text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Oct 15, 2002
|Filing date
|Nov 17, 1999
|Priority date
|Nov 17, 1999
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Gary Tennyson
|Original Assignee
|Bellsouth Intellectual Property Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (7), Non-Patent Citations (3), Referenced by (35), Classifications (11), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
1. Field of Invention
The present invention relates generally to the field of data communications. More specifically, the present invention relates to estimating transmission channel data carrying capacity.
2. Description of the Related Art
A conventional telephone system is described with respect to FIG. 1. A central office switch 102 is connected to subscribers 104 a-104 e via cable pairs 106 a-106 e respectively. Generally, cable pairs 106 a—106 e are part of a larger cable that contains many cable pairs, for example, having 300, 600, 1200 or 2400 cable pairs. Cable pairs 106 a-106 e are also called local loops as they make a loop from the central office to the subscriber and back to the central office.
Conventional local loops are designed to carry telephone traffic in the plain old telephone system (POTS). Consequently, the loops were designed for traffic having frequencies up to approximately 4 KHz. More recent data transmission schemes carry data having significantly higher frequencies. For example, communicating using asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL) requires data rates ranging from 25 KHz to 1.1 MHz. As described below, some, but not all, loops in the existing infrastructure can be used to transmit these higher rate data streams.
An additional limitation to the data carrying capacity of some cable pairs is the presence of load coils. Load coils, such as load coils 108 a-108 c, are inductors spliced into a cable pair along its length to mitigate the effects of cable length on data transmission. Load coils are present only on longer cable pairs. Where load coils are present, however, they limit the pass band of the cable to which they are attached. This is shown in FIG. 2. FIG. 2 illustrates a transfer function (curve 202) representative of a cable having no added load coils. As can be seen, the gradual roll off of the transfer function indicates that higher frequencies are passed by the cable, including frequencies required for higher data rate transmission schemes, including, for example, ADSL.
This gradual rolloff is in sharp contrast to a cable to which load coils have been added, as illustrated by the exemplary transfer function (curve 204) of a cable to which load coils have been added. It can be seen that the transfer function has a sharp cutoff at approximately 3.3 KHz. Consequently, cable pairs having load coils spliced in them cannot be used to carry higher data rate transmissions such as ADSL. Because not all local loops can be used for ADSL, or other high data rate transmission services, when a customer requests ADSL service, the service provider must determine whether the existing lines to the customer can support the relatively high bandwidth requirements of ADSL.
The problem of determining the sufficiency of a local loop's bandwidth, and particularly, whether the local loop has load coils spliced into it, is significant in the industry. Originally, paper records tracked which local loops had load coils. However, today these records are often incomplete, lost or unreliable or otherwise not easily accessible. Thus, they tend to be of little use in responding to a customer's request for high data rate services. Consequently, service technicians must often go to a subscriber's home to test a cable pair to determine if the cable pair can support high data rate services. Sending service technicians to subscriber sites is costly, inconvenient and time consuming.
Conventionally, the presence of load coils is detected by hooking up a test set across the tip and ring of the cable pair to detect the presence of load coils. This test is illustrated in FIGS. 3A to 3C. FIG. 3A shows a non-loaded cable pair. A non-loaded cable pair 302 can be characterized as a series of capacitances 302 a, 302 b and 302 c in parallel as shown in FIG. 3A. The capacitance shown in FIG. 3A is that capacitance between the conductors, which is carefully controlled in the manufacturing process to be within certain limits. The length and gauge of the a particular cable segment gives rise to the capacitance. Curve 320 in FIG. 3C illustrates graphically a representative dependency of the impedance on frequency for cable pair 302. From the Figure, it can be seen that the dependency has a form characteristic of a capacitor. This is because as the frequency increases, the impedance decreases and asymptotically approaches the characteristic impedance of the cable. In the present example, the characteristic impedance is 100 ohms, shown by line 321.
A loaded pair, on the other hand, includes inductors 304 a and 304 b (load coils) in series as shown in FIG. 3B, in addition to capacitances 302 a, 302 b and 302 c. Curve 322 in FIG. 3C illustrates graphically a representative dependency of impedance on frequency for a local loop with a single load coil. There is a peak 324 in curve 322. Peak 324 is present due to a tuned circuit that arises from the inductor-capacitor combinations, e.g., inductor 304 a and capacitor 302 b. The frequency at which the apex of the peak occurs is called the resonant frequency. The resonant frequency is the frequency at which the circuit is said to be "tuned." Thus, the presence of load coils can be determined by detecting the presence of a tuned circuit in the cable pair.
The present invention is a system and method for estimating the transmission capability of a local loop. The transmission capability is determined by examining a characteristic of the local loop. In the preferred embodiment, the measured characteristic is applied to a table stored in computer memory. Each entry in the table contains a value of the characteristic and a value that relates the measured characteristic to the data carrying capacity of the local loop.
In one preferred embodiment of the present invention, this characteristic is the input impedance of the local loop. In this preferred embodiment, the input impedance, Zin, of the cable pair making up the local loop is measured. From this measurement, RE{tan h−1(1/Zin)} is calculated. The resulting value is applied to a table stored in computer memory that contains predetermined values of RE{tan h−1(1/Zin)} and the downstream data rate corresponding to those values to obtain an estimate of the data carrying capacity of the local loop being tested. In an alternative embodiment of the present invention, the DC resistance of the local loop is measured and used as the characteristic.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the downstream data rate values that are stored in the table are determined using a cable emulator. In an alternative embodiment, the data rate is calculated based on predetermined cable parameters used to make the cable pair model. In either case, input impedances are calculated at multiple frequencies in the voice band (0 KHz-4 KHz). From the results, a frequency is selected at which to calculate RE{tan h−1(1/Zin)} for each cable emulated to create the table data. Preferably, the frequency chosen is such that the RE{tan h−1(1/Zin)} at that frequency has a substantially linear relationship with the corresponding calculated or measured downstream data rate for the cable.
Thus, one object of the present invention is to facilitate the determination of local loop data carrying capacity of the local loop.
Another object of the present invention is to estimate the data carrying capacity using a characteristic of the local loop.
Another object of the present invention is to estimate the data carrying capacity using input impedance.
Another object of the present invention is to estimate the data carrying capacity using DC resistance.
Another object of the present invention is to estimate the data carrying capacity of the local loop remotely, that is, without having to dispatch a service persons to a subscriber's premises.
Another object of the present invention is to determine the presence of load coils on a local loop in a cheap, quick and efficient manner.
These and other objects of the present invention are described in greater detail in the detailed description of the invention, the appended drawings and the attached claims.
FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a portion of a conventional telephone system.
FIG. 2 illustrates graphically a transfer function characteristic of a local loop having a spliced load coil and a local loop without a spliced load coil.
FIG. 3A illustrates schematically a cable pair having no load coils.
FIG. 3B illustrates schematically a cable pair having load coils.
FIG. 3C illustrates the impedance characteristic of a loaded and non-loaded cable pair.
FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration of a model of a cable pair.
FIG. 5 is a graphical representation of the dependency of input impedance on frequency associated with data carrying capacity for a number of local loops.
FIG. 6 is a graphical representation of the dependency of the transmission capability of a cable pair on the input impedance.
FIG. 7 is a schematic illustration of a system for testing a cable pair according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 8 is a graphical illustration of the dependency transmission capability of a cable pair on DC resistance.
FIG. 9 is a schematic illustration of a cable that can exist in a telephone system.
The present invention uses a characteristic of the local loop to estimate its transmission capability. Preferably, the characteristic is the input impedance of a cable pair. The terms "cable pair" and "local loop" are used interchangeably throughout this specification. Transmission capability refers to the bandwidth, and correspondingly, to the data rates or data carrying capacity that can be supported by the cable pair. FIG. 4 is a model of a transmission line 402. Transmission line 402 can be, for example, a local loop. Transmission line 402 is modeled as having a resistance, R, 404 a and 404 b, a capacitance, C, 406, an inductance, L, 408 a and 408 b and a conductance, G, 410. The inductance 408 a and 408 b differ from the load coils discussed above in that capacitance 404 and inductance 408 a and 408 b do not vary much for a given cable gauge and shunt conductance. Consequently, the dominant effect on the input impedance arises from the resistance 404 a and 404 b. Mathematically, the effect of the resistance 404 a and 404 b on the input impedance of the transmission line is RE{tan h−1(1/Zin)}, where RE{x} indicates the real part of x. A brief derivation is explained below. A more detailed development of transmission line theory is found in K. F. Snader and G. A. L. Reed, Transmission and Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves, (Cambridge University Press 1987), which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
Every transmission line has a propagation constant which, in general is a function of frequency. It is a complex number whose real component, α, is the attenuation, in nepers per unit length, and whose reactive component, β, is the phase shift in radians per unit length. The product of the real component, α, and the length of the line is the quantity of interest, as this quantity is related to the end-to-end loss of the line at that frequency.
In the preferred embodiment, the measurement is made in the voiceband (i.e., 0 KHz-4 KHz). Consequently, the loss of the line at ADSL frequencies is not directly available. However, the nature of the makeup of local loops provides some relationship between the loss of the line in the voiceband and the loss of the line at ADSL frequencies. The following derivation provides an estimate of the loss in the voiceband.
It is well known that the input impedance of the transmission line, Zin, with a characteristic impedance, Zo, when terminated in an arbitrary impedance, Zload, has the following relationship:
Where the input impedance of the local loop is measured from the central office, it can be assumed that the customer is on-hook (since the line is idle) and the load impedance is very high. Dividing the numerator and denominator of equation (1) by Zload, yields:
Taking the limit of equation (2) as Zload approaches infinity yields:
Rearranging equation (3) to obtain an expression for the parameter of interest, γl, yields:
The characteristic input impedance, Zo, can be treated as a constant since only a measurable parameter having some relationship to the loss is required. It has been determined that at a specific frequency, Zo, is substantially constant across different gauges of cables and types of insulation. Treating Zo as constant yields:
The transmission capability of a cable pair can be determined experimentally by direct measurement or it can be calculated. The measurement or calculation is performed over the frequency range of interest. RE{tan h−1(1/Zin)} is then calculated for each cable at each of the frequencies tested. FIG. 5 is a plot of RE{tan h−1(1/Zin)} as a function of frequency for 21 loops within a frequency range of 100 Hz to 5 KHz. The interval for the frequency range is one data point every 100 hz. Although actual physical cables could be used, the graph in FIG. 5 was created using accurate numerical routines that emulate various cable parameters including input impedance and insertion loss. For each emulated cable, the input impedance, Zin, is calculated at each desired frequency in the frequency range. RE{tan h−1(1/Zin)} is calculated and plotted as a function of frequency as shown in FIG. 5. The transmission capability (downstream data rate) of each of the emulated cables is determined by measurement. For example, the transmission capability of each loop can be measured using a real ADSL system on a loop emulator such as loop emulator model number DLS-400, available from Consultronics, Ontario, Canada.
From these measurements it was determined that at 1.5 KHz a substantially linear relationship exists between RE{tan h−1(1/Zin)} and the transmission capability, i.e., downstream data rate. FIG. 6 illustrates this linear relationship. Each data point represents the measured downstream data rate for the loop as a function of the loop's RE{tan h−1(1/Zin)} at 1.5 KHz. It would be known to those skilled in the art that the relationship at virtually any frequency could be chosen. Preferably, the relationship is relatively smooth, for example, the relationship is substantially monotonically increasing or decreasing.
The graph in FIG. 6 is converted into a table containing entries of RE{tan h−1(1/Zin)} and the corresponding estimated downstream data rate. The preferred table is given below:
Downstream Data Rate
The table is entered and stored electronically, for example in a computer memory. After the table is created and stored, the following steps are used to determine the transmission rate of a particular local loop:
(1) Measure Zin for the local loop in a well-known manner at 1.5 KHz.
(2) Calculate RE{tan h−1(1/Zin)}.
(3) Determine the data rate using the value calculated in step (2) from the table stored in computer memory. Interpolation between the points that are stored in the table is required for values of RE{tan h−1(1/Zin)} which fall between the values of RE{tan h−1(1/Zin)} stored in the table. Such interpolation is well-known to those skilled in the art. For example, well-known curve fitting techniques such as the least squares fit or the cubic spline fits can be used for the purpose of interpolation.
The present invention can be used to test the capacity of trunk lines at a central office. Referring to FIG. 7, a central office 702 has a number of trunk lines 704 a-c on which telephone traffic is carried to and from central office 702. A switching machine 706 can connect any one of trunks 704 a-c to any of lines 705 a-c. In addition cross-connect circuit 706 can connect any of lines 705 a-c to a test apparatus 708 via NO TEST trunk 710. NO TEST trunk 710 provides metallic access to any of lines 705 a-c. Test apparatus 708 can be a Mechanized Loop Testing device available from Lucent Technologies, Holmdel, N.J.
The present invention allows the determination of whether a particular line has sufficient capacity to carry high data rate communication to be made in the voiceband, for example, as described above, at 1.5 KHz. Any particular telephone line, assuming it is free, i.e., on-hook, can be tested by appropriately directing the NO TEST trunk 710 to land on that particular telephone number. Test apparatus 708 must be modified to make the calculation RE{tan h−1(1/Zin)} and to perform steps (1)-(3), set forth above, to estimate the data carrying capacity of the telephone line being tested. These modifications to the test apparatus would be apparent to those skilled in the art using the disclosure provided herein.
In an alternate embodiment, a portable test apparatus 716 is used. Unlike test apparatus 708, portable test apparatus 716 must be manually connected to the cable pair for which testing is desired. Portable test apparatus 716 can be, for example, a Wilcom Model T306B Impedance Measuring Set, manufactured by Wilcom, Laconia, N.H.
To measure Zin, test apparatus 708 transmits a signal having a frequency down the cable pair and measures the relationship of the returning voltage to current in both phase and magnitude. Preferably, the signal is a sine wave having a frequency in the voiceband. As described above, the preferred frequency is 1.5 KHz. Using the voiceband is preferable because it allows existing test trunks in current central office switches to be used. Measuring Zin in this manner is well-known to those skilled in the art.
In addition, in a preferred embodiment of the present invention, test apparatus 708 is configured to test every telephone number in a central office switch to determine automatically the capacity of a particular telephone line so that data carrying capacities for any telephone line are determined in advance. This test is performed by a central computer 712. Central computer 712 is operationally connected to a database subsystem 714. In a preferred embodiment, central computer 712 is a central computer connected to each central office in a particular area, for example, each central office in a particular state. Database subsystem 714 contains all of the telephone numbers for central office 702. Test apparatus 708 receives the telephone number to be tested from database subsystem 714 in a well-known manner and then tests that telephone number for transmission capacity using the steps (1)-(3) above.
Preferably, every telephone number in central office 702 is tested automatically. That is, test apparatus 708 performs a transmission capability test on the cable designated by the telephone number given by database subsystem 714. Test apparatus 708 performs the test and returns the value RE{tan h−1(1/Zin)} to central computer 712. Central computer 712 stores the value of RE{tan h−1(1/Zin)} in database subsystem 714 so that it is associated with the tested cable to which the value corresponds. A microprocessor 718 or other computing element in test apparatus 708 is used to calculate RE{tan h−1(1/Zin)}.
Alternatively, test apparatus returns Zin to central computer 712 which then calculates RE{tan h−1(1/Zin)} from the returned value. The calculated value of RE{tan h−1(1/Zin)} is stored in database subsystem 714 so that is associated with the tested cable to which the value corresponds. Thus, the RE{tan h−1(1/Zin)} values corresponding to each telephone number in a particular telephone system are pre-calculated (preferably calculated before a customer request for high data service) and stored in database 714 in association with their respective telephone numbers.
From these stored value of RE{tan h−1(1/Zin)}, the transmission capability in terms of megabits per second can be determined as described above and stored in memory corresponding to the telephone number from which they were derived so that it can be accessed by a database lookup or it can be used to derive the transmission capability algorithmically. Alternatively, the value of RE{tan h−1(1/Zin)} or transmission capability corresponding to the particular telephone number under test can be stored in database 714.
In any event, when a customer desires high rate data access, a query is made to central computer 712 or database 714 to retrieve the transmission capability. If the RE{tan h−1(1/Zin)} was stored, then RE{tan h−1(1/Zin)} is retrieved and the transmission capability is determined by using the table of RE{tan h−1(1/Zin)} and corresponding downstream data rates as described above. Once the transmission capability is determined, the customer is advised whether he or she can have that particular service. This information can be provided to the customer automatically once the database is set up.
The present invention can also assess the transmission capability of the cable pair using the DC resistance of the loop. That is, there is a relationship between the DC resistance of the loop and the loop's transmission capability. This relationship is shown in FIG. 8. However, measuring this DC resistance is cumbersome because it requires a service technician to go to the subscriber's site and short the end of the cable pair located at the subscriber's facility (the far end of the loop) to measure the DC resistance. The DC resistance is measured in a conventional manner using an ohmmeter.
A less cumbersome way to measure the DC resistance is to use test apparatus 708. This method requires the subscriber to call the automated test apparatus, via the switching machine using a conventional telephone call. Using techniques similar to caller ID, the test apparatus obtains the subscriber's telephone number. Then, the subscriber is prompted to hang up. Subsequently, test apparatus 708 accesses the subscriber's line using the metallic access provided by NO TEST trunk 710. Test apparatus 708 applies a ringing signal to the line. When the subscriber answers the call, test apparatus 708 measures the current in the loop. Knowing the voltage within test apparatus 708, the DC resistance of the completed circuit is calculated.
The completed circuit contains the resistance of the telephone set, the subscriber's home wiring, the loop, and NO TEST trunk 710. The resistance of the subscriber's home wiring is small and can be ignored. The resistance of NO TEST trunk 710 is constant from test to test, and thus, may be measured once and subtracted from the measurement. The remainder is the resistance of the loop and that of the telephone set.
The DC resistance of the telephone set is well bounded between 0 and 400 ohms. The median value can be used without appreciable loss of significance. This median value is subtracted from the above remainder to yield an estimate of the DC resistance of the loop.
Once the DC resistance of the loop is determined it can be used to index a table of transmission capacities. This table is similar to the table described above having entries of RE{tan h−1(1/Zin)} and corresponding downstream data rates. Well-known interpolation techniques, such as cubic spline fitting or least squares fitting can be used to interpolate between entries of the table. Such a table is illustrated graphically in FIG. 8. The calculated downstream data rates are shown in megabits per second (Mb/s).
The data used to generate FIG. 8 comes from a Monte Carlo simulation. In this simulation, 100 makeups (arbitrary connections of different lengths of cable, each length having perhaps a different cable gauge) were synthesized. Each makeup was synthesized in such a manner that its makeup would be allowable using standard loop design practices. The DC resistance of the loop was calculated, using standard values of DC resistance per unit length for various wire gauges in use. The ADSL downstream data rate was also estimated for each loop, using an ADSL simulation tool.
The cable pair emulations described above are based on modeling a physical cable. An exemplary physical cable is physical cable 902 in FIG. 9. Referring to FIG. 9, cable 902 made up of concatenated cables 904, 906, 908 and 910. In other cables, there may be more or fewer concatenated sections, or just one section. Each of cables 904, 906, 908 and 910 can be of a different gauge wire and length. For example, cable 904 can be a 1000 foot 22 gauge cable, cable 906 can be a 3000 foot 26 gauge cable, cable 908 can be a 5000 foot 26 gauge cable and cable 910 can be a 1500 foot 24 gauge cable.
In addition, cable 902 can have unterminated access points known as bridge taps 912 and 914. Bridge tap 912 can be for example 3000 foot 22 gauge cable, while bridge tap 914 can be 785 foot 24 gauge cable. The bridge taps can have different lengths and/or gauges than those mentioned, and there may be more than two bridge taps or only one bridge tap.
Each section of physical cable 902 can be modeled by a circuit such as that shown in FIG. 4, with appropriate values of resistance R, capacitance C, inductance L and conductance G. Each parameter R, C, L and G varies depending on the length, gauge and temperature of the cable. Well-known techniques exist for determining parameters R, C, L and G given the cable length, gauge and temperature. One set of models for approximating R, C, L and G, for example, can be found in Starr, Cioffi and Silverman, Understanding Digital Subscriber line Technology (Prentice-Hall 1999). Using R, C, L and G the impedance, Zo can be determined as:
The parameter gamma (γ) can be determined as:
Knowing Zo and γ, one can calculate an equivalent circuit model of the cable using A, B, C, D parameters from the following:
The A, B, C and D parameters are used to model each section of the cable. To determine the properties of the entire cable, the section models are multiplied together (i.e., chained together). For example, the above cable is modeled as:
where the A9xx, B9xx, C9 xx and D9xx are the A, B, C and D parameters for the 9xx section of the cable illustrated in FIG. 9. The section models are chained together as required to model any subsection of the cable or the entire cable. It should be noted that the bridge taps are treated differently because they are unterminated. This different treatment is well known in the art. For more details regarding the above modeling, see chapter 3 of Dr. Walter Y. Chen, DSL Simulation Techniques and Standards Development for Digital Subscriber Lines (MacMillan Technical Publishing 1998), which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
The multiplication identified in Equation (3) is carried out, which results in a total set of A, B, C and D parameters, for example:
From this final set of A, B, C and D parameters, the input impedance of the cable can be calculated at a specific frequency, ω, as
The calculations a frequency specific because the A, B, C and D parameters are functions of frequency, ω, as shown in Equations (1) and (2). This calculation of Zin assumes that the cable 902 is terminated at its far end, end 916 (i.e., in Zload).
The foregoing disclosure of embodiments of the present invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed. Many variations and modifications of the embodiments described herein will be obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art in light of the above disclosure. The scope of the invention is to be defined only by the claims appended hereto, and by their equivalents.
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|U.S. Classification
|379/1.04, 379/29.01, 370/248, 379/27.01, 379/30, 379/21
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jan 11, 2000
Owner name: BELLSOUTH INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY CORPORATION, DELAW
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:TENNYSON, GARY;REEL/FRAME:010516/0238
Effective date: 19991203
|Apr 14, 2006
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|May 24, 2010
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Oct 15, 2010
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Dec 7, 2010
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20101015


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business cards, corporate identity, posters
Welcome to designby.redd, a young and vibrant creative design agency with a refreshing approach to design. With our passion and experience Redd brings a unique marketing and creative thinking to any company. redd offers a flexible service to our clients and as we are a small agency we can offer design services at very competitive rates. From small start-up companies to plc's, we can help your businesses market to communicate more effectively.It might be a complete corporate brand overhaul, a brochure or tweaks to your website you require, no job is too big or too small. We pride ourselves on maintaining strong, close relationships with clients providing simple graphic solutions to visual problems. We prefer working closely with our clients, finding out what makes them tick, what we have in common and discuss how we can work together to achieve what is required. With client feedback throughout the design process, we ensure the brief is adhered to, deadlines are met and extra costs are not incurred.redd offers a full range of functional creative solutions, on time and on budget.Services include (but are not limited to):* Advertising* Branding & Brand Strategy* Corporate Identity & Stationery Design* Exhibition Graphics* Internal Communications* Point of Sale & Packaging* Printed Literature (brochures, catalogues, newsletters etc.)* Website DesignIf you would like more information then please get in touch.
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|Video Games
|Games & Hobbies
The IGN PlayStation Team sits down and talks all things Sony, sprinkling a little madness and song along the way. Podcast Beyond is the premiere source for Sony news, opinions and old-fashioned shenanigans.
October 16th, 2013
Episode 159 of 336 episodes
Watch Dogs as been delayed, but the Internet's No. 1 PlayStation podcast isn't too upset about it. However, Colin can't seem to get behind GTA 5. Find out why -- and get way too much Saved by the Bell info -- on today's Podcast Beyond!
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Welcome to the daily audio workout for your head.


text: On the widescreen TV I have, once the DVD machine is set to 16:9 output, the television auto-switches to everything from the player as 16:9. Only 16:9 flagged pictures should be auto-swtiched to, but it does everything! Perhaps the machine is sending out the 16:9 flag itself instead of the information contained on the disks. Am I right in thinking that if you've just watched a 16:9 disk, and then put a 4:3 in (or go from a 16:9 movie to a 4:3 extra), then the TV should switch to 4:3 and then back again if another 16:9 disk is put in? It never auto-switches to 4:3 I have the full auto-swithing enabled on my TV, but it only seems to respond when the EXT1 channel is first tuned into. Once on, it will stay in the same screen format unless I manually change it. Even if I put a 4:3 disk in, the TV auto-switches to 16:9 as soon as I turn over to EXT1. I can't get 4:3 unless I choose it myself via the remote. This is really annoying me!


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May is Maternal Mental Health Awareness Month. Join this blog hop, tell your own story about finding support and help, and help us increase awareness for maternal mental health. The PSI maternal mental health awareness month blog hop is one of the many awareness events. Please write to us at firstname.lastname@example.com if you have any questions, and send your entry.
Our PSI blog hop is meant to be inclusive and is also meant to promote emotional safety and comfort and hope for all contributors and readers. To that end, we welcome your participation but also please keep in mind some editorial guidelines meant to promote comfort and safety.
Potential Emotional Triggers:
For the purpose of this blog hop and its focus on messages of support, we want you to do your best to avoid psychological triggers in your posts. Please do not write about detailed suicidal or homicidal thoughts, feelings, or plans. If you have any questions or concerns about that, please don't hesitate to contact us email@example.com.
Inclusive: Editors will not tolerate any negativity directed towards individuals or groups
Commercial Interests: Please refrain from self-promotion of your website or sale items
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Fired Pie
Phoenix, AZ 85012
- Sun-Thu 11am-9pm, Fri-Sat 11am-10pm
- $$
- Dinner, Lunch
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Free Fondue, Jamie's Wine Bar Grand Opening, and More This Week in Metro Phoenix
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Check out the best things to eat and drink this week in metro Phoenix from Monday, October 31 to Thursday, November 3.
8 Tax Day Deals You Can Grab Around Metro Phoenix Between Now and Monday, April 18
Friday, April 15, 2016 at 8 a.m. by Teresa Traverse
As you probably know, this Monday, April 18, is the deadline for filing your 2015 taxes. Sure, it's great if you've got a refund coming and annoying if you owe, but either way, doing your taxes just plain sucks. The good news ...
5 Leap Day Restaurant Deals You Can Snag in Metro Phoenix on Monday
Friday, February 26, 2016 at 9 a.m. by Teresa Traverse
In case you weren't already aware, 2016 is a leap year. That means we get an additional 24 hours in February to spend however we please. Around these parts, we'll be opting to spend them eating, and if you're going to eat, you may a...
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Wednesday, September 4, 2013 at 6:30 a.m. by Lauren Saria
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Im about to become a single parent (at least short-term). I need help.
What advice would you give?
Should DD and I leave or him? Do I pre-warn him/his family or literally have it out with him and tell him to go? Should I have someone here with me if possible or would that be an ambush.
He has NO idea I have found his online messages again or that Im contemplating divorce.
I have never broken up with someone (or lived/married someone and 'left' them) so I am literally lost. finances, child, work etc. I have no idea how to sort it out.


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Weathertsheild tilt pivot
A contractor from Massachusetts says:
April 3, 2016
Looking for replacement pivot pin for Weather Shield DH tilt window
Tom from SWISCO responded:
April 6, 2016
We've seen this before, a long time ago. I'm afraid there is no exact match anymore, but you may be able to use our 17-092 as a replacement. Look it over and tell me what you think.


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The Corporate Executive Board Awards Adecco Multiyear RPO Contract
The Corporate Executive Board (Nasdaq: EXBD) offers more than 50integrated membership programs built around key executive roles and recurringworkflows in such critical functional areas as HR, finance, IT, sales andmarketing and operations and procurement. Corporate Executive Board membershave direct access to an integrated suite of knowledge resources and more than300,000 tools including primary analytic insights, customized research briefs,decision-support tools, on-site consulting, executive education seminars andweb-based content.
"Our decision to partner with Adecco RPO was driven by their uniquebusiness model that delivers comprehensive recruitment solutions includingresearch, sourcing, candidate mining, screening, assessment, selection, andoffer management," said Melody Jones, Chief HR Officer of The CorporateExecutive Board. "Additionally, research conducted by the firm's RecruitingRoundtable program on how to effectively use RPO to staff key positionsinstilled confidence in our executive leadership team that Adecco RPO isuniquely qualified to deliver a world-class recruitment solution," shecontinued.
In August 2007 Adecco acquired the assets of TalentTrack, LLC, a RPOcompany based in Toledo, Ohio. TalentTrack President Kim Davis and theTalentTrack leadership team remained with Adecco in their respectiveleadership roles. This acquisition bolstered Adecco's already robust servicedelivery infrastructure for RPO solutions in North America, and since then hasenabled Adecco to capture additional market share by delivering global scale,world-class RPO solutions.
"Scarcity of truly skilled professionals, operational efficiencies andcost savings make RPO a tremendous value proposition for companies like TheCorporate Executive Board," said Michael Beygelman, Adecco North AmericaSenior Vice President. Mr. Beygelman continued, "The Corporate ExecutiveBoard is a powerful global brand, as evidenced by their extensive membernetwork of over 80% of the Fortune 500, and Adecco is the global leader inworkforce solutions, which makes for a great partnership between ourorganizations."
The Corporate Executive Board (Nasdaq: EXBD) drives faster, more effectivedecision-making among the world's leading executives and businessprofessionals. As the premier, network-based knowledge resource, it providesthem with the authoritative and timely guidance needed to excel in theirroles, take decisive action and improve company performance. Powered by amember network that spans over 50 countries and represents more than 80% ofthe world's Fortune 500 companies, the Corporate Executive Board offers theunique research insights along with an integrated suite of subscription-basedtools and resources that enable the world's most successful organizations todeliver superior business outcomes. Based in Arlington, Virginia, the companyemploys more than 2,500 professionals in eight offices around the world. Formore information, visit http://www.exbd.com.
Adecco S.A. is a Global Fortune 500 company and the world leader inworkforce solutions. The Adecco Group network connects over 700,000associates with business clients each day through its network of over 33,000employees and 6,600 offices in over 70 countries and territories around theworld. Registered in Switzerland, and managed by a multinational team withexpertise in markets spanning the globe, the Adecco Group delivers anunparalleled range of flexible staffing and career resources to corporateclients and qualified associates.
Adecco is the workforce solutions leader in the United States and Canada,with a comprehensive service offering that includes temporary and contractstaffing, permanent recruitment, outplacement and career services, recruitmentprocess outsourcing, training and consulting.
In addition to its administrative, clerical and light industrial staffingservices, Adecco operates the following specialty divisions:
Adecco S.A. is registered in Switzerland (ISIN: CH001213860) and listed onthe Swiss Stock Exchange with trading on virt-x (SWX/VIRT-X: ADEN) andEuronext Paris - Premier Marche (EURONEXT: ADE).
Additional information is available at the company's website athttp://www.adeccousa.com.-- Engineering & Technical -- Finance & Accounting -- Information Technology -- Medical & Science -- Legal -- Human Capital Solutions -- Government Solutions -- Transportation
SOURCE Adecco Group North America
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LV-03 Level Pro 3 Laser Measuring Meter/Ruler (Black)
Hang shelves and cabinets, tiles and picture frames with accuracy. Projects horizontal or vertical laser light beam.
For more info and to Buy, visit - https://goo.gl/f84IjW
Best electronic products at our electronics online shopping store at the best price with free shipping.
For more electronic products and accessories, visit - http://shrsl.com/?e4xf
Ad ID: 286378


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"Sound and Light Show in Redfort" Top 5 Page for this destination Red Fort Tip by RAJASTHANBYCAR
Red Fort, Delhi: 121 reviews and 295 photos
There is a Sound and Light show by ITDC down at the Red Fort. This is happens every night. It was fun, watching as the lights played on the buildings and a booming disembodied voice described the historical events that had occurred in the fort. Very popular with Domestic & International tourists! It starts about 7.00PM first show in Hindi and second show in English for the ticket can contact in Redfort or ITDC & Tourist office in the town.
Fee Rs 50 Advance Tickets is available at ITDC Hotels.
Close on Mondays Ph Redfort 23274580/23214833
Address: Red Fort
Phone: 011-26110101/Ext 2295/2064
Website: http://www.redfortdelhi.co.in/
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Can a vegetarian person get a good meal at this restaurant?
Can a vegan person get a good meal at this restaurant?
Is this restaurant appropriate for Kids?
Is this a pizza restaurant?
Is this restaurant good for dining on a budget?
Is this restaurant wheelchair accessible?
Is this restaurant family-friendly?
Is this restaurant good for brunch?
Can a gluten free person get a good meal at this restaurant?
Is this restaurant good for breakfast?
Thanks for helping!
Their taco pizza is very good, so are the more traditional toppings too, it's very filling and satisfying pizza. You can even call ahead and have it waiting for you as your traveling down I 55.
taco pizza and cheeseburger pizzas are the best!
also their sub sandwiches are great! but they are really, really slow getting them made!
Stopped for gas,my grandson wanted a piece of pizza so I got him and myself one,wow! what a surprise some of the best pizza I have had for a long time.
Own or manage this property? Claim your listing for free to respond to reviews, update your profile and much more.


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Click any word in a definition or example to find the entry for that word
90% of the time, speakers of English use just 7,500 words in speech and writing. These words appear in red, and are graded with stars. One-star words are frequent, two-star words are more frequent, and three-star words are the most frequent.
The thesaurus of synonyms and related words is fully integrated into the dictionary. Click on the thesaurus category heading under the button in an entry to see the synonyms and related words for that meaning.more
My boss was very supportive when I was ill.
He has always been extremely supportive of her.
This is the British English definition of supportive. View American English definition of supportive.
Change your default dictionary to American English.
a combination of a hotdog and a hamburger in a specially designed bread bunBuzzWord Article
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Open Dictionary
patio diplomacy
high-level diplomats meeting and dining in an informal environment e.g. a party or clubadd a word
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A must for anyone with an interest in the changing face of language. The Macmillan Dictionary blog explores English as it is spoken around the world today.global English and language change from our blog


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There have been many design highlights from 2013 and looking forward to many more to come in 2014. I'm already keeping my eyes open, it looks like there's a lot of great things to come. But first a look back at some visual highlights, some coming from Design Week. The first is a visit to the Moooi showroom during Design Week, visually inspiring setting, furniture & lighting. Who knew breakfast could look so amazing, no one wanted to eat it for fear of destroying it. Thanks for all the inspiration, here's to many more.
I popped into Benjamin Hubert's exhibition Antecedents, the studio's first solo exhibition in the UK, held at design retailer Aram Gallery during Design Week. With prototypes and working models on display as the title suggests, about 'what comes before'. The exhibition highlighted the studio's focus on research and experimentation through prototypes, sketches, models, and material studies. Telling the story of how the studio approaches design.
Not to be missed, certainly can't be missed from the street is the visual presence of cutting edge 19 Greek Street. Housing exhibitions and furniture over five floors, cutting-edge with an experimental attitude. I took a look at the space.
Wallpaper Handmade exhibition in Harrods windows was a highlight for me. Using cutting edge materials and production techniques, a marriage of craftsmanship & design. The exhibition included a lighting installation by Moritz Waldemeye ' Revolution' , a unique collaboration with Jaguar, in one word - inspiring.
Visual inspiration always comes from a visit to Tom Dixon at the Dock.
Alessi at the V&A, showing a rare insight into the production process and inspiration of each of the products on display. Exposing the making skills of its factory by picking key pieces from their archive to embellish each story. The installation itself is reminiscent of the workshops at the brand's factory in Crusinallo, Italy. Pieces are displayed in their production cages.
Paul Smith's new store on Albemarle Street, London with bespoke cast iron exterior & exhibition at the Design Museum, both not to be missed.


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to save this item to your jcp.com account
Matrix® Vavoom Height of Glam Volumizing Hair Foam – 9 oz.pp5004960575
web ID: 0654041
Create glamorous volume, lift and shine with this hair foam that provides a fully moveable hold with lasting style memory.
- fine translucent mist that provides extra-strong hold in a flash
- helps protect from heat while blow-drying
- provides medium hold that delivers maximum lift and body
Made in America.
How to use: Apply as a finishing spray to dry hair. Apply to roots to boost volume.
JCPenney limits the sale of all salon products and salon special purchases to 8 of any one item, up to a maximum of 12 items, per customer, per month.
Rated 5 out of 5 by Momtoo2 from Best Volumizing Mousse I've been using VaVoom for years and I absolutely love it. I have really thin fine hair but VaVoom makes my hair look so much thicker and fuller and better, I love it. I've tried so many different brands of volumizing mousse and VaVoom is the best, no other mousse can compare.
Date published: 2017-01-25
Rated 5 out of 5 by Lita from Great volume I have fine, thinning hear and this gives me great volume.
Date published: 2017-01-06
Rated 5 out of 5 by Shopaholic from Great product!!!!!! I have used this product for several years and it always does a great job.
Date published: 2016-08-25
Rated 4 out of 5 by shopmom5 from Matrix is a great line, and this product did not disappoint! Great product to help give a lift to fine hair. Would definitely recommend this.
Date published: 2016-09-20
Rated 5 out of 5 by luvthisproduct from Great product and great service I have used this hair styling product for over 5 years now. I love it and I know I can always find it at the JC Pennys Salon and at a very good price. They have it on sale sometimes and I always try to stock up on when it is on sale. Thanks JC Penny's
Date published: 2016-08-19
Rated 5 out of 5 by Sissy from I am totally satisfied with the results I get from using this product. I've been using this product for years and I'm totally satisfied with the results I get from using it; my hair is less frizzy and can hold all day.
Date published: 2016-08-20
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Find online courses made by experts from around the world.
Take your courses with you and learn anywhere, anytime.
Learn and practice real-world skills and achieve your goals.
Art + Science of Data Visualization covers a step by step scientific approach to create visuals from data, which are accurate, easy to understand and remember.
Who should take this course?
Course is a powerful resource for anyone working with numbers in business or academic environment.
In particular, this would be of great help for individuals working or aspiring to be in these roles - analysts, business consultants, trainers, marketing communication professionals, business managers, software developers and user interface designers
How to make best use of this course?
We have split this course into small lessons of 2-3 minutes. Each lesson has some practical take-aways in the form of dos, don'ts and guidelines. We would recommend you to pull out one of your current or old assignment and apply these concepts after each lesson.
Software / Tool Know-how: Course is not based on any specific tool. Core concepts covered can be used with any data analysis, charting or visualization tool like excel, powerpoint, Tableau, R-Tool etc.
Basics of Data Analysis: We assume that students have some basic knowledge / working experience in data analysis and creating graphs / charts.
Not for you? No problem.
30 day money back guarantee.
Forever yours.
Lifetime access.
Learn on the go.
Desktop, iOS and Android.
Get rewarded.
Certificate of completion.
|Section 1: Introduction
|Lecture 1
Who should take this course ?
|Section 2: Know Your Message Clearly
|Lecture 2
Types of Data Relationships
|Section 3: SELECTING THE BEST DISPLAY MEDIUM
|Lecture 3
Mediums to display data and quantitative messages
|Lecture 4
|Lecture 5
Lecture will share strengths and drawbacks of commonly used graphs/charts.
|Section 4: Designing Visual
|Lecture 6
Adding Colours
|Lecture 7
Using Typography
|Lecture 8
Designing Tables
We are a firm specialized in information visualization and visual story telling in business environment.
Our goal is to coach professionals from all walks of life, on basic concepts of visual communication - data visualization, infographics, presentations and much more. Our experience in business consulting, visual communication and training provide us a good mix of experience to impart this knowledge.


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Ron Murphy is a singer, performer, producer and actor. He is a writer of Jazz, R&B, and Gospel and every now and then he will hit you with an intricate yet simple bit of blues like "Cookie" or "Miss Lily".
Ron can get you grooving to an R&B tune and make you want to dance into an evening if intimate romance. His original music comes from personal experience. Most every song on this web site is written by and all are performed by Ron Murphy.
In addition to his original work, Ron can also take you down memory lane with his interpretation of many standards from Ellington to Gershwin and every one in between. What Ron Murphy does wile performing his music is unlike any other. You can hear, see, but most of all feel that what he is singing, is from his heart.
Through his contemporary Gospel he let's the world know he remembers his relationship with God and the life he has been blessed with. Listen to his gospel sample on the site and you will understand who Ron Murphy is, and the recognition
Of the gift he has been given.
As a producer Ron creates the complete environment. Every musician and vocalist is hand picked and like his music there is a personal connection of friendship and respect.
Ron Murphy performer, producer, romantic, spiritualist. With music style rarely seen. This site has been built so you can experience a small sample of Ron Murphys passion for his music and performing. Please take your time, wonder thru the site. If you would like to see Ron live check out his calendar. "If you would like to record possibly own some of his music feel free to contact him directly.


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What is Michael Vick's personality characteristics?
Free e-mail watchdog
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Michael Vick's Ignorance of The Law Brings Out Deceitful Personality ... Vick's name is still heard when it involves an awful crime scene ...
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Tony Dungy Analyzes Vick, NFL And ... My goal was to build into Michael Vick's life what I ... who was known for his colorful personality.
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PERSONALITY & SOCIAL THEORIES. Search ... This article depicts Michael Vick as a ... All these characteristics have been shown and highlighted ...
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Star NFL quarterback Michael Vick's ... The second of four children born to Brenda Vick and Michael Boddie, Michael Vick ... Television Personality ...
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Michael Vick's Pit Bulls ... was to examine the possible impact of Michael Vick's dogfighting case on print ... The Influence of Personality and ...
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Examining the effectiveness of athlete celebrity ... physical attractiveness or personality. ... quarterback Michael Vick's alleged ...
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TAKING A BITE OUT OF MICHAEL VICK'S PUBLICITY ... there is little doubt that when another party uses those characteristics, ... Personality Posters ...
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... Of or relating to a personality disorder marked by ... Having the characteristics of a ... doesn ` t Michael Vick ` s actions meet the criteria of ...
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I hate people who hate pitbulls. 2,049 likes ... Michael Vick's unpaid dues: Why ... them-not-really.html "Personality and Behavioral Characteristics of ...
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Russia And The U.S. Are Simultaneously Preparing For ... Are Simultaneously Preparing For Imminent Nuclear War. May ... war against each other and that war ...
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Read-a-Bull. Posted on July 29 ... pitbull" characteristics out of his character that ... of the seizure and rescue of Michael Vick's ...
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Idnk...do not know him.. But,have known a few guys..who can eat an entire Pizza! ! ..don't know how.. not something I...
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Massive Free "BBQ" on Low Plaza
Written by Bwog Staff
September 08, 20099:23 am 9 Comments
Students stumbling out of their early Tuesday classes will find a large BBQ spread, courtesy of Live at Lerner, on Low Plaza
until 2 p.m. Not surprisingly, there's a long line waiting for wristbands, but, well, it's free food! Go!
Also, while we have the chance, thumbs down to Live @ Lerner's Facebook description: "We prove you can have fun whilst sober."
UPDATE: Eyewitnesses report that they ran out of food at around 12:30. A good start to the year.


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Watch Kill the Irishman Online
|Kill the Irishman (2011)
|Rating: 7.2/10 (35,527 votes)
Director: Jonathan Hensleigh
Writer: Jonathan Hensleigh (screenplay), Jeremy Walters (screenplay), Rick Porrello (book)
Stars: Ray Stevenson, Vincent D'Onofrio, Val Kilmer, Christopher Walken
Runtime: 106 min
Rated: R
Genre: Biography, Crime, Drama
Released: 11 May 2012
|Plot: The true story of Danny Greene, a tough Irish thug working for mobsters in Cleveland during the 1970's.
Please choose format to watch the movie:
The video keeps buffering? Just pause it for 2-3 minutes then continue playing!


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Success In Court Spells in Indianapolis, Indiana
Welcome! I am Phelan, a powerful white witch and psychic practitioner. I have been helping my clients with psychic phone readings in person or by phone to increase your awareness about the condition of your life in Indianapolis, Indiana and Charlotte-Gastonia, NC. I am located in Atlanta, GA, where you may call me at 678-918-3333 or create an account to get further assistance with psychic phone readings in person or by phone to increase your awareness about the condition of your life, you also contact me to schedule a consultation or a psychic reading in person at my Atlanta location.
Although I am located in Atlanta, GA my clientele is truly worldwide. I take pragmatic approaches to dealing with life's greatest problems and this is the same approach that I take when I am working with a client.
Spirit Guides speak to me through the means of clairaudience, which is my ability to hear clearly on a psychic level, through the art of clairaudience much can be heard to change the path of a esoteric client, meet with me today to learn how you can change your path.
Feel free to browse through our website and create an account if you would like to know more about the services I offer or about Success In Court Spells, Success Spells and Tarot Cards. Remember, I am located in Atlanta, GA you can call me Mon-Fri from 1-9 pm EST, I can be of assistance to you in person or by phone.
Blessed Be, Phelan
Success In Court Spells | Powerful White Witch | Indianapolis, Indiana


text:
- Forum: Fine Living, Home, Design & Auto
- Thread: Motorcycles
It is a great bike, no question. But I really am not putting any miles on it. I think 200 miles in 2 years and no tracking is just a waste. I guess I only kind of give a fuck since I periodically make noise about selling it and getting something else, but never do anything.


text:
Moorpark has 31,415 residents. It is located in Ventura county.
Ultrasound schools in Moorpark charged students an average tuition of $780.00 if they were California residents, and $6,450.00 if they were non-residents, during the 2009 - 2010 school year.
Books and supplies for ultrasound schools in Moorpark cost an average of $1,638.00. There is one ultrasound college in Moorpark. Ultrasound programs in Moorpark reportedly graduated 5 students in the 2008 - 2009 school year.


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Snow could return Saturday night
Forecasters are now saying that an incoming Pacific storm Saturday night will initially bring snow before warmer air arrives and scours out temperatures at or just below freezing.
The storm system is currently located north of Hawaii today and is expected to stream mild air and rain into the region by Sunday, sending snow levels above mountain tops in the Central Panhandle and Blue Mountains.
In Spokane, forecasters are calling for 2 to 4 inches of snow on Saturday night and 3 to 5 inches in Coeur d'Alene before the precipitation turns to rain after 4 a.m. Sunday.
For tonight, forecasters are calling for rain and mild conditions with the temperature staying near 40 until Friday when cooler air filters into the region. The snow level is expected to drop to 2,200 feet during the day on Friday.
Even so, temperatures are expected to remain above normal into early next week. The normal high for today is 34 with a normal low of 23.
Highs through the weekend should be in the upper 30s to lower 40s with lows in the upper 20s to lower 30s. Periods of rain, snow or rain and snow are likely.
Snowfall amounts of 5 to 9 inches are possible in North Idaho's mountains north of Coeur d'Alene with amounts ranging up to 7 inches in the mountains of Northeast Washington north of Spokane.
Even heavier snow is possible in the mountains of the central Panhandle of Idaho and southwestern Montana where a winter storm warning is in effect. Snowfall amounts of 1 to 2 feet are possible.
A winter storm warning is also in effect for the west side of the Cascades where 5 to 11 inches of snow may fall in the coming two days.
Snoqualmie Pass had snow and slush on the Interstate 90 roadway this morning. In Idaho, Lookout Pass had snow along the roadway, but bare pavement showing in the travel lanes. Fourth of July Pass was showing a wet road surface with snow alongside the freeway.
The high at Spokane International Airport on Wednesday was 40. The snow pack at the airport this morning was 7 inches. November saw 25.9 inches of snow, which set a record for the month.
At 3 p.m., it was 39 at the airport, 40 at Felts Field, 37 in Coeur d'Alene, 40 Pullman and 36 in Deer Park.
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Arts, Performing Arts, Comedy, Society & Culture, Personal JournalsFollow
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If you like The Moth, This American Life or Snap Judgment, take a walk on the wilder side with RISK! Your colorful host Kevin Allison (of the legendary comedy group The State) helms this surprisingly uncensored show where people tell jaw-dropping true stories they never thought they'd dare to share in public. RISK! is hilarious, heart-wrenching and remarkably real. Think you've heard it all? Fasten your seatbelt.
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July 14th, 2015
Episode 188 of 268 episodes
Margaret Cho, Al Jackson, Dixie De La Tour and Tyler Greene share stories about hook-ups good, bad and ugly.
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When filing a claim, you are responsible for making sure that the claim is filed in the right case, that the correct document is attached, that the claim form is complete and is signed, and that the creditor's name and address on the CM/ECF mailing list for the case matches the creditor's name and address on the claim form. Notices in the case are sent using names and addresses on the CM/ECF mailing list.
The debtor's personal identifiers, such as social security number, should be redacted prior to attaching documentation to your claim. A copy of the § 341 meeting of creditors notice should not be attached.


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|63 reviews in total
Seeing "Compulsion" again after a very long time, it amazed me how well I remembered it. In fact I remembered every tiny little turn in Dean Stockwell's eyes. He is superb in the part of the young semi genius with a weakness for the shallow Bradford Dillman. The Leopold and Loeb case was the base for this thrilling Richard Fleischer film. It won acting awards for Stockwell, Dillman and Orson Welles at the Cannes Film Festival but with the benefit of hindsight, Dean Stockwell emerges as the winner against the famous test of time. Dillman seems a little bit too everything. Welles is great fun to watch and E G Marshall is terrific as the man determined to unmask the "powder poofs". Stockwell fainting at the trial, something that could have been so over the top, is in fact, shattering. The Leopold and Loeb story was also the base for Hitchcock's "Rope" and the wonderful Tom Kalin's "Swoon" Another version was rumored in 1991, directed by Martin Donovan with River Phoenix in the Stockwell part.
Watching this 1959 Richard Fleischer confirmed something I've always known. Dean Stockwell is a superb actor and an extraordinary presence on the screen. So, I think it's strange that he's not regarded as one of the greatest actors that ever lived. He started as a kid. He was Gregory Peck's son, twice. He was in musicals with Gene Kelly and Frank Sinatra. He was directed by Elia Kazan. He made allegorical movies like "The Boy With Green Hair" directed by black listed Joseph Losey. He was Edmond in "Long Day's Journey Into Night" sharing the screen with Katharine Hepburn, Ralph Richardson and Jason Robards. No to mention his work in "Sons and Lovers" or the movies with Wim Wenders and David Lynch. Here, in "Compulsion" his performance is worthy of an Oscar and in fact he go the accolades at the Cannes Film Festival sharing the acting honors with Orson Welles and Bradford Dillman. But, looking at it now he is the one that comes out as the one who passed in triumph the test of time. His performance is so rich so perfectly modulated that you go straight into the human center of his sick, appalling character. "Compulsion" deserves to be rediscovered and Dean Stockwell's performance should be the main reason.
*** This review may contain spoilers ***
In 1924 Nathan Leopold and his friend/lover Richard Loeb were two
wealthy young Chicagoans, from Jewish American families, who were
extremely well educated. Both were believers in the theories (somewhat
twisted) of Friedrich Nietzche regarding the idea of the superman. They
believed that supermen could regard certain laws as being only meant
for "little people", not supermen. One thing they felt they could
ignore was the criminal code...and this included murder. They decided
to commit a perfect crime for the thrill of it. They would kidnap and
kill a child, demand a large ransom, and leave a trail of clues that
would befuddle the police. To do this they did do some things that
showed careful planning (like stealing a typewriter so they could send
untraceable letters). Finally they kidnapped a cousin of Leopold, Bobby
Franks (age 14), killed him in their car, mutilated the body with acid
and knives, and hid him in a deserted park culvert. Unfortunately for
these two geniuses, Leopold dropped a pair of eyeglasses at the site
where Bobby was deposited. It was the eyeglasses that led the police to
Leopold and then Loeb, and the two supermen were fairly fast in caving
in and confessing. The criminal historian, Jonathan Goodman, once wrote
that if he ever planned to commit a murder and would ask infamous
criminals for advice, he would certainly choose Burke and Hare (the
Edinburgh body snatchers, who were not caught until they killed 16
people) over Leopold and Loeb.
They did not hang. Their families hired America's greatest attorney, Clarence Darrow, to defend them. He pleaded guilty for them, but requested a bench trial (just a judge) for the sentencing. His theory was that a jury would never be able not to divorce the cruelty of their actions from consideration of their punishment. For Darrow, a lifelong opponent of the death penalty, was unwilling to risk losing two guilty clients to public hatred.
He gave a classic discussion of the death penalty, and how it would not do what the public wished - stop further crime as a warning, and bring back (or closure to the family of)Bobby Frank. And the Judge did decide to not order the execution of Leopold and Loeb. They were sentenced to life plus ninety nine years (the sentence was later used as the title of Leopold's autobiography). But Richard Loeb was murdered in prison in 1936 (he made a homosexual advance on a fellow prisoner who slashed him to death - and was not punished for it). Leopold was released in 1958. He married, moved to Puerto Rico where he worked as a nurse, and died in 1971.
COMPULSION is based on a novel by Meyer Levin (a best seller in the late 1950s), that was based on the case, changing the names of Leopold and Loeb to Artie Strauss and Judd Steiner. The film only goes through the crime and the trial, culminating in the performance of Orson Welles as Jonathan Wilkes (a.k.a. Clarence Darrow). Dean Stockwell plays a sympathetic, confused Leopold (an issue among criminal historians - how really weak was Leopold - was he Loeb's sex slave?) and Bradford Dillman as a more aggressive Loeb. Martin Milner plays their college friend (and Leopold's rival for a girl in the class), who also finds the eyeglasses. E.G.Marshall is District Attorney Horn (and gives a very effective performance as an intelligent adversary of the two criminals as well as Welles). Diane Varsi plays the girl both Stockwell and Milner love. For some reason her performance is considered weak - actually while not fascinating it was more than competent.
The film does show the crime in it's aftermath (unlike the other film version of the Leopold-Loeb Case - ROPE - this movie does not the actual murder). It shows the increasing nervousness of Leopold, while Loeb keeps his cool (even "helping" the police investigation by suggesting some possible suspects of pedophile leanings). It is (unlike ROPE) shot as a period film, in the 1920s, but the film is in black and white - so the period costumes and accessories are not detracting from the action.
It is a well done film, but Welles appearance is only in the last half hour, culminating in the speech before the judge and his effective parting shot at Stockwell, who feels there is no God ("Perhaps it was God who made you drop your eyeglasses."). Welles performance of the speech was so effective that it was recorded on a record and was a best seller that year. And it is beautifully done.
But the film misses one point. Darrow did not win the sentence he sought by convincing the Judge of the impracticality of the death sentence. The Judge actually dismissed this argument of Darrow's. But Leopold and Loeb were under 21. He felt they were too young to be hanged.
It has been suggested that COMPULSION and ROPE could be shown together, but it would equally be possible to view COMPULSION with INHERIT THE WIND, to compare the performances of Welles with Spencer Tracy as Darrow/Henry Drummond in the latter film. There is also a peculiar type of movie loop in COMPULSION and INHERIT THE WIND. COMPULSION has a scene where Welles, is in his hotel room, when he sees some Ku Klux Klanners light a cross outside his window. In INHERIT THE WIND Tracy answers his hotel door room to see Gene Kelly (as H.L.Mencken/E.K.Hornbeck)wearing a hood and saying "Boo" as a joke. This is a reference to Darrow's agnostic/atheistic reputation, which was disliked by many people in his day. And early in INHERIT THE WIND when Kelly announces that Dick York (as Bertram Cates - John Scopes)will be defended by Tracy, one of the townspeople says, "He just got those two child-murderers off the other day."). It is rare for two films to have such mutual references in them, when they are not sequel films.
The film deal with two young men (Bradford Dillman , Dean Stockwell)
who murder a pal . They are law students and followers to Nietsche
theories . They are investigated by an astute prosecutor (E.G.Marshall)
. He's growing suspicion but there isn't one perfect crime . As the
relentless justice to be executed and they go on trial for killing . A
famous lawyer (Orson Welles) will defend them on the accusation of
murderers and under death penalty . A young girl (Diane Varsi) will
testify for them .
This highly interesting film is inspired on real events about Nathan Leopold-Richard Lob killing case in Chicago of the 1920s . Although the story was obviously a thinly-disguised recreation of the known murder case , the legal department of 20th Century Fox was still concerned about a possible lawsuit from the still-living Leopold . In fact , a great effort was made not to mention Leopold or Loeb in the film , press releases , and interviews . The film contains suspense , drama , tension , illicit love with intertwining triangles , emotion , courtroom trial and complex intrigue maintained throughout . Besides , superb performances by main roles (Dillman , Stockell , Varsi, Welles) and supporting casting (Martin Milner , Robert F. Simon , Gavin McLeod , among others). Special mention for Orson Welles who displays a terrific acting and explaining a significant speech into criminal court . The movie is visually magnificent with an excellent black and white cinematography by William C. Mellor . Evocative and adjusted music by Lionel Newman . The motion picture was wonderfully directed by Richard Fleischer .
This is the second of four film adaptations of the Leopold-Loeb murder case , other versions about same events are the famous ¨The rope¨ (1948) by Hithcock with John Dall (in the character of Bradford Dillman )and Farley Granger (in the role of Dean Stockwell), ¨Swoon¨ and recently ¨Murder by numbers¨ by Barbet Schroeder with Michael Pitt and Ryan Gosling . Indispensable and fundamental seeing for court genre enthusiasts and Orson Welles fans . It's one of Richard Fleisher's best. Rating : Above average .
If "Compulsion" is still such a powerful film is, totally, Dean Stockwell's merit. What a sensational actor! I'm writing this the day after the announcement of Dennis Hopper's death and while I was looking for a Dennis Hopper movie to watch a came across "Compulsion" Not Hopper but Stockwell and I settled for that anyway. I was riveted by Stockwell's performance because everyone else (with the natural exception of Orson Wells and E G Marshall) seems so dated and acted that Dean's every moment is sheer magic. He doesn't shy away from the awfulness but makes his young monster totally human, provoking in us that element that Orson Welles's closing argument tries to bring to the forefront. If you love great acting, you can't afford to miss Dean Stockwell in "Compulsion"
This was pretty interesting, thanks to Bradford Dillman who was
excellent as one of the murderers, and to Orson Welles, as defense
attorney "Jonathan Wilk." Wells could be such an imposing presence on
screen! Interesting, too, that his character was an atheist but in the
end admitted he may have been wrong about that.
E.G. Marshall also was fun to watch as the prosecutor, "Dist. Att. Harold Horn," but, of course, the screen writers had him silent in the end only showing Welles state his liberal impassioned anti-death penalty speech at the end.
Dillman and Dean Stockwell were the wise-guys, young arrogant punks who thought they were smarter than anyone else. Dillman held up under pressure but Stockwell was an annoying wimpy wuss who cracked. Diani Varsi playing the lukewarm love interest, adds very little to the film.
Overall, this re-telling of the famous Leopold-Loeb case of the 1920s was worth the watch and recommended. If this kind of story fascinates you, I recommend a similar film: "Rope" (1949).
*** This review may contain spoilers ***
In 1924, in Chicago, the wealthy and psychotic nihilist law students
Judd Steiner (Dean Stockwell) and Arthur Strauss (Bradford Dillman)
believe that they can be above the law and commit minor infractions.
Their college mate Sid Brooks (Martin Milner) that works for the
Chicago Globe is assigned to go to the morgue to see a drowned boy
found in Hegewisch Park. He discovers that the boy is actually Paul
Kessler, the son of a millionaire that had been kidnapped for ransom.
Further, Sid discovers a pair of the glasses with the boy that becomes
a lead to the police since it does not fit the victim. When Judd finds
that his glasses are evidence for the murder case, he prepares an alibi
using his activity of ornithologist and tells that he was picking up
girls with Artie driving the Stutz Bearcat of his family. However the
astute District Attorney Harold Horn (E.G. Marshall) investigates the
case and lures Judd getting his confession. But the Steiner and Strauss
families hire the cunning defense attorney Jonathan Wilk (Orson Welles)
to defend the perpetrators of the hideous crime. In the beginning of
the trial, Wilk surprisingly changes his plea from "not guilty" to
Movies of trial are usually engaging and "Compulsion" is not an exception. The dark story based on a true murder case is supported by magnificent performances, highlighting Dean Stockwell and Bradford Dillman in the roles of arrogant and psychotic millionaires that expect to commit a perfect crime and Orson Welles in the lesser but relevant role of a smart lawyer. My vote is seven.
Title (Brazil): "Estranha Compulsão" ("Strange Compulsion")
We can add Welles to Wilde, Monroe and others who we never respected until
they were gone. His pleading for the lives of those crazy boys (as Clarence
Darrow did) is an eloquent plea for the ending of the death penalty. Funny,
how a barometer like the death penalty tells us so much about a society's
relative civility. The US had backed away from it, but is now swinging back
toward even public executions (which I would much prefer, as they show all
of us how barbaric we have become).
Note that the movie dwells on their 'craziness' and 'richness', not the Jewishness or the homosexual relationships that evoked the wrath of the public in the real case. Both Dillman and Dean Stockwell do an excellent job of drawing out your anger until you find yourself one of the mob yelling for blood. To stem the tide, in comes Orson Welles. Welles' phrasing and meaningful looks struck me again with what a magnificent actor he was, as well as director.
Now I have to go read 'Compulsion', the novel around which this movie was made, to determine what was left out and if it would have contributed to some of the obviously omitted details that make this movie a little choppy. This movie performs the task that great art must take on itself: to provide us insights into life and how it should be lived. That can be done either negatively or positively, by point or counter-point.
Of course, unless you had some excellent writers and actors of the stature of Welles, you wouldn't come up to the quality of this movie. Definitely, black and white contributed to the brooding quality of the film. Color would have detracted, and you'll seldom 'hear' me say this.
"Compulsion" was one of the most important American films of the late
50s. Based loosely on the famous Leopold and Loeb case, the movie still
packs quite an impact because of the excellent work by the three
principals. As directed by Richard Fleischer, this is a disturbing look
at two criminal minds who thought they were above and beyond the law
because they had the perfect crime planned. The film was greatly
adapted for the screen by Richard Murphy from the Meyer Levin book and
stage play.
Even for those clever enough to carry on a murder, there is always a possibility that a minor mistake will give the culprit away. The two young men at the center of the story, Judd Steiner and Artie Straus are homosexual lovers. At the time, being gay in America must have been one of the worst things in a more puritanical and pious society. These two men hide their sexual preference well because of the circles they both move. Coming from upper class families, in a way, made it easier for these men to formulate a plan to satisfy their idle existences.
After committing a heinous crime, just because they thought they could get away with it, the two friends begin experiencing the guilt associated with what they have done. Judd's reaction is different from Artie's. Where Judd tries to lay low, Artie tries to help the police in a bold move that will end up badly. Judd suddenly feels abandoned by Artie when he realizes Artie might be getting too close to the people investigating the murder.
As careful as these men had been, something that apparently seems innocent, ties them to the crime. The principal investigator, Sid Brooks, turns the men against one another by playing his cards right. This is the moment that Jonathan Wilk, the famous trial lawyer enters the picture. Unfortunately, even a star lawyer can't save people that have talked too much because they thought they were above the law.
Star lawyers have always been at the center of all famous trials throughout the history. In a way, it's ironic that only one man, the great Jonathan Wilk is the only person in court to defend Steiner and Straus. Had it been today, these two men would have had a battery of expensive lawyers making the case for them. The figure of Wilke is based on the real lawyer of the Leopold and Loeb case: Clarence Darrow, a man larger than life.
Dean Stockwell and Bradford Dillman made an invaluable contribution to the success of the film. Mr. Stockwell, a child actor that grew up in front of the camera, makes a compelling Judd Steiner. Mr. Stockwell gets under Steiner's skin because he seems to know what made this young man do what he did. Mr. Dillman was a relative new face to the movies, but his performance as Artie Straus has a profound effect on the viewer. Neither man makes a likable person, but maybe that was the message the author of the play wanted to leave the viewer with.
Orson Welles made a splendid appearance as the defense lawyer, Jonathan Wilk. Mr. Welles' physical presence dominates most of the court proceedings. In fact, is a tribute to his genius that he towers over everything around him whenever he is in front of the camera. E. G. Marshall has some good moments as Sid Brooks, the investigator who unearths the truth in this case. Ed Binns, Martin Milner, Robert Simon, Richard Anderson make contributions to the film. Diane Varsi, as the Ruth Evans is the only female that has an opportunity in the film.
The film moves at a quick pace and will, no doubt, satisfy those viewers seeking intelligent entertainment.
*** This review may contain spoilers ***
In many respects, I thought this was a movie that was far ahead of its
time. In some ways, it's a psychological study of why some people turn
to evil without any apparent remorse. It's also an anti-capital
punishment argument in a time when capital punishment was both accepted
and non-controversial. It deals with subject matters that I wouldn't
normally expect to see in a movie of this era, and it's a very taut
psychological thriller that wouldn't bore anyone.
Dean Stockwell, in my opinion, was the clear highlight of the film. He offered an amazing portrayal of Judd Steiner, the seemingly emotionless one of the murderous duo (the other was Bradford Dillman as Arthur Strauss.) Steiner and Strauss are basically rich, spoiled kids who decide to take up killing for the fun and excitement involved. The movie revolves around the investigation into the murder of a young boy, and then the trial of the two. Stockwell and Dillman made an interesting combination. In the beginning, Strauss is portrayed as the one in charge, with Steiner uncertain and nervous. By the end, Steiner is transformed into a hard as nails and cold as ice monster. The evolution of that relationship is fascinating.
There were aspects of the story that didn't work for me. Ruth (Diane Varsi) came across as far too forgiving of Judd after her encounter with him, and frankly, the rather long-winded speech by Orson Welles (playing attorney Jonathon Wilk) to the judge at the end of the movie was too long-winded, even though I agreed with some of it. (Modern studies of capital punishment would call into question Wilk's statement that only rich kids would die for this kind of crime; in fact, it's overwhelmingly the poor who are sentenced to death.) I thought the movie also opened with a musical score and what we would call today fonts for the credits that were entirely inappropriate, and which seemed to almost set this up as some sort of comedy. It's not. It's deadly serious, and very good. 7/10
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Dirty Slut!
You are 81% Dirty Slut.. Hmm.
Their Analysis (Vertical line = Average)
They scored 81% on Sluttyness, higher than 90% of your peers.
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You are anti-sexual. For some reason it has been ingrained into you to think that sexuality is wrong. I think you just need to lighten up and get laid. Read more
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You are a little slutty, but that's okay. You could have gotten a much higher score. Keep working at it, and maybe some day you will be as cool as me! Please rate my test if you enjoyed it! Read more
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You qualify as a dirty slut. You know that sex was meant to be enjoyed and you sure love it! You do, however, have some boundaries, which is a good thing. Go you! You are my kinda person! Please rate... Read more
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Wow, I didn't think anyone would get this high of a score. You have a very dirty mind and have done some really dirty things. I applaud you for your openness towards sex and love for trying new things... Read more
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