text:
Talk:Lambert's cosine law
|WikiProject Physics
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I corrected the statement that the radiance follows the cosine. I took out the telecommunications link and the section:
because it made no sense to me when I followed the link.
I am thinking this might cause a problem with some people's links, so if I did wrong, please fix it. I'm new to Wikipedia, so if I'm not following protocol, please let me know that too.
Paul Reiser 20:42, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
- The protocol is be bold. Good job. For what it's worth, the link to Federal Standard 1037C is essentially a historical glitch. The original text of this page is from [1] (a sub-page of [2]. Frames suck). But it isn't especially relevant. Dbenbenn 02:54, 6 Jan 2005 (UTC)
Lambertian diffuse lighting model[edit]
The page Lambertian diffuse lighting model has a lot of the same information as this page. As far as I can tell, the Lambertian model simply posits the Lambertian cosine law. Should the pages be merged? Dbenbenn 02:06, 6 Jan 2005 (UTC)
I think they should, under "Lambert's cosine law". I will do that in a day or two, unless you do it first. Paul Reiser 04:06, 6 Jan 2005 (UTC)
I think the page Lambertian diffuse lighting model is quite a bit clearer than the Lambert's cosine law page. In the latter page, all that "flux", "total power", etc, makes things too complicated. "Apparent brightness" is so much easier to understand. Oleg Alexandrov 04:17, 6 Jan 2005 (UTC)
We could have the first paragraph be more intuitive, the second more technically precise with links to definitions. Maybe a diagram, too. --PAR.
- I saw a nice explaination of Lambert's cosine law at this MIT class page. They do not talk at all about the observer's line of sight, as you do in the first paragraph of Lambert's cosine law. From that external link I think it follows that the power observed does not depend about the observer's line of sight, because light spreads in all directions equally. Does this contradict your first paragraph? I could be wrong, I don't know much about this. Oleg Alexandrov 19:25, 6 Jan 2005 (UTC)
Thats ok, I seem to have problems explaining this clearly. If I can write a page that you approve of, maybe we will have a good page. The problem is that there are two quantities, both of which have units of photons/sec/cm^2/sr or energy/sec/cm^2/sr. The emission from the Lambertian surface is measured in these units, and that emission varies as the cosine of the angle from the normal. The observer measures radiance, which is also in these units and that is independent of the angle from the normal. Some people say "intensity goes as the cosine of the angle" which is correct for the emitted intensity, while others say "intensity is constant" which is true for the observed intensity. The thing about the observed intensity, is that as you vary the angle, and keep the area you are looking at constant, the solid angle the observer sees for that area decreases as the cosine of the angle, as does the number of photons/sec received, and so the ratio of the photons emitted from the area divided by the solid angle that the observer sees for that area has the two cosines cancel, and the observed photons/sec per solid angle is constant. I'll try to draw a diagram that illustrates this.Paul Reiser 22:21, 6 Jan 2005 (UTC)
- OK, I understand things now. I think for people in computer graphics, who use Lambert's cosine law a lot (maybe more than people in other disciplines), what matters is the observed intentsity, that is, what is in the eye of the beholder. Maybe the article should be split into two clearly delimited parts, one being what the observer sees, and the other being what happens at the surface itself when the light strikes. And maybe what the obverver sees should be given priority. Or maybe not. I don't know. I am looking forward to your changes to the article. Oleg Alexandrov 22:46, 6 Jan 2005 (UTC)
- How about this: "The observed brightness at a point depends on the angle at which the light strikes that surface, but not on the angle of view. Specifically, the brightness is proportional to the cosine of the angle between the light source and the surface normal." Dbenbenn 23:10, 6 Jan 2005 (UTC)
This would be nice! One could also maybe add after your text: "Therefore, a point appears brightest if the light strickes "head on" at that point, and dimmer if the light strikes under an angle...." Just some thoughts. Oleg Alexandrov 23:18, 6 Jan 2005 (UTC)
Done. I ended up removing the following text. Perhaps some of it should go back in?
- ... is the statement that the total power observed from a "Lambertian" area element is directly proportional to the cosine of the angle θ made by the observer's line of sight and the line normal to the area.
- This means that the area element will be just as bright no matter what angle it is viewed from. The total amount of power that an observer sees will be proportional to the brightness multiplied by the solid angle subtended by the area element. The area element will have a maximum solid angle subtended when it is viewed "head on" (i.e. θ=0) and will become smaller as the angle is increased until it is zero when θ=90 degrees. That means that the total power observed will be maximum when the area element is viewed head-on, and will drop to zero when viewed edge-on. The brightness (or power per unit solid angle) will be constant, however. The sun, for example, is almost a Lambertian radiator, and as a result the brightness of the sun is almost the same everywhere on an image of the solar disk.
- When an area element is radiating as a result of being illuminated by an external source, the flux (energy/time/area) landing on that area element will be proportional to the cosine of the angle between the illuminating source and the normal. For a Lambertian reflector, the light reflected from this source will be the same in all directions, so the radiance seen by any observer will then be proportional that incident flux which will be proportional to the cosine of the incident (not the observing) angle.
Dbenbenn 00:25, 7 Jan 2005 (UTC)
Lambertian radiators?[edit]
The text I removed above talks about "Lambertian radiators", such as the sun. And some of the links to this page expect there to stuff about Lambertian radiators here. As far as I can tell, a Lambertian radiator is simply one that emits light uniformly in all directions. I don't see where the cosine comes into it. Dbenbenn 02:23, 7 Jan 2005 (UTC)
On the rewrite[edit]
Now I understand! I have just one problem with the article. The people in computer graphics I think use this law much more than anybody else. For them, the Lambert's law is:
"The brightness of a point on a surface is proportional to the cosine of the angle betwen the incident ray at that point and the surface normal at that point".
The way you wrote the article, this is an afterthought, put in the very last paragraph, and stated there as a conclussion of the very long theory you developed in this article. So, for phisisists your article will be interesting, for computer graphics people, it will be kind of not helpful. I don't know how to reconcile these. Oleg Alexandrov 05:33, 7 Jan 2005 (UTC)
The reflection law is a special case of the emission law, so thats why I did it that way, plus I have a physics bias. Putting the reflection part in the first section doesn't sound like a bad idea to me. Paul Reiser 16:25, 7 Jan 2005 (UTC)
Hey Paul,
Would you consider splitting Image:LambertCosineLaw.png into two images (the top and bottom). Then if you remove the "Figure 1" and "Figure 2" captions, we can just put them in text, with code like
- [[Image:LambertCosineLaw.png|thumb|right|411px|Figure 1: Emitted intensity]]
Dbenbenn 14:28, 7 Jan 2005 (UTC)
Ok, I will split it up and stick it in somewhere using the above format. I didn't like the captions anyway, and this gives more freedom to change. Paul Reiser 16:25, 7 Jan 2005 (UTC)
I split them, but do you know how to center the captions?Paul Reiser 17:11, 7 Jan 2005 (UTC)
- Why do you want the caption centered to start with? I think left-aligned looks just fine. There is some info about captions at Wikipedia:Picture tutorial, but not what you want (at least I could not see centered captions).
- Oh, if you really really want it, I think you can hard-code centered caption in html instead of using Wiki markup. Just look at the html source code of the page, and figure out where to insert a  thing. Oleg Alexandrov 17:54, 7 Jan 2005 (UTC)
Thanks, that worked fine. Its just that in scientific publications, single-line captions are centered, multi-line are not. I expanded the captions, so they stayed left-justified.
I have adjusted the terminology used on this page to agree better with correct optics usage. Note that "brightness" is an ambiguous term, and should not be used in any scientific context, except when talking non-quantitatively about human perception of light. "Intensity" was also a problem here, since it is also ambiguous, and the sense in which it was used on the page conformed to none of the common standards. Intensity was used here to mean luminance and/or radiance. Intensity much more commonly means any one of luminous intensity, radiant intensity, irradiance, or illuminance. See also intensity (which is the same as irradiance). I am in the process of updating the definitions of some of the linked terms, so if the definitions are not clear right now they may be soon. --Srleffler 07:04, 15 November 2005 (UTC)
- I strongly object to the use of the luminous terms - the article should not give the impression that this is a phenomenon which involves the response of the human eye for its validity or understanding. It should be done in radiance units, and every time the article offers an intuitive explanation in terms of a human observer, I think, with a little thought, it could be written so as to be technically correct, but not confusing to someone who doesn't understand the difference. I will do this soon, unless somebody agrees with me and does it sooner. PAR 17:57, 15 November 2005 (UTC)
- Sounds fine to me. I used photometric units because I thought they lent themselves better to intuitive explanations, and also because, based on the date, I assumed Lambert originally formulated his law in photometric units. I did keep the radiometric units for the long example at the end. It is important to me that whatever units are used, the units and the explanation must be technically correct. Incorrect use of these units already leads to a lot of confusion.--Srleffler 04:39, 16 November 2005 (UTC)
- It seems that the term "radiance" is used improperly here. If you consider the radiance definition, you will see that the radiance of a Lambertian reflector is equal in all directions (because it already takes into account the cosine between the surface normal and the observer line of view). This contradicts with the sentence "In mathematical terms, the radiance along the normal is I photons/(s·cm2·sr) and the number of photons per second emitted into the vertical wedge is I dΩ dA. The number of photons per second emitted into the wedge at angle θ is I cos(θ) dΩ dA." Midnighter84 (talk) 23:12, 17 March 2011 (UTC)
Moon example[edit]
An anonymous editor altered the moon example today, completely reversing the sense of it. I have commented it out in the article for now, pending confirmation of one version or the other by someone with knowledge of this subject. The old text was:
- For example, if the moon were a Lambertian reflector, one would expect to see its reflected brightness appreciably diminish towards the outer edge, or limb. The fact that it does not diminish illustrates that the moon is not a Lambertian reflector, and in fact tends to reflect more light into the oblique angles than a Lambertian reflector would.
and the new text is:
- For example, if the moon were a Lambertian reflector, one would expect not to see its reflected brightness appreciably diminish towards the outer edge, or limb. The fact that it does not diminish illustrates that the moon is nearly a Lambertian reflector.
--Srleffler 05:48, 6 February 2006 (UTC)
- Yes the anon edit was wrong. The increased angle of incidence near the limb will cause a decreased amount of light/area falling on the surface at the limb for any kind of reflector. For a lambertian reflector, that decreased amount of light will have the same brightness when viewed from any angle, but its still decreased from the larger light/area falling on the surface normal to the sun (i.e. away from the limb). The fact that the decrease in brightness is less than expected means the moon is not a perfect lambertian reflector. PAR 20:10, 6 February 2006 (UTC)
- Despite the discussion above, I think the text on the page is still wrong. The light falling on the moon's surface per square metre must fall continuously to zero as you approach the terminator (the border between the illuminated and the dark parts of the moon's surface). Therefore the apparent brightness (however you define it) must also fall to zero continuously. The fact that the terminator appears to be a discontinuity must be because of the non-linearity of human perception.
- When the moon is full, the terminator coincides with the limb. Therefore the apparent brightness must fall smoothly to zero as you approach the limb.
- I am not sure that the moon is a good example at all. --184.108.40.206 13:22, 19 December 2006 (UTC)
- The 'New Text' in this context is correct: the moon is a good example of a lambertian scatterer. The brightness of a lambertian scatterer does not appear to diminish with increase in observer angle and therefore appears equally bright across the whole disk (As does the Sun in one of the above examples). The point here is that the ignoring the observer angle is misleading. Let us take two observers, one on the earth and another on the moon. The earthbound observer shines a torch on the moon and illuminates an area that subtends a fixed solid angle. It does not matter where this light is shone on the moon, it always subtends the same solid angle. To the observer on the Moon, depending at what latitude/longitude (i.e. where the normal from the surface is pointing with relation to the torch) the area subtended by this solid angle will change, therefore the irradiance changes. For the observer with the torch, there will be no change in apparent brightness as a function of torch beam position on the moon disk. Here's the point that is missing from previous arguments: depending on the angle between the normal of the surface and the observer, the observer will see an area proportional to the inverse of the cosine of that angle for a given solid angle viewcone. For example, the Earth-bound observer shines the torch at edge of the disc of the moon, the area in the solid angle of the Earthbound source tends to infinity, so irradiance tends to zero, but the observed area from the same point tends to infinity, so the overall response is unchanged; Similarly, for whichever point on the moon the moon-bound observer is standing, for a given irradiance, it does not matter at what direction that observer looks at the ground, it will always appear the same brightness as again, a given unit solidangle of viewcone subtends a larger area as angle of observation increases.Jpddowning (talk) 14:08, 27 April 2015 (UTC)
shorter is better[edit]
I prefer shorter articles. So I prefer not merging.
I came here looking for information -- and didn't find it. As far as I can tell, laser light is non-lambertian on account of the photons being in phase. I'm interested to know if there are other sources (perhaps LEDs? electric arcs?). While it's an interesting definition, it should be possible to know what it distinguishes between. If all the known light in the universe is Lambertian, then it's not a useful distinction ... sittingduck 21:06, 1 Mar 2006 (UTC)
- Yes, laser light is not lambertian. Nor is a flashlight. Lots of other sources of light are not lambertian, and most surfaces are not pure lambertian reflectors. Pure lambertian light is not all that common, but is widely used as an approximate model for diffuse reflection and emission of light. Combining some lambertian reflection with some specular reflection creates a good model for many surfaces. This approach is used in computer graphics, etc.--Srleffler 23:21, 1 March 2006 (UTC)
First WIKI edit ever[edit]
I dunno what I am doing with this WIKI thing... I guess this is the right way to add a comment to the bottom here.
Anyway, I am a computer graphics guy and would like to comment on this discussion. I see what apears to me to be a gaping hole in the definitions offered here. First Diffusion is a reflective property of a surface normal. Scattered reflectivity of a kind defined by the shader being used. Radience seems different. Radience would be more along the lines of luminosity - although it may be a superset that includes various reflective properties in some sciences. Luminous or radient properties are defined by rays which originate from the calculated normal for a smoothed surface. Diffusion is calculated from a light source. For example Lambertian Diffuse is basically the just the cosine of the angle between the surface and the light.
The gaping hole I mentioned is for a solid deffinition of Diffuse or Diffusion as it applies to Computer Graphics. The algo being used to "scatter" the reflected light is not important to this general definition. But I think should be included in any of the definitions of diffuse shading models such as Phong, Lambert, Minnaert, OrenNayer, Generic Occlusion Shaders, Generic Translucency shaders (where the diffusion is of refracted light and not reflected light), And likewise Sub Surface Scattering which is also a kind of "Diffuse" property.
My email address for further disscussion or whatever is firstname.lastname@example.com and my name is James Dean Prentice III. You can also reach me during the day at the Kyoto Institute Of Science and Technology in the Computer Science Department by just asking for Jim sensei. :)
- Welcome! Yes, this is the right way to add a comment. Only one change: add four tildes ("~~~~") at the end of your comment. The software will replace this with your ip address or username and a timestamp, to make it easier to see which comments are from whom.
- I think you may be confused because you're looking for information on computer graphics, and you have ended up at an article on physics. This article deals with the physics of diffuse reflection from an idealized "Lambertian" surface. The companion article on Lambertian reflectance talks a bit about computer graphics applications. These articles are still "under construction", and may end up getting merged into a single article eventually. There are also articles on the Phong reflection model and Phong shading. Some of the material you are looking for may be summarized at 3D computer graphics.--Srleffler 21:24, 4 May 2006 (UTC)
photons vs energy[edit]
What is the difference between photons vs energy in this context, for thinking about the distribution of light output vs angle?
Please add a linear plot of angle vs photons/energy/light emitted.
What is the half-power angle for Lambertian sources? This would be good material to add to the article, because this is the way many current light sources are rated.
It seems like the article should reference/link to LED SSL devices, since Lambertian is often mentioned for some high-power LED emitters. -22.214.171.124 (talk) 12:40, 3 June 2009 (UTC)
- In this case it seems like the half-power angle would be 60 degrees, since cosine of that angle is one half. Personally, I donät know why they are making a difference between energy and photons, since a photon basically is energy quantized, i.e. one photon of a certain frequency v contains an energy E that is given by the Planck relation (or the Planck–Einstein equation) E = hv. Maybe they just prefer to keep a unitless number and instead try to obtain the probability distribution for the reflection angle of the photon. --Kri (talk) 01:11, 7 February 2011 (UTC)
Peak intensity?[edit]
I'm trying to work out what the peak flux density is. That is if, a Lambertian radiator is radiating 1 W, what is the radiant intensity in the normal direction? I think it is 2W/sr. I get that from this:
- ((pi*0.0000001^2)*(1/3) / (4/3*pi*.5^3)/0.0000001^2 sr = 2 sr
That is, all the power fills a sphere of radius 0.5. If we have a small element at 1 unit away in the normal direction, the left quantity is the volume of the cone to it, the right quantity is the subtended angle. Does that sound right? —Ben FrantzDale (talk) 21:54, 15 November 2010 (UTC)
- If the peak luminous intensity is , the total radiated luminous flux from the surface will be
- (where sin(θ) is the determinant of the Jacobian matrix for the unit sphere), so the peak intensity will be 1/π of the total radiated luminous flux per square radian according to my calculations. --Kri (talk) 01:52, 7 February 2011 (UTC)
- Great. Thanks! —Ben FrantzDale (talk) 14:50, 7 February 2011 (UTC)
- I agree; it should include units: that must be a factor of steradians...
- In general, I find the biggest source of confusion with radiometry and photometry is that it is so easy to inadvertently assume Lambertian surfaces, which suddenly makes lux and nits measures of the same thing, for example. If you don't realize you are making the Lambertian assumption, both seem to be measures of perceptual brightness of a surface. Given I am much more comfortable with the notion of power than steradians, I kept being drawn to lux over nits when I started working with this stuff.
- If I understand correctly, then, a computer monitor that is 300 nits and perfectly Lambertian would have an emittance of
- 300 nits π sr = 942.5 lx
- in the normal direction. —Ben FrantzDale (talk) 12:29, 10 February 2011 (UTC)
- From what I understand, nit is the unit for intensity per square meter (of radiating material), which is only measured in one specific direction (for example the normal direction), while lx is the unit for emittance, which is the total emitted flux per square meter that you would catch if you would collect all the light that is emitted in all directions. Hence it's not possible to talk about 942.5 lx in any specific direction. And nit and lux would not measure the same thing even if you would have a Lambertian surface.
- For example, if a computer monitor that has an intensity per square meter of 300 nit would be Lambertian, it would have a total emittance of 942.5 lx, as your calculations showed. And even though it would be perceived equally bright from all directions (which a Lambertian surface is), the intensity per square meter would change and be lower when viewed from an angle instead of viewed directly from the front, according to the Lambert's cosine law. Consequently, one have to divide the intensity per square meter by cosine of the angle it is seen from, to get the perceived brightness. This is true for all surfaces, not only for Lambertian. --Kri (talk) 14:10, 10 February 2011 (UTC)
- I misspoke. I meant 300 nits in the normal direction for a Lambertian emitter implies 942.5 lx. For comparison, an old LCD monitor, which emits primarily in the normal direction and is dim off axis, might achieve 300 nits, but would produce <942.5 lx total. —Ben FrantzDale (talk) 14:38, 10 February 2011 (UTC)
- It should be noted that it is not wrong to say that and omit the steradians, since the radian (and hence also the steradian) is unitless and actually = 1 (see Radian#Dimensional analysis). It may be a point to write it out in the last step as it is done right now in the article, but it is not a result of calculation but only for clarification of what we are actually measuring. It's a good thing to add the derivation to the article though. --Kri (talk) 00:45, 12 February 2011 (UTC)
- Yes, radians and steradians are dimensionless (unless you start getting into geometric algebra, in which I think there are algebras that give angles a different "grade" than scalars, but that's way out of scope ;-) ). Especially since the "units" of those two things differ only by steradians, it seems useful. —Ben FrantzDale (talk) 14:26, 14 February 2011 (UTC)
- Really nice example, to explain this. I added it to the article. I did change the numbers to 100 nits, just to make the math even more transparent - it's still in the range of a typical computer screen. I was tempted to continute a bit further, to get it even closer to something most readers can relate to, but i'm not sure if it'll get too far of topic:
Assuming 30% transmitivity of the LCD, the backlight would need almost 100 lm, which modern LEDs could supply using around 1 W power. Note however, if screens were perfect Lambert emitters, they would have a viewing angle of 180°. Especially notebooks will save power, by having a reduced viewing angle, ie. being non-lambertian.
- Really nice example, to explain this. I added it to the article. I did change the numbers to 100 nits, just to make the math even more transparent - it's still in the range of a typical computer screen. I was tempted to continute a bit further, to get it even closer to something most readers can relate to, but i'm not sure if it'll get too far of topic:
- The talk about sin(θ) being the determinant of the Jacobian matrix for the unit sphere, seems completely out of place... The sin(θ) part is there, because the area of the integration surface element is smaller at lower polar angles θ. In other words, the differential solid angle is See solid angle or spherical coordinate system for reference. Tøpholm (talk) 00:54, 12 March 2011 (UTC)
- I mentioned the determinant of the Jacobian matrix since that is what enters in the integrand when one switches from one coordinate system to another, essentially from cartesian coordinates to spherical coordinates as in this case. Only that here r=1, so r2sin(θ) (which is the determinant of that specific Jacobian) becomes just sin(θ). But maybe it is wrong to use it in this case since the surface we integrate over (that of the unit sphere) is two-dimensional while it is contained in a three-dimensional room, and that the method only happens to work in this case. So yes it can be removed, or maybe replaced by something that explains where it comes from. --Kri (talk) 03:02, 15 March 2011 (UTC)
error in first paragraph[edit]
"It has the same radiance because, although the emitted power from a given area element is reduced by the cosine of the emission angle, the size of the observed area is decreased by a corresponding amount."
... shouldn't it be "increased by a corresponding amount"? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 220.127.116.11 (talk) 23:19, 6 April 2011 (UTC)
- The sentence is ambiguous. I think it's trying to say "the observed angular size of the area is decreased by a corresponding amount". I think you are saying "the observed area subtended by a given angle is increased by a corresponding amount". Both are right, of course. —Ben FrantzDale (talk) 11:10, 7 April 2011 (UTC)
- For a Lambertian surface, "the apparent brightness of the surface to an observer is the same regardless of the observer's angle of view". This means that the energy per solid angle is constant and does not depend on the angle of the viewer. The original statement was correct, the current statement is wrong.
- This means, for example, that to the human eye it has the same apparent brightness (or luminance). It has the same radiance because, although the emitted power from a given area element is reduced by the cosine of the emission angle, the area subtended by a given solid angle from the viewer is increased by a corresponding amount. Therefore, its radiance (power per unit solid angle per unit projected source area) is the same.
- The use of the word increased (which I highlighted above) is wrong. I suggest changing this to the following
- This means, for example, that to the human eye it has the same apparent brightness (or luminance). It has the same radiance because, although the emitted power from a given area element is reduced by the cosine of the emission angle, the apparent size (solid angle) of the observed area, as seen by a viewer, is decreased by a corresponding amount. Therefore, its radiance (power per unit solid angle per unit projected source area) is the same.
disambiguate angle and solid angle ?[edit]
In figure 1 and the associated paragraph d-Omega is variously referred to as both an angle and a solid angle. The result is it's not clear in Figure 1 if the segments are of equal angle or equal solid angle. In a 3-dimensional situation it doesn't make much sense that they would be both equal angles and equal solid angles, because the solid angle of a band around the hemisphere, of equal angle, increases as you approach the horizontal. I'd be very grateful if someone could clear up the confusion.


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Goal #3: Identify uninsured employers and take action to bring them into compliance with worker's compensation coverage.
Goal #4: Adjust claims received from injured workers of uninsured employers in a timely manner and pay appropriate workers' compensation benefits.
Objectives: Respond to all requests, make determinations, and pay benefits within the time frames in the workers' compensation act.
Goal #5: Negotiate with states Montana currently has E.T. agreements with, new updated agreements.
Objectives: To bring outdated E.T agreements current with states that Montana has receprocity agreements in place with.
Goal #1: Provide technical assistance, public service announcements, and educational outreach to the public about Title 39, Chapters, 8, 9, 71, and 73, MCA.
Goal #3: Identify uninsured employers and take action to bring them into compliance with worker's compensation coverage.
Goal #4: Adjust claims received from injured workers of uninsured employers in a timely manner and pay appropriate workers' compensation benefits.
Objective: Respond to all requests, make determinations and pay benefits within the time frames in the workers' compensation act.
Board Management & Licensing Bureaus
Goal #1: Provide efficient and effective administrative and professional services to assist citizen boards in their duty to protect the health, safety and welfare of the public.
Goal #2: Provide friendly, prompt, efficient and effective services to our customers.
Goal #3: License and renew individuals and businesses through proficient, effective, and reliable processes.
Weights and Measures Bureau
Goal #1: Assure equity in commercial transactions.
Building Codes Bureau
Goal #1: Protect the health and safety of the public, employees and building owners and residents by administering building construction standards throughout the state where applicable.
Goal #2: Provide prompt, efficient and effective service to business owners, citizens, design professional, building contractors, and trade persons through effective and responsive transactional methods.
The Montana Department of Labor & Industry has created a centralized organizational structure for Information Technology that focuses on improving efficiencies and service, while reducing duplicative costs and improving coordination across the entire department and the state enterprise. The Technology Services Division (TSD) is empowered to focus on these goals:
Goal #1: Standardize or integrate IT applications, resources, and enterprise solutions
Goal #2: Develop and train IT staff within a unified organizational structure
Goal #3: Provide IT focused career pathways
Goal #4: Provide IT solutions
Goal #1: Encourage and Increase Community Volunteerism
Goal #2: Expand, Support, and Increase the Sustainability of National Service
Goal #3: Increase Civic Engagement in American Indian Communities and with the Montana Commission on Community Service
Goal #4: Increase Montana's Overall Preparedness for Disasters
Goal #1: IMprove and Revise the Court's Rules
Objective: Continue to annually review the Workers' Compensation Court Rules to ensure they remain clear and easy to decipher for unrepresented parties as well as the practicing bar.
Goal #2: Continue flexible policy of trying cases when and where the parties wish.
Objective: The Court will continue to be flexible when scheduling trails. The Workers' Compensation Court has statewide jurisdiction and holds regular trial terms in five Montana cities: Billings, Great Falls, Helena, Kalispell, and MIssoula. Week-long trial terms are held in each city four times a year. In the past, the Court has also held trials in Butte, Red Lodge, Big Fork, Miles City, Malta, Columbus, Bozeman, Sidney, and Plains.
Goal #3: Maintain the average time between submission and decision to within 90 days.
Objective: Issue timely rulings.
Goal #4: Continue to post final, published decisions on the Court's website and provide efficient search tools and a topics index for research purposes.
Objectives: The Court will continue to post its published decisions and any substantive orders on its website. The law clerks compose topics in each published decision for research purposes. The topics are then input into the topics indexes and uploaded onto the Court's webiste. The Court endeavors to refine its search engine by partnering with information technology personnel and encourages attorneys practicing before the Court to utilize the topics index and search engines in conducting legal research.
Goal #5: Continue to maintain the Workers' Compensation Court website.
Objective: The Court will continue to maintain its extensive website. The website contains helpful information for parties practicing before the Court. The court clerks are proficient in uploading information on the website to ensure current data and information for its users. Court decisions are published on the website dating back from 1993 to the present. Additionally, a topics index is available which is userful for legal research. Links to Montana Supreme Court decisions and other state agencies are also provided on the website. Court personnel are readily accessible through e-mail address links located on the website. The website contains the Court's calendar, which is continually updated. The website also contains the Court rules, legal forms, general information, and helpful hints.
Goal #6: Continue to support easy accessibility by pro sé (unrepresented) parties.
Objective: The Workers' Compensation system is intended to be primarily self-administering. In furtherance of this goal, the Court is designed to make navigating through the system as easy as possible for pro sé (unrepresented) parties. One of the ways this goal is accomplished is by keeping the Court's extensive website updated. Additionally, the Court provides helpful assistance with any procedural questions a pro sé party may have. Along with the Court's rules, the website contains forms and an informational brochure specifically geared toward pro sé parties. Hard copies of these materials are also available upon request.
Goal #7: Continue to maintain wireless internet access.
Objective: The Court purchased and will continue to maintain wireless internet service to enable parties access to the internet on their personal laptop computers for legal research during trials, oral arguments, and conferences.
Goal #8: Continue to allow electronic filing of pleadings.
Objective: The Court will continue to allow for the electronic filing of documents to assist parties in timely filing their documents.
Goal #9: Continue the Court's relationship wit the Alexander Blewett III School of Law.
Objective: In an effort to continue its historical relationship with the Alexander Blewett III School of Law at the University of Montana, the Court will be engaging student interns. The interns will observe court proceedings and draft Court orders and decisions.
Call: (406) 444-2840 Fax: (406) 444-1419 TTY: (406) 444-0532
P.O. Box 1728 Helena, MT 59624-1728
Montana Department of Labor and Industry

subset: commoncrawl


text: My husband and I stopped in to Seumus's Irish Bar for dinner. My husband ordered the mussels and I had the greek salad. Husband loved the mussels and the salad is one of the best I have had. Service was fast and our waitress was efficient and friendly. This restaurant is not down by the bay but well worth a... More


text:
Among the dead four were Indians, including Brigadier Rai Datt Mehta and Indian Foreign Service (IFS) officer (Counsellor-Political) V Venkateswara Rao. Mourning over her son's death, the mother of 40-year-old Rao from Andhra Pradesh, B Subhadramma said he was about to be posted back to India. "Two days back he called me and told that he will be joining as Secretary in Delhi next month. He is my youngest son," she said.
A suicide bomber had rammed a car full of explosives into the gates of the Indian embassy in the Afghan capital on Monday morning killing 41 people instantly and injuring over 140.
Two men of the Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP) - Ajai Pathania and Roop Singh, who were on guard duty at the embassy, were also killed in the blast.
About 3000 Indians are working on various reconstruction and developmental projects in Afghanistan and they have often been subjected to attacks by the Taliban.


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Forum indexNikon Coolpix TalkChange forum
Forum New Guy
Started Aug 18, 2012 | Discussions thread
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four under • Regular Member • Posts: 268
Forum New Guy
Aug 18, 2012
Hi all,
I've been lurking and reading in this forum for quite some time now. Seems to be a friendly place, not a lot of flaming like I see in some other forums. I've had a P7100 for a few months now. I researched all the high end "compacts" and what tipped me to the Nikon was the versatility of the lens. I've been very happy with the camera and the quality of the files. Thanks for looking.
four under's gear list:four under's gear list
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Browse by Category
Reviews of Clarion Hotel At The Palace
Clarion Hotel At The Palace2820 W State Hwy 76 Branson, MO 65616
Found 5 records
week-end get a way - 06/26/2010 01:28:48 bj from woodville tx
My husband and I stayed here and we had the best time. Close to ever thing. The bed it felt like clouds we will stay here again the next time with the all the kids and grandkids.
A+ Accomodations - 10/10/2009 20:49:02 bsmccord from mexico, mo
I was pleasantly surprised. This is a very nice hotel with 5 star service. All employees were exceptionally pleasant & acknowledged you as you passed. The free breakfast was quite adequate include bisc/gravy, eggs, do-it-yourself homemade waffles. The rooms are nicely decorated & spacious. A lovely balcony off our room allowed us to enjoy watching the pool area in the evening. There's even an ice cream vending machine! :)
Great stay - 06/11/2007 08:55:05 David Snider from Leesville LA
Clean rooms, curteous staff and great ammenities.
Great place 2 stay - 04/18/2007 14:53:03 candace from Malden, Mo
We have enjoyed staying at the Clarion when we visit Branson. They always have wonderful service and I know we will always have a clean room.


text:
I am so sorry this has happened. Take care of yourself!
Sent from my GT-I9000 using BubHub
I am so sorry this has happened. Take care of yourself!
Sent from my GT-I9000 using BubHub
So sorry for your loss xxx
i understand
we got our first BFP yesterday since a missed M/C in november, and its impossible for me to get excited about it
i am happy & it is what i wanted, but something is just blocking me from connecting with it & it doesnt seem real.
im hoping it will come with time, the more of those little milestones we pass safely
Oh Chocolatemiss I am so sorry, I just read your post and felt quite the same. Even asked a similar question and went to answer only to read your sad news. I have tuned in late so am hoping you are home and sleeping well, resting up and will recover quickly. Biggest hugs.
Chocolatemiss I'm so sorry to hear ur news. I recently had the same thing, m/c, got another bfp and was so scared, slight spotting then no h/b at 8 week scan so had a d&c. I get the test results next Mon. My heart breaks for u, it really is gutwrenching. I hope you got to have the D&C so u can have tests done and everything went ok today. Fx you will get ur sticky bfp soon xx
Last edited by waitinghoping; 09-01-2013 at 23:26.
I'm so sorry to hear
Last edited by Lovable; 09-01-2013 at 23:30.
I'm so very sorry ;( xxx
I miscarried at 6 weeks 2 days on the 1st of January 2013. I just found out today that I am 4 weeks and 6 days pregnant! I can't help but be scared!
Pregnant for the first-time?
Not sure where to start? We can help!
Our Insider Programs for pregnancy first-timers will lead you step-by-step through the 14 Pregnancy Must Dos!


text:
24 Packs of Metal can opener
$196.99 Ships free Australia wideBack to top
24 Packs of Metal can opener
by Handy HelpersIn Stock
$196.99 Ships free Australia wide
- black,silver
- metal,plastic
- more info
Delivery: Free shipping anywhere in Australia Delivery within 6-12 working days
(Shipments to NT and rural WA may take longer) Free SMS notifications
(Australian mobile numbers only)
(Shipments to NT and rural WA may take longer) Free SMS notifications
(Australian mobile numbers only)
More options: Ask a question about this product More products by this brand
Customers who viewed this product also viewed:
Product details:
This high quality can opener is easy to use and a kitchen essential. Also handy while camping or for use on picnics. Comes packaged on a tie card with hanging hole. Measures 6" long with a 2 1/2" turner.Package qty-24,unit price $1.43925.
- black,silver
- metal,plastic
Brand: Handy Helpers
Product ID: 1117175659708066
Product Dimensions: 25.4cm x 25.4cm x 25.4cm
- Free delivery Australia wide
- 24/7 parcel tracking
- Customer support
- Full factory warranty
- Easy returns
- Secure checkout
Information above was provided by the manufacturer or local distributor.
Please check the packaging and read instructions prior to using the product.
Found an error with this listing? Let us know.


text:
Tennessee Criminal Defense
Get a Fresh Perspective on Your Case by Meeting with a Tennessee Criminal Defense Attorney
If you don"t see any way of beating these criminal charges, find out if a Tennessee criminal defense attorney can provide you with other options. Criminal law is so complicated and really difficult for most people to interpret. You shouldn't expect to figure it all out on your own.
Even though the United States Constitution guarantees your rights, there are many parties who are not on your side. The police and the prosecution are working hard to prove their case against you. Let a Tennessee criminal defense lawyer work to design a comparable defense strategy for you.
The police certainly aren't perfect and have been know to perform illegal searches and seizures. Even though Constitutional rights exist, it could take a criminal defense lawyer to make sure these rights are enforced. On the subject of lawyers, you also have the right to have an attorney present during questioning.
If these or any other rights are violated, a Tennessee criminal defense attorney may know what steps to take to reconcile these errors as they apply to your case.
You should take advantage of a consultation with a Tennessee criminal defense attorney. Give us a call toll-free at 877-445-1059 or answer a few brief questions in our free no-obligation online case evaluation form.
If you want to learn more about how a local attorney can assist you with your case, then contact us today!


text: Rob Brydon 58,100articles in progress Add New Page Edit Edit source History Talk0 Share Rob Brydon appeared as himself in the 2012 BBC Christmas ident It's Showtime. Retrieved from "http://tardis.wikia.com/wiki/Rob_Brydon?oldid=2145961" Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you've made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. Categories: Doctor Who actors who played themselves Non-DWU individuals + cat Cancel Save


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ORLANDO MASS SHOOTING: Suspect's father appeared on Southern California TV show
Portraits of lost loved ones starting to emerge
Man with car full of guns, explosive material held in L.A. | Was earlier ordered to give up weapons
Live coverage of attack's aftermath, investigation
What we know about the attack so far
Horrorstricken LBGT community reeling nationwide
Vigils around Southern California
Trump urges 'toughness,' Clinton reaches out to LBGT community
Broadway's Tony Awards memorialize victims
President Obama declares attack an 'act of terror'
World leaders respond with horror, empathy for victims
Security experts say mass shootings are unavoidable
Similarities to San Bernardino attack are many
Riverside increases police patrols at LBGT locations
People of faith gather to comdemn hatred
Local Muslims spurn latest act of terror
Inland leaders react to tragedy
What happened when during the nightclub shooting
City starting to release names of victims
Mateen worked for high-profile security firm
'He beat me,' says ex-wife of suspect
Father appeared on Southern California TV show
Orlando police veered from usual approach during seige, expert says
Assault rifle becoming weapon of choice for mass shooters
Attack climbs to top of list of worst U.S. rampages
Images from scene of Orlando attack
The father of the gunman accused of carrying out the largest mass shooting in U.S. history regularly traveled to Canoga Park to tape a political television show about issues involving Afghanistan and Pakistan.
Seddique Mateen, father of Omar Mateen, visited San Fernando Valley-based television network, Payam-E-Afghan every two months to record the "Durand Jirga Show." according to network owner Omar Khatab.
Located in a mini-mall off Victory Boulevard, Payam-E-Afghan airs dozens of programs catering to the Afghani audience, Khatab said.
The younger Mateen is believed to have killed 50 people and wounded dozens of others after opening fire in an Orlando nightclub early Sunday morning.
Khatab said the elder Mateen, who reportedly lives in Florida, would buy several hours of programming for his live show. He believed Mateen stayed in a hotel during his visits to Los Angeles.
He described Mateen's shows as political satire and political news. In one video, Mateen announced he was running for president of Afghanistan.
There are dozens of videos posted on the network's YouTube channel under Mateen's name.
The Washington Post reported that some of Mateen's shows, which were broadcast in Dari, were supportive of the Taliban. Khatab disagreed with that characterization, saying the programs were critical of Pakistan.
A former Afghan official told the Associated Press that the show sometimes expresses complaints about foreigners in Afghanistan and criticizes U.S. actions there. The official spoke on the condition of anonymity because he did not want to be linked to the Orlando shooting.
Khatab said he'd never seen the younger Omar Mateen at the station.
He added that the network devoted time on Sunday to the Orlando shooting.
"It's shocking," Khatab said. "People are shocked that it's happening."


text:
Is Shimoda Biotech Pty. Ltd. incorrect or missing key business information? Update your Hotfrog listing today.
Contact details
Are these details correct?
Hotfrog SouthAfrica provides information regarding Shimoda Biotech Pty. Ltd. in George Western Cape. Shimoda Biotech Pty. Ltd. is located at 127 York St, George Western Cape 6529 and provides Computers services. Contact them on 044 801 1900.
Is Shimoda Biotech Pty. Ltd. in 127 York St, George Western Cape 6529 your business? Claim your listing and attract more leads by adding more content, photos and other business details.
We have more Computers services in George Western Cape available on Hotfrog SouthAfrica. You can update your search for George Computers by location, keyword or service options.
Kerkstreet 65 George Western Cape 6531
35 Hiberniastreet George Western Cape 6530
66 Courtenay Street George Western Cape 6530
14 Frikkie Gericke Loerie Park George Western Cape 6530
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text:
Kalafrana CeramicsKitchen renovations and improvements Splashbacks
107 Marion Street, Leichhardt, NSW 2040
Servicing Lilyfield, Annandale, Rozelle and 38 other suburb(s)
Best match results for: CATEGORY = Splashbacks + LOCATION = Canterbury & Bankstown
107 Marion Street, Leichhardt, NSW 2040
Servicing Lilyfield, Annandale, Rozelle and 38 other suburb(s)
172-190 Riley Street, Darlinghurst, NSW
This business can travel to you.
Alessandro of All Art and Mirrors, recently installed a picture hanging system into my work studio. His very professional manner made the installation seem effortless. He was a pleasure to deal with - punctual, courteous, very organised, efficient and tidy workmanship. I would use his services again and highly recommend him. Thank you Alessandro. Regards Donna Brown
I had just moved house and gave Alessandro the enormous task of hanging up all my pictures. I gave him full discretion on where to hang them. I was really impressed with his work. I found him extremely friendly, professional, efficient and very considered with the placement and layout of the artwork. He went the extra mile and picked up and delivered artwork from my framer to save me the trip. He also came after hours and stayed late to finish the work. Handing over responsibility to him and his exceptional delivery of the end product made my life so much easier. I can't recommend him highly enough. Soulla Chamberlain -
10/340 hoxton park rd, Prestons, NSW 2170
29 Erskine Rd, Caringbah, NSW 2229
This business can travel to you.
3/12 Ethel Avenue, Brookvale, NSW 2100
118 Edgecliff Road, Woollahra, NSW 2025
10/ 17 Lorraine St, Peakhurst, NSW 2210
Kirrawee, NSW 2232
99 Evelyn St, Sylvania, NSW 2224
Lurnea, NSW 2170
Unit 2/ 11 Stenett Rd, Ingleburn, NSW 2565
Castle Hill, NSW 2154
Unit 6/ 15-17 Tucks Rd, Seven Hills, NSW 2147
Results include related home improvement specialists and neighbouring locations.
Kitchen renovation and improvement specialists in Canterbury & Bankstown
Greenacre, NSW 2190
Padstow, NSW 2211
U14/ 39-41 Marigold St, Revesby, NSW 2212
Roselands, NSW 2196
Unit 1/109 Fairford Road, Padstow, NSW 2211
Unit 3/ 7 Roberts Rd, Greenacre, NSW 2190
Unit 2, 64- 68 Violet St, Revesby, NSW 2212
Sturt Ave, Georges Hall, NSW 2198
Yagoona, NSW 2199
265 Edgar St, Condell Park, NSW 2200
42/172 Milperra Road, Revesby, NSW 2212
Punchbowl, NSW 2196
Greenacre, NSW 2190
40 - 42 Rosedale Ave, Greenacre, NSW 2190
Kitchen renovation and improvement specialists around Canterbury & Bankstown
64-68 Cosgrove Road, Strathfield South, NSW 2136
This business can travel to you.
13 Cosgrove Rd, Strathfield South, NSW 2136
Unit 4/ 5, Dunlop Street, Strathfield South, NSW 2136


text:
Hey guys,
Let's assume that the email marketing strategy is based on the country's anti-spam laws. So no separate opt-in required to US people, but required for UK people and the email programmes are handled differently as a result.
And here is the question:
How can you determine which country's law applies if you cannot reliably determine where the email recipient is residing? IP address is pretty unreliable. If the form has a country question and people lie, who is held accountable? Me as I am sending the email or person who has given me false information?
Thanks for any comments
If you want a list that has a consistent quality, you'll need to ensure they are all treated the same. Therefore if you can't determine the country, go double opt-in and add an unsubscribe link to everything
Hey Redferret,
That's the thing, I would have multiple lists with separated business processes.
So let's assume it this way. What would be the answer then?
What is the best way to stop email spam? I am getting so much its annoying! companies like http://wowfreestuff.co.uk when you sign up to there news letter, you get constant emails from them!
@sbi85 - Sorry to chime in so late. In my opinion, your best bet is to follow the terms of your (reputable) email provider and make sure you apply best practices, like ensuring all subscribers have opted in, honoring unsubscribes automatically and more. Inevitably, not getting permission from recipients will affect your sender reputation amongst both ISPs and email services, regardless of what country you're sending into.
@MaddisonHutson - Have you tried unsubscribing? If this doesn't work and it's a UK business, you can certainly report this to the ICO.
I have yes! OK Thanks for the advice, I will send them an email telling them to stop or I will report them, See what happens :)


text:
3 held for drugs, gun in Tanauan
- Written by Jojo C. Magsombol
- Published in Provincial
- Read: 274
TANAUAN City -- Three drug offenders were nabbed by police during a buy-bust operation in Bgy. Darasa, here, Tuesday.
Batangas police director Senior Supt. Leopoldo Cabanag identified the suspects as Michael Gonzales Pedraja, alias Makol, 31, of Bgy. Poblacion 6, no. 30 on drug watchlist; Aris Cacatian Andaya, 38, of Bgy. Trapiche, both in this city, no. 230 on drug watchlist in Lipa City, and drug pusher Arnold Latorre Leal, of Bgy. Poblacion 7, Lipa City.
At 6 p.m. on October 11, members of the City Anti-Illegal Drugs Unit (CAIDU), led by Senior Insp. Ricaredo Dalisay, in coordination with PDEA, conducted a buy-bust operation in Bgy. Darasa, this city.
PO1 Randy T. Garcia, who acted as poseur-buyer, was able to buy from Pedraja and Andaya a small plastic sachet of suspected shabu, utilizing three marked P1,000 bills.
Accordingly, the third suspect, identified as Arnold Leal, arrived in a BMW (UFL512) car to deliver the illegal drugs.
After the transaction, the suspects sensed that they were dealing with policemen.
Leal tried to run away but was immediately arrested by the cops who recovered from him 13 sachets of suspected shabu. Pedraja and Andaya managed to run away in a Toyota GLI (TPM399) car towards Bgy. Sta. Maria, Sto. Tomas.
However, the two suspects were chased and later arrested by the officers.
Authorities seized a cal. .45 pistol, a magazine with six live ammunition from the suspects.
The recovered illegal drugs, weighing 42 grams, were brought to the Regional Crime Laboratory Office, along with the suspects, for drug test, said case officers PO2 Jayson M. Paras, PO1s Jhune Carlos M. Coballes and Julius Andrew D. Dionisio.
The suspects were detained at the police holding cell, facing charges for violation of Section 5 and 11 Article II of RA 9165 and RA 10591.


text:
Contoured, ventilated, removable cushion footbeds work in tandem with Cushion Flex insoles to create a comfortable foundation. Double-row welt stitching, tempered steel shanks, dual-density rubber/EVA outsoles. Non-insulated. Imported.
Manufacturer style #: DB5464.
|Durango Rebel 12 Inch Pull-On
|Durango Western 11-Inch Pull-On
|$105.99 - $129.99
|Durango Rebel Texas Flag 12'' Pull-On Western Boots
|Durango Rebel 12-Inch Patriotic Pull-On


text:
You missed it This great deal for Awake Hypnosis is over. But don't despair, we've got more great deals every day.
Related Deals That You May Like
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Awake Hypnosis
Achieve Personal Wellness Goals Via One or Three Hypnotherapy Sessions in Haverhill
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Some habits -- like a daily cup o' joe in your bathrobe -- are fairly harmless. Others, however, can be more damaging to your health. Stay on the up and up with this deal:
• $59 (regularly $125) for one-hour hypnotherapy session
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• Schedule an appointment Monday through Saturday
Quit Smoking, Meet Weight-Loss Goals, and More
Certified consulting hypnotist Linda Plamondon strives to foster positive thinking by empowering each client. Every session begins with a broad discussion of your lifestyle and goals before Plamondon walks you through the self-hypnosis process, aiming to bolster your self-perception to help you potentially redirect energies toward a desired change.
PAID VALUE EXPIRES ON February 23, 2022
PROMOTIONAL VALUE EXPIRES ON November 24, 2013


text:
Amazon to create 5,000 jobs in UK
Insight: highest average January spend for online retail in seven years
New figures have shown that UK online retail sales rose by 12% year-on-year in January as the average basket value also increased.
London retail tourism industry boosted by strong growth in 2016
London's retail tourism industry achieved strong growth in 2016 as international tax free shopping spend in the capital climbed by 15% year-on-year.
Laura Ashley warns on profit as like-for-like sales fall
Fashion and home furnishings retailer Laura Ashley has said its full year profit will fall below market expectations after reporting a 3.5% drop in first half like-for-like retail sales.
Finding a platform for growth – how to choose your next website provider
One of the brilliant effects of the internet is that you don't need a premises to kick off a business, or a till, or even a market stool. All you need is your product, some determination, and a website – and many of the most successful e-commerce brands started off with just that.
Amazon dominated UK paid search in 2016
New figures have revealed that Amazon.co.uk was the leading UK retailer in paid search advertising during the last year.
Insight: consumers want more retail apps to incorporate AI and AR
A new study has found that nearly 30% of consumers would like to see more innovation in mobile apps to enable the technology to provide a more personalised shopping experience.
Mobile continues to revolutionise retail
Mobile devices are increasingly impacting people's lives and this is continuing to affect the way they engage with retailers. Merchants are recognising this as a driver to transforming their business models in order to satisfy the more complex demands of customers.
The White Company to create statement store at Bluewater
Luxury lifestyle brand The White Company is upsizing at the Bluewater retail and leisure destination to create a 5,881 square foot statement store on Bluewater's lower Guildhall.
The Works appoints non-exec director
The Works has appointed Stuart Warriner to its board as a non-executive director.


text:
Our List of Miami's Best Concerts of 2010
Maybe you're the kind of high-minded individual who enjoys the occasional night out at the opera. Or maybe you spend every Saturday night losing your mind to murder thrash in an abandoned Coconut Grove bomb shelter. Either way, you've probably put together your very own Ten Greatest Moments in Live Music.
So did we! And while our list generally avoids both opera and murder thrash, there's still a little something for everybody. We got pop and and rock and rap and R&B and indie dance and metal and a ton of other stuff.
See the cut for the full list. And sneak a peek regularly 'cause we'll be posting new entries several times per day.
The Big Winners
Upcoming Events
Fabolous Featuring Jadakiss. Freddy Vs Jason Tour
TicketsThu., Mar. 2, 7:00pm
Jacob Sartorius
TicketsFri., Mar. 3, 6:30pm
The Fab Faux
TicketsFri., Mar. 3, 8:00pm
Willie Nelson
TicketsSat., Mar. 4, 7:30pm
Amos Lee
TicketsSat., Mar. 4, 8:00pm
-Rihanna at the American Airlines Arena, July 31
-Major Lazer at Grand Central, May 15
-Swedish House Mafia's Masquerade Motel Miami, October 30
-The Roots, Q-Tip, Eve, and Bobby Brown at the Ice Palace, September 25
-Phoenix at the Fillmore Miami Beach, October 27
-Crystal Castles at Grand Central, September 11
-Metric at Art Basel Miami Beach's Art Loves Music, December 1
-Air at the Fillmore Miami Beach, March 13
-LCD Soundsystem at the Fillmore Miami Beach, October 6
-Massive Attack and Thievery Corporation at Bayfront Park Amphitheater, October 26
The Runners-Up
-Fucked Up at Churchill's Pub, September 14
-Lauryn Hill at the University of Miami Homecoming, November 5
-Rick Ross and Raekwon at Sneaker Pimps, October 23
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7-2 Consumer Loans Formal, negotiated contracts Specify the terms for borrowing Specify the repayment schedule One-time transaction Normally used to pay for big- ticket items
7-3 Types of Consumer Loans Auto Durable goods Education loans Personal loans Consolidation loans
7-4 Student Loans Federally sponsored loans: Stafford loans (Direct & Federal Family Education Loans—FEEL) Perkins loans Supplemental Loans for Students (SLS) Parent Loans (PLUS)
7-5 Obtaining a Student Loan : –Demonstrate financial need –Make satisfactory progress in school –No defaults on other student loans! * It all starts with a FASFA!
7-6 Repaying Student Loans Low interest rates With Stafford & Perkins loans — interest doesn't accrue until you're out! Consolidate your loans and repay: –Extended repayment plan –Graduated repayment schedule –Income-contingent repayment plan Don't default!
7-7 Repaying Consumer Loans Single Payment or Installment Fixed or Variable Interest Rate
7-8 Where Can You Get Consumer Loans ? Traditional financial institutions –Commercial banks –Credit Unions –Savings and Loan Associations Consumer finance companies –Specialize in high-risk borrowers –Together with banks and credit unions make ~75% of consumer loans
7-9 Other sources include: Sales finance companies –Third party financing –Include captive finance companies, such as GMAC Life insurance companies –Loan against cash value of certain types of policies Friends and relatives Pawn shops
7-10 Managing Your Credit Shop carefully before borrowing Compare loan features –Finance charges and loan maturity –Total cost of transaction –Collateral requirements –Other features, such as payment date, prepayment penalties and late fees
7-11 Keep Track of Your Credit! Keep inventory sheet of debt Know total monthly payments Know total debt outstanding Check your debt safety ratio— Total monthly consumer debt pmts Monthly take-home pay
7-12 Repaying Your Loan 1. Single payment loans 2. Installment loans BANK
7-13 1. Single Payment Loans: Specified time period, usually less than 1 year. Payment due in full at maturity. Payment includes principal and interest. May require collateral. Loan rollover may be possible if borrower is unable to repay in time.
7-14 Calculating Finance Charges on Single-Payment Loans: Simple Interest Method –Calculated on the outstanding balance. Discount Method –Interest calculated on the principal, –Then subtracted from loan amount; remainder goes to borrower. –Finance charges are paid in advance. –APR will be higher than stated interest rate.
7-15 Example: Calculate the finance charges and APR on a $1000 loan for 2 years at an annual interest rate of 12%. (Assume interest is the only finance charge.)
7-16 Using the Simple Interest Method: Interest = Principal x Rate x Time = $1000 x.12 x 2 Finance Charges = $240 Borrower receives loan amount ($1000) now— And pays back loan amount plus finance charges ($1000 + $240) at end of time period. Most consumer friendly method—APR will be the same as the stated rate.
7-17 Using the Simple Interest Method: Annual Percentage Rate = Average annual finance charge Average loan balance outstanding APR = ($240 2) $1000 = $120 $1000 =.12 = 12%
7-18 Using the Discount Method: Interest = Principal x Rate x Time = $1000 x.12 x 2 Finance Charges = $240 Finance charges calculated the same way as in simple interest method— But are then subtracted from loan amount ($1000 – $240). Borrower receives the remainder ($760) now and pays back the loan amount ($1000) at end of time period.
7-19 Using the Discount Method: Annual Percentage Rate = Average annual finance charge Average loan balance outstanding APR = ($240 2) ($1000 – $240) = $120 $760 =.158 = 15.8%
7-20 Comparing the Two Methods:
7-21 2. Installment Loans: Repaid in a series of equal payments. Each payment is part principal and part interest. Maturities range from 6 months to 7–10 years or longer. Usually require collateral.
7-22 Calculating Finance Charges on Installment Loans: Simple Interest Method –Calculated on the outstanding (declining) balance each period. Add-On Method –Finance charges calculated on original loan balance — – And then added to principal. –Costly form of consumer credit!
7-23 Example: Calculate the finance charges and APR on a $1000 loan to be repaid in 12 monthly installments at an annual interest rate of 12%. (Assume interest is the only finance charge.)
7-24 Calculator (Set on 12 P/YR and END mode:) 1000 +/-PV 12I/YR 12 N PMT$88.85 Use Exhibit 7.6 (Table calculated using $1000 loan) Find payment for 12 months at 12% interest: $88.85 [Note: Use the AMORT feature on your calculator to create following table.]
7-25 Mo.Beg. Bal.PMTInterest PrincipalEnd. Bal. 1$1,000.00$88.85$10.00 $78.85$921.15 2$ 921.15$88.85 $ 9.21 $79.64$841.51 3$ 841.51$88.85 $ 8.42 $80.43$761.08 4$ 761.08$88.85 $ 7.61 $81.24$679.84 5$ 679.84$88.85 $ 6.80 $82.05$597.79 6$ 597.79$88.85 $ 5.98 $82.87$514.92 7$ 514.92$88.85 $ 5.15 $83.70$431.22 8$ 431.22$88.85 $ 4.31 $84.54$346.68 9$ 346.68$88.85 $ 3.47 $85.38$261.30 10$ 261.30$88.85 $ 2.61 $86.24$175.06 11$ 175.06$88.85 $ 1.75 $87.10$ 87.96 12$ 87.96$88.85 $ 0.89 $87.96$ 0
7-26 Using the Simple Interest Method: Simple interest is figured on the outstanding loan balance each period. Each payment causes the outstanding loan balance to decrease. Each subsequent payment, then, will incur a lower finance charge, so — More of the next payment will go towards repaying the principal or outstanding loan balance!
7-27 Simple Interest Method Continued: This is the method financial calculators use when solving for interest. When simple interest method is used, whether for single payment or installment loans, Stated Rate = APR In this example, APR = 12% and rate per period= 12% 12 = 1% per month.
7-28 $88.85 x 12= $1,066.20 Loan amount= – 1,000.00 Interest paid= $ 66.20 Total amount paid over the 12- month period:
7-29 Using the Add-On Method: Calculate finance charges on the original loan amount: $1000 x.12 x 1 = $120 Add these charges to principal: $120 + $1000 = $1,120 Divide this amount by the number of periods to arrive at payment: $1,120 12 = $93.33
7-30 Add-On Method Continued: Use financial calculator to figure APR for the Add-On Method using the payment just determined and solve for interest: Set on 12 P/YR and END mode: 1000 +/-PV 93.33PMT 12 N I/YR21.45%
7-31 $93.33 x 12= $1,120.00 Loan amount= – 1,000.00 Interest paid= $ 120.00 Total amount paid over the 12- month period:
7-32 Comparing the Two Methods:
7-33 More on Loans: Carefully examine Installment Purchase Contract—it contains the terms of the loan. Finance charges must include not only interest but also any other required charges. Total charges, not just interest, must be used to calculate APR.
7-34 Other Loan Considerations: Prepayment penalties Does the lender use Rule of 78s? Credit life insurance and disability requirements Avoid if possible and get term insurance instead! Buy on time or pay cash? May be better to pay cash — If you have it!
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Wordpress API Fixing and development
This project was awarded to sabyasachidatta for $10 USD.Get free quotes for a project like this
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As dark circles under your eyes can cause damage your face beauty, dark Knuckles or dark joints on your hands and foot joints also affects the beauty of your hand and feet. Excess formation of melanin causes hyper pigmentation, dead skin cells that accumulate on the skin cause the skin to get dark, external factors like more exposure in the sun , adequate care of hands and feet and excessive use of cosmetics are the main causes of Dark Knuckles. If you want to remove these dark joints permanently and naturally here we have some easy and useful natural home remedies to groom natural beauty of your hand and feet.
Best Natural Tips to Remove Dark Knuckles
Potato Paste
Make a paste of boiled Potato and mix 3-4 drops of Lemon juice , ½ teaspoon Honey, 1 tablespoon Milk or Yogurt, 2 pinches of Turmeric powder and 1 tablespoon Almond Oil in it. Apply this paste on your hands and feet dark knuckles for 20-25 minutes then remove it by rubbing it. Wash your hands and feet and dip your fingers in salted lukewarm water for 5-7 minutes. During this time rub your hands and feet knuckles with soft loofah sponge. Repeat this remedy twice in a week you will notice a visible positive change in dark knuckles of your hands and feet.
Almond with Milk Cream
Soak 8-10 Almonds in water for 5-6 hours then make a paste with fresh milk cream and mix 5-6 drops of Olive oil in it. Apply this paste on your fingers and make a little massage with it. Wear cotton gloves and socks on your hands and feet overnight. Next morning rub it with lemon juice and fresh milk cream for 5-6 minutes softly. Then wash your hands and feet with lukewarm water. You must feel the difference in 2-3 days effectively.
Gooseberry Extracts
Gooseberry is rich in vitamin C and it is best to protect the skin from damage and also reduces dark spots naturally. Boil 2 or 3 crushed gooseberries in one cup water for 5 minutes and place it to cool. Dip a cotton swab in it and apply it on dark skin area for 30 minutes daily. Within one or two weeks powerful skin lightening properties of gooseberry extracts makes dark knuckles whiter.
Calendula Flower Paste with Yogurt
Healing and prevent from infection properties of calendula (gaynda) paste best tip for dry skin care. Make a thick paste with one tablespoon of yogurt and one tea spoon of calendula paste. Rub your hands vigorously for about 15 minutes. Skin bleaching properties of yogurt works wonderfully for dry skin.
Egg White with Gram Flour
Make a paste with 1 Egg white, 1 teaspoon Honey and 1-2 tablespoons of Gram flour. Apply this paste daily on your hands and feet dark knuckles for 15-20 minutes. Then wet it with milk or water and keep rubbing with a Pumice Stone for 5-6 minutes then wash with lukewarm water. Continued use of this remedy 2-3 times in a week you can have whiter and soft fingers.
Rice Flour
Rice flour is an ideal scrubber to remove dead skin cells and causes dark skin. Make a thick paste with rice flour and milk apply it on your fingers. Rub it for 10 minutes and leave it to dry, wash with lukewarm water. Apply it twice a week to remove dead skin cells and to promote new skin cells.
Salted Milk
Mix 4-5 tablespoons of Salt in ½ cup of Fresh Raw Milk and apply it on damp skin with a cotton ball on your hands and feet 3-4 times during the day when it dried up wet it again with cotton ball repeat it for 15-20 minutes. A very simple, easy and effective remedy for white and beautiful hands and feet.
Lemon Juice with Sugar
Mix 2 tablespoon of sugar in one tablespoon of Lemon juice and rub on your hand and feet for 10-15 minutes. Skin whitening properties of lemon and exfoliating properties of sugar best natural way to remove darkness of skin,
Rose Water with Baking Soda
Mix Rose Water in Baking Soda and make a paste. Apply this paste on dark knuckles and leave it for 5-6 minutes then take a lemon cut and dip it in Glycerine. Start rubbing with it on your fingers for 5-7 minutes and leave it again for 8-10 minutes. Wash your hands and feet with normal water. Very effective tip to remove darkness of skin.
Papaya Peels with Yogurt
Make a paste of Papaya Peels and mix it in sour Yogurt. Apply it over your hands and feet for 15-20 minutes. Keep rubbing it during this time then wash with lukewarm water.Fingers skin color become lighter.
Dried Lemon Peels Powder, Baking Soda, Fennel Water and Green Papaya
Prepare 1/2 cup fennel water with one tablespoon fennel seeds and half cup water to boil it. Place it to cool, now add 2 tablespoons dried lemon peels powder, 2 tablespoons green papaya peels paste and 4 to 5 pinches of baking soda. Make a fine creamy paste and keep it in a bottle. Daily apply it on affected area and take a light massage with your finger tips for 30 minutes. Wash with normal water. Within one week see the results.
What to Add and What to Avoid
- Avoid rubbing with too hard and harsh stone.
- Use pumice stone or soft loofah daily when you came from outside.
- Avoid to wash your hand and feet with extra hot water.
- Apply cucumber or tomato juice on your hand and feet as SPF before going in the sun.


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18 to 22 March
The Book on One is a celebration of writing from all over the world, with five 15-minute excerpts from a single book broadcast each week.
13 to 24 February - 'Sense and Sensibility' by Jane Austen, read by Kathy Rose O'Brien.
Two hundred years after Austen's death, a new recording of her enduringly popular novel about the Dashwood sisters – sensible Elinor and impetuous Marianne.
You can listen back to the last four weeks of The Book on One here: Listen
['Listen' will open the most recent episode in the RTÉ Radio Player. If you would like to hear an earlier episode, please click on 'Listen back further' - in the middle of the Player screen - which will open a calendar.]
6 to 10 February - 'Dinosaurs On Other Planets' by Danielle McLaughlin, read by Andrew Bennett.
30 January to 3 February - 'Astray', short stories by Emma Donoghue, read by Caitríona Ní Mhurchú.
'Even The Dogs' - the winner of last year's International Impac Dublin Literary Award – moves through the minds of a group of homeless heroin addicts in the wake of their friend's death.
Jon McGregor's uncompromising novel – which pieces together one man's story and the gradual disintegration of his world – is an intimate portrait of lives lived at the edge of society.
The reader is Gary Murphy.
'Even The Dogs' by Jon McGregor is published by Bloomsbury.
Currently available for playback:
18 to 22 February: Fiona Shaw reads 'A World of Love' by Elizabeth Bowen.
25 February to 1 March: Megan Riordan reads 'The Best of Everything' by Rona Jaffe.
4 to 8 March: Patrick deWitt reads his novel 'The Sisters Brothers'.
3 to 28 September 2012: 'Hard Times' by Charles Dickens, read by Conor Farrington.
Click on 3 September in the Programme Archive.
11 to 15 February 2013: 'Pride and Prejudice' by Jane Austen, read by Karen Ardiff.
Click on 11 February in the Programme Archive.


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Hey guys ~ I had a personalized yeti cup to create and thought it would be a great way to share how I created the split letter using Cricut Design Space and my Cricut Explore die cutting machine. This video is a step by step tutorial that shows how I created the letter, split the letter, resize and turn the letters a different color. I also share how to attach the image together so that the … [Read more...]
Roses & Pearls Valentine Wreath
Hello! This project was so fun to put together and definitely outside the box for my decorating style. I like it though and if you're curious about how I did it I have a whole process video to share with you. Watch below or click here to watch on YouTube. Supplies: - 12" floral foam wreath - 8 bushes red roses - ivory felt - ivory pick - T … [Read more...]
Glittered SNOW Letters || Creating Beautiful Wood Decor
Hello my blogging friends and welcome! Today I am sharing how I took some painted wood letters, added glitter to make a shimmery winter decor addition. I hope you like them too. I like glitter BUT of course a minimal amount. I like the look of it but do not like the mess. I am sure most of you agree with that, right? I'd love it if you'd watch my take on decorating these letters and let me … [Read more...]
Winter Blessings Deco Mesh Wreath with Hand Painted Sign
Hello my crafty friends and welcome to my blog today! Today I have a Fun, Fluffy and Fabulous Winter Wreath to share with you..... these are so beautiful and I love how the whole project turned out!. I hope you like it too! Watch below or click here to watch on YouTube Supplies: silver tinsel tie work wreath 21" Snowball deco … [Read more...]


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Hollywood Golf
Hollywood's goal is to expose young people to educational
opportunities through the sport of Golf. Emphasis is on golf,
citizenship, and good living.
Age:Young people ages 4-23
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Ghost Soldiers
By (author) Hampton Sides
Format: Paperback
Normal Price: $24.99
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Shipping: $7.95 per order
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Ghost Soldiers by Hampton Sides
Book DescriptionOn a parched evening in the Philippines 53 years ago, 511 American POWs were saved from almost certain death. A force of elite US troops from the Sixth Ranger Battalion slipped 30 miles behind enemy lines and marched for three days through jungle and peat swamps. They stormed the camp at dusk, killing over 250 Japanese soldiers, rounded up the dazed prisoners and led them out of the gate. With bullets and mortars whining past, the Rangers hauled the prisoners across the Pampanga river and led them down a network of secret paths, past an 8000-man-strong phalanx of Japanese troops. A guerilla force of a few hundred men ambushed the Japanese, destroying a series of bridges along the river, holding off the enemy long enough for the POWs to escape. Today, the raid on Cabanatuan remains the largest and most successful operation of its kind ever undertaken by the US army. A mission of mercy, the raid was of immense symbolic importance for the USA in its fight against the Japanese. Dramatic, gripping, horrifying, GHOST SOLDIERS is narrative history at its best.
Buy Ghost Soldiers book by Hampton Sides from Australia's Online Bookstore, Boomerang Books.
Book DetailsISBN: 9780349117881
(197mm x 126mm x 23mm)
Pages: 352
Imprint: Abacus
Publisher: Little, Brown Book Group
Publish Date: 18-Aug-2005
Country of Publication: United Kingdom
Other Editions...
Books By Author Hampton Sides
In the Kingdom of Ice, Paperback (September 2015)
A harrowing tale of courage and sacrifice at the limits of human endurance
Landscape Dreams, a New Mexico Portrait, Hardback (September 2012)
This collection of ninety elegantly composed black-and-white images by one of New Mexico's most accomplished photographers, celebrates the state's captivating physical variety and enduring allure.
Hellhound on His Trail, Paperback (May 2011)» View all books by Hampton Sides
A story of two very different men whose lives catastrophically interweaved over the course of some nine months in the late 1960s: one was a thief and con man called James Earl Ray, the other one of the greatest American figures of the twentieth century, Martin Luther King Jr Hampton Sides follows in Ray's footsteps as he escapes from prison.
UK Kirkus Review » In January 1945, U.S. troops began the invasion of Bataan, the Philippines peninsular that had been the scene of their ignominious and bitter surrender three years earlier. This time things would be different. Yet, as the American Generals prepared to drive the Japanese out of the country, an awkward and delicate problem presented itself. Between the U.S. army and Manila was the prisoner-of-war camp at Cabanatuan. The Americans knew that as soon as they approached the area there was a good chance that the Japanese would massacre all the prisoners, as they had done at several other places in the Philippines. But the men in the camp were American soldiers left behind when Bataan surrendered. Grudgingly abandoned and left to their fate at the hands of the Japanese, they represented guilt and sorrow to their country. To lose them in such a manner was unthinkable. So a daring plan was devised to rescue the men before the advance continued. Lieutenant Colonel Henry Mucci's 6th Rangers were given this clandestine mission, to bring them all back alive. But they didn't have much time and, unknown to them, the Japanese army, now in retreat, was gathering in the area. Hampton Sides has managed to turn a piece of history into a cracking good yarn. Intercutting the advance of the Rangers with the stories of the inmates and details of daily life at the camp, he keeps the tension high. He focuses on the stories of a number of eyewitnesses, creating an immediacy through their narrative. Sides does not flinch from recounting the horrors of the death march from Bataan or the appalling conditions in which Allied prisoners were expected to live, detailing too the extraordinary resilience of the imprisoned men, the ingenuity of mind and spirit that is possible when placed under such duress. (Kirkus UK)
» Have you read this book? We'd like to know what you think about it - write a review about Ghost Soldiers book by Hampton Sides and you'll earn 50c in Boomerang Bucks loyalty dollars (you must be a member - it's free to sign up!)
Author Biography - Hampton Sides
Hampton Sides is a correspondent and columnist for Outside, an award-winning monthly magazine based in Santa Fe. His articles have appeared in the New York Times, New Republic and the Washington Post, among others. He lives in Santa Fe with wife Anne, a journalist.
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