text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Nov 7, 1978
|Filing date
|Mar 14, 1977
|Priority date
|Mar 14, 1977
|Publication number
|William F. Green
|Original Assignee
|Transco Products, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (3), Non-Patent Citations (1), Referenced by (15), Classifications (6), Legal Events (3)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention is directed to a fiber optic switch and connecter which provides for the switching of light energy from one fiber optic bundle to one of a plurality of other fiber optic bundles and also includes a connector for connecting the fiber optic bundles to the switch or to another fiber optic bundle.
With the increasing use of fiber optics to provide for the transmittal of information, it is necessary to provide for reliable fiber optic switches and connectors which are simple in construction and operation. For example, it is often desirable to provide for switching of the information transmitted along fiber optic bundles from a first bundle to one of a plurality of other bundles. In addition, it is necessary to provide for a fiber optic connector when providing for connection to the fiber optic switch. The present invention includes a simple and reliable fiber optic connector and this connector could also be used apart from the switch for connecting together two fiber optic bundles.
In the past fiber optic switches and connectors have been fairly cumbersome and difficult to use. In addition, many of these switches and connectors have been relatively expensive which, in turn, increases the overall cost of a system incorporating fiber optics. The present invention is directed to a fiber optic switch and connector which is inexpensive in cost and relatively simple in construction so as to allow for the transmittal of information using fiber optics.
Specifically, the connector portion of the invention includes a male section and a female section and with the male section including a body portion to provide the main support for the optical fibers. The optical fibers may be locked in place and centered by a tapered locking sleeve which is received within a complementary tapered portion of the body portion of the male section. The female section may also include a similar body portion and with a complementary tapered locking sleeve received within the body portion to lock and center the fibers in position.
As indicated above, the locking sleeves provide for centering the fiber optic bundles along the body of the connector to ensure for accuracy in the transfer of light energy between the male and female sections. The male and female sections also include complementary tapered portions at their front faces so that as the male and female sections are mated the tapered portions mate and provide for an accurate alignment between the fiber optic bundles.
The fiber optic switch uses a minimum of three connectors to provide coupling from one fiber optic bundle to either one of the other fiber optic bundles through the switch and with all of the fiber optic bundles connected to the switch by the connectors. The switch includes internal fiber optic bundles for transmitting the light energy within the switch. One of the internal fiber optic bundles is captured and retained in a stationary alignment block and with the other internal fiber optic bundles retained in a movable alignment block. The movable alignment block is in sliding relation to the stationary block to provide for the switching of the fiber optics between bundles.
The alignment blocks are designed such that close tolerances are inherent between the blocks but without the necessity for individual blocks to be machined with close tolerances. This is accomplished by the initial use of a single member and with a single setup used to cut slots in the single member and with the member then cut to form the blocks. The slots receive the fiber optic bundles so that adjacent portions of the blocks were initially formed from the single member so that the tolerances between the adjacent portions are substantially identical.
A clearer understanding of the invention will be had with reference to the following description and drawings wherein
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of the external configuration of a fiber optic switch constructed in accordance with the teachings of the present invention and including three connectors;
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the fiber optic switch and connectors of the present invention taken along line 2--2 of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a side cross-sectional view of the fiber optic switch and connectors taken along line 3--3 of FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 is a top cross-sectional view of the fiber optic switch taken along line 4--4 of FIG. 2;
FIG. 5 is a front view of the fiber optic switch showing the cover partially cut away;
FIG. 6 illustrates the slotted blocks of the switch for holding the fiber optic bundles and for providing the relative motion to produce the switching action;
FIG. 7 illustrates an elongated slotted member from which the slotted blocks of FIG. 6 are formed; and
FIG. 8 illustrates the slotted blocks assembled with fiber optic bundles and illustrating the relative movement of the slotted blocks.
In FIG. 1, a fiber optic switch 10 is shown having a base member 12 and an outer cover 14. Extending from the base member 12 are three identical male connector sections 16. Three mating female connector sections 18 are shown and with fiber optic bundles 20 connected to the female sections 18 of the connectors.
In FIG. 2 a cross-section view of the fiber optic switch 10 and connectors is shown. Turning first to the connectors which, as indicated above, include a male section 16 and a female section 18, three such connectors are shown. It is to be appreciated that the connectors may be used separately apart from the switch so as to provide for the coupling together of fiber optic bundles such as bundle 20. As can be seen in FIG. 2, the fiber optic bundle normally includes a core of fiber optic material 22 which normally includes a plurality of optical fibers and with this core of fibers 22 covered with a sheath of flexible insulating material 24.
Using one of the male section 16 as an example, this section includes a body portion 26 which provides the main support for a bundle of fibers 28. The front portion of the body 26 includes a first tapered portion 30 surrounding the bundle 28 which tapered portion, for example, may have a 5� taper. A locking sleeve 32, having a matching 5� taper is used to lock and center the fibers within the body 26. A second tapered portion 34 on the front face of the body 26 which tapered portion may have a 45� taper is used to provide accurage alignment between the male and female sections of the connector. Additionally, the outer surface of the body portion 26 may have a threaded portion 26 which is used for mating the male and female sections.
The female section 18 also includes a body portion 38 which provides for the main support for the fiber optic bundle 22. The body portion 38 also has a tapered front portion 40 surrounding the bundle 22 which tapered portion may have the 5� taper. A tapered locking sleeve 42 has a complementary taper and is used to lock and center the fiber bundle 22 in position. In addition, the female portion 16 includes an outer nut 44 which has internal threading 46 to mate with the threading on the male section 16 so as to lock the connector together.
The body portion 38 of the female section 18 may include a recess portion between the body 38 and the nut 44 so as to receive an O-ring 48 and a guide ring 50. The front of the guide ring has a matching 45� angle so as to mate with the 45� angle on the front portion 34 of the male section 16. The outer nut 44 may be held in position by a lock wire 52 which is inserted through openings in the nut 44 and is positioned in a groove which extends around the body 38. As the nut 44 is rotated, the lock wire 52 slides in the groove while at the same time allowing the male and female sections to lock together.
In order to secure the fiber optic bundle 20, shrink sleeving 54 may be positioned over the end of the body portion 38 and extend down the length of the fiber optic bundle 20. By the application of heat, shrink sleeving 54 will shrink to provide for a tight fit to hold the fiber optic bundle 20 in place. It is to be appreciated that if the connector is used separate from the fiber optic switch 10, the fiber optic bundle 28 inserted through the male body portion 26 would also include an outer casing of insulating material such as material 24 and, in addition, shrink sleeving such as shrink sleeving 54 could be applied to the end of the fiber optic bundle 28 to maintain the bundle in position.
Normally, the connector sections would be assembled in the following fashion. The assembly of the female section is described first, but it is to be appreciated that the male section would be formed in a similar manner.
The sleeve or jacket 24 surrounding the bundle of fibers 22 is stripped back and the bundle of fibers 22 is fed through the connector body 38. The bundle of fibers 22 is then fed through the locking sleeve 42 when the locking sleeve is external of the connector body 38. Plastic material such as epoxy material is worked into the front recess formed by the tapered portion of the connector body 38 and the epoxy is also applied around the locking sleeve. The locking sleeve 42 is then pressed into the tapered portion 40 of the connector body 38 to lock the fiber optic bundle 22 into the connector body and also to center the bundle in position. After the epoxy has cured, the bundle of fibers, and any extension of the locking sleeve, is cut off and the front face is ground and polished. As indicated above, the bundle jacket 24 may be held in place by the use of shrink sleeving 54.
As indicated above, the male connector may be formed in the same way with the bundle of fiber optics 28 fed through the body 26 and the locking sleeve 32. The epoxy material is then worked into the recess formed by the tapered portion 30 and the epoxy is applied around the locking sleeve 32. The sleeve 32 is then pressed into the tapered portion of the body to center the bundle and to lock the bundle tightly in place. The front face of the male section may then be ground and polished as with the famel section.
The particular tolerances that should be maintained for the connector is the concentricity between the tapers such as the 45� taper on the front faces and guide ring of the body portions of the male and female sections and the 5� tapers for the body portions as well as the matching tapers of the locking sleeves. The concentricity of these two tapers should be reasonably close and should match with the concentricity of the threads provided on the outside of the body potion 26 and the inside of the nut 44 so that when the front surfaces are ground flat a close contact and a centering will be maintained between the two fiber optic bundles 22 and 28.
After the female section has been prepared as indicated above, then the O-ring 48 is slipped over the body portion and the guide ring is also slipped over the body portion. The nut member 44 is then slipped over the female section and locked in place for rotation by the lock wire 52 as described above.
In addition to the concentricity of the tapers, the concentricity of the outer diameter of the connector body 38 forward of the shoulder portion should be maintained, as well as maintaining the fit between this outer diameter and the inner diameter of the guide ring 50.
In order to provide for the connection between the male and female sections after they have been assembled as described above, the following procedure is as follows. First, a drop of optic oil which matches the index of refraction of the fiber optic material is placed onto the surface of either or both of the male or female sections. The nut member 44 is started onto the threads 36 of the male section. As the nut is tightened, the guide ring 50 of the female section will pick up the 45� taper at the front of the male section and with continuing tightening of the nut the guide ring 50 will center the two parts. As the tightening continues, the O-ring 48 will compress until the front surfaces of the bundles 22 and 28 will mate with the optic oil forming a low loss optical connection.
The specific arrangement of the connector allows accurate alignment of the optic bundles with a minimum amount of close tolerance machining of the parts. Because of this arrangement, the connector provides for a basic simplicity in both machining and assembly. In addition, the connector structure provides for a relatively thin profile connector which will fit within standard allowable spacing.
As shown in FIGS. 1, 2 and 5, three connector connections are made to the fiber optic switch 10 so as to provide for the transfer of light energy from an external bundle of optical fibers and to provide for the switching of this light energy between one of two output bundles. As shown in FIG. 1, the switching is accomplished through the use of internal fiber optic bundles, one of which has been designated by reference numeral 28. The other internal bundles are designated by reference numerals 60 and 62. The switching is provided from bundle 62 to either bundle 28 or bundle 60. As explained above, substantially identical connector members having male and female portions are used to provide coupling to each bundle of optical fibers.
The internal bundle 62 is split into two segments 64 and 66 which segments are individually incorporated in a stationary block 68. The internal bundles 28 and 60 are also each split into two segments such as segments 70 and 72 for bundle 28 and segments 74 and 76 for bundle 60 and these four segments are incorporated in a movable block 78. In the switch position of the fiber optic switch shown in FIG. 2, the light energy from the bundle 62 is transferred to the budle 28. When, however, the block 78 is moved to the right, the light energy from the input bundle 62 is transferred to the bundle 60.
The actual formation of the blocks 68 and 78 and the positioning of the segments can be seen with reference to FIGS. 6, 7 and 8. For example, in FIG. 7 a large single member 100 is shown and the single member 100 may be machined to provide for a plurality of slots which receive the segments. The depth of the slot is critical but this is controlled since the slots may be cut in a single setup. In addition, the width of the slot is critical but this, again, is controlled since the same cutter can be used for cutting all of the slots. The only dimension that must be controlled by accurate measurement is the spacing between the slots.
After the single member 100 has been machined as shown in FIG. 7, adjacent slices 102 and 104 are used as the basic structural elements to form the stationary and moving blocks 68 and 78. Since adjacent slices from the same single member 100 are used, the tolerances between each block such as the size and depth of the slots are controlled since these tolerances cannot vary in any significant degree between adjacent slices.
As shown in FIG. 3 and as illustrated using only a single slot, fibers 106 may be loaded into the slot and can be locked into place with a plastic material such as an epoxy. Actually, the blocks 102 and 104 may be closely positioned relative to each other as the fibers are loaded into the slots, so that the fibers between the adjacent blocks are in the same essential configuration. All four of the slots in each block 102 and 104 would be loaded with the fibers in the same manner. The fibers can be pressed and locked into position using comb lock members 108 and 110 and the epoxy material. After the epoxy has completely cured, then the fibers extending between the blocks 102 and 104 may be cut and with the opposing faces polished flat.
As shown in FIG. 8, the movable block 78 now has four fiber segments 72 through 76 which may be formed into the two bundles 28 and 60. For the stationary block 68 two of the fiber segments are cut off so that these fiber segments are merely dummies within the block 68 and with the remaining two fiber segments 64 and 68 formed into the single bundle 60. In one position of the switch, the individual fibers between the blocks 68 and 78 are substantially in line since they were formed from the same fibers laid between the two blocks. In the other position of the switch the fibers are still closely aligned since the blocks were machined from a single element 100 shown in FIG. 7 and with adjacent slices used to form the stationary and movable blocks.
The stationary block 68 is positioned within a recess 112 within the base portion 12 and with the internal bundle 62 of fibers extending through the connector portion and assembled in position as described above. The stationary block 68 may actually be cemented within the recess and with its face ground flush to the upper face of the base member 12. The sliding block 78 is mounted over the stationary block and partially overlaps the upper surface of the base 12 to slide relative to the stationary block 68 between the two switch positions. As shown in FIG. 3, the movable block 78 is maintained against a slide base 114 by the spring tension of an actuating arm 116. Specifically, the actuating arm 116 as shown in FIGS. 3 and 5 includes a spring member 118 and an arm member 120. The actuating arm 116 provides for a force to push the movable block 78 against the slide base 114 during movement of the movable block 78 in the direction shown by the arrows in FIGS. 5 and 8. The movable block 78 is held against the stationary block 68 by a preload spring 122 so that as the movable block 78 is moved the movable block is kept in engagement with the stationary block 68. The side to side adjustment of the movable block at the end positions is controlled by adjustable screw members 124 and 126.
The actuating arm 116 is attached to the front surface of a rotating member 128 which is part of a solenoid structure. Specifically, the solenoid includes a coil 130 which, when energized, provides for rotation of the member 128. The member 128 includes an arm 132 which engages a return spring 134 so that the solenoid is normally biased in one direction. It is to be appreciated that the actuating structure may take many forms and the specific solenoid structure as shown is merely representative of a particular actuator which may be used.
When the coil 130 is energized, the rotating member 128 rotates which in turn provides for rotation and also for transverse motion of the actuating arm 116. The arm portion 120 of the actuating arm 116 engages a recess 136 in the movable block 78 to provide for transverse movement of the movable block 78 as shown by the arrow in FIG. 5. The movement of the movable block provides for a coupling of the light energy from the bundle 62 to the bundle 60. When power is removed from the solenoid and solenoid being normally biased by the spring 132 and arm member 134 provides for the movable block 78 to be returned to the position shown in FIG. 2 wherein light energy is coupled between the bundle 62 and the bundle 28.
By using the fiber optic switch of the present invention, it is possible to provide for precise alignment and in one position actual fiber-to-fiber alignment without expensive precision machining. In addition, the switch can be incorporated into fairly standard structures already used for switching mechanisms and the actuation may be provided by relatively standard actuating mechanics. The switch when in either of its positions provides for a relatively rugged construction suitable for vibration and shock environments and produces a reliable transfer of the light energy even under these vibrations and shock conditions. This is in contrast to the use of lenses and prisms which have been used in the past. The switch of the present invention is quite adaptable to the use of different fiber systems and also to the use of different types of fiber optic cable systems which are in use. Most importantly, however, because of the relatively simple construction and the simple machining which is required, the system provides for precision alignment so that a low-loss switching system is produced at relatively low cost.
Although the present invention has been described with reference to particular embodiments, it is to be appreciated that various adaptations and modifications may be made and the invention is, therefore, to be limited only as indicated by the scope of the appended claims.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|May 16, 1968
|Jul 7, 1970
|Imagination Designs Eng & Sale
|Optical keyboard control means with series and parallel light circuits
|Jan 3, 1975
|Dec 28, 1976
|Amp Incorporated
|Light transmitting fiber bundle connector
|Apr 7, 1970
|Oct 28, 1971
|Siemens Ag
|Title not available
|IBM Tech Disc. Bulletin, vol. 18, No. 2, Jul. 1975 by Burke et al., "Fiber Optic Repeater Bypass Switch", pp. 481-482.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Dec 30, 1977
|Feb 26, 1980
|Bunker Ramo Corporation
|Fiber optic cable connector pin assembly
|Apr 24, 1978
|Mar 18, 1980
|Optical multichannel coupler
|Jul 26, 1978
|Mar 18, 1980
|Her Majesty The Queen In Right Of Canada, As Represented By The Minister Of National Defence
|Broadband switching system utilizing optical fiber waveguides
|Nov 27, 1979
|Dec 1, 1981
|Nippon Electric Company, Ltd.
|Mechanical optical switching device
|Jan 30, 1980
|Mar 30, 1982
|Nippon Electric Co., Ltd.
|Mechanical optical switching devices
|Aug 25, 1981
|Aug 16, 1983
|Kaltenbach & Voigt Gmbh & Co.
|Dental handpiece
|Jan 2, 1981
|Nov 8, 1983
|Bowmar/Ali, Inc.
|Adaptable connector for a fiber optic testing device
|May 5, 1982
|Feb 4, 1986
|Tokyo Shibaura Denki Kabushiki Kaisha
|Optical fiber crossover switching apparatus
|May 14, 1985
|Mar 31, 1987
|Jacobus Kloots
|Fiberoptic cables with angled connectors
|Jun 5, 1986
|Mar 15, 1988
|Siemens Aktiengesellschaft
|Support assembly for light waveguide couplings
|Oct 28, 1985
|Nov 7, 1989
|Square D Company
|Optical switch
|Apr 30, 2003
|Jun 13, 2006
|Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd.
|Optical fiber bundle, light source device using the optical fiber bundle, and method for manufacturing the light source device
|Aug 28, 2009
|May 13, 2014
|Schott Ag
|Method for terminating light-guide fiber bundles
|Apr 30, 2003
|Feb 19, 2004
|Toshimi Suzuki
|Optical fiber bundle, light source device using the optical fiber bundle, and method for manufacturing the light source device
|Aug 28, 2009
|Jul 28, 2011
|Schott Ag
|Method for terminating light-guide fiber bundles
|U.S. Classification
|385/21, 385/25
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Dec 20, 1988
Owner name: TRANSCO AND VARD NEWPORT, A CA. CORP.
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:TRANSCO PRODUCTS, INC.,;REEL/FRAME:004994/0233
Effective date: 19881212
|Aug 6, 1990
Owner name: TRANSCO COMMUNICATIONS INC., A CORP OF CA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:VARD NEWPORT, A CORP OF CA;REEL/FRAME:005404/0410
Effective date: 19900629
|Dec 19, 1994
Owner name: K & L MICROWAVE, INC., MARYLAND
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:DATRON/TRANSCO, INC.;REEL/FRAME:007244/0130
Effective date: 19941121


text:
The Conversion of Imagination
From Pascal Through Rousseau to Tocqueville
By (author) Matthew W. Maguire
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Conversion of Imagination by Matthew W. Maguire
Book DescriptionFrom romanticism through postmodernism, the imagination has become an indispensable reference point for thinking about the self, culture, philosophy and politics. How has imagination so thoroughly influenced our understanding of experience and its possibilities? In a bold reinterpretation of a crucial development in modern European intellectual history, Matthew W. Maguire uncovers a history of French thought that casts the imagination as a dominant faculty in our experience of the world. Pascal, turning Augustinianism inside out, radically expanded the powers of imagination implicit in the work of Montaigne and Descartes, and made imagination the determinative faculty of everything from meaning and beauty to political legitimacy and happiness. Maguire traces the ways that others, including Montesquieu and Voltaire, developed and assigned limits to this exalted imagination. But, it is above all Rousseau's diverse writings that engage with an expansive imagination. And, in the writings of Rousseau's careful readers, particularly Alexis de Tocqueville, imagination is increasingly understood as the medium for an ineffable human freedom against the constrictive power of a new order in politics and culture. Original and thought-provoking, "The Conversion of Imagination" will interest a range of readers across intellectual history, political theory, literary and cultural studies, and the history of religious thought.
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Pages: 298
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Publisher: Harvard University Press
Publish Date: 31-Mar-2006
Country of Publication: United States
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Author Biography - Matthew W. Maguire
Matthew W. Maguire is Assistant Professor of History and Humanities at Kenyon College.
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Town Square
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Original post made by Civic Duty, Another Palo Alto neighborhood, on Feb 4, 2008
"The infobase you are trying to access, published by Procode on behalf of this municipality has been removed for non-payment of hosting fees.
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Comments (3)
a resident of Midtown
on Feb 5, 2008 at 5:18 am
In the days where printing was an expense there was justification for allowing the printer to recover expenses for producing copies. Now that the presses are no longer needed, it is time to require all laws to be accessible on the internet. I just recently paid over 300 dollars for CD copies of the plumbiung and electrical codes even though the reproducton cost was just a couple of bucks and the value of those codes was in the adopting.
All laws including their suppoting materials should be accessible on the internet. Imagine having to pay to learn what a speed limit was.
a resident of Adobe-Meadow
on Feb 5, 2008 at 7:26 am
That's our $500k at work.
It seems outright illegal to have paid that amount for a website, functional or not.
a resident of Another Palo Alto neighborhood
on Feb 5, 2008 at 7:37 am
Go by the City Clerk's office I'm sure she'll give you a copy.
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text:
Roman Signer
Travel Photos
Photographs by Roman Signer
By (author) Peter Zimmermann Beat Wismer
Format: Paperback
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Roman Signer by Roman Signer
Book DescriptionSince the early 1970s, Roman Signer has been making art that refuses to be described in conventional terms. His objects and installations look like science experiments, and his photographs and films seem only to document their results: In compliance with carefully planned and strictly executed and documented procedures, Signer sets off explosions and collisions, sending his materials flying through space. Videos like "Boot with Rocket" capture the original setup, soon to self-destruct. Signer's work gives cause and effect a humorous twist, as it does the scientific method, taking on the self-evidence of scientific logic as an artistic challenge. But in the midst of all this, Signer has also been making a much quieter and more conventional body of work, not unlike the one most readers keep in a shoebox on a shelf in their closets: His "Reisefotos," or travel photographs, track the great experiments of 20 years on and off the road, found works that, like Signer's own, called out to be documented. Whether his subject is a host's arrangement of objects or an event he's reluctantly participating in, it takes on an illustrative or narrative element, and sometimes a touch of irony. "Travel Photos" presents a previously unknown but completely characteristic side of Signer's work.
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Book DetailsISBN: 9783865212825
(165mm x 230mm x 26mm)
Pages: 224
Imprint: Steidl Verlag
Publisher: Steidl Publishers
Publish Date: 1-Aug-2006
Country of Publication: Germany
Other Editions...
Books By Author Roman Signer
When You Travel in Iceland You See a Lot of Water, Hardback (May 2010)
Iceland, the land of fire and ice in the North Atlantic, is a place you either absolutely fall for or one you detest and ignore. This title describes travels, nature and living in Iceland. It is illustrated with photographs of the landscape, many of them with the two wandering artists in the picture.
Roman Signer, Hardback (January 2009)» View all books by Roman Signer
Presents a cross-section of the author's work and contains a catalog raisonne of his Super-8 films and videos.
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Season 2 of the Overtime podcast is here! Listen to the first episode with Meg Robichaud now.
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There is widespread damage and destruction of buildings, roads and other infrastructure. There is a decent picture of needs in Kathmandu, but the situation is much less clear in outlying areas. In Kathmandu Valley, hospitals are overcrowded, running out of room and also running short of emergency supplies. Post-earthquake diseases are a concern. Diarrhea is already an issue in Kathmandu Valley, and getting clean water and hand soap to affected areas will be critical in preventing their spread.
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GDP (3rdQ2016)
– Real GDP quarter/quarter seasonally adjusted, annualized +3.2%. Initial release was +2.9%
– GDP price index quarter/quarter seasonally adjusted, annualized +1.4%. Previous was +1.5%
A detailed analysis from Rick Davis of Consumer Metrics Institute will be in my RateWatch newsletter of next Monday.
Corporate Profits (3rdQ2016)
– After-tax Profits year/year +5.2%. Previous was -1.7%
Redbook Chain Store Sales (week ended 11/26/2016)
– Store Sales year/year +2.2%. Previous was +1.0%
Case-Shiller House Price Index (September 2016)
– 20-city, seasonally adjusted month/month +0.4%. Previous was +0.3%
– 20-city, not seasonally adjusted month/month +0.1%. Previous was +0.4%
– 20-city, not seasonally adjusted year/year +5.1%. Previous was +5.1%
Consumer Confidence (November 2016)
– Consumer Confidence 107.1. Previous was 100.8
This is the metric from the Conference Board. This is supposed to be a leading indicator of consumer spending 3-6 month into the future.


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Introduction to Information Retrieval Introduction to Information Retrieval Evaluation & Result Summaries 1
Introduction to Information Retrieval Evaluation issues Presenting the results to users Efficiently extracting the k-best Evaluating the quality of results – qualitative evaluation – quantitative evaluation 2
Introduction to Information Retrieval Presenting the Information to users Results summaries: – Making our "good results" usable to a user 3
Introduction to Information Retrieval 4 Result Summaries Having ranked the documents matching a query, we wish to present a results list Most commonly, a list of the document titles plus a short summary
Introduction to Information Retrieval 5 Summaries The title is typically automatically extracted from document metadata. What about the summaries? – This description is crucial. – User can identify good/relevant hits based on description. Two basic kinds: – Static – Dynamic A static summary of a document is always the same, regardless of the query that hit the doc A dynamic summary is a query-dependent attempt to explain why the document was retrieved for the query at hand
Introduction to Information Retrieval 6 Static summaries In typical systems, the static summary is a subset of the document Simplest heuristic: the first 50 (or so – this can be varied) words of the document – Summary cached at indexing time More sophisticated: extract from each document a set of "key" sentences – Simple NLP heuristics to score each sentence – Summary is made up of top-scoring sentences. Most sophisticated: NLP used to synthesize a summary – Seldom used in IR; cf. text summarization work
Introduction to Information Retrieval 7 Dynamic summaries Present one or more "windows" within the document that contain several of the query terms – "KWIC" snippets: Keyword in Context presentation Generated in conjunction with scoring – If query found as a phrase, all or some occurrences of the phrase in the doc – If not, document windows that contain multiple query terms
Introduction to Information Retrieval 8 Generating dynamic summaries I f we have only a positional index, we cannot (easily) reconstruct context window surrounding hits Remember positional index: for each term in the vocabulary, we store postings of the form docID: If we cache the documents at index time, can find windows in it, cueing from hits found in the positional index – E.g., positional index says "the query is a phrase/term in position 4378" so we go to this position in the cached document and stream out the content Most often, cache only a fixed-size prefix of the doc – Note: Cached copy can be outdated!
Introduction to Information Retrieval 9 Dynamic summaries Producing good dynamic summaries is a tricky optimization problem – The real estate for the summary is normally small and fixed – Want short item, so show as many matches as possible, and perhaps other things like title – Want snippets to be long enough to be useful – Want linguistically well-formed snippets: users prefer snippets that contain complete phrases – Want snippets maximally informative about doc But users really like snippets, even if they complicate IR system design
Introduction to Information Retrieval Alternative results presentations? An active area of HCI research An alternative: / copies the idea of Apple's Cover Flow for search resultshttp://www.searchme.com / 10
Introduction to Information Retrieval 11 Efficiently extracting the k-best Heuristics for finding the top k out of N faster Use a binary min heap A binary min heap is a binary tree in which each node's value is less than the values of its children. It takes O(N log k) operations to construct the k-heap containing the k largest values (where N is the number of documents). Essentially linear in N for small k and large N. 11
Introduction to Information Retrieval Binary min heap 12
Introduction to Information Retrieval 13 Selecting k top scoring documents in O(N log k) Goal: Keep the k top documents seen so far Use a binary min heap To process a new document d′ with score s′: Get current minimum h m of heap (in O(1)) If s′ ≤ h m skip to next document If s′ > h m heap-delete-root (in O(log k)) Heap-add d′/s′ (in O(1)) Reheapify (in O(log k)) 13
Introduction to Information Retrieval Evaluating the quality of results ❶ Unranked evaluation (evaluation that does not take into account the rank of a document) ❸ Ranked evaluation ❹ Evaluation benchmarks ❺ Result summaries 14
Introduction to Information Retrieval 15 Measures for a search engine How fast does it index e.g., number of bytes per hour How fast does it search e.g., latency as a function of queries per second What is the cost per query? In currency (dollars/euros) 15
Introduction to Information Retrieval 16 Measures for a search engine All of the preceding criteria are measurable: we can quantify speed / size / money However, the key measure for a search engine is user happiness. What is user happiness? Factors include: Speed of response Size of index User Interface Most important: relevance (actually, maybe even more important: it's free) Note that none of these is sufficient: blindingly fast, but useless answers won't make a user happy. How can we quantify user happiness? 16
Introduction to Information Retrieval Your turn Measures of happiness? 17
Introduction to Information Retrieval 18 Who is the user? Who is the user we are trying to make happy? Web search engine: searcher. Success: Searcher finds what she was looking for. Measure: rate of return to this search engine Web search engine: advertiser. Success: Searcher clicks on ad. Measure: clickthrough rate Ecommerce: buyer. Success: Buyer buys something. Measures: time to purchase, fraction of "conversions" of searchers to buyers Ecommerce: seller. Success: Seller sells something. Measure: profit per item sold Enterprise: CEO (chief executive). Success: Employees are more productive (because of effective search). Measure: profit of the company 18
Introduction to Information Retrieval 19 Most common definition of user happiness: Relevance User happiness is equated with the relevance of search results to the query. But how do you measure relevance? Standard methodology in information retrieval consists of three elements. A benchmark document collection A benchmark suite of queries An assessment of the relevance of each query-document pair 19
Introduction to Information Retrieval 20 Relevance: query vs. information need Relevance to what? First take: relevance to the query "Relevance to the query" is very problematic. Information need i : "I am looking for information on whether drinking red wine is more effective at reducing your risk of heart attacks than white wine." This is an information need, not a query. Query q: [red wine white wine heart attack] Consider document d′: At heart of his speech was an attack on the wine industry lobby for downplaying the role of red and white wine in drunk driving. d′ is an excellent match for query q... d′ is not relevant to the information need i. 20
Introduction to Information Retrieval 21 Relevance: query vs. information need User happiness can only be measured by relevance to an information need, not by relevance to queries. Our terminology is sloppy in these slides and in IR: we talk about query-document relevance judgments even though we mean information-need-document relevance judgments. 21
Introduction to Information Retrieval 22 Standard measures of relevance: Precision and Recall Precision (P) is the fraction of retrieved documents that are relevant Recall (R) is the fraction of relevant documents that are retrieved 22
Introduction to Information Retrieval 23 Precision and recall P = TP / ( TP + FP ) R = TP / ( TP + FN ) 23
Introduction to Information Retrieval 24 Precision/recall tradeoff You can increase recall by returning more docs. Recall is a non-decreasing function of the number of docs retrieved. A system that returns all docs has 100% recall! The converse is also true (usually): It's easy to get high precision for very low recall. Suppose the document with the largest score is relevant. How can we maximize precision? 24
Introduction to Information Retrieval 25 F allows us to trade off precision against recall. where α ϵ [0, 1] and thus 2 ϵ [0,∞] Most frequently used: balanced F with = 1 or α = 0.5 This is the harmonic mean of P and R: 25 A combined measure: F
Introduction to Information Retrieval 26 F: Example P = 20/( ) = 1/3 R = 20/( ) = 1/4 26 relevantnot relevant retrieved not retrieved601,000,0001,000, ,000,0401,000,120
Introduction to Information Retrieval 27 Accuracy Why do we use complex measures like precision, recall, and F? Why not something simple like accuracy? Accuracy is the fraction of decisions (relevant/nonrelevant) that are correct. In terms of the contingency table above, accuracy = (TP + TN)/(TP + FP + FN + TN). Why is accuracy not a useful measure for web information retrieval? 27
Introduction to Information Retrieval 28 Exercise Compute precision, recall and F 1 for this result set: The snoogle search engine below always returns 0 results ("0 matching results found"), regardless of the query. Why does snoogle demonstrate that accuracy is not a useful measure in IR? 28 relevantnot relevant retrieved182 not retrieved821,000,000,000
Introduction to Information Retrieval 29 Why accuracy is a useless measure in IR Simple trick to maximize accuracy in IR: always say no and return nothing You then get 99.99% accuracy on most queries. Searchers on the web (and in IR in general) want to find something and have a certain tolerance for junk. It's better to return some bad hits as long as you return something. →We use precision, recall, and F for evaluation, not accuracy. 29
Introduction to Information Retrieval 30 F: Why harmonic mean? Why don't we use a different mean of P and R as a measure? e.g., the arithmetic mean The simple (arithmetic) mean is 50% for "return-everything" search engine, which is too high. Desideratum: Punish really bad performance on either precision or recall. Taking the minimum achieves this. But minimum is not smooth and hard to weight. F (harmonic mean) is a kind of smooth minimum. 30
Introduction to Information Retrieval 31 F 1 and other averages We can view the harmonic mean as a kind of soft minimum 31
Introduction to Information Retrieval 32 Difficulties in using precision, recall and F We need relevance judgments for information-need- document pairs – but they are expensive to produce. For alternatives to using precision/recall and having to produce relevance judgments – see end of this lecture. 32
Introduction to Information Retrieval Outline 1. Unranked evaluation 2. Ranked evaluation (what if we consider ranking?) 3. Evaluation benchmarks 4. Result summaries 33
Introduction to Information Retrieval 34 Precision-recall curve Precision, recall, and the F measure are set-based measures. They are computed using unordered sets of documents. We need to extend these measures (or to define new measures) if we are to evaluate the ranked retrieval results that are now standard with search engines. We Pcan easily turn set measures into measures of ranked lists. Just compute the set measure for each "prefix": the top 1, top 2, top 3, top 4 etc results Doing this for precision and recall gives you a precision-recall curve. 34
Introduction to Information Retrieval Jig-saw precision/recall curve 35 Precision-recall curves have a distinctive saw-tooth shape: if the document retrieved is nonrelevant then recall is the same as for the top documents, but precision has dropped. If it is relevant, then both precision and recall increase, and the curve jags up and to the right.
Introduction to Information Retrieval 36 Jig-saw precision-recall curve Each point corresponds to a result for the top k ranked hits (k = 1, 2, 3, 4,...). Interpolation (in red): Take maximum of all future points Rationale for interpolation: The user is willing to look at more stuff if both precision and recall get better. 36 jigsaw curve K=1 outcomes: + or – P=1 or 0, R=1/N or 0 K=1 outcomes: ++, --, +-,-+ P=1 or 0,5 or 0, R=1/N or 2/N or 0
Introduction to Information Retrieval point interpolated average precision 11-point average: ≈ RecallInterpolated Precision It is often useful to remove these jiggles and the standard way to do this is with an interpolated precision: the interpolated precision at a certain recall level r is defined as the highest precision found for any recall level r'>r
Introduction to Information Retrieval 38 Averaged 11-point precision/recall graph Compute interpolated precision at recall levels 0.0, 0.1, 0.2,... Do this for each of the queries in the evaluation benchmark Average over queries This measure measures performance at all recall levels. Note that performance is not very good! 38
Introduction to Information Retrieval 39 Variance of measures like precision/recall For a test collection, it is usual that a system does badly on some information needs (e.g., P = 0.2 at R = 0.1) and really well on others (e.g., P = 0.95 at R = 0.1). Indeed, it is usually the case that the variance of the same system across queries is much greater than the variance of different systems on the same query. That is, there are easy information needs and hard ones. 39
Introduction to Information Retrieval Outline 1. Unranked evaluation 2. Ranked evaluation 3. Evaluation benchmarks 4. Result summaries 40
Introduction to Information Retrieval 41 What we need for a benchmark A collection of documents Documents must be representative of the documents we expect to see in reality. A collection of information needs ...which we will often incorrectly refer to as queries Information needs must be representative of the information needs we expect to see in reality. Human relevance assessments We need to hire/pay "judges" or assessors to do this. Expensive, time-consuming Judges must be representative of the users we expect to see in reality. 41
Introduction to Information Retrieval 42 Standard relevance benchmark: Cranfield Pioneering: first testbed allowing precise quantitative measures of information retrieval effectiveness Late 1950s, UK 1398 abstracts of aerodynamics journal articles, a set of 225 queries, exhaustive relevance judgments of all query- document-pairs Too small, too untypical for serious IR evaluation today 42
Introduction to Information Retrieval 43 Standard relevance benchmark: TREC TREC = Text Retrieval Conference (TREC) Organized by the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) TREC is actually a set of several different relevance benchmarks. Best known: TREC Ad Hoc, used for first 8 TREC evaluations between 1992 and 1999 1.89 million documents, mainly newswire articles, 450 information needs No exhaustive relevance judgments – too expensive Rather, NIST assessors' relevance judgments are available only for the documents that were among the top k returned for some system which was entered in the TREC evaluation for which the information need was developed. 43
Introduction to Information Retrieval 44
Introduction to Information Retrieval 45
Introduction to Information Retrieval Contextual Suggestion Track 46 Future IR systems should anticipate user needs without asking the user to specify all the details For example, imagine a group of information retrieval researchers with a November evening to spend in beautiful Gaithersburg, Maryland. A contextual suggestion system might recommend a beer at the Dogfish Head Alehouse (www.dogfishalehouse.com), dinner at the Flaming Pit (www.flamingpitrestaurant.com), or even a trip into Washington on the metro to see the National Mall (www.nps.gov/nacc).
Introduction to Information Retrieval Contextual Suggestion Track (2) The goal of the Contextual Suggestion track is to provide a venue for the evaluation of such systems. For context suggestions, systems are provided with user preferences in relation with a set of suggestions (previous choices) and must learn "generalised" preference model for users. Furthermore, they are provided with contexts Portland Oregon weekday evening fall 47
Introduction to Information Retrieval 48 Federated search is the approach of querying multiple search engines simultaneously, and combining their results into one coherent search engine result page. Federated search is the approach of querying multiple search engines simultaneously, and combining their results into one coherent search engine result page.
Introduction to Information Retrieval 49
Introduction to Information Retrieval 50
Introduction to Information Retrieval 51 Standard relevance benchmarks: Others GOV2 Another TREC/NIST collection 25 million web pages Used to be largest collection that is easily available But still 3 orders of magnitude smaller than what Google/Yahoo/MSN index NTCIR East Asian language and cross-language information retrieval Cross Language Evaluation Forum (CLEF) This evaluation series has concentrated on European languages and cross-language information retrieval. Many others 51
Introduction to Information Retrieval 52 Validity of relevance assessments Relevance assessments are only usable if they are consistent. If they are not consistent, then there is no "truth" and experiments are not repeatable. How can we measure this consistency or agreement among judges? → Kappa measure 52
Introduction to Information Retrieval 53 Kappa measure Kappa is measure of how much judges agree or disagree. Designed for categorical judgments Corrects for chance agreement P(A) = proportion of time judges agree P(E) = what agreement would we get by chance 53
Introduction to Information Retrieval 54 Kappa measure (2) Values of k in the interval [2/3, 1.0] are seen as acceptable. With smaller values: need to redesign relevance assessment methodology used etc. 54
Introduction to Information Retrieval 55 Calculating the kappa statistic P(A) = ( )/400 = 370/400 = Pooled marginals P(nonrelevant) = (80(J1) + 90(J2))/( ) = 170/800 = P(relevant) = (320 (J1) (J2) )/( ) = 630/800 = Probability that the two judges agreed by chance P(E) = P(nonrelevant) 2 + P(relevant) 2 = = Kappa statistic к = (P(A) − P(E))/(1 − P(E)) = (0.925 − 0.665)/(1 − 0.665) = (still in acceptable range) 55 Judge 1 Relevance Judge 2 Relevance YesNoTotal Yes No Total Observed proportion of the times the judges agreed
Introduction to Information Retrieval 56 Inter-judge agreement at TREC 56 Information need number of docs judged disagreements
Introduction to Information Retrieval 57 Impact of inter-judge disagreement Judges disagree a lot. Does that mean that the results of information retrieval experiments are meaningless? No. Large impact on absolute performance numbers Virtually no impact on ranking of systems Suppose we want to know if algorithm A is better than algorithm B An information retrieval experiment will give us a reliable answer to this question... ... even if there is a lot of disagreement between judges. 57
Introduction to Information Retrieval 58 Evaluation at large search engines Recall is difficult to measure on the web Search engines often use precision at top k, e.g., k = ... or use measures that reward you more for getting rank 1 right than for getting rank 10 right. Search engines also use non-relevance-based measures. Example 1: clickthrough on first result Not very reliable if you look at a single clickthrough (you may realize after clicking that the summary was misleading and the document is nonrelevant)... ... but pretty reliable in the aggregate. 58
Introduction to Information Retrieval 59 A/B testing Purpose: Test a single innovation Prerequisite: You have a large search engine up and running. Have most users use old system Divert a small proportion of traffic (e.g., 1%) to the new system that includes the innovation Evaluate with an "automatic" measure like clickthrough on first result Now we can directly see if the innovation does improve user happiness. Probably the evaluation methodology that large search engines trust most (e.g. Google) 59
Introduction to Information Retrieval 60 Critique of pure relevance We've defined relevance for an isolated query-document pair. Alternative definition: marginal relevance The marginal relevance of a document at position k in the result list is the additional information it contributes over and above the information that was contained in documents d 1... d k−1. 60
Introduction to Information Retrieval Example System A: Ranked pages (C=correct W=Wrong) Q1Q2Q3Q4Q6Q7Q8Q9….Qn A1 WWCWCWWW….W A2 WWWWWWWW….W A3 WWWWWWWW….W A4 WWWWWWWW….W A5 WCWWWCWW….W System B: Ranked pages Q1Q2Q3Q4Q6Q7Q8Q9….Qn A1 WWWWCWWW….W A2 CWCWWCCW….C A3 WCWWWWWW….W A4 WWWCWWWW….W A5 WWWWWWWW….W
Introduction to Information Retrieval Mean Reciprocal Rank (MRR) Score for an individual question: – The reciprocal of the rank at which the first correct answer is returned – 0 if no correct response is returned The score for a run: – Mean over the set of questions in the test
Introduction to Information Retrieval MRR in action System A: MRR = ( )/10 = 0.24 Q1Q2Q3Q4Q6Q7Q8Q9….Qn A1 WWCWCWWW….W A2 WWWWWWWW….W A3 WWWWWWWW….W A4 WWWWWWWW….W A5 WCWWWCWW….W System B: MRR = ( )/10=0.42 Q1Q2Q3Q4Q6Q7Q8Q9….Qn A1 WWWWCWWW….W A2 CWCWWCCW….C A3 WCWWWWWW….W A4 WWWCWWWW….W A5 WWWWWWWW….W
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18 days in Cromer BY A USER FROM UNITED KINGDOM September, teens, kids, shopping, hidden gems PREFERENCES: September, teens, kids, shopping ATTRACTION STYLE: Hidden gems PACE: Medium 8 days in Cromer SEE PLAN May, culture, outdoors, relaxing, beaches, historic sites, hidden gems PREFERENCES: May, culture, outdoors, relaxing, beaches, historic sites ATTRACTION STYLE: Hidden gems PACE: Medium 16 days in United Kingdom BY A USER FROM UNITED KINGDOM March, teens, outdoors, fast-paced, popular PREFERENCES: March, teens, outdoors ATTRACTION STYLE: Popular PACE: Fast-paced
Larry C
Not one of my better rounds - no fault of the course. The wind and sloping fairways meant that I was consistently playing from the rough. The long holes, into the wind, were even longer. After a relat... more »
Peter B
Two of us played here on a Norfolk golf trip a few days ago. Cromer is an excellent cliff top course with a stunning aspect and wonderful scenery. The course was in great condition and is best describ... more »
This is one of the best courses in north Norfolk and ranks amongst the best links in the region. When the weather is good and the wind is low it is an absolute joy to play, a real test of golf combine... more »
Ian Williams
Really enjoyed first 2 holes then stuck behind a four-ball, two hours 20 mins for 8 holes, spoilt the experience. Walked off course after playing 9 holes. Members who play this slowly should be reminded golf is for everyone on the course not just themselves!
Paul Blencowe
Nice course
This a wonderful course to visit. Tremendous views and a great test for all standards of golfers. I have always been made very welcome.
Best things to do in Cromer
Blickling Estate
Visit for: 2h 30min
Felbrigg Hall
Visit for: 1h 30min
Visit for: 1h 30min
Anglesey Abbey
Visit for: 4h
Southwold Pier
Visit for: 1h 30min
Gorleston Beach
Visit for: 3h
Kid Friendly Attractions©©©
Lincolnshire Aviation Heritage Centre
Visit for: 1h 30min
Africa Alive!
Visit for: 2h 30min
Visit for: 4h
Hidden Gems©
Flo-ridaz Hovercraft
Visit for: 4h
Happisburgh Owl Barn
Visit for: 1h 30min
Flight Deck Reality
Visit for: 2h
Theme Parks©©
Pleasurewood Hills
Visit for: 4h
Subtropical Swimming Paradise
Visit for: 1h 30min
Dinosaur Adventure
Visit for: 8h
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Item #12857
Product Description
Our New Orleans Pendant is constructed of metal filigree with detailed banding finished in a rich brown. A separate interior shade of silken beige fabric lies within. This pendant light brings a sense of modern elegance to your kitchen island or dining table.
Product Details
Luelle Pendant
Was: $229.00
Sale: $183.00
Bella Drum Pendant
Was: $150.00
Sale: $120.00
Netto Drum Pendant
Was: $239.00
Sale: $191.00
Cozy Light Pendant
Was: $189.00
Sale: $151.00
Hammered Pendant
Was: $115.00 - $119.00
Sale: $82.99 - $92.00


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|Small Greeting Card
|Large Greeting Card
|4" x 6"
|5" x 7.5"
|4" x 6"
This pair of Arctic Wolves are in a small pond as part of their enclosure at Parc Omega near Montebello Quebec Canada. One seems to have been distracted by something in the water. Taken with a Nikon D3s camera and a Nikon 70-200 lens.


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Welcome to Our Home: Knit and Crochet Ideas from Red Heart
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Latest Comments
"I like this vintage style Santa graphic, but I read that the designer used a cutting machine to cut a red vinyl decal to afix to the cream painted wood board. I don't know what kind of cutting machine she is talking about and I wonder how pricey it is? I'd like an alternative to getting that Santa on there."
"This wall decor is very chic with any message you write on it! And it couldn't be easier. However, another option to using foam core board would be to actually buy an old thrift store bulletin board and spray paint it black. I think it would give the wall art a little bit more of a lived-in rustic look as the cork board adds texture and interest."
"This DIY holiday project is something that I would like to do at home myself. This craft is not for everyone's taste, but if you like a certain minimalist decorating approach and you've got a creative eye then this is for you! At first I did not even notice the picture frame in the background. It's used to attach the branch to it. Cute idea!"
Duster or Mop Cover
We are adding the craft to your Craft Projects.
The project was added to your Craft Projects.
Click here to view your Craft Projects.
Knit a reusable and thus more economical cover for your duster or flat mop with this knitting pattern from Lily Sugar n' Cream. The cover can easily be taken off for cleaning. For the crochet version of this cover, see the Mop Cover Crochet Pattern.
You can find this beginner knit pattern, along with several other easy knitting patterns, in our free eBook, Learn How to Knit for Beginners: 27 Easy Knitting Patterns.
- Yarn: Lily® Sugar'n Cream Stripes (56.7 g/2 oz/ 86 m/95 yds) #21712 (Lime Stripes) 1 ball
- Kniting Needles: Size 4.5 mm (U.S. 7) knitting needles or size needed to obtain gauge.
Tension: 20 sts and 26 rows = 4 ins [10 cm] in stocking st.
Main Piece
Cast on 42 sts.
**1st row: (RS). Knit.
2nd and 3rd rows: Purl.
4th row: Knit.
Rep last 4 rows for pat until work from beg measures 4 ins [10 cm]. Cast off.**
Sides (make 2).
Cast on 14 sts.
Rep from ** to ** as for Main Piece.
Join Sides to Main Piece: Place 1 Side at each end of Main Piece and sew outer edges tog.
: Slip each end around the dusting tool's base. When one side is soiled, flip the side pockets inside-out and use the opposite side to keep cleaning! The ridge stitch design helps trap dirt.
For more great knitting patterns be sure to check out our 24 Quick and Easy Knitting Patterns eBook!
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bobbylonardo 50143 99
Jun 26, 2014
I made one of these in crochet -single crochet, stitching into the back loop - like you would to make ribbing on a hat or mitten. Made it in one piece lengthwise and folded and stitched the ends. The grooves really pick up a ton of dust and dirt. I shake it out and reuse till it gets really gross then just throw it in the wash.
FaveCrafts Editor JL
Jun 27, 2014
Hi there, Thanks so much for your comment - so glad this pattern worked out for you! Happy crocheting!
Apr 02, 2011
Very clever, and "green". I am going to make some! Thanks!
Apr 02, 2011
this is great going to buy some cotton & make some of these save money on buying the cloths for them! Great idea!
button7902 3329987
Mar 20, 2011
Cute...however, how does this stay on? When knitting gets wet, it stretches out and I can see this bunching up and not working correctly.
Crafter 5934454
Aug 23, 2010
Why not make the thing one piece for a total of 70 stitches (42 for the base and 14 for each side) rather than three (3) separate pieces? I would make one long piece, then fold over the two ends and close the edges. I don't understand why three pieces are made? Can anyone give a good reason?
Jun 27, 2013
I had the same thought and question. I like your idea better - saves time. It could be done either lengthwise or horizontally. The 14 stitches for each end could be made in a different pattern, just to look cool. I'm going to try your idea.
Crafter 3736144
May 18, 2010
I LOVE this pattern. I was spendling lots of money on cloths for my swifter. I made one of these in an hour tried it immedially its so wonderful. I have a coctail bird who makes a mess dailly. I made like a dozen of these is different colors they wash great too. Now I can have a clean one each day just wash them. Geat Idea.
Crafter 20446
Jan 30, 2010
I love all the ideas in Fave Crafts, so many to choose from. had to choose chich ones as they are so many.
Member 14523
Jan 18, 2010
Good question. To see who designed the pattern, check out the by line right under the title. This pattern was designed by a yarn manufacturer, Lily Sugar N' Cream. We publish manufacturer patterns with permission. Hope you enjoy! =) -FaveCrafts Editor, Caley
Jan 16, 2010
What a brilliant idea! Was this the creation of a subscriber or are all the patterns and crafts from Favecrafts.com?
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Juvederm WORTH IT RATING* DETAILS
in the last 24 months
in the last 12 months
over all time
Juvederm is an FDA-approved collection of injectable fillers used for a variety of reasons, including lifting the cheeks, smoothing marionette lines around the mouth, and plumping the lips. It may also be used to fill pitted acne scars or reduce the appearance of aging hands. Juvederm fillers are made from hyaluronic acid, a naturally occurring substance in the skin. Results typically last between nine months to a year. LEARN MORE ›
Average Price:
Reviews from the Community
Now I Have a Prettier Pucker!! :) - Miami Beach, FL
I have a normal sized bottom lip with a smaller top lip that sometimes seems to disappear when I smile big. I went to Dr. Cousins and had Juvederm injected into my top lip. I only wanted my top lip done and I only wanted to make it more full while looking natural. I was afraid of having a scary... READ MORE
31 Year Old. First Time Juvederm in Lips - Menifee, CA
I for many years wanted to get my lips done. I have a huge lower lip and a very small upper lip, that basically gone when I smiled. I disliked it so much. I finally got the courage to get lips done this month. I was referred to Tony, by my cousin who previously had procedures with him. Before n... READ MORE
47 Years Old ~ Needed a Boost :) - Richmond, VA
I had been researching Juvaderm for lip plumping for about 6 months and decided to give it a go ~ just as a treat for myself. I'm 47, have an 8 year old and a 3 year old and am married ~ sometimes we just feel like we look "tired" (because we usually ARE tired). I will first post my before... READ MORE
Best Juverderm Lip Aug. I've Ever Had - Woodbury, NY
I've had my lips done a handful of times now and Dr. Greenberg has delivered the best results I've ever had. The office is beautiful, the staff is welcoming and Dr. Greenberg is excellent and very friendly. Alicia was my nurse who walked me through all my paper work and explained everything in... READ MORE
Best Birthday Present Ever - San Antonio, TX
I've been thinking about getting my lips done for a while and decided to do it for my 20th birthday, I couldn't be happier! After doing some research I decided on Dr. Lawton and he was so calm and knowledgeable I couldn't have felt more at ease during the procedure. The whole thing took about 25... READ MORE
27 , Already Had Pretty Lips . Just Wanted Them Plumped. El Paso, TX
I got my lips done at Dr. Sozier's office . All I can say is that the young lady that did my lips was extraordinary . She was so sweet caring and walk me through the whole process . The pain scale was literally .5 if that . The pain was not even a 1. It was a breeze I don't know if it's... READ MORE
Plump my Pout! - Glencoe, IL
I had decent sized lips before but they were a bit uneven. I came to Advanced Dermatology to get fillers put in my lips to make them look more appealing. The treatment barely hurt and the outcome was fabulous! Dr. Martinez-Diaz was extremely gentle and effective! He knew exactly what I needed... READ MORE
47 Years Old and Ready for my Yearly Upgrade! Lol - Chevy Chase, MD
I was originally treated by dr Naderi last year. I promised then, that I would do a little touching up every year.. Well, it's time for my touch up. I will be flying from Florida (which is what I did last year). My treatment included 1 syringe of restelyn and 1 syringe of Juverderm Voluma..... READ MORE
Nasolabial Folds Gone!!! It's All About the Injector. - West Orange, NJ
I was so nervous to get this procedure done. I had nightmares the night before. Well, I had it done today and walked out feeling great. No swelling or bruising. I also made sure I followed all his instructions. My plastic surgeon is an artist. It looks like a got a lower facelift. Jowls... READ MORE
Love my New Lips! - Chicago, IL
I am so incredibly happy with my new lips! Dr. Shah was able to give me fuller, more symmetrical, and most importantly, natural looking lips. He used Juvederm Voluma to help me achieve what we are calling the "pillow look". Given that I have a natural asymmetry of the upper lip, Dr. Shah... READ MORE
Juvederm Lip Filler .5ml -Houston, TX
Hey y'all I'm back! So the saying is true, once you start plastic surgery enhancements, it becomes addictive! So I'm 1.5 year post BBL sx and now I'm wanting to get lip fillers. I know it's very different but I just want that full pouty sexy lip. I have been battling with trying to draw my top... READ MORE
Juvederm Under Eye Filler
I had my juvederm filler done for my hollows almost one week ago. I have a lot of bruising and swelling still. Tired of the "are you tired" questions! So fingers crossed when all heals I see a difference! I will keep posted with pictures and updates. I'm starting to see a little difference but... READ MORE
21, Lip Augmentation Using Juvederm. Fort Myers, FL
I have always wanted bigger lips and have done a lot of self research! I came across Dr. Prendiville on RealSelf and he really stood out to me! Im so glad I went to him, the staff was so friendly and he gave me exactly what I want. The procedure didnt hurt at all abd took about 10 mins. I love... READ MORE
Ready for Fuller Lips - New Haven, CT
I have always had what I felt to be full lips, as I've gotten older (I'm 28) I have realized my lips seem to be getting thinner. I also have one scar on my top lip and a small bumpy scar to my lower lip from a cat scratch 15 years ago. I booked a consultation with Dr. Davila (New Haven, CT)... READ MORE
Natural Lip Enhancement - Beverly Hills, CA
I always had good lips but when I smiled, the top would disappear.I was always afraid of getting them done, I didn't want to look "duck face." I just wanted to have more of a voluptuous, natural resting face. My job as a print model is to be as natural as possible. You can imagine my concern,... READ MORE
Juvederm Lip Filler - Catonsville, MD
For the longest time I was self conscious with my thin lips and have wanted to try fillers. Dr. Tag gave me amazing, natural results and I am beyond happy with how they turned out!! Dr. Tag is extremely professional and really listened to what I wanted. He was very careful to make sure my lips... READ MORE
Amazing Lips with Juviderm, Thanks Dr Lee!!! - Montreal, QC
I have been thinking about lip augmentation for awhile, and I am very scared of needles. After watching many videos on youtube, I came to the conclusion that I wanted to increase the size of my upper lip as it was very thin, as well as my bottom lip. I consulted Dr Lee, and he was very... READ MORE
Lip Restoration - Louisville, KY
Lips were showing lines and loss plumpness. Trina carefully went over what I desired, took into consideration how much I was willing to spend, evaluated my face and did her magic. I am barely swollen at all. I take Arnica beginning one week before injection s and eat a ton of pineapple. Also, my... READ MORE
No More Duck Face Selfies for Me. Houston, TX
I first heard about Dr. Linville from a close friend. After I saw how natural and plump her lips looked, I had to see what he could do for me. I went in to have a consultation for juvederm. Upon meeting Dr.linville I could tell that his level of professionalism is only rivaled by his... READ MORE
29 Year Old Ex Smoker- Juvederm in Lips - Atlanta, GA
I recently had a bit of Botox done on my crows feet and forehead to diminish the appearance of early wrinkles that I believe were a bit premature due to heavy smoking that I stopped a few years ago. I was so pleased with the results that I decided to take the plunge on some Juvederm in my lips... READ MORE


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Ground Floor!! Newly Remodeled 2 Bed 2 Bath. Pool View, Free Wi-Fi & Parking.
This newly remodeled, very clean, 2 bedrooms, 2 bathrooms condo is the perfect getaway for any family or couples. This 1st floor unit comes with an outstanding view of the pool from the kitchen, dining area and porch. ALL new Ashley furniture installed in 2015 includes stainless steel appliances and granite countertops in the kitchen, leather sectional and big screen TV in the living room. King size bed comes with 2 large dressers and a big screen TV in the master suite. The master bath comes with his and hers vanity, large closet for the master suite and a combination tub and shower. The spare bedroom has a queen size with another large dresser and closet, and flat screen TV. The spare bath contains a single vanity and a combination tub and shower.
Dolphin Villa's, located at 1701 E 1st St, is only about a mile from the beach and less than a 5 minute drive. Winn Dixie, McDonalds, Zaxby's and Tuesday Morning are located literally around the corner from the condo's entrance and Wal-Mart is only 3 blocks away. Tacky Jack's is right around the corner also and the infamous LuLu's is just right over the canal.
- Guests Provide Their Own Meals
- Air Conditioning
- Heating
- Linens Provided
- Dishwasher
- Refrigerator
- Stove
- Oven
- Microwave
- Washing Machine
- Clothes Dryer
- Television
- Satellite / Cable
- Lawn / Garden
- Parking
- Romantic
- Family
- Away From It All
- Budget
- Sports & Activities
- Tourist Attractions
- Pets Not Allowed
- Dining Area
- Wheelchair Accessible
- Children Welcome
- Internet
- Towels Provided
- Non Smoking Only
- Long-term Renters Welcome
- Communal Pool
- Coffee Maker
- Toaster
- Adventure
- Iron & Board
- Hair Dryer
- Building
- Dishes & Utensils
- Living Room
- Kitchen
- Minimum Age Limit For Renters
- Deck / Patio
- Dining
- Golf
Not Available
Selected dates
Check In/Out Dates
Available, but Not Arrival Date


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|Jason Bainbridge <ja...@jblinux.org>
|Re: JK2 config
|Mon, 23 Jun 2003 10:46:54 GMT
On Mon, 23 Jun 2003 11:21, Atreya Basu wrote: > I've had some success in setting up mod_jk2 but only on winXP. I was > able to do it with the JNI/inprocess and via sockets. I even wrote up > a document outling the steps I took. If anyone wants I can post that or > even post my workers2.properties and jk2.properties file. Do you feel like putting a quick web page together with your documentation or sending it to the list? The more doco we can get on that particular subject the better. :) Regards, -- Jason Bainbridge http://jblinux.org --------------------------------------------------------------------- To unsubscribe, e-mail: email@example.com For additional commands, e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
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Michelle Willson
- Overview
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|blues female vocalists jazz soul sexy funky female voices nts
|1990s 2000s
5 January 1958, Massachusetts, USA. Singing from childhood, in her teenage years Willson was with a number of Boston area blues and jump bands. She also performed solo, presenting concerts that vividly demonstrated her admiration for Ruth Brown and Dinah Washington. Her tributes to these singers were no mere attempt at impersonation. Rather, Willson displayed her own distinctive style that had evolved through her awareness of the qualities that had made these singers what they were, and which she then filtered through her own musical sensibilities.
From the mid-90s onwards, Willsons profile was raised owing in part to her appearances with the band Evil Gal and mainly through the critical and audience acclaim that greeted her own-name recording debut. She sings with verve and earthy enthusiasm. Although deeply rooted in the blues, Willson happily incorporates lively elements of R&B and jazz into her treatment of a wide-ranging...
- MatchMichelle Willson
- 100%Zora Young
- 66%Angela Strehli
- 65%Francine Reed
- 57%E.C. Scott
- 44%Walter "Wolfman" Washington
- 42%Katie Webster
- 33%Tracy Nelson
- 32%Candye Kane
- 32%Debbie Davies
- 31%Koko Taylor


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When: Fri., Jan. 13, 6-8 p.m. 2012
A one-night-only show of Julie Ann Wright's sculptures "made from common and at-hand materials that are slightly altered as a way of exploring their relationship to one another."
2553 Broad (Midtown)
by Dwayne Butcher
January 24, 2013
From Plato to ice hockey: works at Clough-Hanson, Perry Nicole, L Ross, and Material.
March 25, 2010
Select a star to rate.
© 2017 Memphis Flyer


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Russound® 3615-604034 6 Pair Dual Source Speaker Switch
Item # 901-906233DHT
Model # 3615-604034
Not yet rated. Be the first toWrite a Review
6 pair dual source speaker switch has an excellent set of drivers, you can bring your television viewing to life with high-quality sound.
- Speaker selector is designed for use with either 4 or 8 ohm speakers and includes a volume control for each pair of speakers on the front-panel
- Power consumption: 450 W
- Impedance matching type: Autoformer
- Selectable autoformer-based impedance matching (up to 8x), on/off switch for each pair, printed room labels included
- Dual source inputs (AMP A and AMP B), A/B selector switch per pair, volume control for each pair
- Removable input/output connectors, isolated left and right channel grounds
- Compatible devices: Speaker
|Brand :
|Weight :
|10.80 lbs. per Each
No Review


text:
16 CFR 1.4 - Public disclosure.
Written advice rendered pursuant to this section and requests therefor, including names and details, will be placed in the Commission's public record immediately after the requesting party has received the advice, subject to any limitations on public disclosure arising from statutory restrictions, the Commission's rules, and the public interest. A request for confidential treatment of information submitted in connection with the questions should be made separately.
Title 16 published on 2015-12-04
The following are ALL rules, proposed rules, and notices (chronologically) published in the Federal Register relating to 16 CFR Part 1 after this date.
Title 16 published on 2015-12-04.
The following are only the Rules published in the Federal Register after the published date of Title 16.
For a complete list of all Rules, Proposed Rules, and Notices view the Rulemaking tab.


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AquaSAFE™ Levels I & IIApple Valley, MNThis one-day training shows how to install AquaSAFE™(link), Uponor's Residential fire sprinkler system. AquaSAFE™ Level I (available as an online course here) is a 4 hour walkthrough of NFPA 13D; the standard for the installation and design of residential fire protection in one and two-family dwellings, manufactured homes, and townhomes. From this course, student will gain knowledge of how systems are designed and what Uponor's design and best installation practices are. The second part of the training, AquaSAFE™ Level II, is a comprehensive hands-on experience in our state-of-the-art facility where students will install and test a residential sprinkler system as well as learn how to conduct an estimate. Following the course, students will then be able to install residential fire protection system provided that they have all of the proper licensing required in their area to do so. This course also includes a manufacturing tour.
*Contractors need to complete both level I and Level II trainings to install sprinkler systems. If the online course is used, hands-on training needs to be conducted on your first sprinkler project.Price: $149• (Includes training materials, lunch. If you indicated you need lodging during your trip, Uponor will make a reservation at the Holiday Inn on your behalf. There is no upfront lodging payment; however, you will be asked to pay for your lodging when you check into the hotel.)Hours:• Day 1: 9 a.m. to 5 p.m.Choose a date to register:June 5, 2017October 9, 2017
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Elegant And Stunning Bamboo Laquer Vase by Benzara
- This Bamboo Laquer Vase measures 8 inch (W) x 8 inch (D) x 27 inch (H)
- Made of Bamboo
- Multi hues of blue and white
Deck up your modern home with a unique vase that will feel in sync with nature. Presenting this lovely vase made up of bamboo and designed in a cylindrical shape with round rimmed opening for placing floral decorations. You can place flowers in this vase or just leave it standing idle. Either way you choose, this jug shaped vase is assured to give your home a very unique look. Guests and visitors will surely be surprised at the sight of this unique vase and will praise your excellent choice. This bamboo vase is very easy to maintain and clean. It is designed to suit all types of ambience and surroundings. It will also make up for an excellent choice to present to your family and friends and they surely will treasure this lovely present. So wait no more and get one now.