text:
aus dem MARUM und dem Fachbereich Geowissenschaften der Universität Bremen
- Peregrine Cunningham
- 1 years ago
- Views:
1 aus dem MARUM und dem Fachbereich Geowissenschaften der Universität Bremen No. 297 Kopf, A., Asshoff, K., Belke-Brea, M., Bergenthal, M., Bohrmann, G., Bräunig, A., Düssmann, R., Feseker, T., Fleischmann, T., Franke, P.D., Geprägs, P., Hammerschmidt, S., Heesemann, B., Herschelmann, O., Hüpers, A., Ikari, M.J., Kaszemaik, K.M., Kaul, N., Kimura, T., Kitada, K., Klar, S., Lange, M., Madison, M., Mai, A.H., Noorlander, C., Pape, T., Rehage, R., Reuter, C., Reuter, M., Rosiak, U.D., Saffer, D.M., Schmidt, W., Seiter, C., Spiesecke, U., Stachowski, A., Takanori, O., Tryon, M., Vahlenkamp, M., Wei, J., Wiemer, G., Wintersteller, P., Zarrouk, M.K. Report and preliminary results of R/ V SONNE cruise SO222 MEMO MeBo drilling and in situ Long-term Monitoring in the Nankai Trough accretionary complex, Japan Leg A: Hong Kong, PR China, Nagoya, Japan, Leg B: Nagoya, Japan, Pusan, Korea, Berichte, MARUM Zentrum für Marine Umweltwissenschaften, Fachbereich Geowissenschaften, Universität Bremen, No. 297, 121 pages, Bremen 2013 ISSN
2 Berichte aus dem MARUM und dem Fachbereich Geowissenschaften der Universität Bremen published by MARUM Center for Marine Environmental Sciences Leobener Strasse, Bremen, Germany and Fachbereich Geowissenschaften der Universität Bremen Klagenfurter Strasse, Bremen, Germany The "Berichte aus dem MARUM und dem Fachbereich Geowissenschaften der Universität Bremen" appear at irregular intervals and serve for the publication of cruise, project and technical reports arising from the scientific work by members of the publishing institutions. Citation: Kopf, A., Asshoff, K., Belke-Brea, M., Bergenthal, M., Bohrmann, G., Bräunig, A., Düssmann, R., Feseker, T., Fleischmann, T., Franke, P.D., Geprägs, P., Hammerschmidt, S., Heesemann, B., Herschelmann, O., Hüpers, A., Ikari, M.J., Kaszemaik, K.M., Kaul, N., Kimura, T., Kitada, K., Klar, S., Lange, M., Madison, M., Mai, A.H., Noorlander, C., Pape, T., Rehage, R., Reuter, C., Reuter, M., Rosiak, U.D., Saffer, D.M., Schmidt, W., Seiter, C., Spiesecke, U., Stachowski, A., Takanori, O., Tryon, M., Vahlenkamp, M., Wei, J., Wiemer, G., Wintersteller, P., Zarrouk, M.K. Report and preliminary results of R/V SONNE cruise SO222. MEMO: MeBo drilling and in situ Long-term Monitoring in the Nankai Trough accretionary complex, Japan. Leg A: Hong Kong, PR China, Nagoya, Japan, Leg B: Nagoya, Japan, Pusan, Korea, Berichte, MARUM Zentrum für Marine Umweltwissenschaften, Fachbereich Geowissenschaften, Universität Bremen, No. 297, 121 pages. Bremen, ISSN An electronic version of this report can be downloaded from: Printed copies can be ordered from: Monika Bachur, MARUM Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Leobener Strasse, Bremen, Germany Phone: (49) Fax: (49) For editorial concerns please contact
3 Table of Contents Participants RV Sonne 4 Participating institutions 6 1. Abstract 7 2. Introduction 8 3. Regional geology The Nankai Trough subduction zone The IODP NanTroSEIZE project The MEMO project Narrative of the cruise Methods CTD, Seafloor and Parasound surveys In situ temperature measurements In situ CPT testing CAT-meters MeBo- and Gravity coring / sediment description / IR imagery Physical properties Fluid geochemistry ROV operations Observatories TV grab Preliminary Results CTD, Seafloor and Parasound surveys In situ temperature measurements In situ CPT testing CAT-meters MeBo- and Gravity coring / sediment description / IR imagery Physical properties Fluid geochemistry ROV operations Observatories TV grab References Acknowledgements Appendices Station list Lithologs, core photographs and shear strength n/a 9.3. MSCL data n/a 9.4. Weekly reports to PtJ / BMBF (in German) n/a 3
4 Personnel aboard R/V Sonne Leg A: Dr. Achim Kopf (MARUM), Chief scientist Markus Bergenthal (MARUM), MeBo Uwe Rosiak (MARUM), MeBo Kai Kaszemeik (MARUM), MeBo Steffen Klar (MARUM), MeBo Christian Seiter (MARUM), MeBo Werner Schmidt (MARUM), MeBo Ralf Düssmann (MARUM), MeBo Adrian Stachowksi (MARUM), MeBo Uli Spiesecke (MARUM), MeBo Cornelis Noorlander (MARUM), MeBo Matthias Lange (MARUM), CPT Dr. Matt Ikari (MARUM), Physical properties Dr. Andre Hüpers (MARUM), Sedimentology Maximilian Vahlenkamp (Univ. Bremen), Sedimentology Takanori Ojima (AORI, Univ. Tokyo), Sedimentology Dr. Norbert Kaul (Univ. Bremen), Heat flow Bernd Heesemann (Univ. Bremen), Heat flow Jiangong Wei (Univ. Bremen), Core lab, IR imagery Timo Fleischmann (MARUM), Core Lab, Observatories Sebastian Hammerschmidt (MARUM), Core Lab, Observatories Dr. Thomas Pape (Univ. Bremen), Gas chemistry, gas hydrates Patrizia Geprägs (Univ. Bremen), Gas chemistry, gas hydrates Dr. Michael Tryon (SCRIPPS), Inorganic geochemistry, Flowmeters Anja Bräunig (Univ. Bremen), Inorganic/organic geochemistry 4
5 Leg B: Dr. Achim Kopf (MARUM), Chief scientist Christian Reuter (MARUM), ROV Christian Seiter (MARUM), ROV Michael Reuter (MARUM), ROV Philipp Franke (MARUM), ROV Oliver Herschelmann (MARUM), ROV Marcel Zarrouk (MARUM), ROV Ralf Rehage (MARUM), ROV HoangAnh Mai (MARUM), ROV Maximilian Vahlenkamp (Univ. Bremen), Sedimentology Maria Belke-Brea (MARUM), CPT, Sedimentology Timo Fleischmann (MARUM), Core Lab, Observatories Sebastian Hammerschmidt (MARUM), Core Lab, Observatories Dr. Tomas Feseker (Univ. Bremen), Heat flow Kira Asshoff (Univ. Bremen), Heat flow Toshinori Kimura (JAMSTEC) Observatories, DONET Dr. Kazuya Kitada (JAMSTEC) Observatories, DONET Patrizia Geprägs (Univ. Bremen), Gas chemistry Dr. Paul Wintersteller (Univ. Bremen), Mapping Dr. Gerhard Bohrmann (MARUM), Gas flares, gas hydrates Melissa Madison (UCA), Organic geochemistry Anja Bräunig (Univ. Bremen), Inorganic chemistry 5
6 Participating institutions DFG-Excellence Cluster MARUM University Bremen Leobener Strasse Bremen --- GERMANY Univ. Bremen, Department of Geosciences Klagenfurter Strasse Bremen --- GERMANY Earthquake and Tsunami Research Project for Disaster Prevention Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC) 2-15 Natsushima-cho Yokosuka, JAPAN Ocean Research Institute The University of Tokyo Minamidai Nakano, Tokyo JAPAN SCRIPPS Institution of Oceanography University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla --- USA 6
7 Abstract Approximately 90% of the seismic moment on Earth is released in often devastating subduction zone earthquakes (EQs). In the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP), the study of seismogenesis along an active convergent margin plays a key role in the form of a multi-expedition effort named NanTroSEIZE (Nankai Trough Seismogenic Zone Experiment). To date, eight expeditions (IODP Expeditions , 319, 322, 326, ) drilled 12 sites along a transect from the incoming plate across the frontal accretionary prism to the forearc basin. Two holes are currently equippe dwith long-term instruments (C0002, C0010). The project Sonne SO222 MEMO, MeBo drilling & in situ long-term Monitoring offshore Japan (Nankai Trough Accretionary Prism), aims to extend the long-term monitoring efforts to active mud volcanoes in the northern Kumano Basin. These features carry gas hydrates and deep-seated fluids, most likely tapping into the seismogenic zone at a depth of several km below seafloor, and are also overlying an area of high strains and a locked plate boundary-thrust. Cruise SO222 sampled both mud volcanoes and background sediments and installed long-term monitoring devices in key locations. The main results of the two legs SO222A and SO222B include: - The discovery of 5 new, previously not reported mud volcanoes, so that there are 13 MVs in the Kumano Basin now; - Gas hydrate presence in many of the features; - Enigmatic pore fluid signatures with high B, Li and Sr, but low Mg in the pore waters, suggesting deep-seated fluid origin; - Successful installation of of 4 MeBo borehole observatories in a total of six holes drilled in appx. 2 km water depth; - Successful installation of six CAT flowmeters on the most active mud volcanoes in the Kumano field; - Successful operation on so-called MeBoCORK observatories with ROV Quest; - Recovery of gravity and MeBo cores as well as TV grab that contain a suite of clasts in the mud breccias that span the range from soft to hard rocks and cover all grain size classes of sedimentary rocks, but also comprise magmatic materials and deformed rocks; - Gas composition attests a biogenic origin for the majority of the mud domes visited; - Heat flow data attest active flow in at least some of the mud domes; however, - No active venting was neither observed by acoustic techniques nor by direct observation with ROV or TV-grab. 7
8 2. Introduction The Nankai Trough, Japan (Fig. 1A) is one of the best-studied subduction systems on Earth, and has emerged as one key focus of earthquake research since NanTroSEIZE was set up. We here reiterate the scientific rationale of CORK (Circulation Obviation Retrofit Kit) instruments, and then introduce the regional geology (3.1), the results from NanTroSEIZE drilling operations (3.2), and the main objectives of the BMBF-funded MEMO project using RV Sonne during expedition SO222 (3.3), where simple CORK instruments were deployed. Long-term in situ hydrologic and geophysical measurements in borehole observatories have been recognized as a key element in the IODP Initial Science Plan [IODP, 2001], and are also mentioned prominently in the new IODP Science Plan Discovering Earth s Hidden Frontiers through Scientific Ocean Drilling for The time series of data provided by long-term observatories are critical toward understanding strain and fault slip at plate boundaries, the fluxes of volatiles and chemical budgets at subduction systems, and the role of fluids in mechanical, chemical, biological, and thermal processes beneath the seafloor. Over the past several years, long-term observations of pore pressure, temperature, and fluid chemistry in sealed ODP/IODP boreholes have produced a wealth of data that have significantly advanced our understanding of subseafloor deformation and hydrogeology. For example, monitoring of pore pressure and temperature coupled with continuous sampling of pore waters for chemical analysis have provided constraints on fluid flow systems associated with globally significant transport of heat and solutes [e.g., Davis & Becker, 1994, 2001, 2002; Becker et al., 2004; Fisher et al., 1997]. Direct measurement of ambient pore pressure attested the key role of fluids in impacting fault mechanical behaviour [e.g., Foucher et al., 1997; Becker et al., 1997]. The analysis of tidally-driven pressure changes has provided a powerful means to quantify formation and fluid elastic and hydrologic properties in many settings and potentially to resolve changes in formation properties associated with strain events [e.g., Becker & Davis, 2003]. Figure 1: A) Satellite view of the island of Japan with the Nankai Trough drilling area marked. B) Locations of VLF earthquakes (M ) in the Nankai Trough in [from Obara & Ito, 2005]. Focal mechanisms and locations for the events off Kii Peninsula are consistent with reverse faulting within the accretionary wedge. 8
9 Recent observations of fluid pressure transients have been linked to both coseismic and interseismic deformation [Husen & Kissling, 2001; Davis et al., 2001, 2006], highlighting the potential to characterize patterns of strain accumulation and release through the seismic cycle. These transients cover a wide range of temporal scales and reinforce seismological and geodetic observations that indicate e.g., episodic slow slip [e.g., Rogers & Dragert, 2003; Obara et al., 2004], aseismic creep [Davis et al., 2006], and earthquakes with an anomalously large low-frequency source component [e.g., Obara & Ito, 2005; Obara et al., 2004; Ito & Obara, 2006] (see also Fig. 1B). Seafloor observations of fluid expulsion have also documented links between subduction zone seismicity and hydrologic processes in the shallow subsurface [Brown et al., 2005]. Although such studies have locally provided exciting in situ observations, a quantitative understanding of the relationship between fault slip processes and associated strain, pore pressure, and fluid flow in the surrounding sediment (and crust) has been lacking both detail and wide spatial coverage. To overcome these deficits, a network of collocated observatories for pore pressure, seismicity, and strain is needed [Davis et al., 2006]. When translated to the Nankai Trough subduction zone (Fig. 2A), two CORK systems are presently in operation along the Muroto transect, Central Nankai (Sites 808 and 1173, open circles). In addition, two borehole observatories have very recently been installed along the Kii transect (Fig. 2B, Sites C0002 and C0010 for details see below). Although the proposed new observatories to be installed with the MeBo drill rig are not part of the NanTroSEIZE operations sensu stricto, they aim at understanding the hydrologic behavior of the Japan subduction megathrust and use mud volcanoes juxtaposing deep-seated faults. Multi-phase, multi-expedition drilling off Cape Kii extends from the Kumano forearc basin all the way out to the subducting Philippine Sea Plate, and overlies a zone of coseismic slip along the plate boundary during the 1944 Tonankai M 8.2 earthquake, as defined by seismic waveform and tsunami inversions [Tanioka & Satake, 2001; Ichinose et al., 2003; Kikuchi et al., 2003] (Fig. 1B, shaded area). The series of drillsites serves to (i) characterize the subduction inputs (including basement) and penetrate both the plate boundary thrust and a mega-splay fault initiating from it in several locations and depth levels (see Fig. 2). Pore pressure monitoring in the observatories of some selected drill sites (C0002, C0009, C0010 curently envisaged) will achieve three main scientific objectives: (i) document ambient pore pressures at several depth intervals, (ii) provide constraints on formation elastic and hydraulic properties from the response to tidal loading at the seafloor, and (iii) record hydraulic transients related to strain and/or episodic fluid flow. Obtaining reliable measurements of ambient pore pressure will provide insight into hypotheses invoking fluids as a cause of mechanical weakness in faults and wall rock, and constrain regional scale models used to estimate pore pressures at greater depths [e.g., Screaton et al., 2005]. Hydraulic transients can be used as a highly sensitive proxy for volumetric strain, and offer the opportunity to investigate the 9
10 relationship between fluid pressure, strain accumulation, and fault slip at an active margin [e.g., Davis et al., 2001, 2004, 2006]. All downhole pore pressure monitoring systems have to be complemented by high-resolution temperature monitoring as these data provide a simple means of controlling the integrity of the borehole seals at the seafloor as well as sensitive indicators of transient pore water flux events [Heesemann et al., 2006]. Figure 2: Location map showing locations of previous DSDP and ODP Nankai Trough drilling and planned NanTroSEIZE drillsites. A) Map of western (Cape Ashizuri transect) and central (Cape Muroto transect) Nankai drilling including site numbers. The open circles show present CORK installations. B) Map of NanTroSEIZE drill sites to date [from Kopf et al., 2011]. Data for this proposal will be obtained from the Kumano mud volcano field marked by the pink circle. Given that pore water flux plays a crucial role in the pressure evolution, and added advantage would be to also use hydraulic pore pressure lines for fluid sampling. This has been done in ODP/IODP for two decades, and the majority of the boreholes CORKed and used for sampling were located in oceanic crust (or sediments overlying crust). Among the large number of scientific papers having originated from those observatories and fluid studies, three articles are of particular interest to the general scientific community and also of relevance for what is proposed for the MeBo CORKs (this proposal). One is a compilation of first-order scientific results spanning hydrogeological, physical and geochemical conclusions [Kastner et al., 2006]. The other paper highlights the evolution of CORK design and physical sensors, methods of submersible operation, and an outlook for future work and funding pathways [Becker & Davis, 2005]. The third manuscript focuses on fluid sampling capabilities and chemical sensors associated with CORK observatories during the past two decades [Wheat et al., in press] and outlines a number of pitfalls in this field which we aimed to avoid when deploying much simpler, smaller and affordable MeBo CORK instruments (see Ch. 3.3). 10
11 In subduction zones, large volumes of sediment are underthrust and eventually undergo diagenetic, metamorphic, and magma generation processes. Sediment has been shown to re-emerge in arc volcanoes based on typical geochemical signatures such as Be isotope values or depletion of high field strength elements (HFSE) relative to light rare earth elements (LREE) and large ion lithophile elements (LILE) at the volcanic arc (e.g. Tera et al., 1986; Morris et al., 1990; Brenan et al., 1995; Plank and Langmuir, 1998; Elliot et al., 1997). Afterwards, part of the sediment residue continues to sink into the mantle and becomes one of the potential sources of mantle plumes and/or heterogeneities (e.g., Kogiso et al., 1997; Kamber and Collerson, 2000). Despite the improvements of geophysical investigation techniques and numerous DSDP and ODP expeditions, there is a clear lack of understanding of the physico-chemical processes attendant to the subduction of sediment. This is particularly true for the mechanical processes controlling the the location and frictional behaviour of the plate boundary fault, but also regarding processes of fluid-rock interaction, mineral transformation, and devolatilisation that affect chemical cycling as well as effective strength of these materials (e.g. Dia et al., 1995; Johnson & Plank, 1999; Bebout et al., 1999). In the so-called subduction factory, there is a fundamental difference between the inputs (i.e. incoming sediment and crust as well as material from frontal and basal subduction erosion) and outputs, most importantly accretion, underplating, fluid release, and arc and back-arc magmatism (Fig. 3). We suggest to regard mostly the fault-driven fluid release originating from the frontal and intermediate loop (Fig. 3), which will be quantified in situ using CAT fluxmeter systems (Tryon et al., 2001). Five of those systems were placed in key location in the northern part of the MedRidge during expedition P410 (Kopf et al., 2012) and are to be recovered during the cruise proposed here. The locations chosen were either surface outcrops of deep-seated faults or mud volcanoes believed to be actively emitting fuids from depth. small loop intermediate loop big loop prism seismogenic zone mantle crust mantle! mantle Figure 3: Schematic diagram of subduction zone devolitilisation in the frontal (short loop) as well as landward part of the forearc (intermediate loop) as well as the volcanic arc (big loop). 11
12 The interaction between solid sediment particles and trapped pore water has profound physical and chemical repercussions and starts immediately after deposition on the seafloor. Consolidation may only occur if the fluid pressure from the pores can dissipate; otherwise pore pressures build up and counteract cohesion and reduce the mechanical strength of the sediment. This has first been described by Hubbert & Rubey (1959) and ever since has been a matter of controversial debate (see e.g. Byerlee [1978] vs. Rice [1992]). In addition to the physical properties, chemistry of the solids and fluids is also affected after deposition (in particular the ad-/desorption processes on clay minerals). Both mechanical pore space reduction and diagenetic reactions cause a decrease in permeability. Processes active include clay mineral dehydration, alteration of biogenic opal, zeolite formation, dissolution of metastable mineral phases, to name just a few (see summary in Moore & Saffer, 2001). Such diagenetic to low-grade metamorphic processes may mobilise major (such as K, Na, Ca, Mg, Fe, S, and Si) and minor components (e.g. Cl, Ba, B, Sr, Cs, Li, Rb) as well as many other trace elements as a result of dissolution and mineral transformation processes (see summary in Guangzhi, 1996). The resulting supersaturated pore fluids may cause precipitation and hence significantly modify the fabric (Kawamura & Ogawa, 2004) as well as the strength and permeability of the sediment (Bjorlykke & Hoeg, 1997; Dewhurst et al., 1999), its mineralogy, and chemical composition of the pore fluid residue. Mud volcanism has been demonstrated to be a global phenomenon, which is commonly associated with compressional tectonics and sediment accretion at convergent margins (see review by Kopf, 2002). Mud domes and diapirs frequently occur in marine subduction zones at the plate boundary near the toe of accretionary prisms (Henry et al., 1996), further landward in the forearc (Mascle et al., 1999), but also on land where collisional processes and deformation are more accentuated (Lavrushin et al., 1996). Irrespective of the tectonic compression, the main driving force of mud extrusion is the negative buoyancy of the clay-rich material at depth. Fluids may either be trapped as a result of high sedimentation rates or lateral influx into clay-bearing sediments, or may be generated in situ owing to processes such as mineral dehydration reactions and hydrocarbon generation at greater depth (e.g. Hedberg, 1974). Quiescent as well as catastrophic emission of greenhouse gases (mostly methane) accompanies extrusion and may contribute significantly to climate change (Higgins & Saunders, 1974; Kopf, 2002). 12
13 Figure 4: a) Results from B analysis on fluids and solid particles from hydrothermal deformation tests of smectite (sm)-, illite (il)- and quartz (qtz)-rich endmember sediments off Japan (from Kopf et al., 2002); b) Data compilation from MV study using B fractionation and paleo-t to estimate the depth of mud- and fluid mobilisation (from Kopf & Deyhle, 2002). When returning to the subduction factory cycles (Fig. 3), mud volcanism and deep-seated faults may help illuminate the intermediate loop. Numerous authors have used the mobile element Boron and its stable isotope ratio (δ 11 B) to illuminate processes in the moderate T window of subduction zones (Spivack et al., 1987; You et al., 1993, 1996; Kopf et al., 2000; Deyhle & Kopf, 2001, 2002). These studies on natural samples and from hydrothermal experiments suggest that B is a powerful proxy with a wide variety of δ 11 B values for different subduction inputs and related diagenetic reactions. Examples of the proponent s evolvement in these studies are given in Figure 4 and have been wrapped up in various publications (oral and as manuscripts; see Kopf & Deyhle, 2002; Deyhle & Kopf, 2001, 2002, 2005). The work attested that there are well-defined trends for B processes in selected silica systems such as clay-dominated ones (Kopf & Deyhle, 2002), but not in all of them (Deyhle & Kopf, 2005). 13
14 3. Regional geology 3.1. The Nankai Trough subduction zone The Nankai Trough accretionary complex is formed by the northwestward subduction of the ~15 Ma Philippine Sea plate below the Eurasian plate along the Nankai Trough at ~65 km Myr-1 [Miyazaki & Heki, 2001] down an interface dipping 3 7 [Kodaira et al., 2000] (Fig. 1). Nankai is a sediment-dominated subduction zone, much as the East Aleutian and Cascadia systems, characterized by repeated occurrence of great earthquakes of ~M w 8.0 [Ruff & Kanamori, 1983]. Although the causative mechanisms remain poorly documented [Byrne et al., 1988; Vrolijk, 1990; Hyndman et al., 1997; Moore & Saffer, 2001; Saffer & Marone, 2003], the up-dip limit of the seismogenic zone at these margins is thought to correlate with a topographic break along the outer rise [e.g. Byrne et al., 1988, Wang & Hu, 2006]. Nankai is among the most extensively studied subduction zones in the world; it has been selected as a focus site for studies of seismogenesis based on the wealth of geological and geophysical data available, a long historical record of great (M>8.0) Eqs [e.g., Ando, 1975], and direct societal relevance of understanding tsunamis and earthquakes to the heavily populated coastal area. The region offshore the Kii Peninsula on Honshu Island has been identified as the best location for seismogenic zone drilling for several reasons. First, the rupture area of the most recent great earthquake, the 1944 M 8.2 Tonankai event, is well constrained by recent seismic and tsunami waveform inversions [e.g., Tanioka & Satake, 2001; Ichinose, 2003; Kikuchi et al., 2003]. A region of significant coseismic slip (1-2 m) is reachable by drilling with the DV Chikyu, which is currently limited to 2500 m water depth (Fig. 2b). Second, the region offshore Kii is generally typical of the Nankai margin in terms of heat flow and sediment on the incoming plate. Previous drilling (DSDP and ODP drilling on Legs 31, 131, and 190) offshore Cape Muroto on Shikoku Island (~150 km to the southwest) found anomalously high heat flow and lithostratigraphy associated locally with basement highs. Third, OBS campaigns and on land geodetic studies (though of short duration) indicate significant interseismic strain accumulation [e.g., Miyazaki & Heki, 2001; Obana et al., 2001] The IODP NanTroSEIZE project Nankai is a sediment-dominated subduction zone, and has been selected as a focus site for studies of seismogenesis based on the wealth of geological and geophysical data available, a long historical record of great (M>8.0) EQs [e.g., Ando, 1975], and direct societal relevance of understanding tsunamis and earthquakes to the heavily populated coastal area. Drilling into the seismogenic zone was advocated by an international group of proponents who submitted a Complex Drilling Proposal (CDP) with three major phases of operations. Phase 1 drilling targets the incoming sediments and 14
15 ocean crust to characterize their physical properties, composition, and state (pore pressure and temperature). Phase 2 is focused on the investigation of a major splay fault system implicated in coseismic rupture, and includes penetration of the fault at several depths ranging from ~1 to 3.5 km bsf. Phase 3 proposes to sample and instrument the plate interface at ca. 6 km bsf, in a region predicted to be both capable of generating seismogenic behaviour and in the zone of co-seismic slip in the 1944 Tonankai EQ. Until now, the first two stages of NanTroSEIZE have been completed and the third one has started. Stage 1 of the NanTroSEIZE science plan included three coordinated non-riser drilling expeditions. Eight sites were drilled across the continental slope and rise offshore the Kii Peninsula, many within the inferred coseismic slip region of the 1944 Tonankai M 8.2 EQ. The first expedition to all of the Stage 1 drilling sites (Exp 314: LWD transect) used Logging While Drilling (LWD) to define physical properties, lithostratigraphy, and structural information in advance of coring operations. This was followed by the first CDEX coring expedition (Exp 315: Mega-Splay Riser Pilot) aimed at sampling the materials and characterizing in situ conditions within the accretionary wedge to a depth of 1 km bsf at Site C0001 across the deep mega-splay out-of-sequence thrust. This site also serves as a pilot hole for later Stage 2 riser drilling targeting the "mega-splay" fault at a depth of ~3-3.5 km bsf. A third non-riser expedition (Exp 316: Shallow Megasplay and Frontal Thrusts) targeted another shallow fault zone of the mega-splay system in the older accretionary prism (Site C0004) as well as the frontal thrust at the toe of the young accretionary prism (Sites C0006 and C0007). The locations drilled by DV Chikyu during Stage 1 are Sites C0001 through C0008, as shown in shown in Figure 3B. The general results by Stage 1 drilling along the NanTroSEIZE transect are briefly summarised in an article for Scientific Drilling [Tobin et al., 2009] and can be found on the IODP website in full detail [see Kinoshita et al., 2009]. A hole seaward of the frontal splay fault revealed frequent mass wasting deposits, potentially related to (EQ-) activity of this out-of-sequence thrust [Strasser et al., 2009]. Other results from Stage 1 drilling reveal new insights into the stress history and temporal evolution of the Nankai forearc. First, there is no discontinuity in the depositional record between thick forearc basin sediments and the underlying Late Miocene accreted strata (C0002). Second, both borehole breakouts (LWD results) and the orientation of structural measurements on cores suggest a pattern of compression parallel to plate convergence in the wedge, trench-parallel extension above the branches of the mega-splay fault (in particular Site C0001), overlain by trench-orthogonal normal faults in the forearc and below, suggesting predominantly extensional stresses in the overriding accretionary system. Third, the fault zones are highly active given immense problems in borehole stability and core recovery at Sites C0001, C0004, and C0006. The initial Stage 1 shipboard data serve to put forward preliminary hypothesis on the displacement 15
How Did These Ocean Features and Continental Margins Form?
298 10.14 INVESTIGATION How Did These Ocean Features and Continental Margins Form? The terrain below contains various features on the seafloor, as well as parts of three continents. Some general observationsMore information
Earthquake: A vibration caused by the sudden breaking or frictional sliding of rock in the Earth. Fault: A fracture on which one body of rock slides
Earthquake: A vibration caused by the sudden breaking or frictional sliding of rock in the Earth. Fault: A fracture on which one body of rock slides past another. Focus: The location where a fault slipsMore information
Summary of Basalt-Seawater Interaction
Summary of Basalt-Seawater Interaction Mg 2+ is taken up from seawater into clay minerals, chlorite, and amphiboles, in exchange for Ca 2+, which is leached from silicates into solution. K + is taken upMore information
Interactive Plate Tectonics
Interactive Plate Tectonics Directions: Go to the following website and complete the questions below. http://www.learner.org/interactives/dynamicearth/index.html How do scientists learn about the interiorMore information
SEDIMENTARY GEOLOGY STABLE ISOTOPES. SEPM Short Course No. 10. Dallas 1983. MICHAEL A. ARTHUR, Organizer THOMAS F. ANDERSON JAN VEIZER LYNTON S.
STABLE ISOTOPES IN SEDIMENTARY GEOLOGY SEPM Short Course No. 10 Dallas 1983 by MICHAEL A. ARTHUR, Organizer THOMAS F. ANDERSON ISAAC R. KAPLAN JAN VEIZER and LYNTON S. LAND Printed in U.S.A. AdditionalMore information
Tectonics Assessment / 1 TECTONICS ASSESSMENT 1. Movement along plate boundaries produces A. tides. B. fronts. C. hurricanes. D. earthquakes. 2. Which of the following is TRUE about the movement of continents?More information
Toward an Understanding of Earth System Evolution: Japan National Science Plan for the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program
Toward an Understanding of Earth System Evolution: Japan National Science Plan for the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program OD21 Science Advisory Committee January 2003 Contents: 1. Introduction 2. IODP ScienceMore information
Composition. Physical Properties
Composition Physical Properties Summary The Earth is a layered planet The layers represent changes in composition and physical properties The compositional layers are the Crust, Mantle and Core The physicalMore information
Short Cruise Report MERIAN MSM15-3 SACRE Elefsina Valletta 05.06.2010 04.07.2010 Chief Scientist: Katrin Huhn Captain: Ralph Schmidt
Prof. Dr. Katrin Huhn MARUM University of Bremen Leobener Strasse 28359 Bremen Tel.: 0421 218 65860 Fax: 0421 218 65515 email: firstname.lastname@example.com Short Cruise Report MERIAN MSM15-3 SACRE Elefsina VallettaMore information
II. Earth Science (Geology) Section (9/18/2013)
EAPS 100 Planet Earth Lecture Topics Brief Outlines II. Earth Science (Geology) Section (9/18/2013) 1. Interior of the Earth Learning objectives: Understand the structure of the Earth s interior crust,More information
View. A New. Into Earth
View A New Into Earth EarthScope is a bold undertaking to apply modern observational, analytical and telecommunications technologies to investigate the structure and evolution of the North American continentMore information
Plate Tectonics. Introduction. Boundaries between crustal plates
Plate Tectonics KEY WORDS: continental drift, seafloor spreading, plate tectonics, mid ocean ridge (MOR) system, spreading center, rise, divergent plate boundary, subduction zone, convergent plate boundary,More information
aus de m Fachbereic h Geowissenschafte n der Universitat Bremen No. 284
Lru aus de m Fachbereic h Geowissenschafte n der Universitat Bremen No. 284 Kopf, A., C. Bartsch, J. Castellino, T. Fleischmann, S. Haas, C. loakim, K. Kirsch, S. Kufner, A. Steiner, M. Tryon, G. Wiemer,More information
Plate Tectonics: Big Ideas. Plate Tectonics. Plate Tectonics. The unifying concept of the Earth sciences.
Plate Tectonics: Big Ideas Our understanding of Earth is continuously refined. Earth s systems are dynamic; they continually react to changing influences from geological, hydrological, physical, chemical,More information
Regents Questions: Plate Tectonics
Earth Science Regents Questions: Plate Tectonics Name: Date: Period: August 2013 Due Date: 17 Compared to the oceanic crust, the continental crust is (1) less dense and more basaltic (3) more dense andMore information
Rocks and Plate Tectonics
Name: Class: _ Date: _ Rocks and Plate Tectonics Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. What is a naturally occurring, solid mass of mineral orMore information
Chapter Overview. Bathymetry. Measuring Bathymetry. Echo Sounding Record. Measuring Bathymetry. CHAPTER 3 Marine Provinces
Chapter Overview CHAPTER 3 Marine Provinces The study of bathymetry charts ocean depths and ocean floor topography. Echo sounding and satellites are efficient bathymetric tools. Most ocean floor featuresMore information
Plate Tectonics: Ridges, Transform Faults and Subduction Zones
Plate Tectonics: Ridges, Transform Faults and Subduction Zones Goals of this exercise: 1. review the major physiographic features of the ocean basins 2. investigate the creation of oceanic crust at mid-oceanMore information
REGULATIONS FOR THE POSTGRADUATE DIPLOMA IN EARTH SCIENCES (PGDES) (See also General Regulations) The Postgraduate Diploma in Earth Sciences is a postgraduate diploma awarded for the satisfactory completionMore information
Plate Tectonics Practice Questions and Answers Revised August 2007
Plate Tectonics Practice Questions and Answers Revised August 2007 1. Please fill in the missing labels. 2. Please fill in the missing labels. 3. How many large plates form the outer shell of the earth?More information
Earthquakes. Earthquakes: Big Ideas. Earthquakes
Earthquakes Earthquakes: Big Ideas Humans cannot eliminate natural hazards but can engage in activities that reduce their impacts by identifying high-risk locations, improving construction methods, andMore information
FROM SEDIMENT INTO SEDIMENTARY ROCK. Objectives. Sediments and Sedimentation
FROM SEDIMENT INTO SEDIMENTARY ROCK Objectives Identify three types of sediments. Explain where and how chemical and biogenic sediments form. Explain three processes that lead to the lithification of sediments.More information
Unit C: Earth Science Chapter 1: The Changing Earth
Unit C: Earth Science Chapter 1: The Changing Earth Lesson 1: Layers of the Earth 1. Atmosphere is the layer of gases that surrounds the planet 2. Clouds are in this layer 3. Atmosphere contains gasesMore information
Georgia Performance Standards Framework for Science Grade 6. Unit Organizer: Geology: Inside the Earth (Approximate Time: 7 Weeks)
The following instructional plan is part of a GaDOE collection of Unit Frameworks, Performance Tasks, examples of Student Work, and Teacher Commentary. Many more GaDOE approved instructional plans areMore information
1. The diagram below shows a cross section of sedimentary rock layers.
1. The diagram below shows a cross section of sedimentary rock layers. Which statement about the deposition of the sediments best explains why these layers have the curved shape shown? 1) Sediments wereMore information
Hot Spots & Plate Tectonics
Hot Spots & Plate Tectonics Activity I: Hawaiian Islands Procedures: Use the map and the following information to determine the rate of motion of the Pacific Plate over the Hawaiian hot spot. The volcanoMore information
Plate Tectonics. Plate Tectonics The unifying concept of the Earth sciences. Continental Drift
Plate Tectonics The unifying concept of the Earth sciences. The outer portion of the Earth is made up of about 20 distinct plates (~ 100 km thick), which move relative to each other This motion is whatMore information
Transform Boundaries
Lecture 7 Plates and Mantle Plumes Transform Boundaries Transform boundaries occur where one segment of rigid lithosphere slides horizontally past another in response to stresses in the lithosphere. TheMore information
ES Chapter 10 Review. Name: Class: Date: Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Name: Class: Date: ES Chapter 10 Review Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Scientists used the pattern of alternating normal and reversedMore information
Igneous Geochemistry. What is magma? What is polymerization? Average compositions (% by weight) and liquidus temperatures of different magmas
1 Igneous Geochemistry What is magma phases, compositions, properties Major igneous processes Making magma how and where Major-element variations Classification using a whole-rock analysis Fractional crystallizationMore information
Continental Drift, Sea Floor Spreading and Plate Tectonics
Page 1 of 13 EENS 1110 Tulane University Physical Geology Prof. Stephen A. Nelson Continental Drift, Sea Floor Spreading and Plate Tectonics This page last updated on 26-Aug-2015 Plate Tectonics is a theoryMore information
Plate Tectonics Chapter 2
Plate Tectonics Chapter 2 Does not include complete lecture notes. Continental drift: An idea before its time Alfred Wegener First proposed his continental drift hypothesis in 1915 Published The OriginMore information
4. Plate Tectonics II (p. 46-67)
4. Plate Tectonics II (p. 46-67) Seafloor Spreading In the early 1960s, samples of basaltic ocean crust were dredged up from various locations across the ocean basins. The samples were then analyzed toMore information
The CO2 Geological Storage: how it works Salvatore Lombardi
The CO2 Geological Storage: how it works Salvatore Lombardi Carbonia, Centro Ricerche Sotacarbo, 27 novembre 2014 Contents of the presentation Notes on CO2 Geological Storage (CGS) How it works How weMore information
Rapid Changes in Earth s Surface
TEKS investigate rapid changes in Earth s surface such as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and landslides Rapid Changes in Earth s Surface Constant Changes Earth s surface is constantly changing. Wind,More information
What are the controls for calcium carbonate distribution in marine sediments?
Lecture 14 Marine Sediments (1) The CCD is: (a) the depth at which no carbonate secreting organisms can live (b) the depth at which seawater is supersaturated with respect to calcite (c) the depth at whichMore information
Plate Tectonics Web-Quest
Plate Tectonics Web-Quest Part I: Earth s Structure. Use the following link to find these answers: http://www.learner.org/interactives/dynamicearth/structure.html 1. Label the layers of Earth in the diagramMore information
Tsunami Practice Questions and Answers Revised November 2008
Tsunami Practice Questions and Answers Revised November 2008 1. What happened on 26 December 2004 off the west coast of Sumatra? 2. What is the final estimate of the magnitude of the Sumatra 26 DecemberMore information
Tectonic plates push together at convergent boundaries.
KEY CONCEPT Plates converge or scrape past each other. BEFORE, you learned Plates move apart at divergent boundaries In the oceans, divergent boundaries mark where the sea floor spreads apart On land,More information
6.E.2.2 Plate Tectonics, Earthquakes and Volcanoes
Name: Date: 1. The road shown below was suddenly broken by a natural event. 3. The convergence of two continental plates would produce Which natural event most likely caused the crack in the road? islandMore information
GAS WELL/WATER WELL SUBSURFACE CONTAMINATION Rick Railsback Professional Geoscientist CURA Environmental & Emergency Services firstname.lastname@example.com And ye shall know the truth and the truth shall make you free.More information
Exploration Techniques. Santiago de Chile, 26-29 May 2014
Exploration Techniques The Geothermal Institute University of Auckland Bridget Lynne Santiago de Chile, 26-29 May 2014 Exploration Techniques Bridget Y. Lynne New techniques in geothermal exploration NZMore information
WELL LOGGING TECHNIQUES WELL LOGGING DEPARTMENT OIL INDIA LIMITED The Hydrocarbon E & P Process In the exploration process, a most probable hydrocarbon bearing rock structure is defined based on seismicMore information
Master in Earth Sciences
Master in Earth Sciences DERDW EARTH SCIENCES MASTER IN EARTH SCIENCES The Department of Earth Sciences at ETH Zurich has been repeatedly ranked as one of the world s leading Earth Science schools. TheMore information
Continental Drift. Alfred Wegener (1880-1930) Proposed that all of the continents were once part of a large supercontinent - Pangaea Based on:
Plate Tectonics and Continental Drift Continental Drift Alfred Wegener (1880-1930) Proposed that all of the continents were once part of a large supercontinent - Pangaea Based on: Similarities in shorelinesMore information
Geol 101: Physical Geology PAST EXAM QUESTIONS LECTURE 4: PLATE TECTONICS II
Geol 101: Physical Geology PAST EXAM QUESTIONS LECTURE 4: PLATE TECTONICS II 4. Which of the following statements about paleomagnetism at spreading ridges is FALSE? A. there is a clear pattern of paleomagneticMore information
The CO2 Geological Storage: how it works
The CO2 Geological Storage: how it works Salvatore Lombardi Carbonia, Centro Ricerche Sotacarbo, 27 novembre 2014 Contents of the presentation Notes on CO2 Geological Storage (CGS) How it works How weMore information
Introduction and Origin of the Earth
Page 1 of 5 EENS 1110 Tulane University Physical Geology Prof. Stephen A. Nelson Introduction and Origin of the Earth This page last updated on 30-Jul-2015 Geology, What is it? Geology is the study ofMore information
Geothermal. . To reduce the CO 2 emissions a lot of effort is put in the development of large scale application of sustainable energy.
Geothermal Energy With increasing fossil fuel prices, geothermal energy is an attractive alternative energy source for district heating and industrial heating. In recent years the use of geothermal energyMore information
Plate Tectonics. Earth, 9 th edition Chapter 2
1 Plate Tectonics Earth, 9 th edition Chapter 2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Plate Tectonics: summary in haiku form Alfred Wegener gave us Continental Drift. Fifty years later... Continental DriftMore information
The Dynamic Crust 2) EVIDENCE FOR CRUSTAL MOVEMENT
The Dynamic Crust 1) Virtually everything you need to know about the interior of the earth can be found on page 10 of your reference tables. Take the time to become familiar with page 10 and everythingMore information
DYNAMIC CRUST: Unit 4 Exam Plate Tectonics and Earthquakes
DYNAMIC CRUST: Unit 4 Exam Plate Tectonics and Earthquakes NAME: BLOCK: DATE: 1. Base your answer to the following question on The block diagram below shows the boundary between two tectonic plates. WhichMore information
Geodynamics Lecture 2 Kinematics of plate tectonics
Geodynamics Lecture 2 Kinematics of plate tectonics Lecturer: David Whipp email@example.com! 4.9.2013 Geodynamics www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto 1 Goals of this lecture Present the three types of plateMore information
Test 3 Earth Formation, Structure, Plate Boundaries, Volcanism
Test 3 Earth Formation, Structure, Plate Boundaries, Volcanism Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. The shape of Earth most closely resemblesMore information
INTRODUCTION TO PLATE TECTONICS. Alfred Wegener
INTRODUCTION TO PLATE TECTONICS Alfred Wegener 12-1 CONTINENTAL DRIFT AN IDEA BEFORE ITS TIME Alfred Wegener first proposed his continental drift hypothesis in 1915 when he published The Origin of ContinentsMore information
RESERVOIR GEOSCIENCE AND ENGINEERING APPLIED GRADUATE STUDIES at IFP School from September to December RGE01 Fundamentals of Geoscience I Introduction to Petroleum Geosciences, Sedimentology RGE02 FundamentalsMore information
Offshore monitoring for geological storage
Offshore monitoring for geological storage Dr Douglas Connelly National Oceanography Centre University of Southampton Waterfront Campus Southampton email@example.com IEAGHG Taking stock of progress andMore information
Chapter 2. Plate Tectonics. Plate Tectonics: Learning Goals
Plate Tectonics Chapter 2 Interactions at depend on the direction of relative plate motion and the type of crust. Which kind of plate boundary is associated with Earthquake activity? A. Divergent BoundaryMore information
Magnitude 7.2 GUERRERO, MEXICO
A powerful magnitude-7.2 earthquake shook central and southern Mexico on Friday. The earthquake occurred at a depth of 24 km (15 miles). Its epicenter was in the western state of Guerrero, near the seasideMore information
Certificate Programs in. Program Requirements
IHRDC Online Certificate Programs in OIL AND GAS MANAGEMENT Program Requirements IHRDC 535 Boylston Street Boston, MA 02116 Tel: 1-617-536-0202 Email: firstname.lastname@example.com Copyright International HumanMore information
Proceedings 2005 Rapid Excavation & Tunneling Conference, Seattle
Proceedings 2005 Rapid Excavation & Tunneling Conference, Seattle EPB-TBM Face Support Control in the Metro do Porto Project, Portugal S. Babendererde, Babendererde Engineers LLC, Kent, WA; E. Hoek, Vancouver,More information
FOURTH GRADE PLATE TECTONICS 1 WEEK LESSON PLANS AND ACTIVITIES PLATE TECTONIC CYCLE OVERVIEW OF FOURTH GRADE VOLCANOES WEEK 1. PRE: Comparing different structures of volcanoes. LAB: Modeling three typesMore information
Topics: The Petroleum System. Origin of Petroleum. Arguments for biogenic origin. Google search : Origin of Petroleum : Hugoton Gas Field (Kansas)
The Petroleum System Topics: Origin of Petroleum Controversy Carbon Cycle Global Implications Petroleum System Gas Oil Water Origin of Petroleum Long standing debate: Where does rock oil come from? OrganicMore information
Lecture Outlines PowerPoint. Chapter 9 Earth Science, 12e Tarbuck/Lutgens
Lecture Outlines PowerPoint Chapter 9 Earth Science, 12e Tarbuck/Lutgens 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall This work is protected by United States copyright laws and is provided solely for the use of instructorsMore information
Plate Tectonics Lab. Continental Drift. The Birth of Plate Tectonics
Plate Tectonics Lab Continental Drift Take a look at a globe sometime and observe the remarkable fit between South America and Africa. Could they have, in fact, been connected? During the 19th and earlyMore information
Teacher Workbooks. Science and Nature Series Cloze Paragraphs Natural Disasters Theme, Vol. 1
Teacher Workbooks Science and Nature Series Cloze Paragraphs Natural Disasters Theme, Vol. 1 Copyright 2005 Teachnology Publishing Company A Division of Teachnology, Inc. For additional information, visitMore information
Earth Science Chapter 14 Section 2 Review
Name: Class: Date: Earth Science Chapter 14 Section Review Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Which of the following is NOT one of the threeMore information
The interior of the Earth is divided into layers based on chemical and physical properties.
Plate Tectonics Lecture Notes: Slide 1. Title Slide Slide 2. The interior of the Earth is divided into layers based on chemical and physical properties. The Earth has an outer silica-rich, solid crust,More information
Magnitude 8.8 OFFSHORE MAULE, CHILE
A great 8.8-magnitude struck central Chile early Saturday. The quake hit 200 miles (325 kilometers) southwest of the capital Santiago. The epicenter was just 70 miles (115 kilometers) from Concepcion,More information
2.0 SITE INVESTIGATION METHODOLOGY The following section summarizes the Site investigation methodology applied during the subsurface investigation and hydrogeological assessment completed at the CRRRCMore information
Igneous rocks: : Rock that forms when hot molten rock (magma or lava) cools and
Igneous rocks: : Rock that forms when hot molten rock (magma or lava) cools and freezes solid. Can be intrusive (formed deep in the earth) or extrusive (formed at the surface of the earth). Magma: : MoltenMore information
FIFTH GRADE PLATE TECTONICS 1 WEEK LESSON PLANS AND ACTIVITIES PLATE TECTONIC CYCLE OVERVIEW OF FIFTH GRADE VOLCANOES WEEK 1. PRE: Exploring the rocks produced by volcanoes. LAB: Comparing igneous rocks.More information
Securing the future of decom
R E Q U I R E D R E A D I N G F O R T H E G L O B A L O I L & G A S I N D U S T R Y S I N C E 1 9 7 5 AUGUST 2011 Deep thinking on the Latin American beat Floating production tales of the unexpected OFFSHOREMore information
Chapter 7 Earthquake Hazards Practice Exam and Study Guide
Chapter 7 Earthquake Hazards Practice Exam and Study Guide 1. Select from the following list, all of the factors that affect the intensity of ground shaking. a. The magnitude of the earthquake b. RatherMore information
College of Science and Health ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & GEOGRAPHY Course Outline
College of Science and Health ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & GEOGRAPHY Course Outline 1. TITLE OF COURSE AND COURSE NUMBER: General Geology ENV 115, 4 credits 2. DESCRIPTION OF THE COURSE: Includes the studyMore information
California Standards Grades 9 12 Boardworks 2009 Science Contents Standards Mapping
California Standards Grades 912 Boardworks 2009 Science Contents Standards Mapping Earth Sciences Earth s Place in the Universe 1. Astronomy and planetary exploration reveal the solar system s structure,More information
Dip is the vertical angle perpendicular to strike between the imaginary horizontal plane and the inclined planar geological feature.
Geological Visualization Tools and Structural Geology Geologists use several visualization tools to understand rock outcrop relationships, regional patterns and subsurface geology in 3D and 4D. GeologicalMore information
Plate Tectonics Short Study Guide
Name: Class: Date: Plate Tectonics Short Study Guide Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. The existence of coal beds in AntarcticaMore information
Investigation 6: What happens when plates collide?
Tectonics Investigation 6: Teacher Guide Investigation 6: What happens when plates collide? In this activity, students will use the distribution of earthquakes and volcanoes in a Web GIS to learn aboutMore information
SECOND GRADE PLATE TECTONICS 1 WEEK LESSON PLANS AND ACTIVITIES PLATE TECTONIC CYCLE OVERVIEW OF SECOND GRADE VOLCANOES WEEK 1. PRE: Investigating the parts of a volcano. LAB: Comparing the parts of aMore information
Illuminating Earth s Past, Present, and Future
Illuminating Earth s Past, Present, and Future Deep Life Planetary Dynamics CLIMATE Geohazards The international ocean discovery program Exploring the Earth Under the Sea Summary OF THE Science Plan forMore information
Foundations of Earth Science (Lutgens and Tarbuck, 6 th edition, 2011)
EAS 100 Study Guide to Textbook Foundations of Earth Science (Lutgens and Tarbuck, 6 th edition, 2011) STUDY GUIDE 8/2010 The textbook for EAS 100, Foundations of Earth Science, by Lutgens and TarbuckMore information
Chapter 5 - Sediments
Chapter 5 - Sediments Distribution of sediments on the sea floor Seabed Resources Study of Sediments is important to oceanography because: 1. Sediments and volcanism are the most important agents of physicalMore information
Foundations of Earth Science (Lutgens and Tarbuck, 5 th edition, 2008)
EAS 100 Study Guide to Textbook Foundations of Earth Science (Lutgens and Tarbuck, 5 th edition, 2008) STUDY GUIDE 1/08 The textbook for EAS 100, Foundations of Earth Science, by Lutgens and Tarbuck isMore information
Earth Science - SOL 5.7 Science Study Guide
Earth Science - SOL 5.7 Science Study Guide Rocks are classified based on how they were formed. The three types of rocks are sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic. Igneous rock forms when magma (liquidMore information
larger segment of southern California residents interested in these subjects.
P 1.20 Serving Diverse Urban Undergraduate Students with AMS Online Earth Science Courses Steve LaDochy 1 and Pedro Ramirez 2 Department of Geography & Urban Analysis 1 Department of Geological SciencesMore information
Chesapeake Bay Governor School for Marine and Environmental Science
Choose the best answer and write on the answer sheet provided. 1. Which of the following is LEAST likely to be an effect of global warming? (a) Loss of fertile delta regions for agriculture (b) ChangeMore information
The Earth System. The geosphere is the solid Earth that includes the continental and oceanic crust as well as the various layers of Earth s interior.
The Earth System The atmosphere is the gaseous envelope that surrounds Earth. It consists of a mixture of gases composed primarily of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water vapor. The atmosphere andMore information
OCEANOGRAPHY Vol.II Morphology of Ocean Floor and Plate Tectonics - Chengsung Wang MORPHOLOGY OF OCEAN FLOOR AND PLATE TECTONICS
MORPHOLOGY OF OCEAN FLOOR AND PLATE TECTONICS Chengsung Wang National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202, Taiwan, China Keywords: Morphology of sea floor, continental margins, mid-ocean ridges, deep-seaMore information
Engaging Students Through Interactive Activities In General Education Classes
Engaging Students Through Interactive Activities In General Education Classes On the Cutting Edge: Early Career Geoscience Faculty Workshop 14-18 June 2009 Presented by Randy Richardson Department of Geosciences,More information
Michelle Mindick. volcanism, gradation, impact cratering, and Earth s interior core.
Michelle Mindick The Evolution of Earth s Surface According to 21 st Century Astronomy, Earth originally formed as a result of gas and dust that rotated around a protostar - our sun- billions of yearsMore information
Greens functions - solution for earth's surface movement due to a slipping patch at depth
Greens functions - solution for earth's surface movement due to a slipping patch at depth Need to know slip distribution along the fault as a function of time No closed-form solution for Greens functionsMore information
Lecture 23: Terrestrial Worlds in Comparison. This lecture compares and contrasts the properties and evolution of the 5 main terrestrial bodies.
Lecture 23: Terrestrial Worlds in Comparison Astronomy 141 Winter 2012 This lecture compares and contrasts the properties and evolution of the 5 main terrestrial bodies. The small terrestrial planets haveMore information
Study Guide Questions Earth Structure and Plate Tectonics
Study Guide Questions Earth Structure and Plate Tectonics What evidence did Alfred Wegener present in 1912 to support the idea of continental drift? Why did most geologists at the time dismiss WegenerMore information
Atoms and Elements. Atoms: Learning Goals. Chapter 3. Atoms and Elements; Isotopes and Ions; Minerals and Rocks. Clicker 1. Chemistry Background?
Chapter 3 Atoms Atoms and Elements; Isotopes and Ions; Minerals and Rocks A Review of Chemistry: What geochemistry tells us Clicker 1 Chemistry Background? A. No HS or College Chemistry B. High SchoolMore information
The Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) Correlation to. EarthComm, Second Edition. Project-Based Space and Earth System Science
The Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) Achieve, Inc. on behalf of the twenty-six states and partners that collaborated on the NGSS Copyright 2013 Achieve, Inc. All rights reserved. Correlation to,More information
Element Partitioning and Earth's Core Composition. Bernie J. Wood. Summary by: Dave Stegman
Element Partitioning and Earth's Core Composition Bernie J. Wood Summary by: Dave Stegman Determining the composition of the Earth's Core is essential for understanding the internal structure, evolution,More information
Earthquakes and Plate Boundaries Deborah Jordan and Samuel Spiegel
Earthquakes and Plate Boundaries Deborah Jordan and Samuel Spiegel Jordan, Deborah and Spiegel, Samuel: Learning Research Development Center, University of Pittsburgh. Earthquakes and Plate Boundaries.More information
Syllabus and Preparation for 2013 Online Marine Geology
Syllabus and Preparation for 2013 Online Marine Geology During the 2013 Marine Geology class, students will be required to read course material, complete two exams, present once and write one library researchMore information
( 1 ) Overview of Safety Measures ( 2 ) Overview of Measures for Attaining Greater Safety and Reliability
Contents 1 Effort for New Regulatory Requirements ( 1 ) Overview of a Gist of New Regulatory Requirements in Nuclear Regulation Authority ( 2 ) Major Requirements of a Gist of New Regulatory RequirementsMore information


text:
Advert Description
Beautiful solitaire 1/4ct diamond, 18ct yellow gold band with white gold setting, and matching 'v' shaped wedding band that is 18ct yellow and white gold.
both size L but can be resized. Recently valued for insurance purposes at £1395 and £495 respectively, so grab a beautiful bargain (can provide proof if required)
any questions please just ask

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Bibeau holds on for win, Marlies fight for first overall on Friday
Jeff Veillette
December 16 2015 08:32PM
Antoine Bibeau needed to have himself a great game tonight. Not because the staff was going to put pressure on him, not because the players needed his support, but for his own confidence. Bibeau looked pretty solid in his appearance that slotted in between Jonathan Bernier's shutout streak but really needed a second good showing. Tonight, he got that; at least for the first 58 minutes against the Binghamton Senators.
Sparks, Not Bernier, To Start Tomorrow Versus Sharks
Shawn Reis
December 16 2015 12:14PM
It's the logical move to make. Mike Babcock today confirmed what most had already expected: that Garret Sparks, not Jonathan Bernier, would get the start in goal for the Leafs tomorrow when they host the San Jose Sharks at Air Canada Center.
Bernier, of course, has had a rough go of it this year. He's fresh off of a conditioning stint with the Toronto Marlies where he put up 3 shutouts in 4 games played, but his final start with the team saw him allow 5 goals in an overtime loss. While the hope was that Bernier would put that last start behind him and build off of what he did in his first three games for the Marlies, it didn't come to fruition last night against Tampa Bay, where Bernier allowed 5 goals on 27 shots in an overtime loss to the Bolts.
LFR9 - Game 29 - Lit Up - TB 5, Tor 4 (OT)
Steve Dangle
December 16 2015 11:43AM
Jonathan Bernier wasn't good but he wasn't the only one.
WWYDW: Can Jonathan Bernier Play For Your Team?
Justin Fisher
December 16 2015 10:03AM
Jonathan Bernier is back, and nobody is celebrating.
Bernier recently finished up a "conditioning stint" (with a heavy emphasis on those quotation marks) with the Toronto Marlies - one that started off very, very, very well before ending very badly. In his return to NHL action, Bernier got lit up for five goals on 27 shots in a 5-4 loss to the Tampa Bay Lightning.
We know that Bernier has been at least a league average goaltender in the past, but he certainly hasn't played like one recently. Most people would assume that he will return to form, but there's always the possibility that Bernier has in fact lost his touch and won't be able to regain it.
This might be what Jonathan Bernier is now, and that's not an NHL goaltender.
Putting The Marlies Success into an NHL Context
Dimitri Filipovic
December 16 2015 05:00AM
There isn't just the one single foolproof method for building a successful hockey team. If there were, then everyone would follow that blueprint to a fault until it became outdated and someone ultimately came up with a new one to chase. While the NHL may be a copycat league, if everyone's doing the exact same thing then it becomes awfully difficult to distinguish yourself from the pack. The key is to follow a couple of fundamental Do's and Don'ts. Beyond that, it's up to you to get creative.
The ultimate goal is to assemble as much talent as possible, by any means necessary. Ideally in a way that makes sense in the big picture with all of the pieces fitting together, but that only really comes into the scope after a certain point once you've already cleared a few hurdles. Spending big money on a big name from time to time can certainly put your incumbent collection of talent over the top, but the salary cap structure makes it inherently impossible to purely buy your way into success in terms of wins and losses.
That's why we see the savvy teams take a patient approach, accumulating as many draft picks and prospects as possible over a length period of time understanding that not every single one will wind up hitting. Beyond just the raw number of assets, you'll also need a couple of them to be of the very high-end variety. Those players typically come as a byproduct of a lot losing.
It's easy to sit back and tell a team to take those lumps on a nightly basis for the greater good when you're looking at it from afar, without a personal stake in the matter. It's a whole other thing to be deeply entrenched in the process and still follow through with it properly while juggling a million other extenuating factors that make it difficult to stay true to the course along the way.
Fortunately for Leafs fans, the new brain trust in Toronto appears to be fully cognizant of that, and also appears to be up to the task. While the parent club hasn't done much winning this season, you don't have to look far to see the seeds that are being planted. It's happening right in the Leafs' backyard, with the Toronto Marlies.


text:
Sean Scully
By (author) David Carrier
Format: Hardback
Normal Price: $120.00
Your Price: $108.00 AUD, inc. GST
Shipping: $7.95 per order
You Save: $12.00! (10% off normal price)
Plus...earn $5.40 in Boomerang Bucks
Availability: Available to Backorder, No Due Date for Supply
Sean Scully by David Carrier
Book DescriptionThis fully illustrated monograph presents an account of Sean Scully's entire life and career to date, from his childhood in 1950s London to the present day in Munich. Reproductions of his works illustrate the text, and photographs taken by the artist show some of the forms that inspire him.
Buy Sean Scully book by David Carrier from Australia's Online Bookstore, Boomerang Books.
Book DetailsISBN: 9780500093122
(300mm x 250mm x 25mm)
Pages: 224
Imprint: Thames & Hudson Ltd
Publisher: Thames & Hudson Ltd
Publish Date: 22-Mar-2004
Country of Publication: United Kingdom
Other Editions...
Books By Author David Carrier
Seven Year Lifetime, Paperback / softback (August 2016)
This true story reveals how love can flourish, even against fatal odds. They knew Nancy had cancer and had only a few years to live. But they took the risk, anyway and fell in love, clinging to the belief they could enjoy what others have: the blessing of a full life. And for seven years, they did.
People of the Twenty-First Century, Paperback (October 2014)
An enormous and fascinating collection of 'anti-sartorial' street photographs
Wild Art, Hardback (October 2013)» View all books by David Carrier
A celebration of art from outside the established Art World.
» Have you read this book? We'd like to know what you think about it - write a review about Sean Scully book by David Carrier and you'll earn 50c in Boomerang Bucks loyalty dollars (you must be a member - it's free to sign up!)
Facebook Page | Twitter | Google+ | Bulletin e-Newsletter | Blog | RSS
Become a Member | Book Lists | Recently Released | Coming Soon | Fast Delivery Books
Bestselling Books: Our Current Bestsellers | Australia's Hottest 1000 Books | Bestselling Fiction | Bestselling Crime Mysteries and Thrillers | Bestselling Non Fiction Books | Bestselling Sport Books | Bestselling Gardening and Handicrafts Books | Bestselling Biographies | Bestselling Food and Drink | Bestselling History | Bestselling Travel Books | Bestselling School Textbooks & Study Guides | Bestselling Children's General Non-Fiction | Bestselling Young Adult Fiction | Bestselling Children's Fiction | Bestselling Picture Books | Top 100 US Bestsellers
For: Schools | Organisations | Libraries | Publishers | Authors | Book Clubs | Bloggers | Affiliates
About Us | Contact Us | Help Desk | Security | Privacy | Terms of Use | Copyright
Phone: 1300 36 33 32 (9am-5pm Mon-Fri AEST) - International: +61 2 9960 7998 - Online Form
Address: Boomerang Books, 878 Military Road, Mosman Junction, NSW, 2088
© 2003-2017. All Rights Reserved. Eclipse Commerce Pty Ltd - ACN: 122 110 687 - ABN: 49 122 110 687
For every $20 you spend on books, you will receive $1 in Boomerang Bucks loyalty dollars. You can use your Boomerang Bucks as a credit towards a future purchase from Boomerang Books. Note that you must be a Member (free to sign up) and that conditions do apply.


text:
All Entries Tagged With: "taste"
App Gives Every Fan and Wannabe Fighter a Taste of The Cage
Posted by Press Releases | Apr 27, 2011 | Comments 0Toronto, Canada – Fans and wannabe fighters can get a taste of the MMA spotlight with the Cage Name app, from Me Thinks Studios. The entertaining and easy-to-use app generates fighter personas by pairing unique nicknames with standout images for every type of MMA fan – from the glass-jawed rookie to the cauliflower-eared veteran. The MMA-focused name generator is one of the first of its kind.
Read More
TechVideo with Apple taste
Posted by Press Releases | Nov 02, 2010 | Comments 0Moscow, Russian Federation – In modern conditions of crazy speeds and chronic shortage of time gadgets got new global popularity. It is commonly known that during the first day of iPad appearance on the shop shelves more than 300,000 gadgets were sold all over the world, during the next 4 days 150,000 people became happy owners of the high-tech innovation. What's for iPhone, this gadget has already become a common thing for information search and exchange and all-over the world and in Russia. And the quantity of its owners grows.
Read More


text:
Baby's size? The size of an ear of corn! About 11.5 inches long and 1.1lb.
Total weight gain: About 13 pounds.
Name: We have one picked out, but it's a secret ...for now!
|I wish this wasn't so blurry, but the lighting was terrible! Also excuse our "moving" mess over in the corner.
I'm also feeling like there's no way I could possibly be having a baby! When does it feel real?
Baby Goodies Acquired:


text:
You missed it This great deal for zpizza is over. But don't despair, we've got more great deals every day.
Related Deals That You May Like
Mighty Khan's
$20 or $40 to Spend on Build Your Asian Stir Fry
Arlington / Alexandria$20$12
Nutrisystem Dinners My Way® 28-Day Plan
Arlington / Alexandria$239$139.99
Will, Living Will, and Power of Attorney Package
Arlington / Alexandria$99$29.99
DNA Self Discovery Starter Map Kit
Arlington / Alexandria$89$29.99
$20 to Spend on Fresh and Creative Pizzas, Salads, Sandwiches, Pastas, and More
- Save 40%
- 174 purchased
90% recommendedin LivingSocial customer ratings
Dig into piled-high pizza pies, luscious salads, shareable plates, and more at zpizza in Alexandria:
• $12 for $20 to spend on food and drink
• Featuring unique fire-baked pizzas like the Mexican with chicken and salsa on top
• Can be used for dine-in, takeout, or delivery from the Richmond Highway location
"Awesome food, very wholesome and tasty, and not at all like you find at pizza chain restaurants! Customer service was excellent. Will definitely be back again!!"
- LivingSocial Member
PAID VALUE EXPIRES ON February 24, 2022
PROMOTIONAL VALUE EXPIRES ON July 11, 2014


text:
Is Te Puke Building Supplies incorrect or missing key business information? Update your Hotfrog listing today.
Contact details
Are these details correct?
Hotfrog NewZealand provides information regarding Te Puke Building Supplies in Tauranga Bay of Plenty. Te Puke Building Supplies is located at 35 Grey Street 5th Floor Nzi House, Tauranga Bay of Plenty 3001 and provides Construction services. Contact them on 07-573 5078.
Is Te Puke Building Supplies in 35 Grey Street 5th Floor Nzi House, Tauranga Bay of Plenty 3001 your business? Claim your listing and attract more leads by adding more content, photos and other business details.
We have more Construction services in Tauranga Bay of Plenty available on Hotfrog NewZealand. You can update your search for Tauranga Construction by location, keyword or service options.
172 Greerton Rd Tauranga Bay of Plenty 3112
721 Cameron Road Tauranga Bay of Plenty 3112
21 Mulberry Lane, Tauranga Bay of Plenty 3110
10 Glenrowan Rise Bethlehem Tauranga Bay of Plenty 3110
Small Business Hub
Sharing tips, ideas and advice to help grow your small business.
Your profile without ads
Have you considered upgrading to Hotfrog AdVantage? No competitor advertising means exclusive focus on your business. You take centre stage.
Create your free Hotfrog business profile
Follow Hotfrog on:
Share on:
Hotfrog Small Business Hub


text:
Would this be a good hot day activity?
Would this be a good cold day activity?
Is this an outdoor attraction or activity?
Does this attraction involve animals?
Does this attraction provide visitors with a taste of the local culture?
Does this attraction require above average amounts of physical activity (long walks, climbs, stairs or hikes)?
Is this attraction pet friendly?
Would this be a good sunny day activity?
Is this attraction popular with tourists?
Is this attraction a "must-see" location?
Thanks for helping!
This is a long day trip. The boat ride can get very cold, so dress in many layers! The views are lovely and the glacier is spectacular. We enjoyed this trip very much. We saw...
read more
This is a long day trip. The boat ride can get very cold, so dress in many layers! The views are lovely and the glacier is spectacular. We enjoyed this trip very much. We saw lots of whales too!
I went with World of Greenland on a day trip up to the glacier. What an epic day! The entire trip was beautiful, but of course the highlight was turning the motor off and eating a great lunch sitting outside watching the glacier repeatedly calve. Truly outstanding! We were 1 km away from the face and it was simply spectacular!
The sound of the thunderous roar from the glacier before it calves is just so unforgettable and the sight of it calves is just fantastic.
You have to take a five-hour boat ride to get there. You can either stay overnight a the Eqi Ice Camp, which is very well organized, but basic, or take a five-hour boat ride, watch the glacier calving for two hours, then ride back to Ilulissat for five more hours.
we stayed in the huts and I totally loved the view and the staff, nothing much to do around there except hike around but the view will stay with you forever, the glacier is wonderful, changes all the time and is just stunning. Try and spend some time there if you can.
I can just suggest to take a local ferry and visit this amazing place... all the words I could add here are truly unrelevant..
It was a long boat ride, over 3 hours one way. The total trip took 8-9 hours. Eqip was awesome, comparable to many other glaciers. While it's called "calving glacier", it didn't calve much when we were there. In spite that, we really enjoyed the trip. Silver of Tourist Nature (separate reviews) arranged a small boat with less than a...
Went there on a beautiful day trip with Icecap Tours and had a splendid day with "lunch with a view" in front of the amazing and lively glacier
It is a truly humbling experience watching this glacier either from a boat or from land. It cracks and falls and rumbles like thunder. There are chunks floating around and when a bigger piece falls you watch the waves rippling off across the water. If you are watching from Camp Eqi you have to be above the safety line in...
Astonishing place and not to be missed but LISTEN TO THE WARNINGS about tsunamis and do not walk near the water. Tidal waves happen frequently.
Staying overnight is worth it if you can - stunning views, and peace and quiet apart from the shellfire sounds of the glacier cracking.


text:
So I just opened up a box of Panini's Limited Football. I got a card I wouldn't want anywhere near my collection, so I took measures to extract a bit of revenge for dogs everywhere. Tune in to see what I mean...
As told by Doug Cataldo -- Trading card expert & co-host of the weekly show Cardboard Connection Radio. Home of the the SIGnificant Card column, a look into my collection. I also dabble in graphic arts, trading card design, consultation, and social media. I am a public speaker & have several presentations that could be perfect for your organization if you are looking for a history of the trading card industry or social media assistance.
Wednesday, February 15, 2012
Panini Limited Football Video Box Break (Old School Style) - Who Let the Dogs Out?
Posted by Doug Cataldo at 8:25 AM
Labels: 2012, box break, dog eats Michael Vick card, football cards, Limited, michael vick, NFL, Panini, sports cards
Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)


text:
The clicks of a spinning bicycle wheel.
Suburban ambience of morning calling birds
some basic steps on a wooden floor
Walking off a pile of wood
Foley body slams on wooden floor. Bass boosted. Performed by Simon Panrucker, recorded by Carl Peck. Recorded for The Purple ...
Part of a 4th of July fire cracker show.
SBK test in Imola
Dirt Bike Race Multiple bikes lined up to take off at a check point. -Brent A. Allred
Recorded at Santa Pod using a Sony PCM-D50.
nitro powered drag bike launch audio ripped from HV40 video using Premiere Pro CS6 taken at Alaska Raceway Park
Recorded at Santa Pod using a Sony PCM-D50.
Glass shatters in slow motion. The instance I used it in was to highlight a memory. Created by slowing and ...
A slight edit of FreqMan's addition of the noise that car remote's make when setting the alarm. Space was removed ...
1k generated sine wave, 120ms long. Typical Nagra beep that you find between takes on a blooper reel. They used ...


text:
Question about Kicker Solo-Baric L7 S15L72 Car Subwoofer
Hi! my 15" kiker L7. the rubber cone, come off from the woofer frame. looks like the the glue was't that stong. this happen only on the top side
Posted by camachosalin on
SOURCE: solo baric l7 WOOFER... CAN I REPLACE THE VOICE COILS?
polyurathane will fix any speaker trust me my l7 came apart compleetley and i glued it al back with urathane and its bangin hard now and has ben for 6 straite months
Posted on Sep 14, 2008
SOURCE: wire my kicker
This will help you :)
Below is a link to the subwoofers manual where is clearly states how to wire it all up, it includes both the 2ohm DVC and 4 ohm DVC models.
Click Here for the L7 Solo Baric Manual
Posted on Feb 11, 2009
SOURCE: my 15
That means you either overpowered the speaker by playing it to loud, You used an amp that was way to powerfull, orif this is a new speaker it may be a manufacturing defect. Do you have a warrenty?
Posted on Mar 26, 2009
SOURCE: My 12 L7 the rubber
Hi, Jr.
I'm sorry, but glue will not fix this problem. When the rubber or foam edge of a speaker breaks down or deteriorates because of age, it becomes almost like dust, which is why it cracks and then breaks apart and falls away from the speaker. The only way to fix it (besides replacing the speaker) is to replace the edge, or "surround". At this link, http://www.simplyspeakers.com/All-Foam-Kits_c_118-1-3.html, you will find a kit that you can buy to repair your speaker for about $30. The standard 12" repair kit will work if you have an 'angle cone edge attach' type speaker (see the bottom of the page for a picture of what this means). This page, http://www.simplyspeakers.com/speaker-repair-foam-edge-replacement-instructions.html, will show you step by step how to use the kit to repair your speaker.
Good luck, and please remember to rate my help.
Thank you for the opportunity to help you.
Posted on Oct 14, 2010
Tips for a great answer:
Jul 29, 2010 | Kicker Solo-Baric L7 S15L72 Car Subwoofer
Apr 28, 2010 | Kicker Solo-Baric L7 S15L72 Car Subwoofer
Feb 13, 2010 | Kicker CVR12 Car Subwoofer
Nov 09, 2009 | Kicker Solo-Baric L7 S12L7 Car Subwoofer
Nov 05, 2009 | Kicker Solo-Baric L7 S15L72 Car Subwoofer
Oct 06, 2009 | Pioneer TS-A6970E Car Speaker
Jan 23, 2009 | Kicker Solo-Baric L7 S15L72 Car Subwoofer
Jul 06, 2008 | Kicker Solo-Baric L7 S15L72 Car Subwoofer
May 11, 2008 | Kicker Solo-Baric L7 S15L72 Car Subwoofer
Hi yeahonda,
Your Kicker L7 Ohms may be too low for the MA Audio Mono block amp. The MA Audio Amp is probably 2 Ohm Stable. The kicker will either be 2 ohm or 4 ohm Dual voice coil. To eliminate the low ohms as a possible threat to causing the map to go into Protect, Wire the kicker Voice Coils in Series. This adds the ohms, so that you either have 4 or 8 ohms.
I am using the following codes to show wiring. VC1+ stands for the Kicker Subs Voice Coil #1 Postive post. AO+ is the MA audio Amp output positive.
AO+ to VC1+
VC1- to VC2+
VC2- to AO-
This shopuld give you 4 or 8 ohm depending on the 15" L7 setup. Crutchfield does not carry the Kicker L7 in 15" They do have the L5 in 15".
If you know how to read a Volt Ohm Meter, set it to OHMs 20 and measure across VC1+ to VC1- and you should see between 1.5 and 5 ohms.. Do the Same with VC2+ to VC2-. you should see the same voltage. Also read from the Voice coil metal housing to VC1+ , VC1-, VC2+, and VC2-. and you should not read any ohmage to the case. The meter should say OL, or -1.
Good luck.
Oct 15, 2007 | Kicker Solo-Baric L7 S15L72 Car Subwoofer
107 people viewed this question
Usually answered in minutes!
Level 2 Expert
92 Answers
Level 2 Expert
290 Answers
Level 3 Expert
66563 Answers
Step 2: Please assign your manual to a product:


text:
6401 Garber Road,Clayton OH, 45415
4 beds , 2 Full/1 Half baths
1,663 sq. ft
Status: Pending
Berkshire Hathaway HomeServices Professional Realty
(800) 599-8936
Last Updated: 2/20/2017 8:21 AM
Description for 6401 Garber Road Clayton, OH 45415
Totally updated! New carpet throughout! Frieze carpet in all bdrms, living rm & family rm. New laminate flooring throughout the main level. Great kitchen has new countertops, range, microwave & dishwasher. Adjoining breakfast rm walks out to the patio. New light fixtures & fresh paint throughout! Come see this exceptional listing before it's gone!
Listing Information
Montgomery Co.
Public Water Service
Public Sewer
Natural Gas, 220v Service
School Information
Room Information
Family Room
Floor - W/W Carpet
Floor - W/W Carpet
Butler Pantry
Shower Only
Interior Features
Range-Oven, Dishwasher, Microwave
Carpet Wall to Wall
Central Air
Gas Heat
Partial, Finished
Vinyl Frame
1, Wood-burning
Exterior / Lot Features
2 Garage Spaces, Attached Garage, Front Entrance, Driveway
Patio, Porch
Extra Storage
Financial Considerations
Inside AccessTM
Current market conditions for 6401 Garber Road
Active Market Trends
Source:MLS DATA
Median list price$158,900
Days on market112
Properties for sale46
Sold Market Trends
Source:MLS DATA
Median sold price$151,500
Sales to list price10,172.0%
Properties sold24
Median sq ft price$73
Arrows indicate 90 day trend
Listing Price History for 6401 Garber Road
Clayton Real Estate
Clayton is located in Ohio. Clayton, Ohio 45415 has a population of 13,209.
The median household income in Clayton, Ohio 45415 is $64,436. The median household income for the surrounding county is $43,895 compared to the national median of $53,046. The median age of people living in Clayton 45415 is 43.8 years.
Loading nearby sales and history ...
Ask a Question?
Berkshire Hathaway HomeServices Professional Realty
(800) 599-8936
Start a no spam email conversation
My Drive Time
Enter your work address to view actual drive times with traffic for this property
Here is the weekday INRIX Drive Time from this property to .
When you register, you will receive ...
Weekday drive times
Plus all these great features
Register or login today to take advantage of Drive Time
Nearby homes for sale
Inside AccessTM
Recent sales nearby
Clayton Real Estate
Nearby Communities


text:
Is Enterprise Location d'Autos incorrect or missing key business information? Update your Hotfrog listing today.
Contact details
Are these details correct?
Hotfrog Canada provides information regarding Enterprise Location d'Autos in Montreal QC. Enterprise Location d'Autos is located at 5249 Rue de la Savane, Montreal QC H4P 1V4 and provides transportation services. Contact them on (438) 792-1964.
Is Enterprise Location d'Autos in 5249 Rue de la Savane, Montreal QC H4P 1V4 your business? Claim your listing and attract more leads by adding more content, photos and other business details.
We have more transportation services in Montreal QC available on Hotfrog Canada. You can update your search for Montreal transportation by location, keyword or service options.
5 Place Ville Marie Suite 1108 MONTREAL QUEBEC H3B 2G2
Roxboro 121 Roxboro 121 MONTREAL QUEBEC H8Y 1H9
Small Business Hub
Sharing tips, ideas and advice to help grow your small business
Your profile without ads
Have you considered upgrading to Hotfrog AdVantage? No competitor advertising means exclusive focus on your business. You take centre stage.
Create your free Hotfrog business profile
Follow Hotfrog on:
Share on:
Hotfrog Small Business Hub


text:
Giorgio BertiniResearch on society, culture, art, neuroscience, cognition, critical thinking, intelligence, creativity, autopoiesis, self-organization, rhizomes, complexity, systems, networks, leadership, sustainability, thinkers, futures ++
Learning Change Project
Academic SupportThe Learning Change Project is a personal not for profit and without sponsors multidisciplinary initiative to support academic activities. Use the files freely for your Courses or Research. To prepare Reading Lists explore the Category List or Search for the topic of your interest. If you need any support, contact me.
500 Posts in this BlogFollow my Networks for recent Posts. For authors, date, publishers +metadata, view the source.
- Follow Learning Sciences of Change on WordPress.com
Recent Posts: Learning Art
Learning Change
Learning Community Change
Learning Cultural Change
Learning Philosophy of Change
Learning Political Economy of Change
Learning Research & Change Methods
Learning Sciences of Change
Learning Sustainability of Change
Learning Technologies of Change
- My Tweets
Category Archives: Mental
Mental maturity scan tracks brain development
Read Five minutes in a scanner can reveal how far a child's brain has come along the path from childhood to maturity and potentially shed light on a range of psychological and developmental disorders, scientists at Washington University School of … Continue reading
Posted in Brain development, Brains, Mental Tagged brain development, brains, mental Leave a comment


text:
How rich is Deborah?
Deborah net worth:
Under Review
Deborah profile links
Deborah profile links
Frank McCourt
Kevin Cronin
Elon Musk
Terrance Knighton
Deborah net worth & biography:Deborah (Hebrew: ?????????, Modern Dvora Tiberian D??ôr? ; "Bee", Arabic: ????? Daborah?) was a prophet of the God of the Israelites, the fourth Judge of pre-monarchic Israel, counselor, warrior, and the wife of Lapidoth according to the Book of Judges chapters 4 and 5. The only female judge mentioned in the Bible, Deborah led a successful counterattack against the forces of Jabin king of Canaan and his military commander Sisera, the narrative is recounted in chapter 4.Judges chapter 5 gives the same story in poetic form. This passage, often called The Song of Deborah, may date to as early as the 12th century BC and is perhaps the earliest sample of Hebrew poetry. It is also significant because it is one of the oldest passages that portrays fighting women, the account being that of Jael, the wife of Heber, a Kenite tent maker. Jael killed Sisera by driving a tent peg through his temple as he slept. Both Deborah and Jael are portrayed as strong independent women. The poem may have been included in the Book of the Wars of the Lord mentioned in Numbers 21:14.In Hebrew, her name, ?????????, translates as bee. The Deborah number, a dimensionless number used in rheology, is named after her. Wikipedia
More about Deborah:
- Filmography
- Awards
- Salaries
- Facts
- Quotes
- Trademarks
- Pictures
|Shared with Strangers
|Patricia, l'hôtesse du club Mélimélo
|Sophie, petite fille perverse
Looks like we don't have Deborah awards information. Sorry!
Looks like we don't have Deborah salary information. Sorry!
Looks like we don't have Deborah interesting facts information. Sorry!
Looks like we don't have Deborah quotes information. Sorry!
Looks like we don't have Deborah trademarks information. Sorry!
Looks like we don't have Deborah pictures. Sorry!


text:
Dollar General Boosts Bottom Line by 64 Percent in First Quarter
June 8, 2010,
GOODLETTSVILLE, Tenn.-First-quarter net income ballooned by 64 percent for Dollar General, finishing at $136 million.
The retail chain firmed its bottom line through a 12 percent gain in net sales for the quarter, totaling $3.1 billion, which included a 6.7 percent rise in its same-store sales. Also, Dollar General picked up 136 basis points in its gross margin, to 32.1 percent, and cut 19 percent from its interest expense. These factors helped offset a 29 percent increase in its selling, general and administrative expense.
The company also said it will open 600 new stores and remodel or relocate another 500 stores this year.
HFN Staff | News & Commentary
Other Articles By Author
Related Articles
Rem-Fit Unveils Innovative Smart Pillow at Las Vegas Market