text:
Hi, all.
I have some issues with the CIs in OpenMx_1.4-3532 and OpenMx_2.0.0-3575. I am fitting a random-effects meta-analysis with two effect sizes. My model was generated from the metaSEM package (metaSEM.model in the attached file). Another version was specified directly in OpenMx (mymodel in the attached file). This model worked fine. It was only used for comparisons. Both versions were supposed to be equivalent. The loglikelihoods and the parameter estimates were the same, while there were some issues on the CIs.
The files of test4a were based on OpenMx_1.4-3532. The lbound and the ubound of the CIs in metaSEM.model were the same.
The files of test4b were based on OpenMx_2.0.0-3575. The metaSEM.model worked fine with CSOLNP as the optimizer. The metaSEM.model generated NA in both the lbound and ubound with NPSOL as the optimizer. When I rerun the model, it threw an error.
Although these two models are equivalent, the model generated by the metaSEM package is more complicated in terms of model specification and number of matrices involved. This may partly explain the differences in the behaviors.
Any suggestions are welcome. Thanks in advance.
|test4b output.txt
|test4a output.txt
Regarding the first 2 models in test4b, I obtain the same -2LL but very different CIs. You comment in the file that "It seems fine." Is this expected?
confidence intervals:
lbound estimate ubound
Tau2_1_1 0.004626727 0.004727034 0.004668791 ** estimate outside of CI
Tau2_2_1 0.001193085 0.003934128 0.005295539
Tau2_2_2 0.008317209 0.008413367 0.008421468 ** estimate outside of CI
Intercept1 -0.017700266 0.001350473 0.028866220
Intercept2 0.035016073 0.068825948 0.096814068
-2 log likelihood: -161.9216
confidence intervals:
lbound estimate ubound
Tau2_1_1 0.002101854 0.004727078 0.009489479
Tau2_2_1 0.001193054 0.003934105 0.008349120
Tau2_2_2 0.004601975 0.008413355 0.015237170
Intercept1 -0.026791136 0.001350212 0.028866220
Intercept2 0.035016079 0.068826046 0.102484186
-2 log likelihood: -161.9216
With respect to test4b.R,
It is hard for me to believe, but if you clear the lower bounds on the Tau matrix before you re-run the NPSOL metaSEM.fit model then it works,
## No CI reported.
metaSEM.fit <- mxRun(metaSEM.model, intervals=TRUE)
metaSEM.fit$Tau$lbound[,] <- NA # add this line!
## Throw an error when rerun the model
metaSEM.fit <- mxRun(metaSEM.fit, intervals=TRUE)
Maybe somebody with the NPSOL source code can look at lssetx_ and see if there is something obviously wrong with the bounds checking.
Thanks for pointing out this.
No, I don't expect them to be different. They should be the same in theory.
test4b also seems to work when you change the lower bound to 1e-6, -1e-10, or 0.
However, re-running the original model with intervals=FALSE still generates the error. I think this is a re-running problem.
## No CI reported. metaSEM.fit <- mxRun(metaSEM.model, intervals=TRUE) summary(metaSEM.fit) # Runs okay, but doesn't actually give you upper and lower bounds on the CIs. # That seems like a bug to me. ## Throw an error when RERUN the model metaSEM.fit <- mxRun(metaSEM.fit, intervals=TRUE) #Also ## Still throws an error when RERUN the model, even when intervals are FALSE. metaSEM.fit <- mxRun(metaSEM.fit, intervals=FALSE)
When it runs without an error but gives no confidence limits, are they all
NA? If so, what are the confidence interval codes? When I checked them, they were all -1, indicating that optimization was aborted prematurely. This might be happening if the initial solution is at or very near the boundary of the parameter space. Then, the optimizer just finds
NAs on the first iteration of every attempt to find confidence limits.
Zero definitely does not work. Take care to only set the lbound on the diagonal elements,
metaSEM.fit$Tau$lbound[1,1] <- 0
metaSEM.fit$Tau$lbound[2,2] <- 0
-1e-10, -1e-3 both fail, but -1e-2 works.
Thanks for looking into the matter.
I wanted to post an update on this issue in case anyone reads about it. After investigation by Joshua and myself, we determined this is a problem with one of our optimizers, NPSOL. This works fine with CSOLNP. The problem is triggered by having a starting values for an optimization be at 0.01 or nearer to zero when there is also a bound near zero. In this case, NPSOL moves the starting value to the bound near zero, and things don't really get much better from there.
In this example it is triggered because the point estimate is near zero (.0047) with a lower bound near zero (1e-10). The estimates are fine, but when these are used as starting values in the confidence interval estimation, the NPSOL bound bug is triggered and it chokes.
This is a strange corner case in NPSOL and the OpenMx team has not found a way around it within our code. This is another reason why it's great that we now have CSOLNP as an optimizer. In the Beta, it is the default and can be set by
mxOption(NULL, "Default optimizer", "CSOLNP")
Hi, all.
I am comparing OpenMx_2.0.0-3719 against the latest beta version OpenMx_2.0.0-3953 in the git repository. I do not know whether or not this bug has already been reported.
OpenMx_2.0.0-3719 gives some sensible CIs with CSOLNP, while OpenMx_2.0.0-3953 gives either an error with NPSOL or segmentation fault with CSOLNP.
I am attaching the input, data, and output for your testing. Thanks.
|784 bytes
|784 bytes
Yeah, I agree that 3953 introduces a bug in CSOLNP. We have reverted that change. We will investigate the regression with NPSOL.
Wait, can you be more specific? Was NPSOL working in OpenMx_2.0.0-3719? Or are you only pointing out the regression in CSOLNP?
The bad change is reverted. Can you retest with SVN trunk?
Thanks. CSOLNP works in OpenMx_2.0.0-3956, while NPSOL still generates an error:
Error in if (ci[1] == ci[3] || ci[1] > ci[2] || ci[2] > ci[3]) { :
missing value where TRUE/FALSE needed
NPSOL produces NA in the CIs in OpenMx_2.0.0-3719, while CSOLNP generates CIs similar (but some are not exactly the same) as those in OpenMx_2.0.0-3956.
That is a relief. As for the "missing value where TRUE/FALSE needed", that looks easy to fix. Can you try the attached patch?
|525 bytes
I've just tried the patch. It now returns NA in the CIs rather than an error. Thanks.


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Author pores over great-grandfather's bootlegging past
Author Jewelli DeLay grew up hearing stories about her great-grandfather, Frank Gatt, a notorious bootlegger in the Puget Sound region during the Prohibition Era.
"I lived at my grandma's (Gatt's daughter, Rosemary's) house as a teenager and heard all of the stories," she said. "When she passed away, I inherited everything she had about him."
While DeLay may have thought she knew most of what there was to know about the great-grandfather she had never met, surprises awaited her when she began poking about in the treasure trove her grandmother had left. And a more complete picture of Gatt's career as a bootlegger, businessman and family man began to emerge.
"It was just neat," DeLay said. "There was so much good stuff."
Included among the treasures was a collection of photos of Gatt and his family, taken by renowned Pacific Northwest photographer Asahel Curtis, one of Gatt's close friends.
Armed with the family heirlooms, DeLay, a first-time author, set out to document her great-grandfather's bootlegging career.
The result is "The Gentleman Bootlegger", published by Inkwater Press and co-written with Auburn native Rob Robinson, a history teacher at Cascade Middle School. The book, which includes several of Curtis' photographs, details Gatt's life from the beginning of Prohibition in 1919 to his 1935 arrest on tax evasion charges.
"I put the book together and (Robinson) helped me finish it up," DeLay said. "It took me about four years to write. I went to the National Archives for all his court records. I have about 10 boxes filled with stuff."
According to the book, Gatt got his start in the liquor business in 1916 after he bought a saloon in Butte, Mont.
In 1919, when the 18th Amendment made the production, sale and transportation of booze illegal, Gatt turned to bootlegging.
"He had a young family to support, and that's all he knew," DeLay said.
The book illustrates Gatt's career, distilling liquor at stills scattered throughout King and Pierce counties, and distributing it through soda shopslike the Monte Carlo on Fifth Avenue in Seattle.
"(The Monte Carlo) had a barbershop right when you went in," DeLay said. "People were doing haircuts when you walked by the window. He (Gatt) was very brilliant — he used rooms in the hotel above the Monte Carlo to store liquor."
DeLay said Gatt managed to stay a step ahead of law enforcement for the first decade of his bootlegging career, helped by several Seattle police officers on his payroll.
"He paid police officers $1,000 a week," she said. "They kept trying so hard to bust him, but they didn't do a very good job. He kept finding ways out."
In 1935, however, Gatt couldn't find his way out of the tax evasion rap. He ended up serving two years at McNeil Island Penitentiary.
After his parole in 1937, Gatt did not return to his criminal past. Instead, he began a new career as a contractor, building houses.
DeLay, already at work on another book, said her great-grandfather's criminal past is not a mark of shame.
"My grandma was very embarrassed by it and shamed. But I think it's partly because he made so much money, and she was raised in boarding school year round. I think she would have rather been poor and at home like other girls," DeLay said.
"I'm very proud of it. I don't think that it was a law that should have gone into effect."
For more information on "Gentleman Bootlegger", visit www.thegentlemanbootlegger.com.
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Tagged: iPad, Computer Hardware, Technology
Source: Fudzilla - Read the full article
Posted: 6 years 27 weeks ago
Stuffs up networks
Apple's glorious iPad which is supposed to be the salvation of eduction is being banned from US campus's because its wireless networking is so grim.
The overpriced netbook without a keypad, is having difficulty being accepted at George Washington University and Princeton University because of network stability issues. Cornell University also says it is seeing connectivity problems with the device and is concerned about bandwidth overload.
Apple has been telling the world+dog that its super cool, brilliant technology will make life easy at school. It seems that the apple geniuses did not really think through the wireless connectivity problem. Already it produces a signal which is so weak you have to be standing over a wi-fi point to get it to work. In Israel it has been banned because it uses a unique wi-fi standard which is not recognised in Europe.
George Washington said Apple gear was unsupported on its networks. Princeton proactively blocked about 20% of the devices from its network after noticing malfunctions that can affect the entire school's computer system. Princeton said it is working with Apple to resolve the issue.
Cornell's information-technology director Steve Schuster said via email last week that the school is seeing networking and connectivity issues and is "working to ensure the iPad does not have devastating consequences to our network." Mr. Schuster added that when the iPhone arrived on campus it overwhelmed the network's bandwidth capabilities.
The colleges all say they are trying to find fixes to the problems but George Washington has said it could take until next spring before the iPad operating system is fully supported on its network.
Apple said it had no idea its technology was causing any problems to anyone. Probably because the things don't work.
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text:
North Europe windsurfing trip, need info.
View Single Post
29th April 2010, 05:08 PM
Posts: n/a
It takes about 5-6 hours to drive the entire south coast of the island, from the ferry witch lands at the most eastern part of the island it´s about 7 hours. You can drive around the island in two days or one very long one.
Road No. one has been opened again after the eruption so that´s no problem and the south coast has better roads then the northern part.
Recently, and last summer the east coast has had the most wind with wind over 30knots quite frequently but that can change, just depends on pressure systems on any given time.
From Eyjafjallajökull to Vatnajökull (south coast) the coastline can have massive shore breaks that can be very tricky. That´s not a problem in general on coastline with fjords.
Reykjanes peninsula (south of Reykjavík) has tons of wavespots and you can find spots in any given wind direction with in a 30min drive.
If you like sailing with 6m or bigger there are spots on the norther part of the island that have very predictible wind coming in and out of certain fjords at certain time of the day.
There are about 6 windsurfers on the island, 5 kiters and 15 surfers, you will not find a crowded beach but then again no lifeguards either.
some surfing on the north coast this winter:
some windsurfing in Reykjavík last spring, 5min drive from the center:
Some windsurfing on a tricky day at a tricky spot on the Reykjanes peninsula (30min from Reykjavík)
If you need any more info just ask again or i can give you my email, if you come to the island don´t hesitate to contact me and i can help you out.
Best regards!


text:
|[TowerTalk] Help with Ham V
|email@example.com (Blake M. Meinecke)
|Sun May 4 08:04:04 2003
http://www.hy-gain.com/man/pdf/HAM-V.pdf Blake N4GI ----- Original Message ----- From: "Michael Hatzakis, Jr" <email@example.com> To: <firstname.lastname@example.com> Sent: Sunday, May 04, 2003 2:38 AM Subject: [TowerTalk] Help with Ham V > > I just bought a used HAM V rotor with the wiring all reversed and upsidedown > and trying to figure out if it is actually working properly or if it is > damaged. Can someone who has the rotor and controller wiring diagrams > perhaps give me a hand? Ie., are the colors form the bottom of the rotor > the same order as the ones on the controller? Ie. screw terminals 1 -4 (row > 1) and 5 - 8 (row 2) the same connections as the controller box? Right now > the indicator dial reads full scale (S), but when I press one of the CW or > CCW it drops to N. The rotor seems to be moving fine, but I think some > wiring is messed up. > > Thanks, Michael > > _______________________________________________ > > See: http://www.mscomputer.com for "Self Supporting Towers", "Wireless Weather Stations", and lot's more. Call Toll Free, 1-800-333-9041 with any questions and ask for Sherman, W2FLA. > > _______________________________________________ > TowerTalk mailing list > firstname.lastname@example.com > http://lists.contesting.com/mailman/listinfo/towertalk
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text:
FREDDY – PAC 12 Pitcher
From my first session with Kelby up until now, I have achieved several baseball-specific goals but none more important than gaining over 10 mph on my fastball. My squat has almost tripled, and my number of pull-ups has gone from two to eleven. Kelby is also helping me chase my dreams of becoming a professional baseball player. More importantly, Kelby has not only increased my numbers, but also helped me become a healthy, flexible, complete athlete.
ROBERT – Ivy League Quarterback
I worked with Kelby for 8 weeks leading to my freshman year of college in preparation for meeting the standards of the next level both physically and athletically. I saw a drastic increase in my on the field performance as well as strength and size across my whole body during this short time. Kelby's training methodology provided a great balance in strength while maintaining a demanding intensity that built up ideal overall fitness and throwing specific performance. My deep ball traveled 4 yards further, my body weight went up 12.5 pounds, my vertical jump went up 2 inches and my total body strength improved dramatically. The end result of working with Kelby far exceeded the goals I had set for myself.


text:
The Big East continues to take a beating in the battle for respect.
In the latest conference power rankings put together by ESPN, the Big East has fallen behind Conference USA and into eighth place. The Mountain West, like Conference USA a league that does not get an automatic bid to a BCS bowl, is also ahead of the Big East in sixth place.
Conference USA also passed the Big East in the rankings this week. Houston and Southern Miss are a combined 17-1 for Conference USA, and for the first time this season the conference has two teams ranked in the AP Top 25. Conversely, Cincinnati is the only ranked team in the Big East after West Virginia lost to Louisville and fell out of the Top 25. West Virginia will travel to Cincinnati next week in a game that may have conference title and conference ranking implications.
Not surprisingly, the SEC tops the rankings.
A little on how the ratings are compiled
More Big East football links:
» BYU, San Diego State remain possibilities for Big East (yes, San Diego State) [CBS Sports]
» Blogger Andrea Adelson talks about USF's four-game slide [ESPN.com]
» Cincinnati coach Butch Jones makes pitch for fans to come out [Cincinnati.com]
» Charlie Strong looking for leadership among Louisville football players [Louisville Courier-Journal]


text:
MADISON, Alabama -- Dublin Park and the Madison Parks and Recreation Department followed City Hall and the Municipal Court by closing for the remainder of Thursday due to deteriorating road and weather conditions.
Madison officials made the decision to close the park and recreation center at 2 p.m., while City Hall closed at 12:30 today as reports of road hazards arrived.
Madison police advise that roadways in Madison are extremely
dangerous and urge residents not to attempt to drive.
Public safety units reported slush is accumulating on Madison roadways, including Interstate 565 and U.S. 72. There was about half an inch of slush on U.S. 72 at lunch time. Eastview Drive is becoming impassable in places, due slush and slick weather conditions, officials said.
Police ask residents to limit traffic on roadways to emergency driving only through the remainder of this weather event.
Besides City Hall, all
activities at Madison Senior Center have closed for the day.
Madison City high and middle schools dismissed classes at 12:15 p.m and elementary schools let children out at 1 p.m.


text:
User talk:GarethPW
From Uncyclopedia, the content-free encyclopedia
edit Welcome!
Hello, GarethPW, and welcome to Uncyclopedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If not, the door's right over there... no, a little more to your left... yeah. Anyway, here are a few good links for people like you:
- Beginner's Guide
- Our Vanity Policies - why we don't care about your friends
- How to be funny and not just stupid
If you read anything at all, make it the above three links. If you want to find out more about Uncyclopedia or need more help with something, try these:
- About Uncyclopedia and The five pliers of Uncyclopedia
- How to get started editing on Uncyclopedia
- Help Pages - if you need help with a specific issue
I hope you enjoy editing here and being an Uncyclopedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~) or use the "sign" button () above the edit box. This will automatically produce your name and the date.
At Uncyclopedia, writing articles is not a requirement, but it certainly is a fun and easy way to express your creativity. To write an article, it's recommended that you start it in your userspace (for example, User:GarethPW/Article about stuff) so you can edit it at your leisure. If you decide to create it in the cold world of mainspace, make sure it is in accordance with the policies laid out above, and if you're not done put the "Work-In-Progress" template - {{construction}} - onto it as well.
If the current colonization doesn't suit your fancy, then browse our rewrite and idea categories. We have lots of articles just sitting around for someone to improve, so don't be afraid - dive right in!
If you need help, ask me on my talk page, ask at the Dump, or ask an administrator on their talk page. Additionally, the Uncyclopedian Adopt-a-Noob program is there to bring experienced editors straight to you. Simply leave a message on an adopter's talkpage to join. Again, welcome! Mattsnow 15:31, February 11, 2012 (UTC)
edit Macintosh
Don't remove {{fix}} or {{ICU}} tags. They are put there to save your article being deleted. I've done a little fixing of your formatting that you had in there to bring it more in line with what a "good looking" page is, but if you continue to remove tags you'll get the article deleted and get yourself banned. Given that I like the article, and think it has some promise, I'd prefer that not to happen. Pup 02:32 12 Feb '12
- Oh - and you're unfortunately too late to enter the Happy Monkey comp, and we don't get the opportunity to choose our own topics in it. Pup 02:39 12 Feb '12
- One more tip - add the article to Pee Review. Best way to get constructive feedback, although it will take ages (unless I'm feeling energetic enough to pick it up sooner). Pup 02:50 12 Feb '12
- Since you've done as he said, I've removed the ICU. Ours is a strange wiki, one that can be... very strange to be a part of. Anyway, hopefully the article will get reviewed soon and you'll stick around to improve it, eh? ~ 20:04, 12 February 2012
- One more tip - add the article to Pee Review. Best way to get constructive feedback, although it will take ages (unless I'm feeling energetic enough to pick it up sooner). Pup 02:50 12 Feb '12
edit Happy Monkey
Hello GarethPW,
I see that you signed up for the happy monkey competition. As Puppy said in the section above, each user is assigned a topic, so unfortunately we won't be able to accept your article. Don't worry, there are plenty of competition on the website.
Your article isn't bad for a first time user, I really encourage you to work on it, put it up for a pee review if you like, read some of the featured content by other users to get an idea of the variety of styles, topics and kinds of humour you can write about and think about participating in voting on things like Vote for Highlight and other stuff like that. The help page also gives you some good resources for writing styles, the how to be funny guide and blah blah blah (you can get there through all of the links on the left)
BTW I just let out a foul egg smelling gust of flatulence. So I'm getting out of here while I can still breathe!! --ShabiDOO 19:38, February 12, 2012 (UTC)
- Apparently they still need a fifth (sixth?) judge... Pup 12:07 13 Feb '12
edit Voting
New votes go at the end of the section, please don't vote on closed votes, and something else I can't remember. Thanks. ~ 21:34, 12 February 2012
- It was probably that you should always vote for me. That would have been it. Pup 10:02 12 Feb '12
- What are you trying to do ... break the entire site down? Didn't you know that there is a rule book with 2,500 rules. Get reading them, and when you are done (around 2050) you'll be ready to edit things!!!
- By the way, I like your minimalistic user page, check out mine here , isn't it just the coolest user page that has ever existed!
- Have fun writing and voting and stuff, and keep in mind that puppy would appreciate it if you always vote for his articles in a positive way and that Lyrithya is very much against users voting on stuff after the voting time has closed and 2,499 other rules! --ShabiDOO 01:04, February 13, 2012 (UTC)
edit Final Warning
I banned you for ten minutes for reverting an administrator edit to the article Macintosh. The revert removed a template you were using to put "Gazapedia" on the Uncyclopedia. Don't do that. Nobody owns articles here, if you don't want it edited mercilessly don't add it. Second and far more important, do not revert administrators or recreate deleted articles without first asking for permission from an administrator; a list of admins can be found here. I have seen several instances of this having just reviewed your contributions. You have chosen not to respond to other users above and there is no need to respond to this, however understand this: if you revert another administrator or recreate a deleted page a longer ban will be imposed.
Administrators rarely act without reason and if you disagree with an administrator you should ask why they have done something on their talk page, you should not undo their edit. I hope that is understood. --Chiefjustice3DS 21:01, February 14, 2012 (UTC)
edit Something that might suit you
Hey. I just read Chief's review on Macintosh. First thing I'd say us ignore the score - a review is where you go to gather advice on how to fix an article, not to improve your ego. Chief has given a good review and suggested a few places to go.
Second thing is in relationship to his advice. The issue with that article, according to the review, is not the humour, but the lack of depth, and potentially concept. Now you can jump straight into it and start changing it from the ground up. Alternatively, let it lie for a bit and cut your comedic teeth in something else. The article The Theory You Know Is Outdated was just brought to my attention as a potential for deletion. I think the concept with this article is good, but the execution is a little piss-poor. I think it'd be a good place to start working on something a little different, and given the skill you showed in Macintosh, I think you'd be the best person to have a shot at building this one up. Again - any questions or any advice you need make sure you talk to someone. That's what a community is for. Pup 11:42 16 Feb '12
edit Multiple Accounts
You are only allowed one user account. I am detecting suspicious activity with two others you have linked to on your user page. --RomArtus*Imperator ® (Orate) 23:12, February 29, 2012 (UTC)
edit Mr. G
It seems you've been busy on the website. It's nice to see your energy and enthusiasm about some of the articles. Ive made a couple edits to the mac page, it has some really great potential. I also see you've been butting heads with some of the admins. While the admins may be mind controling gestapo agents of Bhudist terrorists, they are usually pretty reasonable about adding tags and moving pages that need to be worked on a little. I really encourage you to work on the Iran page, though Romartus is probably right to suggest you start a new page from a different angle, which would give you a chance to conceptualise the entire article yourself and would give you time to make a great page. Of course, you can do whatever you like, though I suggest you listen to the gestapo jehad admins and I suggest you check out the rest of the site, the forums (village dump) and vote on articles to be featured (votes for hilights). By the way, I just left you a big steaming present in your bathtub :) -ShabiDOO 20:52, March 3, 2012 (UTC)
edit Hea dude
I have moved your template to your userspace @ User:GarethPW/GWT as this appears to be your template, so it belongs in your userspace. MrN Fork you! 21:25, Apr 27
edit I would like to bring your attention to this forum
Forum:Vote to De-Op Lyrithya • Puppy's talk page • 03:20 07 May


text:
- Top
- Concept
- Features
- Externals
- Specifications
- Option
- Sample Images
My moment #2 : Moments
High-speed autofocus means that you'll never miss another opportunity
that comes along for a good shot again.
The CX5 comes equipped with Ricoh's unique new hybrid AF system, which combines an AF sensor for continuously measuring the distance between the camera and subject together with Contrast AF. This hybrid AF system allows the camera to set the focus in as little as 0.2 sec., not only for 28-mm wide-angle shooting but also for 300-mm telephoto. Ensures that you capture the image you were waiting for over the entire zoom range so that you never miss another good shot again.
Capture moving subjects clearly
with subject tracking AF.
The camera focusing system automatically tracks moving subjects, ensuring that photographs are in focus and correctly exposed whenever you choose to press the shutter-release button. This feature is ideal for shots of active children and pets, as well as for photographs of flowers and other subjects that demand careful composition.
- *Simulated image.
The camera detects the optimum focus position by shifting the focus to follow subject movement even when the shutter release button is not half-pressed. Since the AF operates to match subject movement, it is possible to shoot quickly when the shutter release button is pressed.
Person? Landscape? Close-up?
The CX5 will decide with the scene auto mode (S-AUTO).
By just pointing the camera, "scene auto mode" will switch to the optimum shooting settings. The camera identifies the type of scene being photographed (portrait, sports, night portrait, landscape, nightscape, macro mode, etc.) and automatically switches to the optimum shooting settings. As a result, you enjoy quick and easy photography fine tuned to the specific scene.
Don't let that scene get away.
High-speed continuous shooting functions
Many discoveries await in a world unseen by the naked eye. With speeds from 5 frames/sec. to ultra-high-speed 120 frames/sec. using the high-speed continuous shooting functions of the CX5, you will catch the moment.
Still images at maximum pixels (10M) can now be shot continuously at high-speed of about 5 frames/sec. So you can capture that decisive moment in a high-definition image.
- *Continuous shooting speed will vary depending on shooting conditions, card type, card condition, etc.
The camera records 15 photos taken in about 3 sec.
before the shutter-button is released or 26 photos taken in about 0.9 sec.
The CX5 has the M-continuous plus shooting function, which saves consecutive images shot before the finger is removed from the shutter release button. To fit the scene being photographed, you can select from two modes: M-Continuous Plus (10M) for 15 images taken in about three seconds and M-Continuous Plus (2M) for 26 images taken in about 0.9 seconds. Shooting continuously, you are ready when the decisive moment finally arrives.
- *M-Continuous Plus (10M) image size is fixed at 4:3N (10M).
- *M-Continuous Plus (2M) image size is fixed at 1728x1296 (2M).
- *The continuously shot still images are recorded together as a single MP file (a file format with multiple still images in a single file). With MP file images recorded by the CX5, a selected frame can be extracted and saved as an individual JPEG image within the camera.
The CX5 shoots 120 images during an interval of about one second
after the shutter release button is pushed,
or 120 images during an interval of about two seconds.
With ultra-high-speed continuous shooting, the CX5 shoots 120 images (120 frames/sec.) during an interval of about one second after the shutter release button is pushed, or 120 images (60 frames/sec.) during an interval of about two seconds.
- *Image size is fixed at 640×480(VGA)
- *The continuously shot still images are recorded together as a single MP file (a file format with multiple still images in a single file). With MP file images recorded by the CX5, a selected frame can be extracted and saved as an individual JPEG image within the camera.
Control photo "feel" with diverse aspect ratios.
Diverse aspect ratios
Choose the best shot after shooting
with four different types of bracketing functions.
Bracketing functions shoot multiple images while changing the shooting settings. Spared from having to make subtle setting adjustments, from multiple images you just select the one best matching your creative intentions.
Auto bracketing
Automatically shoots three consecutive shots at three exposure levels (-0.5EV, ±0, +0.5EV) based on the set exposure level.
Color bracketing
Automatically records three images (color, black and white, and sepia) giving very different impressions. In addition to the regular color image, you can enjoy the play of light and shadow in a black and white image and the nostalgic feel of a sepia tone image.
White balance bracketing
Automatically records three images: a reddish image, a bluish image, and an image at the currently set white balance. This is convenient when it is difficult to judge the proper white balance.
Focus bracketing
The automatic continuous shooting of five images while changing the focus position by specified intervals. The focus position intervals can be specified as (Wide) or (Narrow).
- Top |
- Concept |
- Features |
- Externals |
- Specifications |
- Option |
- Sample Images


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I need to find the features of the given input image and i need to find the matrices present in the image. Then i need to apply neural network to it. How to do it?
Basically, anything you can compute using the information in the image qualifies as a "feature" of the image. Average brightness? It's a feature. Third moment of the Knight's Tour of the image? It's a feature. MD-5 hash of the four corner pixels? It's a feature.
How many features does an image have? Answer: an infinite number.
How many useful features does an image have? No-one knows, and the number is "unknowable" at this time. Quite possibly infinite.
Which features should you use for your purposes? You need to experiment. I would not advise looking for the "best" set of features, by the way: a better feature set is likely to be found within a few hundred years at most.
http://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/44429-knights-tour. I have taken coding from the above link.could you help me to do reverse of knight's tour of the same program?
You'd have to use image processing. So that answers the first question.
For the second question, I don't use neural networks so I can't answer that question with as much authority, but I guess you'd use the Neural Network Toolbox to create a neural network, and send your image into it.
Thanks Image Analyst !!
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Lisa Emery
On Sunday, September 15th the Nova Scotia Federation of Agriculture will be hosting the 12th Open Farm Day. This is a fun filled day when farmers across the province open their farms up for tours and learning activities for people of all ages to enjoy.
These Open Farm Days bring the farmer together with the consumer and allow both to understand food needs and where the food comes from. This also allows any young people that may be interested in farming in the future to get a first-hand look at how a farm is run and all the work involved in bringing food to family tables all across the province.
In our area, one of the participating farms is in the River Hebert area. Broadfork Farm is a small scale sustainable farm located at 3630 Boars Back Road. The owners Shannon and Brian will be your hosts for between 1:00 p.m. and 4:00 p.m. Some of the things to see at this farm are: the gardens with vegetables, flowers, and herbs. They are a certified bee friendly farm ŌĆō so you can see their bee keeping and as well they have heritage-breed laying hens in moveable chicken tractors. If you do not know what a chicken tractor is this is really something to see. You can also go to their website: www.broadforkfarm.com
Another farm in our area is the one operated by Charles Hubbard, whose daughter Fran owns the Art of Eating Deli and uses farm fresh food. This farm is located in Lower Shiminacas. Turn Left off Route 6 and turn right onto Smith Mill Road. Charles will be your host from 1:00 to 5:00. Here you can find out the benefits of rock circles, pyramid structures and dousing.
The third farm in the Linden area is owned by the Angus family and your hosts Wendy and Paul will be available for tours between 11:00 and 6:00. While visiting this farm you can take a guided tour of the facility including seeing cows being milked 24/7 by a robot. They also have pumpkins to pick if ready, a corn maze to explore and offering hay rides at noon, 2:00 and 4:00.
So mark the date on your calendar and go visit a farm near you. There is a website that you can get more information including other participating farms throughout the province. Go to: www.meetyourfarmer.ca
Lisa Emery, B.A., E.C. invites comments to her columns. You can contact her at firstname.lastname@example.com.


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The happy holiday hype -- the perfect family, the perfect meal, the perfect gift -- often doesn't mirror the harsh realities of hunger and homelessness that haunt some residents of Greater Cleveland.
But it's a timely challenge for all to step up and truly embrace the reason for the season with donations that can touch countless deserving lives.
Opportunities abound. The Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority is already onboard: Instead of flashing those pearly whites to gain a seat on the "Smile and Ride" downtown trolleys, RTA General Manager Joe Calabrese asks that riders supplement that grin with some greenbacks. All cash dropped in the trolley farebox from now until the end of the year will be donated to the United Way.
The Cleveland Foodbank is always hungry. Last year it served 33 million meals, says president and CEO Anne Goodman -- but that number is likely going up, especially given that monthly food-assistance allocations, commonly called food stamps, are about to decrease by $50 a household, starting in January.
About our editorials
Plain Dealer editorials express the view of The Plain Dealer's editorial board -- the publisher, editor and editorial-writing staff. As is traditional, editorials are unsigned and intended to be seen as the voice of the newspaper.
• Talk about the topic of this editorial in the comments below.
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• Email general questions or comments about the editorial board to Elizabeth Sullivan, editor of the editorial page.
Currently, the Foodbank supplies enough food to shelters, pantries and hot meal sites in Cuyahoga and five neighboring counties for 330,000 people who are food-insecure.
Want to feel better about that second helping of sweet potato pie?
Call 216-738-2126 or visit the Foodbank's website, and make a donation or volunteer. Every dollar donated provides food for four meals.
Then be prepared to feel joyous. It's called Thanksgiving for a reason.


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Resume Writing, Career Advice and Job Search blog from ResumeWriting.com.
By far, the big tech news yesterday was Facebook's announcement of it's Graph Search product. A lot of the analysis was about how Graph Search would be a competitor to Google in the search engine space. But as John Battelle and others have pointed out, thinking about Graph Search as a traditional search engine gets it quite wrong:
Graph Search subsumes Facebook's previous search offering, which was extremely weak and focused mainly on the use case of navigation (finding people and pages). The new service takes full advantage of the face that Facebook is, at its core, a massive structured database of tagged entities.
To me, the most interesting use case for Graph Search is the example that was used onstage during the announcement, an example that has been brought up by many people since: job search networking. From Mark Zuckerberg himself:
One of my favorite queries is recruiting," Zuckerberg said. "Let's say we're trying to find engineers at Google who are friends of engineers at Facebook." He typed in the query and found, not surprisingly, that there were lots of people who met those criteria. Each one was represented by a little rectangle of information — their profile photo, along with snippets of key information like where they went to school, where they live, and the names of the mutual friends.
So the news here for job seekers is this: Is Graph Search the job networking holy grail? Or at the very least, is this a LinkedIn killer?
The way I see it, is that the holy grail of social networking job search is to find friends of friends that work at a company you want to work for. LinkedIn, obviously, has been trying to build out this functionality for years. But we all assume our Facebook networks are deeper and more meaningful (personal, closer connections as opposed to professional connections).
If you could do a search for "people who work at Etsy" and could find someone's roommates, brother's friend, then you could hopefully ride that connection to a job interview. Conversely, based on what I've read, you could, say, do a search in Graph Search for "architects in New York" and begin networking with new people that way.
Better yet, you could search for "Pages liked by people who work at Goldman Sachs." Then you could go participate and join the discussion on those pages, hoping to be seen by Goldman Sachs folk, and maybe even reach out to people active on those pages.
I haven't been able to use the product yet, so I can't give any real world impressions.
But I see two issues:
Number one, the latest trend in social networking seems to be people organizing their social networks into specific use cases. The people in my Facebook network are not necessarily the people in my Twitter network. I am only followed by (and I only follow) specific people on Instagram. The ven diagrams might not intersect at all. And then in the case of Snap Chat, people seem to be actively looking to segregate their social networking in order to maintain a certain modicum of control and privacy.
All of that is to say, there's already a great social graph for job search networking and LinkedIn owns it.
Just because Facebook builds it, doesn't mean everyone has to come.
I can foresee a lot of resistance to this product from the usual people who complain about ANOTHER Facebook privacy intrusion. A lot of us have grown used to keeping our worlds separate: Facebook is for personal, LinkedIn is for work.
As master recruiter Jim Stroud says:
If you know how to manage Facebook privacy settings, there is nothing to worry about. Be that as it may, there will be a section of users who will balk and complain that Graph Search encroaches on their privacy and double down on their efforts to hide their information.
That sort of a backlash could kill the product before it can gain traction.
The key will be how frictionless the product is. Remember the first time you used Google (I know, this dates me by suggesting there was a time before Google)? Remember how it just worked? You put in a query and 9 times out of 10 you immediately got what you were looking for? Remember how freeing and liberating that was?
If Graph Search works like that, then I can see people beginning to use it regularly.
If the first time I search it, I can find out how many friends of friends work at Google, then we do have a game changer on our hands.
But that will all depend on my second point, which stems from my first point: people are not currently trained to use Facebook in the way that Facebook will need them to in order for this to work.
Let me ask you… how many of you have actually filled out your "About" Facebook page with as much detail as your LinkedIn profile? At best you have your current employer listed, correct? But have you meticulously filled out your previous jobs with starting and ending dates?
In other words, do you have your resume on Facebook?
Also, how many of your co-workers are actually your Facebook friends as well? I'd be willing to bet not many. Again, this is because we don't want to see those people show up in our "personal" newsfeeds or our personal lives. We put up with them at work because we have to, but we've made a conscious decision to filter our personal and professional worlds.
This is the sort of learned behavior that Facebook needs to change if Graph Search is going to really supplant LinkedIn.
Again, Stroud, speaking from the Recruiter's perspective:
All the demos done (that I have seen) have been done by Facebook employees and power users who hang out with other Facebook employees and power users. In other words people who live and breathe social and tech, not the average joe. The average joe does not like and comment on everything as say, I would. The average joe has yet to completely fill out their "About" page, so I cannot find them on a graph search if there is no data to find. Make sense?
And this is NOT to say that there is insufficient data on Facebook About pages to search on with a variety of tools, I'm just saying that there could be a whole lot more data. If Facebook were to gently suggest to its users to fill that page out, I would do cartwheels (or, something similar, as I do terrible cartwheels).
Battelle actually thinks that this sort of change in behavior will be self evident to users:
Recall that when Google burst onto the scene, it prompted a dramatic response from owners of web pages, who immediately began rewiring their sites to be optimized for search. Similarly, Facebook's Graph Search will incent Facebook users to "dress" themselves in better meta-data, so as to be properly represented in all those new structured results. People will start to update their profiles with more dates, photo tags, relationship statuses, and, and, and…you get the picture. No one wants to be left out of a consideration set, after all.
Color me skeptical on that last point.
For Graph Search to be the holy grail of job search networking, Facebook will need to 1) convince people that the use case is better than LinkedIn while simultaneously 2) convincing people to change their Facebook behavior.
That will present a chicken/egg problem than I'm not sure is solvable.
So, to answer the question posed by the title of this post, I would say (frustratingly) WE WILL SEE…


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After releasing Aaron Berry and placing rookie Chris Greenwood on the PUP list, the Detroit Lions were in need of depth at the cornerback position. The team made a move to address that on Wednesday, signing Justin Miller to a one-year deal according to the team's official website.
Miller, a second-round draft choice in 2005, has been out of football for the last two seasons after being cut by the Arizona Cardinals prior to the 2010 season.
In his first two seasons with the New York Jets, Miller appeared in all 32 games, starting 12 contests. He made 92 tackles, defended eight passes and forced a fumble during those seasons.
Miller's biggest impact has come in the return game where he's averaged 26.1 yards on kickoffs, bringing five kicks back for touchdowns. He was selected to the 2006 Pro Bowl as a kick returner.
The Lions released wide receiver Marcus Harris to make room for Miller on the roster. .


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Skykraft: gyroscopic torque unidirectional engine
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MIDLAND, MI — Changes are coming to the Currie Golf Course in Midland after the city announced it has selected Billy Casper Golf to manage the 36-hole course operations, property maintenance, marketing and sales, staffing, training, merchandising, restaurant, special events and financial management.
It becomes the fifth course in the state of Michigan that BCG manages along with Fellows Creek Golf Club in Canton, Hilltop Golf Course in Plymouth, Sanctuary Lake Golf Course and Sylvan Golf Course in Troy.
"Billy Casper Golf is an excellent partner with a vision that aligns with that of the city," Midland City Manage Jon Lynch said in a written statement. "The company's vast resources and proven track record making municipal golf courses shine is unmatched in the golf industry."
The Midland City Council also approved turning the front nine of the East Course at Currie into a driving range and practice area, pending authorization from the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality.
"We are excited to usher in a new era at Currie Golf Course," said BCG Chairman and CEO Peter Hill in a written statement. "With a strong layout and loyal base of golfers, the course is poised to move in an even greater positive direction."
Currie opened in 1954 and sits on the banks of the Tittabawassee River with two 18-hole courses.
Cory Butzin covers sports for MLive/Saginaw News. Email him at firstname.lastname@example.com or follow him on Twitter.


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A stretch of highway in Florida was closed on Wednesday after an unmanned aerial drone operated by the U.S. Air Force crashed while taking off from Tyndall Air Force Base, about 12 miles east of Panama City.
The incident, which shut down U.S. highway 98 through the base, was under investigation, according to the Air Force.
According to a statement released by the Tyndall base Wednesday afternoon, a QF-4 drone crashed around 8:25 a.m. but it was unclear whether the self-destruct charge on board had detonated during the mishap. As a result, officials are keeping the stretch of road closed for the next 24 hours until the drone's battery will be full depleted.
"This closure is being done strictly as a precautionary measure due to fires resulting from the crash and a small self-destruct charge carried on board the drone," the statement said. "The charge is used to destroy the drone if it leaves its pre-approved flight plan."
Air Force officials recommended drivers traveling from Panama City to Mexico Beach, use Highway 22 east to Highway 71 south, and from Mexico Beach to Panama City, vice-versa.
No injuries were reported in the incident, according to the Air Force. According to WJHG-TV, this crash represents the second time in a week such a drone has been destroyed on the base.


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SAGINAW, MI — A Wyoming man accused of sexually assaulting a young girl over a five-year period is headed to prison.
Saginaw County Circuit Judge Janet M. Boes on Jan. 15 sentenced Joseph R. Smith, 35, to 10 to 15 years in prison for three counts of third-degree criminal sexual conduct.
Smith, who last lived in Cheyenne, Wy., pleaded no contest in December to the charges and in exchange, prosecutors dropped six counts of first-degree criminal sexual conduct against someone under the age of 13.
There was no sentencing agreement, but state sentencing guidelines placed Smith's minimum sentenced in a range of four years and three months to seven years and one month. Boes exceeded the guidelines in handing down the sentence.
Smith received credit for 158 days, or just more than five months.
Smith's arrest warrant alleged that he had sex with a girl and forced her to perform other sexual acts between August 2006 and July 2011 in various locations in Saginaw County.
First-degree criminal sexual conduct, the most serious of sexual offenses, involves penetration and carries a maximum penalty of life in prison. When the alleged victim is younger than 13, the charge carries a mandatory minimum sentence of 25 years in prison. Third-degree criminal sexual conduct also involves penetration and carries a 15-year maximum penalty.


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Dave Zirin, The Nation's sports editor, is the author of eight books on the politics of sports, most recently, Brazil's Dance with the Devil: The World Cup, The Olympics, and the Fight for Democracy. Named one of UTNE Reader's "50 Visionaries Who Are Changing Our World," Zirin is a frequent guest on ESPN, MSNBC, and Democracy Now! He also hosts his own weekly Sirius XM show, Edge of Sports Radio, and co-hosts The Collision: Where Sports and Politics Collide with former NBA player Etan Thomas (both available as podcasts). You can find all his work or contact him through his website EdgeofSports.com. Follow him on twitter @EdgeofSports.
As the Warriors play in the NBA finals, could all the sports franchises of Oakland leave town?
Sepp Blatter's reign of error is over. But speculation about his and FIFA's future has just begun.
Sepp Blatter's unreconstructed sexism is a slap in the face to everyone who supports women's soccer.


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R & D Carpet Clean is a small carpet cleaning company located in Houston, TX. Our main focus of areas for our carpet cleaning services are Clear Lake, Webster and most of Southeast Houston, TX.
We are the only green carpet cleaning company in the Webster and Clear Lake area. From our low-emission carpet cleaning vehicle to our organic chemicals, we are doing our part for the environment.
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Industrial strength Scotch guard protector.
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This deal has ended.
Through 6am CST 4/15, the 55" Vizio VF550M LCD HDTV is at Dell for $1199 after a $400 instant discount, marking the lowest we've seen. This features 1080p HD resolution, 120Hz refresh rate, internal tuners, five HDMI inputs, 4ms response time, and more. Shipping is free and sales tax is charged in most states.No longer available


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Date: 07/26/1993, as amended 06/26/2012
Series: Natural and Cultural Resources Management
Part 612: Minerals Management
Originating Office: Division of Realty
2.1 Purpose. This chapter:
A. Provides standard policy guidance and background information on management of oil and gas activities on Service lands, and
B. Establishes the Management of Oil and Gas Activities on National Wildlife Refuge Lands Handbook as the technical reference manual Refuge Managers must use when working on oil and gas projects."
2.2 Scope. This chapter provides the basic information regarding the statutes, regulations, and procedures relating to all oil and gas activities conducted on Service lands.
2.3 Policy. The policy of the Service is governed by authorities for leasing oil and gas on Federal lands as found in the Mineral Leasing Act for Acquired Lands of August 7, 1947, as amended; for public domain lands, the Mineral Leasing Act of February 25, 1920, as amended; and in Alaska, Section 1008 of the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act (16 U.S.C. 3148). Leasing is at the discretion of the Secretary of the Interior who has delegated the Bureau of Land Management authority to administer the laws, but has by regulation restricted oil and gas leasing on lands of the National Wildlife Refuge System to those involving drainage (43 CFR 3101.5-1 and 3100.2).
In conformance with the policy set forth in 50 CFR 27 (National Wildlife Refuge System), 50 CFR 60.3 (Patuxent Wildlife Research Center), and 50 CFR 70.4 (National Fish Hatcheries), the Service usually recommends against leasing when the Bureau of Land Management asks for comments.
In the case of non-federally owned oil and gas rights, it is the policy of the Service to protect project resources to the maximum extent possible without infringing upon the rights of sub-surface owners.
2.4 Objectives. The objectives of oil and gas management on Service lands are to:
A. Protect wildlife populations, habitats, and other resources.
B. Provide for the exercise of non-federal oil and gas rights while protecting Service resources to the maximum extent possible.
2.5 Authorities.
A. National Wildlife Refuge System Administration Act of 1966. This Act established the standard of "compatibility" which requires that uses of National Wildlife Refuge System (NWRS) lands must be determined to be compatible with the purposes for which individual units were established. (See 16 U.S.C. 668dd-668ee, as amended).
B. Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act of 1980 (ANILCA). This act includes provisions for resource assessments and oil and gas leasing on Federal lands in Alaska. (See 16 U.S.C. 3101 et seq.).
(1) Section 304 sets forth the requirement for completion of Comprehensive Conservation Plans (CCP) to determine compatibility for oil and gas activities.
(2) Section 1002 authorizes an inventory and assessment of the fish and wildlife resources of the coastal plain of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. It authorizes an analysis of the impacts of oil and gas exploration, development, and production, and exploratory activity within the coastal plain in a manner that avoids significant adverse impacts on fish and wildlife and other resources. In addition, this section provides that all public lands within the coastal plain are withdrawn from all forms of entry or appropriation under the mining laws, and from operation of the mineral leasing laws, of the United States.
(3) Section 1003 prohibits the leasing of oil and gas within the boundaries of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge until authorized by a further act of Congress.
(4) Section 1008 authorizes oil and gas leasing on Federal lands in Alaska. Oil and gas activities (including leasing) may be prohibited when so designated by the law or by the Secretary of the Interior. The Secretary may, after having considered the national interest, determine that exploration, development, or production of oil and gas would be incompatible with the purpose for which the unit was established.
(5) Section 1310 provides for mission purposes of the Department of Defense and other agencies with prior withdrawals on existing or new refuges in Alaska. Except for the mission of the Department of Defense, ANILCA mandated refuge withdrawals primary for all Alaska refuges. No leasing can be allowed unless the Service determines that such leasing would be compatible with the purposes for which the areas were established (43 CFR 3101.5-1 and .5-3).
C. Mineral Leasing Acts.
(1) The Mineral Leasing Act of 1920 (30 U.S.C. 181 et seq.) authorizes the leasing of oil and gas on Service lands withdrawn from the public domain. This Act provides for the disposition of all money received from leasing activity to be paid into the Treasury. Revenues derived from leases outside of Alaska are distributed as follows: 50 percent, State of origin; 40 percent, Reclamation Fund; and 10 percent deposited in the General Fund.
(2) The Mineral Leasing Act for Acquired Lands of 1947 (30 U.S.C. 351 et seq.) authorizes the leasing of oil and gas on Service lands which were acquired by the United States. All funds derived from a leasing activity on acquired lands are paid into the Treasury to be distributed under the provisions of the Refuge Revenue Sharing Act (16 U.S.C. 715s.)
(3) Almost all Service lands are subject to one or both of these mineral leasing laws.
D. Other Laws Relating to Oil and Gas Activity on NWRS Lands.
(1) National Environmental Policy Act of 1969. (42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.) Refer to 550 FW, National Environmental Policy Act.
(2) Archaeological Resources Protection Act of 1979. (16 U.S.C. 470aa-470ee). Refer to 614 FW, Cultural Resources Management.
(3) Migratory Bird Conservation Act of 1929. (16 U.S.C. 715 et seq). Section 715e provides statutory authority for regulation of reserved mineral rights on refuge lands (it subordinates oil and gas interests to such rules and regulations as may be prescribed by the Secretary from time to time.)
(4) Endangered Species Act of 1973. (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.) as amended.
(5) Wilderness Act of 1964. (16 U.S.C. 1131 et seq.).
E. Regulations.
(1) Oil and Gas Leasing on NWRS Lands (43 CFR 3101.5.) This regulation established guidelines covering oil and gas leasing on NWRS lands.
(2) Mineral Operations on NWRS Lands (50 CFR 29.32.) This regulation sets forth general rules governing the exercise of reserved and excepted mineral rights on NWRS lands.
(3) Geological and Geophysical Exploration of the Coastal Plain of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska (50 CFR Part 37.) This regulation establishes guidelines governing geological and geophysical exploration for oil and gas within the coastal plain of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge.
2.6 Definitions.
A. Abandonment. To cease production of oil and gas from a well when it becomes unprofitable, including but not limited to plugging.
B. Development. The construction of all necessary facilities for collection, treatment, storage, and transportation of oil and gas.
C. Drainage. A process in which petroleum resources in a geologic formation in land controlled by, in this case the Service, are depleted by the extraction of petroleum from the same formation by an operation located on adjacent land of another owner.
D. Excepted Rights. Oil and gas rights outstanding in third parties when the United States (Service) acquires title to the lands.
The owner of excepted (outstanding) oil and gas rights has the right to sell, lease, explore for, and remove those minerals subject to the terms of the instrument by which that interest was acquired or reserved and to the State laws governing protection of the surface and the rights of the surface owner. The project leader is responsible for obtaining proof of legal right to enter for oil and gas operations, (deed, lease agreement, title evidence, etc.). Close cooperation with the operator is necessary to minimize disturbance and damage to the project area. Conditions found during inspections should be documented. (See 612 FW 2.9(B).)
E. Exploration. Geological exploration or geophysical exploration or both, and all related activities and logistics associated with either or both.
F. Production. Operation, maintenance, and termination of yielding oil and gas wells and related support facilities.
G. Reserved Rights. A clause in a conveyance, such as a deed, where the seller or grantor retains oil and gas rights on the property sold to the United States on behalf of the Service.
The owner of oil and gas rights reserved, when selling land to the United States, has the right to sell, lease, explore for, and remove those minerals in accordance with the conditions in the deed to the United States and with pertinent State laws. Close cooperation with the operator is necessary to minimize disturbance and damage to the project area. Conditions found during inspections should be documented. (See 612 FW 2.9(B).)
2.7 Responsibilities.
A. The Director provides national policy guidance on procedures governing all uses of Service lands, including oil and gas activity.
B. Regional Directors.
(1) Review determinations of project leaders in appeals filed in accordance with 50 CFR 25.45 (refuge permits).
(2) Ensure that project leaders adhere to law and policy when making decisions concerning oil and gas activities.
C. Project Leaders.
(1) Administer all oil and gas activities.
(2) Comply with all applicable laws, policies, and guidance when administering oil and gas activities.
(3) Protect Service lands against all unnecessary damage resulting from oil and gas activities.
(4) Where reserved or excepted mineral rights exist, the project leader is responsible for ensuring that his/her actions do not result in an illegal taking of private property.
2.8 Regulations and Policies Relating to Oil and Gas Activities on NWRS Lands.
A. NWRS Lands Outside of Alaska.
(1) Public Domain and Acquired Lands Within a Withdrawal Boundary. Federally-owned oil and gas rights on NWRS lands embraced in the withdrawal of public domain and acquired lands of the United States are not available for leasing (43 CFR 3101.5-1) except where drainage occurs (43 CFR 3100.2). In a decision by the Interior Board of Land Appeals (57 IBLA 319) in 1981, it was determined that the prohibition against oil and gas leasing on "refuge lands" did not include lands acquired from other sources. (On January 31, 1984, Congress was informed that the Department had no plans to pursue leasing of non-Alaska refuge lands.) Some forms of exploration may be permitted on these lands subject to Regional direction. If so permitted, the applicant seeking exploration privileges must justify the need. Reserved or excepted rights may exist within the embrace of this type of withdrawal on acquired sections. When this situation occurs, the persons holding those privileges have the full right to develop their minerals subject to provisions for maximum protection of wildlife and other resources.
(2) Acquired Lands. Acquired lands are open to oil and gas leasing under the Mineral Leasing Act for Acquired Lands of 1947, but units of the National Wildlife Refuge System are closed under Departmental policy. Exploration of federally-owned minerals on these lands is also subject to Regional direction and justification. Reserved and excepted rights on acquired lands are subject to the same provisions as public domain.
(3) Coordination Lands. Coordination lands, which are withdrawn or acquired lands made available to States by cooperative agreement, may be made available for oil and gas leasing under Departmental regulations. Representatives of the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) and the Service, in cooperation with State game commissions, determine by agreement which coordination lands are not closed to oil and gas leasing (43 CFR 3101.5-2). Regardless of whether an agreement is reached on leasing, some forms of exploration may be permitted. Exploration may occur in accordance with Regional mandates, justification of need by the applicant, and consultation with the applicable State game commission. The exercise of reserved or excepted rights on coordination lands is the same as described in public domain and acquired lands.
B. NWRS Lands in Alaska. Refuges in Alaska, other than the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, may be open to oil and gas leasing if such use is found to be compatible with the purpose for which they were established. The determination of compatibility is fulfilled through the development of refuge comprehensive conservation plans. Exploration of NWRS lands in Alaska is also permitted when compatible. Reserved and excepted rights occurring on refuge lands are administered in the same manner as those described in NWRS lands outside of Alaska.
C. Drainage. If drainage of NWRS lands is suspected, the project leader should consult with the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) to determine whether drainage is actually occurring. If drainage from oil and gas wells drilled on adjacent lands is confirmed, those affected NWRS lands may be leased under exceptions for drainage described in Departmental regulations and policies (43 CFR 3001.2). In such situations, leases should stipulate "no surface occupancy" (directional drilling) where possible. Alternatively, an authorized officer and the BLM may execute agreements with the mineral right owners of adjacent lands providing compensation for losses incurred in drainage.
2.9 Procedural Requirements for Permitting Oil and Gas Activities.
A. Plan of Operations. Operational plans detailing oil and gas activities will be required for federally-owned rights and requested on reserved and excepted rights. The proposed plan of operations shall include, as appropriate, the following:
(1) Names, addresses, and phone numbers of owner(s) and operator.
(2) Proof of mineral rights in the form of a copy of the lease, deed, designation of operator, or assignment of rights.
(3) Map(s) showing the location of mineral rights.
(4) Maps showing the location of proposed activity and facilities.
(5) Estimated timetable for completion and periods of activity.
(6) Description of potential hazards to persons and/or environment.
(7) Methods for disposal of all waste including drilling mud.
(8) Provisions for rehabilitation.
(9) Any additional information required by the project leader for evaluation of the operation.
The proposed plan of operations is submitted to the project leader for review. Within 30 days of the receipt of the plan, the project leader will notify the operator of approval or rejection. If rejected, he/she will describe the reason for the rejection and recommend any corrective action if applicable.
B. Managing Private Rights. The mineral holder has a responsibility to show reasonable regard for the surface estate as required by State law. Project leaders should adhere to the following guidelines in managing private mineral activities on Service lands:
(1) On Service lands where mineral activity is occurring or anticipated, the deed should be examined to determine whether the Service's right to require a Special Use Permit was recognized. If recognized, a permit will be required. Such other rules and regulations as may be specifically set out in a given deed will also be strictly enforced. A permit will not be mandatory in other instances. A deed restriction recognized in 16 U.S.C. 715e that subordinates oil and gas interests as may be prescribed by the Secretary from time to time may require a legal interpretation before a permit can be issued. Unusual deed language or other questions should be referred to Regional Realty staff and the Solicitor for review.
(2) Where a deed does not recognize permitting authority, the project leader should seek to clarify the Service's power as a holder of the surface estate under State law. State statutes or case law may give powers beyond the usual common law rights of landowners. Moreover, when an intended use would severely impair or destroy the surface interest, and is a use the Service would not have foreseen at the time of purchase, it may be outside the mineral owner's rights under the deed.
(3) Absent a permitting requirement in the deed, the project leader should pursue voluntary permitting arrangements with the mineral interest owner to specify the reasonable limits of his/her intended operations. The mineral interest owner's inducement for entering into such an agreement is a degree of protection from later being found to have acted unreasonably and to possibly be subjected to civil or criminal liabilities.
(4) If neither mandatory nor voluntary permitting is possible, the mineral owner should be given written notice of all reasonable alternatives which would minimize impacts of the activity. This will enable the project leader to establish, if necessary, that these less-damaging alternatives were disregarded without due consideration of the Service's interests as surface owner should damage occur.
(5) When the owner of the mineral interest exceeds the boundaries of what is reasonably necessary to recover his/her minerals, or fails to take reasonable precautions to minimize the surface damage, the Service may take legal action for damages, secure an injunction, and where appropriate, seek criminal penalties.
(6) The Service's authorities regarding taking of migratory birds or endangered species apply to mineral operators on Service lands. Civil or criminal sanctions should be sought when appropriate.
(7) The key factors in successfully balancing the development of private mineral interests and the protection of wildlife and other resources on Service lands are early and frequent communication and cooperation between the Service and the mineral rights owner, and a commitment to reasonableness on the part of both parties.
(8) Current Service policy does not allow the reservation of minerals other than oil and gas. Great care is to be taken to expressly state in the deed what restrictions will be placed on oil and gas reservations. The provisions should be designed to allow the Service the greatest flexibility possible in dealing with future unforeseen conditions.
C. Performance Bond. A performance bond or certificate of insurance will be required for exploration, development, and production activities. If an operator possesses an existing State or national bond of sufficient coverage, a new bond may not be required. The project leader will determine the potential costs involved should it become necessary for the Service to pay for restoration of damaged areas. These costs will be fully covered by the performance bond or certificate of insurance. Documentation of the existence of the required bond or certificate and its coverage of the Service must be submitted to the project leader prior to issuance of a Special Use Permit.
D. Cost Recovery. The Service has no legal authority to charge an owner for the right to develop outstanding or reserved oil and gas rights. However, charges can be assessed if other than reasonable surface damage occurs. Charges assessed for Special Use Permits should reflect administrative costs incurred in processing where federally owned oil and gas are involved (drainage). Additional charges may be assessed to cover costs incurred in monitoring these activities.
2.10 Designing Permit/Lease Stipulations and Background Information. The diverse nature of Service projects does not allow for the complete standardization of stipulations and conditions to be imposed on oil and gas operations. Consequently, oil and gas activities must be managed on an individual unit basis, with protective stipulations developed in a site-specific manner. Generally, stipulations attached to the lease or Special Use Permit should include protection of air quality, soils, water, wildlife, wildlife habitat, and other Service resources.
A. Leasing. Where leasing is permitted on Service lands, it will be coordinated with the BLM. Coordination with the BLM, which is responsible for issuing leases, allows the Service to provide input on necessary stipulations to be included in the lease agreement.
B. Access. Regulations pertaining to access to Service lands are covered in 50 CFR Part 26. A Special Use Permit may be issued to persons requiring access to their oil and gas rights. Access should be restricted to a specified area in accordance with the provisions of the lease.
C. Exploration.
(1) Geological and Geophysical Surveys.
(a) Geological exploration is often utilized where the bedrock geology of an area is well exposed. When this condition occurs, it is often possible to predict oil and gas potential. This type of exploration is usually performed with little surface damage since heavy equipment is not required. Geophysical exploration may be used in conjunction with geological exploration. Three subsurface characteristics are usually measured by geophysical methods: gravitational field, magnetic field, and seismic characteristics.
(b) Gravitational surveys detect variations in gravity caused by differences in the densities of various types of subsurface rock. This is usually done with small, portable instruments called gravimeters. This type of activity normally causes very little surface disturbance.
(c) Magnetic surveys may be used alone or as a supplement to gravitational surveys. Magnetic surveys reveal upwarped geological structures (likely to yield oil and gas) because such structures show strong magnetic responses. This type of activity normally causes little surface disturbance.
(d) Seismic surveys are the most commonly used geophysical methods and are reported to give the most reliable results. Seismic surveys gather subsurface geological information through the generation and receipt of impulses from an artificially generated shock wave.
(e) Seismic methods are usually referred to by the method which is utilized to generate the shock wave. The thumper method involves dropping a steel slab weighing about 2.73 metric tons (three tons) to the ground several times along a predetermined line. The vibroseis method involves vehicles equipped with vibrator pads and recording devices. The pads are lowered to the ground and the vibrators triggered electronically from the recorder truck. The dinoseis method can be used with a variety of vehicles, however. Its shock wave producing device consists of a bell shaped chamber mounted underneath a vehicle. The seismic energy is imparted into the ground through the spark ignition of a propane and oxygen mixture confined in the chamber.
(f) Explosives have been the most widely used way to generate seismic shock waves. Explosives are used in two different methods: subsurface and surface. In the subsurface method, 2.27 - 22.68 kilograms (5-50 pounds) of explosive charge are detonated at the bottom of a 7.62 - 60.96 meters (25-200 foot) drill hole. Drilling of holes may be accomplished by drill rigs mounted on trucks or portable drills depending on access and topography. Up to 1.82 meter (6 foot) craters may result from this method. The surface explosive method involves the placing of explosives directly on the ground.
(g) Vehicular traffic associated with seismic surveys is potentially the most environmentally damaging aspect of seismic activities. Temporary disturbance to wildlife may be accompanied by habitat loss through changes in water, soil, and vegetative characteristics from heavy equipment damage. Use of ground vehicles may result in long term vegetation change and scenic impacts, where trees are clear cut along a straight compass line. This may be mitigated by requiring helicopter transport of the device producing the seismic wave or drilling equipment (when subsurface explosives are used).
(2) Exploratory Drilling.
(a) When geological and geophysical surveys are favorable for oil and gas, exploratory drilling may be justified. There are basically two types of exploratory drilling: core drilling and wildcat tests. Core drilling involves drilling relatively shallow holes to supplement seismic data. The holes are usually 34.48 to several hundred meters (100 to several thousand feet) deep. Wildcat tests involve drilling in unproven territory to provide information about whether the area actually contains oil and gas. Core drilling apparatus is readily helicopter transportable.
(b) Typical drilling facilities consist of access road(s), drill pad, drill rig, mud pumps, mud pit, generators, pipe rack, and tool house. Other requirements include 4,730 to 14,191 liters (5,000 to 15,000 gallons) of water a day for mixing drilling mud, cleaning equipment, cooling engines, et cetera. Mud pits should always be lined to prevent fluid loss, or portable containers should be utilized instead. Drill muds are used to lubricate the drill bit and remove cuttings. Muds are mixed on-site to match downhole physical properties. They may contain heavy metals and other hazardous materials. Cuttings may contain minerals which become contaminants when oxidized on the surface.
(c) Most exploratory wells are drilled relatively straight and vertical. However, in a situation where the drill site cannot be situated directly over the subsurface drill target, directional drilling may be employed. There may be serious physical, economic, and technical constraints on the use of directional drilling. Directional drilling may, in certain instances, present the project leader with a viable alternative method for reconciling oil and gas activities with resource values. When federally owned oil and gas rights are the issue, the project leader may determine that directional drilling is the only method which protects Service resources adequately. In the case of reserved or excepted rights, it may be more difficult to stipulate that directional drilling would be required. In this case, the project leader may have to demonstrate that there is no alternative if Service resources are to be adequately protected. Where surface values would be destroyed by construction of access roads to exploratory sites, exploratory wells can be drilled by helicopter transportable rigs. In Alaska, temporary winter ice roads can provide access for the drill rig.
D. Development.
(1) If an exploratory well becomes a discovery well; i.e., a well that yields commercial quantities of oil and gas, additional wells may be drilled to confirm the discovery, to establish the extent of the field, and to efficiently chart the reservoir. Spacing of wells drilled under Federal lease is usually a minimum of 16.19 hectares (40 acres) for oil and between 64.78 and 259.11 hectares (160 and 640 acres) for natural gas. Spacing of wells drilled in accordance with reserved or excepted rights would vary by State.
(2) The project leader may decide to designate a temporary road system before a permanent system is decided upon. Permanent road systems may be determined after productive wells are identified and potential production ascertained. In addition to roads, other facilities required in development may include flowlines, storage tanks, separators, treaters, and injection wells.
(3) Occasionally, developers of adjacent mineral rights may enter into agreement to "unitize" the field, which may involve private as well as Service lands. "Unitizing" involves the development and operation of a field as a unit, disregarding separate ownerships. Costs and benefits would be allocated according to agreed terms.
(4) Usually, 10.26 to 15.38 centimeters (4-to-6-inch) diameter pipelines are used to transport the petroleum between the well, treating and separating facilities, and central collection points. These lines may be on the surface, buried, or elevated. Pipelines are usually buried because of flow problems in winter and mechanical damage that may occur on the surface. Two methods are used separately or in conjunction to transport oil out of a lease or unitized area: tanker trucks and pipelines. Oil may be transported by truck from small fields but pipelines are the most common method of transporting oil and gas. Oil and gas must be transported separately because of their different physical characteristics.
E. Production.
(1) Production begins just after the discovery well is completed and is usually concurrent with development operations. Temporary facilities may be used at first, but as development proceeds and reservoir limits are determined, permanent facilities are installed.
(2) Many wells require artificial lift to bring oil to the surface. Two methods of artificial lift are generally used: gas lift and pumping. Gas lift involves forcing high pressure gas down the drill hole. Fluid that is standing in the hole is displaced by mixing with gas and rises to the surface. Pumping is the main method of artificial lift with various types of pumps utilized. Pumps are usually powered by electric motors or internal combustion engines on the surface. Electric motors make less noise and require less maintenance but electric power is often not available. One commonly used type of artificial lift device is a rod pump which uses an electric motor (or internal combustion engine) to run a surface device ("pumping jack") that imparts an up-and-down motion to a string of steel rods (sucker rods) which in turn is connected to and operates the bottomhole pump.
(3) Most gas wells produce by normal flow and do not require pumping. Surface use at a flowing gas well is usually limited to a fenced area 6.1 meters (20 feet) square containing a gas well "Christmas tree". On site facilities include those described under development.
F. Abandonment and Rehabilitation.
(1) The life spans of oil and gas fields vary with such factors as reserves; reservoir characteristics; nature of petroleum; subsurface geology; and political, economic, and environmental constraints. Dry wells and those that formerly produced are often plugged with cement, with the casing sometimes filled with heavy mud. After plugging, all related above-ground support facilities must be removed from the site. Removal of subsurface facilities, such as pipelines, is subject to State laws and project leader discretion.
(2) Restoration stipulations will be incorporated into any permits issued, supplemented by detailed information on rehabilitation procedures in the operational plan. Depending on the site, drilling mud may be injected into the well and buried or hauled away in accordance with State law. All hazardous substances will be removed from the site and disposed of in an approved hazardous material dumping site. The permittee shall, unless otherwise directed by the project leader, restore access roads and sites to original surface contours and revegetate with appropriate native flora.
2.11 Ensuring Compliance with Permit Conditions. To ensure that operations are carried out in a reasonable manner, resulting in no unnecessary adverse effects, the project leader shall initiate a written record of activities from initial contact through completion of the oil and gas activity. This file will generally contain records of conversations, correspondence, photos, evaluations, and test results (if required). This record serves an integral function in documenting violations should they occur.
2.12 Coordination and Review. Oil and gas activities may require consultation with other agencies or offices by regulation or as a source of information.
A. Service Offices (Regional Director, Realty, Ecological Services, Law Enforcement). The Regional Director is usually consulted on controversial issues or appeals. Realty is a source of information when the location or ownership of mineral rights is in question. Ecological Services must be consulted when section 404 permits, for dredged or fill material (33 U.S.C. 1344), are required due to wetland alterations. Ecological Services field offices may provide expert advice on oil and gas management plans, project design, and special use permit stipulations. Law Enforcement may be needed when there is a violation of a permit.
B. Other Department Offices (Bureau of Land Management (BLM), U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Solicitor). Legal questions may be answered or clarified by the Solicitor's office. The BLM is responsible for the issuance of leases on federally owned oil and gas rights. The BLM and USGS may be helpful in designing stipulations or determining drainage.
C. Other Agencies (Corps of Engineers, State agencies). The Corps of Engineers issues 404 permits protecting wetlands. A variety of State agencies may be helpful in the management of oil and gas activities on Service lands, particularly conservation and minerals management sections.
2.13 Preparation of an Oil and Gas Management Plan. An oil and gas management plan is recommended on Service lands where oil and gas activity is projected or active. The format of such a plan should be in accordance with Regional guidelines. At a minimum, the plan should include the following:
A. Current project maps (operational and topographic) and aerial photos.
B. Mineral ownership information by tract.
C. Names and telephone numbers of Federal, State, and local agencies or personnel overseeing oil and gas activities.
D. Descriptions of project purposes and objectives.
E. Descriptions of project populations, habitat and programs including identification of sensitive species and areas.
F. A list of applicable regulations and policies (Federal,
State, and project).
G. Excerpts from deeds regarding mineral rights status.
H. Descriptions of past, present, and proposed oil and gas activities on the unit.
I. A list of suggested standard permit stipulations.
J. Potential impacts and protective and corrective measures.
2.14 Selected References and Sources of Information. The following list of references represents a small selection of source data which may be helpful in managing oil and gas activities on Service lands. The references may be especially useful in designing stipulations to protect resources.
(A) A Primer of Oil Well Service and Workbook, p.106; Petroleum Extension Service, University of Texas, Austin, TX; 1979.
(B) Controlled Directional Drilling, p.49; Petroleum Extension Service, University of Texas; Austin, TX; 1984.
(C) Drilling, a Source Book on Oil and Gas Well Drilling from Exploration to Completion; J. A. Short/Pennwell Publishing Company; Tulsa, OK; 1983.
(D) Drilling Mud, p.71; Petroleum Extension Service, University of Texas; Austin, TX; 1984.
(E) Facts About Oil, p.44; American Petroleum Institute; Washington, DC; 1984.
(F) Geophysics in Petroleum Exploration, p.24; American Petroleum Institute; Washington, DC.
(G) Introduction to Oil and Gas Production, p.81; American Petroleum Institute; Washington, DC; 1983.
(H) Managing Oil and Gas Activities in Coastal Environments, p.541; W.F. Longley, R. Jackson and B. Snyder/U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Office of Biological Services, Washington, DC; 1981. Also see FWS/OBS - 78/54 Managing Oil and Gas Activities in Coastal Environments, p.66.
(I) Natural Resources Protection and Petroleum Development in Alaska, p.305; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Biological Services Program, Washington, DC; FWS/OBS - 80/22; 1984. Also see FWS/OBS - 80/23 Handbook for Management of Oil and Gas Activities on lands in Alaska, p.64.
(J) Oil and Gas Guide, Northern Region, Training Guide; US Department of Agriculture; US Forest Service, R-l; 1979.
(K) Oil and Gas Use Characterization, Impacts, Guidelines, p.148; US Department of Commerce; Louisiana State University; Baton Rouge, LA; See Grant Publication No. LSU-J-76-006; 1976.
(L) Pipeline Construction, p.123; M. Hosmanck/Petroleum Extension Service, University of Texas; Austin, TX; 1984.
(M) Seismic Exploration Fundamentals, p.85; J.A. Coffeen/PennWell Publishing Company; Tulsa, OK; 1978.
For additional information regarding this Web page, contact Krista Bibb, in the Division of Policy and Directives Management, at email@example.com
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A local horticulturist, Chris Evans, has created a tribute to Tolkien's Farmer Maggot near his home in Bamfurlong, Gloucestershire.
Tolkien's drawing of the Doors of Durin in The Fellowship of the Ring, recreated in the films, is a well-known scene in The Lord of the Rings – now imagine building it in your own home.
Tolkien fan and news website TheOneRing.net wants to celebrate the final Hobbit film in style by holding The One Last Party in Los Angeles on Saturday 21st February, the day before the 7th Academy Awards. But, they need your help.
Every year a group of Czech larping enthusiasts re-enact The Battle of Five Armies, the concluding set piece of J.R.R. Tolkien's The Hobbit.


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