucasoids, Northeast and East Asian and Southeast Asian.[118] Along Southeast Asia, Cavalli-Sforza said that there is a separation between northern and southern Mongoloids.[118] To the West, Cavalli-Sforza said there is an approximate boundary between Caucasoids and Mongoloids from the Urals to the eastern part of India.[118] Along this boundary there has been hybridization, causing a Caucasoid-Mongoloid gradient.[118] More specifically, the ethnic groups Cavalli-Sforza said that were in the Northeast and East Asian cluster were the Koryak, Chukchi, Reindeer Chukchi, Nganasan Samoyed, Northern Tungus, Nentsy, N. Chinese, Tibetan, Bhutanese, Ainu, Mongol, Japanese and Korean.[118] Moving south, the ethnic groups Cavalli-Sforza said that were in the Southeast Asian cluster were the Indonesian, Malaysian, Taiwan aborigines, S. Chinese, Vietnamese, Muong, Thai, Filipino, Balinese and Nepalese.[118] Other studies also show that S. Chinese, Vietnamese and Tai peoples were found intermediate between the N. Chinese or other Northeast Asians and Southeast Asian.[119][120] "Reference populations".
Atsushi Tajima (田嶋敦?) et al. of Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan, said that there is evidence for four separate populations, carrying distinct sets of non-recombining Y chromosome lineages, within the traditional Mongoloid category: North Asians, Han Chinese, Southeast Asians, and Japanese.[121]
Satoshi Horai (宝来聡?) of the Japanese National Institute of Genetics, said that phylogenetic analysis indicated that there are two distinct groups of Mongoloids – one which early on diverged from Negroids and another that diverged from Caucasoids later.[122] Horai said that Mongoloid distribution corresponds to North and South America, Oceania, Southeast Asia, east Asia, and Siberia.[122]
A study conducted by the HUGO Pan-Asian SNP Consortium in 2009 used principal components analysis, which makes no prior population assumptions, on genetic data sampled from a large number of points across Asia. They said that East Asian and South-East Asian populations clustered together, and suggested a common origin for these populations. At the same time they observed a broad discontinuity between this cluster and South Asia, commenting most of the Indian populations showed evidence of shared ancestry with European populations. The study said that genetic ancestry is strongly correlated with linguistic affiliations as well as geography.[123]
Professor Lic. Edvin Santiago Trujillo said that antigen Dia is not present in blacks and Caucasians. Trujillo said that Dia is found in populations of Mongolic origin. Trujillo said that Dia is present in Chinese (2 — 5%), Polish (0.25 — 0.91%), Japanese (8 — 12%), Mexican Americans (8.2 — 14.7%) and American Indian tribes (7 — 54%). Trujillo said that when Dia is found in Caucasians, there is a presumption that they have a Mongoloid ancestor.[124]
|"Estimates of the Number of Nucleotide Differences per Site Both Among (dxy) and within (dx or dy) Each of the Three Races, and Net Nucleotide Differences (d) among the Races" made by Satoshi Horai (Japanese:宝来聡) of the Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizouka, Japan.[122]
DNA studies of "Asian" populations[edit]
Scott W. Ballinger et al. of the Department of Biochemistry at Emory University said "Asian mtDNA lineages" originated in Southern China with the "Southern Mongoloid".[126]
Hiroki Oota (太田博樹?) et al. of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Germany, said that "Asian populations" have high mtDNA variation with Vietnamese having the highest mtDNA diversity, but, overall, the genetic distance between "Asian populations" is small.[127]
Melissa L. Cann et al. of the Department of Biochemistry at the University of California, Berkeley, said that early Asians did not mix with "Asian Homo and that the features of "ancient Asian forms" indicate that "Asian erectus" was not ancestral to "Homo sapiens".[128] Since modern-day "Asians" do not show the amount of mtDNA divergence expected had they mixed with Homo erectus, Cann believes the expanding Homo sapiens from Africa replaced the Asian Homo erectus.[128]
Douglas C. Wallace of the Department of Biochemistry at Emory University said that the mtDNA of the indigenous peoples of the Americas is "clearly Asian in character", but the few founding females carried "rare Asian mtDNAs", causing a different frequency of mtDNA and a "dramatic founder effect".[129] The Austro-Asiatic groups of India are proto Asiatic groups, like the Munda people.
Shama Barnabas, B. Joshi and C.G. Suresh of the Division of Biochemical Sciences, National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India, said that evidence for the original people of India who they refer to as the "proto-Asiatic element" spreading into Southeast Asia to become Southeast Asians is shown by the mtDNA affinities between Indians and East Asians and Southeast Asians in DdeI 10394 site along with the associated Asian-specific AluI 10397 site.[130]
|Data from Simon Gravel et al. (2010)[131]
|Divergence Event
|Data from NIEHS
|Low-Coverage + Exons
|European and Asian Divergence Event
|21,200 years ago
|23,000 years ago
|28,000 years ago
|Eurasian and African Divergence Event
|140,000 years ago
|51,000 years ago
|98,000 years ago
|African and Ancestral Divergence Event
|220,000 years ago
|148,000 years ago
|316,000 years ago
|The African population used in this study was Yoruba people in Ibadan, Nigeria. The Asian populations used in this study were Han Chinese people in Beijing and Japanese people in Tokyo. The European population used in this study was European-origin people in Utah. The acronym "NIEHS" stands for the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. The column header "Low-Coverage + Exons" means a combination of "whole-genome, low-coverage sequencing" and the "exon pilot data".
|Genetic diversity within/between continental populations by Hiroki Oota et al. of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Germany[127]
|Number of Populations
|Within Populations average mean pairwise differences
|Between population average Fst
|7.99 ± 2.72
|4.63 ± 0.94
|7.12 ± 0.91
|5.95 ± 1.51
|mtDNA divergence within and between 5 human populations by Melissa L. Cann et al. of the Department of Biochemistry at the University of California, Berkeley[128]
|1. African
|2. Asian
|3. Australian
|4. Caucasian
|5. New Guinean
|The divergence is calculated by a way developed by Masatoshi Nei. The values of the mean pairwise divergence between individuals within populations (δx) appear on the diagonal. The values below the diagonal (δxy) are the mean pairwise divergences between individuals belonging to two different populations, X and Y. The values above the diagonal (δ) are interpopulation divergences that corrected for variation within those populations with the equation δ = δxy – 0.5(δx + δy).
Dr. George W. Gill, professor of anthropology at the University of Wyoming and Dennis O'Neil professor of anthropology at Palomar College, said that "Mongoloid" concept originated with a now disputed typological method of racial classification.[132][133] All the -oid racial terms (e.g. Mongoloid, Caucasoid, Negroid, etc.) are now often controversial in both technical and non-technical contexts and may sometimes give offense no matter how they are used.[134]
According to Ward O. Conner who wrote a book about John Langdon Down, since people with Down syndrome may have epicanthic folds, Down syndrome was widely called "Mongol" or "Mongoloid Idiocy".[135] In reference to this, the term grew in usage as a pejorative. A shortened version of the term, mong or mongol, is also used in the United Kingdom.[136] Chong Yah Lim, professor of economics at Nanyang Technological University in Singapore said that he did not like the term "Mongoloid" because it has "come to mean demented physical and mental developments". Lim said that he thought the term "East Asian race" would be a more "appropriately neutral, modern term".[137]
Dayak man from Borneo, Southeast Asia in 1900s.
Young Māori woman with traditional tattoos from New Zealand (Aotearoa).
Sea Sami man from Northern Norway.^
Kalmyks, 19th century.
See also[edit]
|Look up mongoloid in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Race.
- Afro-Asian (mixed ancestry)
- Asian people
- Craniofacial anthropometry
- Eurasian (mixed ancestry)
- Mestizo (mixed ancestry)
- Mongols
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- ^ a b Rapini, Ronald P.; Bolognia, Jean L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L. (2007). Dermatology: 2-Volume Set. St. Louis: Mosby. p. 1720. ISBN 1-4160-2999-0.
- ^ Die koerperlichen Eigenschaften der Japaner.(1885) Baelz.E. Mittheil.d.deusch Gesell.f.Natur-u-Voelkerheilkunde Ostasiens. Bd.4.H.32
- ^ Circumscribed dermal melanosis (Mongolian spot)(1981) Kikuchi I, Inoue S. in "Biology and Diseases of Dermal Pigmentation", University of Tokyo Press , p83
- ^ Bernard Cohen (1993). Atlas of pediatric dermatology. Wolfe. pp. 6–17. ISBN 1563750198. Retrieved May 17, 2014.
- ^ JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, Volume 51. American Medical Association. American Medical Association. 1908. p. 2262. Retrieved May 17, 2014.
- ^ Kevin C. Stuart (1997). Mongols in Western/American consciousness (illustrated ed.). Edwin Mellen Press. p. 95. ISBN 0773484434. Retrieved May 17, 2014.
- ^ Miller (1999). Nursing Care of Older Adults: Theory and Practice (3, illustrated ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 90. ISBN 0781720761. Retrieved May 17, 2014.
- ^ Mongolian blue spots - Health care guide discussing the Mongolian blue spot.
- ^ "Frequency and characteristics of Mongolian spots among Turkish children in Aegean region". July 2006.
- ^ a b c "About Mongolian Spot". tokyo-med.ac.jp. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
- ^ Transcultural Medicine: Dealing with patients from different cultures
- ^ Epidemiology of Mongolian spot on MedScape
- ^ "Spain's Japon clan has reunion to trace its 17th century roots - The Japan Times". The Japan Times. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
- ^ N Silverberg (2012). Atlas of Pediatric Cutaneous Biodiversity: Comparative Dermatologic Atlas of Pediatric Skin of All Colors. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 34. ISBN 1461435641. Archived from the original on 2012. Retrieved May 17, 2014.
- ^ Nei, M. (1985). Human Evolution at the Molecular Level. Population Genetics and Molecular Evolution. Japan Sci. Soc. Press, Tokyo. pp. 44–64.
- ^ a b "斎藤成也 Naruya, S. Kyushu Museum. 2002. February 2, 2007". Museum.kyushu-u.ac.jp. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
- ^ a b Roberts, D.F., Fujiki, N. and Torizuka, N. (1992). Isolation, Migration and Health. 33rd Symposium Volume of the Society for Study of Human Biology.
- ^ a b c d e f g Cavalli-Sforza, L.L., Menozzi, P. & Piazza, A. (1994). The History and Geography of Human Genes. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
- ^ Table from "Genetic evidence supports demic diffusion of Han culture". Nature (journal, 16 September 2004 issue)
- ^ Table from " A spatial analysis of genetic structure of human populations in China reveals distinct difference between maternal and paternal lineages". European Journal of Human Genetics (journal, 23 January 2008 issue)
- ^ Tajima A; PAN I.-H; Fucharoen G; Fucharoen S; Matsuo M; Tokunaga K; Juji T; Hayami M; Omoto K; Horai S (2002). "Three major lineages of Asian Y chromosomes: implications for the peopling of east and southeast Asia". Human Genetics. 110 (1): 80–88. doi:10.1007/s00439-001-0651-9.
- ^ a b c Horai Satoshi; Hayasaka Kenji (1990). "Intraspecific Nucleotide Sequence Differences in the Major Noncoding Region of Human Mitochondrial DNA". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 46: 828–842.
- ^ Mapping Human Genetic Diversity in Asia, The HUGO Pan-Asian SNP Consortium, 2009
- ^ Grupo Cooperativo Iberoamericano de Medicina Transfusional.link
- ^ Underhill Peter A.; Kivisild Toomas (2007). "Use of Y Chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Population Structure in Tracing Human Migrations". Annual Review of Genetics. 41: 539–564. doi:10.1146/annurev.genet.41.110306.130407. PMID 18076332.
- ^ Ballinger S.W. (1992). "Southeast Asian Mitochondrial DNA Analysis Reveals Genetic Continuity of Ancient Mongoloid Migrations". Genetics. 130: 139–152.
- ^ a b Hiroki Oota; Kitano Takashi; Jin Feng; Yuasa Isao; Wang Li; Ueda Shintaroh; Saitou Naruya; Stoneking Mark (2002). "Extreme mtDNA Homogeneity in Continental Asian Populations". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 118: 146–153. doi:10.1002/ajpa.10056.
- ^ a b c Rebecca L. Cann, Mark Stoneking, and Allan C. Wilson. Mitochondrial. (1987). DNA and Human Evolution. Letters to Nature
- ^ Wallace D.C.; Garrison K; Knower W.C. (1985). "Dramatic Founder Effects in Amerindian Mitochondrial DNAs". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 68: 149–155. doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330680202.
- ^ Barnabas S.; Joshi B.; Suresh C. G. "Indian-Asian Relationship: mtDNA Reveals More". Naturwissenschaften. 87 (4): 180–183. doi:10.1007/s001140050699.
- ^ Gravel S.; et al. (2010). "Demographic history and rare allele sharing among human populations" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 108 (29): 11983.
- ^ O'Neil, Dennis (May 13, 2007). "Biological Anthropology Terms". Palomar College. Check date values in:
|year= / |date= mismatch(help)
- ^ Gill, George W. "Does Race Exist? A proponent's perspective". Pbs.org.
- ^ "Bartleby.com: Great Books Online -- Quotes, Poems, Novels, Classics and hundreds more". Bartleby.com. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
- ^ Ward, Connor O. John Langdon (2006). "Down the man and the message". Down-syndrome.info.
- ^ Clark, Nicola (October 19, 2011). "Ricky Gervais, please stop using the word 'mong'". London: The Guardian. Retrieved 26 May 2012.
- ^ Chong Yah Lim. Southeast Asia: The Long Road Ahead. World Scientific, 2004 P. 3.


text:
Queensland residential property boosted by schools fund
Residential property owners and investors in parts of the sunshine state will be pleased to hear that a number of schools are set to receive additional funding.
The Queensland government is making more than $29,000 available for a range of works to begin on educational infrastructure on the Sunshine coast.
State minister for government services and building industry Simon Finn announced on January 5 that Glenview State School, Noosa District State High School and Bli Bli State School would all be able to undertake some much-needed improvements.
Finn asserted: "The Special Building Needs Program was developed in addition to existing maintenance programs to provide extra funding for projects that arise in the course of the year or are unable to be completed by the school because of the cost."
The minister described the funding as being great news for both the students and teachers at the schools- as well as their parents.
"This funding demonstrates the Bligh government's commitment to maintaining public infrastructure for the benefit of the community," said Finn.
For residential property owners, this could also help to improve their prospects - with the availability of quality schools being an important factor for many prospective buyers and renters.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
REVIEW SNAPSHOT®by PowerReviews
South Bend Christmas Crunch
Reviewed by 4 customers
Comments about South Bend Christmas Crunch:
My only problem was that I ordered only 2 bags. Six of us finished them in one day. Not that there wasn't plenty in the bags, but it was so yummy that we munched all voraciously. Wonderful product!
Comments about South Bend Christmas Crunch:
We sent this to a friend for Christmas and he said it was so good, it was hard not to eat the entire bag in one day. It is very 'fresh' and has a lot of everything in it, not just caramel corn.
Comments about South Bend Christmas Crunch:
I gave this away as Christmas gifts - mailman, gardener, etc. I kept one for the family. When we opened it, it was soft and not crunchy. Now I feel so embarrassed giving it away as gifts. I should have tried it before giving it as a gift. I don't feel it was cheap and I expected it to be crunchy and delicious, but it wasn't. I would not recommend this product.
Comments about South Bend Christmas Crunch:
I bought 4 bags as presents based on good reviews. Opened a bag cause it looked so good, the popcorn was like rubber! So, disappointed, but glad I did not give them to anyone, threw it all away, what a waste of money!
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text:
Caring and not caring
The Desert Christians on apathy
I'm delighted to be back among the 400-year-old whitebark pine trees of the Wind River Range in northwest Wyoming. At tree line, near 10,000 feet, the bent and grizzled pines almost seem to thrive on wind-driven snow and sleet, lightning strikes, drought and disease. They stand as grand masters of sustained indifference.
This high desert country is a perfect place for reflecting on the hardy and compelling spirituality of the Desert Christians. The desert monks of ancient Egypt were old and gnarled themselves. St. Paul of Thebes died at 113, and St. Anthony buried him in the desert east of the Nile, two lions—according to legend—helping to dig his grave. Anthony himself lived to be 105. These weathered saints, who served as an example for all who followed, knew the answers to the two great desert questions: what do you learn to ignore, and what do you learn to love?
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text:
There isn't much reason to believe we will hear from Gary Chouest now, either.
Chouest, the New Orleans Hornets' minority owner, didn't utter a word as he raised hopes that he would become the sole or majority owner of the franchise and solidify its economic viability and future in New Orleans. He probably won't be saying much now that, apparently, he has crawfished out of the deal.
But that doesn't mean he shouldn't explain to Hornets fans what his intentions were, are and will be for the team.
He should explain what went wrong, and why. He should tell why an almost "done" deal came undone. He should inform why the purchase price that reportedly was agreed upon, $300 million, became a price that was disagreeable.
Because what we have now is conjecture and speculation, words from this source or that person citing why Chouest backed out.
Nothing, though, from Chouest, who probably knew a couple of months before Friday that he didn't have the stomach for the endeavor, and why he didn't want to go through with it.
Certainly, the man was free to change his mind, then and at any other point in the future. He can do what he wants to do with his money. If he decided to invest millions in rubberized neckties rather than use it to buy out majority interest in the Hornets from George Shinn, that's his prerogative.
Although silence, evasiveness and reclusiveness also are his rights when it comes to the Hornets, now isn't the best time to be using those methods.
While the NBA considers stepping in and buying the team, and that could be the absolute worst thing to happen in terms of the Hornets remaining in New Orleans beyond the next couple of seasons, sources informed us that Chouest was concerned about a potential work stoppage, and that he doesn't believe he can devote the time needed to run an NBA franchise as its sole owner while operating his private business at the same time.
Those potential hurdles, if memory serves, were in play back in April, when word leaked that an ownership transfer from Shinn to Chouest was in the works and virtually was considered complete, minus a few formalities.
Back then, Hornets fans felt a sense of relief and pride over the prospect of the team being owned by a local billionaire shipping magnate.
Only Chouest knows how severely his company, global marine service company Edison Chouest Offshore, was damaged by the moratorium on deep-water drilling in the Gulf after the BP oil spill.
Only he can tell us if that's why he couldn't, or wouldn't, conclude the purchase.
But he should do that, to end the speculation, and perhaps to assuage some of the bile that already has accumulated and will be directed at him in his courtside seat when, or if, he decides to attend another Hornets home game.
He was a no-show Friday night, when New Orleans lost to New York in the New Orleans Arena.
Given the chance to make an appearance and explain, either he had another engagement or decided he didn't want to be bothered.
Again, only Chouest knows, and unfortunately, he isn't telling.
Meanwhile, if the Hornets become ward of the NBA, it's difficult to find a positive there in terms of their future in New Orleans.
Yes, sources indicated that the league would try to find a sole buyer or investment group that would keep the Hornets in New Orleans. There's no reason to doubt the attempt wouldn't be made.
But if the highest bidder came from, say, Seattle, the NBA's desire to keep the team in New Orleans probably would take a back seat to that.
In money matters, generally what matters most is money. And if deeper pockets from outside Louisiana emerge, and if that means the franchise is more likely to be economically sound because of it, the NBA hardly would be inclined to make a bad business decision.
It's not so smitten with New Orleans that it would tell a higher-paying investor to wait for another ownership opportunity.
Chouest, we know, had that opportunity. Instead, the man who appeared poised to save the day for the Hornets in New Orleans hopped back on his white horse, turned around and rode the other way.
He hasn't yet explained why.
But that certainly doesn't mean he shouldn't.


text:
Congratulations on a Great Career Chuck!
Today is the end of an era at the Seattle Mariners. It is the last day for Chuck Armstrong as President and Chief Operating Officer, a position he held for 28 years.
On Wednesday night, over 300 people gathered to celebrate Chuck at an event that was as much a Mariners family reunion as it was a retirement party. Lou Piniella and Ken Griffey Jr. flew in from Florida. Jay Buhner, Edgar Martinez, Alvin Davis and Dan Wilson, all members of the Mariners Hall of Fame, were present. The late Dave Niehaus was represented by his wife Marilyn and son David. Dick Balderson and Woody Woodward, both former General Managers, were there, along with former Seattle Mayors Charles Royer and Norm Rice. And former owner George Argyros, who brought Chuck in as president all those years ago, flew up from California. It was a night filled with stories and laughter, and surprisingly few tears.
Chuck wore his passion for the Mariners proudly. He felt every loss and disappointment deeply. He leaves the team stronger than it has been in years.
Best wishes to you, Chuck Armstrong, as you begin this new chapter of your life. You will be missed.
Here are some quotes that various dignitaries around baseball shared on Chuck:
MLB Commissioner Bud Selig:
Chuck was one of the key leaders who secured the national pastime's future in the Pacific Northwest, guiding the Mariners as they became a model franchise in a wonderful ballpark. His knowledge and experience on both the baseball and business sides was an asset to our entire sport in numerous ways, including on my Special Committee for On-Field Matters and our International Committee, and he always kept the best interests of our game in mind. I and Chuck's many friends throughout the game will miss him both personally and professionally.
Tim Brosnan, Major League Baseball:
Chuck was an amazing partner and fellow board member to all of us at Enterprises. But more importantly, he was the truest of true friends. We will never forget that he always bounded into the room and always with an effervescent smile and an even more brilliant attitude.
Rob Manfred, Major League Baseball:
"Chuck was one of the first club Presidents with whom I developed a relationship nearly 25 years ago. Over the past quarter-century, he has been a sage advisor, a loyal supporter of the Commissioner's initiatives and, most importantly, a good friend. I hope that in his retirement, Chuck will finally have a chance to get that golf game in shape." – Rob Manfred, Chief Operating Officer, Major League Baseball
Phyllis Merhige, Major League Baseball:
Some of the people you meet in the course of a career always remain business acquaintances, some you come to know more personally and a select few you end up treasuring. Chuck has always been generous with his friendship, his loyalty and his support. He shares his thoughts, his family, his co-workers and his knowledge without reserve. We have gone through various personal and professional good times and bad times together and he has never wavered in his indefatigable spirits or his unflinching loyalty. He sincerely cares – about the Mariners, about Seattle, about Major League Baseball, his family, his staff and his friends. And he isn't afraid to let people know how much he cares, which is rare. I admire him so much, am very grateful to have been mentored by him and to be able to call him a friend for life.
Jerry Reinsdorf, Chicago White Sox:
Chuck Armstrong and I came into baseball together at roughly the same time, and we have remained friends throughout our time in the game. He has had a major, although often unseen, impact on the governance of this game. Chuck is a really good guy who is universally liked across the industry, and who I like to compliment as a real problem solver when it comes to the challenging and difficult issues facing the game, its teams and Major League Baseball. His attention to detail is legendary among the teams and on the committees where we often served together. You can always count on Chuck to have read every note and every minute from our meetings, and it certainly will be strange the first time Commissioner Selig looks for Chuck to offer a motion to approve the minutes, and we all come to the realization he is no longer at our side.
Chuck is passionate about his alma mater, Purdue University. One time, I mentioned to Chuck that Bill 'Moose' Skowron, that great Yankee slugger and a multisport star for the Boilermakers, never received a watch from Purdue. The next thing I knew, Chuck thoughtfully presented a gold Purdue watch to Moose before a Mariners game in Chicago. Our friend Moose wore it until the day he passed away.
I had an old photo of Moose playing football at Purdue framed as a poster for Chuck's office in Seattle. One day, Neil Armstrong, the famous astronaut and another Purdue grad, walked into Chuck's office, saw the poster, and said, 'Hey, that's Moose Skowron.' Chuck loved to tell that story. Boilermakers stick together, apparently.
I certainly wish Chuck all the best as he steps away from the frantic and stressful lifestyle of running a professional baseball team. I hope he is able to enjoy life's victories even more and that the losses won't hurt nearly as much.
Phillies President David Montgomery:
Chuck Armstrong has served baseball well and the reason is simple — he loves the game and has a passion for it. On a personal level, I have a tremendous amount of respect for Chuck both as an individual and as President of the Mariners. I have had the good fortune of getting to know him almost as well as anybody in the game, having served on various committees together. Through these opportunities, I have witnessed first-hand the outstanding contributions he has made to the game. I wish Chuck and Susan well as they move on to the next chapter of their lives.
1 Comment
Let's shed a tear. I do believe his heart was in the right place, but . . .
Sent from my iPad 2


text:
Drake alum Zach Johnson is back in the Quad Cities as the defending champion of the John Deere Classic.
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text:
Baby Name Poll Results
Jazz and Jay vs. Jazzy and Sonny vs. Jazz and Jack
My best friend is expecting B/B twins, she chose the names Jasper Adam and Jackson Cole. And I was wondering which nicknames would sound cuter together.
The Top Baby Name is...
|Jazz and Jay
|43% (3 votes)
|Jazzy and Sonny
|0% (0 votes)
|Jazz and Jack
|57% (4 votes)
Jay and Jack
posted by guest :: 2013-10-18 10:17:18 | report
Jazz & Jack but don't worry about nicknames they often just happen.
posted by guest :: 2013-10-18 11:41:01 | report
Post a Comment:Please keep your comments positive and helpful.
Even if you don't like the names. Thanks!
For all baby name poll questions, complaints, or improvements
contact firstname.lastname@example.com.


text: [[quoteright:250:http://static.tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pub/images/SantaComin.jpg]]''Santa Claus Is Comin' to Town'' is a 1970 StopMotion puppet animated (called "Animagic") [[Creator/RankinBassProductions Rankin-Bass]] [[ChristmasSpecial holiday special]] detailing SantaClaus's early years.As narrated by polar postman S.D. ("Special Delivery") Kluger (Creator/FredAstaire), a family of toy-making elves adopts a foundling baby and decides to call him Kris Kringle. When Kris grows into a young man (Creator/MickeyRooney), he offers to take the toys the elves have made past the mountain of the evil Winter Warlock (Keenan Wynn) to the children of Sombertown. Unfortunately for Kris, the leader of the town, Burgermeister Meisterburger (Rankin-Bass favorite Creator/PaulFrees), injured himself shortly before by tripping over a toy left by a child and subsequently banned all toys from the town. The story details how Kris outwits the Burgermeister, but is eventually forced to run from his soldiers to the safety of the North Pole.The script, by Rankin-Bass's usual writer, Romeo Muller, uses elements suggested by ''The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus'' by [[Literature/TheWonderfulWizardOfOz Oz]] author Creator/LFrankBaum; Rankin-Bass would produce a more direct adaptation in 1985. The music followed the favored R-B formula, starting with a classic Christmas tune and adding original songs by Maury Laws and co-producer Jules Bass. Had a semi-sequel called ''The Easter Bunny Is Comin' To Town'' which had Fred Astaire reprise his role while telling kids about the Easter Bunny's origins.----!!''Santa Claus Is Comin' to Town'' provides examples of:* AdaptationDistillation: Pretty much every trope associated with Santa is put into the plot. Whoda thunk that the first Christmas trees were the ones Kris and Jessica decorated for their outlaw wedding in the wild?* AddedAlliterativeAppeal: Apart from the obvious Kris Kringle, there's also the Winter Warlock and his tree monsters, Willy Willow and Peter Pine.* AmusingInjuries: Happens to Burgermeister Meisterburger at least twice, including once in the form of an AssShove.* AnachronismStew: Although the story allegedly takes place several centuries ago in a medieval walled city, the clothing is mostly Victorian (and Jessica seems dressed for 1910); later scenes mix Victorian adultwear and kids in jeans. A character is seen at a desk with a touch tone telephone from the 1960s and Kris is seen giving a child in Sombertown a toy train; he also gives one to the Warlock. Also, a toy automobile is visible in one of the piles of confiscated playthings in the Burgermeister's home. This may have been done deliberately to give it a timeless feeling.* AppliedPhlebotinum: Magic feed corn that makes reindeer fly! And apparently, the effect is permanent.* AwesomeMcCoolname: '''Burgermeister Meisterburger'''. Come on now, how can it ''not'' be an awesome name?* BeardnessProtectionProgram: Why Kris originally grows his beard.* BerserkButton: Don't let Burgermeister Meisterburger catch a toy in his town.* BigBad: Burgermeister Meisterburger ultimately turns out to be more of a threat to Christmas than the Winter Warlock.* BilingualBonus: German-accented Tanta Kringle's name sounds like the German word ''tante'', which means "aunt."** Also "Is that why he's called Santa Claus?" Until you learn that "santa" is Spanish for "saint," this line can be meaningless.* BlitheSpirit: Kris, upon visiting Sombertown.* BondVillainStupidity: Burgermeister Meisterburger doesn't figure out that the only way to stop Kris Kringle's toy delivery service was striking at its heart until ''after'' Kris devises the "toys in the stockings" gambit to conceal the toys. His own soldiers are just as dumb, overlooking the stockings when searching the houses as well as Winter's magic corn when arresting him and the Kringles.* CaptainObvious: Kris's observation to Tanta Kringle that "I'm a man now!" Double points for having this declaration immediately follow the {{Narrator}}'s announcement that Kris was now a man.** Also nearly ''every damned time'' the special shows the origin of some part of the Santa legend, the kids the narrator is telling the story to feel the need to point it out. Made particularly annoying since the kids are ''very'' bad actors.* ChristmasElves: The Kringles (well, the males in the family) appear to be little old men with beards.* ChristmasSpecial* ContinuityNod: RudolphTheRedNosedReindeer makes a brief cameo, with S.D. Kluger telling us that his origin is another story.* CoolCar: Kluger's snowmobile/truck* CrystalBall: A crystal ''snow'' ball! This is what Santa uses to know whether you're naughty or nice.* DarkReprise: "No More Toymakers to the King."* DefrostingIceQueen: Jessica... about five seconds after Kris meets her.** The Winter Warlock is a gender inversion; once Kris gives him the toy train he's always wanted, he literally defrosts.* DigitalDestruction: Initial pressings of the 45th Blu-Ray inserted a few fade to black transitions into some parts that originally didn't have any. Fortunately, [=DreamWorks=] allows fans to exchange these discs for ones without them.* DiscOneFinalBoss: The Winter Warlock is hyped up in his debut scene as the potential BigBad... but Burgermeister Meisterburger winds up having that position instead.* DisneyAcidSequence: The song Jessica sings, "My World is Beginning Today," and its animation are straight out of TheSeventies. Psychedelic, man. It's so [[BigLippedAlligatorMoment out of place]] that lots of channels airing the special actually cut out that scene.* DisneyCreaturesOfTheFarce: Jessica's song attracts a couple of birds that undo her hair for her.* DisproportionateRetribution: What spurs the toy-ban? The Burgermeister ''tripped on a toy and broke his leg in the fall.'' Upon discovering the cause of his accident, Meisterburger declares ItsPersonal.-->"I hate toys... and toys hate me. Either they are going or I am going, and I am certainly not going!"* DontExplainTheJoke: "So ''that's'' why he __________!"* DoorstopBaby: Kris himself.** Unique in that the person who owned the doorstep Kris was left on (Burgermeister Meisterburger!) had no interest in raising a child, and had the baby sent to an orphan asylum. It's only due to the forces of nature and some friendly animals that Baby Claus ended up with the Kringles.* DramaticallyMissingThePoint: When asked if everybody loves Santa, Kluger says ''most'' everyone, and shows several "poor misguided folks who [[LampshadeHanging missed the whole point]]" and wonder why everyone is so happy on Christmas when there is so much unhappiness in the world. Kluger then says that there might be lots of unhappiness, but Christmas takes a little of that away, and maybe if we all tried to be like Santa Claus, the world wouldn't be so unhappy.* EnvironmentalSymbolism: Sombertown and its citizens are done in drab grays with occasional muted blues or purples, whereas Kris and the Kringles are bright and colorful.* EverythingsBetterWithPenguins: Topper.* EvilLaugh: Burgermeister Meisterburger delivers one after announcing his intention to initiate a worldwide manhunt for Kris. It's the last thing we ever hear him utter while he's onscreen (his reading of the WANTED poster shortly afterward doesn't count).* ExactlyWhatItSaysOnTheTin: Sombertown. The whole town is somber.* ExplainExplainOhCrap: The good news is that Kris and Topper managed to escape an entire legion of armed guards by escaping into the woods. The BAD news:--> '''Kris:''' "You are trespassing on the lands of the...Winter...Warlock."--> '''Trees behind him:''' '''''ROAAAAAAAAR!'''''* FirstNameBasis: What the Winter Warlock tries to be on with Kris after his HeelFaceTurn. However, Kris continues (for ''centuries'') to address him as "Mr. Warlock." It just may be that Kris is trying to sound formal, since Winter, after all, is a very important friend.* FriendToAllLivingThings: Kris.** He's also a FriendToAllChildren, naturally.* GallowsHumor: Kris actually makes a light-hearted joke about the Sombertown-wide toy ban he had just learned about after giving Jessica the dolly she had always wanted: "Watch out for that dolly. She's a hardened criminal, I hear."* HappilyAdopted: Kris, by the Kringles.* HeelFaceDoorSlam: Happens to Burgermeister Meisterburger: "Excuse me, sir: you're breaking your own law."* HeelFaceTurn: The Winter Warlock.--> '''Mr. Warlock, if you please!'''** Then, later, after his icy heart (literally) melts:---> '''[[AccidentalMisnaming Please, call me 'Winter.' ]]'''* HeroOfAnotherStory: Rudolph is mentioned,but quickly said to be part of another story* HeroesWantRedheads: Kris and Jessica.* HotLibrarian: Jessica, the schoolteacher of Sombertown.* [[IHaveYourWife I Have Your Penguin]]: The Burgermeister finally lays a trap for Kris and catches him coming out of a chimney. Kris surrenders when he realizes they've already captured Topper.* {{Hypocrite}}: The Burgermeister banned toys, but reveals that he's an avid yoyo enthusiast when Kris gives him one in an almost successful attempt to convince him to drop the ban. He's pretty angry when he realizes he's breaking his own law.* IllGirl: One of these was what led to Kris discovering that he could use chimneys to enter locked houses. "Susie, a tiny little girl who was very, very sick, had asked Kris for a toy Noah's ark. Kris just couldn't disappoint her." It's left ambiguous just what the extent of her illness is; "very, very sick" could very well be a stand-in for "dying". * ImportantHaircut: Kris's beard.* InkSuitActor: Kris (Mickey Rooney) and the narrator, S.D. Kluger (Fred Astaire).** Keenan Wynn as the Winter Warlock to a lesser extent. Some of the features such as the long nose and eyes match up very well.* {{Jerkass}}: The Burgermeister, in case you haven't figured it out yet.* KarmaHoudini : Again the Burgermeister. Despite all the misery and unhappiness he causes everyone, he just quietly dies offscreen, apparently from natural causes. As S.D. Kluger obliquely puts it, he and his family just "sort of died off, and fell out of power", as represented by his portrait falling off his wall, to be replaced by one of Kris as Santa Claus. Grimsley apparently doesn't get any comeuppance either, although his notable absence from the Burgermeister's side following Kris' escape could suggest he lost his job over it. ** To the bad guys, Jessica is sort of this. When Grimsley comes to arrest the Kringles, he also arrests the Warlock, even though the Warlock had nothing to do with making toys. Jessica, on the other hand, was there to warn the Kringles about the impending trap, but is not taken into custody. The only punishment she seems to suffer is, as she puts it later, "My own town, turned against me!" which may suggest she's been fired as schoolteacher.* LettingHerHairDown: Jessica, during her song sequence. (Mind you, she apparently just lost her job as village schoolteacher, so she no longer had to keep up apperances.)* LineOfSightName: Topper the penguin. For some reason, while sputtering after the penguin's display of affectionate gratitude, the word 'topper' comes out of Kris's mouth and he decides that's what the penguin's name will be.* MicroMonarchy: The setting.* MisplacedWildlife: Topper. Justified, as he was looking for the ''South'' Pole and ended up in the Arctic Circle by mistake.* {{Narrator}}: Fred Astaire's Arctic mailman, S.D. Kluger.* NeverMyFault: Meisterburger blames his fall entirely on the toy and not at all on his failure to watch where he was going.* NonHumanSidekick: Topper the penguin.* NotSoAboveItAll: Meisterburger is about to arrest Kris in their first meeting, but Kris hands him a yo-yo and...-->'''Meisterburger''': I LOVE yo-yos! I used to be able to do all kinds of tricks! WHEEE!* NotSoHarmlessVillain: Grimsley proves how scarily competent he really is when he and a Meisterburger posse bust the Kringles' toy-making operation (leaving only Jessica unscathed in the ambush):-->'''Grimsley''': NOBODY is going to do ANYTHING! You are ALL under arrest for defying the law and making toys... ''[points to Winter]'' and for being an accomplice to PublicEnemy Number One, KRIS KRINGLE!\\'''Meisterburger soldier''': To the dungeon!* OnlySixFaces: The King in Tanta Kringle's song "First Toymakers to the King" has the same character design (at least facially) as the Doctor who attends the Burgermeister ''and'' the father of the children who find toys in their stockings.* [[PostKissCatatonia Post Kiss Goofiness]]: A kiss [[AnywhereButTheirLips on the cheek]] from Jessica causes Kris's eyeballs to roll in his head, and he says "Gol''ly''!" like some country bumpkin.** ''However'', taking into consideration that Tanta Kringle is presumably the only woman Kris has ever known and that he didn't go to Sombertown until he was an adult, Jessica's the [[FirstGirlWins first person he's ever had any major interaction with]] outside of the Kringles (with the exception of the children of Sombertown). Small world.* RedemptionDemotion: The Winter Warlock lampshades and justifies it.* RoyalDecree: Burgermeister Meisterburger does one that outlaws toys and toymakers in the town.* RhymesOnADime: All of the male Kringles (other than Kris) have first names that rhyme with Kringle, such as Wingle and Dingle.* SantaClaus: Kris takes this as his name in order to hide from his pursuers; according to the tag he was wearing when he was abandoned as a baby, Claus was his birth name. (The 'Santa' part was added later by other people; see BilingualBonus, above.)* ShoutOut: To ''RudolphTheRedNosedReindeer''. Also towards the end of the film, when explaining about people who don't understand the true meaning of Christmas, an old man grumbles, "[[Literature/AChristmasCarol Bah humbug!]]"* SinglePaletteTown: Sombertown is gray, which makes Kris' red coat stand out all the more.* SmurfettePrinciple: There is apparently only ''one'' female Kringle. Then again, she ''is'' explicitly called "the elf queen," and is twice the size of the males; maybe they have a biology similar to bees...* SophisticatedAsHell: The full text of the Burgermeister's decree:-->Toys are hereby declared illegal, immoral, unlawful... anyone found with a toy in his possession will be placed under arrest and thrown in the dungeon. ''[[NotMakingThisUpDisclaimer No kidding!]]''* SpitTake: The Burgermeister, when Grimsley reveals Baby Claus to him. * TitleDrop: When the TitleThemeTune is sung at the beginning and at the end, and very nearly when Kris [[WaxingLyrical Waxes Lyrical]] to the kids of Sombertown ''(See below)''.* UltimateAuthorityMayor: Burgermeister Meisterburger, who has the power to ban toys "throughout the land, from sea to sea." Pretty impressive, since a burgermeister (or more accurately, ''Burgomeister'', which means 'Master of the Burghers') in {{real life}} is basically a ''mayor''. Add to that, he has the authority to arrest the toy makers of the ''King.''** Mind you, in former times a burgermeister traditionally got the job because he was the wealthiest - and therefore the most powerful - person in the district, and it was hinted that Meisterburger and his family had clout with the Burgermeisters in all the surrounding villages, and perhaps even related to at least some of them. Sort of a legal Mafia.** It's also noted by Tanta Kringle that the Kringles were the Royal Toymakers "years and years ago," and she wistfully comments that she hopes Kris taking the toys out into the world will make the Kringles world-renowned as they once were. The implication is that they've diminished in importance - and, given how few of them there are, they've likely diminished in number as well.* TheUnseen: The children who want to know about Santa. [[JustifiedTrope Justified]] as they are really just personifications of questions asked in the letters to Santa.* WantedPoster* WaxingLyrical-->'''Kris Kringle:''' You better watch out. You better not cry, you better not pout.\\'''Children:''' Why?\\'''Kris Kringle:''' I'm ''telling'' you why! Because ''I'' came to town.* WhatHappenedToTheMouse: The fate of the "very, very sick" Susie, who vanishes from the story once her role in inspiring Kris to come down chimneys is complete.** So perhaps she got better, and getting her Noah's ark was somehow instrumental in that? * WhereTheHellIsSpringfield: Where exactly is Sombertown? It's implied that the town is somewhere in Germany, given the use of the title of ''burgermeister'' and Grimsley's helmet (below), but this is never explicitly stated, and the hodgepodge of vocal accents in the show doesn't really clarify anything.** Burgermeister Meisterburger seems to speak in a stereotypical German accent and wears lederhosen. Grimsley has a small mustache. Considering that it was released in the seventies, the concept that they would frame post-WWII Germany as the grim, dark, and cheerless "Sombertown" isn't such a reach.* YesMan: The ludicrously underrated character Grimsley, who tends to steal every scene he's in. If you don't know who he is, he's the one with the ''[[UsefulNotes/ImperialGermany Pickelhaube]]'' (Prussian spiked helmet) and the little moustache, who sounds kinda British. And is ''adorable''.----


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Fairfield Extension Club
Fairfield Extension Club meeting was called to order by President Martha Watkins at Cheyenne Meadows Nov. 9. Thanksgiving lunch was served by 12 members and one guest, Alyssa Tono.
Amy Armenta showed her candle mats, Wanta Guenthe ear warmers and Murl Dennington Christmas ornaments.
The club also met Dec. 14 at Cheyenne Meadows for their Christmas lunch. Finger goodies and snacks were served to 14 members and one guest, Caleb Sanders, Betty Grabowski's great-grandson.
Gifts and cards were exchanged and Ester Mares won the quilt.


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WESTPORT, Mass. (AP) — Investigators are trying to figure out how a stray dog caught in Westport last week ended up with gunshot wounds to its leg.
Westport Animal Control Officer Donna Lambert says she had been hearing reports about the dog for a couple of weeks before she finally caught the young pit bull last Thursday.
The dog, named Liam, was treated for his gunshot wounds and other injuries, which included a fractured leg, and is now recovering at a Rhode Island shelter. Lambert says if the recovery does not go well, the dog's leg may have to be amputated.
Lambert tells The Herald News investigators do not know where Liam came from and there have been no reports of missing dogs matching his description.