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Just curious what was the deciding factor when choosing a school for your child, out of public and private?
Just curious what was the deciding factor when choosing a school for your child, out of public and private?
I based my decision on the school i felt best fit my child, which happened to be a public school. Whether a school was public or private was not a deciding factor for me, i looked at both.
Experience, reputation, knowing other kids who went and currently go to the schools, facilities, sporting and music opportunities, with the pre school he is going too I felt most at ease and liked the teachers the best as well!
I went to a Catholic school from k-12 and hubby went to a public school k-12. Just from comparing our experiences in year 12, I'd almost be willing to go without food to make sure my kids could go to a private / catholic school. Hubby's last few months at school were spent unwinding, watching movies in class, and getting early marks. Mine were spent doing practice HSC papers, reviewing and re-reviewing and re-re-reviewing content we'd learnt, and having it drilled into us that this wasn't a time to slack off, rather it was a time to study harder than we'd studied before. I consider my husband to be so much smarter than me, yet I beat his marks by at least 20, and I put this down to the difference in the quality of the teaching and the schools focus on the exams.
Whilst the HSC isn't the be all and end all, without the hard work I put in as a result of the commitment of my teachers, I wouldn't have gotten into Uni and be holding my dream job right now.
I know obviously there are bad catholic schools and good public schools, but this has been my experience!
My DH was adamant his children would not suffer like he did at public schools so we chose a small k-12 school for our children.
My DH hated school because of the teachers, he went to school in a very poor working class area where he was labelled a bully because of his size from day 1. We ran into one of his primary school teachers in our home town approximately 5 years after finishing high school. All she had to remark was "oh. Your not in jail".
My husband is the most loyal, honest and hard working man I have ever met but they didn't care, they didn't want to know him.
He thinks that you have to pay for what you get and that if he is paying he has more of a say.
The school we have chosen is expensive and it makes me sad we have to pay to get a better education in our area.
My mother has passed but she was a public school teacher for 36 years and would be very disappointed with our choice of private over public.
Depends on the school. At the moment there's 5 public schools I would be happy to send my child to... 2 of the schools there's no way in hell Ill be in a priority area for them so no way they'll get in and we're moving soon so it depends where we live but most likely it'll be a catholic school for us too.
I didn't want my children taught at a religion based school, we looked at other private schools but we don't practice those teachings at home either. I liked the look/feel/vibe/philosophy of the local public school and I'm happy for them to go there
I'm very anti religion so that rules out private education. The cost depending on the school is a potential factor as well.
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Climate resilience and adaptation
We have entered an era where climate risk is real, with extreme events and changes in hydrological patterns increasingly expected. Financial institutions seek to address this risk by encouraging projects to be resilient to climate change, while businesses must consider how to incorporate climate-related risks into project design and operations.
The World Bank defines climate resilience as "the ability to withstand, recover from, and reorganize in response to climate change so that all members of society may develop or maintain the ability to thrive".
Actions for climate resilience are those that seek to reduce sensitivity, or increase adaptive capacity, to climate change. From a policymaking standpoint, climate resilience calls for the development of systems that are inherently capable of absorbing change, and even capable of utilising climate change to become more efficient.
Hydropower systems are characterised by their longevity and are traditionally designed on the basis of historical hydrological data. Planning hydropower systems from a long-term, climate-resilient perspective should include the aim to ensure that future generations inherit institutions and infrastructure that will not be compromised by climate change.
Latest associated content
Workshop: Climate resilience for hydropower projects
Our understanding of climate resilience is quickly evolving. Various organisations have been working to address climate-change risks in the context of hydropower planning, development and operation.Type:Programme itemDate:25 January 2017
2016 in pictures: achievements of IHA members
At the end of 2016 we can look back on a year of progress for hydropower, with many development landmarks achieved around the world. We have compiled some of the most notable achievements by IHA member companies this year.Type:Blog postDate:19 December 2016
The 2016 IHA annual issues survey: take part in building knowledge
We are taking the pulse of the hydropower sector at large in this year's annual issues survey. You are invited to take part.Type:Blog postDate:24 November 2016
Climate resilience
Many countries are seeking a better understanding of climate change impacts – both positive and negative – and are beginning to build strategies and approaches to climate resilience into their plans for the development of new hydropower facilitiesType:Programme itemDate:13 October 2016
Climate bonds for hydropower
Climate bonds and green bonds are examples of the emerging instruments for project finance and investment in the energy sector that could be used for hydropower. In 2016, the Climate Bonds Initiative made a move in that direction and launched an iType:Programme itemDate:13 October 2016

subset: commoncrawl


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There are milestones, and then there are milestones. Last week, Fiat's Brazilian division celebrated the big mamma: 10 million vehicles produced. The Italian automaker has been building cars and light trucks in Brazil for over 30 years, and today Fiat Automóveis holds a 25.5% market share, making Fiat the largest automaker in Brazil and Brazil the largest foreign market for Fiat.
Fiat South America
1 / 1
12Parabéns! Fiat Automóveis builds its 10,000,000th vehicle in Brazil
- Noah Joseph
- Jun 11, 2009
- 12
10South America gets its own Punto Turbo
- Noah Joseph
- May 29, 2008
- 10
1 / 1
- Biggest automotive sales disappointments
- Fastest-depreciating cars in the United States
- Find and compare 2017 Models
Fiat South America Questions
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Share house
Share house
6 Bedrooms
6 Beds
4 Bathrooms
4 Baths
6 Flatmates
6 Flatmates
|Room Type
|Private room
|Ensuite bathroom
|Length of Stay
|Minimum 3 months
|Anyone welcome
|Weekly rent
|2 weeks rent
|Included in rent
|Available but not included in rent
|Off street parking
Private lockable room with your own ensuite bathroom. Electricity, Gas and Water all included in the rent. Shared use of kitchen and BBQ. Would be suitable for someone working or studying in the Latrobe Valley, e.g. working at Latrobe Regional Hospital or Studying at Federation University. Close to public transport and not too big a trip into town.
I don't currently live at the home, and the guys that did have recently left due to their work in the area finishing up.
Looking for some great new people to share the home.
|Shakespeare St/Cameron St
|Close by
|Hyland St/Allen Cres
|~ 3 min walk
|Brereton St/Allen Cres
|~ 4 min walk
|Thexton St/Taylor Cres
|~ 4 min walk
|Lyndon Cres/Newman Cres
|~ 6 min walk
|McEntee Ct/Furlonger St
|~ 7 min walk
|Farrington Pde/Cameron St
|~ 7 min walk
|Newman Cres/McNairn Rd
|~ 7 min walk
|Riley St/Newman Cres
|~ 7 min walk
|Miles St/Liddiard St
|~ 9 min walk
|Taylor Cres/Stuart St
|~ 9 min walk
|Bowden Ct/Farrington Pde
|~ 10 min walk
|FoodWorks Traralgon - Hyland Street
|~ 4 min walk
|Cameron St Mini Mart
|~ 8 min walk
|Ezyday Convenience Store
|~ 10 min walk
|ALDI Traralgon
|~ 20 min walk
|Manny's Market Traralgon
|~ 27 min walk
|Coles Supermarkets
|~ 29 min walk
|Ezyday Convenience Store
|~ 10 min walk
|Traralgon Bowls Club
|~ 18 min walk
|Green Olive Eat Drink Relax
|~ 20 min walk
|Fantastic Furniture - Traralgon
|~ 20 min walk
|~ 22 min walk
|Hungry Jack's Traralgon
|~ 22 min walk
|Argyle Eatery
|~ 22 min walk
|Governor's Room
|~ 23 min walk
|The Cheesecake Shop Traralgon
|~ 23 min walk
|Bass Strait Seafood
|~ 23 min walk
|~ 24 min walk
|Cafe Stellina
|~ 26 min walk
More share house listings in Traralgon


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Automobile Clutches, bell housings & clutch assemblies Automotive clutches
Automotive clutches
Valeo Clutch Sets
Subhash Auto Enterprises
Old No. 107, G. P. Road Mount Road,, G. P. Road Mount Road, Chennai, 7530, Tamil Nadu, India.
Electromagnetic Clutches
Srujana Industrial Marketing Associates
Flat No. 208 & 209, Meghana Complex, Opposite Andhra Bank I. D. A., Main Road, Balanagar, Balanagar, Hyderabad, 3992, Telangana, India.
Electromagnetic Wet Clutches
Perfect Engineers And Services, Chennai
No. 1776/3, Vasantham Colony, Ist Main Road, Anna Nagar, Anna Nagar, Chennai, 4606, Tamil Nadu, India.
Automotive Clutches
J S Engineering Exports
Door No. 6, 2nd Main, 4th Cross, Coffee Board Colony, Anwar Layout, Arbic College, Arbic College, Bengaluru, 751, Karnataka, India.
Automotive Clutch
Impression Systems Industries
S No. 627/2/2 Plot No. 9, Pune- Nashik Road, Kuruli, Chakan, Chakan, Pune, 6202, Maharashtra, India.
Automotive Clutch
Nitya Enterprises
C -519 Sushant Lok Phase- 1, , Gurgaon, 0, Haryana, India.
Automotive Clutch
New Delhi
Sawhney Enterprises
No. 177, Guru Nanak Auto Market, Kashmere Gate, , New Delhi, 0, Delhi, India.
Automotive Clutch Parts
Nepra Industries
No. 87-88, Smie, Mujessar Link Road, Near YMCA Chowk, , Faridabad, 110033, Haryana, India.
Components for Automotive Clutches
SM Auto Stamping Private Limited
J- 41, M. I. D. C, Ambad Industrial Estate, Ambad Industrial Estate, Nashik, 0, Maharashtra, India.
Automotive Gear, Clutch & Differential Parts
Vira Industries
C- 73, Phase- 5, Focal Point, , Ludhiana, 283102, Punjab, India.


text:
Check out these great articles:
Rockin' Thursdays in August brought to you by Gringo's Mexican Kitchen & Jimmy Changas…
Collective Soul is a favorite of Russell Ybarra! What better way to celebrate Russell's birthday? American rock band originally from Stockbridge, Georgia. Now based in Atlanta, the group consists of lead vocalist Ed Roland, rhythm guitarist Dean Roland, bassist Will Turpin, drummer Johnny Rabb and lead guitarist Jesse Triplett. The band broke into mainstream popularity with their first hit single, "Shine." They have recorded seven Number One rock hits.
ALL ticket proceeds benefitting Veterans with PTSD by supporting Camp Hope in Houston


text:
James Monaco
The New Wave, 30th Anniversary Edition
Книгу можно купить в интернет-магазинах:
· OZON.ru 2972р. [Проверить наличие]
ISBN: 0970703953Издательство: Harbor Electronic Publishing
Год издания: 2004
Страниц: 370
Book DescriptionThree decades after its first publication, The New Wave is still considered one of the fundamental texts on the French film movement of the same name. Led by filmmakers as influential as Truffaut and Godard, the New Wave was a seminal moment in cinematic history, and The New Wave has been hailed as the most complete book ever written about it. The New Wave tells the story of the New Wave through examinations of five of the most important directors of the era: Truffaut, Godard, Chabrol, Rohmer, and Rivette. With detailed notes and over fifty breathtaking stills, the book has appealed both to academics and interested novices alike. The thirtieth anniversary edition includes a new afterword by the author.
Посмотрите другие книги этой тематики:


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Canon 40D 17-85mm. Shot this about 2000 ft below the snow scenes. Don't know the name of the tree.
nature tree blossoms winter socal southern calif
Lovely patterns!
Thanks Lynn.
Congratulations on being featured in this week's all about flowers. hugs Hilaryxxx
Thank you.
Thanks again.
Thanks for your comments.
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text: Cruises To Puerto Quetzal Puerto Quetzal serves as a gateway port for nearby Central American attractions. The small port offers little entertainment or excitement. San Jose is the closest town and is 1 mi/1.6 km away.Antigua is 90-minutes away by bus.... Subscribe to travel42 to read the full Destination Guide. travel42 offers professionally written guides on more than 5,700 travel destinations and ports-of-call worldwide. Go to travel-42.com to learn more, or call 1.866.566.8136 to subscribe. Copyright (c) 2017 Northstar Travel Media, LLC. travel42. Cruises that Visit Puerto Quetzal Sailing Schedule By Ship View Cruises by: Destination | Departure Port | Line | ShipDestination | Line | Ship next month ›‹ prev month ShipAllMonthsFeb2017Mar2017Apr2017May2017Jun2017Jul2017Aug2017Sep2017Oct2017Nov2017Dec2017Jan2018Feb2018Mar2018 By Monthview$1,609$999$2,599viewviewview$1,799$1,299$1,299$999$1,019$1,099view Azamara Club CruisesAzamara Quest$2,287 $2,287$3,037 Carnival Cruise LineCarnival Miracle$1,739 $1,739 Carnival Cruise LineCarnival Splendor$1,609 $1,609 Celebrity CruisesCelebrity Infinity$1,299 $1,419$2,599 $1,329$1,299 Costa Cruise LinesCosta Luminosa$17,388 $17,388 Crystal CruisesCrystal Serenityview Crystal CruisesCrystal Symphonyview Cunard LineQueen Elizabeth$2,398 $2,398 Cunard LineQueen Victoria$1,599 $1,599 Holland America LineAmsterdam$1,899 $1,899 $2,699 Holland America LineEurodam$1,799 $1,799 $1,899 Holland America LineMaasdam$1,609 $1,609$1,699 $1,999 $3,199 Holland America LineNieuw Amsterdam$1,899 $1,899 $2,299$1,999 Holland America LineOosterdam$1,699 $1,899 $1,699$1,799 Holland America LineVeendam$1,599 $1,819$1,599 Holland America LineWesterdam$1,599 $3,199 $1,899$1,599$1,899$1,899 Holland America LineZaandam$1,799 $1,799 MSC CruisesMSC Magnificaview Norwegian Cruise LineNorwegian Blissview Norwegian Cruise LineNorwegian Pearl$1,049 $1,049 Norwegian Cruise LineNorwegian Star$999 $999$1,019$1,099 Norwegian Cruise LineNorwegian Sun$999 $999 $1,299$1,349 Oceania CruisesInsigniaview view Oceania CruisesMarinaview Oceania CruisesRegattaview view viewview Oceania CruisesSirenaview view viewview P&O CruisesAuroraview view PonantLe Borealview view Princess CruisesCoral Princess$1,899 $1,899 $2,199 Princess CruisesIsland Princess$2,399 $2,399 $2,599 Regent Seven Seas CruisesSeven Seas Explorerview Regent Seven Seas CruisesSeven Seas Marinerview view viewview Regent Seven Seas CruisesSeven Seas Navigatorview viewview view view SeabournSeabourn Sojournview viewview Silversea CruisesSilver Spiritview Silversea CruisesSilver Whisperview view Viking Ocean CruisesViking Sunview view Prices represent the lowest available price for a given sailing date, ship, and/or month. All prices USD. Terms and Conditions:The prices listed are representative of actual prices provided by various cruise vendors and are not offered by TravelAgeWest.com or Northstar Travel Media, LLC. Price listed does not constitute a contract of services, implied or written. TravelAgeWest.com provides no cruise booking or purchase features. Prices are provided as a comparison tool only. Prices listed are per person, based on double occupancy and do include port taxes. Prices do not include taxes, fuel surcharges, gratuities, or airfare unless otherwise noted. Actual prices and fees are subject to vendor policies and are subject to availability, are capacity-controlled, and are subject to change without notice. Special amenities, prices, offers, and upgrades are based on select dates, ships, sailings, stateroom categories, and select fare codes. Cancellation penalties, blackout dates, and other restrictions may apply. All prices and dates may not be available at time of booking.


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Lil Wayne Sells Mountain Dew, Six Other Rappers Who Love Soft Drinks
Fueling the obesity epidemic and enabling the Young Money Maniac's sizzurp addiction, PepsiCo's toxic green nectar, Mountain Dew, has a new spokesperson and his name is Lil Wayne.
According to The Hollywood Reporter, Dwayne Michael Carter Jr. and Mountain Dew have come together to form DEWeezy, a new ad campaign that will include "advertisements, public appearances, and the creation of a skate park in Lil Wayne's hometown of New Orleans."
However, the DEWeezy campaign is no surprise. Rap music and carbonated beverages share a storied history. Check out some of hip-hop's other celebrity soft drink spokesmen after the cut.
6. LL Cool J for Coca-Cola
Somewhere between his cameo on Oz and co-starring role in Deep Blue Sea, LL Cool J put on his favorite pair of overalls, rolled up the left pant leg and gave braiding hair a shot in this 1998 Coca-Cola commercial.
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TicketsTue., Feb. 28, 7:30pm
5. Run-D.M.C. for New Coke
The Hollis, Queens crew partnered up with 1980s animated pop culture icon Max Headroom to introduce the New Coke, but folks hated that shit. People wanted the OG Coke, not some revamped formula that tasted like artificially flavored toilet water.
4. Snoop Dogg for Pepsi
Back in the day, Snoop was tried for murder and rolled with Crips. But today, homie's up to his "knees in zero calories" and starring in Pepsi ads. Talk about being rehabilitated.Next Page
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The 90210 writers didn't try very hard to give us contrasting storylines this week, did they?
On "Liars," we watched as Adrianna faked PTSD, and then as Ivy actually suffered through it. We also saw Navid unable to end his relationship with Adrianna due to the current state of her life... and Annie unable to end her relationship with Charlie due to the current state of Liam's life.
Did anyone else experience a feeling of deja vu when they watched the conversation between Annie and Liam at the Beach Club?
It wasn't just that this development so closely resembles the triangle between Navid, Adrianna and Silver; it's that 90210 is in serious danger of permanently angering all Lannie fans. You can only tease a relationship so many times before viewers simply get annoyed at the obstacles being thrown in between a pairing.
Has the show reached that point with Annie and Liam? Are you still exciting over the possibility of these two as a couple, or just irritated at the constant oscillating of their status? Read More...


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A Game Player, Maker, and Developer
Reads a lot of (Japanese) Light Novels and Web Novels
Also Animanga and Pop Culture fans
16 Years old
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Extremely reliable, Datalogic EOX family offers high quality permanent marking on a widest range of material.Its configuration offers extreme flexibility for the integration both in production line as well as in stand-alone systems.EOX embedded controller and the advanced features of its marking platform, EOX offers permanent coding and marking opportunity in a variety of applications. The eox is available at 10 W and 30 W
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The product series offers the following models:
The request is sent correctly


text:
Charlotte is located in Mecklenburg county and has a population of 540,828.
For North Carolina residents, the average tuition for all Charlotte forensics schools for the 2009 - 2010 school year was $12,677.00. For non-residents, the average tuition for Charlotte forensics schools was $13,964.00.
The cost, on average, for books and supplies needed for forensics schools in Charlotte is $1,129.00. Students who live on campus while attending a forensics school in Charlotte, can expect to pay an average of $8,490.00 for room and board. Students who live at home can expect average costs to be $6,072.00. There is one forensics college in Charlotte. In the 2008 - 2009 school year, reportedly 19 students completed forensics programs in Charlotte.
|Average Salary
|Number Employed in City
|Forensic Science Technicians
|Fire Inspectors and Investigators
|Detectives and Criminal Investigators


text:
- Affiliations:
1 Department of Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark
2 unknown
- Abstract:
- There is provided a power generation park comprising a power output for providing electrical output power to an electricity network . A power generation device comprises a converter device configured for receiving input power from a power generator and providing, in response hereto, the electrical output power to the power output. The power generation park further comprises a controller being configured for receiving an oscillation indicating signal indicative of a power oscillation in the electricity network, the controller being further configured for providing a damping control signal in response to the oscillation indicating signal; the converter device being configured for modulating the electrical output power in response to the damping control signal so as to damp the power oscillation in the electricity network.
- Type:
- Patent
- Language:
- English
- Main Research Area:
- Science/technology
- Publication Status:
- Published
- Review type:
- Undetermined
- Submission year:
- 2011
- Publication year:
- 2012
- Scientific Level:
- Scientific
- 2185765236


text:
- Hi there, welcome to Tribesmart. Log in to get started...
White Rosary Heart Necklace
Guide price: £12
Last updated on 25th Jun 2009
White Rosary Heart Necklace
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Director Duncan Jones goes to the source
In their 1980s heyday, the likes of Steven Spielberg and George Lucas didn't take their creative processes to the masses. Their small circle of trust was more likely isolated with them in an editing bay, not the people standing in line for the next showing of The Empire Strikes Back or E.T.
Yet here we are in a new era, in a time where sci-fi "it" director Duncan Jones is using Twitter and other social media to share his thoughts about pop culture and talk with fans of his breakthrough film Moon and his new sci-fi action vehicle, Source Code.
This revolution won't be televised. It'll be Tumblr'd.
REVIEW: Brain-twisting 'Source Code'
VIDEO: Jake Gyllenhaal talks 'Source Code'
"I'm aware of the implications of the new, very communicative and up-to-speed world we live in," says Jones, 39. "It's very difficult to keep surprises and to work in the way that films have done in the past. I'm still working out the best approach when it comes to marketing and things like that."
The son of British rocker David Bowie, Jones became arguably the Internet's favorite director following Moon, the 2009 man-alone-in-space sci-fi film starring Sam Rockwell, which Jones wrote and directed on an indie budget. The flick became a cult success through cyber word-of-mouth, he says, and he credited Moon for the making of Source Code.
Fan Jake Gyllenhaal wanted to work with Jones and sent him Ben Ripley's script for Source Code, an action thriller with sci-fi elements about an Army pilot who has to relive the same eight minutes over and over in the body of an unknown man until he can stop a train from exploding in suburban Chicago.
"When you see somebody with that kind of talent, your first inclination is, 'I just want to be a part of whatever their mind is exploring,' " says Gyllenhaal, who plays soldier Colter Stevens as part Cary Grant, part Indiana Jones.
As much as his films delve into futuristic themes, Jones grounds himself a little in the past. Moon has a similar vibe to 2001: A Space Odyssey, and Source Code is Hitchcockian for Jones in that "it's got mysterious dames on a train and this guy who finds himself in completely crazy circumstances and has to solve the mystery of it."
His love of sci-fi originated as a kid growing up in England with his dad, the man who unleashed spacey alter ego Ziggy Stardust into '70s pop culture a year after Jones' birth. "I had a fairly unusual upbringing," Jones says, laughing.
"My dad really thought it was incredibly important that I read. I used to spend an hour or two a night reading — that was the rule at home," Jones says. His father would entice him with "science-fiction books, which were almost like candy," he says. "I watched some amazing films because of my dad's love of science fiction. ... The fact that he was a huge fan of (Stanley) Kubrick's 2001 meant that as early as possible, he was showing it to me."
Jones' enthusiasm struck Gyllenhaal, as did his Zen-like on-set demeanor that reminded the actor of Ang Lee (who directed Gyllenhaal in Brokeback Mountain) and a visual sense and precision similar to David Fincher's (Zodiac). "But where he sets himself apart is he feels like he's of a younger generation," Gyllenhaal says. "He's totally open, particularly creatively, and he considers the sharing of his journey."
Over the past month, Jones has been chronicling his cross-country Source Code press tour on a Tumblr blog with his girlfriend, photographer Rodene Ronquillo. And he tweets about everything from role-playing video games to the Captain America movie trailer.
"Some filmmakers like to distance themselves from the audience, but Duncan is of the generation that uses the Internet. He has decided not to hide in the shadows," says Peter Sciretta, creator and editor of the website Slashfilm.com. "By putting himself out there and making himself accessible to fans, he has further endeared himself to the film-watching community."
Jones plans on using cyberspace even more as a way of sharing information about his upcoming third film. He's writing it now, and will only tease that it's another sci-fi movie. (After that, Jones envisions doing a World War II guys-on-a-mission film, à la Quentin Tarantino's Inglourious Basterds.)
If he takes that kind of idea into the planning stages, Jones says, he can create content to "sate that insatiable hunger for information" but not give too much away and ruin his film. "So when people go to see the movie for the first time, they get that old-fashioned experience of knowing nothing about it but being very excited to actually see it."
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Boy Scoutnoun [ C ]uk /ˌbɔɪ ˈskaʊt/ us /ˈbɔɪ ˌskaʊt/ US or old-fashioned UK
› a member of the Scouts
Thesaurus: synonyms and related words
(Definition of "Boy Scout" from the Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary & Thesaurus © Cambridge University Press)
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can't hear yourself think
If you cannot hear yourself think, you cannot give your attention to anything because there is so much noise.


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Item Type: CleanserGender: FemaleType: Acne Removal NeedleVoltage: US StandardFeature: Acne TreatmentIngredient: N\ANET WT: N\AModel Number: HB-0020-2PCS\SYKK
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|Page (1) of 1 - 12/20/11
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Monitoring Your Health Made Easier With Newly Released Application for the iPhone(December 20, 2011)
(PRWEB) December 20, 2011
Newly released medical app "My BloodWorks" is a friendly yet powerful tool toward tracking anybody's health thru blood tests and Vitals. With the ability to enter blood pressure and pulse multiple times a day that are date stamped and have their own graph, now it makes them easy to monitor between physician's visit. Blood test values screen by date means they can be compared side by side with previous blood tests. Have all medication at the touch of a button for the physician's visit. The appointment screen keeps all appointments in one place. Emergency phone numbers are stored on a page that can dial right from there. No need to look in contacts for important numbers. A screen for medical events to keep track of someone's medical history is also within "My BloodWorks" app.
All information within "My BloodWorks" is stored in the App only. The Developer nor any third party have access to "My BloodWorks" App. Always consult a Physician.
# # #
Read the full story at http://www.prweb.com/releases/2011/12/prweb9035979.htm.
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application gatewayAlso known as application proxy or application-level proxy, an application gateway is an application program that runs on a firewall system between two networks. When a client program establishes a connection to a destination service, it connects to an application gateway, or proxy. The client then negotiates with the proxy server in order to communicate with the destination service. In effect, the proxy establishes the connection with the destination behind the firewall and acts on behalf of the client, hiding and protecting individual computers on the network behind the firewall. This creates two connections: one between the client and the proxy server and one between the proxy server and the destination. Once connected, the proxy makes all packet-forwarding decisions. Since all communication is conducted through the proxy server, computers behind the firewall are protected.
While this is considered a highly secure method of firewall protection, application gateways require great memory and processor resources compared to other firewall technologies, such as stateful inspection.
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Home Made is an exciting new 'one-stop' home improvement specialist. It is the result of a collaboration between highly talented and knowledgeable professionals from a number of established companies. Our experts have decades of experience of various elements of home improvement, including design, manufacture and installation.
We feel that it is important to 'get a feel' for how things might be once they are installed, rather than just looking at photographs in brochures or sample swabs. Therefore, we have created a one of a kind 'live' showroom with working demonstrations. We also have a fully functional kitchen to give people an idea of how our quality kitchens look and feel in practice, rather than a simple display of a few cabinets.
No matter how big or small your project is you can rest assured that you will receive the highest quality products and service in all areas of home improvement.
It is really difficult for one company to provide services in all areas of home improvement and often they can be 'Jack of all trades - master of none'. Each of our professionals are experts in their field and work closely with the other Home Made experts that are commissioned on a particular project to effectively manage it on your behalf. Because we work together, we are able to arrange logistical issues for you, which often are stressful, time consuming and a source of frustration.


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Rourke and Walken are Psychopaths
May 12, 2011 - Mickey Rourke, Sam Rockwell, and Christopher Walken join Colin Farrell in pooch-based crime comedy Seven Psychopaths.
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May 11, 2011 - We've got the scoop on a character who will being dying from the get-go in the Expendables 2, as well as poster art. Spoilers freaking follow!
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March 16, 2011 - UPDATED: Taken's sequel is in the works, but it sounds as though the iconic figure of the film, Liam Neeson, is anything but set to reprise his role.
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February 14, 2011 - Lock your bedroom door and turn down the TV volume as IGN celebrates Valentine's Day with 14 movies we watch just for the sex scenes.
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Razzies Target RE4, Expendables
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Megan Fox Spreads Her ... Wings
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Carbis Australia
Safety, Access Gangway, offset crashboxes,
Investing in the right fall prevention equipment is an important part of mitigating the risk of injuries and fatalities in the workplace and improving rail safety. Loading and unloading rail cars presents several safety hazards, especially when offset crashboxes are involved. A crashbox or operator platform is the built-in railing area
that surrounds the hatch opening or valves on a rail car. An opening for workers to walk through should be centered within the crashbox. When it's not centered, the crashbox is considered to be offset
The Dangers Of offset set Crashboxes
When a crashbox/operator platform is offset , working conditions become more dangerous for workers. Several risks are associated with offset crashboxes, including spotting the gangway and fall prevention.
To access the hatch or valve, a worker must first line up the gangway with the opening of the crashbox so an operator is able to walk to the top of the rail car. At the same time, a human spotter is on the ground, walking alongside the rail car. There may also be employees keeping sight of a mark or ladder on the car to provide guidance as the worker lines up the crashbox with the gangway.
The most difficult part is that spotting is an art, not a science. Often, workers experience difficulty when determining how to properly spot a crashbox.
A common question is whether it's better to spot the box with a gangway or a rail car safety cage. When workers are forced to choose between spotting with a gangway or a safety cage, the cage is usually neglected. This not only interferes with loading and unloading, but it puts workers at risk of falling.
The first priority is to ensure workers can safely access the top of the car. The second priority is to accomplish the job without falling off the car. Inadequate protection and gaps between equipment make this difficult, which is why spotting the safety cage correctly is so important.
Complications In The Work Environment
Offset crashboxes also cause additional complications in the work environment. Throughput is most commonly affected, as it takes longer to get the job done. For example, if you can't get the loading arm in place, the car must be moved. This may cause delays in loading or unloading.
Additionally, an inability to reach the arm or hose may cause workers to take unsafe actions in attempt to get it down. Taking shortcuts or engaging in unsafe activities may lead to falls, injuries and potentially death.
Safety Solutions For offset Crashboxes
Due to the dangers of offset crashboxes, your rail safety plan needs to include detailed instructions for employees who frequently work with them. Investing in rail safety solutions may also help minimize the risk of injury or death for workers.
One of the best solutions is to mount systems on a track that allows you to roll a gangway with fall protection equipment. The portability solves some challenges associated with offset crashboxes and spotting, as it provides more freedom to adjust the cages as needed.
Another solution is to use an elevated rail car safety cage that offset greater coverage. In particular, you should implement a cage that provides complete fall protection for operators while working on top of rail cars.
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Your throughput depends on your ability to efficiently load and unload products at your food and beverage facility. But without
Safety & Fall prevention insights from Carbis Solution 4 ways to boost worker safety with cement fall prevention practices. Loading
Our company recently purchased a TC10 from Carbis and it was everything they said it would be. It's lightweight enough
movable ladder platform Safe, and reliable access onto tanker tops is a subject of increasing concern to all engineers and
Safe, and reliable access onto tanker tops is a subject of increasing concern to all engineers and safety managers involved
Can be used at various locations in your facility
Offers flexibility not available in a fixed platform
Eliminates the need for operators to use ladders to access the tops of vehicles
Enhances workplace safety
Can be utilized by workers when loading, unloading, opening hatches, inspections, etc.
Provides fall prevention
Saves space in the facility
Can be repurposed to provide access that supports new processes
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Pinterest でおしゃれアイデアをまとめましょう!
Azurite is a gem that expands the limits of the conscious realm. It promotes a healthy re-evaluation of one's life and helps to uncover the hidden abilities and talents. Azurite is able to eliminate "negative" energy; it posess multiple healing powers and so is capable to exert positive influence on all levels of our life - from physical to the mental.
Opal is a stone of inspiration which enhances imagination and creativity Opal has a larger proportion of water in it than most stones and is considered a water stone. This can help ease the effort of handling change in life. The energy of opal can help continue on your path regardless of obstacles. During times of transformation, this is an invaluable energy to work with and hold close to your heart. #opal #gem
Chrysocolla [Arizona] - is generally associated with peace and tranquility, as well as intuition, patience and unconditional love. It is often thought to offer gentle and soothing qualities. It helps to clear the subconscious of negative feelings of guilt, fears and tension, and brings about inner strength. It aids in releasing old resentment and in forgiving people you've been holding resistance to.


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The vibrant wonder of Kalamkari prints is beautifully celebrated in this classy Gili kurta in alluring deep red. Give a sleeveless form for a flattering feminine impression, it is finished with lace trims on the yoke and hem for a touch of sleek sophistication. Pair it with white leggings and pastel heels.
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Matthew Perry and David Schwimmer in 'Friends: The One With the Holiday Armadillo.' NBCU Photo Bank/Getty Images
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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Sep 24, 1996
|Filing date
|May 19, 1995
|Priority date
|Apr 26, 1991
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Richard L. Tyndall
|Original Assignee
|Martin Marietta Energy Systems, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (20), Non-Patent Citations (11), Referenced by (3), Classifications (52), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The United States Government has rights in this invention pursuant to contract no. DE-AC05-84OR21400 between the United States Department of Energy and Martin Marietta Energy System, Inc.
This application is a divisional application of appplication Ser. No. 08/388,862, U.S. Pat. No. 5,518,919, Filed on Feb. 15, 1995, which is a divisional application of application Ser. No. 08/203,452, U.S. Pat. No. 5,420,035, Filed on Feb. 28, 1994, which is a divisional application of application Ser. No. 08/011,841 Filed on Feb. 1, 1993, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 5,314,821 on May 24, 1994, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/693,998, filed Apr. 26, 1991, abandoned.
This invention relates to microbial consortia, and methods for altering or degrading wastes and contaminants. More particularly, this invention relates to protozoan derived consortia comprised of protozoa and bacteria, methods for isolating protozoa/bacteria consortia, methods for using protozoa/bacteria consortia for altering or degrading wastes and contaminants, and production and use of dispersants derived from protozoa/bacteria consortia.
There is a need to alter or degrade solutions of waste and contaminants. In order to protect and remedy the increasingly polluted ecological sphere while continuing to make industrial and technological progress, it is necessary to provide effective means for altering or degrading chemical and biological wastes. To alter a substance is to chemically change the substance in some way; to degrade a substance is to alter the substance by breaking down the molecular structure thereof.
Trichloroethylene (TCE) is a prevalent chemical waste which has entered the environment at many Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Superfund sites. These compounds are suspected carcinogens, and, being resistant to aerobic degradation, threaten water supplies.
Conventional techniques used to remedy contaminated sites are fraught with difficulty. Chemical treatment of high volume, contaminated water such as hexane extraction is not cost effective. Air stripping, while lower in cost, merely dilutes the pollutant into the air. Thus, an effective, low cost biological treatment method would be a significant step forward in remediation of contaminated sites. TCE is degraded by a variety of mechanisms. In anaerobic environments, TCE may be converted to more potent carcinogens such as vinyl chloride. TCE biodegradation by aerobic consortia or pure cultures of methanotrophs and pseudomonads has also been reported. Toluene dioxygenase enzyme from pseudomonads has been shown capable of TCE alteration, or degradation. However, either toluene or phenol was required. Other methanotrophic cultures can degrade TCE, apparently by the methane monoxygenase enzyme, without added toluene.
In various studies of biodegradation of a variety of toxic chemicals several problems were apparent. Some of the environments were apparently toxic to the test microbes or the chemicals were adsorbed to the soil particles and not available for degradation by the bacteria. Also, some soils contain extremely small particles, i.e. "fines" which prevent bacteria from penetrating between them and degrading the ensconced chemical(s).
Bacteria used to degrade TCE and other toxic chemicals are currently isolated directly from environmental sources.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide new and useful microbial consortia.
It is another object of the present invention to provide new and improved methods for altering and degrading wastes and contaminants.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide new biologically derived compositions for chemically altering wastes and contaminants.
Further and other objects of the present invention will become apparent from the description contained herein.
In accordance with one aspect of the invention, a method of dispersing a hydrocarbon includes the following steps: providing a bacterium selected from the following group: ATCC 75527, ATCC 75529, ATCC 55638, ATCC 55639, and ATCC 55640, a mutant of any one of these bacteria possessing all the identifying characteristics of any one of these bacteria, and mixtures thereof; and contacting the bacterium with a hydrocarbon to disperse the hydrocarbon.
Free-living amoebae populations were first isolated, and bacteria of interest were then subsequently isolated from the amoebae populations. The process of selecting initially for protozoa resulted in the isolation of microbial cultures capable of altering or degrading toxic or hazardous wastes. Some of the cultures produced dispersants.
Amoebae/bacteria consortia were discovered and isolated as follows. Water samples were obtained from several wells which were used to monitor a waste disposal site near Oak Ridge, Tenn. The test site was used previously for dumping of a variety of organic solvents including trichloroethylene (TCE). The number, depth, and approximate concentrations of TCE of the test wells were as follows: well 14, 13 ft.. 2,100 ppb; well 27, 30 ft., 13,000 ppb; and well 46, 20 ft., 230 ppb. Water samples were aseptically collected by a nitrogen displacement sampling device (Well Wizard 3013; Q.E.D. Environmental Systems, Inc., Ann Arbor, Mich.). Samples were collected only after the well lines had been cleared through several cycles of pumping. The water samples were filtered through 1.2 μm cellulose nitrate/acetate filters (Millipore Corp., Bedford, Mass.) which were then inverted and placed on mineral salts (NATE) agar. Prior to the addition of the filter pads, the plates were spread with a lawn of live E. coil. The test plates were incubated in air at room temperature (23�-25 � C.) for 7-14 days. When amoebic outgrowths had migrated to the edge of the petri dishes the plates were transferred to desiccator jars flushed with 10% methane in air. The resultant microbial consortia, given identification numbers 14, 27b, 27p and 46. appeared after 2 weeks in the methane atmosphere along the area of amoebic outgrowth. The consortia were aseptically transferred every 3-4 weeks onto NATE agar media plates incubated in a methane in air atmosphere. Heterotrophic bacteria from the consortia were isolated and maintained at room temperature on trypticase soy agar (TSA).
Water from all three test wells yielded free-living amoebae on the NATE plates spread with E. coli as a food source. Bacterial growth occurred in the methane atmosphere along the area of amoebic migration, demonstrating that amoebae could harbor methanotrophic bacteria. Control plates without E. coli, which allows for amoebic migration, did not support methanotrophic growth away from the filter. Bacterial growth subsequently occurred on transfer of the amoebic populations to fresh NATE plates without added E. coli in a methane atmosphere. These consortia can apparently be maintained indefinitely by subculture on NATE in a methane atmosphere.
Individual components of the consortia were isolated and characterized. Heterotrophic and methanotrophic bacteria and amoebae continually coexist in the consortia. Microscopic examination of the amoebic trophozoites and cysts indicated they were Hartmannella. The presence of heterotrophs in these consortia grown in a methane atmosphere was evident on transfer of aliquots from NATE to TSA. Microscopic and enzymatic analysis showed the resultant heterotrophic populations were a mixture of genera, including but not limited to Pseudomonas, Alcaligenes, Bacillus, Moraxella, Cytophaga, Paracoccus and Hyphomicrobium, as shown in Tables 1, 2, and 3.
When suspensions of the consortia were filtered through a 0.8 μm filter and the filtrate subcultured three times on TSA the resultant heterotrophs could no longer grow when replated on NATE in a methane in air atmosphere. Conversely, when amoebic populations from the NATE plates in a methane atmosphere were subcultured three times in air on nonnutrient agar spread with a lawn of live E. coli (NNAE) plates and the newly generated peripheral amoebic populations were replated on NATE in methane, bacterial growth--presumably methanotrophs--sometimes reoccurred. In addition, when amoebic populations grown on NNAE plates were stored for several weeks such that encystation occurred, viable methanotrophic and heterotrophic bacteria were still present as evident from colony growth when the amoebic cysts were transferred to NATE media in a methane atmosphere. When consortia, maintained on NATE in methane and air, were filtered through 0.8 μm filters and the flitrate replated on NATE in methane, methanotrophic and heterotrophic colonies free of detectable amoebae were occasionally obtained.
Thus, we have been able to free heterotrophic bacteria from methanotrophic bacteria and amoebae and have been able to free the amoebae from methanotrophic and heterotrphic bacteria. We have not as yet, however, been able to disassociate the methanotrphic from the heterotrophic bacteria following separation from the amoebae.
TABLE 1______________________________________Characterization of Bacteria from Consortium 14Possible Growth on Methane UniqueIdentification as Sole Carbon Characteristics______________________________________Pseudomonas sp. + Catalase 3 +Pseudomonas sp. + -Bacillus sp. + Gelatin +Acinetobacter sp. + -Bacillus sp. - Orange pigmentationAcinetobacter sp. - -______________________________________
TABLE 2______________________________________Characterization of Bacteria from Consortium 27pPossible Growth on Methane UniqueIdentification as Sole Carbon Characteristics______________________________________Pseudomonas sp. + Catalase 3 +Pseudomonas sp. + -Bacillus sp. - Orange pigmentationBacillus sp. + Gelatin +Acinetobacter sp. - -Pseudomonas sp. - -Xanthomonas sp. - Oxidase -______________________________________
TABLE 3______________________________________Characterization of Bacteria from Consortium 46Possible Growth on Methane UniqueIdentification as Sole Carbon Characteristics______________________________________Pseudomonas sp. + -Paracoccus sp. - ONPG +Pseudomonas sp. + VacuolesMoraxella sp. + ONPG +Pseudomonas sp. + Nitrate +Cytophaga sp. + Corrodes Agar (Possibly breaks C--C bonds)Pseudomonas sp. + -Pseudomonas sp. - -Pseudomonas sp. - -Alcaligenes sp. - Citrate +Hyphomicrobium sp.______________________________________
Electron microscopic examination of the consortia and the methanotroph/heterotroph mixture showed no evidence of a Type I methanotroph which had been previously isolated from the aforementioned site. Instead, examination of the methanotroph/heterotroph mixture showed some bacteria with typical gram-negative morphology and many cells with morphologic characteristics of Hyphomicrobium. Typical free-living amoebae with the expected "bulls-eye" nucleolus were evident. Bacteria were commonly seen in the amoebic cytoplasm both in the trophozoite and cyst stage. In both conditions the bacteria were in membrane bound vacuoles.
The nature of these stable amoebae/bacteria associations appear to be somewhat symbiotic, indicated by the continuing presence of both amoebae and heterotrophs on a minimal salts medium in a methane/air atmosphere. Neither heterotrophs nor amoebae alone are generally believed to persist under these conditions. Indeed, the heterotrophs and amoebae isolated from the consortia could no longer grow under such conditions. The most likely explanation of the stability of the amoebic-bacteria consortia on NATE in a methane atmosphere is the growth of the methanotrophic bacteria allowing the persistence of the amoebae and heterotrophs.
The electron microscopic examination of the consortia and methanotroph/heterotroph mixtures also helped explain some of the cultural observations and difficulties. In light of the observed intra-amoebic presence of bacteria, it is seen why the initial isolation of amoebic cultures yielded bacterial isolates on subsequent transfer of the amoebae to a methane in air environment. It also explains the difficulties in trying to free the amoebae of the methanotrophs and heterotrophs. Similarly, the difficult, and as yet unrealized, separation of methanotrophs and heterotrophs is likely explained by the abundance of Hyphomicrobium which most likely makes up the majority of the bacterial component. This genera of microorganism is noted for its proclivity for associating with other microorganisms such that their isolation in pure culture has been rarely attained. Hyphomicrobium can grow in the presence of single-carbon sources and mineral salts as used herein. They can be found in association with methanotrophs and may degrade methanol produced by methanotrophs, preventing the toxic accumulation of methanol. Whether the Hyphomicrobium degrade TCE is not presently testable since we have not as yet separated them from the other bacteria in spite of trying density gradients and other techniques.
The amoebae in the trophozoite or cyst form may provide a more stable niche for the metabolic activities of the associated methanotrophs and heterotrophs. For instance, the ability of free-living amoebae to protect associated bacteria from the killing effects of chlorine has been demonstrated. Thus, the isolation of the methanotrophs from encysted and subsequently excysted amoebae may be pertinent.
Type I methanotrophs could not be identified by either electron microscopy or by culture from the amoebae/bacteria consortia described herein. However, degradation of TCE by the total consortia, but not by heterotrophs or amoebae populations per se, suggests the methanotrophic bacteria are the TCE--degrading component of the consortia. Unlike the degradation of TCE by Type I methanotroph isolated by from the same site, a greater proportion of the 14 C was found in CO2 as opposed to cellular and soluble fractions when TCE was degraded by the consortia described herein.
The ability of the consortia to degrade TCE in a methane atmosphere was tested. The microorganisms were incubated in 100 mL of liquid NATE medium in 250 mL bottles fitted with teflon septa. The test bottles were injected with 12 mL of filtered sterilized methane (0.536 mmol) in 150 mL of headspace volume. They were supplemented with [1,2-14 C] trichloroethylene (3.0 mCi/mmol [111 MBq/mmol], 95% pure by GC, Pathfinder Laboratories, St. Louis, Mo.). The test bottles were inverted and incubated for 12-14 days at 22�-24� C. on a shaker platform. The contents were analyzed for TCE periodically. Autoclaved cultures were used as negative controls. Other controls included incubating cultures in air without methane and testing of E. coli in place of the consortia. After incubation, the content of 14 C-TCE in cellular material, CO2, and culture fluid was determined by conventional scintillation techniques. TCE was degraded by the various consortia as indicated in the fate of 14 C-labelled TCE exposed to the consortia in a methane in air atmosphere, shown in Table 4.
TABLE 4______________________________________Degradation of 14 C-Trichloroethylene(TCE) by Microbial ConsortiaAverage percent 14 C per fractionb No. ofConsortiaa Expts. Cell Pellet CO2 Soluble______________________________________14 2 13(0-25) 87(75-100) 027B 3 11(6-16) 49(25-89) 40(0-69)27p 2 11 73(57-89) 16(0-32)46 5 10(0-19) 75(50-100) 15(0-37)______________________________________ a Numerical designation indicates well water of origin. b Determined after subtracting E. coli or autoclaved controls which were about 10% of that observed with consortia. Percent of 14 CTCE degraded by the consortia ranged from 30-40% after 12 days incubation at 25� C.
Amoebae and bacterial heterotrophs from the consortia were tested for and found not to have ability to degrade TCE. Mixtures of methanotrophic and heterotrophic bacteria isolated from the consortia degraded TCE. Neither the heterotrophic bacteria nor amoebae population without associated methanotrophic bacteria degraded TCE. Trichloroethylene was not appreciably degraded by consortia or methanotrophs in air. Neither autoclaved consortia nor E. coli degraded appreciable amounts of 14 C-TCE. Results are shown in Table 5.
TABLE 5______________________________________Degradation of 14 C-Trichloroethylene (TCE)by Components of Microbial ConsortiaCounts of 14 C per FractionaConsortium No. ofComponent Expts. Cell Pellet CO2 Soluble______________________________________Original consortium 2 656 2844 2010Methanotrophs/ 2 854 3037 2185HeterotrophsbAmoebaec 2 142 145 570Heterotrophsd 2 129 105 600E. coli control 2 129 113 550______________________________________ a Average total counts added to test system was 12,875. Consortia, amoebae, methanotrophs and heterotrophs incubated with TCE in air in the absence of methane showed counts similar to E. coli control. b The original consortium was filtered through a 0.8 μm filter an passaged three times on a mineral salts media in a methane in air atmosphere. When the resultant microbial growth was tested for amoebae an heterotrophs no amoebae were detected but heterotrophs were still present c Amoebae were passaged three times on nonnutrient agar spread with lawn of E. coli. When replanted on mineral salts in a methane atmosphere no bacterial growth was apparent. d Heterotrophs were passaged three times on TSA and were free of amoebae and methanotrophs.
Because of the successful degradation of TCE by two of the bacteria/amoebic consortia (27p, 46), these consortia were also tested for their ability to alter or degrade 2,4,6 trinitrotoluene (TNT).
Sterile NATE solution was mixed in equal volume with a saturated TNT solution (100 mg/L) for a total volume of 100 ml and inoculated with 1012 organisms. This was done in 250 ml teflon sealed bottles with 15 ml of methane added to the headspace through the teflon septa. These bottles were tested under the following conditions: 46 consortium+methane, 46 consortium-methane, 27p consortium+methane, 27p consortium-methane, TNT solution+methane (no bacteria) and TNT solution (no methane, no bacteria).
No visible differences were seen in any of the bottles except for the 46 consortium with methane in which the liquid medium turned yellow. The color change occurred rapidly (overnight) on approximately Day 12 in repeat experiments. The media from each bottle was analyzed by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) after 3 weeks incubation; the 46 consortium under methane showed a decrease in TNT levels.
In an experiment similar to Example III using 14 C-labeled TNT, the 14 C-TNT was associated with the cell pellet, and was not extractable with acetonitrile (unlike the other bottles). This suggests that the TNT is tightly associated with the cell, or has become nonpolar since TNT and its metabolites are readily extractable with acetonitrile. Table 6 shows that "altered" TNT is, in fact, associated with the cell pellet and has not been degraded to carbon dioxide nor remained in the supernate.
TABLE 6______________________________________14 C-TNT Alteration by 46 Consortium Bottle #1 Bottle #2 Control______________________________________14 CO2 1.5% 1.9% 4.1%14 TNT in supernate 28.9% 31.7% 89.8%14 TNT in cell pellet 69.6% 66.4% 3.5%______________________________________
An organism from Consortium 46, Cytophaga sp., was observed to decompose agar (ie. break C-C bonds), prompting experiments to test isolated organisms' ability to alter, degrade, or disperse C-C based hydrocarbons, especially nonpolar substances such as creosote, oil, wax and grease. Oil, creosote, wax, and grease can be dispersed into microdroplets in order to facilitate degradation by consortia, additional organisms, or other methods or natural processes.
Dilute suspensions of each organism in Consortium 46 were placed, respectively, in 100 ml saline with 0.1 gm of creosote, and in 100ml saline with 0.1 gm of crude oil. Five organisms were found to have the ability to immediately disperse the creosote and crude oil into microdroplets. It was found that the five organisms represented two different modes of action. Two of the bacteria, isolates T and 9, were found to have this ability only if the cells were present. The other three organisms, isolates 13, 15, and 1s, were found to produce a dispersant which produced the dispersion effect. In all cases the dispersant was more effective after autoclaving and resultant sterilization. Each dispersant greatly reduced the liquid-liquid interstitial surface tension, indicated by tensiometer tests. Samples of wax and grease were also dispersed. Isolate 13 was found to be especially effective in dispersing wax.
The bacterial isolates described in Example V were tested on wood contaminated with creosote, resulting in obvious desorption of creosote from the wood.
Soil fines, postulated to hinder decomposition of contaminating substances by creating pockets which can not be reached by bacteria or fungi, can be eliminated.
The bacterial isolates described in Example V were tested on soil contaminated with creosote. The dispersants altered the physical nature of the soils by virtually eliminating the fines, or very fine particulate matter.
Additional testing with various organic compounds such as nicotine showed that the dispersant allowed maximal extraction in a much shorter time frame than expected, because of its ability to microemulsify nonpolar organic compounds.
Preliminary analysis by column chromatography and concentration procedures showed that the dispersant produced was slightly different in each bacteria (different molecular weights and effectiveness). Each dispersant appears to have a negative charge associated with at least a part of the molecular structure. The dispersants are assumed to be partly denatured protein and possibly partly lipid in nature since lipase can significantly reduce their effectiveness. These appear to be the first bacterially produced dispersants or microemulsifiers known to exist.
Optimization of growth conditions for three of the five organisms has been performed and these organisms can be rapidly grown on standard microbiological media under slightly different temperatures and pH conditions.
Many types of bacteria have also been found to be able to use these products as a nutrient base which has the added advantage of not only dispersing C-C based compounds, but simultaneously fertilizing the indigenous flora which could facilitate decomposition.
Additionally, it has been found that all organisms isolated from the consortia which can disperse oil, creosote, wax, and grease also have the ability to precipitate iron added to the growth medium.
Bacteria capable of dispersing oil, creosote, wax, and grease were characterized as follows:
Isolate 15: Family Pseudomonadaceae, Genus Pseudomonas Species probably pseudoalcaligenes: Gram negative rod, 0.5-1.5 um. Oxidase negative, catalase positive, motile, non sporulating, TSI (K/-). Colony morphology on Tryptic Soy Agar media--translucent, undulate, diffuse margins, mucoid, pale white--yellow green. Produces green diffusible pigment on Mueller-Hinton agar with grape-like odor. Colonies on BCYE medium have irregular margins are mucoid and yellow-white. Aerobic, but grows weakly in methane atmosphere as sole carbon source. Can use the following carbon sources for growth and metabolism: tween 40, tween 80, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, L-arabinose, D-arabitol, D-fructose, D-galactose, D-mannitol, D-mannose, D-trehalose, methyl pyruvate, mono-methyl succinate, acetic, formic, citric, lactic, valeric, propionic and succinic acids, glycerol, serine, ornithine, leucine, histidine and alanine. ONPG, VP, nitrate reduction and gelatine negative. Does not possess arginine dihydrolase, lysine decarboxylase, urease, tryptophane deaminase or ornithine decarboxylase. Hydrogen sulfide is not produced. Optimum temperature and pH for growth are 20� C. and 7.0, respectively.
Isolate 13: Family (uncertain), Genus Alcaligenes, Species (unknown): Gram negative rod, 0.5-1.5 um. Oxidase positive, catalase positive, motile, non sporulating, TSI (K/-). Colony morphology on Tryptie Soy Agar media--opaque, entire, dry, off-white with a musty odor. Growth on Mueller-Hinton agar is sparse with small colonies that are translucent, entire and pale yellow. On BCYE medium the colonies are small, entire, pale-yellow with a musty odor. Aerobic--does not grow in methane atmosphere as sole carbon source. Can use the following carbon sources for growth and metabolism: tween 40, tween 80, L-arabinose, psicose, D-fructose, methyl pyruvate. mono-methyl succinate, acetic, gluconic, formic, citric, lactic, valeric, propionic and succinic acids, glycerol, serine, leucine, histidine and alanine. ONPG, VP, nitrate reduction and gelatine negative. Does not possess arginine dihydrolase, lysine decarboxylase, urease, tryptophane deaminase or ornithine decarboxylase. Hydrogen sulfide is not produced. Citrate positive. Optimum temperature and pH for growth are 25� C. and 7.5, respectively.
Isolate 1s: Family Pseudomonadaceae, Genus Pseudomonas, Species (unknown): Gram negative rod, 0.5-1.5 um. Oxidase positive, catalase positive, motile, non sporulating, TSI (K/-). Colony morphology on Tryptic Soy Agar, BCYE and Mueller-Hinton--translucent, entire, mucoid, pale white to yellow with a faint grape-like odor. Aerobic, but grows weakly in methane atmosphere as sole carbon source. Can use the following carbon sources for growth and metabolism: tween 40, tween 80, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, L-arabinose, methyl pyruvate, mono-methyl succinate, acetic, citric, itaconic, glutaric, lactic, propionic, sebacic, aspartic and succinic acids, L-proline, L-phenyl alanine and phenyl ethylamine. ONPG, VP, nitrate reduction and gelatine negative. Does not possess arginine dihydrolase, lysine decarboxylase, urease, tryptophane deaminase or ornithine decarboxylase. Hydrogen sulfide is not produced. Optimum temperature and pH for growth are 25� C. and 7.0, respectively.
Isolate T: Family Neisseriaceae, Genus Acinetobacter, Species (unknown): Gram negative coccobacillus, 0.5-1.0 um. Oxidase negative, catalase positive, non motile, non sporulating, TSI (K/-). Colony morphology on Tryptic Soy Agar media--opaque, entire, dry, white. Aerobic, but grows weakly in methane atmosphere as sole carbon source. ONPG, VP, nitrate reduction and gelatine negative. Does not possess arginine dihydrolase, lysine decarboxylase, urease, tryptophane deaminase or ornithine decarboxylase. Hydrogen sulfide is not produced. Optimum temperature and pH for growth are 25� C. and 7.0, respectively.
Isolate 9: Family Pseudomonadaceae, Genus Pseudomonas, Species (unknown): Gram negative rod, 0.5-1.5 um. Oxidase negative, catalase positive, motile, non sporulating, TSI (K/-). Colony morphology on Tryptic Soy Agar media--opaque, entire, dry, yellow. Aerobic, but grows weakly in methane atmosphere as sole carbon source. ONPG, VP, nitrate reduction and gelatine negative. Does not possess arginine dihydrolase, lysine decarboxylase, urease, tryptophane deaminase or ornithine decarboxylase. Hydrogen sulfide is not produced. Optimum temperature and pH for growth are 25� C. and 7.0, respectively.
Some of the bacterial isolates from the consortium showed antibiotic (antimicrobial and/or antifungal) activity.
Tests were carried out using a standard double blind protocol wherein isolates inhibited fungal growth in liquid media. In this protocol, individual bacteria from the consortia and various, unidentified test fungi were placed together in dilute media concentrations in the wells of a microtiter plate. The microtiter plate was incubated for one week and then examined microscopically for the presence of either bacteria, fungi or both. Control wells established the viability of all organisms. Fungi were not amoeba derived and represented common environmental fungi; therefore bacterial inhibition of the fungi is stressed as an important advantage of the present invention. If bacteria were present and no fungi grew, this was interpreted as the bacteria possessing an antifungal agent. If fungi were present and no bacteria, this was interpreted as the fungi possessing an antibacterial agent. If both bacteria and fungi were present, no antibiotic effects were detected. Since the bacteria were originally amoeba associated, a contribution of the amoeba to antimicrobial activity of the bacteria cannot be ruled out. Results are shown in Table 7.
TABLE 7__________________________________________________________________________Bacterial isolates from consortia 46 and 27pA B C D1 D2 G H I K1 K2 L1 M N O P1 P2 Q R S T AF 1S 13__________________________________________________________________________FUNGUS1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -2 # # # - - - # # - - - - - - - - - # - - - - -3 # # # - - - # # - - - - - - - - - # - - - - -4 - - # - - + # - + + + + + + + - + # - - + + +5 - - # + - + - - + + + + + + + + + # - - + + +6 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - # # - - - -7 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - -8 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + -9 - - - - - - - - + + + - - - - - - - - - - - -__________________________________________________________________________ + bacteria inhibited fungus # fungus inhibited bacteria - indicates no effect on either bacteria or fungus
Based on the ability of these consortia to degrade, disperse or alter various compounds, these protozoan derived consortia are useful for bioremediation efforts. Pathogenicity testing of these consortia showed that no known pathogens are present, enhancing their usefulness.
Bioremediation is generally carried out by utilizing conventional methods. These include the use of bioreactors, and fertilization or composting, allowing indigenous organisms to remove the contaminants. The subject consortia can be utilized whole or in part for these methods.
Bioreactors are typically placed on-site and require moving contaminated material from the site of contamination to the bioreactor for processing. The bioreactor itself can consist of various shapes and sizes but is typically a cylinder which is filled with inert material which bacteria can attach to. As the contaminated material is added to the reactor, the large surface area created by the inert material allows maximal contact of the contaminant with the bacteria responsible for degrading it. Our consortia are ideally suited for this type of remediation and can be added directly onto the inert material. Concentrations which would be effective range from 1�1010 to 1�1012 organisms per liter of bioreactor surface area.
Fertilization typically entails adding compounds (nitrogen, phosphate) to contaminated soils or other contaminated substances in order to stimulate indigenous organisms which may be capable of degrading the contaminant to less hazards concentrations or altering it to non-toxic forms. This is usually performed over large areas at the site of contamination and is usually sprayed over the area so that it soaks into the Found. This process, without the addition of degrading bacteria, typically requires long time periods and is not totally effective. Addition of our consortia would enhance this procedure since fertilization may also stimulate some of the components of our consortia as well as indigenous organisms. Also, the dispersants produced by the consortia may help in desorbing some contaminants and, by eliminating soil fines, should enhance the degradative ability of both indigenous and added microbes. Our consortia could yield itself quite readily to this type of bioremediation and could be added directly to the fertilizer if the concentrations are not too high. Effective concentrations would range from 1�1010 to 1�1012 organisms per liter of spray solution.
From years of manufacturing and handling of explosive materials at U.S. Army facilities, over 1,000,000 cubic yards of soil and sediments have become contaminated with TNT and other explosives. The only available remedial option is incineration which can be very expensive. Composting is currently being tested as an alternative remediation technology when incineration is ruled out. This is accomplished by mixing contaminated soil with manure, wood chips, hay, fertilizer and other amendments, creating a favorable environment for the indigenous microbes (from the contaminated soils) enabling them to mineralize the explosives. Addition of our consortia to such a procedure would also supplement and increase the rate at which these compounds are degraded. It could also begin alteration of TNT before indigenous organisms increase to such an extent as to be useful. In addition, alteration of TNT by consortia 46, could produce metabolites which are more easily degraded than TNT by other organisms. As previously discussed, the desorption of contaminants and the elimination of soil fines could enhance the reaction. Effective concentrations would range from 1�1010 to 1�1012 organisms per kilogram of compost.
The applicant, in accordance with the provisions of the Budapest treaty on the international recognition of the deposit of microorganisms for the purposes of patent procedure, did deposit samples of consortia 46 and 27b, 27p with the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), 12301 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, Md. 20852, U.S.A. Consortium 46 was deposited with the ATCC on Oct. 11, 1990 and assigned ATCC deposit reference No. 40908. Consortium 27p was deposited with the ATCC on Nov. 8, 1990 and assigned ATCC deposit reference No. 55120. Consortium 27b was deposited with the ATCC on Jul. 16, 1992 and assigned ATCC deposit reference No. 55343. Consortium 14 was deposited with the ATCC on Jul. 16, 1992 and assigned ATCC deposit reference No. 55342.
Isolate 13 was deposited with the ATCC on Aug. 20, 1993 and assigned ATCC deposit reference No. 75527. Isolate ls was deposited with the ATCC on Aug. 20, 1993 and assigned ATCC deposit reference No. 75529. Isolate 15 was deposited with the ATCC on Dec. 6, 1994 and assigned ATCC deposit reference No. 55638. Isolate T was deposited with the ATCC on Dec. 6, 1994 and assigned ATCC deposit reference No. 55639. Isolate 9 was deposited with the ATCC on Dec. 6, 1994 and assigned ATCC deposit reference No. 55640.
All of the deposited organisms will each be irrevocably and without restriction or condition released to the public upon the issuance of letters patent.
While there has been shown and described what is at present considered the preferred embodiment of the invention, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
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|Citing Patent
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|Canon Kabushiki Kaisha
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|Dyno Nobel Inc.
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|U.S. Classification
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|International Classification
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|Feb 17, 2000
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
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Effective date: 20080924


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Originally Posted by DesperatelySeekingSleep
In an emergency, absolutely. In fact if I saw a police car I would break all the rules to get an escort or lift there. Eta: I'm disappointed the police car we sped passed didn't pull dp over when I was in premature labour with dd2. Now that would have been an awesome story to tell.
How far off getting p's are you? Could you go for the test?
This happened to us when ds1 was a baby. We were going to the hospital and although slowed down to check first, we went through a red light, got pulled over but a female cop and she offered me and ds to go in her car (ds was on my lap coz I was that worried) but I hadn't a chance to put my pants on in the rush to leave and had them on the floor. So she escorted our car with sirens going all the way to the hospital and helped us in when we got there.
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Harry learns parselmagic. Dark but not evil Harry. Harry multi (Fleur, Tonks, Hermione among others), Stargate Crossover later in story. Harry learns and does what he needs to to survive and live ...
Slash. Ginny died and Ron and Hermione Divorce. Two-shot
Fawkes doesn't like Albus' plans for Harry and decides to change things. Re edited to close a plot line, and Dan's history
AU Justice League/ Harry Potter crossover Harry gains the power of Oa
'I doubt you can understand all that this entails, or the difficulty of this that you wish to do, but I know that if you are willing to push yourself, you will learn more than you ever thought po...
Druid is on the run. He hopes to find salvation, but is optimistic. Hp crossover, first few chapters TT universe.
After a letter from his former friends, Harry gets fed up with all of the prophecy, Sirius dieing and betrayal. So he tries to end it quickly.
Things don't always go as planned...especially for the bad guys.
A little piece of fluff about Teddy Lupin and a hopelessly promiscuous Victoire Weasley. Underage, but no intercourse.
It's no fun to get wounded in battle, but recovery is a different story.
What will Harry find in *this* reality?
Please note the rating change. Luna discovers a way to help Harry Potter defeat Voldemort and takes the initiative
Tonks succeeded in brewing the Wolfsbane Potion and now has every intention of getting to inspect the results of her handiwork. RLxNT
Harry Potter meet Crank. Just your average Boy-Who-Lived, Harry is poisoned by an ambitious Draco Malfoy setting off a chain of events that include rampant, explosive and over-the-top violence, gra...
How will the victors deal with the defeated after the final battle?


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Freelancing is a great job to have because it is so flexible. Many freelancers can work from anywhere whether it's a coffee shop, an airplane, or their home office. However, what's hard is staying focused in the moments you do work since so many freelancers work on their computers with access to the Internet!
If you struggle with never being satisfied with your progress or performance anxiety about whether you can complete something keeping you from the fun of even starting, I highly encourage you to analyze your mindset. Also, consider doing what one of my time coaching clients successfully put into practice last week:
Despite how it feels, the situation is not hopeless. The most successful leaders have found a way to maximize their own productivity even in the face of infinite demands. How? First and foremost by adopting a mindset that "My time is the most valuable resource I have and therefore how I use it determines my success."
When my first book came out, I noticed I was mesmerized by any training that said "book" and "success." Learning isn't bad, but when it keeps me from actually focusing on what's most important for preparing for one of my books to come out or classes to start, there's a problem. I'm in the process of discovering how I can take my own project and time management practices to the next level.
The holidays are supposed to be the happiest time of the year. But for many, feeling like they have lack of time and/or money, can wipe that holiday cheer right off their face. Although we all do our best to keep up, the holiday season can leave even the happiest of people feeling stressed and overwhelmed. What can we do to keep the joy plentiful and the stress minimal during the next few weeks?