text: DSpace Community: http://hdl.handle.net/2381/1480 2016-10-27T14:53:38Z The Rehabilitation Lottery: Exploring Delivery and Attitudes towards Non-accredited Programmes Delivered in a Private Prison Using a Case Study Approach http://hdl.handle.net/2381/38123 Title: The Rehabilitation Lottery: Exploring Delivery and Attitudes towards Non-accredited Programmes Delivered in a Private Prison Using a Case Study Approach Authors: Fox, Gina Edel Abstract: The 'What works' literature has revealed valuable information over the years regarding the effectiveness of prison programmes; however, the prison population and rate of reoffending within the United Kingdom still remains significantly high. The cost of reoffending to the taxpayer is estimated to be £9.5-13 billion per annum. Much research has been carried out on Offending Behaviour Programmes, which have obtained 'Accreditation' status from the Correctional Panel of Accreditation and as a result are implemented and delivered in many prisons throughout the country. The majority of these programmes mirror those created by the Canadian School of clinical and correctional psychologists in the 1980s, yet over 30 years later only minor alterations have been made while the prison population continues to grow. This doctoral research takes a step away from accredited programmes and instead considers interventions that are more up-to-date, less structured and lacking the 'accreditation' status. It draws on empirical research and takes a closer look at 'nonaccredited' programmes in particular. It applies a qualitative approach in exploring the views and opinions of those directly involved in the selection, facilitation and participation of these programmes. It outlines some of the key findings, which relate to the design and delivery of prison interventions and highlights the need for range, innovation and flexibility in the delivery of programmes, from one prison to another. It also discusses the areas that programme participants feel are most important in obtaining positive outcomes. Within the methodology section, the thesis takes into consideration the 'overly complex' process researchers face when attempting to gain access to establishments to carry out essential prison research. These time-consuming procedures and 'hoops' researchers have to go through put many PhD theses and other prison studies in jeopardy. Questions arise, then, about the need for so much 'red tape' and the reasons behind gatekeeper's denial of access. The thesis concludes by arguing that where a prisoner is sent, what programmes are on offer, along with the motivations of the facilitators and the atmosphere created, are factors which significantly contribute to an offender's journey towards rehabilitation and desistance from crime. It concludes that prison programme provision is a 'Rehabilitation Lottery'. 2016-10-04T09:35:34Z Narrative habitus: Thinking through structure/agency in the narratives of offenders http://hdl.handle.net/2381/37876 Title: Narrative habitus: Thinking through structure/agency in the narratives of offenders Authors: Fleetwood, Jennifer S. Abstract: Starting from the premise that experience is narratively constituted and actions are oriented through the self as the protagonist in an evolving story, narrative criminology investigates how narratives motivate and sustain offending. Reviewing narrative criminological research, this article contends that narrative criminology tends towards a problematic dualism of structure and agency, locating agency in individual narrative creativity and constraint in structure and/or culture. This article argues for a different conceptualisation of narrative as embodied, learned and generative, drawing on Bourdieu's notion of habitus. Social action, which here includes storytelling, is structured via the habitus, which generates but does not determine social action. This theorisation understands structures and representations as existing in duality, according a more powerful role to storytelling. The article concludes by discussion of the implications of such a shift for narrative interventions towards offending. 2016-07-27T14:31:04Z Socio-historical Contexts, Identity and Change: A Study of Desistance from Crime in Chile http://hdl.handle.net/2381/37817 Title: Socio-historical Contexts, Identity and Change: A Study of Desistance from Crime in Chile Authors: Villagra, Carolina Abstract: Scholarly activity in the area of desistance from crime has developed considerably over the last years; nonetheless, most of this work has been carried out with samples from Western countries. This thesis intends to make a contribution to one of desistance's main underexplored areas, by exploring desistance processes among a group of Chilean formerly persistent male offenders, assessing the extent to which international evidence could be applied to this non-Western sample. Building upon the idea that desistance is better understood as a journey between offending to conformity, this thesis presents three positions in that continuum: the Current Offenders, Desisters in transition, and Desisters. It is found that existing knowledge is relevant to explain how Chilean former offenders transit out of crime, but it also reveals there are areas that are unique to this sample and might be related to differences in structural changes and socio-historical context. This thesis addresses that complexity by introducing three Desistance Pathways, which are particular dynamic configurations of structural and subjective factors that give rise to a certain sense of identity. Overall, this study provides a unique insight into desistance from crime in Chile, based on the analysis of the interplay between individual-level factors, social factors, structural changes and historical context. 2016-07-06T15:34:57Z Criminology http://hdl.handle.net/2381/37292 Title: Criminology Authors: Hardy, Stevie-Jade; Joliffe, D. Abstract: x 2016-04-14T09:01:24Z Protect, support and respond to repeat female victims of medium risk domestic abuse http://hdl.handle.net/2381/37260 Title: Protect, support and respond to repeat female victims of medium risk domestic abuse Authors: Barnes, R.; Gunby, Clare E.; Shelton, N.; Hodgkinson, S.; Ayres, T. 2016-04-12T09:45:49Z Location, Libation and Leisure: An examination of the use of licensed venues to help challenge sexual violence http://hdl.handle.net/2381/37256 Title: Location, Libation and Leisure: An examination of the use of licensed venues to help challenge sexual violence Authors: Gunby, C.; Carline, Anna; Taylor, S. Abstract: Anti-rape campaign messages have increasingly targeted men in order to educate them on the law of (sexual) consent. The 18-24 age demographic are at increased risk of experiencing sex offences, with over half of these crimes involving alcohol consumption. The interactions which culminate in alcohol involved rape often commence in night time venues, making intuitive sense for prevention campaigns to be based within licensed establishments. The Night Time Economy, however, comprises venues where people go to drink, have fun, take 'time out' and are characterised and criticised for their promotion of sexism. This article therefore asks: how useful are licensed spaces in promoting rape prevention discourses amongst young men? To this end, the paper analyses 41 students' discussions (across six focus groups) regarding a rape prevention campaign that ran in one English city and that directed its prevention advice at males. In doing so, we argue that environments which incite narratives of loss of control and hypersexuality compromise the ability to counter sexual offending. We also argue that the presence of sexually violent advertising within licenced spaces undermines considerably the call to end gendered violence. 2016-04-12T08:53:22Z Developing interventions for abusive partners in lesbian, gay, bisexual and/or transgender relationships http://hdl.handle.net/2381/37126 Title: Developing interventions for abusive partners in lesbian, gay, bisexual and/or transgender relationships Authors: Barnes, Rebecca; Donovan, C. Editors: Hilder, S.; Bettinson, V. Description: The file associated with this record is under a 36-month embargo from publication in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy. The full text may be available through the publisher links provided above. 2016-04-04T10:54:49Z Testing the Cambridge quality checklists on a review of disrupted families and crime http://hdl.handle.net/2381/36929 Title: Testing the Cambridge quality checklists on a review of disrupted families and crime Authors: Jolliffe, Darrick; Murray, J.; Farrington, D.; Vannick, C. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Systematic reviews of the relationship between non-manipulated factors (e.g. low empathy) and offending are becoming more common, and it is important to consider the methodological quality of studies included in such reviews. AIMS: To assess aspects of the reliability and validity of the Cambridge Quality Checklists, a set of three measures for examining the methodological quality of studies included in systematic reviews of risk factors for offending. METHODS: All 60 studies in a systematic review of disrupted families and offending were coded on the CQC and codes compared with the effect sizes derived from the studies. RESULTS: Overall, the CQC was easy to score, and the relevant information was available in most studies. The scales had high inter-rater reliability. Only 13 studies scored high on the Checklist of Correlates, 18 scored highly on the Checklist of Risk Factors and none scored highly on the Checklist of Causal Risk Factors. Generally, studies that were of lower quality had higher effect sizes. CONCLUSIONS: The CQC could be a useful method of assessing the methodological quality of studies of risk factors for offending but might benefit from additional conceptual work, changes to the wording of some scales and additional levels for scoring. 2016-03-01T13:13:26Z Rethinking Holocaust Representation: Reflections on Rex Bloomstein's KZ http://hdl.handle.net/2381/36706 Title: Rethinking Holocaust Representation: Reflections on Rex Bloomstein's KZ Authors: Hodgkinson, Sarah Abstract: In 2005, film-maker Rex Bloomstein released KZ, which aimed to find a new way to represent the Holocaust for future generations who face a world with no living survivors, yet a mediated world oversaturated with images of global atrocity. Despite much critical acclaim, KZ received little academic attention. Ten years later, this article provides a reflective analysis of the film, exploring the emergent themes, and their criminological significance. Focus is given to bystanders of atrocity who bear witness to the past. The moral dilemmas of Holocaust representation, such as its commodification for both entertainment and tourism, are additionally discussed. Description: The file associated with this record is under a 24-month embargo from publication in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy. The full text may be available through the publisher links provided above. 2016-02-15T09:53:54Z Making Sense Of Evil : An Interdisciplinary Approach http://hdl.handle.net/2381/36705 Title: Making Sense Of Evil : An Interdisciplinary Approach Authors: Hodgkinson, Sarah Description: The file associated with this record is under a 24-month embargo from publication in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy. The full text may be available through the publisher links provided above. 2016-02-15T09:47:53Z 'It was do or die' – How a woman's experience of domestic abuse can influence her involvement in crime: A qualitative investigation of the experiences of community-based female offenders. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/36256 Title: 'It was do or die' – How a woman's experience of domestic abuse can influence her involvement in crime: A qualitative investigation of the experiences of community-based female offenders. Authors: Roberts, Joanna Marie Abstract: Female offenders are far more likely to have experienced domestic abuse than the general female population. Yet despite wide acknowledgement of a relationship between domestic abuse and female offending there is a lack of research seeking to explore how this relationship operates. Therefore the central premise of this research was to examine ways in which a woman's experience of domestic abuse may influence her involvement in crime. By focusing upon how women cope with their experiences of domestic abuse this research explored how women's actions and reactions, in response to the abuse they experience, affected their offending. The study was approached from a combined feminist and symbolic interactionist perspective, drawing upon interviews with 25 community-based female offenders who had experienced domestic abuse, placing the women's own voices and perspectives at the very centre of the discourse. A supplementary sample of 15 probation service practitioners were also interviewed to draw upon their experiences of supervising female offenders. The research findings reveal how women's situated, subjective and individualised experiences within, and responses to, their abusive relationships can directly or indirectly influence their offending. Consequently, this research demonstrates that women's criminal offences can occur in a much wider context than has previously been understood when examining the relationship between domestic abuse and women's offending. Rather than women offending against, or with, an abuse perpetrator, or being forced or coerced by an abuse perpetrator to commit crime, this research illustrates the broader and longitudinal effects of domestic abuse. Significantly, women's offences occur without their abuser present, after the relationship has ended, or even years after the abuse has ceased, yet their actions can still be attributed to their experience of domestic abuse. The findings have significant implications for criminal justice policy and practice including magistrates' training, completion of pre-sentence reports and sentence compliance. 2016-01-11T16:46:23Z The crime drop and the changing face of commercial victimisation: Reflections on the 'commercial crime drop' in the United Kingdom and the implications for future research http://hdl.handle.net/2381/36152 Title: The crime drop and the changing face of commercial victimisation: Reflections on the 'commercial crime drop' in the United Kingdom and the implications for future research Authors: Hopkins, Matt 2016-01-05T10:36:22Z Against youth governance and youth justice : for youth penality http://hdl.handle.net/2381/35937 Title: Against youth governance and youth justice : for youth penality Authors: Phoenix, Joanna B. M. Abstract: The main aim of this article is to provoke a debate about the ways in which state responses to youth crime are constituted as objects of knowledge in youth criminology. The article critiques two dominant approaches in youth criminology (youth crime governance and youth justice studies) in relation to the extent by which they are able to open the theoretical space to distinguish the conditions of possibility and analyse change. The main contention of the article is that in order to address these issues, the concept of 'youth justice' needs to be abandoned in favour of the development of a critical youth penality. Description: The file associated with this record is under a 24-month embargo from publication in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy, available at http://www.oxfordjournals.org/en/access-purchase/rights-and-permissions/self-archiving-policye.html. The full text may be available through the publisher links provided above. 2015-11-24T09:45:03Z Management development in the policing environment. A cross cultural comparative study of the views of police managers concerning management development issues. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/35277 Title: Management development in the policing environment. A cross cultural comparative study of the views of police managers concerning management development issues. Authors: Richards, Robert Malcolm. Abstract: The primary purpose of this study is to test the hypothesis that:- Management development as it is currently understood can be transferred to the police service" Information about the current position was sought in terms of both its effectiveness and the level of understanding of the concept of management development. Questionnaires were distributed to managers of all ranks within the author's own force, an American police department and a sample from English and Welsh forces. The study examined five areas of management development. These were: the concept; succession planning; personal development; staff appraisal and training. Analysis of the data revealed that the concept of management development was not understood by many of the individuals participating in the study. As a result the significance of the other areas as elements of the overall system were lost on many of the respondents. Despite the difficulties identified by the study the author's detailed research leads him to believe that management development as it is currently understood can be transferred to the police service providing certain criteria were met. The study concludes with a number of recommendations to assist forces to implement a structured management development programme. A secondary objective of the research is to survey potential executive officers attending the most senior police management course to ascertain whether there were similarities in their career profiles which could be used to develop potential senior managers in the most appropriate manner. The author questions the validity of the current criteria for selection to the course but recognises that whilst they remain the results from this study, which identified emerging trends in both the personal and career profiles of attendees, are relevant. Consequently they should be of benefit to forces in identifying and developing future senior executives. 2015-11-19T09:08:58Z The development of police/community relations initiatives in England and Wales post Scarman and their relevance to policing policy in Turkey. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/35276 Title: The development of police/community relations initiatives in England and Wales post Scarman and their relevance to policing policy in Turkey. Authors: Kavgaci, Halil Ibrahim. Abstract: The primary concern of this thesis is to examine changes in policing practice with reference to police/public relations in England and Wales in the light of evidence of a deterioration of the relationships between the police and the public. The secondary aim is to examine the implications for policing policy in Turkey of the lessons learned from the experience of such experiments and changes in the development of policing policy in England and Wales. The thesis argues that a community-based model of policing is the ideal for policing of modern liberal democratic societies; and community policing practices are transferable to countries striving to develop modern democratic systems such as Turkey. The thesis assesses the prognosis for the achievement of this ideal in both countries. It emphasises that community policing has become the new orthodoxy for the police in England and Wales, as well as in other countries around the world. Although the movement's philosophies and practices are spreading rapidly, much of the debate is carried out at a rhetorical level and little is known about the range of ongoing activities, the components of these experimental initiatives, the problems and challenges encountered, and the level of success in achieving objectives. There are fundamental differences in the historical development and political position of the police forces in these two countries. However, police services are under pressure from diverse interests and constituencies to change their styles of policing in order to secure legitimate law enforcement in the light of rapid social change. The reasons for this pressure for change will be examined in both countries. Firstly, the British experience will be analysed notably with reference to the historical antecedents which secured a broad legitimacy for a consensual style of policing which it may be argued is in existence despite serious outbreaks of urban disorder. However, the thesis shows that the gulf between the police and some sections of the community is widening, resulting in a substantial proportion (notably of the black population) lacking confidence and trust in the police. Interest has also focused on the apparent failure of some police forces to control crime. Secondly, the history of the current Turkish police tradition is analysed and rationales for change explained with fluctuations in police/public legitimacy traced and accounted for. Pressure for change to enhance police legitimacy and public relations is identified and the possibility of lessons being learned from the British experience assessed, notably with reference to initiatives to present the police as a service to communities. The thesis concludes that, both for England and Wales and Turkey, the success of community policing initiatives is heavily dependent on the commitment and participation of both sides, the police and the community in both countries. 2015-11-19T09:08:58Z Police and force: A comparative study of the police use of weaponry in the Republic of China (Taiwan) and England and Wales. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/35275 Title: Police and force: A comparative study of the police use of weaponry in the Republic of China (Taiwan) and England and Wales. Authors: Chiang, Ching-Shing. Abstract: Abstract not available. 2015-11-19T09:08:57Z Crowds and public order policing: An analysis of crowds and interpretations of their behaviour based on observational studies in Turkey and England and Wales. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/35274 Title: Crowds and public order policing: An analysis of crowds and interpretations of their behaviour based on observational studies in Turkey and England and Wales. Authors: Cerrah, Ibrahim. Abstract: Between February 1992 and February 1995, observations were made of 33 heavily-policed crowd events occurring both in Turkey and England & Wales. Informal interviews were conducted with prominent Turkish and British police public order training instructors and practitioners. These interviews often occurred in the context of visits to specialist public order training locations where training exercises and drills were witnessed first hand. Finally, the researcher attended three major public order courses for senior British police officers. These data formed the bedrock of a comparative approach to understanding crowd behaviour and critically evaluating police crowd control techniques.This research analyses the underlying assumptions contained within the existing theories in the field and attempts to adjudicate on the validity of both classical and modern contributions to the understanding of the field. Two hypotheses are considered, first; 'Crowd phenomena like other social issues cannot be examined within the boundaries of a single discipline'. This has led to development of a theory, the 'Combined Factors Approach' (CFA) which attempts to examine the behaviour of crowd using a multitude of factors. The second hypothesis is; 'In terms of exercising their function in so-called public order events, the police, far from being a neutral institution serve and protect the interest of its political masters and the ruling classes rather than serving the entire community'. Observations of existing public order policing practices suggest the validity of a radical and Marxist argument, that the police are an apparatus of the state and therefore of the ruling classes. The thesis concludes that any public order policing regardless of the political system it serves, will tend to be relatively paramilitary and oppressive. 2015-11-19T09:08:57Z The determinants of internal reputation: A study of Bahrain research scientists. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/35273 Title: The determinants of internal reputation: A study of Bahrain research scientists. Authors: Al-Dossery, Naima Faisal. Abstract: This study analyses the factors which determine the reputation of governmental research departments and/or organisations in Bahrain. Reputation in this context refers to the extent to which research scientists regard the department in which they work as a good place or bad place to practise science. Thus it is internal rather than external reputation which is in question. Research scientists in departments within sixteen ministries and organisations were included in the study. The sample of 163 respondents was representative in terms of age, sex, qualifications and experience of the research scientists in the organisations covered. All the research scientists were educated to at least the level of Bachelor of Science (BSc) and in some cases had obtained a higher degree, Master of Science or Doctor of Philosophy. The views of the research scientists were collected by means of a questionnaire which contained 98 Likert-type questions. The relationships between the independent variables and the dependent variable, reputation, were examined using correlation and multi-variate analysis. The factors which contributed most to the perception of reputation were identified. Innovatory climate (INNO) emerged as the main determinant of internal reputation, job satisfaction (JSAT) as the second most important determinant, academic and scientific reputation (ACADM) as the third and working conditions (WCON) as the fourth determinant of internal reputation. The reputation equation with the contribution of each factor to the variance is summarised as: Reputation: INNO (51.4%); JSAT (7%); ACADM (2.3%); WCON (1%). This result confirms the result of the UK study by Jones (1996) which established innovatory climate and job satisfaction as the main determinants of internal reputation amongst RandD scientists in UK. 2015-11-19T09:08:56Z Security Sector Reform and the Paradoxical Tension between Local Ownership and Gender Equality http://hdl.handle.net/2381/33542 Title: Security Sector Reform and the Paradoxical Tension between Local Ownership and Gender Equality Authors: Gordon, Eleanor; Welch, Anthony Cleland; Roos, E. Abstract: This article analyses the tension or conflict that can exist between the principles of local ownership and gender equality that guide Security Sector Reform (SSR) programmes when gender discrimination and patriarchal values characterise the local environment (and 'locals' do not value gender equality). In these situations, international actors may be reluctant to advocate gender equality, regarding it as imposing culturally alien values and potentially destabilising to the SSR process. It is argued, however, that the tension between local ownership and gender equality is deceptive and merely serves to protect the power of dominant groups and disempower the marginalised, often serving to disguise the power relations at play in post-conflict environments and avoid addressing the security needs of those who are often at most risk. The paper concludes that rather than a tension existing between the two principles, in fact, local ownership without gender equality is meaningless. Moreover, failing to promote gender equality undermines the extent to which SSR programmes result in security and justice sector institutions that are representative of and responsive to the needs of both men and women. It can also perpetuate structural inequalities and conflict dynamics and, ultimately, limit the success of SSR and broader peacebuilding processes. 2015-11-12T11:44:15Z Business, victimisation and victimology: Reflections on contemporary patterns of commercial victimisation and the concept of businesses as 'ideal victims' http://hdl.handle.net/2381/33403 Title: Business, victimisation and victimology: Reflections on contemporary patterns of commercial victimisation and the concept of businesses as 'ideal victims' Authors: Hopkins, Matt Abstract: The recent publication of first English/Welsh Commercial Victimisation Survey (CVS) in over ten years represents a good time to consider both 'crimes against businesses' and the place of commercial victims within the discipline of victimology. While some research points to high crime rates against the commercial sector, it has been argued that the abstract concept of 'crimes against businesses' has been used by government and businesses to construct a notion of business victimhood in order to place businesses at the centre of policy concerning crime prevention. Critics suggest this recognition of the 'business as a victim' not only moves attention away from the illegal behaviours of businesses (businesses as victimisers), but it gives corporations that can already absorb crime costs the power to dominate debates around law, order and crime prevention. Using data from the CVS, patterns of crimes against business are outlined and some of the main characteristics of victims are identified. Consideration is then given to what these data mean in relation to the concept of businesses as victims. Using Christie's (1986) notion of the ideal victim as a heuristic device, it is explored whether businesses can ever be viewed as 'ideal' victims and why achieving victim status might be important. Finally, some fruitful areas for further research are considered. 2015-10-28T10:49:13Z Review of: "Power and Resistance in Prison: Doing Time, Doing Freedom" by T. Ugelvik (Palgrave Macmillan, 2014) http://hdl.handle.net/2381/33149 Title: Review of: "Power and Resistance in Prison: Doing Time, Doing Freedom" by T. Ugelvik (Palgrave Macmillan, 2014) Authors: Turner, Jennifer E. Description: The file associated with this record is under a 24-month embargo from publication in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy, available at http://www.oxfordjournals.org/en/access-purchase/rights-and-permissions/self-archiving-policye.html. The full text may be available in the publisher links provided above. 2015-10-01T12:52:31Z Security Sector Reform, Local Ownership and Community Engagement http://hdl.handle.net/2381/33049 Title: Security Sector Reform, Local Ownership and Community Engagement Authors: Gordon, Eleanor Abstract: Local ownership is widely considered to be one of the core principles of successful Security Sector Reform (SSR) programmes. Nonetheless, there remains a gap between policy and practice. This article examines reasons for this gap, including concerns regarding limited capacity and lack of expertise, time and cost constraints, the allure of quantifiable results and quick wins, and the need to ensure that other principles inherent to SSR are not disregarded. In analysing what is meant by local ownership, this article will also argue that, in practice, the concept is narrowly interpreted both in terms of how SSR programmes are controlled and the extent to which those at the level of the community are actively engaged. This is despite policy guidance underscoring the importance of SSR programmes being inclusive and local ownership being meaningful. It will be argued that without ensuring meaningful and inclusive local ownership of SSR programmes, state security and justice sector institutions will not be accountable or responsive to the needs of the people and will, therefore, lack public trust and confidence. The relationship between the state and its people will be weak and people will feel divorced from the decisions that affect their security and their futures. All this will leave the state prone to further outbreaks of conflict. This article will suggest that the requisite public confidence and trust in state security and justice sector institutions, and ultimately, the state itself, could be promoted by SSR programmes incorporating community safety structures. 2015-09-15T10:13:40Z Security Sector Reform, Statebuilding and Local Ownership: Securing the State or its People? http://hdl.handle.net/2381/33048 Title: Security Sector Reform, Statebuilding and Local Ownership: Securing the State or its People? Authors: Gordon, Eleanor Abstract: It is widely acknowledged that while local ownership is one of the core principles of successful Security Sector Reform (SSR) programmes, the concept is narrowly interpreted in terms of who owns what. Moreover, the focus of SSR is often on building state institutions, rather than building the relationship between people and the state, which further limits the extent to which people, particularly at the community level, are engaged in SSR processes. It is argued that without ensuring meaningful and inclusive local ownership of SSR programmes, public trust and confidence in state security and justice sector institutions will be limited. Crucially, this will leave the state vulnerable to renewed outbreaks of conflict. To rectify this it is proposed that a hybrid SSR approach be promoted by incorporating community safety structures into SSR programmes. 2015-09-15T10:05:56Z Unveiling Islamophobic Victimisation http://hdl.handle.net/2381/33041 Title: Unveiling Islamophobic Victimisation Authors: Chakraborti, Neil A.; Zempi, Eirini-Chrysovalantou Abstract: The chapter examines the nature and extent of Islamophobic victimisation and explores explanations behind this type of victimisation through the lens of gender. Evidence suggests that veiled Muslim women are at heightened risk of Islamophobic victimisation by virtue of their visible 'Muslimness'. Popular perceptions that veiled Muslim women are passive, oppressed and powerless increase their chance of assault, thereby marking them as 'easy' targets to attack. Furthermore, attacks towards veiled Muslim women are justified because of the conflation of Islam with terrorism. Collectively, these arguments highlight the gendered dimensions of Islamophobic victimisation. The chapter emphasises that there is no single monolithic Muslim experience of Islamophobia. Recognising the interplay of different aspects of victims' identities with other personal, social and situational factors is highly relevant to understanding the vulnerability of veiled Muslim women as victims of Islamophobia. [First paragraph] Description: This chapter has been chosen by the authors to be made available Open Access following a 36-month embargo, as is required by the publisher. The record for the complete book can be found at http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31467 and it is under permanent embargo. 2015-09-14T12:07:43Z A Narrative Approach to Women's Lawbreaking http://hdl.handle.net/2381/32810 Title: A Narrative Approach to Women's Lawbreaking Authors: Fleetwood, Jennifer Abstract: This article argues for the value of narrative criminology for feminist explanations of women's lawbreaking. Contemporary theories note the significance of material gendered inequalities; however, narrative offers a way to include discursive aspects of gender. Drawing on recent developments in narrative criminology, this article analyzes how women may "talk themselves into" lawbreaking. Analysis draws on interviews with three women with diverse experiences in the drug trade and shows how drug trafficking was narrated as impossible, meaningful, and inevitable. A narrative approach therefore offers ways to understand how for some women, under some circumstances, lawbreaking may become meaningful. 2015-07-22T16:47:04Z Mind the Gap! Making Stronger Connections between Hate Crime Policy and Scholarship http://hdl.handle.net/2381/32765 Title: Mind the Gap! Making Stronger Connections between Hate Crime Policy and Scholarship Authors: Chakraborti, Neil A. Abstract: With hostility and prejudice continuing to pose complex challenges for societies across the world, developments in hate crime scholarship and policy have facilitated a greater prioritization, improved understanding and collective action amongst a range of different actors, including law-makers and enforcers, non-governmental organisations, activists and 'ordinary' citizens. Despite this progress however, our collective responses to hate crime have been undermined by a disconnected approach to scholarship and policy. This article focuses on a series of problems which are created and reinforced through such an approach. This includes the limited reach of hate crime scholarship, and specifically the perception that academic theorising is often too detached from the everyday realities confronting those who respond to – or live with – the consequences of hate crime in the 'real world'. Equally problematic is policy which is not empirically-driven or linked to academic knowledge, or which is based on tokenistic, cynical or 'tick-box' foundations. The article draws from these faultlines to underline the symbiotic relationship between hate crime scholarship and policy-formation: one where policyformation needs academic substance to be fit for purpose; and where scholarship needs to inform policy to have any lasting 'real-world' value to responses to hate crime. 2015-07-21T08:39:45Z 'They Make Us Feel Like We're a Virus': The Multiple Impacts of Islamophobic Hostility Towards Veiled Muslim Women http://hdl.handle.net/2381/32188 Title: 'They Make Us Feel Like We're a Virus': The Multiple Impacts of Islamophobic Hostility Towards Veiled Muslim Women Authors: Zempi, Irene; Chakraborti, Neil A. Abstract: Within the prevailing post-9/11 climate, veiled Muslim women are commonly portrayed as oppressed, 'culturally dangerous' and 'threatening' to the Western way of life and to notions of public safety and security by virtue of being fully covered in the public sphere. It is in such a context that manifestations of Islamophobia often emerge as a means of responding to these 'threats'. Drawing from qualitative data elicited through a UK-based study, this article reflects upon the lived experiences of veiled Muslim women as actual and potential victims of Islamophobia and examines the impacts of Islamophobic attacks upon victims, their families and wider Muslim communities. Among the central themes we explore are impacts upon their sense of vulnerability, the visibility of their Muslim identity, and the management of their safety in public. The individual and collective harms associated with this form of victimization are considered through notions of a worldwide, transnational Muslim community, the ummah, which connects Muslims from all over world. We conclude by noting that the effects of this victimization are not exclusively restricted to the global ummah; rather, the harm extends to society as a whole by exacerbating the polarization which already exists between 'us' and 'them'. 2015-05-07T10:29:20Z "It Felt Like a Little War": Reflections on Violence against Alternative Subcultures http://hdl.handle.net/2381/32169 Title: "It Felt Like a Little War": Reflections on Violence against Alternative Subcultures Authors: Chakraborti, Neil A.; Garland, J.; Hardy, Stevie-Jade Abstract: This article examines the forms and impact of violence against people identifying as members of alternative subcultures. It draws upon the findings from interviews and focus groups undertaken with over 60 participants from a range of alternative subcultural backgrounds, conducted as part of a broader two-year study of many different strands of targeted hostility. The article presents evidence to show that 'alternatives' are subjected to a wide range of violent and intimidatory behaviour, from 'everyday' abuse such as verbal insults through to more extreme acts of brutality. This can affect their physical and mental health, causing them to change the way they conduct their routine activities. However, the article suggests that some of this victimisation forms part of ongoing conflict with a group that participants describe as 'chavs', that has hitherto been unacknowledged. This 'little war' is characterised by mutual hostility and antipathy flavoured by class antagonism that can escalate into violent confrontation. 2015-05-07T10:19:18Z Unlocking carceral atmospheres: designing visual/material encounters at the prison museum http://hdl.handle.net/2381/32132 Title: Unlocking carceral atmospheres: designing visual/material encounters at the prison museum Authors: Turner, Jennifer E.; Peters, K. 2015-05-07T09:30:58Z "I'm over it": survivor narratives after woman-to-woman partner abuse http://hdl.handle.net/2381/32082 Title: "I'm over it": survivor narratives after woman-to-woman partner abuse Authors: Barnes, Rebecca Editors: Hamel, J. Abstract: This article uses qualitative data gathered through semi-structured, in-depth interviews with 40 women in the UK who identified as having experienced abuse (physical, sexual, emotional and/or financial) in a previous same-sex relationship. Participants' narratives of 'life after abuse' are examined through two lenses; the first contributing to understandings of the varied and enduring material, psychological and relational impacts of abuse, and the second offering insights into the cultural values which shape such narratives. Applying Arthur Frank's (1995) illness narratives, this article argues that narratives emphasizing recovery ('restitution') or transformation ('quest') are culturally privileged over a 'chaos' narrative. It also proposes a fourth narrative of 'active recovery'. The article concludes that recovery from partner abuse is neither a linear process, nor one guaranteed to reach an end point. Further research is needed to understand how to better support survivors of partner abuse to move toward recovery. 2015-04-29T09:11:12Z Sentencing Women: An Analysis of Recent Trends http://hdl.handle.net/2381/32081 Title: Sentencing Women: An Analysis of Recent Trends Authors: Barnes, Rebecca; Hedderman, Carol Editors: Roberts, J. Abstract: From Introduction: This chapter analyses changes in the sentencing of women between 2000 and 2012. We update an earlier analysis conducted by Hedderman (2004) which sought to establish why the number of women going to prison increased so steeply between 1992 and 2000. Since 2000, there have been important changes in sentencing policies and government responses to women offenders. Media portrayals have also shifted to emphasise a 'ladette' culture of female drinking, anti-social behaviour and violence. This chapter reflects on the consequences of these changes and considers how the sentencing of women has changed since 2000, including the use of custody and new sentences such as suspended sentence orders. It examines how far Labour's policy of diverting women from custody during its second term of office fed through into court practice; and it assesses what has happened since the Conservative-Liberal Democrat Coalition took power. 2015-04-29T08:44:13Z Sentencing reform for drug trafficking in England and Wales http://hdl.handle.net/2381/32011 Title: Sentencing reform for drug trafficking in England and Wales Authors: Fleetwood, Jennifer S. Abstract: Internationally, laws and sentencing practices tend to treat drug supply offences very harshly, often with the stated aim of deterrence. International drug trafficking is subject to the longest penalties, from 8-30 years, and up to the death penalty.Long sentences are often applied under inflexible legislation with little or no attention to individual mitigating circumstances, or the offenders' role or gains, resulting in disproportionately heavy penalties for minor offenders, such as drug couriers. This paper discusses recent changes to sentencing in England and Wales, which aim to recognise drug couriers as a distinct category, and so attribute lesser, more proportionate punishment. This innovation did not involve substantive change to drug laws, and reform has been achieved through revising sentencing practice by issuing guidelines for sentencers. This minor reform impacts on one specific group of beneficiaries only: drug couriers. Sentencing in England and Wales operates according to a complex categorisation of activities and separates possession, different types of selling and production activities, and international trafficking. This sentencing innovation is broadly a step in the right direction in that it will reduce punishments for many, but not all, drug couriers. It suggests that taking role into account offers the possibility of more proportionate sentences for drug couriers. 2015-04-17T08:43:49Z Shorter sentences for drug mules: The early impact of the sentencing guidelines in England and Wales http://hdl.handle.net/2381/32010 Title: Shorter sentences for drug mules: The early impact of the sentencing guidelines in England and Wales Authors: Fleetwood, Jennifer; Radcliffe, P.; Stevens, A. Abstract: Aims: In February 2012, new sentencing guidelines for drug offences became effective in all courts in England and Wales. An explicit aim was to reduce the length of sentences for drug "mules" and so make them more proportionate. Methods: This article examines their early impact drawing on data from the Court Proceedings Database and the Crown Court Sentencing Survey for importing/exporting a Class A drug. Findings: Overall, the guidelines have achieved their intended aim. The length of the average custodial sentence for drug trafficking fell following the introduction of the guidelines, largely due to taking defendants' roles into account. Notably, three-quarters of those in "lesser" roles received sentences less than four years, representing an important change. Nonetheless, around 10% of mules received very long sentences due to the continued use of drug weight in sentencing. Conclusion: The new guidelines represent an internationally important innovation in drug policy reform. 2015-04-17T08:41:10Z The paradox of the 'green' prison: sustaining the environment or sustaining the penal complex? http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31961 Title: The paradox of the 'green' prison: sustaining the environment or sustaining the penal complex? Authors: Jewkes, Yvonne; Moran, D. Abstract: This article examines the ways in which sustainability discourses intersect with carceral policies. Building new prisons to 'green' industry standards; making existing prison buildings less environmentally harmful; incorporating processes such as renewable energy initiatives; offering 'green-collar' work and training to prisoners; and providing 'green care' in an effort to reduce recidivism, are all provided as evidence of 'green' strategies that shape the experience of prisoners, prison staff and the communities in which prisons are located. But although usually portrayed positively, this article proposes an alternative, potentially more contentious, interpretation of the green prison. In the context of mounting costs of incarceration, we suggest that green discourses perversely are fast becoming symbolic and material structures that frame and support mass imprisonment. Consequently, we argue, it may be the penal complex, rather than the environment, which is being 'sustained'. Moreover, we suggest this is a topic worthy of attention from 'green criminologists'. 2015-04-09T08:30:32Z 'Acts of Extravagance and Folly': the conception and control of transgressive masculinity in a Victorian cause célèbre http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31845 Title: 'Acts of Extravagance and Folly': the conception and control of transgressive masculinity in a Victorian cause célèbre Authors: Connor, Mark Abstract: Based on the prosecution of Ernest Boulton and William Park in 1870, the cross-dressing cause célèbre of the Victorian period, this Thesis explores the complex interplay of gendered nineteenth century narratives that emerged in both public and institutional discourse as a result of the arrest and prosecution for conspiracy to commit sodomy of the male cross-dressers and their acquaintances. Within the current historiography of the nineteenth century the regulation of male cross-dressers has been associated with the reflexive homophobia that has come to dominate modern interpretations of Victorian conceptions of male gender deviance. Whilst accepting that the case of Boulton and Park has rightly found its place within the established narrative histories of male sexuality this Thesis argues that the case, and indeed the image of the male cross-dresser in general, illuminates much more than nascent Victorian conceptions of homosexuality. The effeminacy of the cross-dresser, although universally stigmatised, is shown to represent a multitude of social ills ranging from economic indolence to moral degeneracy, placing the cross-dresser at the nexus of bourgeoisie social anxiety. Through the detailed analysis of legal transcripts and press reports this Thesis demonstrates the significance of the analysis of the male cross-dresser beyond the narrow confines of the history of sexuality. The prosecution of Boulton and Park attests to more than the increasingly reactionary policing of bourgeois conceptions of masculinity during the mid to late nineteenth century. The unprecedented publicity that accompanied the case combined with the cross-dresser's ability to unite previously disparate strands of deviant discourses, like those of the female prostitute and male sodomite, will be shown to represent a rare moment in which the totality of bourgeois anxiety was manifest, a moment in which the cross-dresser became the gendered folk devil for an age of ideological temperance. 2015-03-10T16:26:27Z Between crime and colony: interrogating (im)mobilities aboard the convict ship http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31757 Title: Between crime and colony: interrogating (im)mobilities aboard the convict ship Authors: Peters, K.; Turner, Jennifer E. Abstract: Recent literature in carceral geography has attended to the importance of mobilities in interrogating the experience and control of spaces of imprisonment, detention and confinement. Scholars have explored the paradoxical nature of incarcerated experience as individuals oscillate between moments of fixity and motion as they are transported to/from carceral environments. This paper draws upon the convict ship—an example yet to gain attention within these emerging discussions—which is both an exemplar of this paradox and a lens through which to complicate understandings of carceral (im)mobilities. The ship is a space of macro-movement from point A to B, whilst simultaneously a site of apparent confinement for those aboard who are unable to move beyond its physical parameters. Yet, we contend that all manner of mobilities permeate the internal space of the ship. Accordingly, we challenge the binary thinking that separates moments of fixity from motion and explore the constituent parts that shape movement. In paying attention to movements in motion on the ship, we argue that studies of carceral mobility must attend to both methods of moving in the space between points A and B; as micro, embodied and intimate (im)mobilities are also played out within large-scale regimes of movement. 2015-03-04T15:09:07Z Prison Design and Carceral Space http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31694 Title: Prison Design and Carceral Space Authors: Moran, D.; Jewkes, Y.; Turner, Jen E. Editors: Jewkes, Y.; Bennett, J.; Crewe, B. Abstract: Prison design is crucial to the relationship between the 'carceral' and the state, in that it is the process which largely determines how the goals of a criminal justice system, and the wider society in which justice is enacted, are materially expressed. With this in mind, this chapter pursues the notion that the design of carceral space has a significant role to play in understanding the aims of a prison system and the experiences of living and working in prisons. After outlining the policy context for current UK prison building, the chapter describes the processes involved in the construction of new-build prisons and the imperatives (both overt and covert) which shape their design. It briefly draws out contrasts between the UK and penal regimes in other countries and suggests that both the intentions behind their design and the lived experience of the resulting prisons are worthy of further interrogation. Description: The file associated with this record is under embargo till 2017/04/29 2015-02-17T15:01:51Z Amateur vs. Professional: Does the recovery of forensic evidence differ depending on who assesses the crime scene? http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31679 Title: Amateur vs. Professional: Does the recovery of forensic evidence differ depending on who assesses the crime scene? Authors: Lingwood, J.; Smith, Lisa L.; Bond, J. W. Abstract: Volume crime offences such as domestic burglary are commonly assessed for forensic opportunities by the first attending officer (FAO) who is present at the scene. Conversely, less serious volume crime offences such as thefts from motor vehicles (TFMV) are highly numerous and are routinely assessed for forensic opportunities by the victim talking to the police over the telephone. It is not clear whether or not this difference in attendance policy leads to differences in the types and quantity of forensic material recovered. The current study explored whether there was a benefit of evidence recovery for attended as opposed to non-attended assessments. 500 TFMV offences provided by Northamptonshire Police (UK) were analysed from 14th January 2010 to the 28th February 2011; 250 attended forensic assessments and 250 non-attended assessments. Significant differences were found between the two scenarios, with attended assessments more likely to yield DNA, property and trace substance material. Conversely, fingerprints were more likely to be recovered at non-attended assessments. Despite the fruitful findings of the current study, future research would benefit from establishing the methods of the FAO and forensic investigator when assessing and gathering evidence. Similarly, it is unclear whether these differences in forensic material are reflected in the identification of an offender and subsequently the solving of the crime. 2015-02-16T16:16:20Z Displacing Criminal Bodies: Spectacle, Crime and Punishment in the TV Sitcom The Visit http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31676 Title: Displacing Criminal Bodies: Spectacle, Crime and Punishment in the TV Sitcom The Visit Authors: Turner, Jennifer E. Abstract: This paper explores the transition from 'visible' to 'invisible' modes of penal punishment via the shifting spectacle of a heavily disciplined, corporeal incarceration. It is broadly acknowledged that the emergence of prisons in Britain marked the disappearance of punishment from the public eye. This paper argues that despite this physical distancing, concerns over crime and punishment were displaced and translated into other realms of society. This displacement has continued with the emergence of global media sources, which deploy landscapes of incarceration as entertainment. In order to ground this discussion, this paper focuses upon the manner in which television media allows for a representation of British prisons by drawing upon the recent bbc sitcom The Visit. By examining the implications of events within the programme, discussion reveals a careful negotiation of 'inside' and 'outside' identities and behaviours that, together, render prisons an essential, visible, if particular and distinct, part of society as a whole Description: Embargoed awaiting clearance from publisher 2015-02-16T14:53:56Z Doing Research Differently: The Case of the Leicester Hate Crime Project http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31674 Title: Doing Research Differently: The Case of the Leicester Hate Crime Project Authors: Hardy, Stevie-Jade; Garland, J.; Chakraborti, Neil Abstract: [From introductory paragraph] For the past two years the Leicester Hate Crime Project has been conducting groundbreaking research into the nature and impact of hate crime. Funded by the Economic and Social Research Council, this research – Britain's biggest ever study of hate crime victimisation – has uncovered new and significant insights into the effects of targeted violence and harassment upon victims, families and wider communities. This article provides a brief overview of the project with a particular focus on the methodological challenges the research team faced, and how we overcame these by using more informal and unorthodox methods of engagement with so-called 'hard to reach' communities. Description: Embargoed awaiting permissions from publisher 2015-02-16T13:23:40Z ''No place like home": boundary traffic through the prison gate http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31641 Title: ''No place like home": boundary traffic through the prison gate Authors: Turner, Jennifer E. Editors: Jones, R.; Johnson, C. Abstract: By combining a new theorization of border work beyond the state with rich empirical case studies, this book makes a ground-breaking contribution to the study of borders and the state in the era of globalization. 2015-02-11T10:24:31Z Doing Time-Travel: Performing Past and Present at the Prison Museum http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31612 Title: Doing Time-Travel: Performing Past and Present at the Prison Museum Authors: Turner, Jennifer; Peters, Kimberley Editors: Morin, K.; Moran, D. Abstract: [From introduction] The transformation of former prisons to sites of "dark tourism" reflects a recent trend in the use of decommissioned buildings for alternative purposes, such as museums and other heritage sites, which particularly emphasise "representations of death, disaster or atrocity for pedagogical and commercial purposes" (Walby and Piché, 2011: 452). Prisons are spaces that hold a morbid fascination for visitors who are unlikely to ever encounter such a space in their everyday lives (Strange and Kempa, 2003). Far from a traditional tourist site, the prison museum is built upon consumer desire to access the inaccessible; to glimpse a life on the 'inside' and all its assumed horrors from the comfort of being on the 'outside' (Turner, 2013) – with the choice and liberty, of course, to enter, to leave, to accept or to reject any given exhibition or display (see Hall, 1973). Prison museums cater, on the one hand, to a market of visitors seeking such tourist experiences for entertainment (Adams, 2001; Schrift, 2004). On the other hand, they function to educate visitors about penal pasts, shaping contemporary understandings through engagement with carceral histories (see, for example, Baker, 2014: 1). In this chapter we attend to the ways in which a particular prison museum – the Galleries of Justice, in Nottingham, U.K. – informs and entertains while making the past usable in the present. 2015-02-05T12:48:48Z The presentation of police in everyday life: Police-press relations, impression management and the Leveson Inquiry http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31603 Title: The presentation of police in everyday life: Police-press relations, impression management and the Leveson Inquiry Authors: Mawby, Robert I. Abstract: In 2012 the Leveson Inquiry investigated relations between the police and the press, examining the routine systems and processes of police-press relations in the UK and, more specifically, the conduct of senior Metropolitan Police Service officers during an investigation into phone-hacking (Operation Caryatid). The Inquiry is notable in that it shone a light on a normally hidden policing function; it brought the backstage processes of police-media relations, part of police 'image work', to the frontstage area. This article considers the Leveson Inquiry and the data it collected as a case study of police impression management - it examines how the police sought to manage impressions about how they manage impressions. It takes a dramaturgical approach drawing on the work of Erving Goffman and Peter K Manning, combined with impression management concepts drawn from management and organisational studies. The article concludes that the identified impression management tactics used by different police 'teams' combined to protect the collective police image and to reinforce, for the present, the dominant position of the police in their relationship with the press. 2015-02-04T16:59:06Z The politics of carceral spectacle: televising prison life http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31602 Title: The politics of carceral spectacle: televising prison life Authors: Turner, Jennifer E. Editors: Moran, D.; Gill, N.; Conlon, D. Abstract: This book draws together the work of a new community of scholars with a growing interest in carceral geography. : The principle aim of this chapter is to discuss this relationship between prison and society using notions of visibility and punishment in contemporary media, with particular reference to how the 'spectacle' of the incarcerated subject operates within television. 2015-02-04T16:50:50Z Introduction: Criminality and Carcerality Across Boundaries http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31553 Title: Introduction: Criminality and Carcerality Across Boundaries Authors: Turner, J. Abstract: [From initial paragraph] For the last 5 years, most of the conference papers I have presented or articles I have written have begun with the usual obligatory introduction to the "newly emerging" subdiscipline of carceral geography. That is, of course, research "specifically alighting on the spaces set aside for 'securing' – detaining, locking up/away – problematic populations of one kind or another" (Philo, 2012:4). However, to paraphrase a colleague participating in one of three sessions entitled "Mapping Carceral Geography" at the 2014 Royal Geographical Society of the Institute of British Geographers, "we do not need to keep saying this anymore; we have definitely emerged". This got me to thinking about the politics of emergent or indeed "recently emerged" areas of a discipline and their propensity to continue their momentum to become both prolific in their own right and sustain academic longevity. In short, what does a newly emerged discipline do next? 2015-02-02T15:39:48Z Islamophobia, Victimisation and the Veil http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31467 Title: Islamophobia, Victimisation and the Veil Authors: Chakraborti, Neil A.; Zempi, Eirini-Chrysovalantou Abstract: This book examines the experiences of veiled Muslim women as victims of Islamophobia, and the impact of this victimisation upon women, their families and wider Muslim communities. Based on empirical research, it explores the vulnerability of veiled Muslim women to acts of Islamophobic hate and prejudice in public places.Zempi and Chakraborti examine how Islamophobic victimisation is experienced as 'part and parcel' of wearing the veil, rather than as isolated one-off incidents, and how repeat incidents of supposedly low-level forms of hostility such as name-calling, persistent staring and other types of intimidatory behaviour place a potentially huge emotional burden on victims. The threat of Islamophobic abuse and violence has long-lasting effects for both actual and potential victims, underlining the case for a more effective approach to engaging with veiled Muslim women as victims of Islamophobia; one which recognises their multiple vulnerabilities and which takes into consideration their distinct cultural and religious needs.Islamophobia, Victimisation and the Veil provides a timely insight into an under-researched and challenging set of issues, and will be essential reading for students, academics and practitioners working across a range of disciplines including Criminology, Sociology, Victimology and Gender Studies. Description: The file associated with this record is under permanent embargo. The authors have chosen to make Chapter 2 of this publication Open Access following a mandatory 36-month embargo period. It can be found at http://hdl.handle.net/2381/33041 2015-01-21T16:10:14Z Re-Thinking Hate Crime : Fresh Challenges for Policy and Practice. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31466 Title: Re-Thinking Hate Crime : Fresh Challenges for Policy and Practice. Authors: Chakraborti, Neil A. Abstract: Hate crime has become an increasingly familiar term in recent times as the harms associated with acts of bigotry and prejudice continue to pose complex challenges for societies across the world. However, despite the greater recognition now afforded to hate crimes by scholars, policy makers and law enforcers, uncertainty continues to cloud the scope and legitimacy of existing policy frameworks. This article draws from an emerging body of inter-disciplinary scholarship and empirical research to highlight a series of important realities about hate crime victimization and perpetration that tend to remain peripheral to the process of policy formation. It suggests that the focus on particular strands of victims and particular sets of motivations has overshadowed a range of significant issues, including the experiences of "marginal" groups of victims, and the way in which identity characteristics intersect with one another-and with other situational factors and context-to leave some targets of hate crime especially vulnerable. The article calls for a more fluid and multi-layered approach to policy formation, which engages with these realities, and which maximizes the real-life value of hate crime discourse. 2015-01-21T15:56:57Z Penalising prisoners, penalising families : the difficulties of maintaining contact with prisoners through prison visits http://hdl.handle.net/2381/30120 Title: Penalising prisoners, penalising families : the difficulties of maintaining contact with prisoners through prison visits Authors: Magill, Christine. Abstract: This research considers the difficulties that are encountered when visiting a loved one or relative who is in prison. Early research in this area drew attention to the Prison Service's lack of consideration for families visiting prisons (see Matthews. 1983 1989). Following the Woolf Report (1991) and subsequent reforms, commentators were optimistic that, at last, the Prison Service was starting to address issues relating to prisoners' families. However, much has happened within the prison system since this time - numbers in prison have increased, there has been a renewed emphasis on security, order and control in prison, and a requirement to reduce drug misuse amongst prisoners. The present study reviews the situation in view of these developments. Theoretically, this research draws upon recent feminist work to emerge from North America that focused on the 'hidden' implications of crime control policies for women outside the criminal justice process (see Miller. 1998 Danner. 1998 Massey et al. 1998). Prisoners' families constitute one group with whom this new approach is concerned. This latest feminist endeavour aims to change criminal justice policies and practices so as to lessen the costs to women and children. This aim also formed the rationale for the present study. A multi-method approach was employed. This included a survey of 133 prisons in England and Wales (a response rate of 67% was obtained) and interviews with thirty prison visitors at two prisons. Observational data was also collected at these two prisons. The findings suggest that prisoners' families continue to be ignored by a prison system that treats them as little more than a resource, removed from penal considerations yet entwined into policy when their assistance is required. A number of recommendations for changes to penal policy and practice designed to improve the situation for prisoners' families are proposed. 2014-12-15T10:36:20Z Culture and subculture in the Turkish police force http://hdl.handle.net/2381/30121 Title: Culture and subculture in the Turkish police force Authors: Yildiz, Muammer. Abstract: This study analyses the relationship in Turkey between police deviancy and police culture. It is argued that deviant individuals are able to excuse their deviant practices in an environment that provides them ample opportunity. The study demonstrates that police misconduct is a matter of institutional facilitation and organisational responsibility, more so than a matter of individual deviance. The 'bad apple theory' merely provides an attempt to normalise or invent plausible excuses for deviant conduct by the police authorities. On the contrary, it is argued that police violence is culturally rooted in the operational code that exists within groups of police officers. It is due to such an operational code that allows violence in certain situations to be regarded as a logical, acceptable or at the very least, a condonable form of behaviour.;Hence, from this perspective, for positive development to be effective, it must be targeted at the informal culture of the police and their practical working rules, as opposed to the cosmetic legislative changes and initiatives aimed at public relations.;Consequently, this study explores the Turkish police culture and shows that the element of 'authority' is almost a single dominant factor behind the occupational culture of the police officers' - despite two elements: danger and authority. It is these two elements, which marks it apart from police cultures in England and Wales and the United States. The core characteristics of the Turkish police culture are closely related to police officers' authority to that of a 'man in charge'. Police violence is thus deemed an almost inevitable tool in defence of this mandate, and to subsequently prevent an erosion of authority. Thus, in order to understand this mentality of Turkish police officers, the historical development of their role has also been emphasised. 2014-12-15T10:36:20Z Police detention : a comparative analysis of the effects of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act, 1984 and the Turkish Procedure Act http://hdl.handle.net/2381/30122 Title: Police detention : a comparative analysis of the effects of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act, 1984 and the Turkish Procedure Act Authors: Arican, Mehmet. Abstract: The Police and Criminal Evidence Act (PACE), 1984, in England and Wales and amendments to the Turkish Criminal Procedure Act (TCPA) in 1992 Turkey are regarded as fundamental law reforms in the field of police powers and rights of suspects. Both legislations aimed to set up a balance between police powers and the rights of the individual, whilst regulating police procedures. Furthermore, both Acts were intended to end police malpractices, with the larger aim of preventing miscarriages of justice.;The thesis attempts to measure the impact of these legislative reforms on police practices with particular reference to detention and interrogation procedures. In doing so, it tries to reveal how far the rule changes under PACE and TCPA have affected police practices. In addition, the question is raised of how far policing can be shaped and controlled through the policy derived from the law. The study finds that in some police procedures there is a great deal of difference between the rhetoric of law and the actual police practice. It is therefore argued that the extensively-designed legal provisions regulating detention and questioning may not always constitute an effective restraint against the police applying the law to suit their own objectives.;Consequently, it is apparent that there is a need to support legal regulation with other procedures and measures if any legislative reform of the police and policing is to be effective. For successful reform, on the one hand the rules must not be ambiguous and confusing, and on the other hand they must be endorsed by effective legal sanctions and administrative supervision. Moreover, improved adherence to the law will require a better calibre of police recruit, while design of the organisation in which the police operate should be enhanced. Finally, ensuring that the general public know about their legal rights will also be an important element in compelling the police to act within the boundaries of the law. 2014-12-15T10:36:20Z


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Installing a dump damper gives you more control over the amount of air flow allowed to pass through your ducting. The damper will open or close allowing you to set a regulated level. This is important when trying to control temperatures, mix air, or spit air flow into multiple areas evenly. The Fantech IR6 is 6" in diameter and fits other standard 6" flexible and rigid ducting.
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text:
HUNTSVILLE, Alabama -- Kevin Wieseman has already helped guide one Huntsville high school into a new building and now hopes for the opportunity to do it again.
In a special Friday meeting, the Huntsville City school board voted 4-0 to name Wieseman acting principal at Lee High School, which is scheduled to move into a new building on Meridian Street this summer.
Former football coach
Following the meeting, Wieseman said he served as an "extra administrator" while serving as football coach at Huntsville High. Wieseman said he worked with architects and "coordinated the move into the new building" six years ago as Huntsville High migrated to the building facing Bob Wallace Avenue.
"That experience and the Lee situation, they pretty much go hand in hand," Wieseman said.
Wieseman in a sense swaps places with Paul Parvin, who was hired as the director of athletics of city schools on Thursday after being principal at Lee since 2007.
"He's a perfect match," Huntsville Superintendent Casey Wardynski said of Parvin. "He's been a coach for some time; he knows about school leadership.
"We're looking to ramp up athletics in our district. We want our kids to see winning teams. We're elevating the expectations in athletics, and bringing Paul (in as athletic director) is part of that."
Wieseman had been working in the central office wearing a variety of hats, including director of instructional support and director of athletics.
Wardynski said Wieseman had expressed a desire to become a principal.
He will begin Feb. 6 in a temporary position while the system advertises for the full-time position.
Wieseman will be welcome to apply for the full-time position, Wardynski said.
'A perfect match'
"I picked him, so I'd say he's a perfect match," said Wardynski, who recommended Wieseman's appointment as principal at Lee to the school board.
Indeed, Wieseman - who has worked in Huntsville City schools for 21 years - said becoming a principal was a "bucket list" item.
"If you have the leadership intangibles about you, you want to be the man or the woman," Wieseman said. "I've always aspired to be a leader. But I understand leadership is part of the whole.
"One of the things I want to do is go in with a group of people during this transition at Lee while they are going to the new school and hopefully bring it on line."Follow me on Twitter @paul_gattis
Email me at email@example.com


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Dozens of civil lawsuits have arisen from the macabre multimillion-dollar scheme for which Michael Mastromarino and others are serving prison time.
Those litigations can proceed to trial, a Staten Island judge has ruled, deeming that RTI Donor Services was contractually bound to examine the bones, skin and tendons it received from Mastromarino's firm, Biomedical Tissue Services (BTS).
"This court finds that the agreement between the parties, RTI Donor Services and BTS/Mastromarino, gave rise to a duty to audit and inspect in order to be in compliance with the higher standards enunciated by the American Association of Tissue Banks [AATB]," wrote state Supreme Court Justice Joseph J. Maltese.
The AATB sets the requirements for the benefit of donors and the decedents' next of kin.
In fact, Maltese suggested RTI may have turned a blind eye to Mastromarino, even after learning he had a criminal history and had practiced dentistry in New York while his license was suspended.
In seeking to dismiss the lawsuits, RTI argued it wasn't aware that Mastromarino didn't get permission from the decedents' kin and had replaced harvested bones and organs with materials, such as PVC pipes and rubber gloves, bought at local hardware stores.
The body of "Masterpiece Theatre" host Alistair Cooke was among those Mastromarino looted for parts.
At present, there are 46 consolidated actions pending before Maltese. Twenty-two are trial-ready, court papers stated. The plaintiffs mainly reside in New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania.
Court papers said RTI had contracted with Mastromarino between 2002 and 2005. Mastromarino was to provide human tissue for processing and distribution for transplants.
During the contract's first year, RTI's lawyer explored Mastromarino's background.
He determined that Mastromarino had a drug-related arrest in New Jersey in July 2000 that was resolved by "pre-trial intervention" and a $1,250 fine, court papers said.
He also pleaded guilty in New York to unlawful use of a police uniform or emblem and twice had his New York dentistry license suspended, court documents state. Mastromarino, who practiced while his license was suspended, had also voluntarily surrendered his New Jersey dentistry license, those records said.
Those findings raised a red flag.
"The good doctor has been on Santa's naughty list for quite some time," attorney Jerome Hoffman wrote in December 2002, according to court papers. "I would strongly encourage you not to do business with someone that has this kind of resume."
Hoffman later recommended not renewing Mastromarino's contract, court records said.
But RTI did so, adding language in February 2003 that reserved the right to audit and inspect Mastromarino's operation at least once a year, according to court documents. The agreement also said Mastromarino's firm had to be accredited by the AATB or meet the agency's standards.
Maltese suggested that RTI had dropped the ball.
"It would appear that while RTI claims they had no 'actual knowledge' of Mastromarino's operation in procuring tissue samples from a known questionable source, what is apparent is that the officials at RTI suspected that something was amiss, but chose not to further investigate," wrote Maltese. "Perhaps RTI did not want any actual knowledge about the source of the human tissue provided to them."
RTI's lawyer could not immediately be reached on Friday for comment, nor could Michael J. Kuharski, one of the lawyers for the plaintiffs.


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Bottle Tops Review by Mary Ann When I first heard about Bottle Tops, I wanted to try them out. With children in the home, I thought it would be a great way to help reduce spill accidents. Not only that, I wanted to try them out for myself. It takes me forever to drink a […]
Archives for March 2011
Bottle Tops Reviews
By March 30, 2011 · Filed Under: As Seen On TV Reviews ··
More Sample Products Being Sent Out . . .
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More sample as seen on tv products being sent out today to our product testers. If you don't think we're for real, then my friend, you're missing out. Go sign up!
Sample As Seen On TV Products Finally Shipped!
By March 17, 2011 · Filed Under: Giveaways · Leave a Comment·
Excuses, Excuses! First, a big, humongous, apology to our patient Cool TV Offers product testers! It's been a month (ok, probably two months or longer) since we told them to expect their stuff in the mail, but we are just finally getting around to shipping them their sample as seen on tv products to test […]


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'Forrest Gump' author signs UA football book on campus
Winston Groom, author of the novel "Forrest Gump," will be on campus this weekend to sign copies of his latest work, which focuses on Alabama football.
From 2 to 4 p.m. Saturday at Bryant-Denny Stadium's Walk of Champions, the Pulitzer Prize nominated author will be available for the special book signing.
"The Crimson Tide: The Official Illustrated History of Alabama Football, National Championship Edition" is Groom's second Alabama football tribute.
In 2002, Groom, a 1965 UA graduate, published his first Bama football book, "The Crimson Tide: An Illustrated History of Football at the University of Alabama."
"The last book stopped in 2000, and a lot has happened in the time since then," Groom said. "Thankfully, we all know the story turns out well, but it struck me even before we won the championship that it was a very sensible time to write an updated book."
This updated history of Alabama football not only covers the time that has passed since the first book was published, but also stems back to 1892, when William G. Little first introduced the game to the University. Season by season, the book brings to life all aspects of the game's history at Alabama, good and bad.
"It's not a book that could be written by a person who is dispassionate from the University," Groom said. "But I also don't cover anything up; I show all the mistakes we've made and the fact that we have learned so much through our mistakes."
With new chapters to cover the so-called "dark days" of Alabama football during the beginning of the 21st century (2001-2006 seasons), the book leaves nothing out. The focus then turns to the Saban era, with a section that includes more than 60 new color photographs, updated appendices for all-time lettermen, game records, bowl appearances, national and SEC championships and a new sidebar on the Heisman Trophy win by Mark Ingram.
Writing these books, which have both been published by The University of Alabama Press, has been an honor for Groom as well, he said.
"Most people used to only think of 'Bear' Bryant when they thought of Alabama football, which of course is a great thing to think of," Groom said. "But I wanted to show that we have a tremendous history that's so much more than just 'Bear' Bryant, going all the way back to our first championship in 1925, which has given a big boost not just to the University but to the entire South."
In total, Groom has published eight novels, including the 1983 Pulitzer Prize finalist "Conversations with the Enemy," and seven nonfiction works. Groom's visit to campus is one anticipated by both faculty and students alike, as almost all of them have seen the Academy Award winning film adaptation of Groom's novel "Forrest Gump."
"It's not only great to have someone like Winston Groom come visit our campus, but to know that someone who has accomplished so much went here at one time just like you and me is unbelievable," said Kyle Weeks, a junior majoring in business.
Fans will also have another opportunity to see Groom at the Homecoming game on Saturday, Oct. 16, when he will be signing books in the National Alumni Tent on the Quad.
Please note All comments are eligible for publication in The Crimson White.


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O'Brien signs with MLS' Real Salt Lake
By CASEY OLSON
The Mirror
Former Federal Way High School soccer star Leighton OBrien is officially back in Major League Soccer (MLS). Real Salt Lake announced Tuesday the signing of the 29-year-old midfielder.
Leighton has been an impact player at multiple levels, Salt Lake General Manager Steve Pastorino said. We think he is poised to play a significant role in Real Salt Lakes midfield in 2005 and beyond. We are excited to have him back in MLS.
OBrien, who played at the University of San Diego, was in his final year of a three-year contract with the Seattle Sounders before signing with Real Salt Lake, a first-year MLS expansion club.
In 2002, OBrien earned A-League Most Valuable Player and assist honors when he tallied 13 goals and 11 assists in 27 games with the Sounders.
He competed in three matches for Seattle in 2003 before he was loaned to Bodens BK of the Swedish Supperettna league for two seasons. He was set to rejoin the Sounders this year, before Real Salt Lake came calling.
His best position is centrally in midfield, said Salt Lake head coach John Ellinger. His experience is something you notice right away and tactically he holds the ball very well. There is no doubt he is in the top-three in finishing on our team.
OBrien is the son of former Tacoma Star Fran OBrien and the brother of current Decatur all-stater, Ciaran. He missed a majority of the 2004 season with Boden BK due to a nagging groin injury.
OBrien is making his second stint in the MLS, the highest professional soccer league in North America, after being drafted by the New England Revolution as the 25th pick in the third round of 1999 MLS College Draft.
Defensively and offensively he is always in the right position, Ellinger said. Hell definitely play a big role on the team this year either starting or coming off the bench.
As part of the compensation for OBrien, Real Salt Lake also announced it will play an exhibition game against the Sounders at Qwest Field in Seattle on Wednesday, May 11 at 7 p.m.
Tickets are currently on sale at www.ticketmaster.com.
Real Salt Lake is excited to make the trip to Seattle in May to take on one of the most storied names in American soccer the Sounders, Pastorino said. It will represent our first game against a United Soccer League First Division opponent and we look forward to a spirited battle.
Sports editor Casey Olson: 925-5565, firstname.lastname@example.com
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Troubled rapper DMX wants to build a better relationship with his first-born son and has subsequently penned a song in his son's honor.
Troubled rapper DMX wants to build a better relationship with his first-born son and has subsequently penned a song in his son's honor.
Film director and producer Spike Lee, his wife Tonya Lewis Lee, and their son Jackson,13,attended the world premiere of Mr. Lee's documentary "If God Is Willing And Da Creek Don't Rise" on August 17, 2010 in New Orleans, Louisiana.
Jennifer Hudson dishes on being a mom, her upcoming nuptials to reality-star-turned-wrestler David Otunga, and much more in her latest interview with Michigan Ave magazine:
Singer Erykah Badu can often been seen touring with her son Seven Sirius,12, and daughters Puma Sabti,6, and Mars Merkab,18 months, all of whom are homeschooled. How does this working mom, who is on the road seven months each year, manage to balance her career with motherhood? With the help of her mother, brother, grandmother, and fathers of her three kids, of course!
Rodney "Lil Rocko" Hill,5, dons a smile as he poses with his mom at her concert in Atlanta on August 13th.
Talk show host Wendy Williams has no qualms about talking to her young son Kevin Jr. about the birds and the bees.
Diggy Simmons has launched his Chivalrous Culture sneaker line with the "Hamachi" collection. The Hamachi mens sneaker comes in six different colors and retails for $80.
6- month-old Violet Nash, daughter of singer Christina Milian and producer The Dream, is a Cutie and Patootie.com for sure! Check out some old and recent pictures of baby Violet below.
Jazz "Lady Jazz" Anderson has found a way to shine in her own light, in spite of being born to celebrity parents – retired NBA basketball player Kenny Anderson and actress Tami Roman.
Congratulations are in order for WWE entertainers Booker Tio Huffman and Sharmell Sullivan. The couple welcomed twins-a boy and a girl- on August 5th, two weeks earlier than expected.
Flip over to find out where to buy some of Sasha Obama's striped outfits, which she wore while on vacation in Spain with her mom.
Aoki Lee Simmons, who celebrated her eighth birthday yesterday(August 16th), received an early birthday treat when she and her family went shopping at the Grove this past weekend.
Cheryl Wray of Salt-N-Pepa, the trailblazing female rap duo, regrets all the provocative songs of her past. This is what the born-again Christian mom had to say in a recent interview:
Musician Kanye West wants to start a family and very soon. The 33-year-old rapper says he is looking for Mrs. Right.
He says: "My goal in life is to really have an amazing woman and have a family, but I think I had to go through different things to grow. I'm not trying to dive into anything unless I really, really think that I can marry this person. I look at this person and I say, 'This is how I want my daughter to be."


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nice set up!
Thank you
Thank you Grandmaster
I havent look it up in computer but I think Black can play a5 after RH1. The variation you gave was after 1..... a5, 2. ba5, Ra5 3. Bc4, Ra2 4. Rc2... Yes, there is no connection but Black is threatening Rc1+ skewering the King and rook. What do u think? I think Black has play.
Thank you, GM Mel, for another very helpful video. Sometimes you make a statement so clearly and quietly about aspects of chess that, for me, at least, I don't realize immediately how very, very important they are, until I think about them and suddenly learn how important they are. For example: 1. Know what your opponent is trying to do in order to know how to handle the situation, and 2. and know what you should be doing in order to do it. Sounds simple, but how extraordinarilly important! Please keep those pearls of chess wisdom coming: they will come in handy for us in our games.
Malik Khachiyan, your the best. I like your style, positional understanding and how you play your endgames. And you make learning chess easy.
Nice explanation of better pawn structure, better bishop and how to prepare the vital f5-breakthrough patiently while at the same time always trying to slow down the opponent's counterplay. Of course, Black could have played better near the end, but White's advantage was never in question after he gained the bishop pair. Nice video.
Fantastic! Melik explains the thought process of a Master like no other I've come across. To me, it's the most useful teaching style.
Question. Your comment after playing Kd2 was that you wanted to provoke ... Nc4+ when you would have replied Ke2. But wouldn't that have allowed ... a5?
I really liked this video. Your descriptions of how to think about positions is much more valuable information than a lot of long variations. I wish more of your fellow lecturers would follow your example.
nice one...
thank you for the advice that I have to ponder
Kiriath -- You are correct! This vieo actually belonged under Melik's Structural Thinking series... Title changed. Check out our links on the side below the description if you want to watch previous videos in any series...
Broot -- This is Melik ... Still good comments !
I dont really see what this has to do with endgame thinking, its more of a midgame demolition in my oppinion?
Great vid as always Roman!
You commented on NOT playing a4 for various reasons.
Defending d4 was a main goal at that time and with the position in the game.
As a further afterthought, do you feel that revisiting a4 with the line ...bxa4; Rxa4, now defending d4 still, keeping Black's Knight out of a5, and actually pushing it back to ...Ne7 may have been as playable as your move of Bd3?
Thanks Roman!
You're the best!
by GM Melikset Khachiyan
In today's video Melik follows his own game with NM Kostya Kavutskiy from the American Open in November 2010. Throughout his detailed description of the pawn structure and plans therein, Melik teaches more about "thinking from the end" when transitioning from the opening or middlegame into the endgame. We also learn the a "long chain is a strong chain" and how that helped Melik come away victorious!
Related: « Part 3
Part 5 »
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GM Melikset Khachiyan
Melik began playing chess at the age of 8, won the Baku Junior Championship two years later and became a Soviet Candidate Master two years after that. He began coaching early in his career and has brought up three Junior World Champions (among them Levon Aronian). In 2001, he immigrated to the US, where he qualified to play in the U.S. Championship several times. He earned his Grandmaster title in 2006.
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The hospital's EMS responded to 17 percent more requests for aid than average in Hudson County during the 48-hour operational period. Beyond Hudson County, the department sent several mutual aid ambulances to New York City as part of the New Jersey EMS Task Force to supplement their EMS demand.
In addition, the department responded to several incidents of significance within the county, including assisting with the evacuation of a nursing home in Kearny, a multiple-alarm fire in Jersey City, and a fire and building collapse in Union City.
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