text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Oct 31, 1995
|Filing date
|Oct 14, 1994
|Priority date
|Feb 25, 1993
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Jing-Jong Pan
|Original Assignee
|The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Air Force
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (9), Referenced by (34), Classifications (9), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The invention described herein may be manufactured and used by or for the Government for governmental purposes without the payment of any royalty thereon.
This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/029,315, filed 25 Feb. 1993, abandoned.
The present invention relates to the field of coherent light sources.
Coherent fiber optic communication systems, high data rate fiber optic systems, and high frequency systems, sensors and signal processing systems demand highly stable, single-mode, narrow linewidth, and broadband tunable semiconductor laser sources. Conventional tunable laser sources using optical gratings, optical tunable filters, or adjustable external cavities have slow tuning speeds in the milli-second or micro-second range. Also, they have difficulty in attaining single-mode, narrow linewidth and broadband tuning simultaneously. Cleaved coupling cavity semiconductor lasers and multi-electrode laser diodes have undesirable narrow tuning ranges and very poor fabrication reproducibility and manufacturing yields.
In accordance with the present invention, a broadband, narrow linewidth, tunable laser source is provided which substantially eliminates the aforesaid shortcomings of other tunable laser sources. The laser source can comprise a laser diode and an electro-optic phase modulator optically coupled thereto. At least one facet of the laser diode is anti-reflection coated, and an electrical control signal changes the refractive index of the electro-optic phase modulator to in turn tune the laser source.
Various features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent upon study of the following description, taken in conjunction with the drawings in which:
FIG. 1 illustrates a preferred embodiment of the invention; and
FIGS. 2(a), 2(b) and 2(c) schematically illustrate certain relationships between the modulator and lasing sections of the laser source of the invention.
Referring now to FIG. 1, a semiconductor laser diode 1, and an integrated electro-optic phase modulator or phase shifter 3 is shown. Laser diode 1 could be of the Fabry-Perot type or the multi-quantum-well type. At least one facet of the laser diode 1 has an anti-reflection coating 5 thereon to minimize interface loss between the laser diode cavity 2 and the electro-optic phase modulator 3, optically coupled thereto. The reflectivity of anti-reflection coating 5 shall be as small as possible to avoid parasitic Fabry-Perot resonances. Either a LiNbO or a semiconductor integrated optical waveguide phase shifter may be employed as the electronically (or optically) adjustable external cavity. The operational principle of the electro-optical phase modulator is well known to skilled workers in the art and thus need not be described herein. For one type of such a modulator, see U.S. Pat. No. 4,787,691 issued to Joseph Lorenzo and Richard Sorer. The output of the tunable source can feed into single-mode fiber 7 of FIG. 1, or a single-mode optical waveguide, or free space. The anti-reflection (AR) coated laser diode can be directly butted with the phase modulator, or interfaced therewith by using a short section of single-mode fiber 4 which is preferably micro-lensed in order to minimize coupling losses. An AR coating 12 on phase modulator 3 can be butted against AR coating 5 in the absence of single-mode fiber 4, while coating 14 can be metallic coated for high reflection.
Electrical signal source 11 is coupled to electrodes 13 and 15 and changes the real refractive index of the phase modulator to in turn shift its resonant wavelengths or the optical phase at the given wavelength. The diode laser experiences these variations through the effective field reflectivity at its facet.
A tunable laser diode source consisting of a laser diode (LD), an air gap, and an electro-optic modulator is shown in FIG. 2(a). The modulator can be a semiconductor, or LINbO3 electro-optic modulator (EOM). The lasing section designates a subscript of `a`, and the modulator section, a subscript of `b`. The power reflection coefficient, R1a, is determined by laser diode material and facet coating, if present. For the tunable laser diode source, the second reflectivity, RT, incorporates the effect of external reflection. Both R1a and RT are equal to the squared magnitudes of modal field reflection coefficients, i.e., R1a =|ρ1a |2 and RT =|ρT |2. Both ρ1a and ρT are complex, and can be expressed as:
ρ1a =|ρ1a |e1φ.sbsp.1a (1)
ρT =|ρT |e1φ.sbsp.T (2)
The effective reflectivity, ρT, of a tunable source is dependent upon the characteristics of air gap and modulator, and can be expressed as: ##EQU1## δg =2π Lg /λ k0 =2π/λ
αg is the spatial coupling factor between the lasing mode in the two sections
ko is the propagation constant in the air gap
Lg is the length of the air gap
ρ2t is the equivalent reflector for the modulator ##EQU2## 2φb =θb +i2ko nb Lb θb is the modal gain per pass in the modulator
nb is the refractive index of the modulator (or the equivalent modal index near lasing wavelength for the laser diode or superluminescent diode (SLD)
The equivalent modal index near the lasing wavelength for the laser diode will be obtained from:
n1 =n01 -0.02 Γx e12.4 (λ-1 -0.84-1)�[I1 /(weff t L1 J0)]1/2, i=a,b (6)
Γx is the confinement factor
Γx =(6.61t)2 /[(6.61t)2 +2] (7)
Weff is the effective width, including the overlap between the spontaneous emission distribution and the lateral modal intensity distribution
I1, i=a, b is the current of laser and modulator, respectively
t is the laser diode active region thickness
For passive EOM (Ib /weff t Lb J0)1/2 can be replaced by (J/J0)2, where J is the volume current density.
The modal gain factors θ1, i=a, b is expressed as,
θ1 =[α1 e.sup.(σ-k)ξ -α.sub.γ -Γx Bs e.sup.σξ ]L1, i=a,b (8)
α1 =Γx As r1 /weff t L1 (9)
r1 is the total rate of injected carrier spontaneous recombination
r1 =η1 I1 /e, i=a, b (10)
η1 is a constant efficiency factor
As is determined for a given laser by the slope of its gain-current relationship:
As =[Bs ek(E-hν.sbsp.s.sup.) ]/rsp (11)
rsp is the spontaneous emission rate per unit volume and is proportional to the pumping current below threshold.
k=1/kT (12)
ξ=hν-hνs (13)
σ is a constant which describes the measured exponential fall-off of the band-to-band absorption as the photon energy decreases from the reference value
Bs is the coefficient of band-to-band absorption at ν=νs
α.sub.γ is the intrinsic optical losses per unit length
The change of modulation current (for semiconductor EOM) or modulation voltage (for LiNbO3 EOM) modifies the optical gain (or loss) and the real refractive index of the modulator segment. In turn, changes in the real refractive index will alter the optical length of modulator segment and shift its resonant wavelengths. The lasing segment `a` experiences those variations, through the effective field reflectivity at its facet.
Both threshold current and lasing wavelength of lasing segment `a` change with the variations of the equivalent effective reflectivity (phase and magnitude).
The optical oscillation must satisfy the following gain and phase conditions simultaneously
|ρT ||ρ1a |e.sup.θ.sbsp.a 32 1 (14)
φT +2βa La =2nπ, n=0, 1, 2, 3 . . . . (15)
where βa is the modal propagation constant of segment `a`.
LiNbO3 EOM's phase variation is depending on the refractive index change, induced by the applied voltage. The effective electro-optically induced index change within a cross section of the optical mode (at DC bias) can be written as: ##EQU3## where Γ is the overlap integral between the applied electric field and optic mode. When the phase modulator is operating at a given frequency (f), a given characteristic impedance of transmission line (Z0), and a load (RL), the induced index change can be expressed as:1 ##EQU4## where
γm =αm +jβm (18)
M=(RL +Zm)(Z0 +Zin) (19)
N=(RL -Zm)(Z0 +Zin) (20)
Zin =Zm [RL +Zm tanh(γm L)]/[Zm +RL tanh(γm L)] (21) ##EQU5## αm is the attenuation constant βm is the phase constant
RL is the load resistance
Zm is the characteristic impedance of traveling-wave electrodes
Z0 is the internal impedance of the driver
Zin is the input impedance
n is the refractive index of waveguide
εeff is the effective dielectric constant of substrate
Vg is the driving voltage with the open circuit
L is the electrode length
ε11 and ε33 are specific dielectric constants
The phase shift over the interaction length is:
Δβ≃kn(f) where k=2π/λ (24)
For the LD-EOM tunable optical source, the EOM can be dc and RF voltage tuned.
Referring to FIG. 2(b), the equivalent reflector for the EOM, ρ2t, can be expressed as: ##EQU6## where
ψb =θb /2+iβb Lb (26)
θb =-α.sub.γ Lb (27)
α65 is the intrinsic optical losses of EOM
βb =k0 n(f, V) (28)
k0 =2π/λ (29)
Then, the equivalent reflector at left hand side of air gap [referring to FIG. 2(c), ρT, is given as: ##EQU7## where 2ψg =2αg +i2k0 Lg
The wavelength tuning characteristics of laser diode and LiNbO3 EOM tunable optical source can be computed using Equations (17) through (30).
The experimental tunable laser configuration consists of a laser and a LiNbO3 EOM. One facet of the laser is AR coated. One facet of EOM is AR coated and the other facet is metallic coated for high reflection. The AR coated facets of laser and EOM are butted to each other. The laser's active channel must be perfectly aligned to the EOM optical waveguide in order to minimize coupling loss. The alignment accuracy was better than 0.3 μm. To avoid accidentally damaging a laser facet, the laser-to-EOM interface can be achieved by using a short piece of lensed fiber.
The output of this tunable device can be derived from either the laser end or at the EOM end, if the OEM output facet is not metallic coated. Output fiber interfaced with uncoated laser facet is preferred in order to obtain a relatively high output power.
The tuning range of the OKI lasers with a LiNbO3 (#CS024) are in the range of 110 Å to 140 Å, which are very close to the theoretical computation (120 A-140 A).
The spectral linewidth of the laser-EOM tunable sources are in the range of 100 kHz to 1 MHz, without thermal isolation.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Aug 27, 1982
|Dec 10, 1985
|U.S. Philips Corporation
|Semiconductor laser with end zones for reducing non-radiating recombination
|Jul 8, 1983
|Dec 10, 1985
|At&T Bell Laboratories
|Semiconductor laser with coupled loss modulator for optical telecommunications
|Feb 25, 1983
|Jan 14, 1986
|At&T Bell Laboratories
|Optical communications system using frequency shift keying
|Mar 15, 1984
|Apr 14, 1987
|Northrop Corporation
|Thin film passive ring resonator laser gyro
|Jan 20, 1984
|May 19, 1987
|At&T Company And At&T Bell Laboratories
|Composite cavity laser utilizing an intra-cavity electrooptic waveguide device
|May 19, 1988
|Jul 11, 1989
|University Of South Florida
|Butt-coupled single transverse mode diode pumped laser
|Apr 3, 1989
|Feb 12, 1991
|Boris Laikhtman
|High power semiconductor laser using optical integrated circuit
|Nov 20, 1989
|Nov 26, 1991
|Hughes Aircraft Company
|Coupled quantum well strained superlattice structure and optically bistable semiconductor laser incorporating the same
|Oct 31, 1988
|Jan 21, 1992
|The Secretary Of State For Defence In Her Britannic Majesty's Government Of The United Kingdom Of Great Britain And Northern Ireland
|Electro-optic waveguide device
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Oct 17, 1995
|Apr 15, 1997
|Sony Corporation
|Continuous-wave ultraviolet laser light generating apparatus
|Jun 23, 1998
|Mar 20, 2001
|Newport Corporation
|Discrete wavelength liquid crystal tuned external cavity diode laser
|Jul 27, 1999
|Aug 20, 2002
|Newport Corporation
|Method and device for displacing a moving body on a base mounted elastically with respect to the ground
|Jul 28, 2000
|Jan 28, 2003
|Newport Corporation
|Active vibration isolation systems with nonlinear compensation to account for actuator saturation
|Dec 30, 1998
|Feb 4, 2003
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|Clip that aligns a fiber optic cable with a laser diode within a fiber optic module
|Jun 13, 2001
|May 27, 2003
|Newport Corporation
|Method for providing high vertical damping to pneumatic isolators during large amplitude disturbances of isolated payload
|Mar 28, 2001
|Aug 5, 2003
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|Translation table with a spring biased dovetail bearing
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|Aug 19, 2003
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|Apparatus and process for welding a fiber optic cable
|Mar 2, 2001
|Sep 2, 2003
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|Gimballed optical mount
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|Sep 16, 2003
|Newport Corporation
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|Dec 2, 2003
|Newport Corporation
|Stiff cross roller bearing configuration
|Jun 15, 2002
|Jul 13, 2004
|Intel Corporation
|External cavity laser apparatus and methods
|Apr 25, 2001
|Sep 14, 2004
|Newport Corporation
|Automatic laser weld machine for assembling photonic components
|Jul 1, 2002
|Jun 20, 2006
|Avanex Corporation
|Integrated laser with Perot-Fabry cavity
|Jun 27, 2003
|Sep 26, 2006
|Imra America, Inc.
|High power fiber chirped pulse amplification system utilizing telecom-type components
|May 24, 2004
|Nov 13, 2007
|Shipley Company, L.L.C.
|External cavity semi-conductor laser and method for fabrication thereof
|Jun 18, 2002
|Jan 1, 2008
|Celight, Inc.
|Light source for generating an output signal having spaced apart frequencies
|Dec 2, 2005
|Jul 31, 2012
|Newport Corporation
|Methods and devices for active vibration damping of an optical structure
|Jan 28, 2011
|Jan 29, 2013
|Electronics And Telecommunications Research Institute
|Wavelength tunable external cavity laser beam generating device
|Nov 30, 2005
|Jan 29, 2013
|At&T Intellectual Property Ii, L.P.
|Method and apparatus for providing converged services
|Jun 28, 2012
|Feb 18, 2014
|Newport Corporation
|Methods and devices for active vibration damping of an optical structure
|Nov 27, 2012
|Jun 3, 2014
|At&T Intellectual Property Ii, L.P.
|Method and apparatus for providing converged services
|Jun 18, 2002
|Dec 26, 2002
|Israel Smilanski
|Light source for generating an output signal having spaced apart frequencies
|Jul 1, 2002
|Sep 25, 2003
|Francois Brillouet
|Integrated laser with perot-fabry cavity
|Jun 15, 2002
|Dec 18, 2003
|Andy Daiber
|External cavity laser apparatus and methods
|May 24, 2004
|Dec 23, 2004
|Sherrer David W.
|External cavity semi-conductor laser and method for fabrication thereof
|Jun 27, 2003
|Dec 30, 2004
|Imra America, Inc.
|High power fiber chirped pulse amplification system utilizing telecom-type components
|Aug 27, 2004
|Feb 3, 2005
|Avrio Technologies, Inc.
|Wavelength tunable laser
|Jul 12, 2006
|Jan 18, 2007
|Zetetic Institute
|Continuously Tunable External Cavity Diode Laser Sources With High Tuning And Switching Rates And Extended Tuning Ranges
|Sep 25, 2007
|Jul 17, 2008
|Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
|Speckle reduction laser
|Apr 19, 2012
|Electronics And Telecommunications Research Institute
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|Apr 20, 2000
|Acreo Ab
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|May 18, 2007
|Xinhua Gu
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|U.S. Classification
|372/12, 372/92, 372/26, 372/50.1, 372/20, 372/6
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|May 25, 1999
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Jul 1, 1999
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jul 1, 1999
|Surcharge for late payment
|Oct 31, 2003
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Dec 30, 2003
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20031031


text:
Ms Westwood, Staffordshire
A hard-working and professional team, with an extremely, non-taxing and positive result for everyone! A pleasure to do business with them.
Ideally located just a short stroll from Basildon town centre is this stunning apartment in the sought after Acacia Park development. Built to a high specification the apartment is being offered unfurnished, with a luxury high gloss kitchen, with integral appliances including washer/dryer, fridge/freezer, dishwasher and oven, hob and extractor. Contemporary fitted bathroom with white sanitary ware with complementary chrome fittings, ensuite shower room to master bedroom, gas central heating, allocated parking for one vehicle and being located in this prominent town centre position a property of this standard will not be on the market for very long. Call Bairstow Eves Lettings Basildon to view.
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text:
Walt Bettinger
President and Chief Executive Officer
Walter W. Bettinger II, 55, has been President and Chief Executive Officer of The Charles Schwab Corporation since October 2008. Concurrent with his appointment, he was named to the Board of Directors of The Charles Schwab Corporation.
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HP 6700 Officejet - installer can't find HPOJ6700_f
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03-21-2014 03:45 AM - edited 03-21-2014 03:47 AM
I have dowloaded the full software package for the HP 6700 office jet. When I try running the instllation package it stops and display the error "Can't find HPOJ6700_fax.inf
Please help
Re: HP 6700 Officejet - installer can't find HPOJ6700_f
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Hi EJ4708,
I understand you hace an Officejet 6700 that is having issues installing on your computer. I'm sorry to hear this, but I will certainly do my best to assist you!
Where does the error come up in the install?
Does it give you an option to search for said file?
Which version of Windows or Mac are you working with?
Are you going to connect the printer via USB or wireless?
What happens if you click OK (or whatever option it has) on the error?
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Fall Economic Outlook
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As the UK exits the European Union, read what our Chief Economist, Dr. Anthony Chan believes the impact may be to markets around the world.
Max Out. Don't Miss Out.
Contributing to IRA accounts can help you save more than you think, even if your contributions aren't tax-deductible. Max Out. Don't Miss Out. outlines five savvy strategies that can help you boost retirement savings at any income level.
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The Caring Center Inc
Rating: 4.97 stars 70 70 reviews
PO Box 2346 1746 S. Poplar St Casper WY 82602 USA
To erase the perceived need for abortion in our community by effectively serving pregnant, at-risk women, transforming their fears into confidence in the future.
In 2014 we saw 357 patients for pregnancy testing and 87% of them had a positive pregnancy test. 98% of these women were assessed as either vulnerable for choosing abortion or likely to choose it due to their circumstances such as financial concerns, pressure from family or friends, their age, a previous abortion and other risk factors. More than 245 unborn lives were saved from abortion in 2014 through the work God is doing here at True Care.
Target demographics:
women who see abortion at their best or only option.
Direct beneficiaries per year:
357 women who needed to know for sure if they were pregnant and what their options were (for 2014)
Geographic areas served:
Casper, WY and surrounding area
pregnancy testing, confirmation of pregnancy using ultrasound, the opportunity to be seen by a medical professional, education on all options, limited sexually transmitted disease testing and treatment, prenatal and parenting education, adoption support and community referrals. We also have an abortion recovery program. All services are offered free of charge to our patients.
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Reviews for The Caring Center Inc
My husband and I have contributed to the Caring Center for several years, personally and through our church during the Baby Bottle Boomerang fund raiser. There is only one reason
we do this and that is to save the lives of unborn children who have no voice. Terry Winslep and each of her devoted staff members go beyond the norm in time, talent and love to care for mothers and their unborn child. Its remarkable the devotion these ladies show in all they do.
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If I had to make changes to this organization, I would...
would not change a thing. Maybe someday I can come up with ideas to help raise more money to help this organization reach out further and further.
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My husband and I have donated to the Caring Center for many years and we feel very blessed to have this amazing resource in our community. We live in such a culture of death these days, the Caring Center brings hope back into this world. Hope for the future and for those people who don't always have hope in their lives. Terry Winship, the director of the Caring Center, is the best of the best and truly desires to make a difference in the world. I believe she and her staff are making a beautiful difference in our community and the world by saving the lives of these babies and momma's. Keep up the amazing work Caring Center!!! In Christ, Richard "Yogi" & Gerise Vignaroli
The Caring Center is a great resource for the Casper area. Their approach to the sanctity of life is tremendous and I support them in their endeavor.
Our community is very blessed to have Terry Winship and her True Care of Casper crew, doing God's work by helping women with their pregnancy concerns and questions. The volunteers and staff are so generous with their time and Talents to bring peace and joy to the hearts of women in difficult situations. This team transforms a perceived troubled time in their lives to a time of joy. Thank you Terry and the team of True care of Casper.
True Care staff and volunteers are truly committed to the service and support of each patient and their needs.
I was originally introduced to TrueCare (The Caring Center, Inc) as a volunteer. Then, I became a member of the board for three years. I have been a donor all this time and are now part of the endowment program. I believe in saving as many babies from abortion as possible. I have covered them in prayer for these many years since I first met the wonderful people who are saying true to their mission.
I am the receptionest at True Care and have been serving here for about 8 years. I also advocate as needed. There is never a day that goes by that does not bring me surprises and pleasure. I get to see our patients as soon as they come through the doors and so I make that first impact on them. I love working with the variety of people that we see. It is our patients that make my day! I am thankful to be a part of our great team that work so well together serving the needs of the patients.
When I advocte I get to have a even closer contact with whoever may be the patient for the day. I have laughed with them, cried with them and loved them. It is love that matters as so many are at a crisis point in their life.Without God as my help and guide I know that the service that they recieve would amount to nothing. I feel truly blessed as I work for True Care. It makes my heart happy to see women change their minds, smile again and be able to walk out our doors ready to meet whatever challage is before them.
At True Care it is not a job to me but a ministry where I can help others in need. They have also helped me in many ways by their kindness and love. Many of our ladies and young gals return to us because they know that their needs will be met. They also know that we care for each of them as a individual. A day a True Care is never just a day . It is a reminder of how good the world can be when we choose to help others.
I believe with all the prayer preparation that starts the day at True Care (the Caring Center) that the Lord has blessed them in a multitude of ways. Thus they are prepared to hear from God with every unique situation that arises. Not only does a mother feel personal care, she also learns a variety of aspects in mothering, giving her the confidence that support is there for her during and after her pregnancy.
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1 person found this review helpful
After hearing about a 24 hour 7 day a week prayer chain in Washington DC, I felt an urgency to be involved with fighting abortion in our country. I have made it a practice for years to fast and pray weekly against abortion, and everything it incorporates. I believe the testimonies from our local Care Net clinic has a life transforming impact on the community. It has been an honor for me to sponsor tours and help others see that our center provides free STD testing, ultrasounds,Godly council and much more. Their fundraiser breakfast definately reaches out to the donor with inspiration and need. We are fortunate to have a local clinic helping reduce abortion one life at a time!
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knowing the spiritual affect it has on my life.
How frequently have you been involved with the organization?
About every six months
When was your last experience with this nonprofit?
The Caring Center is excellent at meeting the needs of women not only in our community, but from surrounding communities. Their trained volunteers and staff are caring and compassionate. The services provided include and are not limited to pregnancy testing and ultrasound , one on one meetings with a trained advocate concerning pregnancy and child care and also group classes for abortion recovery. What a tremendous asset this is to our community!!! It is crucial for the clients and those facing crisis pregnancy to know their options and to receive much needed care and support. I am so thankful that we have the Caring Center.
We have donated to the Caring Center because they do an outstanding job of helping out women that are in unfortunate situations. We feel very confident that they use our donations as good as they possibly can to try to help women who truly need the help.
John Brodrecht
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Saginaw High junior Ronquavious Southward led the Trojans to a Saginaw Valley League title and a district championship.
He can add Associated Press Class A all-state first team to his resume.
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Dewildt, a 6-1 guard, led Midland to its first regional title since 1979, setting the program record for games played and wins. Dewildt averaged 15.9 points, 5.2 rebounds and 4.5 assists as a senior.
Detroit U-D Jesuit guard and Mr. Basketball Cassius Winston was named the AP Class A Player of the Year.


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Based in 4- and 5-star
For a price quote based on alternative accommodation standards or flight options, or to tailor this itinerary, please call 020 7808 6785 or email email@example.com.
Regional air connections are available from within the UK. Please contact your travel consultant for current prices from your nearest city.
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This tour can be booked / reserved online by clicking on one of the coloured links below.
KPL2016: 7 Nights


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The piece didn't come from a typical photoshoot.
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The accident happened at MGP Ingredients, a supplier of premium distilled spirits, causing a "chemical release" of chlorine gas, officials said.
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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|PCT number
|Publication date
|Mar 2, 2010
|Filing date
|Aug 1, 2005
|Priority date
|Jul 30, 2004
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Jagathesan Moodley
|Original Assignee
|Merrion Research Iii Limited
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (22), Non-Patent Citations (4), Classifications (19), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application claims the priority of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/592,454 filed Jul. 30, 2004, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference.
The present invention relates to a process and an apparatus for the automated manufacture of a gastro-retentive device. An example of such a device is a retard form of the type disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,996,058, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference, although the present invention is not limited to such retard forms and is applicable to any gastro-retentive device.
The term "retard form," denotes a dosage form which effects delayed release of at least a portion of the active ingredient in the stomach and to the upper part of the small intestine in comparison to conventional dosage forms, such as customary tablets or capsules. Avoiding an undesirably high initial dose, the release is effected continuously over a relatively long period and controlled at an effective level. The retard form is administered orally and, once in contact with the stomach fluids, expands so as to float on the stomach fluids and/or be retained within the space of the stomach due to its size following inflation, which precludes passage across the pylorus sphincter. In this manner it remains in the stomach to insure continuous controlled release of the physiologically active ingredients.
A retard form is characterized preferably, at least in one form, by the following: (a) at least one component that expands on contact with bodily fluid (e.g., a substance that generates or constitutes a blowing agent), and/or a physiologically active substance, and/or a combination of physiologically active substances, and/or optionally a pharmaceutically acceptable hydrophilic swelling agent and further pharmaceutically acceptable adjuncts, (b) at least one hydrophilic membrane which surrounds component (a) and which is expansible at the site of use and is permeable to body fluid, and (c) a covering which surrounds component (a) and membrane (b) and which disintegrates without delay under the action of bodily fluid at the site of use in the stomach, e.g., a gelatin capsule.
As an example, a retard form of this type suitable for the present invention could take the following form. A component (a) is provided in the form of a tablet surrounded by and sealed within component (b) in the form of a hydrophilic membrane or film, the membrane forming a pouch in which the tablet sits. The tablet and membrane assembly are fitted within component (c) provided in the form of a gelatin capsule.
Taken orally, the retard form moves to the stomach where the gelatin capsule disintegrates to release the tablet membrane assembly. Upon contact with stomach fluid, the tablet generates the blowing agent, for example carbon dioxide gas. The gas causes the membrane surrounding the tablet to inflate, forming a gas-filled "bag." This gas-filled "bag" is able to float on the stomach fluids and/or is unable to pass through the pylorus sphincter following inflation, and thus is retained in the stomach. During its dwell time in the stomach, any active ingredients present in the tablet are released slowly and/or in a controlled manner into the surrounding body fluid, preferably by diffusion, through the membrane. Since gastric juice is being transported further into the upper part of the small intestine, the active ingredient passes continuously and over a prolonged period into the duodenum and jejunum, where it can be absorbed over an extended period. The retard form ensures continuous release of any active ingredient in conjunction with uniform absorption, or at least that the device will remain in the stomach for the desired time period. Once the gas generating components are used up, and/or the when the "bag" deflates to a certain size, the remainder of the device can pass through the body.
The manufacture of a gastro-retentive device of the general type described above can be complex and includes several challenges. The component(s) (a) or tablet must be sealed within the membrane(s) to form the pouch. Depending on the drug or drugs of choice, the tablet may also contain other excipients which control the release of the drug or drugs from the tablet into the medium of the pouch and subsequently into the gastric fluid of the stomach following diffusion across the pouch. Once formed, the pouch must be folded to fit within the capsule. While such gastro-retentive devices can be produced manually, it is believed that an automated and economical process for producing such forms will help bring the benefits of gastro-retentive devices to the public.
The present invention provides a method and apparatus for the automated manufacture of a dosage form that requires folding or wrapping for insertion into a capsule. One such dosage form, by example, is a gastro-retentive device that preferably has at least the following components: 1) an ingredient section which includes a physiologically active substance or substances and optionally a gas generating substance, 2) a film or membrane surrounding the ingredient section so as to form a pouch that has at least one flap, the combination of the ingredients and the pouch being referred to as a pouch assembly, and 3) a capsule surrounding the pouch assembly and which is capable of disintegrating upon contact with bodily fluids to release the pouch assembly, the capsule having first and second cap sections. The method includes the steps of providing a continuous strip of pouch assemblies, separating a single pouch assembly from the strip; wrapping the flap of the pouch assembly, inserting the folded pouch assembly into the first cap section; and inserting the first cap/pouch assembly into the second cap section to complete an encapsulation of the pouch assembly. Other dosage forms are believed possible to which the present invention will apply. An apparatus for carrying out the above method is also provided.
The following detailed description will be better understood when read in conjunction with the figures appended hereto. For the purpose of illustrating the invention, there is shown in the drawings a preferred embodiment. It is understood, however, that this invention is not limited to this embodiment or the precise arrangements shown.
The present invention provides a novel method for making a gastro-retentive device. The method of the present invention permits automation of the manufacturing process and allows the economical and reliable manufacture of such forms.
An apparatus for carrying out the method of the present invention is also provided.
An exemplary gastro-retentive device 10 to be manufactured in accordance with the present invention is illustrated with reference to
With particular reference to
Surrounding the folded ingredient section 12 is a film or membrane 14 (an example being component (b) as described in the background section), configured to form a pouch 16 which is inflatable upon the generation of gas from the ingredient section 12 within to form a gas-filled "bag." The membrane is preferably provided in two layers, a bottom layer 14 a and top layer 14 b, with the ingredient section 12 sandwiched in between. The two membrane layers 14 a, 14 b are heat sealed together to form the sealed pouch 16. The areas of the pouch surrounding the ingredient section 12 are referred to as flaps 15 a, 15 b. (There may also be front and back flaps 17 a, 17 b). The flaps include any evacuated portion of the pouch 16 extending from the ingredient section 12. The membrane film preferred is a polyvinylaclcohol (PVA) having a thickness of approximately 150 μm (�10 μm), and which is typically formed of two membrane layers sealed together. The pouch 16 is preferably between about 20 mm�20 mm and 25 mm�25 mm inside dimensions although other sizes may be suitable depending on the desired use. The seal width is preferably about 2 mm to 3 mm in addition to the inside dimensions indicated all around the pouch. The combination of the ingredient section 12 and pouch 16 will be referred to herein as the ingredient/pouch assembly 18, or pouch assembly 18, as shown in
Surrounding the ingredient/pouch assembly 18 is a capsule 20 (component c as discussed in the background section) having a first capsule section 20 a (the capsule body), and a second capsule section 20 b (the capsule cap). See
One method of making the retard form 10 of the present invention begins with the manufacture of the pouch assembly 18. Shown in
A tablet 13 is controllably released from the hopper 26 onto the lower membrane layer 14 a in the desired orientation. The upper membrane layer 14 b is then laid on top of the tablet 13. (With films that have a backing, the backing is rewound for removal and disposal). The machine 24 automatically punches a hole in at least one of the films 14 a, 14 b through which air can be evacuated during a subsequent sealing process. Alternatives are possible. With the tablet sandwiched between the two films 14 a, 14 b, the films are pressed together and the air between the two layers evacuated through the punched hole to a desired vacuum level.
The two films are then sealed together with a heating element pressed into contact with the film to produce a seal around the tablet 13, preferably air tight, of about 2 to 3 mm in width (the air evacuation hole being on the outside of the seal), thereby forming the sealed tablet/pouch assembly 18. The sealing temperature is preferably between 200-210� C. with a dwell time of about two seconds. The machine 24 can produce multiple tablet/pouch assemblies 18 during each cycle, the completed tablet/pouch assemblies forming a continuous strip 32 of tablet/pouch assemblies 18 which can be rolled up into a spool 34, or fed directly to a tablet pouch fold encapsulation machine for further processing as described below. The machine 24 can be controlled by a programmable controller as is known in the art. Other evacuation and sealing methods are contemplated. For example, three of the four sides of the films/tablet assembly could be heat sealed first, then the air evacuated from the pressed films/tablet assembly on the unsealed side, followed by sealing the last side. Moreover, the tablet can be inserted into the pouch after the three sides are sealed, the fourth side then being sealed after the tablet is inserted and the air evacuated by vacuum.
Other means of making the tablet/pouch assembly 18 are known. For example, a customized machine from Prodo-Pak Corporation of Garfield, N.J., USA, model number RV 925 WS-4 pouch forming and sealing machine, can be used.
A preferred embodiment of a pouch wrap and encapsulation machine 100 is now described with reference to
With reference to
The empty gelatin capsules 20, each having a first capsule section (capsule body) 20 a and second capsule section (capsule cap) 20 b, are fed to the machine 100 by a capsule feeder 110 supported above the machine 100 (shown partially in
The first wheel 102, referred to herein as the capsule load and separation wheel, is preferably approximately 12 inches in diameter with 48 evenly spaced cylindrical openings 114 near the wheel perimeter. With further reference to
For further processing, the capsule sections 20 a and 20 b are separated within the openings 114. A pair of hollow vacuum rods 124, each having a concave end matching the shape of the end of the capsule bodies 20 a, and having a vacuum port 124 a for gripping the capsule body, are moved into the opening 114 to grip the capsule bodies 20 a and move them leftwardly to the opposite end of the openings 114 as oriented in
With reference to
The third wheel 106, referred to herein as the pouch wrap and insert wheel, receives the capsule bodies 20 a from the first wheel 102 (the capsule load and separation wheel). The wheel 106 shown is preferably 12 inches in diameter with 48 evenly spaced openings 136 near the wheel perimeter. As illustrated in
As noted above, the second wheel 104, in addition to receiving the capsule caps 20 b from the wheel 102, also receives the capsule bodies 20 a from the wheel 106 after the pouch assemblies 18 have been inserted therein (forming the capsule body/pouch assemblies 144), to combine the two capsule sections 20 a, 20 b and complete the encapsulation process. See
After receiving the body/pouch assemblies 144 at the pouch pressing section 164, the third wheel 106 indexes in the direction of arrow 140 (
To effectuate the transfer and encapsulation process, a pair of cam operated push rods 156 having ends to match the curvature of the capsule bodies 20 a advance to push the capsule body/pouch assemblies 144 from the wheel 106 through the openings 154 and into the openings 128 of wheel 104, and then dwell to prevent back sliding of the capsule body/pouch assemblies 144. A pair of cam operated capsule cap push rods 158 advance into the opening 128 of the wheel 104 to push the capsule caps 20 b onto the capsule bodies 20 a of the capsule body/pouch assemblies 144 a sufficient distance to lock the capsule sections 20 a, 20 b together as is known in the art, forming the encapsulated dosage forms 10. The push rods 156 thereafter push the dosage form 10 fully into the openings 128 of wheel 104. Both push rods 156, 158 then retract from respective openings 136, 128, to leave the dosage form 10 in the opening 128 of wheel 104.
With further reference to
Having described the various steps carried out by use of the wheels 102, 106, and 104, the steps of providing and wrapping the pouch assemblies 18 at pouch processing section 164 are now described in further detail. With reference to
The pouch load subassembly 166 has a pouch strip servo-index system 170 (
The outer vacuum heads 172 are stationary and have vacuum ports configured preferably to hold the top portion of the strips 32 thereto. They also have channels 176 in which the ingredient section 12 of the pouch assembly can fit for slidable movement without damage (see also
For an index movement to the right as shown in
The delivered pouch assemblies 18, while held by vacuum to the pouch load tooling mechanism 168 (held by the vacuum heads 184 as seen in
After the pouch assemblies 18 are cut from the strips 32, the vacuum in the inner vacuum head 174 is turned off to release the strips 32, and the vacuum in the outer vacuum heads 172 is turned on to grip the strips 32 (
The pouch load tooling member 168 receives the individual pouch assemblies 18, grips them for the cutting process described above, and then transports them downward to the pouch wrapping subassembly 148 where the pouch assemblies 18 are wrapped. With reference to
When the motion vacuum heads 184 are in the lower position as illustrated in
With continued reference to
In the pouch wrapping subassembly 148, the pouch flaps 15 a, 15 b are folded/wrapped after which the wrapped pouches are inserted into capsule bodies 20 a by the pouch insert subassembly 200. As the pouch wrapping subassembly 148 and pouch insert subassembly 200 use similar elements, description of the two subassemblies is now described in further detail.
With reference to
With further reference to
With further reference to
Thus, with reference to
Once the flaps are wrapped, a pouch insert subassembly 200 inserts the wrapped pouch into a capsule body 20 a. With reference to
With the pouch assemblies 18 inserted into the capsule bodies 20 a, the wheel 106 indexes forward in the direction of arrow 140 (
Having described the arrangements of the various elements of the machine 100, the sequence of steps carried out by the machine 100 is now described with reference to
The capsule feed tubes 112 are filled with capsules 20 oriented such that the capsule bodies 20 a enter the wheel 102 openings 114 first at wheel index position 116. After the capsules 20 are inserted into the openings 114 and separated therein into capsule bodies 20 a and capsule caps 20 b, the wheel 102 is indexed in the direction of arrow 126 (
With each index movement of the wheels, the pouch assemblies 18 are fed into the machine 100 via the pouch load subassembly 166 which uses the pouch servo-index system 170 to move the pouch assemblies. The pouch assemblies 18 are cut from the strips 32 by cutters 180 and transferred downward by the pouch load tooling mechanism 168 to the wrapping cavities 202 of the pouch wrapping subassembly 148.
Once the pouch assemblies 18 are positioned in the wrapping cavities 202, the wrapping forks 212 advance into the wrapping cavities 202 and rotate to wrap the pouch assemblies 18. Push rods 244 then advance to push the wrapped pouches through the funnel plate 246 into capsule bodies 20 a held in openings 136 of the third wheel 106 by push rods 252 to prevent movement of the capsule body during the insertion process.
When the capsule body/pouches 144 in wheel 106 move to the wheel index position 150, the capsule body/pouches 144 are transferred from wheel 106 to openings 128 in wheel 104 through the spacer plate 152 to the wheel 106 and combined with capsule caps 20 b to complete the encapsulation process. The wheel 106 then indexes to index position 160 where the completed gastro-retentive devices 10 are pushed out of the openings (
It is seen that the various steps described above take place simultaneously after each indexing of the wheels, the process being repeated in a continuous manner for each set of pouch assemblies 18 and capsules 20. For example, after an index movement of the wheels 102, 104, 106, a new set of capsules 20 are loaded into the wheel 102 and separated into capsule bodies 20 a and caps 20 b, a set of capsule caps 20 b is transferred from wheel 102 to wheel 104 at index position 130, a set of cap bodies 20 a is transferred from wheel 102 to wheel 106 at index position 138, pouch assemblies are transferred to the stationary vacuum head 182 and cut from strip 30, pouch assemblies 18 are loaded into cap bodies 20 a in wheel 106 at insert subassembly 200, capsule bodies 20 a containing pouch assemblies 18 are combined with capsule caps 20 b and transferred from wheel 106 to wheel 104 at index position 150, and encapsulated pouches (gastro-retentive device 10) are off loaded at index position 160. The wheels then index and the process begins again.
Various control systems can be used to control the operation of the machine 100 as is known in the art. For example, with reference to
Any suitable materials as known in the art may be sued for the various components. For example, ANSI 316 Stainless Steel may be used for product contact surfaces. These surfaces and associated welds should be polished to a number 7 mirror finish. ANSI 304 Stainless Steel may be used elsewhere. A number 4 finish can be provided for naked (non-shed) metallic non-product contact surfaces and welds.
The present invention as described above provides an economical means of producing an advantageous gastro-retentive form 10. It is understood that the above described embodiment is a preferred embodiment of the invention, and that it is not intended to limit the invention to such disclosure. Changes and modifications may be incorporated and embodied within the scope of the invention.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Dec 27, 1972
|Jan 22, 1974
|Alza Corp
|Drug delivery device with self actuated mechanism for retaining device in selected area
|Oct 26, 1973
|Mar 16, 1976
|Alza Corporation
|Self-monitored device for releasing agent at functional rate
|Mar 10, 1976
|Oct 25, 1977
|Harrigan Roy Major
|Drug delivery device for preventing contact of undissolved drug with the stomach lining
|Sep 21, 1978
|Jun 17, 1980
|Mcneilab, Inc.
|Drug-dispensing device and method
|Nov 1, 1979
|Aug 25, 1981
|Alza Corporation
|Process for manufacturing device with dispersion zone
|Mar 19, 1984
|Jun 17, 1986
|Alza Corporation
|Delivery system controlled administration of beneficial agent to ruminants
|Apr 13, 1987
|Sep 27, 1988
|Alza Corporation
|Primary delivery system comprising secondary dosage form
|Sep 12, 1988
|Feb 26, 1991
|Ciba-Geigy Corporation
|Covered retard forms
|Jun 5, 1991
|Mar 30, 1993
|Alza Corporation
|Self-retaining gastrointestinal delivery device
|Feb 8, 1994
|May 23, 1995
|I.M.A. Industria Macchine Automatiche Spa
|Device for orientating the bases and caps of hard gelatin capsules
|May 26, 1995
|Oct 6, 1998
|Alza Corporation
|Osmotic device with high drug loading and delayed activation of drug delivery
|May 8, 1996
|Oct 19, 1999
|I.M.A. Industria Macchine Automatiche S.P.A.
|Automatic machine for packaging tablets in gelatine capsules
|Apr 15, 1999
|Sep 19, 2000
|Mcneil-Ppc, Inc.
|Subcoated simulated capsule-like medicament
|Aug 10, 1998
|Sep 19, 2000
|Alza Corporation
|Prolonged release active agent dosage form adapted for gastric retention
|Apr 5, 1996
|Jun 12, 2001
|Warner-Lambert Company
|Process for encapsulation of caplets in a capsule and solid dosage forms obtainable by such process
|Jan 9, 1998
|Sep 18, 2001
|Lts Lohmann Therapie-Systeme Ag
|Expandable gastro-retentive therapeutic system with controlled active substance release in the gastro-intestinal tract
|Jul 12, 2000
|Dec 2, 2003
|John T. Cooker
|Oral delivery system and method for making same
|Jul 30, 2004
|Aug 31, 2006
|Merrion Research 1 Limited
|Process and machine for automated manufacture of gastro-retentive capsules
|Sep 9, 1997
|Mar 9, 1999
|Process for encapsulation of caplets in a capsule and solid dosage forms obtainable by such process
|Sep 16, 1961
|Jul 16, 1964
|Hoefliger & Karg
|Fuell- und Schliessmaschine fuer zweiteilige Kapseln
|Apr 25, 1983
|Jan 12, 1984
|Mg 2 Spa
|Capsule filling machine
|Dec 28, 1989
|Jul 4, 1990
|Nippon Elanco Kabushiki Kaisha
|A capsule charging apparatus
|Notification Concerning Transmittal of International Preliminary Report on Patentability (Chapter I of the Patent Cooperation Treaty) corresponding to European Patent Application No. EP2005/008310 mailed Feb. 23, 2007.
|Notification Concerning Transmittal of International Preliminary Report on Patentability (Chapter I of the Patent Cooperation Treaty) corresponding to International Application No. PCT/IB2004/003414 mailed Feb. 16, 2006.
|Notification of Transmittal of the International Search Report and the Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority, or the Declaration corresponding to European Patent Application No. EP2005/008310 mailed Mar. 6, 2006.
|Notification of Transmittal of the International Search Report and the Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority, or the Declaration corresponding to International Application No. PCT/IB2004/003414 mailed May 31, 2005.
|U.S. Classification
|53/429, 53/116, 53/449
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jun 27, 2008
Owner name: MERRION RESEARCH III LIMITED, IRELAND
Free format text: CHANGE OF NAME;ASSIGNOR:MERRION RESEARCH II LIMITED;REEL/FRAME:021189/0291
Effective date: 20071220
Owner name: MERRION RESEARCH III LIMITED,IRELAND
Free format text: CHANGE OF NAME;ASSIGNOR:MERRION RESEARCH II LIMITED;REEL/FRAME:021189/0291
Effective date: 20071220
|Nov 26, 2008
Owner name: MERRION RESEARCH II LIMITED, IRELAND
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:MOODLEY, JAGATHESAN;REEL/FRAME:021894/0355
Effective date: 20081113
Owner name: MERRION RESEARCH II LIMITED,IRELAND
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:MOODLEY, JAGATHESAN;REEL/FRAME:021894/0355
Effective date: 20081113
|Aug 3, 2010
|Certificate of correction
|Oct 11, 2013
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Mar 2, 2014
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Apr 22, 2014
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20140302


text:
By AmyT on July 11, 2012
Kyle Rose is a former Team Type 1 cyclist and business development director for that group. He is now living in France, where he founded a consultancy called Delta PM Diabetes, focusing on chronic disease management in health care. Mainly, he advises companies in the diabetes management business on campaigns for products including insulin, drug delivery devices, and glucometers, as well as non-profit collaboration initiatives and medical/patient community outreach....
Scooped by
Ellen H Ullman, MSW
onto diabetes and more


text: There were also tentative hopes rising prices for steel and some industrial commodities - zinc surged to a five-year peak and iron ore reached its highest since mid-2014 - could pick up the pulse of inflation globally. Japan's Nikkei rose 0.7 percent to levels last seen in April as a softening yen burnished the outlook for the country's exporters. MSCI's broadest index of Asia-Pacific shares outside Japan ticked 0.1 percent firmer, as did EMini futures for the S&P 500 .


text:
Bus Riders Unite
We're Winning, But We're Not Done
E-Fare, TriMet's costly new change in the way that riders pay for the bus, has the potential to make buses less accessible across the region. Fortunately, Bus Riders Unite is paying attention to these changes. We're stopping some of the scarier changes from happening without our input, and working to win LIFE: Low Income Fare…Read More
STP Recap: Youth Organizers In Their Own Words
By Lupita Velazquez, Youth Environmental Justice Alliance College Intern I first got involved with OPAL as a high school student at Parkrose. I was recruited to help out with fighting for youth transit justice. Then, I became an Organizer-in-Training in 2014, and it was a very memorable summer. Through the past few years, OPAL and Bus…Read More
Justice is On Our Side
By Orlando Lopez, BRU Organizer In 2010 I was part of the first cohort of Organizers-in-Training (OiT). Many of the issues that people faced back then are the same issues folks are facing today. Back then, we were getting on the buses and talking to folks about fighting the pending fare increases and service cuts…Read More
Bus Riders Unite Release LIFE Report
Bus Riders Unite (BRU), Portland's transit riders' union, exists to lift up the voices of transit-dependent people, who are often overlooked in decision-making. Bus Riders Demand LIFE: Low Income Fare Equity! Here are the facts: transportation is a critical lifeline, the second-largest household expense for everyone, and even more expensive for people with low incomes.…Read More
Jai Singh: Fighting for Transit Liberation
"We need to do what I call visionary organizing. Recognize that in every crisis, people do not respond like a school of fish. Some people become immobilized. Some people become very angry, some commit suicide, and other people begin to find solutions. And visionary organizers look at those people, recognize them and encourage them, and…Read More
VIDEO: OPAL on Community Hotline
OPAL's Community Engagement Coordinator Shawn Fleek was on Portland Community Media's Community Hotline to talk about OPAL, our current campaigns, and our upcoming Voices of a People's History Event. The full video is below. Support our intersectional organizing by attending the Voices event. Tickets are nearly sold out – get yours today!Read More
INTERVIEW: BRU Leader Nic Phillips
Nicole (Nic) Phillips (she/her) will be one of the featured speakers at Voices of a People's History 2016 – Roots, Resistance, Revolution. Nic and other leaders in our local movement will share historical perspectives on the fight for justice. In this in-depth interview, Nic talks about how she got involved in Bus Riders Unite, how…Read More
BRU Victory! TriMet Studies Reduced Fare
In a huge victory for Bus Riders Unite, whose advocacy for a low-income fare has been ongoing, TriMet has agreed to study a low-income fare policy – how it would be implemented, who it would impact, and more. While BRU's Research and Advisory Committee has been studying the policy internally, TriMet has finally agreed to…Read More
VIDEO: Bus Riders Unite take aim at TriMet's Hop FastPass
KOIN6 News covered the March 18th launch of our low-income fare program. Watch the video below and read the full story on their website.Read More
OPAL Campaigns for Low-Income Bus Passes
Shawn Fleek spoke with KBOO's Lisa Loving about Bus Riders Unite's campaign for a low-income fare. Listen to the story here.Read More


text:
This Hunter is a proven versatile blue water cruising yacht that is fully equipped to sail anywhere. Designed for lengthy cruising, long distance passage making and great live aboard accommodations in mind, the Hunter 450 features a fantastic layout with and elegant salon, two comfortable cabins and tremendous amounts of accessible storage.
Phat Chance is single handed easily with autopilot positioned directly in front of the Lewmar winches all sail handling can be accomplished from this single position directly behind Hunter's custom windshield.
Phat Chance has been continually upgraded. She is most likely the best bang for your buck in the market today.
Please call Gil Divine with any questions.
Emerald Pacific Yachts
The Company offers the details of this vessel in good faith but cannot guarantee or warrant the accuracy of this information nor warrant the condition of the vessel. A buyer should instruct his agents, or his surveyors, to investigate such details as the buyer desires validated. This vessel is offered subject to prior sale, price change, or withdrawal without notice.
955 Harbor Island Drive
Suite 180
San Diego, CA 92101
United States


text:
STARmeterSEE RANK
Up 138,113 this week
Margaret Edwards (I) (1877–1929)
Margaret Edwards was born in 1877 in New York, USA. She was an actress, known for A Physical Culture Romance (1914), Sunshine Molly (1915) and Hypocrites (1915). She was married to John Edwards. She died on January 14, 1929 in New York City, New York. See full bio »
Born:in New York, USA
Died:(age 52) in New York City, New York, USA


text:
Molokai reaches state volleyball quarterfinals
Grand Wailea's director calls it quits
After more than six years of service, Matt Bailey has resigned as managing director of the 780-room Grand Wailea, Maui's largest hotel property, Bailey confirmed Friday.
Bailey resigned Aug. 14, said Jerry Gibson, Hilton Hawaii area vice president.
"We appreciate Matt's contributions during his years of service with us and wish him well on his future endeavors," Gibson said in a written statement. "The company looks forward to filling the managing director position as expeditiously as possible."
Gibson did not address the reason for Bailey's resignation. He had been managing director at the Grand Wailea since 2007. The South Maui hotel is a Waldorf Astoria resort.
"Unfortunately, I have no comment," said Bailey, when reached on his cellphone Friday afternoon.
The Haiku resident said his immediate plan was to remain on the Valley Isle.
"Maui is my home, and I hope to stay here," he said. "Both of my children (now 19 and 21 years old) were born here."
Bailey said he first moved to Maui in 1983. Aside from the Grand Wailea, Bailey has held senior management positions at the Ka'anapali Beach and Kapalua Bay hotels. He also served in management at the Manele Bay Hotel on Lanai when it was owned by Castle & Cooke.
Kai Pelayo, director of operations, has been fielding calls to fill the managing director vacancy, a hotel official said.
Bailey declined to say whether his resignation was connected to the hotel's new ownership.
In February, a New York bankruptcy judge approved a plan to sell the Grand Wailea and three other U.S. luxury resorts to the Government of Singapore Investment Corp.
The corporation pledged to pay $1.5 billion to a resort group owned by hedge fund Paulson & Co., MSR Resort Golf Course LLC, for the properties. Aside from the Grand Wailea, those properties included the La Quinta Resort & Club and the PGA West golf course in La Quinta, Calif.; the Claremont Resort & Spa in Berkeley, Calif.; and the Arizona Biltmore Resort & Spa in Phoenix.
The hotels had been under bankruptcy protection since February 2011.
The Singapore corporation is a sovereign wealth fund that manages that country's foreign-exchange reserves. The fund manages an estimated $300 billion in diversified assets in more than 40 countries.


text:
Catalogue Number: K8E-T75P
- Author: Christopher Brown
- Format:Paperback
- Publisher:Phaidon Press Ltd
- Published:01 September 1993
Sorry, there are currently no sellers for this product.
Product description
- Edition: 2 Rev ed
- Total Pages: 128
- Genre: History of art & design styles: c 1400 to c 1600
- Secondary Genre: Painting & paintings
- Illustrations: 50 colour and 36 black & white illustrations
The seventeenth century was the Golden Age of Dutch painting, during which political independence and increasing prosperity created a new patrons of the arts among merchants and statesmen. Rembrandt, Hals and Vermeer, and a host of lesser-known talents, produced a dazzling variety of work, from intimate portraits to virtuoso still lifes, dramatic seascapes to coolly observed domestic interiors. This survey of the period presents a careful selection of paintings which marvellously evoke the spirit of a great age of creativity. Christopher Brown's lucid account includes an introduction, extensive commentaries to each of the 48 full-page colour plates, and the numerous black-and-white illustrations by way of comparison.
Author's Biography
Christopher Brown is Chief Curator at the National Gallery, London, where he has curated the collection of Dutch and Flemish art since 1971.


text:
Free Market
6,446pages onAdd New Page
this wiki
this wiki
A Free Market is an economic system in which every effort is made to limit government involvement and regulation upon trade. People are allowed to make money and participate in commerce as they see fit. This allows maximum flexibility and allows for trade to flourish. As a result, however, government has difficulty influencing the economy (for either good or bad).
Game InformationEdit
- Made available by Economics
- +1 Trade Route per City
- -25% maintenance cost for corporations (Beyond the Sword)


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The Center for Health, Environment and Justice can help you and your community if you are facing an environmental health risk. From leaking landfills and polluted drinking water to incinerators and hazardous waste sites, we can help you take action towards a healthier future.
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Super Radiator Coils has been providing high-quality products since 1928, and has a long tradition of excellence and unparalleled customer service. Many customers consider Super Radiator Coils the industry specialist in heat transfer. Super Radiator Coils is a Limited Partnership owned entirely by partners engaged in its daily operation. The company is strongly managed ...
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Morcom International, Inc. offers the highest degree of expertise in the design and implementation of broadband wireless infrastructure systems, public safety radio communications, aeronautical communications, and RF spectrum monitoring systems. Morcom has an extensive worldwide network of dealers and representatives that are qualified to sell and support our equipment. ...
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Capitol Environmental Services, Inc., offers comprehensive services in the field of waste management throughout North America. The company provides environmental supply-chain services including Remediation, Materials Management, Facilities Management, and Beneficial Re-Use / Recovery.
Our inventory consists of the best quality products at the most competitive prices. We represent the leading manufacturers in the trailer industry and sell at only a reasonable margin over cost. In addition we have one of the largest Certified Pre-Owned trailer selections in the area.
based in Ruckersville, VIRGINIA (USA).
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