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Leadership Dojoby Richard Strozzi-Heckler
History is filled with accounts of great leaders, but how did they become so? Written for emergent leaders in any endeavor, this new work from renowned consultant Richard Strozzi-Heckler offers a new approach to leadership. The first book of its kind to base business and management strength on integral body awareness, the book presents key principles such as
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Leadership Dojo based on 0 ratings. 3 reviews.
Hey wat did u say befor u got locked out
There are a lot of books that go on ad nauseam about how one needs to be in order to be a great leader. Strozzi-Heckler gives us a pathway to become one. It takes more than reading a good book, it takes practice that engages the whole self - mental, physical, emotional and spiritual. I appreciate the graduation of practical exercises that help me get a felt sense of what he is talking about. This should be required reading for all aspiring leaders.


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|Tipo de imóvel
|alojamento / albergue
|Estadia Mínima
|3 noites
Aproveite a área de Chattanooga, em uma das melhores localizações. Veja o nosso web site link abaixo. Acomodações de luxo, um ambiente privado, muito próximo ao centro, com belas vistas da Lookout Mountain. Nossa piscina está aberta!
Este três quartos, duas casas de banho lodge tem tectos prancha, piso de cerâmica, e uma lareira a lenha. Em tamanho grande cozinha trabalhando com geladeira lado a lado, faixa de tamanho completo, microondas e lava-louças.
Experimente Chattanooga durante todo o dia, em seguida, voltar e relaxar à beira da piscina. Se o seu muito legal para um mergulho, então acender um bom fogo na lareira de pedra bonita, assistir televisão por cabo ou de cruzeiro da web na internet wireless gratuito oferecido.
Grande espaçosa piscina, sala de bronzear, área de bar, banheira exterior e área de troca. Muito espaço para grelhar para fora e entreter.
Amenidades Além abaixo
Máquina de café
Mesa com 6 cadeiras
Ao ar livre
Grande espaçosa piscina privada
Área de descanso
Suntan Bed
Bar Area
Banho ao ar livre / área de troca
Lareira com uma ampla quantidade de madeira
DVD / VCR Biblioteca de Video CD Player
Game Room PlayStation 3 tabela Foosball
Sofá com sofá-cama
Assento de amor
Internet sem fio
Mesa de Poker / piscina pára-choques
Outros jogos em armário
Cadeiras adicionais
Palavras-chave: Lodge
The home was exactly as described and provided a much needed retreat for me and my sisters. One of my sisters kept remarking, "I could live in this house." The warmth of the decor and the ammenities helped to make us feel welcomed and right at home.
The convenience of the location was another plus. We could within 10 - 15 minutes be in the heart of the action but just as quickly be able to retreat to the peaceful surroundings of the home.
The home owner was very easy to work with and very responsive to questions regarding the rental.
Thank you for helping to make our Annual Sisters Retreat such a relaxing and meaningful time.
Great property. Super clean. Beautiful location. Excellent communication by owner.
It was so nice to be out enjoying the surrounding attractions all day knowing that we'd be coming back to a beautiful pool. My family enjoyed the pool so much! The house was comfortable and clean and met our needs just fine. We also found the home owners to be friendly and helpful. I could easily see our family returning for another vacation.
Loved the property. Had everything we needed and more. Very private yet close to all the vacation attractions. The area was very quiet and the owners respected our privacy. Our kids stayed busy with the games and swimming in the pool. We loved that the pool was very clean and private. We also saved money on our vacation because our kids were happy playing in the vacation home, we didn't need to go find something to do. The price was very reasonable. We would love to stay again in the future.
My family of three had an awesome time at the lodge with our greyhound Higgins. The place was clean and stocked with a few necessities like salt and pepper. The pool was clean, and we have high standards as we have one of our own. I would highly recommend this property and the owner as they handle everything professionally.
We stayed at Mountain's Edge while visiting family in the area, and everything was great! David and Tonya do a great job maintaining everything, and this was one of the cleanest VRBO properties we've ever visited. Though some of the appliances are older, everything is super clean and works perfectly. The location was perfect for us--close enough to go into Chattanooga for the day, but far enough away to see the stars and relax in the quiet. The pool is beautiful and very comfortable; we appreciated the pool floats provided in the bar room. Tonya and David have thought of everything to make the lodge comfortable--we were grateful for all the supplies, including a generous supply of towels, plenty of dishes and cookware for preparing a nice meal, and the little things like coffee filters. We appreciated being able to bring our dog along (with prior approval)--he enjoyed lounging on the cool tile floors and in the shade on the deck. Beautiful place, and we hope to visit again! Thanks!
Nosso Lodge está localizado logo abaixo Chattanooga Em Flintstone, Ga. Estamos a apenas 4 milhas ao sul de Chattanooga cidade limites sinal e poucos minutos de todas Grandes atividades da Chattanooga, mas em um ambiente rural para ser isolado.
Golf: Vários cursos públicos disponíveis.
Ski: Muito perto está Cloudmont Ski Resort e ouro.
|Validade da Tarifa
|por noite
|Noite (fim de semana)
|por semana
|por mês
|Pacote ou Evento
nov 1 2016 - mar 31 2017
Estadia mínima: 3 noite(s)
set 21 2017 - set 25 2017
Estadia mínima: 3 noite(s)
Tarifa Básica
Estadia mínima: 3 noite(s)
|Taxa de animais de estimação
|R$ 155 + Imposto
|R$ 311 + Imposto

subset: commoncrawl


text:
The Debt Bomb is going to explode under Trump
Peter Schiff -- No President Will Escape Fed's Debt Bomb
Bennett we don't like national debt at 0:02 19 trillion 965 billion so 20 trillion 0:07 around the corner we just 20,000 0:09 yesterday and the dow jones or whatever 0:11 day before the jones industrial average 0:13 so my question to you is simple 0:16 okay is there any way that any president 0:19 is going to avoid a debt bomb know that 0:24 the dead father's gonna explode but 0:26 we've been doing with the debt bonds and 0:28 diffuse it is the Federal Reserve is 0:30 kept interest rates practically a zero 0:32 so at least we can afford to service the 0:35 debt repaying it is completely 0:37 impossible but at least we conservative 0:40 when interest rates are at rock bottom 0:41 but that's already changing interest 0:43 rates are going up inflation is going up 0:46 and so creditors are going to demand a 0:48 higher premium to hold our paper and we 0:50 are headed off the edge of a clip and I 0:53 think that the Fed is going to try I to 0:56 inflate its way out of this problem but 0:57 it's going to inflate its way into a 0:59 bigger one 1:00 all right now let's take things one step 1:02 at a time okay 1:04 there was a time where infrastructure 1:05 under previous administrations was a 1:08 tough one 1:09 ok so the republicans are they going to 1:12 give the new president an issue is there 1:16 a difference between infrastructure 1:18 spending with this administration versus 1:20 others or is it all pretty much the same 1:22 in your mind 1:24 well it's the same and plus 1:26 infrastructure spending is not going to 1:28 help the economy you don't help the 1:29 economy by spending money to the extent 1:32 that we need to repair our 1:33 infrastructure that's already have a 1:35 variant listen I agree with you on a lot 1:37 of things Peter but i just put a roof on 1:39 my house okay and I don't look at that 1:42 is you know unnecessary infrastructure 1:44 spending it was leaking we have a lot of 1:47 quote-unquote right heroes out there but 1:49 even so really it's not stimulus it's 1:52 more like green pears now I'm not saying 1:54 that to get the money is going to be 1:56 easy but sometimes there is a difference 1:58 yeah but it would've been better if your 2:01 roof didn't leak and you didn't have to 2:02 repair it if you could use the money for 2:04 something else 2:05 so the fact that we have infrastructure 2:07 that is in need of repair is a negative 2:10 it is a burden it's this 2:11 sacrifice that we have to spend money 2:13 building up our infrastructure the fact 2:15 that it creates jobs that's not a good 2:17 thing because we're diverting resources 2:19 that we might otherwise have been able 2:21 to use more productively to make 2:23 necessary repairs for infrastructure but 2:25 the other problem is we're broke we 2:27 can't afford to repair our 2:29 infrastructure that is the problem and 2:31 if we're going to divert resources 2:32 towards the building our infrastructure 2:34 what are we not going to do right what 2:37 are Americans going to stop spending 2:38 money on so we can free off the 2:40 resources to make these repairs 2:42 well sometimes Peter don't you have to 2:45 step out of the box a little bit though 2:47 i'll give you an ocean we have trillions 2:49 of dollars overseas that this president 2:51 studies going to allow businesses to 2:53 repatriate you ever hear Build America 2:55 Bonds so why doesn't he say listen you 2:57 can repatriate it but in order to do 3:00 that you have to play this little game 3:02 of bond covenant you have to participate 3:05 in a building America Bonds scenario for 3:08 the covenants give you a bit less 3:09 interest rates and for that you'll be 3:12 allowed to bring this money back at a 3:14 very low or maybe negligible tax rate 3:18 your final common can't we get creative 3:20 is there no answer here 3:22 well I hate to make rope not 3:24 micromanaging and of course you know 3:26 they don't have to bring the money back 3:27 they can leave where it is and pay no 3:29 taxes on it and so if we try to be you 3:32 know too funny about all these 3:34 requirements they don't have to bring 3:35 the money back at all right because they 3:37 got a zero tax rate where they are right 3:38 now but the bottom line is you talked 3:41 about at the beginning all of this debt 3:43 everybody is ignoring this people are 3:45 talking about we're going to get all 3:46 this fiscal stimulus the reason we 3:48 haven't had it before is because we're 3:50 broke and we've been relying on this 3:52 phony monetary stimulus but if we 3:54 actually try to increase already 3:56 enormous annual budget deficit with tax 3:59 cuts in more spending that unfortunately 4:01 the Federal Reserve is gonna go back to 4:02 the well we're going to do more 4:03 quantitative easing and we're going to 4:05 end up destroying the value of our 4:07 current it right now here the dollars 4:09 that a fourteen fifteen you're hot but 4:11 it's a long way to hear Peter I'm gonna 4:13 have to stop here but i am going to 4:14 bring it back in here to see if all 4:16 these clouds are still there thank you 4:18 for taking the time and
The Financial Armageddon Economic Collapse Blog tracks trends and forecasts , futurists , visionaries , free investigative journalists , researchers , Whistelblowers , truthers and many more
"once a standing army is established, in any country, the people lose their liberty."
George Mason
"Military men are dumb, stupid animals to be used as pawns for foreign policy."
Henry Kissinger
"If you are an ordinary person, then you can prepare yourself for war by moving to the countryside and building a farm, but you must take guns with you, as the hordes of starving will be roaming. Also, even though the elite will have their safe havens and specialist shelters, they must be just as careful during the war as the ordinary civilians, because their shelters can still be compromised."
Henry Kissinger
"We don't let them have ideas. Why would we let them have guns?" Joseph Stalin
The people who cast the votes decide nothing. The people who count the votes decide everything.
Joseph Stalin
Governments keep a lot of secrets from their people . . .
Why aren't the people in return allowed to keep secrets
from the government?
"Some call it Communism, I call it Judaism."
Rabbi Stephen Weiss
"Anti-Communism is Anti-Semitism."
Jewish Voice, July - August 1941
Taxing People is Punishing Success
There's the rich, the poor, and the tax payers...also known as the middle class. Robert Kiyosaki
The Tax you pay is The Bill for Staying Stupid
Stefan Molyneux
"The modern banking system manufactures money out of nothing. The process is, perhaps, the most astounding piece of sleight of hand that was ever invented. Banks can in fact inflate, mint and un-mint the modern ledger-entry currency." Major L L B Angus
The few who understand the system will either be so interested in its profits or so dependent on its favours that there will be no opposition from that class, while on the other hand, the great body of the people mentally incapable of comprehending the tremendous advantage that capital derives from the system will bear its burdens without complaint and perhaps without even suspecting that the system is inimical to their interests.
The Rothschild Bros
"Debts must be collected, bonds and mortgages must be foreclosed as rapidly as possible. When, through a process of law, the common people lose their homes they will become more docile and more easily governed through the influence of the strong arm of government, applied by a central power of wealth under control of leading financiers.
This truth is well known among our principal men now engaged in forming an imperialism of Capital to govern the world.
By dividing the voters through the political party system, we can get them to expend their energies in fighting over questions of no importance. Thus by discreet action we can secure for ourselves what has been so well planned and so successfully accomplished."
USA Banker's Magazine, August 25 1924
Cutting Tax Rates stimulates Economic Growth creates more Profit , more Jobs and therefore The Treasury ends up with more Tax Money
Taxation is legalized Theft
"The Objective of the Bank is not the control of a conflict , it's the control of the debt that a conflict produces . The real value of a conflict , the true value is in the debt that it creates . You control the debt , you control everything . this is THE VERY ESSENCE OF THE BANKING INDUSTRY , to make us all , whether we be nations or individuals , SLAVES TO DEBT " An UNKNOWN Banker
Patriotism is the last refuge... to which the scoundrel clings .... Steal a little and they throw you in jail ..steal a lot and they make you king ....
Bob Dylan
"Corporations are stealing billions in tax breaks, while the confused, screwed citizenry turn on each other. International corporations have no national allegiance, they care only for profit." Robert Reich
There is NO political answer to a spiritual problem!
Steve Quayle
Political Correctness is a Political Stand Point that does not allow Political Opposition , This is actually The Definition of Dictatorship
Gilad Atzmon
The modern definition of racist is someone who is winning an argument with a liberal
Peter Brimelow
When People lose everything and have nothing left to lose , They Lose It !
Your Greatest Teacher is Your Last Mistake
The one who Controls the Education System , Controls Perception UNKNOWN
"The world will not be destroyed by those who do evil, but by those who watch them without doing anything."
Albert EinsteinIn The Left Nothing is Right & in The Right nothing is Left
Freedom is not Free
Don't Steal The Government Hates The Competition
Ron Paul
"Buy The Rumor , Sell The Fact " Peter Schiff
You can love your Country and not your Government
Jesse Ventura
" The Government Works for ME , I do not answer to them They Answer to ME "
Glenn Beck
"Tyranny will Come to Your Door in a Uniform "
Alex Jones
"The Government is not The Solution to our Problems , The Government is The Problem "
Ronald Reagan
"The price good men pay for indifference to public affairs is to be ruled by evil men." Plato
The world is a tragedy to those that feel, and a comedy to those that think...Beppe Grillo
"The people should not fear the government for it is the government who should fear the people" UNKNOWN
"If You are looking for solutions to the world's problems , look in the Mirror , You Are The Solution , You have the power as a human being on this planet " UNKNOWN
"They don't control us , We empower them " UNKNOWN
"Serial Killers do on a Small Scale What Governments do on a large one..."
Serial Killer Richard Ramirez
"When the people fear their government, there is tyranny; when the government fears the people, there is liberty."
Thomas Jefferson
Albert Einstein
Schools manufacture people who think that they're smart but they're not.
Robert Kiyosaki
Education is what you learn after you leave School
Robert Kiyosaki
" Schools were designed to create employees for the big corporations."
Robert Kiyosaki
"If a law is unjust, a man is not only right to disobey, he is obligated to do so" Thomas Jefferson
Dissent is the highest form of patriotism
Thomas Jefferson
"True education makes you feel stupid. It makes you realize you have so much more to learn." Robert Kiyosaki
"One day your life will flash before your eyes. Make sure it's worth watching." - Gerard Way
"Aspire not to have More but to be More "
The losers in life think they have all the answers. They can't learn because they're too busy telling everyone what they know.
Robert T. Kiyosaki
"Failure is simply the opportunity to begin again. -This time more intelligently." Henry Ford
What You Own Owns You
If you expect the government to solve your problems, you have a problem. Robert Kiyosaki
"Those who give up their liberty for more security neither deserve liberty nor security." Benjamin Franklin
"None are more hopelessly enslaved than those who falsely believe they are free." - Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
"Always trust someone who is seeking the truth , never trust someone who found it" Jordan Maxwell
Be The Change you want to see in The World
Failure inspires winners but defeats losers
Robert Kiyosaki
"If you are planning for a year, sow rice; if you are planning for a decade, plant trees; if you are planning for a lifetime, educate people" A Chinese Proverb
"First they came for the Socialists, and I did not speak out--
Because I was not a Socialist.
Then they came for the Trade Unionists, and I did not speak out--
Because I was not a Trade Unionist.
Then they came for the Jews, and I did not speak out--
Because I was not a Jew.
Then they came for me--and there was no one left to speak for me." UNKNOWN
Let me tell you why you're here. You're here because you know something. What you know you can't explain, but you feel it. You've felt it your entire life, that there's something wrong with the world. You don't know what it is, but it's there, like a splinter in your mind, driving you mad. It is this feeling that has brought you to me. Do you know what I'm talking about?
Morpheus The Matrix 1999


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United States of America 1932 – 2007
London, England commenced 1946
printer (organisation)
With Scott to the Pole
[With Scott to the Pole: from the set "In our time". Ed. 150] 1969 Description: from a set of 50 prints and 1 title page entitled "In Our Time".
Collection Title: no.36 from the series "In our time": covers for a small library after the life for the most part
Materials & Technique: prints, stencil 4 colour screenprint, photo-screenprint Support: paper
Impression: artists proof
Edition: edition of 75
Place Published: Published Marlborough AG Schellenberg FL


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By Shelly Anderson Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
ANAHEIM, Calif. -- Penguins captain Sidney Crosby did not participate in the team's practice today at Honda Center but said afterward that he is OK, and coach Dan Bylsma said all indications are that Crosby will be available to play Friday night against Anaheim.
Crosby has bruised, swollen knuckles on his right hand after he engaged in a rare fight Wednesday against Dallas' Matt Niskanen.
Also, winger Pascal Dupuis, who flew home Wednesday morning for the birth of a daughter, is expected to rejoin the Penguins tonight and be available to face the Ducks.
Shelly Anderson: email@example.com or 412-263-1721
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Published byDeclan Guise Modified about 1 year ago
Analog Basics Workshop RFI/EMI Rejection Rev 0.1
EMI or RFI? Both are sources of radio frequency (RF) disturbance EMI – electromagnetic interference –Often a broadband RF source RFI – radio frequency interference –Often a narrowband RF source Terms are often used interchangeably
The necessary elements for EMI Coupling medium Source of electromagnetic energy _+_ Receptor of Electromagnetic Energy
Sources of electromagnetic energy RF generating sources Intentional radiators cell phones transmitters & transceivers wireless routers, peripherals Unintentional radiators System clocks & oscillators Processors & logic circuits Switching power supplies Switching amplifiers Electromechanical devices Electrical power line services
Taming the EMI environment Reduce receptor circuit's susceptibility to EMI (Filtering) Reduce the coupling medium's effectiveness (Shielding) Minimize EMI radiation from the source (Keep sensitive analog away from digital, soften digital edges)
Analog receptors of electromagnetic energy Op-amps Low-speed: offset shift, RF noise High-speed: linear and non-linear amplification Converters EMI aliased into passband corrupted output levels or codes offset shifts Regulators Offset - output voltage error
Operational amplifier voltage-offset shift resulting from conducted RF EMI in a 50Ω system -10dBm = 100mV pk 0dBm = 318mV pk +10dBm = 1.0V pk
Radiated EMI and its affect on an ECG EVM ECG Full Scale 1Vp-p 0.5V/div Transmitter keyed 6 sec. +2.5V offset normal +4.0V offset RF present 1.5V Due to RFI Single Supply CMOS INA326 OPA335(s) Fly wire Proto board (V in ≈ 1mV p-p G = 2500V/V) Transmitter 470MHz P out 0.5W d ≈1.5 ft (46cm) Significant DC Offset when RF present RF noise On ECG EMI slide Information by John Brown
Input RC filtering as applied to an instrumentation amplifier Differential Mode f -3dB = [2π(R A + R B )(C A + C B /2)] -1 let R B = R A and C C = C B f -3dB = 343Hz Common Mode f -3dB = [2π∙R A ∙ C B )] -1 let R B = R A and C C = C B f -3dB = 7.2kHz
Newer op-amps have built-in EMI filtering
EMIRR- a measure quantifying an operational amplifier's ability to reject EMI EMIRR - electromagnetic interference rejection ratio Defined in National Semiconductor's application note AN-1698 Measured as a dB voltage ratio of output offset voltage change in response to an injected RF voltage having a defined level Provides a definitive measure of EMI rejection across frequency allowing for a direct comparison of the EMI susceptibility of different operational amplifiers ΔV OS (DC) V RF
The EMIRR IN+ test set-up See TI Application Report SBOA128 for details Simple schematic for EMIRR IN+ test Practical implementation The complex RF input environment Z in of Op-amp
EMIRR IN+ equation solved for |∆V OS | Use this equation to solve for |∆V OS | of a unity gain amplifier if V RF_PEAK and EMIRR IN+ are known such as when a plot is provided EMIRR IN+ is frequency dependant Doubling V RF_PEAK Quadruples |∆V OS |! For example: Consider a 100mV P RF signal at 1.8GHz applied to a device with an EMIRR IN+ of 60 dB. The associated voltage offset shift would be 100uV
EMIRR IN+ equation V RF_PEAK = peak amplitude of the applied RF op-amp input ΔV OS = resulting "input-referred" DC offset voltage op-amp output 100mV P = standard EMIRR input level (-10 dBm) Higher EMIRR IN+ means lower amplifier EMI sensitivity
EMIRR IN+ measurement results for TI CMOS rail-to-rail operational amplifiers ModelGBWFilterModelGBWFilter OPA333/ kHzYesOPA376/3775.5MHzYes OPA378500kHzYesOPA348/23481MHz No Larger EMIRR is better
EMIRR testing applied to instrumentation amplifiers Differential measurement –RF signal applied to non- inverting input –Inverting input grounded Common-mode Measurement –RF signal applied to both inputs Test Configuration Bipolar supplies (+/-V), reference pin grounded, RF level -10dBm IA under test Differential mode EMIRR Common-mode EMIRR
EMIRR testing applied to instrumentation amplifiers INA118 – INA333 differential mode comparison INA118 3 op-amp current feedback design Av range 1 to 10kV/V 70kHz BW, G = 10V/V Iq 350uA circa 1994 no internal EMI filter INA333 3 op-amp CMOS auto-zero design Av range 1 to 1kV/V 35kHz BW, G = 10V/V Iq 50uA 2008 introduction internal EMI filter
EMIRR testing applied to instrumentation amplifiers INA118 – INA333 common-mode comparison INA118 3 op-amp current feedback design Av range 1 to 10kV/V 70kHz BW, G = 10V/V Iq 350uA 1994 introduction no internal EMI filter INA333 3 op-amp CMOS auto-zero design Av range 1 to 1kV/V 35kHz BW, G = 10V/V Iq 50uA 2008 introduction internal EMI filter
Simulation Calculation Measurement 19
Ex 6.1: Hand Calculations 1. The figures below illustrate the EMIRR for two different op-amps. Assume the same magnitude and frequency (476MHz) of RF signal is applied to the circuit below. H 20 ∆vos211 / ∆vos333 OPA211 EMIRR OPA188 EMIRR
Ex 6.1: EMIRR (Noise) Schematic 21 Two copies of the same two stage amplifier is on the board. Each two stage amplifier has four jumpers to configure the circuit.
Ex 6.1: Amplifier I/O PCB Setup 22 JumperPosition JMP7, JMP8DC — Right position for DC coupling JMP1, JMP3FLT — Top position for filtering. JMP2, JMP4GND — Right position for GND connection to input. JMP5, JMP6GND — Connect "antenna" to top position. This antenna is from the amplifiers noninverting input to GND. U0 = OPA2211 U1 = OPA2188 Connect antenna to JMP5 & JMP6.
Ex 6.1: Instrument Setup The instrument setup above will configure the signal source and scope for the circuit below so that we can see the bandwidth limitations. Use the curser to determine the bandwidth (-3dB). 23
Ex 6.1: Expected Results 1. Does the relative change in offset match the theoretical EMIRR plots from the hand calculations? 24 OPA211 output offset 2V/div OPA188 output offset 20mV/div Transceiver Keyed Answer
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Pay Attention, Gain Understanding
Vol. 1 : 3 December 2007
Board of Editors
S. Andrews, M.Sc., M.Phil., Editor-in-Chief S. Lalitha, Ph.D. Poornavalli Mathiaparnam, M.A., M.Phil. M. S. Thirumalai, Ph.D., Managing Editor
Webcam Based Fingerprint Authentication for Personal Identification System
Md. Rajibul Islam, Md. Shohel Sayeed, and Andrews Samraj
College Science in India 1 : 3 December 2007 Webcam Fingerprint Personal Identification
Islam, Sayeed & Samraj 1
Webcam Based Fingerprint Authentication for Personal Identification System
Md. Rajibul Islam, Md. Shohel Sayeed, Andrews Samraj
Abstract: In the networked world there are a huge number of systems that need biometric recognition, so at present it has become an important issue. For the personal identification various kinds of vision-based techniques have been proposed earlier. We present a novel one based on visual capturing of fingerprints using a webcam. Fingerprint image quality influences deeply the performance of fingerprint identification systems. This paper presents an improved authentication system using a low priced webcam as well as a preprocessing approach using gamma manipulation and gamma correction technique to adjust lightness and intensities of the fingerprint image due to enhance fingerprint image quality. We also implement and test our proposed approach using the FVC2004 database including the webcam database of 1200 fingerprint images which is obtained by proposed approach and compare the EER (Equal Error Rate), FRR (False Rejection Rate) and FAR (False Acceptance Rate) of each database. Experiment- al results show that our approach performs significantly improved and comparatively EER, FRR, FAR of the webcam database are very similar to the FVC2004 database. Index Terms- fingerprint authentication, web- cam, fingerprint, fingerprint sensor, gamma manipulation, gamma correction. the image captured by webcam is low resolution image, some parts of the fingerprint regions are clear but some parts are blurred, even it is impossible to extract ridges and valleys. Third, the lightness of captured fingerprint image is so bright and blur. The overall fingerprint identification system using a webcam is composed of preprocessing using gamma manipulation and gamma correction, image enhancement, feature extraction, and matching algorithm. Fig. 3 shows the block diagram of the overall system. This paper presents an overview of the whole interface and a novel approach to capture fingerprint images using webcam and preprocessing these images in order to improve the enhancement and extraction system. We have divided this paper in the following way: In the next part of this section, briefly presents an overview of some fingerprint scanner. In section 2, we describe about the webcam dataset, data collection, overview of the whole system, our contribution especially gamma manipulation and gamma correction technique of the preprocessing stage before image enhancement and feature extraction in our authentication system. After that, in section 3, we describe the experiments, discussions using the data obtained from the proposed approach and the data from FVC2004 and a comparative result also presented. Possible future work perspectives is described in section 4 and by the end of this paper, we present conclusion. A. Overview of some Fingerprint Sensors We may not realize it, but the ridges in our fingertips have evolved over the years to allow us to grasp and grip objects with our hands. The ridges and valleys of skin are formed based on genetic and environmental factors, thus, fingerprints are said to be unique from individual to individual. Even identical twins do not share the same fingerprints. A fingerprint sensor is an electronic device used to capture a digital image of the fingerprint pattern. The captured image is called a live scan. This live scan is digitally processed to create a biometric template (a collection of extracted features) which is stored and used for matching. Following are the overview of some of the more commonly used fingerprint sensor technologies [18]. There are two basic methods for scanning fingerprints: Optical scanning and capacitance scanning. Besides Ultrasonic sensors also have been used to scan fingerprint.
Biometrics proposes an effectual approach to identify subjects because it is concerned with the unique, reliable and stable personal physiological features. These features can be: iris [8], [9], fingerprints [6], [7], palmprints [10], [11], hand geometry [12], [13], faces [14], [15], voice [16], [17], etc. Most of them are used for Vision based identification. Voice recognition or signature verification are the most widely known among the non-vision based ones. Among these, fingerprint identification has been the most widely browbeaten because of stability, usability, and low cost. A fingerprint sensor is necessary for the commercial fingerprint identification system. Unfortunately almost all the modern sensor products are not so cheap and available in the market. Therefore we've used a low priced webcam to fabricate our authentication system. But there are challenging problems when developing fingerprint identification system using a webcam. First, the contrast between the ridges and the valleys in images obtained with a webcam is low. Second, because of the finger is not flat and
College Science in India 1 : 3 December 2007 Webcam Fingerprint Personal Identification
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Optical Optical fingerprint imaging involves capturing a digital image of the print using visible light. This type of sensor is, in essence, a specialized digital camera. The top layer of the sensor, where the finger is placed, is known as the touch surface. Besides this layer is a light-emitting phosphor layer which illuminates the surface of the finger. The light reflected from the finger passes through the phosphor layer to an array of solid state pixels (a charge coupled device) which captures a visual image of the fingerprint. A scratched or dirty touch surface can cause a bad image of the fingerprint. A disadvantage of this type of sensor is the fact that the imaging capabilities are affected by the quality of skin on the finger. For instance, a dirty or marked finger is difficult to image properly. Also, it is possible for an individual to erode the outer layer of skin on the fingertips to the point where the fingerprint is no longer visible. It can also be easily fooled by an image of a fingerprint if not coupled with a "live finger" detector. However, unlike capacitive sensors, this sensor technology is not susceptible to electrostatic discharge damage. Capacitance Like optical scanners, capacitive fingerprint scanners generate an image of the ridges and valleys that make up a fingerprint. But instead of sensing the print using light, the capacitors use electrical current.Capacitance sensors utilize the principles associated with capacitance in order to form fingerprint images. The two equations used in this type of imaging are:
epidermis and the area of the sensing element are known values. The measured capacitance values are then used to distinguish between fingerprint ridges and valleys. Active capacitance Active capacitance sensors use a charging cycle to apply a voltage to the skin before measurement takes place. The application of voltage charges the effective capacitor. The electric field between the finger and sensor follows the pattern of the ridges in the dermal skin layer. On the discharge cycle, the voltage across the dermal layer and sensing element is compared against a reference voltage in order to calculate the capacitance. The distance values are then calculated mathematically, using the above equations, and used to form an image of the fingerprint. Active capacitance sensors measure the ridge patterns of the dermal layer like the ultrasonic method. Again, this eliminates the need for clean, undamaged epidermal skin and a clean sensing surface. Ultrasonic Ultrasonic sensors make use of the principles of medical ultrasonography in order to create visual images of the fingerprint. Unlike optical imaging, ultrasonic sensors use very high frequency sound waves to penetrate the epidermal layer of skin. The sound waves are generated using piezoelectric transducers and reflected energy is also measured using piezoelectric materials. Since the dermal skin layer exhibits the same characteristic pattern of the fingerprint, the reflected wave measurements can be used to form an image of the fingerprint. This eliminates the need for clean, undamaged epidermal skin and a clean sensing surface. Webcam Webcams typically include a lens, an image sensor, and some support electronics [19]. Various lenses are available, the most common being a plastic lens that can be screwed in and out to set the camera's focus. Image sensors can be CMOS or CCD, the former being dominant for low-cost cameras, but CCD cameras do not necessarily outperform CMOS-based cameras in the low cost price range. Consumer webcams usually offer a resolution in the VGA region, at a rate of around 25 frames per second. The higher resolution of 1.3 Megapixel is also available in the market. The camera pictured to the right, for example, uses a Sonix SN9C101 to transmit its image over USB. Some cameras such as mobile phone cameras - use a CMOS sensor with supporting electronics 'on die', i.e. the sensor built on a single silicon chip, to save space and manufacturing costs.
Q ………(1) V A C =∈o ∈r ………..(2) d C=
Where C is the capacitance in farads Q is the charge in coulombs V is the potential in volts 0 is the permittivity of free space, measured in farad per meter r is the dielectric constant of the insulator used A is the area of each plane electrode, measured in square meters d is the separation between the electrodes, measured in meters. In this method of imaging, the sensor array pixels each act as one plate of a parallel-plate capacitor, the dermal layer (which is electrically conductive) acts as the other plate, and the nonconductive epidermal layer acts as a dielectric. Passive capacitance A passive capacitance sensor uses the principle outlined above to form an image of the fingerprint patterns on the dermal layer of skin. Each sensor pixel is used to measure the capacitance at that point of the array. The capacitance varies between the ridges and valleys of the fingerprint due to the fact that the volume between the dermal layer and sensing element in valleys contains an air gap. The dielectric constant of the
College Science in India 1 : 3 December 2007 Webcam Fingerprint Personal Identification
Islam, Sayeed & Samraj 3
II. THE WEBCAM DATASET The dataset consists of 1200 fingerprints of 150 fingers with 8 impressions per finger. Fig. 1 shows three typical images from the data. The task is not trivial: • The fingerprints of 150 people were captured on multiple days during a one month period. We captured 8 impressions for each finger by a snap shot for each single impression. • The webcam is a low quality webcam. Each snap shot has 640 × 480 resolution so ridges and valleys of fingerprints are not so clear. Lighting on the fingerprint is also an enormous problem against capturing good quality fingerprint with clear ridges and valleys. • Basically in the beginning we noticed that only a small part of fingerprint got the clear features of ridges and valleys where the rest of the part didn't get. Because the finger is not flat, that's why we used a piece of transparent glass in front of the webcam and a light source in between webcam and transparent glass. A person could turn their fingerprint away from the webcam, and roughly one third of the images contain half fingerprint at all. Since only a few fingerprints are labeled, and all of the test images are available, the task is a natural candidate for the application of semi-supervised learning techniques.
Fig. 1: fingerprint images captured by webcam are presented from our webcam dataset.
A. Data Collection We asked all of our friends and their friends as our volunteers to provide their fingerprint in the webcam of our fingerprint authentication system which takes over one month. Not all participants could provide their precise fingerprint for every take. The webcam is located in the Image Processing and Telemedicine Laboratory with a Pentium 4 PC, and took fingerprint images from the webcam whenever a new frame was available. In each take, the participants pressed their thumbs on the transparent piece of glass. And like this they put eight times and after capture their fingerprint they removed their thumbs from the glass. It took five to ten seconds for per impression capture. As a result, we collected fingerprint images where the individuals have varying fingerprints for eight impressions from the same finger in different rotation angle from the webcam. We discarded all fingerprints that were corrupted by hasty movement. B. Overview of our Proposed System Fig. 2 presents a process we've used to capture fingerprint and Fig. 3 shows our proposed block diagram of the whole authentication system and the experimental setup. For this proposed system we have used webcam dataset which is described in section 2.0 and section 2.1 and to evaluate the performance of matching we have used FVC2004 [21] datasets. The preprocessing stage performs the initialization of the algorithm, i.e. it captures a colorful low resolution fingerprint image (shown in Fig. 1) and convert it to grayscale image and performs the gamma manipulation and gamma correction to adjust lightness and intensities of the fingerprint image. And then sends it to the fingerprint enhancement block. The fingerprint enhancement block has the task of enhance the fingerprint on each impression of each user by using the code loosely follows the approach presented by P.D. Kovesi [1]. Just before feature extraction a thinning process needs to be performed as indicated in [2]. In which two tests are run one after the other until none of them discover pixels that need to
College Science in India 1 : 3 December 2007 Webcam Fingerprint Personal Identification
Islam, Sayeed & Samraj 4
be removed. However, this method did not meet the requirements imposed to a thinning algorithm because it still left some spurious structures that did not permit a single point inside a line to have only two neighbors, a ridge-end only one, and a bifurcation three. The conformance to the established criteria was obtained by the creation of a third test to be run once after the former two are passed to test for certain conditions in matrices of 3x3 pixels that indicate a spurious structure that shall be properly modified. The minutiae extraction process, defined in [3], uses matrices of 3x3 pixels to search for typical minutiae, that is: ridge endings and ridge bifurcations. After extraction minutiae the extracted data stores to the system database. Finally for the matching process, the live extracted data is to be compared with the extracted data stored in the system database.
block. (b) Block Diagram of the verification system. Like the enrolment system after successfully satisfied all the blocks until Feature extraction, live feature data will verify with the feature data stored with the system database.
C. Our Contribution in this Paper The system we proposed is the most remarkable and automatic security device. For this system we connect a webcam of low priced and low resolution as well, to the computer and apply an identification system to examine the fingerprint it sees, and then compare this fingerprint image against the minutiae of the fingerprint belonging to the endorsed user to perform the matching process. We attempted both, a relatively high end Creative unit and a low end Logitech QuickCam, while the proposed protocol ready to capture fingerprint images by such USB-connected webcam and perceived no dissimilarity in performance. It gives the impression that a particularly high resolution fingerprint image does not influence the fingerprint detection process on the way to identify the necessary features which we have illustrated below in this section. Alternatively, in accordance with the changing of lighting circumstances we detected a difference. Our proposed scheme has more complexity classifying the features of the fingerprint when the light source is at the back of the finger, than when the lighting is at the front or to the side. One more difficulty is to detect the minutiae information accurately from such low resolution and poor quality fingerprint image which is captured by low priced webcam (see Fig. 4).
Fig. 2: 3D model of the fingerprint capturing by webcam. Finger to press on the transparent piece of glass. Lighting should be 45o angel in respect of the glass and webcam should be in a considerable distance.
(a) Enrolment Process (b) Verification Process
Glass Webcam
System Database
Feature extraction
Preprocessing stage Yes/ No
Fingerprint enhancement
Fig. 4: (a) Fingerprint image capture by webcam without using crystal clear glass. (b) Fingerprint image after enhancement.
Fig. 3: (a) Block Diagram of the Enrolment system. The webcam captures a fingerprint impression to the preprocessing stage. This block initializes the algorithm and selects the grey scale fingerprint to perform the enhancement. The enhanced fingerprint obtains the position of the minutiae in the feature extraction block and finally stored the extracted data in system database
To conquer this problem we have used a piece of crystal clear glass. The fingerprint will be captured from the reverse side once the user pushes his finger on the glass. And between the webcam and glass we have used light source, lighting to the side because if the lighting is facing the glass it reflects and
College Science in India 1 : 3 December 2007 Webcam Fingerprint Personal Identification
Islam, Sayeed & Samraj 5
captured a shadow of light with the fingerprint image. It doesn't provide better result to the ridges detection of fingerprint image, due to the lightness of the fingerprint images captured by low resolution webcam which is so bright and blur. Therefore we have used a preprocessing stage in our system to perform gamma manipulation and gamma correction to bend lightness and intensities of the fingerprint image. The results are exposed in Fig. 7 and Fig. 8. D. Gamma Manipulation in Fingerprint image The fingerprint images are not gamma corrected which are captured by webcam. In the preprocessing stage when the image processing operations are performed on color fingerprint images, it is normal that the production of out-of-gamut pixels is not prevented. The gamut mapping may reduce the effect of the image processing algorithm [5]. We offer a standard method that allows lightness processing on grey image without exceeding the limits of the gamut of the technique. It will be asked to demonstrate gray scale images in Matlab in such implement. Therefore if P is an image that takes on the values [0,1,……..,255], then it may be presented by using the following commands. image(P+1); axis('image'); graymap = [0:255; 0:255; 0:255]'/255; colormap(graymap); The lightness processing is a function of the color of the pixel in gamma manipulation to change the desired lightness and a maximum and minimum lightness per pixel. This maximum and minimum depend on the position of the pixel in the gamut of the fingerprint image and the relation between the lightness change and the chroma change. The hue of all pixels is kept constant. A selection of grey value algorithms can be applied on color fingerprint images using the proposed method. We show the results for contrast enhancement in this part, by gamma manipulation. A gamma manipulation's outcome is that the lightness values are distributed nonlinearly over the range that is used. At the cost of decreasing the contrast in other regions, this may increase the contrast in one or more regions of the lightness range. The universal form of gamma manipulation is shown in Fig. 5, mathematically described by:
lightness range gains more contrast, at the expense of the contrast of the darker colors. At the same time the mean lightness is decreased, i.e. all new colors are darker than the original colors. When γ < 1, the opposite occurs (more contrast in the darker colors, less contrast in the lighter colors, and mean lightness increases).
= 0.5 = 1.0 = 2.0
L* out
L* in
Fig. 5: Gamma manipulation in fingerprint image. The result of equation 3 is given for three different gamma values. It can be seen that for < 1 the lightness of the image ( Lout ) is always higher than for the original image ( Lin ), and that darker colors have more contrast. For holds true.
* *
> 1 the opposite
Relative lightness change mapping This method is parameterized to allow various lightness change levels and uses the perceived attributes of lightness and chroma rather that a spherical coordinate system which must be different for each setting of the direction parameter [20]. Assume that there is no longer any convergence point. The algorithm is straightforward without the need for any iteration.
ˆ ˆ ˆ If C < λC out ( L , h ) or C in ( L , h ) < C out ( L do nothing, else * * * * * * ˆ α ( Lcusp (h ) − L )(C − λC out ( L , h )) L* mod = L* + * * ˆ 100 C ref − λC out ( L , h )
* * * * *
* ˆ ˆ C mod = λC out ( L* , h * ) + (1 − λ )C out ( L* , h * ) mod mod
, h * ) then
(4) (5)
ˆ C * − λC out ( L* , h * ) mod ˆ ( L* , h * ) − λC ( L* , h * ) ˆ C in out mod
* out
* min
* max
* min
§ L* − L* min )*¨ * ¨ L − L* min © max
· ¸ (3) ¸ ¹
ˆ where Cin ( L , h the image and
ˆ ) and Cout ( L* , h* ) are the boundaries of
the reproduction gamuts, respectively;
L* (h* ) is the lightness of the cusp at a given hue angle. cusp
Cref is a parameter that influences the curvature of the
mapping direction and must be greater than the largest possible chroma, e.g.
L* and L* are the input and output lightness and L* and min out
* max
are the minimum and maximum of the lightness range.
When this manipulation is used with
>1, the higher (lighter)
128 2 for TIFF-CIELAB images; λ is the
College Science in India 1 : 3 December 2007 Webcam Fingerprint Personal Identification
Islam, Sayeed & Samraj 6
degree of soft clipping and change (0-100%).
gives the degree of lightness
Where q is the original pixel value and p is the pixel intensity as it appears on the display. This relationship is illustrated in Fig. 6. The fingerprint images captured by webcam, especially during the gamma manipulation they are not corrected for the nonlinear relationship between pixel value and displayed intensity that is typical for a webcam. This nonlinear relationship is roughly a power function, i.e. Displayed _ Intensity = pixel _ value ∧ gamma .
In the constant hue plane the original color point can travel over the path. This path has the property that chroma ( C ) is constant. In this section we discuss possible steps for gamutlimited manipulations. (a)
C * = constant, the lightness is manipulated while keeping C * constant. The maximum and minimum values L* for this particular
the chroma
are the maximum and minimum lightness
C * value.
C * / L* = constant, the lightness is manipulated while C * / L* constant. The minimum value is per
keeping the ratio which the line
definition 0, the maximum value is the lightness value for
C * / L* intersects the gamut boundary.
Fig. 6: approximate curve to show the intensity response over pixel value
(c) Mapping towards black and white, the lightness is manipulated in such a way that the point in the chroma/lightness space moves towards black for a lightness decrease and towards white for a lightness increase. (d) Mapping away from black and white, the lightness is manipulated in such a way that the point in the chroma/lightness space moves away from black for a lightness increase and away from white for a lightness decrease. The maximum and minimum lightness are given by the intersections of both lines with the gamut boundary. Paths along which a color point may move within the constant hue plane, when applying different steps for gamma manipulations. For each step for an original point, the range for lightness changes is applied, along with the result for = 2 and = 0.5 and we obtained good outcome for =0.9. E. Gamma Correction in Fingerprint image Gamma correction is used to reimburse the nonlinear behavior of a poor and low resolution fingerprint image. Using a high quality Digital camera most often images are already encoded in gamma corrected, and will appear excellent when displayed on most video monitors but for the fingerprint image captured by webcam has to encode in gamma corrected form before using the enhancement algorithm to obtain better result and to improve the feature extraction system. However, if a fingerprint image is stored with a linear scaling it becomes necessary to correct the image. If the value of gamma for the webcam is known, then the correction process consists of applying the inverse of equation (6).
This is an approximated curve to show how the intensity response of a fingerprint image captured by webcam is nonlinear. Bright colours tend to be displayed too bright. This can be corrected. The process of adjusting the intensities to look correct is known as Gamma Correction. The amount of Gamma Correction we shall call G is usually greater than 1. The range of displayable intensities, P, is between 0 and 1. The formula is thus:
pixel = P ∧ (1 / G )
A G value of 1 gives no Gamma Correction. Higher values give more correction. Because values of P must be between 0 and 1, it will have to divide the intensity by the maximum displayable intensity, perform the Gamma Correction, and then multiply up again. pixel = (( P / MaxIntensity ) ∧ (1 / G )) ∗ MaxIntensity (8)
§ q · p = 255¨ ¸ © 255 ¹
(6) (a) (b)
College Science in India 1 : 3 December 2007 Webcam Fingerprint Personal Identification
Islam, Sayeed & Samraj 7
Table1: The information of dataset
The source of the datasets Sensors different fingers / total images 110/880 110/880 110/880 110/880 150/1200 Image size Resolution
1st DB 2nd DB 3rd DB 4th DB 5th DB
FVC2004 DB1 FVC2004 DB2 FVC2004 DB3 FVC2004 DB4 Collected using proposed approach
Optical sensor Optical sensor Thermal sweeping sensor SFinGe v3.0 Webcam
640 x 480 328 x 364 300 x 480 288 x 384 640 x 480
500 dpi 500 dpi 512 dpi 500 dpi 450 dpi
B. Experiments Setup (c) (d) We posed 2 experiments. For each experiment, we compared the FAR and FRR of our webcam database with the rest of 4 database which are taken from FVC2004 using TSVM. Both the experiments are done by the method of 5-folder cross validation, but have differences in the size of test sets and training sets. Experiment 1. For database 1 to database 4, we have divided 880 images into 5 parts, each of which has 176 images. The algorithm TSVM runs five times. For each time, four of the five parts are used as training sets (our approach only), and the other one part is used as test set. The averaged verification result will be reported over these 5 times. Experiment 2. For database 5, we have divided 1200 images into 5 parts, each of which has 240 images. Then the algorithm TSVM runs again five times. For each time, one of the five parts is used as training set (our approach only), and the other four parts are used as test sets. The averaged verification result will be reported over these 5 times.
Fig. 7: (a) Fingerprint image captured by webcam, (b) Grayscale conversion, (c) Fingerprint image after gamma manipulation and inverting the gamma correction, (d) Enhance part of fingerprint-c.
Fig. 8: (a) Image enhancement before preprocessing, (b) Image enhancement after preprocessing
III. EXPERIMENTS AND DISCUSSIONS We accomplish experiments with data of fingerprint verification competitions, to demonstrate the advantages of our proposed approach to fingerprint verification using low-priced webcam. A. Datasets We applied an enhanced fingerprint matching approach using TSVM [4]. In order to prove the influence of different image qualities and image amount to our proposed approach we have collected 5 datasets and out of these 5 datasets, four from FVC2004 (The Second International Fingerprint Verification Competition) [21] and one dataset is obtained by webcam. The information of each dataset is shown in Table 1. Each /4 (compared with the vertical line). Every two images from one finger have an overlap of common region. But there may be no delta points or core points in some fingerprint images.
@ >
fingerprint image allows a rotation angle that belongs to
College Science in India 1 : 3 December 2007 Webcam Fingerprint Personal Identification
Islam, Sayeed & Samraj 8
Image Enhancement
Feature Extraction
Train Image
Enrolment Matching
Fingerprint Database
Yes /No
Image Enhancement
Feature Extraction
Test Image
Fig. 7: Experiment setup structure using our proposed approach.
C. Results and Discussions The performance of a fingerprint authentication system can be measured by, • Equal Error Rate (EER) on the training set, correspondent to the error rate computed at the threshold value for which the percentage of genuine users wrongly rejected by the system (FRR) is equal to the percentage of impostors wrongly accepted by the system (FAR); • Generalisation errors, i.e., we computed FAR and FRR on the test set using the EER threshold previously estimated. • Total Error Rate (TER), which is the overall generalisation error rate of the system computed at the EER threshold. Our results are summarised by table 2 in terms of EER on the training set (fourth column) and FAR and FRR on the test set computed with the EER threshold previously estimated (second and third columns). And we compare our webcam data with the database of FVC2004. As expected, the thermal sweeping sensor performs notably worse than the others. This is mainly due to the reduced sensing surface, which also reduces the number of extracted minutiae. This also causes that multiple impressions of the same fingerprints correspond to different parts of them, so the extracted minutiae do not match each others. Webcam sensor performs remarkably very closer to optical sensor using proposed system. Table 2. Errors of various kinds of sensors in fingerprint verification systems. The EER is computed on the training set. FAR and FRR are computed on the test set using the EER threshold estimated from the training set.
Sensors Optical Optical Thermal sweeping sensor SFinGe v3.0 Webcam
Table 2 presents the experimental results of db1 to db5 as well as different types of sensors. We notice that our approach using a pre-processing phase as well as gamma manipulation and gamma correction with the conventional image enhancement system really can achieve much better accuracy on behalf of the poor quality image and low resolution image such as the fingerprint images captured by webcam. As shown in Table 1, fingerprints of these five datasets are confined by different types of sensors. So the images have different size, resolutions and qualities. This strappingly recommends that our proposed scheme capture well the ridge information needed for fingerprint authentication, and have a low influence by fingerprint image quality. We perceive in experiment 2 that although the proportion of training sets is reduced, and the number of test members is increased in db5, our approach still works better. This demands that this approach have a low influence by fingerprint image amount. Comparing the experimental results of all the other datasets with webcam datasets, it turns out that our proposed scheme can detect better feature data from poor and low resolution fingerprint images and can provide good help to improve fingerprint matching system. This is because pre-processing phase of our scheme makes successful use of the matching vectors to increase classification and to obtain a threshold selection range for better precision. In table 2 the experimental results of the
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different datasets are compared. And it is clear that the accuracy of the webcam (i.e. low resolution datasets) datasets using our proposed approach outperforms with the other datasets consistently and significantly
IV. CONCLUSION We formulated a webcam based fingerprint authentication for personal identification system and presented experimental results in this paper. Because of the fingerprint images acquired with a webcam are low resolution and sometimes very poor quality images; a novel approach was used. We called it fingerprint pre-processing. Our key contribution of this paper is, we established a pre-processing approach in addition to gamma manipulation and gamma correction to adjust lightness and intensities of the fingerprint image. To estimate the feature locations we used TSVM matching algorithm, which will evaluate the performance of our proposed scheme regarding error rates. Our future work in progress is the implementation of an optimal matching algorithm to test the quality of the minutiae extraction. Of course, future work will include porting the whole algorithm to the hardware coprocessor, possibly using a soft-core processor for certain features. Also the interface to the software is going to be ported to a dynamic link library in order to make it accessible from within many software development environments, such as Visual Basic, Visual C/C++, Delphi, etc.
REFERENCE [1] P.D. Kovesi. Matlab functions for computer vision and image analysis. http://www.csse.uwa.edu.au/~pk/Research/MatlabFns/inde x.html. [2] T. Y. Zhang , C. Y. Suen, "A fast parallel algorithm for thinning digital patterns", Communications of the ACM, vol.27 n.3, p.236-239, March 1984 [3] C.Arcelli and G.S.D.Baja, "A Width Independent Fast Thinning Algorithm," IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis Machine Intelligence, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 463-474, 1984. [4] Jia Jia, Lianhong Cai, "A TSVM-Based Minutiae Matching Approach for Fingerprint Verification." Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer Berlin / Heidelberg. IWBRS 2005, vol. 3781, pp. 85-94, 2005. [5] J. Dijk and P.W. Verbeek, "Lightness Filtering in Color Images with Respect to the Gamut", CGIV 2006, Proc. Third European Conference on Colour in Graphics, Imaging, and Vision (University of Leeds, UK, June 1922), 2006, pp. 330-335. [6] Anil K. Jain and David Maltoni. Handbook of Fingerprint Recognition. Springer-Verlag New York, Inc, 2003. [7] Md. Rajibul Islam, Md. Shohel Sayeed, Andrews Samraj, "Precise Fingerprint Enrolment through Projection Incorporated Subspaces based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA), in Proc. 2nd International Conference on
Informatics (Informatics 2007), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Nov. 27-28, 2007, pp. T1 (85-91). [8] G. Williams, "IRIS recognition technology", IEEE AES system Magazine, pp. 23-29, April 1997. [9] Daugman, "Recognizing Persons by their Iris Patterns", In Biometrics: Personal Identification in Networked Society, Kluwer, pp.103-121, 1998. [10] Guiyu Feng, Dewen Hu, Ming Li and Zongtan Zhou, "Palmprint Recognition Based on Unsupervised Subspace Analysis", Lecture notes in Computer Science. Springer Berlin / Heidelberg, vol. 3610/2005, pp. 675-678, July 27, 2005. [11] Qingyun Dai, Ning Bi, Daren Huang, Dvaid Zhang, Feng Li, "M-band wavelets application to palmprint recognition based on texture features", International Conference on Image Processing, ICIP2004. Vol. 2, pp. 893 – 896, 24-27 Oct. 2004. [12] Jie Wu, Zhengding Qiu, "A Hierarchical Palmprint Identification Method Using Hand Geometry and Grayscale Distribution Features", 18th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR'06), pp. 409412, 2006. [13] Francisco Martinez, Carlos Orrite and Elias Herrero, "Biometric Hand Recognition Using Neural Networks", Lecture notes in Computer Science. Springer Berlin / Heidelberg, vol. 3512/2005, pp. 1164-1171, June 21, 2005. [14] J. Zhang, Y. Yan, and M. Lades, "Face Recognition: Eigenface, Elastic Matching and Neural Nets", Proceedings of IEEE, vol. 85, no. 9, pp. 1423-1435, Sept. 1997. [15] R. Brunelli, T. Poggio, "Face Recognition: Features versus Templates", IEEE Trans. on PAMI, Vol. 15, No. 10, pp. 1042-1052, Oct. 1993. [16] J.Picone, "Duration in Context Clustering for Speech Recognition", Speech Communication, Vol.9, pp. 119-128, 1990. [17] Picone, J.W, "Signal modeling techniques in speech recognition", Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 81, pp. 1215 – 1247, Sep 1993. [18] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fingerprint_authentication [19] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webcam [20] Lindsay W. MacDonald and M. Ronnier Luo. Colour Image Science Exploiting Digital Media. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, England. [21] FVC2004 website,
Md. Rajibul Islam email@example.com Md. Shohel Sayeed firstname.lastname@example.com
College Science in India 1 : 3 December 2007 Webcam Fingerprint Personal Identification
Islam, Sayeed & Samraj 10
Andrews Samraj firstname.lastname@example.com Faculty of Information Science and Technology (FIST) Multimedia University, Jalan Ayer Keroh lama, 75450 Melaka, Malaysia
College Science in India 1 : 3 December 2007 Webcam Fingerprint Personal Identification
Islam, Sayeed & Samraj 11


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Major Transit Hub Outdoor Space
Downtown Vancouver - Vancouver, BC
Events, Retail
Meetings, Production
This transit hub has over 50K + riders daily, it connects all of Vancouver's suburbs as well as North and West Vancouver and with 25K pedestrians passing the station daily.
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Daily: $2,500/day
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Protected by $2,000,000 Host Insurance
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Hotel Haus Hillesheim seit 1894
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Gabrielle Union
Silver effect
The basketball player of the Miami Heat LeBron James has summoned some friend of his in order to celebrate his 26th birthday
Accompanied by her boyfriend Dywane Wade, Le Bron's colleague on the basketball field, Gabrielle was rocking a silver mini dress, softened by a grey leather mini jacket.
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Vittoria Mentasti's Dead Sea takes us to a place where the sky and the sea are one
Kristin Prim and The Provocateur's letters
A chat with Kristin Prim, the founder of The Provocateur, the site that publishes letters written expressely by leading women addressing the whole female world. Vogue.it presents you an exclusive preview of the letter written by Dresden Dolls' Amanda Palmer
Fashion shows are changing: Burberry and all that's new on the runways
Menswear and womenswear collections will walk together and will be on sale right after the show. These are the news from Burberry but the evolution is generalized: runway shows are changing


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Hide My Stuff
by: Anuj Tenani - Old • 154
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Hide pictures and videos that you don't want anyone to see. Features password protection , built in Video Player and Gallery ,file browser to hide files
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Watch: 'Toofan Ala' is inspiring theme song for Aamir Khan's S...Filmmaker Kiran Rao has turned a new leaf by singing a Marathi song for her actor-husband Aamir Khan's Satyamev Jayate Water Cup's second edition. The special music video has been shot by Sairat director Nagraj Manjule, while the song has been composed by ... First Post.com, 1 month ago
Aamir Khan, Kiran Rao at announcement of Satyamev Jayate Water Cup - Picture Gallery - Glamsham, 1 month ago
Aamir Khan launches second edition of Satyamev Jayate Water Cup; Kiran Rao sings theme song - First Post.com, 1 month ago
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Women behind the wheel
In 2013, it was just a distant dream for 25-year-old Savita, when inspired by by TV show Satyamev Jayate, she decided to become a chauffeur. Now three years down the line, the domestic violence survivor has beaten all odds to become the first female cab ...DNA, 2 months ago
22 interesting #ThisDayThatYear facts about R-day
[India], Jan. 26 (ANI): No other sight holds the power of filling the hearts of Indians with pride and nostalgia than the sight of the country's armed forces displaying their might in the air and land as they take part in the annual parade down the Rajpath.Sify, 1 month ago 22 interesting facts about Republic Day catchnews.com, 1 month ago
Stop this showy nationalism!
'If Amazon's officials had secured their visas through proper paperwork, under what rule or law was Swaraj threatening to cancel them?''If she felt a crime had been committed, as a law abiding citizen she should have registered a first information report or a complaint.'Instead she fired off a twitter fatwa, acting like a despot,' says Aakar Patel.Illustration: Dominic Xavier/Rediff.com India's foreign minister has apparently recovered national pride after making the world's largest online ...Rediff.com, 1 month ago
Why Aamir Khan is more than an incredible movie star?
Aamir Khan is a unique commodity. He is indifferent to the usual trappings of stardom for he shuns award shows, hates to repeat himself artistically, can be very secretive-cum-reclusive, isn't attached to material benefits of life and values truthfulness in ...Bollywood Hungama, 1 month ago With Dangal, Aamir Khan again shows why he's a cut above Salman and Shah Rukh Khan DNA, 2 months ago
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Journalist Vijay Simha turns author with books on addiction
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We talk about the Amelia Island Concours d'Elegance, the cars of Cuba, and we air …Read More »
Photo of the Day: Jumpin' the Shark
I know this looks like a picture of two really cool guys but please, let us take a moment of silence for these two. Right after this photo was taken, Jaws himself came out of the ocean and mugged them both. Jaws got away with not just the Lambo, but …Read More »


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Alma Powell
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In this playful picture book, Alma Powell introduces young readers to the basic principles of America's Promise -- caring adults, safe places, a healthy start, marketable skills, and opportunities to serve -- and inspires us all to make America a better place for our children.
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Quick Links
Think you can't have Chick-fil-A on Sunday? Think again
DIY: Let it Snow (Indoors)!
Inside Chick-fil-A
These Adorable Pics from Daddy Daughter Date Night Will Make You Smile
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Maria R.
Report | 4 years ago
it is a great store. will go there again. has interesting baby stuff
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Since 1980, Boston Street Baby Store has filled its Pike Place storefront windowpanes with an eclectic assortment of outfits for babies and toddlers, enticing shoppers in to peruse everything from basics by Cotton Caboodle, a local supplier, to stacks of Rowdy Sprout miniature tees for bands including Kiss, AC/DC, and The Who. Keychains and T-shirts emblazoned with images of Belgian cartoon character Tintin stand out amid piles of whimsical plush toys and bibs.


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This is not Just Another Productivity Course.In This Course, I will be spilling the Productivity secrets of the Internet Marketing Legend Rich Schefren and his Closed Door Partners whose annual earnings falls in the Multi Million Dollars.All because they are Massive Action Takers
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The First and the Most Important Flaw that hates it when You Try to Take Action
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In the last video you learned what Procrastination is and How to Judge whether you have it or Not.Now lets look at the Techniques to outthink it.
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Learn how to deal with Gigantic amounts of Information and Wire Discipline in your Cells when it comes to Productivity.
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You will stop doubting your abilities and talents.Not get distracted anymore and Will manage your time and activities very smartly after going through this lesson.
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Hey Awesome fella,
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I have been an Internet Marketer for almost 9 Years Now.I am Specialized into Marketing, Sales, Product Creation,Copywriting and Online Mass Persuation Mechanism.
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Be the first NJ.com user to add photos or videos of Fashion To Figure Stores
Fashion to Figure Stores is located at 218 Edmonton Ct, Livingston, NJ. This business specializes in Women's Clothing. Fashion to Figure Stores is open Mon - Sat, 10am - 9:30pm; Sun, 11am - 6pm and accepts Cash, Mastercard and Visa.
We are committed to doing our part to help the environment Problems like global warming and the reduction of natural resources are an unfortunate reality we must face and solve Everyone can do their part and at FTF we do as much as we can


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Rapid and strong antiviral activity of the non-nucleosidic NS5B polymerase inhibitor BI 207127 in combination with peginterferon alfa 2a and ribavirin
Larrey D.,Servise dHepato Gastro Enterologie et Transplantation |
Lohse A.W.,Universitatsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf |
De Ledinghen V.,Hepato gastroenterologie |
Trepo C.,Service dHepato Gastroenterologie |
And 22 more authors.
Journal of Hepatology | Year: 2012
Background & Aims: BI 207127 is a potent non-nucleoside hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS5B polymerase inhibitor in vitro. Methods: In this double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 57 HCV genotype (GT)-1 patients (n = 27 treatment-naïve [TN]; n = 30 treatment-experienced [TE]) with compensated liver disease were randomised for 28-day treatment with 400, 600, or 800 mg BI 207127 three times daily (TID) or placebo (only TN) in combination with peginterferon alfa 2a and ribavirin (PegIFN/RBV). Plasma HCV RNA was measured by Roche COBAS TaqMan assay. Results: HCV RNA decreased in a dose-dependent manner with little difference between 600 mg (TN 5.6 log10, TE 4.2 log 10) and 800 mg (TN 5.4 log10, TE 4.5 log10). Rapid virological response (RVR; HCV RNA <15 IU/ml) at day 28 occurred in 11/19 TN and 4/30 TE patients treated with BI 207127. GT-1b patients had stronger reductions in HCV RNA than GT-1a (RVR: TN 64% vs. 43%; TE 33% vs. 5%). There were no breakthroughs (HCV RNA rebound >1 log10 from nadir) in the TN groups, whereas 3/30 TE patients experienced breakthrough due to P495-mutations. Gastrointestinal adverse events (AEs) and rash were the major AEs and most frequent at higher doses. One and four patients discontinued due to AEs in the 600 and 800 mg groups, respectively. Overall, tolerability was good and better at 600 mg than 800 mg. Conclusions: BI 207127 in combination with PegIFN/RBV demonstrated strong antiviral activity with a favourable safety and tolerability profile. The best benefit/risk ratio was observed at 600 mg. © 2012 European Association for the Study of the Liver. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Source
Cetuximab and gemcitabine in elderly or adult PS2 patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: The cetuximab in advanced lung cancer (CALC1-E and CALC1-PS2) randomized phase II trials
Gridelli C.,Oncologia Medica |
Morabito A.,Unita Sperimentazioni Cliniche |
Gebbia V.,University of Palermo |
Mencoboni M.,Oncologia |
And 16 more authors.
Lung Cancer | Year: 2010
Background: Two parallel randomized phase 2 trials were performed to choose the optimal way of combining cetuximab with gemcitabine in the first-line treatment of elderly (CALC1-E) and adult PS2 (CALC1-PS2) patients with advanced NSCLC. Methods: Stage IV or IIIB NSCLC patients, aged ≥70 years with PS 0-2 for CALC1-E or aged <70 with PS2 for CALC1-PS2, not selected for EGFR expression, were eligible. Patients were randomized to concomitant (gemcitabine, for a maximum of 6 cycles, plus cetuximab until progression) or sequential (gemcitabine, for a maximum of 6 cycles, followed by cetuximab) strategy. A selection design, with 1-year survival rate as the primary endpoint, was applied, requiring 58 elderly and 42 PS2 patients. Results: All planned patients were randomized. In sequential arms, 34.5% and 60.0% patients were not able to receive cetuximab after gemcitabine in CALC1-E and CALC1-PS2, respectively. Survival rates (95% CI) at 1-year for concomitant and sequential arms were 41.4% (23.5-61.1) and 31.0% (15.3-50.8) in CALC1-E and 27.3% (10.7-50.2) and 35.0% (15.4-59.2) in CALC1-PS2. In both studies, survival curves crossed at about 10 months and the worse arm until that time became the better one at 1-year. Toxicity was similar across treatment groups. In concomitant arm of CALC1-E (but not of CALC1-PS2), survival was longer for patients who developed skin toxicity within the first two cycles of treatment. Conclusion: In both groups of patients, sequential strategy cannot be proposed for future trials because of low compliance. Inconsistency of survival outcomes makes also concomitant treatment not a candidate for further testing in unselected elderly and PS2 NSCLC patients. © 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. Source
Hypovitaminosis D in adolescents living in the land of sun is correlated with incorrect life style: a survey study in Campania region
Colao A.,University of Naples Federico II |
Muscogiuri G.,University of Naples Federico II |
Rubino M.,University of Naples Federico II |
Vuolo L.,University of Naples Federico II |
And 7 more authors.
Endocrine | Year: 2015
Purpose: The aim of this study is to investigate in a population of adolescents living in Regione Campania, undergoing sun exposure at least 9 months per year the prevalence of severe deficiency (<20 ng/ml) or insufficiency (21–29 ng/ml) of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels and its relationship with individual body weight, use of smoking, and exercise performance. Methods: From October 2012 to October 2013, 373 healthy subjects (153 girls, 223 boys 11–20 years) without chronic diseases were consecutively enrolled in a campaign to prevent metabolic, cardiovascular, and oncological diseases. 25(OH)D assay, BMI, and lifestyle habitudes (smoking and exercise indoor or outdoor) were assessed. Results: In this population, median 25(OH) level was 25.0 ng/ml (95 %CI 23.8–25.2) without any difference between girls (25.0 (95 %CI 23.1–25.7)) and boys (24.3 (95 %CI 23.8–25.2)). Severe deficiency was found in 6 girls (0.02 %), while insufficiency was found in 296 patients (110 girls, 79.3 %). Normal levels were found in 71 patients (37 girls, 19 %). Vitamin D levels were significantly correlated with BMI (r = −0.429, p < 0.0001), smoking (r = −0.241; p < 0.0001), and exercise performance (r = 0.791; p < 0.0001). At the multistep regression analysis, Vitamin D levels were best predicted by exercise performance (t = 19.6, p < 0.0001), less smoking addiction (t = −4.97, p < 0.001), and lower BMI (t = −4.69, p < 0.0001). Conclusions: The current study demonstrates that Vitamin D levels are commonly unsatisfactory in adolescents. Lower levels were found in overweight or obese adolescent, smokers and with low or absence of physical activity outdoors. © 2014, Springer Science+Business Media New York. Source
Body composition, muscle strength, and physical function of patients with bethlem myopathy and ullrich congenital muscular dystrophy
Miscione M.T.,Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli |
Bruno F.,University of Bologna |
Ripamonti C.,Medicina Generale |
Nervuti G.,Direzione Sanitaria |
And 5 more authors.
The Scientific World Journal | Year: 2013
Objective. To determine the contributions of body mass, adiposity, and muscularity to physical function and muscle strength in adult patients with Bethlem myopathy (BM) and Ullrich congenital muscular dystrophy (UCMD). Materials and Methods. Evaluation involved one UCMD and 7 BM patients. Body composition was determined by body mass index (BMI) and dual-energy-X-ray- absorptiometry (DXA), muscle strength by dynamometry, physical function by the distance walked in 6 minutes (6MWD), forced vital capacity (FVC) by a spirometer. Results. Six participants were of normal weight and 2 overweight based on BMI; all were sarcopenic based on appendicular fat free mass index (AFFMI); and 7 were sarcopenic obese based on AFFMI and % fat mass. Average muscle strength was reduced below 50% of normal. The 6MWD was in BM patients 30% less than normal. FVC was reduced in 4 of the BM patients. Muscle strength had a good correlation with the physical function variables. Correlation between muscle strength and BMI was poor; it was very high with AFFMI. AFFMI was the best single explicator of muscle strength and physical function. Conclusion. Muscle mass determined by DXA explains most of the variability of the measures of muscle strength and physical function in patients with BM and UCMD. © 2013 Maria Teresa Miscione et al. Source
General practioners and the metabolic syndrome [Il medico di medicina generale e la sindrome metabolica]
Pallucca F.,Medicina Generale
Rivista Italiana della Medicina di Laboratorio | Year: 2010
The metabolic syndrome (MS) is a cluster of conditions that includes abdominal obesity, increased blood glucose, hypertension, abnormal HDL cholesterol and triglycerides levels. In the US about 47 million adults (25%) have MS. In Italy, about 7 million adults are affected by the disease. MS is linked to insulin resistance; in this condition, cells do not respond normally to insulin that becomes less effective at lowering blood sugars. General Practitioners (GP) provide preventive care and health education to patients at risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes, through educational strategies. These strategies include patient-centered counselling; a four-step triage to select the population at risk; application of the Disease Management Program (DMP) with Care Manager (CM) in order to support GPs and specialists work. Leonardo Project shows that is possible to apply a Disease Care Management Program in patients with major factors determinate MS. Source