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In a chargesheet filed by the UT police before a local court on Thursday, four members of a family have been charged for driving Sanjeev Singla, 53, assistant manager with the State Bank of India (SBI), to commit suicide.
The four persons have been charged with abetment to suicide Sanjeev Singla, who hung himself to death in March this year.
The police have filed a chargesheet against his mother Indira Rani, brother Rajiv Singla, his wife Anita Singla and their son Chirag Singla.
Sanjeev, a resident of Phase 1, SAS Nagar, had allegedly committed suicide by hanging himself from a ceiling fan at his shop-cum-flat (SCF) in Sector 22 in March this year.
The police recovered a six-page suicide note from the spot, which stated that six family members forced him to take the extreme step.
The victim had also stated that he was being harassed by his family members in the civil cases pending in the court against him.
According to the chargesheet, there was a property dispute within the family and the victim was also named in a case of cheating registered against him by his family members.


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Published byPatricia Sellon Modified about 1 year ago
Integumentary System
Body Membranes Body membranes cover surfaces, line body cavities, and form protective sheets over organs Two major groups: – Epithelial membranes – cutaneous (skin), mucous, and serous membranes – Connective tissue membranes – synovial membranes
Epithelial Membranes Epithelial membranes – covering and lining membranes Contain an epithelial sheet, but it is always combined with a connective tissue layer 2 tissues = These membranes are actually simple organs
Cutaneous Membrane = Skin Its superficial epidermis is composed of keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium. Underlying dermis is mostly dense (fibrous) connective tissue. Exposed to air = dry membrane
Mucous Membrane = Mucosa Composed of epithelium resting on loose connective tissue called lamina propria. Lines all body cavities that open to exterior Wet membranes bathed in secretions or urine Adapted for absorption or secretion Varied types Stratified squamous epithelium in mouth, esophagus Simple columnar epithelium in digestive tract
Serous membrane = serosa Simple squamous epithelium resting on areolar connective tissue Line body cavities that are closed to exterior Occur in pairs: – Parietal layer lines the wall of the ventral cavity – Visceral layer covers the outside of those organs Layers separated by serous fluid, which allows organs to slide without friction (heart, stomach)
Serosa Serosa lining the abdominal cavity and covering its organs = peritoneum Membrane surrounding lungs = pleura Membrane around the heart = pericardium
Synovial Membranes Composed of soft areolar connective tissue and contain no epithelial cells. Line the fibrous capsules surrounding joints and tendon sheaths Secrete lubricating fluid to cushion organs during muscle activity
Tattoos Tattoos are made by using a needle to deposit pigment in the dermis. Risk of Hepatitis C is about 15x higher in people who have tattoos…
Cutaneous Membrane = Skin Skin and its glands (sweat, oil), along with hair and nails, make up the integumentary system Integument (covering): – keeps water and other molecules in the body – Insulates and cushions body organs – Protects body from mechanical (bumps), chemical (acids and bases), thermal (heat and cold), UV (solar radiation), and bacteria damage. Uppermost layer of skin is full of keratin and is cornified (hardened) to help prevent H 2 O loss.
Capillary Network in Skin Capillary network and sweat glands regulate heat loss Urea, salts, and water are lost as sweat Manufactures proteins important to immunity and synthesizes Vitamin D (sunlight converts cholesterol in skin into vitamin D). Cutaneous sensory receptors are located in skin – sense pain, pressure, temperature, touch
Skin Structure Tissues in skin: Epidermis – stratified squamous epithelium, keratinizing (can become hard) Dermis – dense connective tissue Subcutaneous layer (hypodermis) – below dermis, adipose tissue, anchors skin to organs.
Skin Structure Subcutaneous layer – shock absorber and insulation from extreme T changes Thicker in women than in men (adipose tissue)
Epidermis Five layers / strata: – Stratum Corneum – Stratum Lucidum – Stratum Granulosum – Stratum Spinosum – Stratum Basale Epidermis is avascular (no blood supply) – Ex: shaving is cutting off cells w/ no blood (usually)
Stratum Basale Most cells of epidermis are keratinocytes (keratin cells) which produce keratin Keratin –protein that makes epidermis tough Deepest layer of epidermis / closest to dermis Daughter cells pushed upward into superficial layers
Epidermis Stratum basale constantly undergoing mitosis, a.k.a. stratum geminativum New cells become increasingly flatter and full of keratin Stratum Spinosum – cuboidal cells Stratum granulosum – cells granular
Epidermis As new cells die they form the stratum lucidum This layer is only present where skin is hairless and thick (palms of hands, soles of feet) Stratum corneum – ¾ of epidermal thickness Cornified or horny (cornu = horny) cells, completely keratinized
Melanin Melanin is a pigment that ranges from yellow to brown to black Produced by melanocytes, found in stratum basale. Everyone has same number of melanocytes Complexion determined by quantity of melanin produced Heredity – genes specific for melanin production; mutant genes can cause lack of melanin
Albinism Albinism results when genetic changes result in a lack of pigment (melanin) production Can have eye problems (light scattering, optic nerve problems)
Dermis = your hide Two major regions – Papillary – upper dermal region Dermal papillae (papill=nipple) – house pain receptors, send nutrients to epidermis, form fingerprints – Reticular – deepest skin layer Contains blood vessels, sweat and oil glands, and pressure receptors (Pacinian corpuscles) Collagen (toughness) and elastic (stretch when growing) fibers found in dermis Many receptors for nervous system
Skin Appendages Cutaneous glands – exocrine. Release secretions to skin surface via ducts. – Sebaceous (oil) glands – often open into hair follicles. Everywhere but palms and soles. Secrete sebum – oil that keeps skin soft and kills bacteria. Increased amount in adolescence
Acne = infection of sebaceous gland When sebaceous gland's duct is blocked by sebum, a whitehead appears on skin surface If the material accumulates and dries it darkens to form a blackhead.
Sweat Glands Sweat (Sudoriferous) Glands – more than 2.5 million per person. Two types: – Eccrine glands – most numerous, all over body. Produce sweat (water plus salts and vitamins) Sweat is acidic (pH 4-6) so inhibits growth of bacteria – Apocrine glands – confined to armpits and genital areas of the body. Secrete fatty acids and proteins Function unclear but activated during stress, pain, sex
Hair Millions of hairs Minor protection: – Head bumps – Eyelashes – Nose hairs Early humans – provided insulation from cold weather
Hair Produced by hair follicle Flexible epithelial structure Root in follicle Shaft projects from skin Matrix (growth zone) of hair bulb at end of follicle Pigment made by melanocytes
Nails Scale-like modification of epidermis Free edge Body (visible portion) Mostly nonliving keratinized cells
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Special Immigrant Juvenile Status for Children in Removal Proceedings in Conference on Representing Unaccompanied Minors UCLA February 9, 2007 Kristen Jackson Staff Attorney, Public Counsel (213) 385-2977, ext. 157 email@example.com
What Is at Stake? Each year, the United States government places many children who lack lawful immigration status and who have been abused, abandoned or neglected by their parents into removal proceedings. These children often cannot safely reunify with their parents and have no responsible persons to return to in their home countries. Some of these children have recently arrived in the United States, while others were brought here as infants or young children and have no connection to their countries of birth. The Solution for Some: Special Immigrant Juvenile Status! SIJS provides eligible children a route to lawful permanent residency and can prevent an eligible child's removal from the United States.
Special Immigrant Juvenile Status: A Statutory and Regulatory Overview What is it? An avenue for eligible children to obtain a visa and lawful permanent resident status (get a "green card") through actions of U.S. Citizenship & Immigration Services ("CIS") and the Executive Office for Immigration Review ("EOIR") Where do you find it? Section 101(a)(27)(J) of the Immigration & Nationality Act, codified at 8 U.S.C. §1101(a)(27)(J) Regulations are at 8 C.F.R. § 204.11
Requirements for SIJS Under the jurisdiction of a juvenile court Dependent on a juvenile court or placed in the custody of a state agency or department Eligible for "long-term foster care" due to abuse, neglect or abandonment Not in the child's best interest to be returned to her home country Under 21 and unmarried Note: The juvenile court must make these findings in a SIJS order.
Requirement One: The child must be under the jurisdiction of a juvenile court. "Juvenile court" is defined as a court "having jurisdiction under State law to make judicial determinations about the custody & care of juveniles." 8 CFR § 204.11(a). In practice has included dependency, delinquency and probate courts. IMPORTANT: The child must remain under juvenile court jurisdiction for the entire time the immigration applications are pending. See 8 CFR § 204.11(c)(5).
Requirement Two: The child must be "dependent on a juvenile court" or "legally committed to, or placed under the custody of, an agency or department of the State" by a juvenile court. 8 USC § 1101(a)(27)(J)(i). In practice has included, in California, Section 602 wards of the delinquency court and children with probate guardianships. The child can be in one of many settings: in foster care home; suitably placed with non-parent relatives or in a group home; living with court-appointed guardians.
Requirement Three: The child must be "deemed eligible... for long- term foster care due to abuse, abandonment or neglect." 8 USC § 1101(a)(27)(J)(i). "Eligible for long-term foster care" means that "a determination has been made by the juvenile court that family reunification is no longer a viable option." 8 CFR § 204.11(a). Does not require termination of parental rights. "Family reunification" is interpreted to mean that between parents and child (not child and other relatives). "Abuse, abandonment or neglect" is not defined in the immigration statute or regulations.
Requirement Three In Practice: Examples of children eligible for long-term foster care due to abuse, abandonment or neglect include: A child whose parents are deceased and whose adult sibling is caring for her A child who was abandoned by his parents and who now lives in a foster care home A child whose parents abused her and who will emancipate after completing probation placement
Requirement Four: It must not be in the "[child]'s best interest to be returned to the [child]'s or parent's previous country of nationality or country of last habitual residence." 8 USC § 1101(a)(27)(J)(ii). This determination must be made in administrative or judicial proceedings. Id.
Factors to Consider on Requirement Four: Both the downsides of the child's returning to her home country and the upsides of remaining in the United States are relevant. For example: Child fears retaliation by abusive family members. Child has no responsible family members to provide her with care and protection. Child will have no access to medical, educational or social services. Child is acculturated to life in the United States. All of child's personal ties, perhaps siblings, are here. Child has been educated in the United States.
Requirements Five and Six The child must be under 21 years of age. 8 CFR § 204.11(c)(1). Absolute deadline: Once the child turns 21, there is no hope of getting SIJS – typically the child's only route to a green card. You must identify SIJS-eligible children early to avoid age-out problems. The child must be unmarried. 8 CFR § 204.11(c)(2). A child's having her own children is not a bar to SIJS.
There's more to it… If the child meets these requirements, that is only the beginning. Advocates must first obtain these SIJS findings from the juvenile court. Advocates must then obtain an approved I-360 SIJS Petition from CIS. With the approved I-360, advocates must then obtain an approved I-485 Application for Adjustment of Status ("AOS") from EOIR – and child must meet additional requirements to qualify for AOS.
Hurdles to SIJS-Based AOS Even if a child meets the SIJS requirements, she may be nonetheless ineligible to get a green card as a Special Immigrant Juvenile. Why? She falls into non-waivable ground of inadmissibility – most typically "reason to believe" she is a drug trafficker. She does not merit a favorable exercise of discretion by the Immigration Judge ("IJ") She is in the custody of the Department of Homeland Security ("DHS") and the SIJS order was obtained without DHS's consent.
DHS "Consent" Children who are in actual or constructive DHS custody cannot seek SIJS without first getting DHS "specific consent" to juvenile court jurisdiction. See 8 USC § 1101(a)(27)(J)(iii)(I). This includes children in DHS's own custody as well as children in Office of Refugee Resettlement ("ORR") custody – and may include others (such as those with prior removal orders or those with DHS detainers). It does not include children released by ORR to sponsors. Consent must be sought from, and granted by, DHS Headquarters in Washington DC.
The Procedure Obtaining SIJS for the Child Proceeds in Two Stages: The Juvenile Court Stage When the court makes the required SIJS findings The Immigration Stage When counsel uses these SIJS findings as the basis for the filing and processing of an SIJS Petition with CIS and an Adjustment of Status Application with EOIR
The Juvenile Court Stage TASK ONE: IDENTIFY/SCREEN THE ELIGIBLE CHILD Screen cases for SIJS eligibility Remember to screen for AOS eligibility Use the intake sheet and SIJS inadmissibility chart as guides
The Juvenile Court Stage Presuming your client is not in actual or constructive DHS custody (if she is, you must obtain DHS consent first): Key question: Does the child already have an open juvenile court case initiated by the state? If so, proceed directly to Tasks Two through Five. If not, but the child would meet eligibility requirements if a case were opened, then your first goal is to establish a juvenile court case for the child – typically through a PROBATE COURT GUARDIANSHIP.
The Juvenile Court Stage: Probate Court Guardianships What is a guardianship of the person? A legal action designed to give someone other than a child's biological parents the care, custody and control of the child Where are guardianships established in California? In dependency court and in probate court Who can petition for a guardianship in probate court? A child, if she is 12 years of age or older, or a relative or friend of the child
The Juvenile Court Stage: Probate Court Guardianships Steps in the Guardianship Process: File all guardianship forms & fees (or fee waiver) Provide notice to all persons entitled to notice Cooperate with the guardianship investigation Attend the guardianship hearing Consult Public Counsel Guardianship Manual at http://www.publiccounsel.org/publications/guardianship_ of_the_person_attorney_manual.pdf Forms available on the Judicial Council website at http://www.courtinfo.ca.gov/forms/
The Juvenile Court Stage TASK TWO: OBTAIN THE SIJS FINDINGS Procedures vary depending upon what type of juvenile court the child is in. Dependency Court: Motion typically filed by dependency attorney Delinquency Court: Motion typically filed by public defender Probate Court: Motion typically filed by attorney filing the guardianship petition
The Juvenile Court Stage TASK TWO: OBTAIN THE SIJS FINDINGS Timing varies depending upon what type of juvenile court the child is in. Dependency Court: Motion typically filed after the child is ordered into long-term foster care Delinquency Court: Motion typically filed after the child's permanent plan of emancipation is set Probate Court: Motion typically filed along with the guardianship petition NB: Findings are usually made on the basis of court reports.
The Juvenile Court Stage TASK THREE: OBTAIN A DATE & PLACE OF BIRTH ORDER IF NECESSARY The child needs some proof of date and place of birth in order to obtain SIJS. The court can base this order upon the complete file and admissions regarding the child's date and place of birth. The court can include this information in the SIJS findings.
The Juvenile Court Stage TASK FOUR: ASSEMBLE THE NECESSARY DOCUMENTS FROM COURT Certified copy of SIJS order Certified copy of DOB order if necessary Arrest record printout for delinquency cases Certified copies of juvenile court minute orders corresponding to each petition filed for delinquency cases
The Juvenile Court Stage TASK FIVE: MAKE SURE THE COURT RETAINS JURISDICTION OVER THE CHILD Do not have the court terminate jurisdiction until the immigration process is complete In dependency and delinquency courts, cases can remain open until the child's 21st birthday In probate court the case closes on the child's 18th birthday unless the court agrees to retain jurisdiction through language in the SIJS order or a separate order
The Immigration Stage STEP ONE: REVIEW THE IMMIGRATION COURT FILE File an EOIR-28 and a file request letter with the immigration court – and serve DHS counsel (the "TA") Review the documents in the file and obtain copies Listen to the audio tape of the prior hearings What are you looking for? Prior pleadings to the allegations in the Notice to Appear ("NTA"), instructions from the IJ, the TA's position on the case
The Immigration Stage STEP TWO: ASSEMBLE THE I-360 PACKET Obtain birth certificate Arrange for payment of fee or fee waiver Prepare immigration forms – available at http://www.uscis.gov Always check the CIS website for the most up-to-date forms and fee information
The Immigration Stage STEP TWO: SAMPLE I-360 PACKET Cover Letter Juvenile Court SIJS Order Case Summary Form I-360 Petition for SIJS Form G-28 Proof of Age & Identity (Birth Certificate) CIS Fee or Fee Waiver
The Immigration Stage STEP THREE: FILE THE I-360 PACKET Contact Public Counsel if you would like assistance in filing locally with the CIS Los Angeles District Office Current Form I-360 instructions indicate the form should be filed at the local CIS office with jurisdiction over the child's place of residence Do not delay – do this as soon as you have reviewed the court file and have assembled the packet NB: Also try to review DHS's file before submitting the packet
The Immigration Stage STEP FOUR: ATTEND THE MASTER CALENDAR HEARING Plead to the allegations in the NTA if not already done Identify the relief the child will be seeking – here, AOS based on SIJS (and any other relief; remember asylum one-year filing deadline) Provide proof of the pending I-360 Request another master calendar for status/filing of the I- 485 Adjustment of Status Application
The Immigration Stage STEP FIVE: ASSEMBLE THE I-485 PACKET Once the I-360 is approved, the I-485 AOS packet can prepared for filing with the IJ Arrange for payment of fees or fee waiver Prepare immigration forms I-485, G-325A – available at http://www.uscis.gov Arrange for medical exam from CIS-approved doctor Arrange for CA DOJ background check
The Immigration Stage STEP FIVE: SAMPLE I-485 PACKET SIJS Order & Copy of Approved I-360 Forms I-485 & G-325A Proof of Fee Payment and Biometrics Birth Certificate CA DOJ Background Check Results Juvenile Delinquency Dispositions, if any Court Caption Page, Index and Certificate of Service
The Immigration Stage STEP SIX: SUBMIT FEES AND BIOMETRICS REQUEST Follow the instruction sheet given by the IJ Mail biometrics packet to the CIS Texas Service Center The packet includes a copy of I-485, fees, a copy of the EOIR-28 and a copy of the instruction sheet Do this as soon as possible, because without completed biometrics the IJ cannot grant AOS
The Immigration Stage STEP SEVEN: OBTAIN RECEIPTS AND APPOINTMENT NOTICES AND COMPLETE BIOMETRICS Wait for CIS to issue receipts and schedule the biometrics appointments The child must have valid government-issued ID. Background checks are done for criminal and security clearance. For details see http://www.uscis.gov/graphics/publicaffairs/factsheets/sec urity_checks_42506.pdf.
The Immigration Stage STEP EIGHT: FILE THE I-485 PACKET AT THE MASTER CALENDAR HEARING Serve a copy of the packet on the TA (original G-325As) File the original packet with the IJ (copy G-325As) The IJ may allow you to file the packet at the clerk's office, although many IJs only allowing filing of applications in court. Give the I-693 medical exam to the TA to open and check Schedule a merits hearing for the child
The Immigration Stage STEP NINE: REQUEST DISMISSAL WITHOUT PREJUDICE? A good option to reduce stress and speed up process Submit a cover letter and a sample Motion to Dismiss Without Prejudice to the TA Follow DHS's 10/06/05 Howard Memo instructions If the TA agrees, file a Joint Motion with the IJ If the Motion is granted, then proceed to AOS with CIS as an affirmative SIJS case
The Immigration Stage STEP TEN: REQUEST A CONTINUANCE? If your client's case is not going to be ready to proceed on the date scheduled for her merits hearing, you must file a Motion to Continue. Local rules require that this Motion be filed no later than 14 calendar days before the hearing – and check the IJ's preferences for more detailed requirements; typically the Motion is heard the day after it is filed and you must attend the hearing. Avoid this situation by being realistic about how long the process will take and informing the IJ early on
The Immigration Stage STEP ELEVEN: PREPARE FOR THE MERITS HEARING Review all applications with the child & update if needed Prepare and practice direct and cross examinations Arrange for original documents to be at the hearing Additional documents you may want to prepare: brief on AOS eligibility, I-601 waiver, various motions Consult with the TA to make sure that all background checks will be completed for the hearing, particularly if there is an age-out problem
The Immigration Stage STEP TWELVE: ATTEND THE MERITS HEARING Field legal concerns from the IJ (questions on the basis for AOS, inadmissibility issues) Submit the brief on AOS eligibility, I-601 waiver, various motions if necessary Conduct the direct examination Assist the child on cross examination or IJ questioning Ask to go forward with the child's testimony even if the background checks are not complete
The Immigration Stage STEP THIRTEEN: HEARING FOLLOW UP If a decision cannot be issued because the background checks are not complete, schedule a follow up hearing for resolution of the case If approved and appeal waived, follow Step Fourteen If approved and appeal not waived, follow Step Fourteen if no appeal is filed – otherwise, oppose appeal at the Board of Immigration Appeals ("BIA") If denied, you can appeal to BIA within 30 days, move to reconsider within 30 days, move to reopen within 90 days
The Immigration Stage STEP FOURTEEN: WRAP UP AFTER APPROVAL Schedule an InfoPass appointment for green card processing Wait for the delivery of the child's green card from CIS Provide a final status report to the juvenile court Advise the child on her rights and responsibilities as a lawful permanent resident using the following: http://www.uscis.gov/graphics/citizenship/welcomeguide/index.htm
Down the Road… Once the child is a lawful permanent resident, she is eligible for U.S. citizenship after 5 years or on her 18th birthday (whichever is later). She can work legally, obtain federal financial aid, and reside permanently in the United States absent certain conduct. …and you know you've done a great service for this child.
Other Resources ILRC SIJS Handbook at http://www.ilrc.org ILRC SIJS Listserve LIRR Publication on Working with Immigrant Children at http://www.lirs.org/InfoRes/pub.htm Public Counsel SIJS Affirmative & Defensive SIJS Manuals Immigrant Children Lawyers Network
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Recessed LED Lighting fixture. High brightness LED Down light with 6 LEDs.
LED Down light Specifications:
Voltage: 18V/350mA
Light Source: 6x1W high power LED
Total Lamp Power Consumption: 6.7 W
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Dimensions: Ø 100 mm, length 53 mm
Recessed LED Lighting - high brightness 5 LEDs provide strong secluded beam. Quick installation, adjustable angle of light direction. Internal body of this LED Downlight lamp swivels.
Not dimmable. Do not install Recessed LED Lighting fixtures at directly exposed to water locations.
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Architectural Photography and Composition Workshop with Steven Brooke (2017)
The Seaside Institute
Wednesday, October 18, 2017 at 9:00 AM - Sunday, October 22, 2017 at 5:00 PM (CDT)
Who's Going
San Francisco, California
London, United Kingdom
Florence, Italy
Event Details
The Seaside Institute, the University of Miami School of Architecture, and the Institute of Classical Art & Architecture presents ARCHITECTURAL PHOTOGRAPHY WORKSHOP with STEVEN BROOKE.
Internationally renowned architectural photographer Steven Brooke conducts this dynamic 5-day workshop, combining the history of architectural depiction and composition with an accessible approach to the technical demands of photographing architecture, landscape, and
interiors. The workshop is for students of all ability levels and backgrounds - from professional architects and real estate professionals, to travelers for whom architecture and design is a passion. The workshops cover the photography of individual buildings, streetscapes, landscapes, interiors, and night photography, and include instruction in photographic techniques, composition and post-production.
Tuition: $550
Class Times: 9:00 am to 5:00 pm
Steven Brooke has exclusively photographed architecture and design for over 35 years with a clientele that includes the most prominent names in these fields. He is the recipient of the National AIA Honor Award in Photography, the highest award in this field, and received the Rome Prize from the American Academy in Rome. Steven has over 40 published books on architecture and design, nine of which he has written, 18 of which were published by Rizzoli, the leading art and architecture book publisher in the world. Steven is an Adjunct Professor at the University of Miami School of Architecture.
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Seaside Academic Village
168 Smolian Circle
Santa Rosa Beach,
Wednesday, October 18, 2017 at 9:00 AM - Sunday, October 22, 2017 at 5:00 PM (CDT)
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The Seaside Institute
The Seaside Institute helps people lead interesting rewarding lives. Our mission, unchanged since 1982, is to help people create great communities. We catalyze civic engagement as a strong voice of our extended community and by bringing arts and culture to our community. We extend the New Urbanism frontier by recognizing, teaching, and promoting New Urbanism and by globalizing world-changing strategies like mobility, sustainability, and aging in place.


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Review: HTC Freestyle
Form Basics Extras Video Wrap-Up Comments 7
Media Camera Photos/Video Browse/Customize Extras
Disappointingly, the Freestyle does not include a capable browser. It's a no-name, feature phone browser that barely manages to work with HTML sites. The browser's tools are limited in scope, and pages load so slowly that it is best to stick with mobile-optimized web sites that you know are bare bones and slow-network friendly. The browsing performance is so poor, that I wonder why Opera Mini isn't included on this device. I attempted to download Opera Mini, but it wouldn't work. At least the included browser supports pinch-to-zoom.
The Freestyle can be customized perhaps more than any other feature phone on the planet. This is all thanks to HTC's Sense user interface and the options it allows. Themes, scenes, wallpapers, ringtones, home screens, menus — all of it can be adjusted to better suit individual tastes.
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Hi guys,
I had my last baby at North Eastern Community Hospital and I am looking to have another. I want to prepare for the estimated costs/budget for our family assuming 1 income and need to consider if we want to go private again.
We were pretty happy with our last hospital, with DH being able to stay in our room with a double bed etc. Also my water broke but wasn't having strong contractions so I was put on the drip to bring them on more, leading to only going through a 6 hour labour. The obstetrician said we could wait naturally but it could take between 24-36 hours and there was a risk of infection. He asked me what I wanted to do, and I was like lets get this over and done with, and agreed to be induced. I have been told that going public they pretty much just leave you to go through the motions naturally with minimal intervention, and people have much longer labours. Is this true?
Anyway we live down south now with Flinders Private or public being our options. Has anyone had a baby a both for comparison?


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Who Owns the Past?: Cultural Policy, Cultural Property, and the Law
Rutgers University Press, 2005 - Social Science - 362 pages
Public and private institutions in the United States have long been home to a variety of art works, antiquities, and ethnological materials. For years, these collections have been seen as important archives that allow present and future generations to enjoy, appreciate, and value the art of all cultures. The past decade, however, has seen major changes in law and public policy and an active, ongoing debate over legal and ethical issues affecting the ownership of art and other cultural property. Contributors to Who Owns the Past? includes legal scholars, museum professionals, anthropologists, archaeologists, and collectors. In clear, nontechnical language, they provide a comprehensive overview of the development of cultural property law and practices, as well as recent case law affecting the ability of museums and private collectors to own art from other countries.
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LibraryThing ReviewUser Review - rivkat - LibraryThing
Though I am constitutionally sympathetic to arguments that no single group, however it has suffered, can claim to own portions of human heritage, this book mostly managed to push me in the opposite ... Read full review
Who owns the past?: cultural policy, cultural property, and the law
作者:Kate Fitz Gibbon,American Council for Cultural PolicyIntroduction 重點整理
1. 文化資產與藏品的價值為何?
2. 美國文資法對擁有外國文物的相關規定與作法
3. 聯合國教科文組織1970對於非法取得文物交易的規範與前提:the interchange of cultural property among nations for scientific, cultural and educational purposes increases the knowledge of the civilization of Man, enriches the cultural life of all people and inspires mutual respect and appreciation among nations."
4. 本書的出版目的:
5. 本書內容:
Part I.各國文資法概要 LAW
Part II. 收藏與交易COLLECTING AND TRADE
Part III. 瀕危的藝術ART IN PERIL
Part IV. 各樣的博物館THE UNIVERSAL MUSEUM
Kate Fitz Gibbon:有關從帕特農神殿運到大英博物館典藏的艾爾金大理石的辯論。
Kate Fitz Gibbon:文物輸出管理機制
Erich Theophile and Cynthia Rosenfeld 與 Emma C. Bunker 都在討論有關文物歸屬的問題,討論範圍涵蓋的古物販子,收藏家,博物館,考古學家等等眾多相關人物的角色。
American Council for Cultural Policy (ACCP) was formed by a group of politically influential antiquities dealers, collectors and lawyers in the United States, with its headquarters in New York and representatives in Washington D.C.
The original goal of this organization was to allow legally excavated archaeological artifacts to be circulated freely and legitimately. ACCP's treasurer William Pearlstein has famously described Middle Eastern cultural heritage laws (especially those of Iraq) as "retentionist" and expressed a desire for the possibility of the free circulation of antiquities
Some Archaeologists, academics, and cultural heritage lawyers have found such declarations worrisome, since the members of ACCP are politically influential figures. Archaeological Institute of America's code of ethics maintain that its members "refuse to participate in the trade in undocumented antiquities and refrain from activities that enhance the commercial value of such objects. Undocumented antiquities are those which are not documented as belonging to a public or private collection before December 30, 1970 when the AIA Council endorsed the UNESCO Convention on Cultural Property, or which have not been excavated and exported from the country of origin in accordance with the laws of that country." (Source: AIA official webpage) It is widely believed by many academics that the trade and collectorship of antiquities fuel the looting and destruction of archaeological sites around the world.
Alternative to Embargo (P.291-303)
1. 目前古物買賣市場以處罰買主的方式並無法真正喝止文物非法交易
3. 然而目前花在保護遺產現址的費用與防止到賣古物的預算不成比例
4. 各國文資法對於文物出口與進口的相關規定
甲、 加拿大
乙、 英國
丙、 日本
丁、 韓國
5. 文化資產與國家獨立、國家認同的關係是息息相關的
6. 與其消極的禁止文物輸出不如建構文物輸出評鑑機制與資料庫平台
7. 「Art-rich and Cash-poor」,這些鑑定機制如何回饋給文物輸出國
甲、 鑑價費用回饋
乙、 文物優先收藏權
丙、 資料庫資料使用回饋金
丁、 版權金回饋
Selected pages
A Historical Perspective
Archaeology and the Art Market
Observations of a Combatant
A Licit International Trade in Cultural Objects JOHN HENRY MERRYMAN
Alternatives to Embargo KATE FITZ GIBBON
The Kathmandu Valley Preservation Trust ERICH THEOPHILE CYNTHIA ROSENFELD
The Acquisition and Ownership of Antiquities in Todays Age of Transition EMMA C BUNKER


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Badges for a new feature. The big cup, ribbon and atom are from @sensibleworld amazing set: http://symbolicons.com/
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If there was ever any doubt about how seriously Glasgow would be hunting revenge in tomorrow's return Magners League match against Edinburgh, it must have been ended when the club announced that they had been allowed to borrow the Rangers training facilities at Murray Park for their final preparations.
It is the second time that Sir David Murray, the Rangers owner who is also the main shirt sponsor to the Scotland international rugby side, has allowed Glasgow to use the football club's facility. The previous time was before their make-or-break Heineken Cup match against Saracens earlier this year and by


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InfobloxJustin Mounts
188.8.131.529 14.7mb
The Infoblox mobile app gives you all the tools you need to stay on top of Infoblox news throughout the day. You can easily access the latest product videos and collateral, as well as follow us on Twitter. Plus, you can ask questions and connect with colleagues through the Infoblox user community. Control your network--with Infoblox!
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Less talk, more action. 48 hours to measurably improve your life.
Psychology, Health & Fitness
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A Spark Weekend is where science and technology meets personal development. Spark Weekend Portland brings together dozens of personal development experts to provide TED-style talks, action-packed workshops, innovative product demos, and thought-provoking conversations.
Eliot Center, 1226 SW Salmon St., 97205, Portland, USA
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Conferize is the best way to gather your tribe and share interests – at no cost.


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DashMat Carpet Dashboard Cover Part #1661-00-76 Customer Reviews
125 Customer Reviews
Happy Girl
New Dashmat
Reviewed by Jerry H (Clermont, FL) Reviewed for a 2015 Mitsubishi Outlander — Feb 11, 2017 3:00 PM
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Like it
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The order came very quick. The item came totally ready to install. It took some time for me to adjust it but it is made to fit...need to make allowences for the installer. It is exactly as described and I am very happy with the dash cover for the 2002 Sabaru Forrester.
Must Have for all Vehicles
Reviewed by Garry P (Wauchula, FL) Reviewed for a 2016 Jeep Cherokee — Feb 04, 2017 11:15 AM
This is my second purchase from Auto Anything. I highly recommend this company and this product. Fits our Jeep perfectly. Will flatten out after a day or two in the sun. No complaints. Our prior purchase was back in 2008 and still looks new.
Reviewed by James R W (Beaver, WV) Reviewed for a 2017 Kia Sorento — Jan 11, 2017 9:14 AM
This particular dash mat was not a correct fit especially where the windshield vents are suppose to be, vent holes need to be longer. The passenger side had a slit cut and was sewn as to have a valley or separate area to cover of which this particular make and model does not have at this location. Also the whole dash mat is 1 3/4inches too wide. I love the Dash Mat product, always have. Just that this particular one should of never left the factory in my opinion. THANK YOU...
Dash Mat Review
Reviewed by Jennifer W (dequincy, LA) Reviewed for a 2014 Ford Expedition — Dec 30, 2016 10:47 AM
Great quality, easy to install, great price, quick shipping, great color selection. Would like more hook-n-loop supplies in box. Would order again.
Love this product
Dash Civer
Reviewed by foglesong, d (New River, AZ) Reviewed for a 2016 Kia Soul — Dec 14, 2016 7:25 AM
Ordered this for our new Kia Soul. Color and fit are perfect. Not even necessary to use attachments tabs. Mat stays in place...PERFECT
Dash Mat Cover
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18 for Desert Warriors Basketball Tourney
Eighteen male and female basketball teams are expected to battle in a three-day basketball tournament at the Ford Maden Christian Academy (FMCA) gym on Smythe Road, Old Road Community.
The tournament is expected to bring 2nd, 3rd and female basketball teams, who are registered members of the Liberia Basketball Association (LBA), from Friday, August 21 to Sunday, August 23, at 12pm.
The Desert Warrior Association organized the 3-day games is to reawake the spirit of basketball which is yet to be revived since the outbreak of the Ebola and the leadership crisis at the LBA.


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Published byDeja Pigeon Modified about 1 year ago
Urooj ul Hasan Khan Team Leader Investment Banking Meezan Bank Limited
Islamic banking assets with commercial banks globally grew to $1.3 trillion in 2011, suggesting an average annual growth of 19% over past four years (2011: 24%). The top four markets account for 84% of industry assets. 13 Islamic banks have an equity base of more than US$ 1 billion. Islamic banking assets are forecast to grow beyond the milestone of $2 trillion by 2014. The industry's average ROE was 12% in 2011. The severity of performance challenge has prompted several institutions to initiate wide- ranging transformation programs, called the new 3 R's for the industry: Regulatory transformation – involving compliance risk, capital optimization, integrated balance sheet management and liquidity management Risk transformation – around Shari'a governance, single data management framework, segment / product specific risk models Retail banking transformation – strengthening customer centric operating model, channel integration and technology enablement. G LOBAL S CENARIO – G ROWTH & P OTENTIAL
One potential scenario shows global Islamic banking assets with commercial banks to reach $1.8 trillion in 2013 (2011: $1.3 trillion), representing average annual growth of 17% Islamic Banking Asset Growth (US$b) G LOBAL S CENARIO – G ROWTH & P OTENTIAL
Islamic banking growth outlook continues to be positive, growing 50% faster than overall banking sector in several core markets. In Saudi Arabia, market share of Islamic banking assets is now over 50%. Banking asset penetration (% of Nominal GDP) and Islamic banking market share of total assets (%) in 2011 G LOBAL S CENARIO – G ROWTH & P OTENTIAL
Top 20 Islamic banks make up 55% of the total Islamic banking assets and are concentrated in 7 countries, include: Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, UAE, Bahrain, Qatar, Malaysia and Turkey Top three markets for Islamic Banking Assets (2011) Saudi Arabia (US$207 billion) Malaysia (US$ 106 billion) UAE (US$75 billion) New markets embracing Islamic Financial Industry are Egypt (Issuing sovereign Sukuks & developing new regulatory framework for Islamic Banks) Iraq (contemplating Islamic Banking legislation) Libya (implementing its Islamic Banking framework) Indonesia (Bank Indonesia projects that in 2013, growth of Islamic banking assets will be in the range of 36% to 58%)
L OCAL S CENARIO – G ROWTH & P OTENTIAL Islamic banking was formally launched in Pakistan in March 2002 when the first Islamic Banking license was awarded to Meezan Bank Limited. There are currently 5 full fledge Islamic banks and 13 conventional banks having Islamic banking branches with a network of 1024 branches across Pakistan. The industry has been maintaining strong growth momentum with over 50 percent average annual growth since inception; this growth trend is likely to gather further momentum with increasing awareness level and expansion of Islamic banking network in second and third tier cities. In terms of total assets, Islamic Banking is 8.9% of the total banking industry. Keeping in view the fact that approx 96% of the population of Pakistan is Muslim, Islamic Banking has the potential to grow to that level.
L OCAL S CENARIO – G ROWTH & P OTENTIAL There are currently 5 full fledge Islamic banks with a network of 657 branches and 13 conventional banks having 367 Islamic banking branches The Islamic banks also has 73 sub- branches
L OCAL S CENARIO – G ROWTH & P OTENTIAL No. of Islamic Banking Branches CAGR = 37.73%
L OCAL S CENARIO – G ROWTH & P OTENTIAL Growth of Market Share for Islamic banks
L OCAL S CENARIO – G ROWTH & P OTENTIAL Deposit Growth of Islamic Banking CAGR = 34.21%
L OCAL S CENARIO – G ROWTH & P OTENTIAL Asset Growth of Islamic Banking CAGR = 32.36%
Islam as a "complete code of life" encompasses every aspect of human life. It provides directives as to how economic and financial activities should operate based on moral and just economic system. The source of Islamic morality stems from Shariah. Two sources of law in Islam Shariah—Revealed knowledge Quran –Recited Hadith/Sunnah—Un-recited Fiqh– Derived knowledge through ijtihad (exertion) Ijma (consensus) Al-Qiyas (analogy) Islamic laws can be broadly classified into two types Ibadat (devotional acts) – Any worship which is not legalized by Shariah is void Muamalat (dealings or transactions)—Transactions are permitted unless prohibited by Islamic law (principle of permissibility) In muamalat, new transactions can be accommodated through ijtihad as long as they do not contain the prohibited (riba and gharar)
I DEOLOGY OF I SLAMIC E CONOMICS Finance/ Banking in Islam (Matter of Muamalat) Laws governing economic/financial activities Principle of permissibility: All transactions are permitted except those explicitly prohibited by Islamic law Prohibitions are riba and gharar, fraud, hoarding, exploitation of need, gambling, etc. Obligations & Recommended (charity, honesty, interest-free loans, risk sharing, etc.)
What is Riba? The word "Riba" means excess, increase or addition. According to Shariah terminology, implies any excess compensation without due consideration. R IBA E QUATION O F R IBA
Prohibition of Riba in Quran: "Those who devour Riba shall rise up before Allah like men whom Shaitan has demented by his touch; for they claim that trading is like Riba. But Allah has permitted trading and forbidden Riba. He that receives an admonition from his Rabb and mends his ways may keep what he has already earned; his faith is in the hand of Allah. But he that pays no heed shall be among the people of fire and shall remain in it forever." (Al Baqarah 275) "O you who believe, Fear Allah and give up what remains of your demand for Interest, if you are indeed a believer. If you do not, then you are warned of the declaration of war from Allah and His Messenger; But if you turn back you shall have your principal: Deal not unjustly and you shall not be dealt with unjustly." (Al Baqarah 278 – 279) P ROHIBITION O F R IBA
Prohibition of Riba in Ahadith: Narrated by Jabir (RAA): The Prophet (SAW) cursed the receiver and payer of interest, the one who records it and the two witnesses to the transaction and said, "They are all alike [in guilt]." (Muslim) Narrated by Abu Hurayrah (RAA): The Prophet (SAW) said, "There will certainly come a time for mankind when everyone will take Riba and if he does not do so, its dust will reach him." (Abu Dawood) Narrated by Abu Hurayrah (RAA): The Prophet (SAW) said, "On the night of Ascension I came upon people whose stomachs were like houses with snakes visible from outside. I asked Jibrael who they were, He replied that they were people who had received interest." (Ibn-e-Majah) P ROHIBITION O F R IBA
T YPES OF R IBA First Type : Riba al Nasiah: Root word nasaa meaning to postpone - refers to the delayed payment Riba. When there is exchange of the same specie over a period of time, the amount exchanged has to be the same (qard hasan). If an excess is paid over the amount this will lead to riba al nasiah. Riba Al-Nasiah… Riba in loan contracts: Give out loan (principal sum) Repayment include additional amount because of delay in payment This is the riba prohibited in Al-Qur'an A.k.a. Riba al-Duyun, Riba Al-Jahiliyyah Implication in Financing Transactions: financing using loan contracts. No extra is allowed
T YPES OF R IBA Second Type: Riba al Fadl: If there is exchange among the same specie of the ribawi goods, it has to be done on spot and should be of equal amounts. If the amounts exchanged are different then it will be riba al fadl. saying of the Prophet: "Gold for gold, silver for silver, wheat for wheat, barley for barley, dates for dates and salt for salt – like for like, equal for equal and hand to hand. If the commodities differ, then you may sell as you wish, provided that the exchange is hand to hand" (Muslim, Kitab al-Musaqat) The six commodities listed in the above Ahadith could be divided into two categories: 1.Currency – gold and silver 2.Staple food – wheat, barley, dates, salt
T YPES OF R IBA S UMMARY OF R IBA A L -F ADL Implication in Financing Transactions: Currency exchange – must be spot transaction No forward currency transactions
D IFFERENCE B ETWEEN T RADE & U SURY Does similarity in risk and pricing profile make Islamic products doubtful in the eyes of Shariah? Suppose cash sale price is $10, deferred sale price payable in one month is $12. Now, the buyer requests for one month extension and seller increases the price to $14. Prophet (pbuh) allowed $2 profit for the deferred sale but prohibited $2 for the extension of time (riba al-jahiliyyah) The non-believers "used to say that it is same as we increase the price in the beginning of the sale, or we increase it at the time of maturity". But Quran says: "Trade is like usury, but God hath permitted trade and forbidden usury"(2:275) "The Holy Quran could have mentioned the difference between interest and profit in pure logical manner, and could have explained how the profit in a sale is justified while the interest is not. The Holy Quran could have also spelled out the evil consequences of riba on the economy. But this line of argument was intentionally avoided….once a particular transaction is held by Allah to be haraam, there is no room for disputing it on the basis of pure rational argumentation because Allah's knowledge and wisdom encompasses all those points which are not accessible to ordinary reason." (Mufti Taqi Usmani )
I SLAMIC VS C ONVENTIONAL B ANKING Conventional Banking Bank Money + Money (interest) Client Money Every Debt that pulls any kind of gain is Riba
I SLAMIC VS C ONVENTIONAL B ANKING Islamic Banking BankClient Money Goods & Services Whereas Allah has permitted trading and forbidden Riba
Islamic banking Transactions are asset- based/backed It is socially-responsible banking because it operates under Shariah restrictions Does not permit financing of prohibited goods / Industries Ethics and moral values play a major role in investment decisions. Not a choice but a must Conventional banking Transactions are money lending and Riba based Involve in many impermissible transactions like Short selling, Sale of Debt, Speculation, artificial financial transactions, no sanctity for Islamic law of contract. Permit financing of prohibited goods / Industries like alcohol, casinos etc. A matter of choice I SLAMIC VS C ONVENTIONAL B ANKING
From the previous slide, we find the differences are on three levels: i. Conceptual & socio-religious level: Not lending money. Cannot deal with interest & non permissible commodities/businesses. ii. Business model & governing framework: Actively participates in trade and production process. Governing framework as directed by Shariah Advisors and Shariah Board. iii. Product level implementation: Usually asset backed & involve trading/renting of asset. Implementation is not just a mere change of paper work and terms but it involves the right intention, the correct sequence of steps and timing of execution. I SLAMIC VS C ONVENTIONAL B ANKING
Murabaha Salam Istisna Ijarah Mudaraba Musharaka Diminishing Musharaka I SLAMIC M ODES OF F INANCING
Murabaha: A sale of goods in which seller discloses profit to the purchaser. The bank buys and then sells the good to the client at a pre-agreed price. Price paid at a later date. The bank must own and posses the good. The profit rate and other terms should be clearly specified in the contract. The bank can ask for guarantees or collateral. Murabaha bills of trade cannot be traded (at discount) I SLAMIC M ODES OF F INANCING
Salam: A pre-production sale of goods - selling goods in advance. Can be used for homogenous goods. Used to finance the agricultural sector. The price has to be fixed and paid when the contract is concluded. Goods delivered at a later date. The delivery time should be fixed. Parallel salam. I SLAMIC M ODES OF F INANCING
Istisna: A pre-production sale is used when an item/asset needs to be manufactured/constructed. The price of the good should be known and time of payment can be negotiated among the parties. The seller of the good can either manufacture it or sub-contract it (Parallel Istisna). Once delivered, the bank will sell the goods either directly or through agent. I SLAMIC M ODES OF F INANCING
Ijarah: A leasing contract involves sale of usufructs of durable assets/goods. Ownership in the asset is retained by the lessor. The asset can be transferred to a third party or the lessee at the end of the tenor The lease payments are calculated by aggregating; Fixed element (equivalent to principal on the conventional facilities). Variable element, generally on the basis of a reference such as K plus a fixed margin Service amount usually equal to the amount paid to the company/ customer (in its capacity as service agent under the service agency agreement). Cost of total damage of asset is borne by owner. Lessee can sub-lease the asset to third party unless explicitly prohibited in the Ijarah contract. I SLAMIC M ODES OF F INANCING
Mudaraba: A form of partnership – one party supplies the capital (Rab-ul- Maal) other manages (Mudarib) Profit shared among parties at a pre-agreed ratio. Loss borne by financier (Rab-ul-Maal) only. Financier cannot ask for a guarantee of capital or return. Mudaraba can be restricted or unrestricted. I SLAMIC M ODES OF F INANCING
Musharaka (Shirka-tul-Aqd): A partnership contract in which all partners contribute capital and labor. One partner can be the managing partner Profit is shared among the partners at a pre-agreed ratio. In case of loss, sharing on the basis of share in capital. One partner can not guarantee the return or capital of other partner. I SLAMIC M ODES OF F INANCING
Diminishing Musharaka (Shirka-tul-Milk): Joint ownership contract between bank and customer to jointly own the Asset. Contract of lease between the bank (as lessor) and customer (as Lessee) whereby lessor leases its undivided ownership in the Asset to lessee. The maintenance cost can be paid by the lessee if included in the contract, but costs of total damage of asset is borne by lessor to the extent of its ownership. From time to time customer purchases ownership share in Asset from the bank to increase its ownership. Upon maturity, the customer acquires 100% ownership in the Asset. Bank
Defined by International Project Finance Association (IFPA): "The financing of long-term infrastructure, industrial projects and public services based upon a non-recourse or limited recourse financial structure where project debt and equity used to finance the project are paid back from the cash-flow generated by the project." Non-recourse financing refers to the fact that the sponsor's liability is restricted to the amount of capital invested. Certain projects are structured with limited recourse, which means that the sponsors are liable for any additional capital infusions the project may require due to cost overruns or shortfalls in cash flow in the initial phase of the project (i.e. the construction phase). P ROJECT F INANCE – A N O VERVIEW
Often referred to as a new financing technique, project finance is actually centuries old and predates corporate finance. The earliest example of project financing dates back to 1299 when the English Crown negotiated a loan from the Frescobaldi, a leading Italian merchant bank of that period, to develop the Devon silver mines. "Project finance" is not the same thing as "financing projects" because projects may be financed in many different ways. For instance, large-scale public sector projects can be financed by the public sector's issuance of debt, whereas private sector projects are funded by large companies raising corporate loans against their balance sheets (a full recourse finance) for eg. Financing for capacity enhancement. P ROJECT F INANCE – A N O VERVIEW
Main Features Of Project Finance A project is established as a separate company, which operates under a concession obtained from the host government. The project manager provides a major portion of the project's equity, thereby tying the provision of finance to the management of the project. The project company operates with a high ratio of debt to equity, with lenders having only limited recourse to the government or to the equity holders in the event of default. This limited recourse is vital as it lowers the risk of sponsors or equity providers becoming liable for injecting additional equity to meet debt obligations. The long-term financiers of the projects have recourse only on project cash flows. Sponsors or creditors are repaid or earn a return solely from the revenue that is generated by sale of the project's output. P ROJECT F INANCE – A N O VERVIEW
Main Features Of Project Finance The project company enters into comprehensive contractual arrangements with suppliers and customers. The contractual arrangements are designed to allocate each major risk in a project to the party that is best able to appraise and control that risk. For example, the main contractor is obviously best suited to ensure that construction is completed within the budget and on schedule. He therefore enters into a turnkey contract that specifies a fixed price and penalties for delays, and is usually required to post a performance bond. A turnkey contract refers to a business arrangement where the project or asset being constructed is delivered in a complete state. P ROJECT F INANCE – A N O VERVIEW
Characteristics of Infrastructure Finance Investment: Capital intensive (i.e. investment amount are usually lumpy, large and incurred during the initial stages of the project). Enjoy economies of scale. Maturity: Long operational lives and requires long tenure financing. Maturity can vary from 5 to 20 years. Costs and Returns: Stable rates of return linked with the cash flows of the project. Cost of credit usually high due to high risk involved. Uncertainty in the longer-run and higher cost of funds can make some viable projects unprofitable. P ROJECT F INANCE – A N O VERVIEW
Source of financing can be either from public or private institutions or combination of both. Public source: Budgets allocation from government; Specialized public bodies and development banks; and Sovereign Wealth Funds Sovereign Guarantees Private source: Syndicated financing by banks/financial institutions; Infrastructure funds; Private equity funds; and Issuance of capital market instruments (i.e. bonds and Sukuk) P ROJECT F INANCE – A N O VERVIEW
P ROJECT F INANCE – M AJOR P ARTICIPANTS 1.Government: The project company usually needs to obtain a concession from the host government to undertake the project. The government may also establish a new regulatory framework, guarantee currency convertibility, and provide environmental permits. 2.Project sponsors or owners: A separate company is established to undertake the project. Sponsors are generally the project owners with equity stake and will generally be involved in project construction and management. 3.Project company: The project company is a single purpose entity created to execute the project. Controlled by the sponsors, it is the project's hub through its contractual arrangements with operators, contractors, suppliers and customers. 4.Contractor: The contractor is responsible for constructing the project according to the specifications outlined in its contract. Primary contractors will then subcontract with local firms for different components of the construction. 5.Operator: Operators are responsible for maintaining the quality of the project's assets and ensuring maximal operational efficiency.
P ROJECT F INANCE – M AJOR P ARTICIPANTS 6.Suppliers and customers: The supplier provides the critical input, like fuel for a power plant project. The customer is the party willing to purchase the project's output. 7.Lenders: Infrastructure projects involve substantial funding, raised as debt from a syndicate of lenders such as banks and specialized lending institutions. 8.Multilateral agencies: The World Bank, IFC and regional development banks are often lenders or co–financiers of infrastructure projects in developing countries. 9.Export credit agency (ECA): Because infrastructure projects in developing countries often require imported equipment from developed countries, ECAs are routinely approached by contractors to support these Projects. 10.Other important parties include: Insurers, legal and financial advisors (assemble the transaction given the number of important contracts and help structure the financing for the project) and the trustee (responsible for monitoring the project's progress).
Project Documents: EPC/ ECC O&M contract Input /Fuel Supply Agreement Off-Take Agreement e.g. PPA Sponsor Documents Project Funds Agreement Shareholders Agreements In case of Islamic Facility Investment Agency Agreement Declaration of Trust Musharaka Agreement Management Agreement Payment/ Ijara Agreement Purchase Undertaking Sale Undertaking Security Documents Hypo/ mortgage Share Pledge Agreement Direct Agreements Guarantee Other Documents Common Terms Agreement P ROJECT F INANCE – M AJOR A GREEMENTS
P ROJECT F INANCE – G LOBAL P OTENTIAL Estimate of Global Infrastructure Financing Needs: The Organisation of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) estimates that approximately USD71 trillion would be needed globally by 2030 for investment in road, rail, telecoms, electricity and water infrastructure. Emerging markets would require a total of USD21 trillion for infrastructure investments in the next decade. The GCC region would require approximately about USD2 trillion by 2020 for infrastructure investment.
"The way to understand Islamic finance is to replace the word 'Islamic' with the word 'Structured.' Like any structured finance deal, you have constaints that must be overcome with creativity and innovation. Here, the principles are based on the principles of Shari'a. The question is how to structure the deal given these constraints."
A scheme to finance the cost of construction whereby the mode and the purpose of financing are Shariah compliant. Mode of financing can be either by way of obtaining direct financing from financier or by way of issuing Islamic securities. I SLAMIC P ROJECT F INANCE – P RODUCT S TRUCTURES CategoriesMode of Financing Asset based Ijarah (on existing/ future assets i.e. forward lease), Ijarah in tranches, DM Debt Based Istisna (manufacturing/ commissioning), Murabaha (cost plus profit) Equity BasedMudaraba, Musharaka Agency BasedWakala Combination Istisna cum ijarah, wakala cum ijaraha
CategoriesMode of Financing CompanySui Southern Gas Company Limited ("SSGC") Purpose To finance construction of 18" Dia X 53 pipeline from Dhader to Abbe-e-Gham Facility AmountPKR 1,000 million. Tenor3 years. Grace15 months.
I SLAMIC P ROJECT F INANCE – I STISNA C UM I JARAH Financiers Provide Funds & appoint SSGC as Saani to construct assets 1 SSGC deliver the asset to the financiers Construct assets either by itself or through agent 2 3 Project Asset Right to use Financiers' Share in Asset on Ijarah. 4 Payment of periodic lease rentals after construction and advance lease rentals during construction 5
Process Flow: 1.Financiers provide funds to SSGC for construction of project assets as Saani. 2.SSGC can either construct asset by itself or appoint a construction contractor (ECC) for the same by the completion date in accordance with the Specifications and cost agreed. The Istisna price will be paid to the Manufacturer by the Musharaka in advance. 3.On completion date, SSGC will deliver the project assets to financiers. 4.During the construction period, Ijarah rentals will not be recognized as income and will appear as liability under Advance Rentals. 5.Financiers will lease the Asset under Ijarah to SSGC as lessee whereby SSGC will have an exclusive right to use Financiers' share in the Asset in consideration for Ijarah Rentals comprising of principal plus profit both. 6.The project assets will transfer to SSGC at the end of the tenor. 7.SSGC will undertake to purchase the assets in the event of default. I SLAMIC P ROJECT F INANCE – I STISNA C UM I JARAH
AgreementsPartiesDescription Agency Agreement Investment Agent & Financiers Financiers appoint Investment Agent. Procurement Agreement Investment Agent and SSGC (as Saani ) Parties appoint SSGC as manufacturer (Saani) for construction of Project Asset. Management Agreement SSGC and Investment Agent To appoint SSGC as Managing Co-owner for structural maintenance, insurance and security of Project Asset once completed. Ijarah Agreement Investment Agent (Lessor) & SSGC (Lessee) To take on lease the Project Asset. Purchase UndertakingBy SSGC to Investment Agent To undertake purchase of the Project Asset at EOD. Sale UndertakingBy Investment Agent to SSGC Investment Agent To undertake Sale of the Project Asset to SSGC at the end of tenor.
CategoriesMode of Financing CompanyFoundation Wind Energy ("FWE") PurposeTo set up Wind Power Generation Complex. Project CostUSD 134 million Facility AmountPKR 10,000 million. Tenor12 years. Grace2 years. ProjectConstruction of 50 MW wind power project, situated at Kutti Kun, District Thatta, Sindh. I SLAMIC P ROJECT F INANCE – W AKALA C UM I JARAH
Financiers FWE (Project Company) FWE (Project Company) Construction and Management Funds 1 3 Project Assets Right to use the assets Deliver the Project Assets on completion 5 Appoint as Agent to construct the assets 2 4 Periodic lease rentals 6
Process Flow: 1.Financier will appoint FWE as their Wakil (Agent) to construct the Project Assets on behalf of the financier. 2.FWE (as Agent) will enter into the arrangement with Nordex to manufacture and supply the wind turbine and construct a wind-based power generation complex for the financiers. 3.Financiers will inject the funds in the project company as and when required by FWE. 4.FWE will be deemed to commence usage of financiers' share in asset as it completes and will take the asset on lease, after completion, through the lease commencement notice signed by both the parties. 5.FWE will make periodic payments of lease rental comprising of principal and profit both for using the Project Assets. 6. Financiers undertake to transfer the Project Assets at the end of the Tenor. 7.FWE undertakes to purchase the Project Assets in the event of default. I SLAMIC P ROJECT F INANCE – W AKALA C UM I JARAH
AgreementsPartiesDescription Investment Agency Agreement Investment Agent & Financiers Financiers appoint Investment Agent. Procurement Agreement Investment Agent and FWE (asWakil) Parties appoint FWE as manufacturer (Wakil) for construction of Project Asset. Management Agreement FWE and Investment Agent To appoint FWE as agent for structural maintenance, insurance and security of Project Asset once completed. Ijarah Agreement Investment Agent (Lessor) & FWE (Lessee) To take on lease the Project Asset. Purchase UndertakingBy FWE to Investment Agent To undertake purchase of the Project Asset at EOD. Sale UndertakingBy Investment Agent to FWE Investment Agent To undertake Sale of the Project Asset to FWE at the end of tenor.
I SLAMIC P ROJECT F INANCE – W AKALA C UM I JARAH AgreementsPartiesDescription Equipment Procurement & Construction Contracts FWE & Contractors Contractors take the responsibility for construction and completion of the Project Operation and Maintenance (O&M) Contract FWE & O&M ContractorTo operate and maintain the Project. Power Purchase AgreementFEW & NTDCTo purchase the electricity from FEW. GOP Guarantee By Govt. of Pakistan to Financiers To guarantee the obligations of FWE. Implementation Agreement Relevant Govt. Authority and FWE. Government support for the Project. Security Documents By FWE to Investment Agent To create security in favour of Investment Agent. Common Terms AgreementFWE, Investment Agent and Financiers. To agree on general terms used under facility agreements, security document etc.
CategoriesMode of Financing CompanyPakistan International Bulk Terminal ("PIBT") PurposeTo finance Company's capex plan. Project CostUSD 184 million. Local FacilityPKR 4,100 million. Tenor12years. Grace3 years. Project To set up a dedicated Cement, Coal and Clinker Terminal at Port Qasim with a handling capacity of 11 million tones per annum. I SLAMIC P ROJECT F INANCE – T RANCHES I JARAH
Financiers PIBT (Project Company) PIBT (Project Company) Construction and Management Funds to construct the Project Assets 1 3 Project Assets Right to use the individual Project Assets Deliver the individual assets (part of project asset) as and when completed. 5 2 4 Periodic lease rentals 6 I SLAMIC P ROJECT F INANCE – T RANCHES I JARAH Manage construction as Agent (Wakil)
Process Flow: 1.PIBT (as Agent) will construct a dirty cargo handling terminal at Port Qasim. 2.Financiers will inject funds as and when required by PIBT. 3.PIBT as agent, will construct the Project Asset and will also enter into supply, construction and other contracts on behalf of the Musharaka. 4.PIBT will be deemed to commence usage assets as soon as each asset/section are come into the usable condition and will take such asset/section on lease thereby making rental payments to its financiers' for using each individual assets. 5.Financiers undertake to transfer the Project Assets at the end of the Tenor. 6.PIBT undertakes to purchase the Project Assets in the event of default. Benefit: It helps the Islamic financiers to recognize the Advance Lease Rental as soon as any individual asset, part of the project asset, is completed and in usable condition. I SLAMIC P ROJECT F INANCE – T RANCHES I JARAH
AgreementsPartiesDescription Agency Agreement Investment Agent & Financiers Financiers appoint Investment Agent. Procurement Agreement Investment Agent and PIBT (Agent) Parties appoint PIBT as agent to construct the Project Asset. Management Agreement PIBT and Investment Agent To appoint PIBT as agent for structural maintenance, insurance and security of Project Asset once completed. Ijarah Agreement Investment Agent (Lessor) & PIBT (Lessee) To take on lease the Project Asset. Purchase UndertakingBy PIBT to Investment Agent To undertake purchase of the Project Asset at EOD. Sale UndertakingBy Investment Agent to PIBT Investment Agent To undertake Sale of the Project Asset to PIBT at the End of Tenor. I SLAMIC P ROJECT F INANCE – T RANCHES I JARAH
AgreementsPartiesDescription Equipment Procurement and Construction Contracts PIBT and Contractors Contractors take the responsibility for construction and completion of the Project. Implementation Agreement Relevant Govt. Authority and PIBT. Government support for the Project. Project Funds Agreement PIBT, Sponsors & Investment Agent To undertake contribution from Sponsors of the Project. Security DocumentsBy PIBT to Investment Agent To create security in favour of Investment Agent. Common Terms Agreement PIBT, Investment Agent and Financiers. To agree on general terms used under Islamic facility agreements, security document etc. I SLAMIC P ROJECT F INANCE – T RANCHES I JARAH
CategoriesMode of Financing CompanyLiberty Power Tech Limited("LPTL") PurposeTo setup a new project under the name of LPTL. Project CostUSD 241 million. Issue SizePKR 15,000 million. Tenor12 years. Grace2 years. Project To setup a 200 MW power plant on the BOO (Build Operate Own) concept, based on Residual Furnace Oil (RFO) in Faisalabad. I SLAMIC P ROJECT F INANCE – S UKUK
Sukuk Holders LPTL (as Partner) LPTL (as Partner) Musharaka LPTL as Trustee & Issuer Musharaka LPTL as Trustee & Issuer LPTL (as Manager) LPTL (as Manager) Cash & other assets in tranches Construction & delivery of Power Plant Cash & other assets (Land) in tranches Cash in tranches to purchase the undivided ownership in project land. Sukuk 1a 1b 4 3 2 Sukuk Holders LPTL (as User) LPTL (as User) Musharaka LPTL= Trustee & Issuer Musharaka LPTL= Trustee & Issuer Periodic Distributions Renting of Sukuk Holders undivided share in Power Plant 5 6 Rental Payments 7 I SLAMIC P ROJECT F INANCE – S UKUK (S HIRKAT - UL -M ILK ) Rental Payments
Process Flow: 1.LPTL and Sukuk Holders enter into a Musharaka to construct and then own undivided share in the Power Plant. Sukuk will be issued by LPTL, as Issuer, to the Sukuk Holders against the cash contribution towards Musharaka. 2.The Sukuk Holders will purchase the undivided ownership in the land while the Project Company contribute its share in kind (the remaining portion of undivided ownership in land). This will enable the financiers to charge rental as income from the very day musharaka is created. 3.LPTL (as managing co-owner) will get the Power Plant constructed as per specification at an agreed cost. 4.Sukuk Holders' undivided share in Musharaka Assets (Power Plant) will be rented to LPTL on completion of the construction in consideration of Periodic Rentals which include Base Rental (Principal) and Variable Rental (Profit). 5.LPTL undertakes to purchase the Sukuk Holders' Musharaka share on maturity or in the event of default. I SLAMIC P ROJECT F INANCE – S UKUK (S HIRKAT - UL -M ILK )
AgreementsPartiesDescription Agency AgreementIA& FinanciersFinanciers appoint Investment Agent. Procurement Agreement Investment Agent and LPTL (Agent) Parties appoint LPTL as agent to construct the Project Asset. Management AgreementLPTL and Investment Agent To appoint LPTL as Managing Co-owner for structural maintenance, insurance and security of Project Asset once completed. Ijarah Agreement Investment Agent (Lessor) & LPTL (Lessee) To take on lease, Investment Agent's share in the Project Asset. Purchase Undertaking By LPTL to Investment Agent To undertake purchase of Investment Agent's share in the Project Asset at EOD. Sale Undertaking By Investment Agent to LPTL Investment Agent To undertake Sale of Investment Agent's share in the Project Asset to LPTL at the End of Tenor. Declaration of TrustLPTL, Investment Agent & Financiers For the purpose of declaration of trust and issuance of Sukuk to investors.
I SLAMIC P ROJECT F INANCE – S UKUK AgreementsPartiesDescription Equipment Procurement and Construction Contracts LPTL and Contractors Contractors take the responsibility for construction and completion of the Project Operation and Maintenance (O&M) Contract LPTL and O&M ContractorTo operate and maintain the Project. Fuel Supply AgreementLPTL & Supplier To guarantee fuel supply from the supplier for operations of the Project. Power Purchase AgreementLPTL & Purchaser To guarantee purchase of Power from the Project. Project Funds Agreement LPTL, Sponsors & Investment Agent To undertake contribution from Sponsors of the Project. Security Documents By LPTL to Investment Agent To create security in favour of Investment Agent. Common Terms AgreementLPTL, Investment Agent and Financiers. To agree on general terms used under Islamic facility agreements, security document etc.
Give funds as agent to construct the assets Financiers Appoint SPV as Mudarib 1 Project Co. will deliver the assets Construct assets either by itself or through agent 4 5 Project Company I SLAMIC P ROJECT F INANCE – M UDARBA SPV Provide Funds as Rabul Mal 2 3 Project Company Lease the assets back 6 Provide periodic lease rentals (Adv. Or actual) 7 Share the agreed profit percentage with Financiers 8
Give funds as agent to construct the assets Financiers (As Musharaka Partner) Financiers (As Musharaka Partner) Project Co. will deliver the assets Construct assets either by itself or through agent 3 4 Project Company I SLAMIC P ROJECT F INANCE – M USHARAKA Musharaka 2 Project Company Lease the assets back 5 Provide periodic lease rentals (Adv. Or actual) 6 1 Sponsors (As Musharaka Partner) Sponsors (As Musharaka Partner) Both Musharaka Partner provide funds towards Musharaka (create musharaka) Financiers (As Musharaka Partner) Financiers (As Musharaka Partner) Musharaka 8 Sponsors (As Musharaka Partner) Sponsors (As Musharaka Partner) Sharing of profit at agreed ratio
P ROJECT F INANCE – R ISK & M ITIGATES Construction Risk: Construction is the most risky phase in infrastructure project. During construction phase, we may face the risk of cost overrun, missed deadlines, defaults/ delays in construction of the facility, design or its non-conformity to the desired specifications etc. These risks often come from the following different factors: Any modifications or changes in the characteristics of the facility, during the construction phase. Poor estimates of cost or construction delays or cost over run. Technical or financial failure of the constructors. Mitigates: Different operators are outsourcing these risks through turnkey construction contracts, with fixed price and a fixed date of delivery. Generally, manufacturers bear risks associated with construction. Indeed, sponsors of the project company seek to transfer to contractors and incorporate clauses for liquidity damages. As lenders, they can allocate a portion of the risks related to the construction jointly with the sponsors by establishing a line of credit with major additional funding to cover the additional costs or delays encountered during the construction phase.
P ROJECT F INANCE – R ISK & M ITIGATES Lease Default Risk: If the Project Assets are not delivered to the Investment Agent, the Investment Agent cannot lease the same to the Lessee under the Forward Lease arrangement. Under Shariah, the Forward Lease Agreement has to be terminated and the financiers has to return the Advance Lease Rentals already paid by the Lessee. Mitigates: In this case, since the Lessee or its appointed contractor is also the Wakil/ Saani, the financier normally include arrangement of liquidity damages to set-off the obligation to return the Advance Lease Rentals. Operating-related risks: Risk of insufficient revenue and/ or income, arises from an incorrect estimation of project revenues, of the factors used to calculate the costs of management, maintenance or renewal and major repairs. Mitigates: Financiers normally include arrangement of third party undertaking like Govt. guarantee, minimum off take guarantee, minimum toll guarantee etc.
P ROJECT F INANCE – R ISK & M ITIGATES Political/ Policy Risk: In addition to the above, political stability and economic environment of the host state of the project are important for assessing the conditions of the project's success. These risks might be caused by political decisions taken against the project directly such as changing tax regimes, nationalization, expropriation, confiscation, not obtaining permits or imposing other regulatory constraints directly affecting the profitability of the project. Mitigates: Political risks cannot be controlled by private partners in case of Public Private Partnership projects. These are usually borne by the government or govt. agencies. Another way to minimize such risk is to involve some large multilateral agencies like world bank, IFC, ADB, IDB etc.. Involvement of such agencies will restrict government for making unfavorable amendments.
Sharia'ah Issues Islamic financial transactions appear to be more complex than their conventional counterparts. Difference of opinions among Shari'ah scholars, not only in different countries, but even within a single jurisdictions. Sharia principles are often expressed in general terms, allowing for considerable discretion on how to apply these principles. Because there are different schools of Islamic jurisprudence, they may construe certain precepts differently. Within each school there are also majority and minority views on various issues, either of which may be applied in any particular case. Therefore, a document or structure may be accepted by one Sharia committee of a bank but rejected by a different Sharia committee. Controversies in certain financing instruments among Shari'ah scholars: Organised tawarruq (i.e. has been declared unlawful by the Islamic Fiqh Academy). Murabaha Based sukuk structures are permitted in some jurisdictions. I SLAMIC P ROJECT F INANCE – C ONSTRAINS & C HALLENGES
Issue of accruing income on forward lease contracts. During the construction period Advance Rental is a liability. Islamic debt-based instruments have inherent problems of tradability and liquidity. In order to make instrument tradable in light of Shariah the instrument should by back by at least 20% ownership in the tangible assets. Delay in payments is another concern. Conventional lenders can charge interest/ penalty while Islamic Financiers cannot. In case of Total Loss or destruction securities like cash collateral and receivables cannot be enforced (major risk). Under the Shariah laws unilateral promises are enforceable and therefore they perform a very important roles is Islamic agreements like in case of forward Ijarah/ DM where customer; (i) promises to take assets on lease once completed, and (ii) gives a purchase undertaking to purchase back assets in case of EoD or at maturity. These promises are not yet challenged in court of law and pose the risk that the customer may dishonor his commitments. Takaful coverage is not available for such large projects. I SLAMIC P ROJECT F INANCE – C ONSTRAINS & C HALLENGES
Legal & Contractual issues Problems may arise in settling disputes involving Islamic contracts in jurisdictions that do not have supporting Islamic laws, thereby creating uncertainty about Islamic financial transactions. These structures had never been tested in a major litigation and it was unclear whether a court might pierce the corporate veil and assert liability on Islamic investors. Even in case of default, it is unclear whether Islamic law or English law would prevail. Integrating Islamic financing with conventional financing in a single deal, raises further complications regarding inter-creditor arrangements. In case of default, Islamic investors who own specific assets in the project could claim those assets. Although this structurally puts an Islamic investor in a better position than a conventional lender, who is usually only a beneficiary of security but this would violate the pari passu treatment of most inter- creditor arrangements. Pari Passu treatment refers to the fact that all creditors holding the same securities should have equal claim on project assets. The standard solution, opted in most of the project finance deals, is for Islamic investors to forgo their rights in case of liquidation or default. I SLAMIC P ROJECT F INANCE – C ONSTRAINS & C HALLENGES
Shariah advisors and legal professionals face the challenge of structuring the transaction that satisfies both Shariah principles and legal/regulatory requirements of the host country. Particularly the governing laws is one of the important legal issues to be solved. Most large project financings involve multiple and diverse parties and jurisdictions. The choice of law is rather ambiguous, to say the least, and raises a whole set of questions. One is whether and to what extent the parties can validly agree on Islamic law as a governing law of a financial transaction. Issues Related to Market Participants Limited number of sources in providing long-term Islamic funds for infrastructure project as Islamic financial sector is still developing. Islamic financial principles and the legal implications of Islamic instruments are not clearly understood by many market participants. Leveling Playing Field/Standardization: The Islamic structures set out above can potentially trigger multiple tax duties (for example, stamp duties) on the sale and transfer of assets. It is very important for the Islamic finance that the governments should provide tax neutrality. Need laws and regulations that able to reduce legal and regulatory disparities between Islamic and conventional finance. Need for risk mitigation organizations and instruments that can be used to support infrastructure financing (e.g. takaful companies). I SLAMIC P ROJECT F INANCE – C ONSTRAINS & C HALLENGES
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text: MainStoriesOh the Stories this Athlete Can Tell Listen Oh the Stories this Athlete Can Tell Bob Molloy of Transylvania County, NC leaps into the air during his local Spring Games competition. Megan O'Donnell | Aug 03, 2013 | North America: North Carolina There's just one word to describe Special Olympics athlete Bob Molloy of Transylvania County, "Active" with a capital "A"! Molloy is 60 years young and competes in four different sports – athletics (track & field), basketball, bocce and bowling. He found Special Olympics just five years ago when he moved to Brevard from Hendersonville and went from living independently to a group home. "He lives for Special Olympics," said Edie Crowell, Molloy's group home resident manager. "It has really impacted his life. He's more outgoing and confident and he's always trying to enlist others to join him. I'm jealous! I'm six years younger than him and he can do a whole lot better than me!" "I try to keep on moving," said Molloy, who is employed by Ingles, a local grocery store. He volunteers with the Knights of Columbus and other various charities in town. He also visits the library several times a week. "If I sit down, then it's only to write my stories. After state basketball, a lady asked me if I was 40. Ha! I just said thank you." Molloy is a prolific writer, who documents his life experiences just about every day. He shares his stories by mailing copies to family, friends and fellow Special Olympics athletes and coaches. He writes about his competitions and keeps logs of statistics from games and awards he's won as well as those of other athletes from his county. He also details his vacations over the years and collects photos from all his outings. He saves his stories in scrapbooks and stores them in filing cabinets. "We jokingly refer to him as the packrat," said Crowell. "It's impressive. In fact, last summer he hurt his right wrist during the (Special Olympics North Carolina) Summer Games in Raleigh. It wasn't broken but couldn't be used for about six weeks so he learned to write with his left hand just so he could continue to write his stories!" The story on Molloy is simply that he loves sports and is quite competitive. About Me:VP of Communications and proud to share the stories of such great stories about such interesting people as Bob Molloy! Related:Read more about Bob Molloy on the Special Olympics North Carolina website Read More Stories I Found my Capabilities through my DisabilityNomthandazo DladlaShe can be seen, Special Olympics athlete Saga HänninenMika HänninenThanks to Special Olympics Young Athletes, I now see my child as a winnerNomfundo KhumaloAfrica Football Match Raises Awareness for Special Olympics HealthAnnemarie HillThe 2016 Israeli Sports Ministry Awards ceremony Reuven AstrachanTraining for Floorball Makes a Marvel in Cote d'IvoireRomi ReineckeEye Exam Leads to Clear Vision and New InsightsNaomi Saliu-LawalRemembering Billy Quick, Whose Name Said it AllChristy WeirRealising that the r-word is not a laughing matterAnonymousI never was someone who openly said the r-word in order to shame or insult another human being. But I would occasionally laugh or join in with a joke.I'm Proud To Still Be At School!Phetsile NgubeniAchieving Their Personal Best: A Coach's Story from SwazilandSabelo DlaminiDo You Have A Story to Share?Share Your Story More Stories