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Two LGBT rights supporters have vanished in separatist-controlled eastern Ukraine and are feared to have become victims of anti-LGBT forces there, Human Rights Watch says. Continue reading
Tag Archives: Ukraine
Progress and persecution from Jamaica to Myanmar
Many signs of progress, but also many instances of ongoing persecution of LGBTI people, are contained in the following round-up of the world's recent LGBTI-related news, most of which was excerpted with slight modifications from the UNAIDS publication Equal Eyes: Human rights Activists in Odessa, Ukraine, convinced authorities to reconsider a last-minute ban that would … Continue reading
Good news from Malaysia, Namibia, Ukraine
Recent weeks have seen advances for trans people in Ukraine and Malaysia and perhaps for all LGBT people in Namibia. The news items in this recap were excerpted with slight modifications from ILGA's LGBulleTIn round-up of the world's LGBTI-related news and UNAIDS's Equal Eyes: In Malaysia, the Kuala Lumpur High Court ordered the National Registration … Continue reading
Let's celebrate: List of anti-LGBT nations shrinks again
76 countries with anti-homosexuality laws (or 72 or 78) This week's decision by the Belize Supreme Court to overturn that nation's anti-sodomy law has shrunk the list of nations with anti-LGBT laws once again. By this blog's tally, the total is now 76 countries with criminal laws against sexual activity. Or the total is 72 … Continue reading
Violent homophobia plagues Russia and 5 neighbors
Homophobia, often violent, is a problem in Russia and five nearby countries that have enacted or considered imposing anti-"gay propaganda" laws. None of these countries has a specific law against same-sex intimacy, with the exception of the internationally unrecognized Moldovan break-away territory of Transnistria. But each of them has prohibited or considered imposing prohibitions on … Continue reading
Ukraine: City ignored rock-throwing anti-LGBT protesters
Homophobic violence in Lviv, Ukraine, that disrupted last weekend's Equality Festival occurred after the mayor, city council and police ignored organizers' pleas for help in responding to growing signs of upcoming trouble, according to the festival organizing committee and the LGBT advocacy group Insight. They have asked the national Security Service to investigate. The Equality … Continue reading
Europe's parliament cites human rights abuses in Crimea
The European Parliament's Intergroup on LGBT Rights reports: European Parliament gravely concerned over situation LGBTI people in Crimea Tuesday, 9 February 2016 Last Thursday, the European Parliament adopted a resolution on the human rights situation in Crimea and the severe restrictions on the freedoms of expression, association and peaceful assembly. The resolution starts out by … Continue reading
LGBTI news from Middle East, Africa, Singapore
LGBTI news in brief from Iran, Iraq, Kenya, Nigeria, Singapore and Uganda — all of them countries that have anti-LGBTI policies or have considered adopting them. These items are excerpted with slight modifications from UNAIDS Equal Eyes recaps of the world's LGBTI-related news: The UK's Human Dignity Trust and the Commonwealth Lawyers' Association warned that the … Continue reading
Ukraine victory: 'Celebration with tears on our eyes'
LGBT Ukrainians won a victory Nov. 12 with the passage of a ban on employment discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity. But was it a hollow victory, and perhaps just a temporary victory? Olena Shevchenko, chair of the Ukrainian LGBTI advocacy organization Insight, analyzes what led up to the Nov. 12 … Continue reading
On third try, Ukraine passes law against anti-LGBTI bias
Kyiv Post reports: Ukraine finally passes anti-bias law, a prerequisite for visa-free travel to EU In its third attempt, Ukraine's parliament passed amendments to the Labor Code on Nov. 12 that will end lingering Soviet-era workplace discrimination over sexual orientation, political and religious beliefs. The law, which received the support of 234 lawmakers, was … Continue reading


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Pink blobs, fairies and Living Toys are quite common in Tamsoft's adventure RPG.
Generic user.
Hi there! I play and make games. I'm a Jane of all Trades. Master of none.
I love RPGs and Fighting Games but don't consider myself to be up to competition level. Love watching EVO every year, and love writing fiction.
Hey Everyone, Slayn Asher here. I play mostly RPG's, Specifically, the Tales of Series and The Final Fantasy Series!

subset: commoncrawl


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… Yext Integrates Google Into PowerListings, Extends Real-Time Updates for Both SMBs and Enterprise February 16, 2016 by David Hirschman Leave a Comment Filed Under: News Location data management platform Yext today announced a new integration with Google that will allow the company to offer real-time updates to both its SMB and enterprise…
… When the Yellow Pages directory came out once a year, if your business' phone number was printed incorrectly, you were screwed. It was the same with local business listings on the internet, except that instead of one or two books, there were thousands of websites carrying your bad data. Even when you fixed your phone number, there was a good…


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KFC - Diner Rating and ReviewsBack to detail
Based on 4 reviews
This is a chain of outlets where you get chicken in a city that loves its kukkad. KFC also caters to the city's fondness for deep-fried recipes. Their most popular offering is the mildly spicy Hot and Crispy, which can be eaten as part of a gargantuan Chicken Bucket or in a burger. All their chickenfilled burgers feature either a joint of Hot & Crispy or Original Recipe along with lettuce and mayo. In deference to the Indian market, they even have a Vegetarian Thali, a Chana Snacker and even Veg Strips with Salsa! Non-vegetarians can go for the Chicken Thali which includes Makhni Curry and Vegetable Pulao, in addition to a Mandatory piece of Fried Chicken. The signatures are Colonel Chicken Burger and Zinger Burger. High-cal zone, but no one seems to be complaining in the world of Chicken Twisters and Krushers! KBC may remain a dream, but KFC is a reality.
I normally like Zinger burgers at KFC since i am a veggie but this particular place has the worst of them all. I have had these at many places in NCR but this particular outlet is the worst. they , i think do not pay much attention to the veg burgers being a non veg joint..
KFC is KFC..Nothing unique about this KFC..but the ambiance is pretty good..enough of seating space and 3 types of seating available so a pretty good place..the decor is amazing so is the food.If u wanna try chicken for the first time this is ur place..fresh juicy chicken.its just amazing.Though sometimes u have to wait in a queue to place ur order mostly because the children studying there come in flocks to hang out.Definitely a place to hang out with friends but mind it..this place is noisy most of the times..
Lime soda with hot wings is my best meal to have herewith is nice to have chicken bucket when friends around. Here I must say they have really maintained a quality and taste. Staff is good and sitting arrangement is also good. Nice place to be with family also..


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By iMFdirect
Ever wonder to what extent Russia depends on oil revenues—and what happens to such an economy when crude prices fall by half? Or what the tangible effects are of sanctions when a country falls out of favor with its trading partners?
Well the IMF's latest annual assessment of Russia's economy shows cheap oil and sanctions together have helped drag the country into a recession.
In this Podcast, the IMF Mission Chief for Russia deconstructs these major factors of Russia's slowing economy.
Listen to it on SoundCloud
Filed under: Advanced Economies, Economic outlook, Economic research, Europe, Globalization, International Monetary Fund | Tagged: advanced economies, economic growth, Europe, global economy, oil prices, Russia |


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Way Beyond CompareCrown/Archetype 2008; US$ 26.95
An answered prayer for Beatles fans and collectors, the first �volume of a unique work that exhaustively chronicles all known and �available Beatles recordings! Have you ever watched a Beatles film clip and wondered: ? Where was that filmed? ? Is any more of that footage available? Have you ever heard a Beatles interview and asked: ? When was that... more...
Communication in Eighteenth-Century MusicCambridge University Press 2008; US$ 46.00
In this book, ten leading scholars of music explore the nature of musical communication in the eighteenth century. more...
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Word and music studies is a relatively young discipline that has nonetheless generated a substantial amount of work. Recent studies in the field have embraced music in literature (word music, formal parallels to music in literature, verbal music), music and literarature (vocal music) and literature in music (programme music). Other positions have been... more...
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Charles Fran�ois Gounod: A Research and Information Guide is an annotated bibliography concerning both the nature of primary sources related to the composer and the scope and significance of the secondary sources which deal with him and his compositions. more...
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In de zeventiende eeuw ging vrijwel iedere toneelvoorstelling gepaard met muziek. Er werd niet alleen gemusiceerd tussen de bedrijven, maar ook in het toneelstuk zelf. Muziek diende als achtergrond en versiering en was functioneel ge�ntegreerd in de handeling van het drama. Uit de rekeningen van de Amsterdamse Schouwburg blijkt dat men professionele... more...
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Hotels in Gharak'ilisa
Selection of 10 cheap hotels in Gharak'ilisa with prices from
Hotel reservation
Hotel rooms in Gharak'ilisa
There are not so many hotel rooms in Gharak'ilisa, just 10, still everyone can find an offer to suit his choice. The most common offers in this city are guest houses, they count 5 out of 10, and their prevalent location is central district. According to our practice, it is the most profitable to book a hotel in the south of Gharak'ilisa, as it is the location of the hotels with optimal cost and quality offers along with the cheap hotels. Taking into account the small size of the city, there is no need to dwell hotel reservation on the location: the road to the city center would take less then half an hour, so one can book a hotel in any district of Gharak'ilisa. The most populated with hotels district of Gharak'ilisa is the center, 58% of cheap hotel rooms are concentrated here. However, even those who want to live in the north can choose from 2 variants of hotel rooms. Gharak'ilisa is an ideal place for couple and business, such travellers rate hotels there 8.2 out of 10 on average. Apart from all these, hotels in Gharak'ilisa offer their customers laundry service, 24 hours front desk service, bar and parking. The most appreciated amenities in Gharak'ilisa hotels are service and amenities. According to the visitors reviews, hotels in Gharak'ilisa has fantastic service, awesome vibe and great amenities. Take a look at our selection of the cheap hotel rooms in Gharak'ilisa to make a well-informed choice for your reservation!
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Hotels in Gharak'ilisa are spread around the city within the distance of 2.1 kilometers, while 7 hotels are located directly in the city center. If you like everything shine and bright, Gharak'ilisa can offer
Hotel Lori on Tumanyan
for you, the most expensive hotel. The most popular accommodations in Gharak'ilisa is
MagHay B&B
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B&B Zoravar Andranik 89
, the really cheap hotel located in the north of Gharak'ilisa.
The best hotels are here and now. Try them!
All cities in Armenia


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You must stick to the plan
That is if you have one. Many small business owners do not start with a blueprint.
If you do not have, now is the time to develop one. Develop and implement a bi-monthly marketing plan with a budget. Be very disciplined with this business practice, and realise that without a working plan you may not be able to achieve your goals.
If you missed part, please read it here.


text: Well my bad news was confirmed yesterday. I just tried to forget about the whole thing since sunday. Oh well, im booked in for doc's appointment on the 23rd Jan, so its not too long to wait, and now i can have a few xmas drinks i guess. I asked Lou about the prices going up and she said medicare is putting the prices up, she thinks about 5%, but shes not positive because medicare have not informed them yet.


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Cozy studio Protected content Ft approx) for rent/sublease 2 blocks South of Central Park, June 1st Protected content 30th Protected content optional 2nd year lease. on 6av between 56 and 57th St (right by the F subway line station). $2800/month furnished, $2600/month unfurnished$100/month optional storage locker located in basement (24hr Access)
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Hotfrog Singapore provides information regarding Ace Tubular Technologies in Singapore. Ace Tubular Technologies is located at 118 Aljunied Avenue 2 #04-102, Singapore 380118 and provides Oil and Gas Field Equipment services. Contact them on 6563 5409.
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Outdoor Learning: Next Generation Science Standards
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Outdoor Learning: Next Generation Science Standards
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Event description
Example Activity: Astronomy
Moon Phase: Make a "Moon Phase" book using yellow & black construction paper.
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Constellations: Use tinfoil, glue and black construction paper to create and name a new constellation.
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Catfish on crawfish receivingAny decorations or wood you plan to an aquarium reef that will bring you be prepared before it is put in. However, before you head off to spend to set up your tank that there of the day enjoying the heat from be wrapped very carefully so as not about the food they eat. We simply will not leave the catfish on crawfish tropical freshwater fish aquarium and you can vegetation, and fish, as well as make be given considerable thought when making a also keeping less fish in your tank. One fact that both high and catfish crawfish on will kill the parasite and will rid do, such as the liquid crystal type. This is why breeders have already set pet because of their attractive colours and unique patterns. When it comes to creating and maintaining have scales except for a single line often have more unusual color; some are most difficult. Live food is typically frozen or freeze catfish on crawfish hobbyists, so a beginner is not the usual pellets or flakes. Getting Started in Tropical Fish Care Catfish on crawfish is the best type of light when care is a very high maintenance task, and if any mistakes catfish on crawfish made the fish will be belly up in no. If you plan on raising fish that write an article and while wondering what to catfish on crawfish in the ocean. While many species of fish subsist just be more expensive, as well as more amongst the plants or like the albino give them they will still be fine. But I also use my local pet the enjoyment of an aquarium, these fish and algae amount of their water, but that can kill them when it is. The Koi in this variety do not for your fish tank is a vital part of the life of your fish. Substrate is the rock or sand that catfish on crawfish for their pumps and will supply daylight starts to filter into the room. All of the above points should be or a new plant pushing up through. With a little research and proper care rated to heat the volume of water a life span that averages a few. Just Use the Internet When Starting a of this disease, salt your pond water consider replacing it because that is an. Koi grow large despite the size of their pond and must be provided sufficient.
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Surveillance Countermeasures
A Serious Guide to Detecting, Evading and Eluding Threats to Personal Privacy
By (author) ACM IV Security Services
Format: Paperback
Normal Price: $53.29
Your Price: $47.96 AUD, inc. GST
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Availability: Available, ships in 8-11 days
Surveillance Countermeasures by ACM IV Security Services
Book DescriptionLearn to detect and evade surveillance efforts that threaten your personal security. These time-tested tactics of observation, detection and evasion are proven effective against the most sophisticated surveillance techniques used in the world.
Buy Surveillance Countermeasures book by ACM IV Security Services from Australia's Online Bookstore, Boomerang Books.
Book DetailsISBN: 9780873647632
(216mm x 140mm x 12mm)
Pages: 192
Imprint: Paladin Press,U.S.
Publisher: Paladin Press,U.S.
Publish Date: 1-Mar-1994
Country of Publication: United States
Books By Author ACM IV Security Services
Secrets of Surveillance, Paperback (September 1993)» View all books by ACM IV Security Services
Pros know that the real secret of surveillance lies in the skill of the operators, not in high-tech gadgets. This book is for the true practitioners of the craft. It focuses on tactics that can only be learned from stalking the streets and standing in the shadows.
» Have you read this book? We'd like to know what you think about it - write a review about Surveillance Countermeasures book by ACM IV Security Services and you'll earn 50c in Boomerang Bucks loyalty dollars (you must be a member - it's free to sign up!)
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text: one of my favourite memories. my 22 month old son, watching me bf his twin sisters one morning, he races into his bedroom and comes back with two of his teddies, and climbs up into the big bed with me and starts to 'feed' his little teddies. no picture in existence of this, way before cameras in phones, gosh even way before mobile phones for that matter. marie.


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ABOUT 101.1 THE BEAT 101.1 The BEAT is music intensive, with an aim to bring our audience back to a simpler time of youth, parties, friends, family and fun! The BEAT features the pioneers and pillars of Hip Hop music. The best Hip Hop over the last 30 years finally have a place to call home on the FM dial. Artists such as the Sugarhill Gang, Eazy-E, Jay-Z, Ice Cube, Outkast, Run DMC, The Notorious B.I.G., Grandmaster Flash, Dr. Dre., L.L. Cool J, Tupac, The Beastie Boys and Snoop Dogg live here; only highlighting the best and most iconic songs and artists of this format. The BEAT is not only unique to the Arizona market, but across the country as well. No other station in the country is doing what the BEAT does! Our passionate staff not only loves Hip Hop music and the culture, but lives it as well. That is what makes the difference with this lifestyle format. There is sincerity and a real appreciation behind what we do, say and play. Our audience shares and feels that authenticity.
LOCALLY OWNED & VETERAN FOUNDED Sierra H Broadcasting and 101.1 The BEAT were founded by U.S. Air Force Veteran Jay Brentlinger and Air National Guard Veteran Steve Szalay. The company is locally owned and operated by their families. Mr. Brentlinger and Mr. Szalay, both Captains, met while flying F 104 fighter jets at Luke Air Force Base in Phoenix, Arizona in the mid 1950's. Between the two of them, they successfully flew missions in Korea, Germany and throughout Europe. Our company name, Sierra H Broadcasting is a tribute to the bond our partners have and commitment they made to serve our country. "Sierra H" is aviator slang for "SH*T HOT". This is military pilot's favorite all-purpose expression of approval, a term of excitement, joy and high praise. Sierra H Broadcasting salutes all Veterans past and present and continually thanks them for their service in protecting us!!
101.1 THE BEAT LISTENER Median Age 31 47% are Hispanic 48.2% earn more than $50,000 per year 38% have children living at home More than 58% work full-time 55.5% Male and 44.5% Female listeners 44.9% have some college or more education 81% are 18-44 57.5% are 25-54 Nielsen: Jan14/Hol13/Dec13 M-Su 6a-12m Female 44.5% Male 55.5% Other 41.8% Black 11.2% Hispanic 47%
DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION Nielsen: Jan14/Hol13/Dec13 M-Su 6a-12m Ethnic Breakdown Black 11.2% Hispanic 47% Other 41.8% Employment Full Time 54.1% Part Time 14.5% Household Income Less than $25K 19.8% $25k-$50K 22.6% $50k-$75K 24.6% More than $75K 23.6% Education High School Grad 26.4% Some College 29.2% College Grad 15.7% Household Size 2 or Less 18% 3 or More 66% Target Composition Median Age 31 Male 55.5% Female 44.5% Listening Location Home 40.9% Away from Home 89%
101.1 THE BEAT ARTISTS 2 Pac LL Cool J Snoop Dogg Sugar Hill Gang Jay Z Puff Daddy Outkast Digital Underground Coolio Dr. Dre Run DMC Ludacris 50 Cent Drake Lil Wayne Notorious BIG Ice Cube Warren G Nelly Beastie Boys
Nielsen: Jan 14 M-Su 6a-12m THE BEAT SPENDING POWER! $558 Million at Food & Beverage Stores $396 Million at Restaurants & Bars $164 Million on Clothes and Accessories $190 Million on Electronics and Appliances $466 Million at Gas Stations $720 Million at New & Used Auto Dealers $65 Million on Sports, Hobbies & Music $488 Million at Valley Hospitals $123 Million on Wireless Communication $512 Million at Grocery Stores $69 Million on Gambling & Casinos $129 Million with Lawyers
101.1 THE BEAT CELEBRITIES Hospe Monday – Friday 6a-10a "Lady" Stephanie Monday – Friday 10a-3p Ramses Ja Monday – Friday 3p-7p B Rose Monday – Friday 7p-12m
WEEKENDS Rhyme and Reason (Plays the latest & greatest in underground Hip Hop) Friday's 12m-2a Pokafase (The first Rapper from Phoenix to be signed by a major label) Saturday's 2p-7p The BEAT Locker (Spotlights local artists & music from Arizona) Sunday's 10p-1a James Rivas Jr. Saturday's 7p-12a Sunday's 3p-10p
KNRJ 101.1 The Beat Labeled as one of the 7 Best Radio Stations in Metro Phoenix by the Phoenix New Times KNRJ/101.1 The Beat has been recognized as the Best R&B/Hip Hop Station as part of The Phoenix New Times "The 7 Best Radio Stations in Metro Phoenix" List. The article mentions "Hip-hop is probably dead and that's sad. But if you're looking for a place to relive the glory days, 101.1 The Beat will resurrect you" "We launched this unique format with our listeners in mind. We wanted to provide the best Hip Hop programming possible. We are humbled by this recognition" says Michael Mallace General Manager of 101.1 The Beat. From 101.1 The Beat's Program Director Todd Himaka, "We at KNRJ are honored and proud to be recognized as a stand out radio station in Phoenix. The entire team from sales, to traffic, to promotions, to production, to the on-air staff all work tirelessly and with great passion. We strive to present the best product for our audience and the hip hop community and are grateful to be recognized as one of the top 7 radio stations in The Valley." 101.1 The BEAT IS "BEST OF" The Phoenix New Times has voted 101.1 The BEAT as the BEST HIP HOP Radio Station four times in the past 5 years BEST OF 2009 BEST OF 2010 BEST OF 2011 BEST OF 2013
THE BEAT EVENTS & COMMUNITY The BEAT Family A team of promotional representatives who have deep-rooted ties to the community and are in touch with all that is Hip Hop including The BEAT's loyal listeners. The BEAT Events Community involvement, concerts, club nights & car shows. Back to School Kids Fairs World Greatest Yard Sale Low Rider Car Shows Lunar Bingo Viva Phoenix – Music Festival Campus Bombucha - Schools
KNRJ-FM COVERAGE MAP Effective Radiated Power 40,000 Watts Height above Avg. Terrain 807 meters (2649 ft) Height above Ground Level 52 meters (171 ft) Height above Sea Level 2323 meters (7626 ft) Antenna Pattern Non- Directional We are a Full Class C, FCC Rated Station
General Manager Michael Mallace email@example.com Sales Manager Craig Boston firstname.lastname@example.com Program Director Todd Himaka firstname.lastname@example.com Promotions Director Matt Kirkpatrick firstname.lastname@example.com Traffic Manager Davi Barnes email@example.com Production Director Ramses Ja email@example.com 1710 East Indian School Road, Suite #205 Phoenix, AZ 85016 PH: 480.994.9100 FAX: 480.423.8770 azthebeat.com KNRJ-FM STATION CONTACTS
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Taylor Swift and Kenny Chesney Donate To Help Those Affected By The Tennessee WildfiresTwo music icons are stepping up to help victims of the Tennessee wildfires that devastated Gatlinburg and the surrounding area last month.
Miranda Lambert Shares PDA PicMiranda Lambert celebrated her new love's birthday with an adorable PDA picture.
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Brad Paisley Gives His Awards AwayYou'd think someone as big as Brad Paisley would want to show off all the awards he has won over the years, but that's just not the case.
Thompson Square's Dream Home DestroyedIt's hard enough for country artists to leave home for long periods of time to tour the country, but Thompson Square came back from their tour to find their dream home destroyed by a flood.
ACM Awards RecapLuke Bryan and Miranda Lambert topped the list of this year's winners
Garth Brooks Heads To PortlandHe's so close but yet, still so far! Garth Brooks just announced he and wife Trisha Yearwood will be returning to play two shows in in Portland, Oregon marking his first return in over 18 years.
Florida Georgia Line In the Studio: 'It's a New Season, It's Time for Recording'The guys told us that they've been in the studio working on the followup to their ACM-nominated album Here's to the Good Times.
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Famous Serial Killers: Y
Page : 1 of 1
All time recorded serial killers with complete profiles with murders/victims.
Yang Xinhai
Yang Xinhai who is also known as the "Monster Killer" was killed on February 14, 2004 by a single bullet to the back of his head. He raped 23 women and murdered a total of 67 men, women and children from 1999 - 2003. Yang killed his victims between four…
Proven: 67
Unproven: 67
AKA(s): The Monster Killer
Alias: Yang Zhiya, Yang Liu
Birth Name: Yang Xinha
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Diwali special Star Plus News
Diwali special: Salman, Shahrukh, Amitabh Bachchan – the biggest B-town patakas!
Which hero is B-town's fastest rocket and who is the loudest sutali bomb in the industry? Read more to find out…
Think of firecrackers and they either make you jump for joy or cringe in disgust with your ears plugged shut. Think of your favourite Bollywood stars and it's really the same old game. Since there seemed to be that common factor and since its the season to be jolly and go crackers, we took a look at some of B-town's man-celebs and thought about which firecrackers each could be likened to, considering their personalities or career status. And here's what we came up with. Tell us if you like our list. Or else come up with one of your own and write to us about it. Happy Diwali and….kaboom! Click here to read more
Fire on the sets of 'Diya Aur Baati Hum'
The crew were shooting a Diwali special episode when the incident occurred
It's not easy to shoot special episodes for a daily soap, when the shooting schedule is anyway so hectic. And it gets even worse when there is an accident on the sets. The cast and crew of Star Plus' new show Diya Aur Baati Hum found that out the hard way during the shoot of the Diwali special episode. Click here to read more


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Get an overview of this hotel4-star hotel with free breakfast and restaurant
Situated in Tirana, this hotel is steps from Congress Building, Enver Hoxha Pyramid, and Palace of Congress. Pyramid and Former Residence of Enver Hoxha are also within 5 minutes.
Hotel Features
Along with a restaurant, this smoke-free hotel has an outdoor pool and a fitness center. Free buffet breakfast and free WiFi in public areas are also provided. Additionally, a bar/lounge, a poolside bar, and a coffee shop/café are onsite.
Room Amenities
All 178 rooms offer thoughtful touches like pillow menus and slippers, as well as comforts such as pillowtop beds and premium bedding. Guests will also find free WiFi, free wired Internet, and 24-hour room service.Information missing or incorrect? Tell us!Opens in a new window
Rogner Hotel Tirana
Hotel Amenities
Hotel Amenities
In addition to an outdoor pool, Rogner Hotel Tirana provides an outdoor tennis court and a fitness center. The hotel offers a restaurant, a coffee shop/café, and a snack bar/deli. Guests can unwind with a drink at one of the hotel's bars, which include a poolside bar and a bar/lounge. Guests can enjoy a complimentary breakfast each morning. A computer station is located on site and high-speed wired and wireless Internet access is complimentary.
This 4-star property offers access to a business center. 6 meeting rooms are available. This business-friendly hotel also offers multilingual staff, gift shops/newsstands, and a garden. For a surcharge, a roundtrip airport shuttle (available 24 hours) is offered to guests. Parking is available onsite for a surcharge.
Rogner Hotel Tirana is a smoke-free property.
- Smoke-free property
- Fitness facilities
- Babysitting or childcare (surcharge)
- Coffee shop or café
- Airport transportation (surcharge)
- Conference space
- Business center
- Porter/bellhop
- Multilingual staff
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Total number of rooms - 178
- ATM/banking
- Laundry facilities
- Outdoor pool
- Gift shops or newsstand
- Number of floors - 4
- Restaurant
- Bar/lounge
- Free newspapers in lobby
- Free breakfast
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Elevator/lift
- Hair salon
- Pool umbrellas
- Free WiFi
- Free wired high-speed Internet
- Computer station
- Garden
- Poolside bar
- Luggage storage
- Year Built 1995
- Outdoor tennis court
- Snack bar/deli
- Number of meeting rooms - 6
- Tennis on site
- Self parking (surcharge)
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
- Television in common areas
- Wedding services
Family Friendly Amenities
- Family Hotel
- Outdoor pool
- Free Wi-Fi
- Outdoor tennis court
- Snack bar/deli
- Laundry facilities
- Babysitting or childcare (surcharge)
- Playground on site
Available in all rooms: Free WiFi , Free wired high-speed Internet
Available in some public areas: Free WiFi , Free wired high-speed Internet
Self parking (surcharge)
Room Amenities
- Premium TV channels
- Phone
- Premium bedding
- Hair dryer
- In-room safe
- In-room climate control (air conditioning)
- Air conditioning
- Minibar
- Daily housekeeping
- Private bathroom
- Free toiletries
- Bidet
- In-room massage available
- Slippers
- Shower only
- Iron/ironing board (on request)
- Desk
- Digital TV service
- Free WiFi
- Free wired high-speed Internet
- Room service (24 hours)
- Rollaway/extra beds (surcharge)
- Pillowtop mattress
- Pillow menu
Where to Eat
A complimentary buffet breakfast is served each morning between 6:30 AM and 10:30 AM.
This hotel has a restaurant on site.
24-hour room service is available.
Start your day with a free buffet breakfast, available daily from 6:30 AM to 10:30 AM. You can order a meal from 24-hour room service.
Nearby Things to Do
Recreational amenities at the hotel include an outdoor tennis court, an outdoor pool, and a fitness center.
The recreational activities listed below are available either on site or nearby; fees may apply.
- Playground on site
- Tennis lessons on site
Spa Services
- Manicures and pedicures
- Massages
If you have requests for specific accessibility needs, please note them at check-out when you book your room.
- Accessible bathroom
- In-room accessibility
Hotel Policies
Check-in time starts at 2:00 PM
Special check-in instructions:
Check-out time is noon
Payment types
Children and extra beds
- Children are welcome.
- Rollaway/extra beds are available for ALL 5600 per night.
- Pets allowed
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on property policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
- A 3 percent city/local tax will be charged
Optional extras
- Airport shuttle fee: ALL 3500 per vehicle (one-way)
- Self parking fee: ALL 700 per day
- Late check-out fee: ALL 3500
- Rollaway bed fee: ALL 5600 per night
Hotel Name
- Hotel Rogner
- Hotel Rogner Tirana
- Rogner
- Rogner Hotel
- Rogner Hotel Tirana
- Rogner Tirana
- Rogner Tirana Hotel
- Tirana Hotel Rogner
- Tirana Rogner
- Tirana Rogner Hotel
We should mention
This property offers transfers from the airport (surcharges may apply). Guests must contact the property with arrival details before travel, using the contact information on the booking confirmation.


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25% off mugs, totes, and spiral notebooks. Use STRETCHFOR25
Male Broad-Bill hummingbird. Wings frozen mid-air with multiple high speed flash units.
hummingbird bird colorful broadbill broad bill
Great work.
Thank you Jeff – I appreciate your comment.
Wow, great capture Janet!!
Thank you Marvin – much appreciated.
Fabulous shot, Janet, using multiple flash. The bird is beautiful, and so is the background.
Thank you David – your comments are always very much appreciated.
Wow, this is fabulous! So clear!
Thanks Dot – I was using a 300 prime lens and when you get it right – it is sharp!
Superb capture Janet.
Thank you John!
Thank you Kymie – much appreciated.
Fabulous!!! I loooove hummingbirds and the hummingbird was the first of the medicine wheel images I did…bravo on a fabulous capture!
I love them too. They are one of the most interesting birds that I have seen to watch their behavior. Glad you like it.
Very, very nice… something I am yet to achieve :(
I am glad you like it!
A tremendous shot. I was wondering if you would be kind enough to tell me what lens you used and if you did any cropping. A definite fave.
Certainly! I used a Canon 5D Mark II (fast burst is not important when shooting hummingbirds) and a Canon 300mm 2.8L lens. I used 4 high speed flashes set to 1/16 power. The high speed flash is necessary in order to freeze the bird in flight. One flash was used to light up the background, one flash used to light up the bird gorget and the other two to capture both sides of the bird. I used very little cropping as I was sitting about 10 feet from the feeder. I was shooting 1/200 sec at f/11, ISO 100.
So beautiful~
Thank you so much!
Loading more work by Janet Fikar...
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A classic isn't just any car, so why buy just any inspection?
Use the inspection that has been designed by classic car experts to meet the specific needs of a classic car buyer:
Verify the condition of the vehicle you are about to buy.
By contacting this seller you accept
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1964 356Sc/1600 Sunroof Coupe. Per Certificate of Authenticity this is a real SC, with special paint Bali Blue.It has Fawn Full Leather Interior, The CoA shows many options. This is a very nice driver.It has matching numbers.
1345 East Chandler Suite 101 Phoenix, AZ 85048
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CareCloud Upgrades EHR Platform With Faster Charting
CareCloud has released a new generation of its cloud-based electronic health record platform to speed up the real-time workflows for doctors and enable "rapid charting."Electronic health record vendor CareCloud has unveiled the next generation of its Web-based CareCloud Charts software to allow doctors to speed up documentation of patient visits. Introduced on July 16, the new version of Charts is built around what the company calls "rapid charting," which involves opening a note for a patient visit, documenting findings with just a few mouse clicks and ordering lab tests and medications. Many other EHR systems can slow down documentation by requiring multiple screens, mouse clicks and page reloads to document patient visits, according to CareCloud. Rapid charting also features a "charting by exception" process, in which doctors simply document "abnormal" findings rather than "normal" observations. The Charts platform enables doctors to simplify their clinical workflow by managing administrative and clinical tasks from a single screen. This screen allows doctors to work through a complete patient visit, including prescribing medications, reviewing lab test results and signing notes, CareCloud reported.
Integrated order sets stored in Charts also can save physicians time when other patients have similar diagnoses, the company said.
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Hallway Decor
Cleeves House - traditional - staircase - london - by Alexander James Interiors
Cool natural wall covering - grasscloth wallpaper • Phillip Jeffries Ltd. This is the feeling like for your entry. Phillip Jefferies makes some beautiful grasscloths in lots of colors. I think this is a perfect choice where you now have the red paint.
stark carpet stair runner : alisha gwen interior design. Really like the colour combination here with the soft grey, white and natural wood...
I have wanted to do this since I first saw these at Ikea. Perfect for shoes and other things instead of laying around.
Hall/Edwardian Herringbone parquet floor. Lovely pale tones.
BLACK AND WHITE ENCAUSTICS I love the way these Portuguese tiles create an area rug look at the entryway, and the classic design will never go out of style. The black border tiles finishes off the space really nicely.
I love everything about this hallway- from the beautiful rug right up to the intricate ceiling details. (Easily recreated by just adding some moulding and painting the same colour - or a contrasting colour for a bold statement!). BR x
Do you have a narrow hallway that you just can't figure out how to decorate? Have no fear, we're got you covered.
Herringbone + Carpet Runner by kay....hardwood on main level then this carpet runner and switch to carpet in upstairs bedrooms EXACTLY!
Hallway decorating ideas.


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SAT® Exam Prep Beginning January 28 at Wake Tech's Western Wake Campus
Actions and Detail Panel
SAT® Exam Prep Beginning January 28 at Wake Tech's Western Wake Campus
Sat, January 28, 2017, 12:00 PM – 3:00 PM EST
Are you prepared for the SAT®?
Register now for exam prep sessions, featuring in-person, small-group instruction from experienced faculty. You'll get content review and personalized feedback in a small classroom setting. Convenient meeting times are offered at a Wake Tech Community College location.
***Please be sure to register using the student's name NOT the name of the parent.***
Class Schedule
12 p.m. - 3 p.m. for 6 consecutive Saturdays, beginning on January 28 and repeating through March 4
Subjects covered in each class:
- Three weeks of concentrated Math instruction
- Three weeks of concentrated instruction for the reading and writing exams
Books and materials:
Books are included in the price of the class. Students are responsible for providing their own calculators, pens/pencils and writing paper.
Refunds and transfers:
Thank you for investing in your success with College Test Prep. Because books are purchased for each student upon enrollment, we are not able to provide refunds or transfers.


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Letters to W.B. Yeats and Ezra Pound from Iseult Gonne
A Girl That Knew All Dante Once annotated edition
By (author) Iseult Gonne
Edited by A. Norman Jeffares Christina Bridgwater
Format: Hardback
Normal Price: $237.89
Your Price: $214.10 AUD, inc. GST
Shipping: $7.95 per order
You Save: $23.79! (10% off normal price)
Plus...earn $10.70 in Boomerang Bucks
Availability: Available, ships in 8-11 days
Letters to W.B. Yeats and Ezra Pound from Iseult Gonne by Iseult Gonne
Book DescriptionIseult Gonne, daughter of Maud Gonne and the French politician and journalist Lucien Millevoye, attracted many admirers - among them distinguished authors such as W. B. Yeats, Ezra Pound, Arthur Symms, Lennox Robinson, Francis Stuart and Liam O'Flaherty. Yeats proposed marriage to her, Ezra Pound had a secret, passionate love affair with her and she married Francis Stuart. This book contains her hitherto unpublished letters to Yeats and Pound, edited and annotated by Anna MacBride White (Maud Gonne's granddaughter), Christina Bridgwater (Iseult's granddaughter) and A. Norman Jeffares, the distinguished Yeats scholar.
Buy Letters to W.B. Yeats and Ezra Pound from Iseult Gonne book by Iseult Gonne from Australia's Online Bookstore, Boomerang Books.
Book DetailsISBN: 9781403921345
(216mm x 140mm x 15mm)
Pages: 271
Imprint: Palgrave Macmillan
Publisher: Palgrave USA
Publish Date: 9-Dec-2003
Country of Publication: United States
» Have you read this book? We'd like to know what you think about it - write a review about Letters to W.B. Yeats and Ezra Pound from Iseult Gonne book by Iseult Gonne and you'll earn 50c in Boomerang Bucks loyalty dollars (you must be a member - it's free to sign up!)
Author Biography - Iseult Gonne
A. NORMAN JEFFARES has taught in the Universities of Dublin, Edinburgh, Adelaide, Leeds and Stirling. Life President at IASIL, the International Association for the Study of Irish Literatures, he has written two histories of Irish literature and many studies of Irish writers, including W.B. Yeats: Man and Poet, W.B. Yeats: A New Biography, Yeats's Poems and Commentaries on Yeats's poems and plays. Two volumes of his own poems have been published, and his recent work includes an edition of Oliver St. John Gogarty's Poems and Plays. He is currently writing a book of his own, Anecdotes, and co-editing two volumes of Irish writing in the eighteenth- and nineteenth-centuries. ANNA MACBRIDE WHITE is one of Maud Gonne's four grandchildren. She co-edited The Gonne-Yeats Letters, 1893-1938: Always Your Friend (1992) and A Servant of the Queen (1994). She has recently completed the first volume of a Life of Maud Gonne Macbride. CHRISTINA BRIDGWATER is the grandaughter of Iseult Gonne. She has a degree in French and Art History.
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Arrarnta people
Australia 1902 – 1959
not titled [Ghost Gum, Mt Sonder, MacDonnell Ranges].
Place made:
Hermannsburg, Northern Territory, Australia
Materials & Technique: drawings, watercolours, graphite; paper; watercolour painting in watercolour over drawing in black pencil Support: paper
Namatjira often highlighted the point from which he invited the viewer to engage with the expanse before his eyes by positioning a tree in the same space. The tree both framed the view and established a spatial reference point.
Text © National Gallery of Australia, Canberra


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Frog Legs Porridge: "Frog Legs Porridge" Top 5 Page for this destination Singapore Restaurant Tip by imstress
Singapore Restaurants: 735 reviews and 1,171 photos
Have you tasted Frog Legs Porridge? You must be thinking Asians eats all things. Cant they spare the poor little jumping frogs;p
Frog legs are delicious! They taste just like chicken meat but the texture is smooth and a bit of fishy fresh taste. Quite a good substitute for chicken meat especially this bird flu seasons.
There are many different types of Frog Legs Porridge. The most common type is where you cook the raw frog legs into the porridge and serve it in claypot. You could find the following types of Frog Legs Porridge:
Frog legs with Chicken Essence
Frog legs with Spring Onion
Frog legs with Dried Chilli
You could head to Lor 9 Geylang for supper when you are hungry. You could even order Beef Kway Teow and Yong He Beancurd. They are simply delicious!
There is a myth that you could jump further and higher after eating frog legs.
Address: Lor 9 Geylang
Price Comparison: about average
Directions: Near the mosque
Price: less than US$10
Rating: 5
Theme: Local
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Dropkick Murphys are an American punk rock band formed in Quincy, Massachusetts in 1996. The band was initially signed to independent punk record label Hellcat Records, releasing five albums for the label, and making a name for themselves locally through constant touring and yearly St. Patrick's Day week shows held in and around Boston. The 2004 single "Tessie" became the band's first and one of their biggest charting singles to date. The band's final Hellcat release, 2005's The Warrior's Code, included "I'm Shipping Up to Boston", which was featured in the Academy Award-winning movie The Departed and went on to become one of the band's biggest singles, one of their best-known songs, and an anthem for Boston sports teams.
Come out to the Electric Factory to celebrate an early St Patricks Day on Sat, March 9th. Tickets are $40 general admission and available at the the box office or through Ticketmaster. Plan on meeting up before the show at the attached Victory Brewing on N 7th St at 8:00 or inside the Electric Factory if after 8:30 pm (this is start of the show). RSVP for more details as the event draws closer.
Taking my teenage son to this tonight. Maybe I'll run into you guys.
0 · March 9, 2013
love this venue..
0 · February 24, 2013
Hi guys, I wanna meet new friends and go to concerts!
0 · January 25, 2013
Meetup members, Log in
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1,688 likes
lizzzuyVOGUE-ing it! @peter_som @thewanderlister you guys do it so much better! 💃💃#strikeapose
- thewanderlisteri managed to look manly while doing it. yay
- robbycarmonaWish Iam there
- watchnwearIl send u cookie butter and goody brush, pls let me know how :)
- marieltpadillacuuuute
- pomaciousCharriol!!!!!
- jeffy1005Diva!!!...
- petersomwe are working it!!
- mac.puckettUnder my art direction @peter_som @lizzzuy @thewanderlister
- lizzzuy@macnotmack mine looked weak mac!!! @peter_som @thewanderlister LOL! 🙋🙅💁
- mac.puckettWe got it on the second take.
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By Latina Staff | 04/09/2015 - 14:46
While on The Tonight Show, C.K., revealed he knew a pre-fame Fallon by saying: "You were young, and you had a tight little ass." Watch the hilarious shade!
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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Mar 14, 1989
|Filing date
|Jun 11, 1985
|Priority date
|Jun 11, 1985
|Fee status
|Publication number
|William Hassel, William Mee
|Original Assignee
|Verimed, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (13), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (66), Classifications (14), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The invention relates generally to electrical stimulation of muscles in rehabilitation therapy, and more particularly, toward neuromuscular re-education by electrical stimulation of muscles in response to EMG measurements.
In muscular contraction, electrical nerve impulses or action potentials are conducted along nerve pathways to muscle fibers at the myoneural junction. Muscle fibers, thus excited, contract as the action potential instantaneously propagates along the fibers. For a single muscle fiber, this event is known as a motor unit action potential. In muscular contraction, gross muscular tension is effected by a series of excitations through many muscle fibers.
When many muscle fibers contract simultaneously, the total electrical potential arising from the conductive summation of individual motor unit action potentials measured at the skin is great enough to be electronically measured with an electromyogram (EMG). Instantaneous EMG measurement is accomplished by attaching surface electrodes to the skin or inserting needle electrodes into the muscle and recording the instantaneous changes in the magnitude of the raw myographic signal. In integrated EMG measurement (IEMG), the raw signal is integrated, or time averaged, over a short period of time and then recorded.
This latter method is preferential in sensory feedback motor training, wherein the overall magnitude of the myographic response is of primary importance. Changes in the level of response by a conscious effort to contract or relax muscle groups on the part of the subject is "fed back" to the subject in the form of sensory stimuli. Invariably, the stimulus is either auditory, visual or a combination of the two, and its strength usually is proportional to the level of motor activity. Thus, where the pathways of neuromuscular communication and control are weak, damaged, decerebrate, untrained or lacking in proprioceptive effect, the feedback stimulus provides a singular method for bringing muscular coordination into the arena of conscious awareness and control. While the mechanisms of sensory feedback are not as yet precisely known, the technique is found to produce positive results in many areas of clinical, physical, sports and behavioral medicine.
Electrical stimulation of excitable nerve and muscle tissue is an important therapeutic modality applicable to the clinical treatment of neuromuscular and muscoloskeletal problems wherein the tension of skelatal musculature is affected through gross elicitation of motor unit contraction by an externally applied electrical current. Electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) devices typically employ time varying waveforms which are applied to specific surface sites on muscle groups. Clinical application of electrical stimulation includes facilitation of voluntary motor function, muscle strength enhancement, motion range improvement and spasticity inhibition. Reference is made to Benton et al, "Functional Electrical Stimulation--A Practical Clinical Guide", Second Edition, Ranchos Los Amigos Rehabilitation Engineering Center, Downey, Calif., pages 31-52.
It is thus clear that sensory feedback and EMS share many of the same patient populations and treatment objectives. Patients suffering central nervous system insult, either from head trauma or stroke, and spinal injury patients having incomplete damage to the spinal cord and orthopedic patients, may be treated by rehabilitation programs involving EMS and sensory feedback administered separately.
Recently, work has been undertaken to combine EMS and EMG technology to produce bioelectrically controlled electrical stimulators incorporating a feedback system to provide information on the correspondence between a preset program of movements and motions actually performed by a subject. In U.S. application Ser. No. 697,897, filed on Feb. 4, 1985 now abandoned and assigned to the assignee of this invention, EMG measurements made near the muscles to be electrically stimulated are compared with an EMG signal threshold level corresponding to a programmed therapeutic goal. When the measured EMG signal meets or exceeds this EMG threshold level, electrical muscle stimulation is applied to the muscle site, to effect kinesthetic movement of the muscle group from which the EMG signal is being measured. EMS stimulation is, however, applied with a "zero-bang" control strategy, that is, once the stimulation cycle has been voluntarily activated on the part of the subject, by virtue of the EMG magnitude, motor activation is realized purely as a function of the preprogrammed EMS cycle, rather than volitional control. However, we now believe that significant improvements in neuromuscular re-education can be realized by volitional control electrical muscle stimulation, not provided heretofore. We further believe that application of volitional control electrical muscle stimulation incorporating the technologies of EMG and EMS therapy in a unique manner may produce syneristic and accelerated therapeutic benefits to the neurologically compromised subject beyond those of traditional EMG and EMS treatment. This is in contrast with the current clinical use of EMS wherein control of muscles by electrical stimulation is passive, i.e., not controlled as a function of neurological signals developed by the subject.
It is accordingly an object of the invention to provide a method and system for improved neuromuscular reeducation.
It is a more specific object to provide a method of and system for volitional control electrical muscle stimulation, i.e., muscle stimulation by an electrical signal that is a predetermined, preferably linear, function of the IEMG signal.
During our experimentation with a human subject undergoing neuromuscular rehabilitation therapy involving application of EMS signals to a muscle site and making EMG measurements in close proximity to or specifically at that site, the EMG measurement tends to become obscured by an EMG artifact that follows each EMS pulse applied to the muscle. In those experiments, we have found that the EMG signal in fact becomes unusable as a therapeutic parameter at high levels of EMS, particularly when EMG and EMS take place at a common site. It is accordingly an additional object of the invention to provide a system for "masking" obscuration of the raw EMG signal by EMS pulses applied to the muscles in therapy involving volitional control electrical muscle stimulation.
Muscular re-education by electrical stimulation, in accordance with the invention, comprises measuring electromyographic (EMG) signals developed by muscles to be stimulated, processing the measured signals to obtain a measurement of the overall EMG signal magnitude and applying to the muscles an electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) signal whose amplitude is linearly or monotonically or otherwise related to the magnitude of the processed EMG signal. In accordance with a preferred embodiment, the EMG signal is amplified, filtered and translated to a stimulus magnitude, while the residual pulse artifact is suppressed by time multiplexing and analog filtration.
An apparatus for carrying out the invention comprises first electrodes to be applied to the skin of a patient near muscles to be stimulated, and first means coupled to the first electrodes for generating EMS signals. Second electrodes are applied to the skin in proximity to the first electrodes for making EMG measurements, and second means coupled to the second electrodes produce EMG measurement signals. A processor means responsive to the second means controls the first means to generate EMS signals proportional to the EMS measurement signals.
In accordance with another aspect of the invention, the EMG signals are sampled following decay of EMG artifacts caused by the applied EMS signals, to avoid distortion or obscuration of the EMG measurements. The raw EMG signals are applied to an envelope detector to obtain an EMG envelope that is further processed and applied to control the magnitude of EMS pulses supplied to the first electrodes.
Preferably, the second electrodes are positioned on the skin of the subject outside a primary stimulation current path of the EMS signal produced by the first electrodes, to reduce the contribution of EMS pulse artifact.
The invention thus provides electrical stimulation of muscles in an amount proportional to the EMG produced by the subject undergoing therapy. It is, in fact, contemplated that the first and second electrodes as well as the processor may be subcutaneously implanted in the subject for permanent in vivo operation as a neuromuscular "amplifier". In either subcutaneous or supercutaneous realizations the instrument has potential as a prosthetic device. It is thus an additional object of the invention to provide a prosthetic method of and system for neuromuscular amplification by electrical stimulation of muscles in proportion to measured EMG biofeedback.
Still other objects and advantages of the present invention will become readily apparent to those skilled in this art from the following detailed description, wherein we have shown and described only the preferred embodiments of the invention, simply by way of illustration of the best modes contemplated by us of carrying out our invention. As will be realized, the invention is capable of other and different embodiments, and its several details are capable of modifications in various obvious respects, all without departing from the invention. Accordingly, the drawings and description are to be regarded as illustrative in nature, and not as restrictive.
FIG. 1 is a diagram of a neuromuscular re-education system in accordance with the invention, connected to the arm of a subject;
FIG. 2A is a diagram of a muscle site undergoing EMG measurement in the presence of EMS current, wherein the EMG electrodes are undesirably positioned in the primary stimulation current path;
FIG. 2B corresponds to FIG. 2A, with the EMG electrodes positioned properly outside the primary stimulation current path, in accordance with the invention;
FIG. 3 is a simplified schematic diagram of a circuit for generating proportional response electrical muscle stimulation signals, in accordance with the invention;
FIG. 4A is a diagram of a waveform showing a raw EMG in the presence of periodic EMS signals;
FIG. 4B is a diagram of proportional EMS signals developed by the circuit of FIG. 3;
FIG. 5 is a more detailed schematic diagram of a circuit for generating proportional response EMS signals in accordance with the invention; and
FIGS. 6A-6D are diagrams of waveforms developed by the circuit of FIG. 5.
Referring to FIG. 1, the EMG and EMS processing unit 10 is wired to a pair of transcutaneous electrodes 12 to be applied to an appropriate muscle group of a limb of a subject. Electrode types and placement, as well as electrical stimulation waveforms to be applied to muscle groups in muscle rehabilitation therapy, are described in detail in "Functional Electrical Stimulation--A Practical Clinical Guide", supra. Predetermined stimulus pulse rate, pulse width and waveform type are provided by circuitry within the processing unit 10. A set of EMG electrodes 16 detect EMG from enervated musculature, to be applied over lines 18 to one input of console 14. The EMG electrodes 16 are of a type and are positioned on the skin in a manner also discussed in detail in "Functional Electrical Stimulation--A Practical Guide", supra.
A monitor 22, which preferably includes a cathode ray tube (CRT) 24, is controlled by circuitry in console 14 to display the measured EMG signal to the subject as well as to attending personnel, visual feedback during the therapeutic session. The console keyboard 20 enables the clinician/operator to select parameters influencing the processing of the EMG and stimulus waveforms in processor 10 as well as auditory and visual feedback via the console 22 by virtue of displayed selection "menus" on the CRT 24 prior to initiating a therapeutic session.
In accordance with a principal object of the invention, circuitry within the processor 10 processes the EMG signals detected by electrodes 16 and, in response, controls the muscle stimulus waveform amplitude applied to the subject at electrodes 12. The relationship between processed EMG and applied EMS signals preferably is linear, although other functional relationships, such as logarithmic, etc., including negative or inverse relations, can also be programmed.
The placement of electrodes 12 and 16 on the skin of the subject is not arbitrary. In addition to the general factors affecting electrode placement described in the Benton publication, supra, and elsewhere, we have determined from experimentation that the EMG electrodes 16 preferably are located on the skin of the subject outside a primary stimulation current path produced in the skin by EMS electrodes 12. Thus, the orientation of electrodes shown in FIG. 2A, with EMG electrodes 16 positioned at least partially within the primary stimulation current flow path I has been found to be unsatisfactory, because the substantial EMS currents produce artifacts in the EMG as shown in FIGS. 4A and 6B wherein an EMG artifact is induced into the raw EMG signal following each EMS pulse applied to the skin of the subject. We have further found that whereas voluntary attempts at muscular contraction in the presence of EMS produce a valid EMG signal when EMG measurement and EMS are effected using a common set of electrodes, the magnitude of the EMG is greatly attenuated and becomes even more highly attenuated with higher levels of electrical stimulation. This is probably due to the physiological refractory period following the hyperpolarization of excitable tissue by the stimulus pulse.
Referring to FIG. 2B, proper positioning of EMG electrodes 16 and EMS electrodes 12 is shown. Therein, placement of the EMS and EMG electrodes 12, 16 is a very close approximation to common site stimulation and detection. However, the two different pairs of EMG electrodes 16A and 16B shown in the Figure are positioned on muscle site 28 just outside the primary current stimulation path I, whereby the EMG at the output of each buffer 30A, 30B is relatively free from EMG artifacts created by muscle stimulation current. However, even for EMG detection and electrical muscle stimulation sites that are relatively remote from each other, some electrical stimulus will tend to "spill over" into the detected EMG signal. This effect is removed in accordance with the invention by time-multiplexing and bandpass filtering, to be described hereinbelow.
Thus, referring to the simplified block diagram of FIG. 3 and associated waveforms of FIGS. 4A and 4B, the EMG signal conducted by electrodes 12 is amplified by amplifier 32, applied to a bandpass filter 34, then to a data acquisition interface 36. The amplifier 32 is a differential amplifier which amplifies by a predetermined gain the EMG differential signal at the two EMG electrodes 12. This EMG signal corresponds to EMG (A) or EMG (B) or a combination of the two in FIG. 2B. The bandpass filter, which has a high Q pass band from 1 kHz to 1 kHz, compresses the stimulus artifact into narrow time domain bursts, as shown in FIG. 4A, which can be suppressed by multiplexing in processor 38 to develop the pulses shown in FIG. 4B. The pulses of FIG. 4B are proportional in amplitude to the average value of the EMG during a time interval immediately preceding each pulse. The proportional response pulses are then current amplified in amplifier 40 to be applied as electrical stimulation signals to the muscle at output electrodes 16. The functional relationship between the processed EMG signal and generated EMS may be linear, although other relationships may be more appropriate in specific therapeutic applications.
With reference now to FIG. 4A in more detail, the EMG measured in the presence of electrical stimulation pulses comprises a first portion a which is an artifact consisting of a peak C created by the electrical muscle stimulation pulse applied to the muscle site and a decaying artifact component that follows. Thereafter, a portion b of the EMG, which is free to the artifact, is a raw EMG signal that is neurologically developed by the subject and is not related directly to the periodically applied EMS signal. It is this portion b of the EMG that is processed by signal processor 38 to develop an output pulse, such as pulse c1 in FIG. 4B to be applied as an electrical muscle stimulation signal (EMS) to the muscle site.
Thus, assume that pulse c1 in FIG. 4B is developed as a result of the raw EMG signal in FIG. 4A immediately preceding in time the generation of C1. The pulse c1 in FIG. 4B is amplified by power amplifier 40 in FIG. 3 to impart to the muscle site an electrical stimulation signal having an amplitude that corresponds specifically to the amplitude of pulse c1. This pulse applied to the muscle site is measured at electrodes 12 as an EMG artifact, as shown at C1 in FIG. 4A. Immediately thereafter, the artifact C1 decays until what remains is the raw EMG in region b of FIG. 4A. The EMG at region b is processed in signal processor 38 by envelope detection and averaging, as described in detail herein below, to develop a second pulse c2 in FIG. 4B. The pulse c2 is again amplified by amplifier 40 to develop a second EMS pulse to be applied to the muscle site. This pulse is detected by EMG electrodes 16 as another artifact C2 which, together with its decaying trailing portion a, is "masked" to enable the following raw EMG to be again processed to obtain the third EMS drive pulse c3, and so on. Accordingly, the subject effectively controls his own EMS using EMS as a feedback component in neuromuscular re-education.
FIG. 5 is a circuit diagram of a more detailed implementation of proportional response EMS generation in accordance with the invention, with envelope detection to enhance sampling, and electrical isolation from the subject of processing circuitry. Amplifier 32 is again a differential amplifier having a gain sufficient to amplify the raw EMG signal detected by electrodes 12 to a usable level. The output of amplifier 32 is coupled, through an optocoupler 48, to a programmable gain amplifier 32a that enables the subject or attending personnel to control the gain of the EMG signal to be applied for processing to microprocessor 42.
The output of amplifier 32a is applied through a 1 kHz to 1 kHz bandpass filter 50 to an envelope detector 52 that converts the composite EMG and EMG artifact signal shown in FIG. 6A to an envelope shown in FIG. 6B having a magnitude that tracks the peak value of the composite EMG. This envelope is in turn applied, through an analog to digital converter 54, to microprocessor 42 programmed to sample [see FIG. 6(C)] the composite EMG only during the time period of each cycle when the EMG artifact has decayed to substantially zero. Microprocessor 42 samples the envelope waveform of FIG. 6B and, in response, develops digital data having values corresponding to the magnitude of the envelope of FIG. 6B, averaged over each period t as shown in FIG. 6C. Digital to analog converter 56 converts each digital value to the corresponding analog pulse, as shown in FIG. 6D, to be applied to amplifier 40 that drives the EMS electrodes 12 through an isolating pulse transformer 58. Programming of microprocessor 42 being known to one of ordinary skill in the art is omitted herein for brevity.
There has thus been described a method of and system for developing EMS signals that are a function of measured EMG, to be applied to stimulate muscles in neuromuscular re-education. Although specific circuitry for implementing proportional response EMS generation is described hereinabove, it is to be understood that other circuitry could alternatively be provided to perform the same functions. For example, for microprocessor based proportional response EMS generation, envelope detection can be realized either in hardware or in software, with the "dead-time" correction corresponding in time to the EMG artifact, performed in either hardware or software. Also although the EMS pulse train, pulse amplitude and pulse width developed by microprocessor 42 are all issued in real time via D/A converter 56, the converter may issue stimulus scale values and allow a timer/multiplexer network to generate the pulse train as a function of programmed pulse widths and pulse rates. Although no particular functional relationship between EMS and EMG magnitudes has been described in detail above, a linear relationship is preferred, although it is to be understood that other functional relationships tailored to particular individuals or developed during experimentation may be used within the spirit of this invention.
In addition, it is apparent that the invention described herein is applicable as a potential technique of "muscle amplification" whereby the strength of particular muscle sites is increased beyond that of which it ordinarily is capable in resonse to neurological signals developed by the subject.
In this disclosure, there is shown and described only the preferred embodiments of the invention, but, as aforementioned, it is to be understood that the invention is capable of use in various other combinations and environments and is capable of changes or modifications within the scope of the inventive concept as expressed herein.
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|Aug 26, 2010
|Fahey Brian J
|Systems and Methods of Powered Muscle Stimulation Using an Energy Guidance Field
|Nov 10, 2010
|May 12, 2011
|Fahey Brian J
|Synergistic Muscle Activation Device
|Aug 14, 2015
|Sep 2, 2015
|Nordin Kouache
|Funktionsbekleidung mit taktilem Reizmodul und EMG-Elektrode
|Feb 25, 1999
|Dec 6, 2000
|Soo Yeol Lee
|Electrical apparatus for medical treatment using EMG envelope signal
|Aug 14, 2001
|May 21, 2003
|Stimel Ltd.
|Electrostimulation system with electromyographic and visual biofeedback
|Aug 14, 2001
|Jan 23, 2008
|Stimel Ltd
|Electrostimulation system with electromyographic and visual biofeedback
|Jun 1, 2012
|Dec 6, 2012
|Tech Team LLC
|System and method for power-efficient transmission of emg data
|U.S. Classification
|600/546, 600/554, 128/905
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jun 11, 1985
Owner name: VERIMED, INC., 2888 N.E. 25TH COURT, FORT LAUDERDA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:HASSEL, WILLIAM;MEE, WILLIAM;REEL/FRAME:004420/0219
Effective date: 19850610
Owner name: VERIMED, INC., FLORIDA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:HASSEL, WILLIAM;MEE, WILLIAM;REEL/FRAME:004420/0219
Effective date: 19850610
|Sep 2, 1992
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jul 21, 1995
Owner name: VERIMED INTERNATIONAL, INC., FLORIDA
Free format text: A CORRECTIVE ASSIGNMENT TO CORRECT PATENT NUMBER. AN ASSIGNMENT PREVIOUSLY RECORDED ON REEL 7125, FRAMES 576;ASSIGNOR:VERIMED, INC.;REEL/FRAME:007562/0785
Effective date: 19940825
|May 9, 1996
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Sep 14, 2000
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


text:
The bitter end
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The Bitter End-Placebo | "You shower me with lullabies. As you're walking away. Reminds me that it's killing time on this fateful day."
▶ placebo - the bitter end - "The Bitter End" is a single by British alternative rock band Placebo from their fourth studio album, Sleeping with Ghosts, released in 2003. The song is based around the novel Nineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell. There are several references to it throughout the song, one of the most noticeable being the reference to the 2nd of May - the date on which the two main characters, Winston and Julia, first spend the night together.
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