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Top Definition
a game similar to ping pong the only difference being that whenever a player gains a point the other player must remove their shirt and allow the player who scored to hit the ping pong ball as hard as they can into the other players bare skin. this does not cause any real injury but can be fairly painful. the game can be won either by reaching a predetermined point amount or if the other player is in too much pain to continue.
Me and my freinds were bored so we decided to play a game of suicide ping pong
by mr.blackrino January 06, 2011
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Back in the 1960s, when teenage girls in America and England fantasized about romance with their favorite Beatle, Cynthia Powell Lennon held the position so many girls dreamed of — she was married to John.
The two shared a working-class background. They met in art school in 1957 and were married in 1962, just weeks before The Beatles recorded "Love Me Do." But as The Beatles became a sensation, Cynthia had to pretend she wasn't married to John.
Also read: Michelle Obama tweets for the first time since leaving the White House
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subset: commoncrawl


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He may be New York's senior Senator, but Chuck Schumer can't capture Snooki's attention even for an instant.
A video shows the "Jersey Shore" star signing autographs for fans at Reagan National Airport in Washington, D.C., when Schumer strolls by.
A cameraman excitedly tries to get Snooki to greet the Senator, but Nicole "Snooki" Polizz pays no attention to his requests.
Schumer stands there for a while, waiting for some form of acknowledgment, and then, seemingly dejected, waves and walks off.
Daily Intel offers this account of what happens next:
A flustered cameraman asks Snooki if she knows her senator just passed by, and Snooki says, "Oh, really?" in the same utterly disinterested way that people respond to "I had such a weird dream last night."
The Morning Email helps you start your workday with everything you need to know: breaking news, entertainment and a dash of fun. Learn more


text:
Ushio FHE / ESB bulb applications include ophthalmic, microscopic and other diagnostic equipment.
Cross References
- ARC (Ashahi Research) 6V 20W
- Atlas/Thorn M/30
- Bulbrite 761175 FHE/ESB
- Heine Y-96.14.103/ESB
- Kaiser 203027
- Marco ESB
- Nikon 79099
- Nikon 89500
- Nissin 6V 20W
- Olympus 8-C405
- Olympus 6V 20W
- Osram 64250
- Osram Sylvania 54261 64250 HLX
- Philips 7388
- Reichert 11143
- Rokunar 20W 6V
- Sunlite 70155 ESB/FHE
- Swift MA-780
- Uniphot ESB/FHE
- Unomat 6V 20W
- Ushio 1000532 FHE/ESB, JC6V-20W/G4 C-6
- Wild 362-658
- Vivitar 6V20
- Zeiss 3801-20-7030
Equipment Used In
This 1000532 is used in the following equipment. If you do not see your brand and model in the list below, please call us at 800.867.2852.
- Acme-Lite Model A2
- Acme-Lite Model B
- Ambico V-0882
- AO Reichert 1120
- AO Reichert 11143
- ARC (Ashahi Research) ARC 2000
- ARC (Ashahi Research) ARC 3000 (2 lamps)
- HQ Videolite 2006
- Kaiser Camlight 20
- Kyocera Firepower 3000
- Leitz 500-245
- Leitz Dialux 20
- Leitz Laborlux 12 HL ME
- Leitz SM-Lux HL
- Leitz Vario Orthomat
- Nissin Camlite 2006
- Olympus BHT
- Olympus BHTU
- Olympus CHS
- Olympus CK-2
- Olympus SZH-IILK
- Olympus SZH-ILLB
- Olympus SZH-ILLC
- Olympus VM-ILA-2
- Optex-Argus CVL100
- Optex-Argus CVL175
- Pacemark VL/1020
- Rokunar RVL20SP
- Satter Arc-2000
- Satter Arc-3000
- Satter PC-50
- Shin-Nippon SL-40
- Swift M1002D
- Swift M1004D
- Swift M1005D
- Swift Swiftmaster I
- Swift Y3H
- Unomat DC-4000
- Vivitar IVL-1
- Vivitar IVL-2
- Zeiss 3800-20-1740D
- AO Reichert 11075 Selectra
- AO Reichert 11083 Selectra
- AO Reichert 11143
About Ushio
USHIO America, Inc., established in 1967, has developed its product technology to include a wide variety of light sources used in many different markets. Ushio's primary product focus is on discharge, halogen and LED lamp technology. Ushio has the design and production system expertise essential to making sophisticated light sources for general lighting and for specialty applications such as AV/Photo, Entertainment, Graphic Arts, Horticulture, Aquarium, Scientific/Medical, Ultraviolet and Semiconductor.
|ANSI Code
|Average Life (hours)
|Initial Lumens
|Max Overall Length (In.)
|Bulb Finish
|Lamp Type
|Topbulb Order Code
|Manufacturer's Description
Shipping Policy
In stock orders received after 1:00 PM Central Standard Time will be shipped the following business day. IF YOU PLACE A WEB ORDER AFTER 1 PM CST AND NEED IT URGENTLY, PLEASE CALL 800.867.2852 TO CONFIRM.
International orders can be completed online for most countries. Payment will be collected in US dollars. Local customs and duties will be charged by your local government at time of delivery. You may be contacted by customer service with an different freight charges for orders for oversized or heavier items.
For urgent orders, please call us at 800.867.2852 to check the real-time stock status on products included in your order and for Next Day Air AM and Next Day Air Saturday.
In stock 2nd Day and Next Day orders placed after 3:00 pm central time on Friday will ship out on Monday.
Otherwise, Your order will be shipped via the shipping method you select during checkout:
- Ground: $9.75
- Ground Canada: $24.95
- UPS 2nd Day Air: (Delivered by end of 2nd business day to most U.S. addresses) $29.95
- UPS Next Day Air: (Delivered by end of next business day to most U.S. addresses) $59.95
- Add $10.00 for UPS shipping to Alaska and Hawaii
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For Next Day Saturday please call 800.867.2852 to update the shipping method. A $95 charge will be applied.(Applicable to most U.S. addresses)
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For heavy/oversized packages the shipping charges may vary. We will contact you with the charge prior to shipping your order.
We are Closed for:
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- Good Friday
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- 4th of Jully
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Topbulb stands behind its products and will issue a refund, replacement or credit if you are not satisfied with your purchase and notify us within 14 days of receipt of product. A Restocking Charge of 20% will apply to all items returned where Topbulb has made no error in merchandizing or shipping. Refunds will be made by original method of payment. All returns must arrive in its original packaging and all freight charges for the return of goods are to be paid by the customer. There are exceptions to our Return Policy including, but not limited to, linear fluorescent bulbs 47" or longer in length, Special Order products, orders outside the continental U.S., and shipments delivered via common carrier. Please call 800.867.2852 or email email@example.com to obtain a Returned Material Authorization (RMA) before returning any product. Topbulb may at any time limit the number of delivery attempts based on unfavorable delivery history.
Manufacturer's Warranties
Many products offered by Topbulb.com provide a manufacturer's warranty. This information is listed on our website within the Specifications section of each product if there is a manufacturer's warranty. After 14 days, the customer is responsible for the shipping cost of warranty replacement(s). Please note a manufacturer's statement of Average Rated Life Hours does not imply a warranty.
Mistaken and Damaged Shipments
Topbulb will replace the order and refund any applicable shipping costs if we made an error with your order. Please contact us if there is any obvious damage at the time of delivery. Please make all claims for replacement or credit within 14 days of delivery. To return any damaged or incorrect item, please call 800.867.2852 to obtain a Returned Material Authorization (RMA) or email us at firstname.lastname@example.com. For damaged orders, keep the original box and all packaging materials for possible inspection by the carrier and/or return to Topbulb.


text:
Newegg.com - A great place to buy computers, computer parts, electronics, software, accessories, and DVDs online. With great prices, fast shipping, and top-rated customer service - once you know, you Newegg.
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Newegg.com - Computer Parts, Laptops, Electronics, HDTVs, Digital Cameras and More!
Ships from United States. Most customers receive within 6-10 days.
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G. W. Schwert is from William E. Simon Graduate School of Business Administration, University of Rochester, and National Bureau of Economic Research. P. J. Seguin is from William E. Simon Graduate School of Business Administration, University of Rochester. We received helpful comments from Robert Engle, Michael Gibbons, Campbell Harvey, James Poterba, René Stulz, and two anonymous referees. Support from the Bradley Policy Research Center at the Univerity of Rochester and from the Olin Foundation is gratefully acknowledged.
Heteroskedasticity in Stock Returns
Version of Record online: 30 APR 2012
DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1990.tb02430.x
© 1990 the American Finance Association
The Journal of Finance
Volume 45, Issue 4, pages 1129–1155, September 1990
Additional Information
How to Cite
SCHWERT, G. W. and SEGUIN, P. J. (1990), Heteroskedasticity in Stock Returns. The Journal of Finance, 45: 1129–1155. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1990.tb02430.x
Publication History
- Issue online: 30 APR 2012
- Version of Record online: 30 APR 2012
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Real Building
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iPhone apps
The Shard Fence
The Shard Fence by Keith Madsen (Inspirational) The Shard Fence is the story of a North American young man and a Brazilian young woman who teach a church in Belo Horizonte to tap faith in God to fight violence and drugs in their Brazilian favela.….. Read more
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The Art of Fencing - The Use of the Small Sword
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Clear and easy-to-follow steps to enable a reader to master the 'fence' protection principle, one of the most innovative techniques to enter the field of protection for many years.Geoff… [more..]
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Forum indexStudio and Lighting TechniqueChange forum
Softbox retailers in the UK
Started Nov 20, 2012 | Questions thread
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Quantum Help • Senior Member • Posts: 1,666
Re: Softbox retailers in the UK
In reply to sedrocproductions • Nov 20, 2012
Why don't you get in contact with one of the biigger dealers / distributors in the UK. They should be able to help you.
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e-puck charger for 1 battery
The e-puck chargers have a standard Europlug (two-pole European domestic AC power plug). Depending on the delivery country, a local power plug adapter is included with the charger (Japan, UK and USA only, other countries upon request).
If you need to handle a large number of batteries, we recommend the charger for 4 batteries.


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Hi ladies, I'll join in here too however I have no idea when I will O as I'm still waiting for AF to show for July.. I'm at a loss to explain what's happening to me
Hi ladies, I'll join in here too however I have no idea when I will O as I'm still waiting for AF to show for July.. I'm at a loss to explain what's happening to me
Evee16 (11-07-2016),makingbabythree (27-07-2016),peanutoven (14-07-2016)
Hi, thanks @AmyEL for starting the August thread.
I'm CD6. Will be testing on August 11. We're TTC #1. Have been trying since Jan.
Hoping a few of us get our BFPs this month so we can move into a DIG! I'm a little jealous I've been left behind... I just want a bubba!
AmyEL (11-07-2016),brodiesmummy2011 (11-07-2016),Evee16 (12-07-2016),lilsushi (11-07-2016)
Hello just poking head in waiting for af to show .. Ttc #1 since nov 1 mc ... Sigh baby dust to you all out there
Can I please be added to August 13. I am due for af on Sat but just tested and got a negative so I am prepared for August instead. We conceived our DS1 first go so moving on to our 4th cycle I am starting to wonder if something is wrong.
Hi everyone! I would love to join! At this stage i have no idea what cycle day I'm really on as i came off the pill. I started taking it to skip periods to help with my endometriosis pain but unfortunately my body didn't want to do what it was meant too and I have been bleeding for over a month on and off the pill.
We are going to start to TTC in August for baby #2.
Hi all! Had my appointment with FS today and he thinks I may have endometriosis. He's not certain, but said we should do a laparoscopy to see just incase. Booked me in for August.
Bit of a bump in the road so will have to put everything on hold until September
Best wishes to everyone, may August be your month
Moving on from July.. This will be my first cycle on both metformin and now introducing femara, AF arrived today after a 50 day cycle
Pregnant for the first-time?
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November 8, 2016
Blumenthal Wins Second Term; Democrats Hold Connecticut Congressional Seats
by Christine Stuart | November 8, 2016 9:46pm
U.S. Sen. Richard Blumenthal easily won a second term Tuesday, defeating Republican challenger Dan Carter, a state representative from Bethel.
Continue reading "Blumenthal Wins Second Term; Democrats Hold Connecticut Congressional Seats" »
Tags: Blumenthal, Larson, Courtney, DeLauro, Himes, Esty, Cadena, Balletto, Corey, DeRosa, Shaban, Cope, Connecticut, dh
October 7, 2016
OP-ED | John Larson's Tunnel Needs to Happen
by Susan Bigelow | October 7, 2016 9:00am
Just when we all thought the grand idea of burying I-84 in Hartford had been scuttled by the penny-pinching DOT, along comes U.S. Rep. John Larson, D-1st District, with an ambitious plan to build an even bigger tunnel that buries both interstates and extends into East Hartford, all with federal dollars.
Continue reading "OP-ED | John Larson's Tunnel Needs to Happen" »
Tags: john larson, I-84, I-91, viaduct, Aetna Viaduct, tunnels, hartford, east hartford, Susan Bigelow, DC News Junkie, dh
August 1, 2016
Republican Hopes Third Campaign Is The Charm
by Max Moran | August 1, 2016 2:30pm
Tall, soft-spoken and broad-shouldered, Matthew Corey's callused hands are a testament to the hard work he does and how proud he is to do it. He's dressed down in a t-shirt and jeans, in a corner booth of McKinnon's Irish Pub in downtown Hartford, just a few blocks from the state Capitol.
Continue reading "Republican Hopes Third Campaign Is The Charm" »
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June 24, 2016
After Sit-In, Connecticut Democrats Say They Remain Committed
by Christine Stuart | June 24, 2016 12:34pm
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(UPDATED 2:30 p.m.) When it comes to gun violence in America, U.S. Sen. Chris Murphy said "sympathy is important. Prayers are important. But members of Congress don't get elected in order to send out sympathy tweets."
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text:
Wilmington has a population of 11,921 and is located in Clinton county.
For Ohio residents, the average tuition for all Wilmington chemistry schools for the 2009 - 2010 school year was $23,786.00. For non-residents, the average tuition for Wilmington chemistry schools was $23,786.00.
The average cost of books and supplies for chemistry schools in Wilmington is $1,275.00. Students living on campus at chemistry schools in Wilmington paid an average of $8,272.00 for room and board during the 2009 - 2010 school year. Students living at home incurred costs of $1,600.00. There is one chemistry college in Wilmington. Chemistry programs in Wilmington reportedly graduated 2 students in the 2008 - 2009 school year.
|Average Salary
|Number Employed in City
|Chemistry Teachers, Postsecondary
|Not available


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"National DNA Day is a unique day when students, teachers and the public can learn more about genetics and genomics! The day commemorates the completion of the Human Genome Project in April 2003, and the discovery of DNA's double helix." – National Human Genome Research Institute
Nova PBS has a collection of interesting web exhibits surrounding DNA and other genetically coded materials:
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Before Watson & Crick – How did scientists discover that DNA was the blueprint of life?
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If you have a favorite molecule, you can view it on your favorite Apple device with a free app called Molecules. The program allows you to display the structure in different rendering styles, rotate and zoom. You can even add custom molecular structures!
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A jaw dropping transportation of FOUR signed cards. Pro caliber magic that anybody can do. https://t.co/kbIiS..
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Hopping Dominoes By Vernet and Ree-Nee- Trick
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Hopping Dominoes is a new version of the famous coin trick called "Hopping Half", made with two domino chips. It's a continuous vanish and re-appearance of the dominoes with an astonishing climax. A powerful effect, ideal for parlor, close-up or restaurant magic. Very visual, and very easy to do.
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(This review is for Hopping Dominoes By Vernet and Ree-Nee- Trick)
The gaffs and the routine are basically the same as for hopping halves. There are three problems with the trick. (1) The dominoes are plastic with a matte finish, the nesting is loose, and they don't look real. I sprayed them with high gloss clear acrylic which was a slight visual improvement. (2) The gaffs fit loosely and are noisy, requiring extra care in handling, unlike well-made Hopping Halves where the coins fit with minimal play and noise. (3) The walls of the gaffs are rather thick. In well-machined Hopping Halves unless spectators are extremely vigilant, they are unlikely to notice a size difference in the coins over the course of the routine. Not so with the Hopping Dominoes. During the short time interval between the start and end of the routine, and no matter what common lore says, size does make a difference! If the gaffs were thin-walled and machined to close tolerances, this could be a nice variation of Hopping Halves. Alas, the flaws mean I probably won't be using this set and hence the low rating.
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Oklahoma State quarterback Clint Chelf learns life is not fair
Clint Chelf learned plenty in five years at Oklahoma State. The biggest lesson was on display for all to see with just over a minute to play in Friday's 41-31 loss to Missouri in the AT&T Cotton Bowl. Life isn't fair. In the middle of the 2012 season, the Oklahoma State quarterback was a junior stuck at No. 3 on the depth chart. Was his time coming? It seemed doubtful with rocket...
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Recap: Mizzou outlasts OSU 41-31 to claim Cotton Bowl victory
ARLINGTON, Texas -- Henry Josey ran for 92 yards and three touchdowns, the last a 16-yarder with 3:08 left, and No. 9 Missouri beat No. 13 Oklahoma State 41-31 in the Cotton Bowl on Friday night. The former Big 12 and Big Eight rivals traded points on six consecutive possessions in the fourth quarter, until Oklahoma State quarterback Clint Chelf was sacked and fumbled with a minute...
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Clint Chelf remained confident that his senior year at Oklahoma State would not end with him standing on the sidelines, and he was right. When the No. 13 Cowboys (10-2, 7-2 Big 12) take the field at AT&T Stadium Friday night in the Cotton Bowl, Chelf will be guiding the OSU offense against No. 9 Missouri (11-2, 7-1 SEC). Pulled from Oklahoma State's season opener in the first...
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Chelf steps up in memorable season for Oklahoma State
Clint Chelf was being a good soldier. He began the season as Oklahoma State's starting quarterback. By late September, he hadn't seen a meaningful snap since the first quarter of the first game of his senior season. Yet there he was, quietly lifting weights when coach Mike Gundy approached him. Outside the locker room, talk of the surprising quarterback switch from Chelf to J.W....
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Cotton Bowl: Patience has paid off for OSU's Chelf
(Photo credit: 247Sports) He arrived on campus in Stillwater in 2009 without much hype, a three-star dual-threat quarterback from Enid, Oklahoma. He was stuck behind the likes of Zac Robinson and Brandon Weeden for three years before he even had a sniff at the starting job. Then, when it looked like it was finally his time to take the reigns, two highly regarded youngsters, J.W....
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No. 10 OSU shocks No. 4 Baylor as Chelf explodes for 370 yards, 4 TDs
Clint Chelf put Oklahoma State well within reach of a Big 12 Conference championship, dooming Baylor's national title aspirations in the process. Chelf passed for a career-high 370 yards and accounted for four touchdowns as No. 11 Oklahoma State took down another national-championship hopeful, easily defeating No. 3 Baylor 49-17 on Saturday night. The loss for the Bears leaves...
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Clint Chelf put Oklahoma State well within reach of a Big 12 Conference championship, dooming Baylor's national title aspirations in the process. Chelf passed for a career-high 370 yards and accounted for four touchdowns as No. 11 Oklahoma State took down another national-championship hopeful, easily defeating No. 3 Baylor 49-17 on Saturday night. The loss for the Bears leaves...
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QB Chelf spurs streak by No. 11 Oklahoma St
(Eds: Updates.) By JOHN TRANCHINA Associated Press Now that he is back in control of No. 11 Oklahoma State's offense, senior quarterback Clint Chelf has the Cowboys on the verge of their second Big 12 Conference championship in three years. A win against No. 3 Baylor (9-0, 6-0 Big 12), who visit Boone Pickens Stadium on Saturday night, will put Oklahoma State (9-1, 6-1) in prime...
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November 20, 2013 | Discuss
ESPN Caption Contest Won by the Man that Threw the Pass--Oklahoma State's Clint Chelf!
There wasn't much that went wrong for Oklahoma State Saturday against Texas, but there was one thing--this interception by Texas safety Mykkele Thompson. The pass was meant for Marcell Ateman who seemed to expect to be somewhere other than where it was, but fell short into the waiting hands of Thompson.It's a great picture so it's understandable that ESPN wanted to use if for their...
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November 19, 2013 | Discuss
Oklahoma State QB Clint Chelf "Won" ESPN's Twitter Caption Contest And It Wasn't Even Close
Each week, ESPN the Magazine does a caption contest on Twitter with an interesting photo from the preceding week of sports. This week's photo featured Texas safety Mykkele Thompson intercepting an underthrown pass intended for Oklahoma State's Marcell Ateman. The picture is pretty amusing because Ateman seemed to have no idea how underthrown the pass was — he was waiting for...
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Corrosion protection of electrodeposited multilayer nanocomposite Zn-Ni-SiO2 coatings
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Corrosion protection of electrodeposited multilayer nanocomposite Zn-Ni-SiO2 coatings
Yathish Ullal, A. Chitharanjan Hegde
Electrochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry,
National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, Srinivasnagar-575 025, India, e-mail: hesdeac@rediffmail. com
Multilayer nanocomposite coatings of Zn-Ni-SiO2 were deposited galvanostatically on mild steel (MS) from Zn-Ni bath, having Zn+2 and Ni+2 ions and uniformly dispersed nano-SiO2 particles. The corrosion characteristics and properties of multilayered nanocomposite (MNC) coatings were evaluated by electrochemical polarization and impedance methods. Such deposition conditions as, bath composition, cyclic cathode current densities (CCCD's) and number of layers were optimized for peak performance of coatings against corrosion. A significant improvement in the corrosion performance of MNC coatings was observed when a coating was changed from a monolayer to multilayer type. Corrosion rate (CR) of MNC coating decreased progressively with number of layers up to an optimal level, and then started increasing. The increase of CR at a higher degree of layering is attributed to diffusion of layers due to a very short deposition time, failing to give the enhanced corrosion protection. The formation of layers, inclusion of silica particle in MNC coating matrix were confirmed by SEM and XRD study. At optimal current densities, i.e. at 3. 0−5.0 A/cm2, the Zn-Ni-SiO2 coating having 300 layers, represented as (Zn-Ni-SiO2)30/5. o/3oo is found to be about 107 times more corrosion resistant than a monolayer Zn-Ni-SiO2 coating, developed from the same bath for the same time. The reasons responsible for the extended corrosion protection of MNC Zn-Ni-SiO2 coatings, compared to corresponding monolayer Zn-Ni and (Zn-Ni-SiO2) coatings were analyzed, and results were discussed.
Electrochemical deposition of metals and alloys is an integral process for the obtaining of nanosized features. Electrodeposition, electroless deposition, and displacement reactions used to deposit metals, alloys, and metal-matrix composite materials are controlled by electrochemical reactions. Electrochemically prepared nanomaterials are characterized by at least one dimension in the nanometer range, include nanostrutured thin-film multilayers, nanowires, nanowires with nanometric layers, nanotubes, nanosize particles embedded into metal matrices. Owing to the nanometric nature of the structure, the physical properties of nanomaterials can be significantly different from bulk materials having the same composition. Electrodeposition relates to the reduction of metal ions with an impressed current (or potential). In contrast, electroless and displacement processes occur without an impressed current (or potential). Magnetic compositionally modulated multilayered thin films and nanowires are typical examples of electrodeposited nanostructured materials [1]. Electrochemical deposition has appeared not only as a cost-effective alternative to vapor-deposition methods for thin films, but also as an atvantageous method for nanotechnology to deposit nanostructured layers onto irregular substrates and into deep recesses, enabling unique materials such as nanotubes and wires to be manufactured.
A new type of coating systems, the so-called compositionally modulated multilayer (CMM) alloy coatings, or alternatively, cyclic multilayer alloy (CMA) coatings has gradually became of interest amongst researchers, because these layered-structure coatings possess improved properties or novel phenomenon such as increased mechanical strength, micro-hardness, giant magneto resistance and corrosion resistance. CMM coatings consist of a large number of thin laminar deposits of metal/alloy layers, and each layer has its own distinctive role in achieving the preferred parameters. These multilayered or layer-by-layer deposits have attracted the attention of both the scientific and engineering communities due to their widespread applications. One of the first examples of CMMs was demonstrated by Blum in 1921, when alternate Cu and Ni layers, tens of microns thick, were deposited from two different electrolytes. The resulting Cu/Ni multilayer improved the tensile strength of the electrodeposits compared to elemental copper deposits [2]. Today, CMM materials that are of interest in other systems include not only mechanical properties [3−4] (e.g., fracture and tensile strength, hardness) but also magnetic and corrosion properties [5−7]. Among the various methods for producing metallic nanocomposite coatings, electrodeposition technique seems to be the most convenient, and today it meets the requirements of many new materials with improved properties. Further, the process design of
© Yathish Ullal, A. Chitharanjan Hegde, Электронная обработка материалов, 2013, 49(2), 73−79.
Fig. 1. Current pulses used for deposition of monolayer (direct current) and multilayer (pulsed current) coatings.
electrodeposition is guided by end applications and its corrosion protection behavior.
Generally, the corrosion resistant coatings on mild steel are represented by zinc based coatings. Although zinc coatings provide excellent corrosion protection, there is an increasing necessity for its improvement. Several methods are tested and proven to enhance the corrosion protection of normal Zn coating, like alloying with Ni. Fe, Co, Mn metals [6−8]. The corrosion performance of monolayer Zn-M (where M = Fe, Ni, Co and less commonly Mn) coatings have been improved substantially by CMA coating technique. Several reports are available for CMA Zn-M alloy coatings [6−9]. Fei et. al. have deposited CMA Zn-Fe coatings galvanostati-cally, and observed that they exhibit better corrosion protection than corresponding monolayer alloys. Venkatakrishna et. al, have reported the improved corrosion performance of CMA Zn-Co coatings compared to monolayer coatings. Chawa et. al. [10] reported the corrosion resistance of Zn-Co CMA coatings from zinc sulphate and nickel sulphamate baths demonstrating its better corrosion resistance, compared to monolithic Zn-Co coatings of similar thickness. Recently, Liao et al. [11−13] have studied both CMA coatings of Zn/Zn-Fe and only Zn-Fe systems. Kirilova et al. [14−15] reported CMA coatings of Zn-Co from single bath technique (SBT). Thangaraj et al. optimized a chloride bath for the production of Zn-Fe CMA coatings over MS, and showed that coating were found to have ~ 45 times better corrosion resistant than monolithic Zn-Fe coatings of the same thickness [9].
Deposition of many Zn-based composite coatings, such as Zn-TiO2, Zn-Al2O3, Zn-yttria-stabilized zirconia, Zn-Ni-SiC, Zn-SiO2 has been reported and their corrosion resistance was evaluated and results were found to be encouraging [16−17]. Experimental studies revealed that these coatings offer improved corrosion resistance in comparison with pure zinc coating. Though improvement in corrosion resistance of CMA coatings of Zn-M alloys were widely reported, very little was done with regard to optimization of the deposition condition of multilayered composite coatings. In the light of development of Zn-based composite coatings and multilayer coatings of Zn-Ni alloys, it has been tried to
develop multilayer composite coatings of Zn-Ni. i.e. Zn-Ni-SiO2 composite, by addition of nanosized SiO2 particles into the electrolytic bath of Zn-Ni. Deposition conditions and bath compositions were optimized for production of MNC on MS for peak performance against corrosion. Experimental studies have been used to optimize the deposition conditions for peak performance of the coating against corrosion, and to analyze the factors responsible for en-h anced corrosion protection. Electroplates were examined using SEM and XRD, and results were discussed.
A Zn-Ni alloy bath was prepared using analytical grade reagents and deionized water. The composition of the bath used in the present study is: NiSO4. 6H2O 100g/L, ZnSO4. 7H2O 100g/L, sodium acetate trihydrate 75g/L, citric acid 2g/L and thiamine hydrochloride 0. 5g/L. The bath pH was maintained at 3.0 ± 0. 05 and adjusted using dil. H2SO4 and dil. NaOH. All depositions were accomplished over MS panels over known active surface area (25 mm x 30 mm). The optimization of plating parameters for deposition of CMA Zn-Ni coatings was reached by the method reported in [7−9]. The computer controlled DC Power Analyzer (N6705, Agilent Technologies) was used as a power source to develop the multilayer coating from single electrolytic bath. The compositional modulation in alternate layers was affected by pulsing the current. The present study is aimed at modulation in composition using square current pulses, shown in Fig. 1. The Zn-based composite coatings were electrodeposited by adding a fixed quantity (5 g/L) of commercial grade SiO2 nanopowder (Sigma Aldrich). Zn-Ni bath after stirring with silica powder for 24 h (for homogenization) was used for electroplating. Later, depositions were carried out under steady conditions of agitation, using a circulation pump to avoid settling down of the composite particles due to gravity. The composition and deposition conditions were optimized by conventional Hull cell method [18].
Monolayer Zn-Ni-SiO2 coatings were developed at different c.d. 's and their corrosion resistances were evaluated in 5% NaCl solution, as a typical corrosion medium. All coatings were plated onto
polished MS during 10 min (~ 20 pm thickness), for comparative purposes. After air drying the electroplated coatings were subjected to electrochemical corrosion tests using potentiostat/galvanostat (Ver-saStat-3, Princeton Applied Research). All potentials expressed in this work are measured with referring to saturated calomel electrode (SCE). The formation of MNC coatings was confirmed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM, JEOL 6380 LA). The X-ray diffraction (XRD) study was used to analyze the phase structure of the deposits in alternate layers of nanocomposite coatings. MNC coatings with alternate layers of alloys having different composition are represented conveniently as: (Zn-Ni-SiO2)½/n (where 1 and 2 indicate the cyclic cathode current density (CCCD's) and 'n' is the number of layers formed during total plating time. i.e. 10 min).
2.1 Deposition of monolayer Zn-Ni coatings
Monolayer Zn-Ni alloy coatings were electrode-posited from the optimized bath using direct current (DC) without pulsating the cathode current. i.e., between c.d. 1.0 to 5.0 A/dm2. The deposits were found to be bright and uniform and their corrosion characteristics were studied, It was observed that at c.d. = 3.0 A/dm2, the monolayer Zn-Ni alloy was found to be more resistant to corrosion.
2.2 Deposition of monolayer Zn-Ni-SiO2 coatings
A known quantity of SiO2 (5 g/L) is dispersed into the optimized Zn-Ni bath. Similarly, monolayer Zn-Ni-SiO2 composite coatings were developed from the bath at different c.d. 's using DC without modulation in composition over wide range of c.d.- and their corrosion behaviors were evaluated. The composite coatings were also studied for their composition, hardness and corrosion behavior, and are reported in Table 1. It shows the wt. % Ni in the composite coatings developed at different c.d. 's, in comparison with that in the monolayer Zn-Ni alloy coating (given in the parenthesis). It may be observed that monolayer coatings are harder than the corresponding binary alloy coating. It occurs due to the added mechanical strength to the coatings, caused by the embedded SiO2 nanoparticles into the metal matrix. Further, the corrosion resistance of monolayer nanocomposite coatings is found to be slightly higher than that of Zn-Ni alloy. The improved corrosion resistance of the monolayer composite coatings may be attributed to the combined effect of its increased nickel content and presence of silica particles. [20] The silica particles are considered to act as the barriers for electron movement in corrosion process.
2.3 Deposition of multilayer nano-composite Zn-Ni-SiO2 coatings
It is well known that in the case of electrodepos-ited Zn-Ni alloys a small change in the Ni content results in significant changes in properties, due to the change in phase structure, and many experimental investigations has supported this behavior [6−8]. Precise control of CCCD's, allows the development of layered coating with different compositions. It eventually leads to coatings with improved functional properties. Accordingly, to begin with, multilayer nanocomposite (MNC) Zn-Ni-SiO2 coatings with 10 layers (5 sets each) at different CCCD's were developed and their corrosion protection efficiency was evaluated. A total of 10 layers have been arbitrarily taken for the comparison purpose. MNC Zn-Ni-SiO2 coatings at different CCCD's combinations were developed, i.e. at 2. 0/5.0 and 3. 0/5.0 A/dm2.
2.3.1 Optimization of CCCD's for nano-composite Zn-Ni-SiO2 coatings
Among many combinations of CCCD's tried, the coatings developed with difference of 3.0 A/dm2 and 2.0 A/dm2 between C. D's were found to be more encouraging. In an effort to increase further the protection efficiency of MNC coatings multilayer coatings have been made in the range of 2. 0−5.0 A/dm2 and 3. 0−5.0 A/dm2 as CCCD's.
2.3.2 Optimization of the number of layers in multilayer coatings
Generally, improvement in the properties of electrodeposited multilayer coating depends upon a variety of factors, such as a choice of electrolyte, bilayer number and thickness of each layer. Accordingly, the corrosion performance of multilayer coatings can also be increased substantially by increasing the number of layers (usually up to an optimal limit), with no loss in demarcation between each layers. Therefore by selecting 2. 0/5. 0A/cm2 and 3. 0/5. 0A/cm2 as two sets of CCCD's, CMA Zn-Ni alloy and MNC Zn-Ni-SiO2 coatings were developed with different number of layers. i.e. 20, 60,120,300 and 600 layers, for the comparative purposes. Ta-fel's extrapolation methods were used for determination of the corrosion potential, corrosion current density, ic and corrosion rate, and are reported in Table 2.
It may be observed that the CR's of the coatings decreased progressively up to 300 layers in each set of CCCD's, and then started increasing to a higher number of layers. i.e. to 600 layers. The MNC coatings having (Zn-Ni-SiO2)3/5/300 configuration exhibited the least CR and has been taken as optimal con-
Table 1. Corrosion data and deposit characters of monolayer Zn-Ni-SiO2 coatings at different current densities
Current density Wt. % Vickers hardness E0 vs. SCE ic CR x 10−2
A/dm2 of Ni V200 (volts) (pA/cm2) (mmy-1)
2.0 1.8 (1. 1) 155 -1. 015 9. 69 14. 34
3.0 2.3 (1. 6) 170 -1. 030 7. 35 11. 83
4.0 2.9 (2. 1) 200 -1. 038 8. 74 13. 93
5.0 3.5 (2. 4) 210 -1. 039 10. 44 15. 44
Table 2. Relative account of CR's of monolayer and multilayer coatings under different conditions of layering
Coating Number E0 vs. SCE ic CR x 10−2
configuration of layers (volts) (pA/cm2) (mmy-1)
Monolayer (Zn-Ni) alloy — -1. 005 12. 23 18. 08
Monolayer (Zn-Ni-SiO2) alloy — -1. 030 7. 35 11. 83
10 -0. 881 10.2 13. 6
20 -0. 864 9. 46 12. 6
CMA (Zn-Ni)2/5 60 -0. 919 7. 42 9. 88
120 -0. 889 4. 97 6. 62
300 -0. 911 0. 92 1. 22
600 -0. 919 8. 87 11. 8
10 -1. 048 3. 744 5. 53
20 -1. 050 2. 019 2. 98
MNC (Zn-Ni-SiO2)2/5 60 -1. 053 1. 646 2. 43
120 -1. 049 1. 148 1. 69
300 -1. 049 0. 256 0. 37
600 -1. 030 7. 371 10. 89
10 -1. 081 3. 061 4. 53
20 -1. 073 1. 495 2. 20
MNC (Zn-Ni-SiO2)3/s 60 -1. 072 1. 251 1. 84
120 -1. 072 0. 419 0. 62
300 -1. 072 0. 071 0. 11
600 -1. 082 6. 490 9. 60
figuration. It may also be noted even in CMA (Zn-Ni)2/5 coatings, the CR decreased with an increase in a number of layers and reached its optimal value of 300 layers, shown in Table 2. The decrease CR at a higher degree of layering may be attributed to very short relaxation time for metal ions to set free from the effect of c.d., failing to bring clear demarcation between the layers [19]. Potentiodynamic polarization behavior of multilayer Zn-Ni alloy and MNC (Zn-Ni-SiO2) coatings is given in Fig. 2a & amp- 2b, respectively. The corrosion data given in Table 2 reveals that (Zn-Ni-SiO2)2/3/30o with 300 layers shows about 107 times higher corrosion resistance than a monolayer (Zn-Ni-SiO2) coating, and it is 11 times higher corrosion resistant than even CMA (Zn-Ni) alloy coating.
The corrosion data on a monolayer and multilayer Zn-Ni-SiO2 coatings in comparison with the data on the monolayer and multilayer Zn-based alloy coatings are given in Table 2. The potentiodynamic polarization behaviors of the monolayer and multilayer Zn-Ni-SiO2 coatings are shown in Fig. 3a. The shift in icorr value towards lower c.d. side indicates that the corrosion protection efficiency increases as coating changes from a monolayer to multilayer
type. Decrease in corrosion rate at higher degree of layering may be explained through the electrochemical impedance study, using AC signal of small amplitude (±10 mV). The corresponding Nyquist diagrams, shown in Fig. 3b reveal that the polarization resistance of the coatings increases in the order of (Zn-Ni-SiO2)3/5/300 & gt- (Zn-Ni-SiO2)3 & gt- (Zn-Ni^ The impedance data points corresponding to MNC (Zn-Ni-SiO2)3/5/300 coating is modeled into an equivalent electrical circuit using Zsimpwin software (i nterfaced with the instrument) and is shown in Fig. 4. It may be observed that circuit elements like solution resistance (Rs), electrical double layer capacitor (Cdi) and charge transfer resistance, Rct follows almost Randles circuit with an additional constant phase element (CPE), may be owing to an additional capacitor due to layering.
2.4 X-ray Diffraction Study
X-ray diffraction patterns of Zn-Ni alloy coatings developed at different c.d. 's used to produce their multilayer coatings are shown in Fig. 5a. At
2.0 A/dm2 and 3.0 A/dm2, у-phase of the alloy and Zn101 peaks is predominant. In the case of deposits obtained at 5.0 A/dm2 and 6.0 A/dm2, a clear sup-
Current density, АУст& quot-
Current density, АУст
Fig. 2. Potentiodynamic polarization curves of (a) CMA Zn-Ni alloys and (b) MNC (Zn-Ni-SiO2) at different degree of layering.
Fig. 3. Comparison of potentiodynamic polarization behaviors (a), and MNC (Zn-Ni-SiO2) coatings (all under optimal conditions).
Fig. 4. Equivalent circuit modeling for Nyquist plot of MNC Zn-Ni-SiO2 coating using Zsimpwin software.
Fig. 5. Powder X-ray diffraction patterns of (a) monolayer Zn-Ni alloy and (b) monolayer Zn-Ni-SiO2 composite coating.
Fig. 6. SEM images of (a) SiO2 nano powder- (b) surface morphology (Zn-Ni-SiO2) showing SiO2 particles and © cross section of MNC coatings of (Zn-Ni-SiO2) having 10 layers.
pression of у-phase may be observed, with appear- • Zn-Ni-SiO2 can be electroplated successfully
ance of two new Zn3Ni22 (0o6) and Zni02 phases. This evidences to the influence of the c.d., and hence the nickel content of the alloy on a phase structure of the alloy in the individual layers.
The deposition of an alloy coating with an individual layer thickness in nano/micrometric level is responsible for the improved corrosion resistance. In the case of Zn-Ni-SiO2 nanocomposite coatings, as shown in Fig. 5b, the presence of SiO2 in the coating matrix is indicated by low intensity peak that appeared at a reflection angle, 20 in the range of 20−25°, irrespective of the c.d. at which they are deposited. Hence, it may be inferred that the phase structure of the nanocomposite coating remains unaltered with c.d. It indicates that the phase structure of the MNC caused only by silica is not altered by deposition parameters like c.d., and concentration. Further, the improved hardness and corrosion behavior of the MNC coatings is due to the inclusion of silica partials in the layered structures of the coatings [20].
2.5 Scanning Electron Microscopy Study
The surface morphology and cross sectional view of electrodeposited MNC coatings of (Zn-Ni-SiO2), as examined under SEM is shown in Fig. 6. Spherically shaped particles in Fig. 6a show nano/submicron size of the silica particles used in the present study. Fig. 6b is the surface morphology of electroplated monolayer (Zn-Ni-SiO2) coating, demonstrating the occlusion of silica particles into the coating. In Fig. 6c, the cross section SEM image of MNC (Zn-Ni-SiO2) with 10 layers coated on mild steel is shown. The layers with different composi-tion/phase have appeared with clear contrast. The bright regions represent layers of one composition and the dark regions represent another set of layers.
• An electrolytic bath has been optimized for the deposition of Zn-based alloy composite coating on MS in terms of its bath composition and operating parameters.
onto MS by dispersing SiO2 particles into Zn-Ni bath using proper bath ingredients.
• The corrosion resistance of the monolayer Zn-Ni-SiO2 composite coatings can be improved with multilayered coating technique by optimizing CCCD's and number of layers.
• The analysis of electroplates confirmed the incorporation of SiO2 nanoparticles in the coating matrix, supported by SEM and XRD studies.
• Under optimal conditions, the MNC Zn-Ni-S i O2 coatings are found to be about 107 times higher corrosion resistant than the monolayer Zn-Ni-SiO2 coatings, which are about 1.5 times higher corrosion resistant than the monolayer Zn-Ni alloy coatings.
• Decrease in CR at higher degree of layering is attributed to less relaxation time for redistribution of metal ions in the diffusion layer during plating.
• The constant low intensity peaks corresponding to SiO2, observed in each c.d. 's confirm that its phase structure is not altered by deposition parameters like c.d., concentration. Hence, the improved hardness and corrosion behavior of the MNC coatings are due to the inclusion of silica partials in the lattice structure.
The first author thanks the National Institute of Technology Karnataka (NITK), Surathkal, India for the financial support in the form of Research Fellowship for carrying out this research.
1. Bicelli L.P., Bozzini B., Mele C. and D'Urzo L. A Review of Nanostructural Aspects of Metal Electrodeposition. Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. 2008, 3, 356−408.
2. Blum W. The Structure and Properties of Alternately Deposited Metals. Trans. Am. Electrochem. Soc. 1921, 40, 307−320.
3. Foecke T. and Lashmore D. Mechanical-behavior of Compositionally Modulated alloys. SCR. Metall. Mater. 1992, 27, 651−656.
4. Menezes S. and Anderson D. Wavelength-property Correlation in Electrodeposited Ultrastructured
Cu-Ni multilayers, J. Electrochem. Soc. 1990, 137, 440−444.
5. Schwarzacher W. and Lashmore D.S. Giant Magnetoresistance in Electrodeposited Films. IEEE Trans. Magn. 1996, 32, 3133−3153.
6. Fei Jing-yin and Wilcox G.D. Electrodeposition of Zinc-nickel Compositionally Modulated Multilayer Coatings and their Corrosion Behaviours. Surf. Coat. Technol. 2006, 200, 3533−3539.
7. Kirilova I and Ivanov I. Corrosion Behaviour of Zn-Co Compositionally Modulated Multilayers Electrodeposited from Single and Dual Baths. J. Appl. Electrochem. 1999, 29, 1133−1137.
8. Venkatakrishna K. and A. Chitharanjan Hegde.
Electrolytic Preparation of Cyclic Multilayer Zn-Ni Alloy Coating Using Switching Cathode Current Densities. J. Appl. Electrochem. 2010, 40,
9. Thangaraj V., Ravishankar K., A. Chitharanjan Hegde. Surface Modification by Compositionally Modulated Multilayered Zn-Fe Alloy Coatings. Chin. J. Chem. 2008, 26, 1−10.
10. Chawa G., Wilcox G.D. and Gabe D.R. Compositionally Modulated Zinc Alloy Coatings for Corrosion Protection. Trans. Inst. Met. Finish. 1998, 76, 117−120.
11. Liao, Y., Gabe, D.R. and Wilcox, G.D. A Study of Zinc-iron Alloy Electrodeposition Using a Rotating Cylinder Hull Cell. Plat. Surf. Finish. 1998, 85(3): 60−66.
12. Liao Y., Gabe D.R. and Wilcox G.D. Microstructural Morphology of Zn-Fe Alloy Electrodeposited Coatings. Plat. Surf. Finish. 1998, 85(8), 62−66.
13. Liao Y., Gabe D.R. and Wilcox G.D. Multilayer Composition-modulated Deposits of Zn-Fe Alloy. Plat. Surf. Finish. 1998, 85(9), 88−91.
14. Kirilova I., Ivanov I. and Rashkov St. Anodic Behaviour of One and Two-layercoatings of Zn and Co Electrodeposited from Single and Dual Baths. J. Appl. Electrochem., 1998, 28(6), 637−643.
15. Kirilova I., Ivanov I. and Rashkov St. Anodic Behaviour of Composition Modulated Zn-Co Multilayers Electrodeposited from Single and Dual Baths. J. Appl. Electrochem. 1998, 28, 1359−1363.
16. Boshkova N., Tsvetkova N., Petrov P., Koleva D., Petrov K., Avdeev G., Tsvetanov Ch., Raichevsky G., Raicheff R. Corrosion Behavior and Protective Ability of Zn and Zn-Co Electrodeposits with Embedded Polymeric Nanoparticles. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2008, 254: 5618.
17. Khan T.R., Erbe A., Auinger M., Marlow F. and Rohwerder M. Electrodeposition of Zinc-silica Composite Coatings: Challenges in Incorporating Functionalized Silica Particles into a Zinc Matrix. Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 2011, 12, 55 005.
18. Parthasaradhy N.V. Practical Electroplating Handbook. New Jersey, Simon and Schuster Englewood Cliffs 1989.
19. Nasser Kanani. Electroplating: Basic Principles, Processes and Practice. Berlin, Elsevier Ltd, Germany, 2006.
20. Huan-Yu Z., M. Zhong An. Electrodeposition of Zn-Ni-Al2O3 Nanocomposite Coatings under Ultrasound Conditions. J. Alloy Compd. 2008, 459, 548.
Received 19. 03. 12 Accepted 09. 04. 12
Многослойные нанокомпозитные покрытия из Zn-Ni-SiO2 осаждались гальваностатическим методом на низкоуглеродистую сталь (НС) из ванны с Zn-Ni в присутствии Zn+2Ni+2 ионов и равномерно диспергированных нано^Ю2 частиц. Коррозионные характеристики и свойства многослойных нанокомпозитных (МНК) покрытий оценивались электрохимической поляризацией и методом импедансов. Условия осаждения такие, как состав ванны, циклическая плотность катодных токов (ЦПКТ) и количество слоев были оптимизированы с целью получения максимально коррозионностойких покрытий. Значительное улучшение антикоррозийных свойств многослойных нанокомпозитных покрытий наблюдалось при замене монослойных покрытий на многослойные. Скорость корродирования (СК) МНК покрытий уменьшалась поступательно в соответствии с количеством слоев до оптимального уровня, а затем начинала увеличиваться.


text: donnA wrote, on my earlier post, that "he never left!" That is true, and I owe many of you, who wrote and wished me a fond farewell, an explanation. In short, my personal life has become filled with so many personal issues, that I've not had the time to just snuggle up to my PC and write the book. The book has been placed on the back-burner for the time being! With my health problems, changing for the better, I've had to re-adjust a few priorities, and I hope to resume working on the book in a few months. I need to let you all know that God has been blessing my health, and just recently, through the assistance of a good Endocrinologist, my diabetes has improved significantly. The tighter my numbers, the better things are in other areas of my overall health. Tight control of glucose helps my kidneys to function better, and it allows my blood pressure to come under control also. God is still on the throne, and He is working miracles in my life. :godisgood: So, once I get the numerous doctor appointments behind me, as well as other issues in my life settled down, I promise you that I will be off the air, so to speak, for quite a while. raying: Please forgive me for the earlier post, I did not intend to mislead any of you, nor, did I intend mislead, or solicit your best wishes and prayers for something I did not intend to do. In His Name, Pastor Paul :type:


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Chapter 26.1
Explain how you can develop a credit history Examine factors to consider when deciding which credit card to secure Define three factors that creditors consider when granting credit
Developing a credit history is important The first step will be choosing a credit card and applying for it Before deciding to issue credit to a customer, a creditor looks at the applicant's o Capacity o Character o Capital
Using credit responsibly can make life easier Using credit in an irresponsible way will harm the ability of a consumer to make future purchases
Apply for Credit Approved for Credit Use Credit Make Payments
There are five main factors to consider when selecting a credit card: 1.Interest rate 2.Extra fees 3.Whether the interest rate will change 4.Whether a cosigner is needed 5.Whether there is a grace period
Questions you should ask before selecting a credit card include: 1.What will the cost of credit be? 2.Who will accept the card? 3.What is the credit limit? 4.Will I be able to use the card to get cash?
For all their conveniences, credit cards come with costs such as interest rates and various fees To gauge the cost of credit, first look at the annual percentage rate (APR) Annual Percentage Rate (APR) the cost of credit on a yearly basis
A credit card might offer a low introductory APR but change to a much higher rate after a few months Credit card companies will usually charge a fee for a cash advance Cash Advance a loan given in cash by a credit card company in anticipation of the borrower's being able to repay it
Credit card companies will usually charge a fee for late or missed payments Another fee is charged if the card holder is over their credit limit
You may need a cosigner when you apply for credit. You should consider whether there is a grace period for payments on your credit card. Grace Period an amount of time allowed to repay a debt without having to pay interest charges Cosigner someone who agrees to be responsible for a debt if the main applicant does not repay it
A credit card application asks for information about your address, your job, what other credit you have, and details about your income and savings
Before creditors give a consumer a charge or credit account, they want to make sure the consumer is worth the risk
The Three Cs of Creditworthiness C C C Capacity: An applicant's ability to pay. Character: An applicant should be trustworthy. Capital: The money an applicant has beyond debts.
Creditors also consider capacity, character, and capital when determining a card holder's credit limit If a person pays his or her bills on time, most creditors will raise the person's credit limit Credit Limit the maximum amount a card holder can charge on a credit card
Consumers who pay more than the minimum amount each month will pay less interest and pay off their debt more quickly The credit card agreement is a contract If a consumer does not make at least the minimum payment, the consumer is not meeting his or her legal obligation
1.How can a consumer develop a credit history? Apply for credit, be approved, use the credit, and make payments to the creditor
2. What is an annual percentage rate? Why is it important? The cost of credit on a yearly basis; it determines the amount of interest that a consumer will pay on a debt
3. What are the three Cs of credit? Capacity, Character, and Capital
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【honeymoon】travel collections (Travelog)
This is a summary of all the Logbooks (Travelogs) related to honeymoon that we have available for the Kirovohrads'ka oblast(Ukraine) area. Please go ahead and click on them if you want to read their contents. Does reading about honeymoon in Kirovohrads'ka oblast(Ukraine) make you want to go there too? In that case let's start planning your next trip!
2010-11-17 - 2010-11-17


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ibis Copacabana Posto 2 HotelEconomy hotel for business and leisure
Looking for a hotel in Rio de Janeiro? The ibis Copacabana Posto 2 is just inside the Copacabana neighborhood, only two blocks from the famous Copacabana Beach. You will be staying 54.6 yards from the Cardeal Arcoverde metro station, with easy access to the main neighborhoods and attractions of Rio de Janeiro: Ipanema, Leblon, Sugarloaf Mountain, Maracanã Stadium, Christ the Redeemer and the bohemian neighborhood of Lapa, with a variety of bars and restaurants. The hotel is strictly non-smoking.
This hotel participates to Planet 21 and is acting in favour of Positive Hospitality.
Services in the hotel and nearby
Online check-in
Online check-in: Your arrival will be carefully prepared by our team
Fast check-out: Simply return your key
WIFI/Internet Access
- WIFI at the hotel
- High-speed Internet
- WIFI in the communal areas
- WIFI in your room
Accessibility for people with reduced mobility
- Reduced mobility rooms
- Wheelchair access
- Pet allowed
- 100% non-smoking hotel
- Air Conditioning
Services and practical information
Online check-in
Online check-in: Your arrival will be carefully prepared by our team
Fast check-out: Simply return your key
WIFI/Internet Access
- WIFI at the hotel
- High-speed Internet
- WIFI in the communal areas
- WIFI in your room
Accessibility for people with reduced mobility
- Reduced mobility rooms
- Wheelchair access
- Pet allowed
- 100% non-smoking hotel
- Air Conditioning
- Reception open 24 hours a day
- Early check-in from 9AM
- Dry cleaning / Ironing
- Shoe shine machine
- Currency exchange
- 1 restaurant(s)
- 1 bar(s)
Business services
- Self service business centre
- Copy/print service available
Hotel location
R Min Viveiros De Castro 134
Tel: (+55)21/32181150
Fax: (+55)21/32181151
- TOM JOBIM GALEAO At 17km / 10.56 miles
- CARDEAL ARCOVERDE At 0.05km / 0.03 miles
Currently, close to our hotel
Our rooms
Standard Apartment with double bed
Modern and inviting, the ibis room has everything you need: a comfortable bathroom, modern decor, laminate hardwood floor, queen-size bed with duvet, Internet and a flat-screen TV with international channels.
Standard Apartment with a double bed and an additional bed for a child up to 12 years old
Modern & inviting, the ibis room has all the facilities you could ever want: comfortable bathroom, modern decor, hardwood floor, double bed and bed for children up to 12 years old. Internet and flat-screen TV with access to international channels.
- 150 rooms
- 100% non-smoking hotel
- 7 rooms for people with reduced mobility
- Airconditioning
- Safe deposit box in room
- Telephone
- Opening windows
- WIFI in your room
- Work desk in all rooms
- Manual temperature control
- High speed transmission line
- RJ 11 outlet
- RJ 45 outlet
- Shower
- Hair dryer in bathroom
- Sprinkler in room
- Keycard-operated door locks
- Audible smoke alarms in rooms
- Deadbolts and/or locks in rooms
- Security peephole
- Smoke alarm in room
- Emergency info in rooms
- Voicemail
- Operator wake up call
Our restaurants and bars
- Mon
- Tue
- Wed
- Thu
- Fri
- Sat
- Sun
- Mon
- Tue
- Wed
- Thu
- Fri
- Sat
- Sun
IBIS KITCHENType of cuisine: Regional
Breakfast choices: Early bird breakfast from 4.30AM to 6.30AM, or our full buffet breakfast, served from 6.30AM to 10AM on weekdays (until 11AM on weekends and public holidays). After 7PM, enjoy one of the delicious grilled dishes offered daily.
- Mon
- Tue
- Wed
- Thu
- Fri
- Sat
- Sun
- Mon
- Tue
- Wed
- Thu
- Fri
- Sat
- Sun
The Bar: a friendly place to get together at any time of day.
Our customer reviews for ibis Copacabana Posto 2
Reviews collected from customers who booked on AccorHotels.com
The location of the hotel is fine but doesn't have a parking area. The breakfast is fine. The attendants are nice. But the wi-fi was not working properly even I had the technical assistance. The room was clean.
Dear Moises, Thank you for taking the time to tell us about your experience at the ibis Copacabana Posto 2. At Ibis, we strive to provide a superior service experience for every customer; therefore your feedback is very important to us. Please rest assured that we are taking the appropriate measures to address the problem and prevent future occurrence. We appreciate your sharing your concerns, and it is our hope that you will give us the opportunity to better serve you in the near future.
The hotel is the standard Ibis. Staff was extremely polite and helpful and spoke good English. Location is great - two blocks from the beach and two blocks from the place where tickets for Christ the Redeemer are sold and from where the vans start (and, believe me, this is the easiest way to get there!)
Dear guest, We very much appreciate your comments regarding your stay at the ibis Rio de Janeiro Copacabana Posto 2. It is always a pleasure to receive positive feedback. I will share your comments with our team. I am sure that this feedback will serve as an encouragement to all of our staff as we strive to continuously improve the quality of our services. Thank you again for sharing your experience, and we hope your next visit will be as pleasant as the previous one. Sincerely, Samanta Merlin Assistant Manager
When making a booking at this hotel:
- I earn Status & Rewards points
- I do not earn points
- I can easily convert my HuaZhu Rewards points into Le Club AccorHotels points (and vice versa)
- I can use my Rewards points
- I cannot use my points
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- I benefit from advantages
- I do not benefit from advantages


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Published: July 29, 2013 - 11:25 PM
Skaggs, Ellis P., 83, of Massillon. Died Saturday. Paquelet.
Henninger, William A. Jr., 86, of Rittman. Died Thursday. Gillman.
Houghton, Sandra, 47. Died Saturday. Roberts, Wooster.
Jervis, Charles S., 65, of Rittman. Died Monday. Gillman.
May, Joseph Jr., 77, of Fredericksburg. Died Monday. Murray.
Musser, Kathleen M., 46, of Wooster. Died Monday. Auble, Orrville.
Puskala, Aili, 88, of Burbank. Died Monday. Murray, Creston.
Withrow, Duane R., 60, of Orrvillle. Died Sunday. Auble.
McCoy, Clara L., 70, of Brook Park. Died Sunday. Murray, Creston.


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16 Woodfield Lane,Lawrenceville NJ, 08648
4 beds , 2 Full/1 Half baths
2,870 sq. ft
Status: Active
Last Updated: 2/25/2017 10:41 PM
Description for 16 Woodfield Lane Lawrenceville, NJ 08648
PRICE JUST REDUCED! Warm and Welcoming this very special custom home has been uniquely designed with a traditional interior floor plan. Set in highly desirable Hudler Farms, this contemporary beauty boasts loads of curb appeal and is in walking distance to schools, Village Park and recreational facilities, and all Village amenities including shopping and restaurants. One of a kind and loaded with extras, this home features extra large living spaces, hardwood floors, recessed lighting, finished basement, with ample storage throughout. The 2 story foyer opens directly to the sunny living room and also leads to the kitchen with large peninsula, pantry, and spacious breakfast room which will prove to be the perfect gathering spot. The kitchen opens to the gathering room, enhanced by the brick fireplace with sliders to the wood deck and patio. The laundry/mud room is also located on the first floor, conveniently leading out to the 3 car garage. Upstairs there are 4 generous bedrooms and 2 full bathrooms with skylights, and lots of closet space, some with organizers. If you need more space, the 2 room finished basement is perfect as an exercise room, office, or game/rec room and still leaves plenty of space for additional storage. Easy access to public transportation, NYC/Phila train stations, and all major roads. Lawrence Township Public Schools have been designated as a "High Performing" district by the State Department of Education. Don't let this one pass you by. This very special home is just waiting for your own personal touch!
Listing Information
Hudler Farms
Gas Water Heater, Public Water Service
Public Sewer
School Information
Room Information
Breakfast Area
First Floor Laundry
Breakfast Area
Interior Features
Tile, Vinyl, Carpet, Wood
Central Air, Ceiling Fan(s)
Gas Heat, Forced Air
Full, Partially Finished
Skylight, Cathedral/vaulted Ceiling
Exterior / Lot Features
3 Garage Spaces, Attached Garage
Wood, Stone
Deck, Patio
Sidewalks, Street Lights, Front Yard, Back Yard, Side Yard, Level
Financial Considerations
Inside AccessTM
Current market conditions for 16 Woodfield Lane
Active Market Trends
Source:MLS DATA
Median list price$265,000
Days on market118
Properties for sale69
Sold Market Trends
Source:MLS DATA
Median sold price$221,500
Sales to list price9,939.0%
Properties sold44
Median sq ft price$153
Arrows indicate 90 day trend
Listing Price History for 16 Woodfield Lane
Lawrenceville Real Estate
Lawrenceville is located in New Jersey. Lawrenceville, New Jersey 08648 has a population of 3,671.
The median household income in Lawrenceville, New Jersey 08648 is $99,554. The median household income for the surrounding county is $73,759 compared to the national median of $53,046. The median age of people living in Lawrenceville 08648 is 49.3 years.
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text:
The National Retail Federation is projecting that U.S. retail sales (excluding automobiles, gas stations and restaurants) will increase between 3.7 and 4.2 percent over 2016.
On the heels of a decade-long rise in Valentine's Day spending, 2017 will see a market correction on Cupid's birthday, according to the National Retail Federation.
The National Retail Federation reports that those celebrating the big game will spend slightly less than they did last year.
More than 154 million consumers hit the store over Thanksgiving weekend, up from 151 million shoppers last year, according to the National Retail Federation's annual Thanksgiving weekend results survey.
With the holiday season's halfway mark approaching, more than half of consumers have already started shopping, according to the National Retail Federation's mid-season survey.
Although nearly 58 percent of holiday shoppers have already begun their seasonal shopping, millions are expected to turn out for the biggest holiday shopping weekend of the year.
With the U.S. election falling in the middle of the holiday shopping season, many consumers say they will have a more conservative spending budget this year, according to the National Retail Federation.
The National Retail Federation anticipates U.S. sales in November and December (excluding auto, gas and restaurant sales) to increase a solid 3.6 percent to total $655.8 billion.
More children than ever before will celebrate Halloween dressed up as their favorite superhero this year, pushing princess costumes to the No. 2 spot following an 11-year reign at the top of the list.
With pumpkin spice lattes reigning supreme this fall, U.S. consumers are looking forward to another fall favorite, Halloween, and are planning to spend more than ever, according to the National Retail Federation.
According to the National Retail Federation's more than 125 million Americans plan to celebrate St. Patrick's Day and are expected to spend an average of $35.37 per person.
Americans are expected to spend slightly less this Mother's Day compared to last year, according to the National Retail Federation.
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text:
go together
— phrasal verb with go uk /ɡəʊ/ us /ɡoʊ/ verb present participle going, past tense went, past participle gone
B1 to look good together:
Más ejemplos
- I think red and orange go together, though lots of people think they clash.
- That shirt doesn't really go together with those trousers.
- Do you think these colours go together?
- Grey goes together with lots of colours.
- The new extension goes together with the rest of the building.
Thesaurus: sinónimos y palabras relacionadas
› to happen or be found together:
Wisdom and maturity don't necessarily go together.
Researchers have discovered that short-sightedness and high IQs seem to go together in children.
Thesaurus: sinónimos y palabras relacionadas
› informal If two people are going together, they have a romantic or sexual relationship with each other.
Thesaurus: sinónimos y palabras relacionadas


text:
V Fraas Classic Tartans Scarf
$28.50 Original Price $38.00
Savings: $9.50 (25%)
Complete your look with this classic scarf. The old-school tartans create a style you can wear anywhere. With a cashmere-like handfeel, it's a soft addition to your favorite outfit.
- 66-in. L x 11.5-in. W
- Hypo-allergenic
- Water resistant
- Acrylic
- Hand wash
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