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Bloc is a small command line tool that helps you build blockchain applications on the Ethereum network with the blockapps api. Bloc makes it effortless to: Compile and deploy smart contracts to the blockchain Automatically wire those contracts to the front-end, so you can bring the blockchain to the world!
Installation is currently done by cloning:
git clone https://github.com/blockapps/bloc.git
Enter the bloc directory:
cd bloc
Install bloc as a global package:
npm install -g
Generate a new blockchain app
bloc init
bloc init builds a base structure for your blockchain app as well as sets some default parameters values for creating transactions. These can be edited in the config.yaml file in your app directory.
Now in your app directory run
bloc register
bloc register registers your app with the Blockapps api. Now generate a new private key and fill it with test-ether
bloc genkey
Compile your smart contracts
bloc compile -s
Upload a contract and scaffold (
-s) your dApp
bloc upload <ContractName> -s
Usage: bloc <command> (options)
init start a new project
compile compile contracts in contract folder
upload upload contracts to blockchain
genkey generate a new private key and fill it at the faucet
register register your app with BlockApps
-s, --scaffold scaffold html / js / css from your contracts when compiling or
Structure of your dApps
Additional Resources
bloc uses blockapps-js, our simple library for interfacing with the blockchain. Smart contracts that are written in javascript-like language called Solidity. A good place to start playing around with Solidity is the online compiler.
blockapps-js is a library that exposes a number of functions for interacting with the Blockchain via the BlockApps API. Currently it has strong support for compiling Solidity code, creating the resulting contract, and querying its variables or calling its functions through Javascript code.
- Installation - Browserification
- BlockApps documentation
- Overview - Quick Start - Query an account's balance - Send ether between accounts - Compile Solidity code - Create a Solidity contract and read its state - Call a Solidity method - Call many methods in a single message transaction
- API details
- BlockApps profiles
- The
ethbasesubmodule -
Units- The
routessubmodule -
storageAddress- The
Soliditysubmodule - Solidity constructor - Contract object - Attaching to an existing contract - State variables - Mappings - Functions - The
MultiTXsubmodule - Rationale - Unsent transactions - Calling - Return value
npm install blockapps-js
Run the script
mkbrowser.sh in the source directory created by npm
(e.g. "node_modules/blockapps-js/mkbrowser.sh"). It will create a
file called
blockapps.js in the same directory that can be included
in an HTML file as a script. The call
require("blockapps-js") is
made available by the script to encourage you to write your supporting
Javascript files in the same style as any Node module.
BlockApps documentation
Documentation is available at http://blockapps.net/apidocs. Below is the API for this particular module.
All functionality is included in the
blockapps-js module:
var blockapps = require('blockapps-js');
/* blockapps = {
* ethbase : { Account, Address, Int, Storage, Transaction, Units },
* routes,
* query,
* polling,
* setProfile,
* Solidity
* MultiTX
* }
The various submodules of blockapps are described in detail below. Aside from Address and Int, all the public methods return promises (from the bluebird library).
Quick start
See the
bulkQuery sample dApp in the
examples/ directory for a
complete, working example. Here are some snippets illustrating common
Query an account's balance
var Account = require('blockapps-js').ethbase.Account;
// The "0x" prefix is optional for addresses
var address = "16ae8aaf39a18a3035c7bf71f14c507eda83d3e3"
Account(address).balance.then(function(balance) {
// In here, "balance" is a big-integer you can manipulate directly.
Send ether between accounts
var ethbase = require('blockapps-js').ethbase
var Transaction = ethbase.Transaction;
var Int = ethbase.Int;
var ethValue = ethbase.Units.ethValue;
var addressTo = "16ae8aaf39a18a3035c7bf71f14c507eda83d3e3";
var privkeyFrom = "1dd885a423f4e212740f116afa66d40aafdbb3a381079150371801871d9ea281";
// This statement doesn't actually send a transaction; it just sets it up.
var valueTX = Transaction({"value" : ethValue(1).in("ether")});
valueTX.send(privkeyFrom, addressTo).then(function(txResult) {
// txResult.message is either "Success!" or an error message
// For this transaction, the error would be about insufficient balance.
Compile Solidity code
var Solidity = require('blockapps-js').Solidity
var code = "contract C { int x = -2; }"; // For instance
Solidity(code).then(function(solObj) {
// solObj.vmCode is the compiled code. You could submit it directly with
// a Transaction, but there is a better way.
// solObj.symTab has more information than you could possibly want about the
// global variables and functions defined in the code.
// solObj.name is the name of the contrat, i.e. "C"
// solObj.code is the code itself.
}).catch(function(err) {
// err is the compiler error if the code is malformed.
Create a Solidity contract and read its state
var Solidity = require('blockapps-js').Solidity
var code = "contract C { int x = -2; }"; // For instance
var privkey = "1dd885a423f4e212740f116afa66d40aafdbb3a381079150371801871d9ea281";
Solidity(code).newContract(privkey, {"value": 100}).then(function(contract) {
contract.account.balance.equals(100); // You shouldn't use == with big-integers
contract.state.x == -2; // If you do use ==, the big-integer is downcast.
Call a Solidity method
var Solidity = require('blockapps-js').Solidity;
var Promise = require('bluebird'); // This is the promise library we use
var code = 'contract C { \n\
uint knocks; \n\
function knock(uint times) returns (string) { \n\
knocks += times; \n\
if (times == 0) { \n\
return "I couldn\'t hear that!"; \n\
} \n\
else { \n\
return "Okay, okay!"; \n\
} \n\
} \n\
var privkey = "1dd885a423f4e212740f116afa66d40aafdbb3a381079150371801871d9ea281";
Solidity(code).newContract(privkey).then(function(contract) {
// This sets up a call to the code's "knock" method;
// The account owned by this private key pays the execution fees.
var knock = function(n) {
return contract.state.knock(n).callFrom(privkey);
Promise.map([0,1,2,3], knock).then(function(replies) {
replies[0] == "I couldn't hear that!";
replies[1] == "Okay, okay!";
// etc.
}).then(function() {
contract.state.knocks == 6;
Call many methods in a single message transaction
var Solidity = require('blockapps-js').Solidity;
var MultiTX = require('blockapps-js').MultiTX;
var Promise = require('bluebird'); // This is the promise library we use
var code = 'contract C { \n\
uint knocks; \n\
function knock(uint times) returns (string) { \n\
knocks += times; \n\
if (times == 0) { \n\
return "I couldn\'t hear that!"; \n\
} \n\
else { \n\
return "Okay, okay!"; \n\
} \n\
} \n\
var privkey = "1dd885a423f4e212740f116afa66d40aafdbb3a381079150371801871d9ea281";
Solidity(code).newContract(privkey).then(function(contract) {
// This time, we don't actually call the Solidity method yet.
// However, we should take care to specify gas limits individually.
// If this limit seems high...you never know. But it should not
// be so high that paying it in the middle of a VM run would
// cause an out-of-gas exception.
function knock(n) {
return contract.state.knock(n).txParams({gasLimit: 100000});
// This does all four calls in a single transaction, which saves a
// lot of gas and time.
.then(function(replies) {
replies[0] == "I couldn't hear that!";
replies[1] == "Okay, okay!";
// etc.
}).then(function() {
contract.state.knocks == 6;
API details
BlockApps profiles
blockapps-js library is designed to connect to any BlockApps
node. Depending on the node, different default parameters
(particularly the polling parameters and gas prices) are appropriate.
To handle this, the function
blockapps.setProfile is provided with
several default profiles. Its usage is:
setProfile(<profile name>, <optional version>)
<profile name> is any of the keys of
setProfile.profiles, currently one of:
"hacknet": connects to the sandbox
http://hacknet.blockapps.netwith very permissive defaults.
"ethereum": connects to the live network
http://api.blockapps.netwith reasonable defaults given those of the official Ethereum clients.
<optional version>, if present, must be of the form
n.m, for
1.0, and indicates which version of the BlockApps routes is
requested. Currently
1.0 is the only one.
ethbase submodule
This component provides Javascript support for the basic concepts of Ethereum, independent of high-level languages or implementation features.
The following names are member functions of
The constructor for an abstraction of Ethereum's 32-byte words, which
are implemented via the
big-integer library. The constructor
accepts numbers or Ints, 0x(hex) strings, decimal strings, or Buffers,
but does not truncate to 32 bytes. Note that arithmetic must be
performed with the
.plus (etc.) methods rather than the arithmetic
operators, which degrade big integers to 8-byte (floating-point)
Javascript numbers.
The constructor for Ethereum "addresses" (20-byte words), which are implemented as the Buffer type. Its argument can be a number, an Int, a hex string, or another Buffer, all of which are truncated to 20 bytes.
This constructor accepts an argument convertible to Address and defines an object with three properties.
address: the account's constructing address.
nonce: the "nonce", or number of successful transactions sent from this account. The value of this property is a Promise resolving to the Int value of the nonce.
balance: the balance, in "wei", of the account. The value of this property is a Promise resolving to the Int value of the balance. Note that 1 ether is equal to 1e18 wei.
The constructor for the key-value storage associated with an address. It accepts an argument convertible to address and returns an object with the following methods:
getSubKey(key, start, size): fetches the
size(number) bytes at storage key
key(hex string) starting
start(number) bytes in. It returns a Promise resolving to the Buffer of these bytes.
getKeyRange(start, itemsNum): fetches
itemsNum(number) keys beginning at
start(hex string) in a single contiguous Buffer. It returns a Promise resolving to this Buffer.
A constructor accepting hex strings, numbers, or Ints and encoding them into 32-byte Buffers. It throws an exception if the input is too long.
The constructor for Ethereum transactions.
blockapps-js abstracts a
transaction into two parts:
parameters: The argument to Transaction is an object with up to four members: the numbers
gasPrice, and
gasLimit, whose defaults are provided in
ethbase.Transaction.defaultsas respectively 0, 1, and 3141592; and the hex string or Buffer
data. Optionally, this object may contain
toas well, a value convertible to Address.
participants: A call to
ethbase.Transactionreturns an object with a method
sendtaking two arguments, respectively a private key (hex string) and Address, denoting the sender and recipient of the transaction. The second argument is optional if
tois passed as a parameter to
ethbase.Transaction, and overrides it if present. Calling this function sends the transaction and returns a Promise resolving to the transaction result (see the "routes" section).
Provides some simple conversions between denominations of ether
currency. The interface imitates the
convert-units Node.js package.
There are two main functions:
ethValue: called as
ethValue(x).in(denom), produces a numerical-type result (actually a value from the
bignumber.jspackage) equal to the number of
weiin a value of
denom. For example,
1e18wei. This numerical value can be converted to
Intand is acceptable as a
valueparameter in a Transaction.
convertEth: this converts between two denominations, and is called like
convertEth(x).from(denom1).to(denom2). In particular,
ethValue(x).in(denom)is the same as
convertEth(x).from(denom).to("wei"). It also accepts two arguments, as
convertEth(n,d), which is mathematically equivalent to
convertEth(n/d)(except that
dare integral types).
routes submodule
This submodule exports Javascript interfaces to the BlockApps web routes for querying the Ethereum "database". All of them return Promises, since they must perform an asychronous request. These requests are made to the BlockApps server and path at:
query.apiPrefix: by default,
query.serverURI: by default,
Some of the routes (namely, faucet and submitTransaction) poll the server for their results, with the following parameters:
polling.pollEveryMS: by default, 500 (milliseconds)
polling.pollTimeoutMS: by default, 10000 (milliseconds)
The following "routes" are member functions of
Takes Solidity source code and returns a Promise resolving to an
{vmCode, symTab, name}, where
vmCode is the compiled
Ethereum VM opcodes,
name is the name of the Solidity contract
(currently, only code defining a single contract is supported), and
symTab is an object containing storage layout and type information
for all state variables and functions in the source. Normally you
will not need to use this object.
solc, but returns only the symTab directly.
Takes an argument convertible to Address and supplies it with 1000 ether. This is available only on the BlockApps hacknet, for obvious reasons.
Queries the block database, returning a list of Ethereum blocks as Javascript objects. The following queries are allowed, and may be combined:
- ntx : number of transactions in the block
- number : block number; minnumber, maxnumber: range for number
- gaslim : gas limit for the block; mingaslim, maxgaslim: range for gaslim
- gasused : total gas used in the block; mingasused, maxgasused: range for gasused
- diff : block difficulty (the basic mining parameter); mindiff, maxdiff: range for diff
- txaddress: matches any block containing any transaction either from or to the given address.
- coinbase: the address of the "coinbase"; i.e. the address mining the block.
- address: matches any block in which the account at this address is present.
- hash: the block hash
Returns the last n blocks in the database.
routes.block, but queries accounts. Its queries are:
- balance, minbalance, maxbalance: queries the account balance
- nonce, minnonce, maxnonce: queries the account nonce
- address: the account address
A shortcut to
routes.account({"address" : address}) returning a
single Ethereum account object (not an
ethcore.Account) rather
than a list.
routes.block, but queries transactions. Its queries are:
- from, to, address: matches transactions from, to, or either a particular address.
- hash: the transaction hash.
- gasprice, mingasprice, maxgasprice: the gas price of a transaction.
- gaslimit, mingaslimit, maxgaslimit: the gas limit of a transaction.
- value, minvalue, maxvalue: the value sent with the transaction.
- blocknumber: the block number containing this transaction.
Returns a list of the last n ransactions received by the client operating the database.
This is the low-level interface for the
ethcore.Transaction object.
It accepts an object containing precisely the following fields, and
returns a Promise resolving to "transaction result" object with fields
summarizing the VM execution. The Transaction and Solidity objects
(below) handle the most useful cases, so when using this route
directly, the most important fact about the transaction result is that
its presence indicates success.
- nonce, gasPrice, gasLimit: numbers.
- value: a number encoded in base 10.
- codeOrData, from, to: hex strings, the latter two addresses.
- r, s, v, hash: cryptographic signature of the other parts.
This takes the hash of a transaction and returns an object containing information about its processing. Notably, it contains the fields:
- message: either "Success!" or an error
- trace: the course of its EVM run
- contractsCreated, contractsDeleted: comma-separated lists.
routes.block, but queries storage. It accepts the following
- key, minkey, maxkey: queries storage "keys", i.e. locations in memory. These are base-10 integer strings.
- keystring, keyhex: alternative formats for key accepting UTF-8 strings or hex strings to denote the key. They do not have corresponding ranges.
- value, minvalue, maxvalue: base-10 storage values.
- valuestring: alternative format as a UTF-8 string.
- address: limits the storage to a particular address. This is virtually required.
Gets all storage from address.
Solidity submodule
The member
blockapps.Solidity is the interface to the Solidity
language, allowing source code to be transformed into Ethereum
contracts and these contracts' states queried and methods invoked
directly from Javascript.
Solidity constructor
Invoked as
Solidity(code), it is effectively an interface to
routes.solc, returning a Promise of an object with the following
- code: the constructing code.
- name: the Solidity contract name.
- vmCode: the compiled bytecode.
- symTab: the storage layout and type "symbol table" of functions and variables
- newContract(privkey, [txParams]): submits a contract creation
transaction for the vmCode with the optional parameters
(subject to
ethcore.Transaction.defaults) as well as the required parameter privkey. This returns the promise of a "contract object" described next.
Contract object
The contract object has as its prototype the Solidity object that created it, as well as the following properties:
- account: the
ethcore.Accountobject for its address
- state: an object containing as properties every state variable
and top-level function in the Solidity code. The value of
state.varNameis a Promise resolving to the value of that variable at the time the query is made, of the types given below. Mappings and functions have special syntax.
Attaching to an existing contract
Finally, it is possible to "attach" some metadata to a Solidity or contract object. This facilitates recording and reloading these objects between sessions without creating new Ethereum contracts or even recompiling.
Solidity.attach({code, name, vmCode, symTab[, address]}), given the
metadata in the argument, creates either a Solidity or contract object
with this data. More specifically:
addressis absent, a Solidity object is returned. This object is equivalent to
Solidity(code)with the other properties set to the values in the argument; no check is performed that these values are actually correct. The only way you should use this is by the equivalent of
Solidity.attach(JSON.stringify(solObj)), as it avoids recompilation.
addressis present, a contract object is returned. This is the same as performing
Solidity(code).newContract(???), except that no private key is necessary and the resulting object's
accountmember has address equal to
address. No check is performed that this address actually exists or has the Solidity ABI indicated by the other parameters. It simply allows resuming work with a contract object previously created directly by
newContract. (Note that
JSON.stringify(contractObj)does not have the correct format to submit to
State variables
Every Solidity type is given a corresponding Javascript (or Node.js)
type. They are:
- address: the
ethcore.Address (i.e. Buffer) type, of length 20 bytes.
- bool: the
boolean type.
- bytes and its variants: the Buffer type of any length
- int, uint, and their variants: the
ethcore.Int (i.e.
big-integer) type
- string: the
string type
- arrays: Javascript arrays of the corresponding type. Fixed and
dynamic arrays are not distinguished in this representation.
- enums: the type itself is represented via the
enum library;
each name/value is a value of this type.
- structs: Javascript objects whose enumerable properties are the
names of the fields of the struct, with values equal to the
representations of the struct fields.
These are treated specially in two ways. First, naturally, a key must
be supplied and the corresponding value returned. Second, a Solidity
mapping has no global knowledge of its contents, and thus, the entire
mapping cannot be retrieved with a single query. Therefore, a mapping
variable accepts keys and returns promises of individual values, not
the promise of an associative array (as might be expected from the
description). Each
state.mappingName is a function having argument
and return value:
- argument: The mapping key, provided as any value that represents (as above) or can be converted to the type of the mapping key (i.e. hex strings for Addresses).
- return value: a Promise resolving to that value.
A Solidity function
fName appears as
state.fName in the
corresponding contract object. This is actually a member function
that takes the arguments of
fName, either as:
A single object whose enumerable properties are the names of the Solidity function's arguments, and whose values (like those of mapping keys) are apropriate representations of the arguments to be passed. All arguments must be passed at once.
Multiple parameters corresponding to the arguments of the Solidity function. This is chiefly useful for functions with anonymous or positionally meaningful parameters. Again, all arguments must be passed at once.
The return value of this function has two methods:
txParams(params): takes optional transaction parameters
{value, gasPrice, gasLimit}. Returns the same object, now with these parameters remembered.
callFrom(privkey): calls the function from the account with the given private key. Its return value is a Promise of the return value of the Solidity function, if any.
Thus, one calls a solidity function as
contractObj.state.fName(args|arg1, arg2, ..)[ .txParams(params)].callFrom(privkey);
MultiTX submodule
The member function
blockapps.MultiTX makes use of a contract
(currently only available on hacknet.blockapps.net) that sequentially
executes a list of transactions in a single message call.
This function has several advantages over sending transactions individually in series:
The overhead for a single Ethereum message call is 21,000 gas before the VM even begins execution. This cost is not incurred for CALL opcodes within an existing execution environment, though, so enormous gas savings are possible if several transactions are rendered as CALLs in a single message-call transaction for which the up-front cost is only paid once.
These savings are not realized for contract-creation transactions, since the CREATE opcode is even more expensive (32,000 gas). However, the following benefit may compensate even for this.
A valid transaction must contain the current nonce of the sender, and if successful, increments that nonce. Thus, each transaction in a sequence must wait for confirmation of the success of the previous one before it can be sent with any hope of acceptance. The MultiTX facility, however, only sends one transaction, and therefore only needs to query the nonce once, so there is no delay in executing the latter members of the sequence.
Similarly, if one wishes to make a series of related transactions each depending on the outcome of the earlier ones, then they have to be sent in strict sequence. MultiTX respects the sequencing of its arguments, but compresses the time frame for execution.
Unsent transactions
MultiTX function takes one argument, a Javascript array of
"unsent transactions". An unsent transaction can be either:
The result of a call to
ethbase.Transaction({data, value, gasLimit, to});
gasPrice, if present, is ignored. Though
gasLimitis technically optional, it is recommended to include it in each case, because as the calls are made, these limits are deducted in advance, and one must take care not to run out of gas.
The result of a call to
contract.state.method(args), possibly with a subsequent
txParamscall, where
contractis any Solidity contract object as described previously.
The complete syntax of a call to MultiTX is:
MultiTX([<unsent-tx-1>, <unsent-tx-2> ..])
.txParams({"gasPrice": <price in wei>, "gasLimit": <limit in gas units>})
.multiSend(<private key of sender>);
Unlike for the Transaction and Solidity modules, in the (optional)
txParams subcall, only the parameters
gasPrice and
gasLimit are
respected. Each transaction
<unsent-tx-n> is run with the
given in its construction, and the gas limit provided in
(or the default gas limit for a Transaction, if not present) is used
for the overall MultiTX call. Since only one gas price can be set for
a single VM run, the overall
gasPrice applies to all the
Since a single transaction may have only one originator, it is not possible to send a MultiTX from several accounts.
The value sent with MultiTX is automatically computed from the
values given in the construction of the
<unsent-tx-n>s; there may
be a fee in addition (at the moment, it is
0x400 wei), which is
automatically added on. It is still possible for a transaction to
fail if the value you gave it is rejected by the contract
Return value
A call to MultiTX returns the Promise of a list of return values, one
for each transaction. If the return type is unknown (as for a bare
Transaction) or void (as for a Solidity function with no
return value) then the corresponding entry in the list is
otherwise, it is the same as what would be returned from a single
Solidity method call. If a constituent transaction failed for some
reason, then its return value is


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Manifesto: Men, it's OK to cry sometimes
Human rights groups appalled by cost of rolling out the red carpet for Duterte
Foundation of Higher Learning 'guru' Imre Vallyon's followers kept in the dark about his past
Men arrested for spate of Nelson burglaries but teenager still sought
Foster parents can't ignore children in need
This week we tried: Excel V Laser Genesis at KM Surgical
Former All Black Ali Williams arrested for allegedly attempting to buy cocaine in Paris
Ex-Silver Fern Tania Dalton fighting for her life in hospital
Auckland policewoman 'almost in tears' after pulling over vehicle with 11 unrestrained passengers
Police kill machete-wielding man in Porirua after domestic dispute callout in Waikanae
A man has created a 'feminine lipstick' as an alternative to pads, tampons and cups
Foundation of Higher Learning 'guru' Imre Vallyon's followers kept in the dark about his past
Million-dollar real estate agent claims losing his Aston Martin would cause 'extreme hardship'
Bruce Springsteen: a 20-something's night with The Boss and her 70-something mate at Auckland's Mt Smart Stadium
Morning trivia quiz: February 26
Farmer gets frank in job advert for stock man: 'Can be a smoker - but won't have the time'

subset: commoncrawl


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It is pretty stupid to destroy your own property, but people do it all the time.
Unless you bet your house on the game, no need to be this upset.
His wife has a look like, it is your man cave, so whatever.
Flip the page for the video…
Yea screw my TV…….not
Comments are closed.


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Hairspray: Tony-Winning Musical Bops Back to the '60s
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Musical Theatre Orange County celebrates its 10th anniversary with an exuberantly entertaining production of the Broadway musical Hairspray, starring several of its alumni. Plus-sized dreamer Tracy Turnblad becomes a dancer on a popular local TV show, transforming herself from a shunned outsider to a true teen celebrity, and then setting out to triumph over both snotty teen queens and racial segregation. Set in 1962 Baltimore and based on the movie by John Waters, the production won eight Tony Awards, including Best Musical, Best Book and Best Original Score, for such Mark Shaiman-penned hit songs as "Welcome to the '60s," "You Can't Stop the Beat" and "Good Morning Baltimore." And then it was turned back into a popular 2007 movie, starring John Travolta and Nikki Blonsky. But there's nothing like seeing this always energetic and upbeat musical live on stage.
* Additional fees apply. No coupon or promo codes necessary to enjoy the displayed discount price.
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The last date listed for Hairspray was Sunday August 4, 2013 / 2:00pm.
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Kill Me Deadly: Romance, Murder & Waffles
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The year is 1947, and private investigator Charlie Nickles has a lot on his hands. When his client… More
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Vogue jewelry is getting harder to find so collect it while you can. These feature two rich green aurora borealis beads set alongside clear rhinestones. The clipbacks are signed Vogue. In excellent condition and wonderfully made. Each earring measures 1" in diameter.
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Happy New Year to all! Be sure to check out our many items that are $20 and under!


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The objective of the present work is to perform an evaluation of the performance provided by various technologies for wave energy conversion in the Portuguese continental coastal environment. The wave climate in the target area is first analyzed using the results from three years of simulations with a wave prediction system based on numerical models. Based… (More)
- Eugen Rusu
- 2014
The main objective of the present work was to assess and compare the wave power resources in various offshore and nearshore areas. From this perspective, three different groups of coastal environments were considered: the western Iberian nearshore, islands and an enclosed environment with sea waves, respectively. Some of the most representative existent… (More)
The present work describes a study related to the influence on the shoreline dynamics of a wave farm consisting of Wave Dragon devices operating in the western side of the Black Sea. Based on historical data analysis of the wave climate, the most relevant environmental conditions that could occur were defined, and for these cases, simulations with SWAN… (More)
The wave energy in a shallow water location is evaluated considering the influence of the local tide and wind on the wave propagation. The target is the coastal area just north of the Portuguese city of Peniche, where a wave energy converter operates on the sea bottom. A wave modelling system based on SWAN has been implemented and focused on this coastal… (More)
Starting from the observation that an important next stage in exploiting the ocean energy is to install large arrays of several identical devices in order to raise their overall electricity production, the present work has as objective to assess the local and coastal impact of a large wave farm that would operate in the Portuguese coastal environment. The… (More)
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Raspberry 3D model for printing: 131 results found
Displaying 1 - 10 of 131
======== SUMMARY =============================================================Update 2015-05-03 B--The new overclock base is up.It is done so the cool air from the fan should circulate on the top and bottom of the raspberry pi 2 and then exit on the side with the cable inputs.Update 2015-05-03--Cleaned up and decreased print times on the top...
941 downloads42 views
Simple Case for a RaspberryPi A+. Pick a case and a lid that suit your needs. 4x M2.5x5 or M2.5x6 and, depending on the box, 4x M2.5 nuts are needed to mount the Raspberry Pi A+
0 downloads31 views
A simple but effective way that I use to set-up my Pi Computers in the lab for my students.
0 downloads29 views
======== SUMMARY =============================================================The is the 2-piece Raspberry Pi NoIR camera case that houses theNoIR Camera module (remove IR filter and fixed-focus lens) andseparate IR cut filter switch component.The Fuji Film vari-focal lens mounts to the IR cut filtersfemale CS socket and provides 10X manual zoom (...
226 downloads34 views
======== SUMMARY =============================================================Got a Zero from MicroCenter today and thought it needed a box to keep from shorting it out.Use 4 10mm x 3mm Flat head screws to hold it together.
598 downloads34 views
======== SUMMARY =============================================================https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ciCKvehNFDM [1]This is the raspberry pi camera camera module fitted inside a 3d printed enclosure and mounted to a 3d printed tripod. This simple design is easy to 3d print and takes a few minutes to put together.You can use a Swivel-Head...
946 downloads32 views
======== SUMMARY =============================================================I didn't want to order the special 11mm brass raspberry pi standoffs from Adafruit at $9 shipping, so I decided to print some that will do the job. These are 11 mm high, and snap in to the screw holes. They are not as sturdy as the brass ones, but if you print them...
204 downloads28 views
======== SUMMARY =============================================================This is a 3D printable robot chassis designed to be used with the awesome CamJam Edukit #3 and ANY Raspberry Pi (all models supported).The CamJam Edukit #3 is a kit of parts which when used in conjunction with a Raspberry Pi provide all the electronics and mechanics...
3.8K downloads29 views
======== SUMMARY =============================================================I needed a case for the raspberry pi that was configurable for the application. There is a case with mount holes and without mount holes and a plain lid and a lid with a camera ball.Have fun and feedback is always appreciated. Released through my company Northern Layers...
441 downloads36 views
======== SUMMARY =============================================================This is remake of Walter brilliant design http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:604915 [1].So the sleeve may be facing both ways.Simple sleeve to a Raspberry Pi B+ / 2. The main case slides over the Raspberry Pi, and a cap fits around the connectors. The parts are held in...
11.7K downloads35 views


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2 Thugs Try To Rob Man, They Didn't Realize He Was Packing Heat
June 2, 2014 2:31pm PST
A video was posted to the internet that shows a pair of thugs trying to rob a customer at a convenience store then getting a dose of swift justice on the spot.
A man in a striped shirt is checking out at a convenience store, minding his own business. Before too long two men walk into the store and approach him.
One of the men appears to demand something from the man at the counter and that's when things go really bad for him and his partner. The man in the striped shirt pulls out his pistol after being assaulted and turns around and starts shooting, hitting at least one of the men and possibly the other as he fled.
There's no word on where this happened or what store it was in, however the video shows us all why it's important that we retain our Second Amendment rights. Had this man not had his pistol there's no telling what would have happened, he may have even wound up dead if the two attackers really wanted to be mean.
One thing is for certain, it will probably be a long time before either of those men try to rob a random person like that.
DISGUSTING: Thug Brutally Beats Wife While She Holds Baby
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What she probably heard was, "Hey, — calling — om — ar!"
No sane person at the time ever thought these things would become the most significant electronic consumer device in history. But that's exactly what is happening.
Bigger than television. Bigger than the PC. Bigger than the telephone.
The cell phone's impact will be so huge because — unlike those previous technologies — it's so widespread. People in developing countries who a decade ago owned nothing more complicated than a water pump now have cell phones.
At the other extreme, middle-class teenagers in the USA now carry in their pockets a networked computing and communicating device more powerful than the mainframes that might've run a good-size company when their parents were the same age.
Last week, Gartner Group put out a report saying that by 2009, 1 billion cell phones will be sold a year. Not owned. Sold. By then, 2.6 billion people will be using cell phones, Gartner says.
There will probably be a world population of about 6.8 billion in 2009. If you take out the number of people living in abject poverty, babies, nursing home residents and the Amish, most everyone who could possibly own a cell phone will have one. For perspective, about 200 million TVs will be sold in 2005. Almost four times more cell phones — 779 million — will be sold during the year.
Anything so big and powerful literally transforms society. TVs, PCs and telephones changed everything from daily habits to the world's power structure.
For instance, once PCs landed in corporate offices, executives no longer relied on the time-honored practice of buzzing in a secretary several times a day and saying, "Take a letter." That not only changed a habit, it eliminated a skill (few people do shorthand anymore) and a profession (try calling your administrative assistant a secretary and see how many teeth you lose).
On the power structure side of things, John F. Kennedy won the presidency because of television, and TV exposure led to protests that forced the United States to withdraw from Vietnam. From there, the list of ways TV influenced power goes on and on.
The cell phone's impact will no doubt dwarf that of any device before it.
Some of the early effects are obvious. In my 1985 story, I wrote that "Bill Gates has ordered Chinese takeout food with his cellular phone while on the way home from his computer software company," as if it was an exotic luxury on a scale of sightseeing on the moon.
Yet, 20 years later, that level of convenience and flexibility is built into daily life. We just expect it. And it's only the beginning.
"Perhaps these devices are changing the notion of socializing," says Zach Nelson, CEO of Internet company NetSuite. He recently went to an Eminem and 50 Cent concert, where Nelson, a gray-haired baby boomer, no doubt stuck out like a saguaro in Manhattan. He noticed that the younger folks around him were using their cell phones to text message other people instead of talking with the friends they came with.
"In my day, socializing was going out to a party to meet people," Nelson says. "Now, socializing is taking place via networked devices."
It gets weirder where cell phones are more prevalent. "In Korea, there are these raves," says Sky Dayton, CEO of wireless joint venture SK-EarthLink. "Kids go to an abandoned warehouse, and they're dancing to music they're each listening to on their own cell phones."
Deep social change can happen because cell phones are now in our pockets all the time. "We're evolving from a world where the PC was the communications device to one where the cell phone or PDA is the center of gravity," says Kim Polese, CEO of open-source software company SpikeSource. These gadgets will alter habits even more as they become the way people listen to music, get information, blog and pay for purchases at stores.
Neville Street, CEO of text-messaging company Mobile 365, puts it this way: How many inventions in history have literally become part of your person — something you always have with you?
Your watch. Your credit card. Your cell phone. That's pretty much it, unless you count tooth fillings.
The cell phone is so profound, it's absolutely impossible to comprehend how it will affect us in the longer run. "Babies will be assigned lifetime 12-digit phone numbers at birth," says Martha Dennis of telecom investors Windward Ventures. "Money will no longer be used" as cell phones take over with on-the-spot electronic transactions.
New businesses will pop up, new models for making money, new ways to be entertained, new definitions of privacy. The Internet was a grand creation. The Internet plus cell phones will be magnificent.
One amazing thought from 1985: At the time, no one even thought in terms of a personal cell phone. We could barely conceive of car phones. One expert waxed futuristic by saying that in 10 years, car phones will be as common as stereos and air conditioners in cars today. That's as far as anyone's mind could stretch.
We're just as limited now when trying to predict the future of the cell phone universe.
Kevin Maney has covered technology for USA TODAY since 1985. His column appears Wednesdays. Click here for an index of Technology columns. E-mail him at: firstname.lastname@example.com.
Contributing: E-mail firstname.lastname@example.com


text: Has anyone heard the latest on the Tech Class 1? There is no longer a foundation course which must be passed before getting loaded onto T1. Apparently there are none of the current Class 1 courses running after May, until the new IS/Tech courses start. The crammer at 3 Div is full and I know 21 Sigs is running another. If other units are running them, is there gonna be enough courses for everyone to get on before May? I dont think there is, so a lot of people are gonna pass there entrance but get fobbed off for at least year (I'd Guess), because i dont think they have even started putting together a new IS/Tech combined Class 1 Course. If ive got this all wrong and someone can set me straight, it would be greatly appreciated.


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Search ExLibris_Kate's books
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About meWife, mom of 2, former music teacher, current HR worker bee, grad student, NASA supporter, Cubs fan, and wine drinker. I read and read and read.......
About my libraryI love a good YA series, fiction, historical fiction, mysteries and the classics, of course.
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House Bill 1895 cleared the Arkansas Senate Insurance and Commerce Committee today. The bill, which had passed the House on March 11, 2011, would change existing utility law and affect issues currently under litigation. The Sierra Club has issued a press release in opposition of the bill, which it argues infringes on the rights of landowners to fully participate in having a say on whether coal plants will be built in their own neighborhoods. Arkansas Times Blog has the story.
Eversheds Sutherland is an international law firm helping the Fortune 100, industry leaders, sector innovators and business entrepreneurs solve their biggest challenges and reach their business goals. Dedicated to unfaltering excellence in client service, we are known for our business savvy and industry intelligence, providing creative and custom solutions for each of our clients. Industry and business experience makes the difference for our clients.
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Barbara Byrd Bennett
- LCPS Latino Committeemen Resign Over Budget Cutslawndalenews.com
- Emanuel's infomercial won't fix Chicago's problemsChicago Tribune
- Education leaders: Despite SUPES scandal, principals still need trainingChicago Tribune
- Emanuel on use of personal emails: I'll give my answer in courtChicago Tribune
- Sentencing date set for ex-Chicago schools superintendentsanluisobispo.com
- Mastermind of CPS contract-rigging scandal pleads guiltydailyherald.com
- Man pleads guilty to fraud in Chicago schools bribery caseabqjournal.com
- Businessman pleads guilty to wire fraud in CPS bribery casedothaneagle.com
- Key figure in CPS bribery scandal pleads guiltyChicago Tribune
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29 comments found.
I'm waiting for more than 10 days on new 2.0 upload
I am realy sory for the delay. I am still working on it. I will update as soon as possible.
upload ? ? ?
Hi, Sorry but i will not update anymore. Because codecanyon is not give enough money. My product price is 25$ but i am just earning 7$. I am not slave, i am developer ! For my old customers i will do a final update pack.
I wanted the template that will work perfectly for the V2.1 ..
I have installed the theme as instructed but soon I replace the Major files like index, core and sources folder, the site never loads.
Hi Raul, I will develop a final update pack soon. Current version is not supporting the lastest version Social Kit.
When I replace the CORE file the site goes down completely.
Like, Reactions, Video Uploads and also Post Privacy option is not working.
Replace with original SK documents. Never touch to database. Just replace with original SK files. After login to admin dashboard and select different Theme. As i said before Titanium not supporting current SK version yet.
I replaced it with original SK documents. So, I cannot use Titanium until the update is released?
The theme is somehow working except the Like option is not there in posts. Can it be fixed at least?
Beside the Share button only a "." is appearing for the Like. Please help me fix this only at least.
It's complicated system. Not possible to just fix it. I must check all files. I will publish newest version at the and of august.
Thank you for the information.
User: spasso1 Pass: 123456
Please have a look at www.dsu-bd.com with the above logins if you could help me fix minor issues until the update is released. I really want to continue to use the theme. The users are loving it!
Thank you!
I have somehow added the Like functionality. The problem I'm having is, after I like a post it is recorded to the database and the activity is updated only after refresh and the Like never changes to Unlike button. I would be really grateful if you could fix me only this like issue if possible. Sorry for the headache.
Hi. When will you update this script? Last updated nearly a year ago? Social Kit updated now in June 2016, but no update from you?
Socialkit 2.2 compatible Titanium Theme coming soon !
Thank you for the news about 2.2 compatible theme. Any approx. date of release?
You were supposed to release the update by the end of August. Now SOCIALKIT has already released another update v2.3. When is your update coming?
It's now end of september
So, there is no more update to come is it?
It's very sad. I have paid for a product that I can not use because it is absolutely incomatable. What is the use of the support if the bugs are not fixed? I am very disappointed – I will buy no more! – The new version of Socialkit 2.4 has already been released and nothing has happened.


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Toronto Police to provide an update on Wednesday morning on the murder of Shaka Reid
The 36 year old was gunned down near Dundas and Sherbourne about a week ago. Investigators expected to release images and video footage in the hopes it will lead to an arrest.
The presser is scheduled for 10:30am.
0826 04:59 Homcd #34/2015, Shaka Reid, 36, Med Adv, Wd, August 26, … Gall, Nws Conf http://t.co/FZmqFQiA8t
— Toronto Police (@TorontoPolice) August 26, 2015


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Is ITT Water & Wastewater Ireland incorrect or missing key business information? Update your Hotfrog listing today.
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Hotfrog Ireland provides information regarding ITT Water & Wastewater Ireland in Dublin. ITT Water & Wastewater Ireland is located at 50 Broomhill Cl Airton Rd Tallaght 24, Dublin Dublin and provides Retail services. Contact them on (01) 452 4444.
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Voice Gateway Config
Unanswered Question
I'm building my first voice solution and would like to see examples of what I'm trying to acheive.
Basically remotely connected agents on softphones will be dialling local extension on my PBX. The PBX is connected via 4 x E1's to a 3845 GW. The 3845GW is connected to a 3725 GK. The call returns to the remote agents over IP.
The one aspect that I can't get my head around is dial peers. Can anyone recommend an example from what I'm trying to achieve?
Thanks in advance.
I have this problem too.
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Is Post Office - Onrusrivier Post Office incorrect or missing key business information? Update your Hotfrog listing today.
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Hotfrog SouthAfrica provides information regarding Post Office - Onrusrivier Post Office in Vermont. Post Office - Onrusrivier Post Office is located at Covermont, Vermont 7201 and provides Post Offices services.
Is Post Office - Onrusrivier Post Office in Covermont, Vermont 7201 your business? Claim your listing and attract more leads by adding more content, photos and other business details.
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text: Pinch to zoom Father's Day Card by EdgeInspired £2.60$4.46€3.11$3.33 Favourite Favourite View your favourites envelope colourenvelope colour (required)brown manilla envelopewhite envelopeenvelope colour (required)brown manilla envelopewhite envelopeenvelope colour (required)brown manilla envelopewhite envelopeenvelope colour (required)brown manilla envelopewhite envelope quantity personalise & pay by EdgeInspired Location: Hampshire, GB read seller's profile see seller's complete range more items from this seller Personalised Christening Wooden Star With ... by EdgeInspired £7.50$12.87€8.98$9.61 Personalised Small Favour Tags by EdgeInspired £0.50$0.85€0.59$0.64 Personalised Wooden Star Keepsake by EdgeInspired £7.50$12.87€8.98$9.61 Personalised Wooden Star Christening Keepsake by EdgeInspired £7.50$12.87€8.98$9.61 Personalised Love Heart Place Cards by EdgeInspired £0.75$1.28€0.89$0.96 Personalised Bridesmaid Thank You Wooden S... by EdgeInspired £7.50$12.87€8.98$9.61 view all you may also like PRODUCT DETAILS DELIVERY RETURNS Made in Britain eco-friendly ask seller a question save for later A lovely rustic Father's Day card featuring a pattern of vintage moustaches. Let your dad know how special he is this Father's Day with our lovely rustic style Father's Day Card. Our cards have been left blank inside ready for you to write your own personal message. Please don't hesitate to contact me with any questions. I am always happy to help. Choose from 100% recycled brown manilla or white envelopes. made from: Printed on 100% recycled brown manilla card. Each card is individually sealed in a biodegradable display bag. dimensions: Size A6 product code: 234126 This product is dispatched to you by EdgeInspired. You have 28 days, from receipt of cancellable goods, to notify the seller if you wish to cancel your order or exchange an item. Please note: goods that are personalised, bespoke or made-to-order to your specific requirements, perishable products and personal items sold with a hygiene seal (cosmetics, underwear) in instances where the seal is broken are non-refundable, unless faulty. Read more about our returns policy.Should you choose to return or exchange your order you will need to deliver the item(s) to the UK, where this seller is based. EdgeInspired's return policy Please see notonthehighstreet.com's returns policy.


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United States of America 1897 – 1977
print after
Richmond, Victoria, Australia 1901 – Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 1989
publisher (organisation)
printer (organisation)
New theatre review: June 1943
May 1943 Description: a bound book of [8]pp including front cover linocut illustration after William Gropper.
Collection Title: New Theatre Review. Melbourne: New Theatre Club, May 1943.
Place made: Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Materials & Technique: books, illustrated books, ink; paper linocut, printed in dark red ink, from one block; letterpress text Support: thin cream wove paper
Manufacturer's Mark: no manufacturer's mark
Edition State: published state
Impression: undesignated impression
Edition: print run unknown


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Published byNigel Norman Modified about 1 year ago
Sudan 101: The Basics
Geographical Area Largest African Country at 2.3 million sq. km Surrounded by nine other countries: Egypt, Libya, Chad, Central African Republic, Eritrea Dem. Rep. of the Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Ethiopia, Nile runs through center –Important to the economics Provides means of transportation through country Source of irrigation for all the agricultural work in middle of country Controls the headwaters of the Blue Nilewhich gives Sudan power over Ethiopia
Geographical Area Desert in the north Mostly flat plains throughout country Mountains in west, northeast and far south, more rainfall 39 % of population "Arab" –live mostly in the North 52 % "Black" –Christians mostly live in the South –Genocide cannot be simplified to one of either race or religion 70% of population Muslim, 5% Christian Farming in South/Central regions –Central: for market cotton, sorghum, groundnuts, sugarcane, wheat, sesame. –Southern: subsistence (traditional) sorghum, millet, sesame, groundnuts –Subsistence fishing along Red Sea Drought in 1980's-1990's hurt economy terribly –Widespread famine –Livestock herders from the North were forced South into Agricultural areas
The Drought Terrible and widespread drought during the 1980's and 90's –Famine Between 1983 and 1998, about 1.5 million people died as a result of starvation and war –Animal herders from north were forced south into agricultural areas The genocide is an economic one, and it started here Agriculture remains the largest part of GDP at 39% and employs 80% of workforce Drought affected all those in the agriculture industry which was a large majority of the population Fight for land has escalated, and combined with the factors or Arabization, oil discoveries and a destabilized region, time was right for the genocide to begin Common foods, such as dried okra and other grains, that were consumed during the drought and famine
Geopolitical Surroundings Kenya/ Uganda have tried to act as mediators in the genocide –Hypocritical on Uganda's part, as they have admitted to funding the rebels in Sudan –Kenya is now dealing with massive amounts of Sudanese refugees Eritrea accused by Sudan of funding rebels Very porous border with Ethiopia –Both of these issues are a repercussions from the Ethiopia/Eritrea war Eritrea gained its independence from Ethiopia in 1993 In the next five years fought over currency/trade Sudan supported Ethiopia during their war Both sides have supported Sudanese rebels Ethiopia has left the US sponsored alliance of Uganda, Eritrea, Ethiopia and Sudanese rebel groups to re-establish friendly relations with the Khartoum regime This will only worsen the genocide, and potentially destabilize entire region Border almost non-existent with Chad –Chad has been accused of funding rebels as well, because Sudan supported their rebels (same situation as Uganda) –Sudanese refugee camps now on Chadian side of border –Violence has followed them, with the Janjaweed now making forays into Chad New elections in Democratic Republic of Congo –It remains to be seen how this will affect the African Union, which in turn could change troop numbers in Sudan
Committers of Genocide: The Janjaweed Janjaweed translates into "Evil Horsemen" or "Horse and Gun" They are Arab speaking Black Africans with Radical Islamic beliefs Recruited mainly from Baggara (Cattle Herder) and Abbala (Camel Herder) people. These forces are backed by the government of Sudan, though Khartoum denies such a connection. Much of the Janjaweed has largely been immersed into the Sudanese Armed Forces The Sudanese Armed Forces are the Sudanese Government, currently lead by President Bashir "Don't you people understand what a tribal leader does? I answered my government's appeal, and I called my people to arms. I didn't take up arms personally. A tribal leader doesn't take up arms. I am a sheikh. I am not a soldier." ~ Musa Hilal A member of the Janjaweed on horseback. The US State Department has accused Musa Hilal, an Arab tribal leader, of being a Janjaweed leader and has openly accused him of genocide.
Resistant Groups: SLA Sudan Liberation Army /Movement (SLA/M) Also known as Haraka Tahrir Sudan The SLM is not to be mistaken as the SPLA/M (The Sudanese Peoples Liberation Army – the Southern Rebel Group) Loose association of resistance groups fighting in the Darfur region against the Sudanese government and the Janjaweed Largest faction led by Minni Minnawi Ahmed Abdulshafi Bassey is another of its leaders For a while the group was known as the Darfur Liberation Front Currently the Darfur Liberation Front faction has a secessionist stance while the SLM remains dedicated to overthrowing Bashir in Khartoum The Arabic on the truck reads: Sudanese Liberation Army - The acts of genocide are being committed primarily against the Fur (Largest Non- Arab Sedentary Group) the Masalit (Sedentary Non-Arab), and the Zaghawa (Nomadic Tribes – Non-Arab). All of these tribes have Islamic ties.
Resistance Groups: SPLA Sudan People's Liberation Movement Started in 1983 by John Garang de Mabior, Salva Kiir Mayardit, William Nyuon Bany and Kerubino Kuanyin Bol Based in Southern Sudan, they are primarily non-Muslim and non-Arab They have fought a civil war against three different Sudanese Presidents, Gaafar Nimeiry, Sadiq al-Mahdi and President Omar Hasan Ahmad al-Bashir Their struggle against the government has been based on secessionist, religious, ethnic and economic (oil) desires. The Political Party wing of the group is called Al-Harakat Ash-Shaabia Le Tahreer As-Sudan The SPLA split into 3 main factions in the 1990s: –SPLA-Torit led by John Garang –SPLA Bahr-al-Ghazal led by Carabino Kuany Bol –SPLA-United led by Riek Machar and Lam Akol –These factions have hampered SPLA's efforts to negotiate with the Sudanese government. In April 1997 the South Sudan Independence Movement, a faction of the SPLA-United, created the United Democratic Salvation Front (UDSF), by signing an agreement with the Sudanese government in Khartoum.
Resistance Groups: JEM Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) Rebel group fighting in the Darfur against the Janjaweed and the Sudanese government Has radical Islamic roots. Founded on the principles written in the Black Book, written in 2000 about the regional, economic, and racial inequality present in Sudan, including among Islamist groups The Sudanese government claims that Hassan al-Turabi, (Once allied with President Bashir) is a leader of the JEM (al-Turabi denies this claim) On January 20, 2006 JEM and the Sudan Liberation Movement joined to create the Alliance of Revolutionary Forces of West Sudan "There can be no doubt that the current dictatorship has been pernicious for the human development of the regions outside of the North and Khartoum. There can be no question that the data support the claims made in the Black Book that the Sudan has been governed to benefit those regions disproportionately at the expense of all others." -Alex Cobham, a scholar at Oxford University studied the Black Book's claims and came to the above conclusion. Click here to see his article: Causes of Conflict in Sudan: Testing the Black BookCauses of Conflict in Sudan: Testing the Black Book
Other Actors History –Colonialism – British and Egyptian influences had an impact on the North/South divide in Sudan –The Civil War that has been waged for 20+ years has devastated the entire region and hindered the acceptance of the term "Genocide" because political figures choose to call the conflict a Civil War which infers the rules of sovereignty, use of the term "Genocide" might require international intervention The United States –Colin Powell visited the region and on September 2004 declared that Genocide was occurring in Darfur –No further official US action has been taken to intervene or resolve the conflict "When we reviewed the evidence compiled by our team, and then put it beside other information available to the State Department and widely known throughout the international community, widely reported upon by the media and by others, we concluded, I concluded, that genocide has been committed in Darfur and that the Government of Sudan and the Jingaweit bear responsibility -- and that genocide may still be occurring." - Colin Powell to the Senate Foreign Relations Committee on September 9, 2004. See the transcript of his testimony.See the transcript of his testimony.
Other Actors United Nations –Resolution 1556 - Demands that Sudan disarm the Janjaweed –Resolution 1706 - Authorized a Peace Keeping Force (nothing has come of this) (will be discussed in further detail later on) African Union –The AU has troops on the ground in Darfur, but their mandate is weak. The mandate was set to expire on December 31, 2006 but it has been extended for 6 additional months. Other State Actors –The Sudanese struggle spills over and effects most of the region. Ghana, Rwanda, Nigeria, Chad, Uganda, and Eritrea are just a few countries which are involved in the conflict –Due to the influence of oil, many non-regional states (China, Russia, India, and the US) have a lot of interest in Sudan and Darfur specifically Non State Actors –Amnesty, UNICEF, Religious Based Groups, Human Rights Watch, Media Groups –Very few media organizations have taken up the cause for peace
Building Tension... Beginning in the 1980's the Sudanese government became run increasingly by Northern, elite Sudanese Arabs from the Nile Basin People in Darfur felt marginalized by the "Arabization" that was taking place – Felt that their region was economically and politically neglected by the government in Khartoum Due to these feelings of malcontent, the SLA was formed An armed member of the SLA.
Building Tension… Tension had previously existed between the "African" and "Arab" groups before...but these ethnic labels are socially constructed and their meanings have changed over time –Africans were traditionally farmers –Arabs traditionally cattle herders –Competed for limited land and resources (water, fertile ground, space, etc.) –Created the basis for a conflict that would continue to escalate
Conflict The SLA was composed of "Africans", blacks, the farmers, who were fed up with having their issues ignored by the government. The Khartoum government called upon "Arab" militias to fight the rebel force after the SLA began attacking police posts and other government property Members of the government supported "Arab" militias.
A One Sided War Against Civilians… The "Arab" militias (Janjaweed) began raiding towns in Darfur and continue to do so at present. They loot and burn the towns, while driving out the citizens who live there –Many women are taken captive and raped repeatedly –Men are generally murdered
Why? In A Nutshell A civil war was taking place however the government-backed Janjaweed has gone as far as to displace, rape, and massacre civilians of the Darfur region in mass numbers. They are attacked because they are "African"
Some Insights from Rwanda Prior to the Rwandan genocide and throughout it, the government was engaged in a civil war with the RPF (Rwandan People's Front) a group lead by exiled Tutsis Due to their attack, the Hutu Power (in government) labeled all Tutsis as accomplices to the RPF and they were therefore targeted and murdered in mass numbers This was not the only reason for the genocide in Rwanda however it was a legitimization
Targets Compared With Rwanda The SLA is labeled as being an "African" rebel group from the Darfur region. –Like the Tutsis in Rwanda, the "Africans" in the Darfur region, even if they are civilians, are targeted by the opposite side for being connected to the SLA –The civilians are of a similar class and therefore they are believed to support the rebels and must be dealt with accordingly...
Summary Those labeled as "Africans" are targeted by the Janjaweed They are: –Displaced from homes –Raped –Killed –Forced into refugee camps and left to starve in these areas A Sudanese refugee camp
The Role of the UN in the Genocide U.N. has not declared Darfur as a genocide, merely "acts of genocide" or "ethnic cleansing" July and August 2006 – The U.N. approved Resolution 1706 -It was a resolution passed August 31, 2006. -12 in favor France, United Kingdom, United States, Argentina, Congo, Denmark, Ghana, Greece, Japan, Peru, Slovakia, Tanzania -3 abstentions China, Qatar, Russia
Resolution 1706 The resolution concluded that AU forces aren't enough, but their mandate has been extended repeatedly through 2006 although the situation continues to escalate What does Resolution 1706 do? -Resolution calls for 22,500 UN troops and police officers to support the AU force -Sudan has refused to participate in the UNSC session and has strongly rejected the resolution -22,500 UN troops have never materialized because of this AU soldier in Darfur
The role of the African Union in the Genocide Peacekeeping force originally founded in 2004 with a force of 150 troops By April 2005, had increased to 7,000 Problems: -They do not have the mandate, funds, or adequate amount of troops to be effective -The troops come from nations including Rwanda, and are actually preferred by the genocidal Sudanese government due to their weaknesses (which is not really their fault) -Force with less advanced training UN troops posses, insufficient to effectively contain the violence On September 5 2006, the AU announced it will be withdrawing its forces when its peacekeeping mandate on September 30 when it expires, this was later postponed to December 31, 2006.
Is the West Responsible for Darfur? Historically, no. The Darfurian conflict originated in Sudan between the tribes of Abbala and the non-Bagarra people. Internationally? Yes. -The US had capacities to protect civilians in the region -The US has recognized this as a genocide -Many feel this recognition is nothing more than filler, since the U.S. has taken little action to stop the genocide
How are the Arab Nations Responsible for the Genocide? Traditionally? –Khartoum's position has usually been backed and the Arab Nations have harshly spoken out against military intervention in Darfur. Recently? –In early 2006 The Arab League backed Sudanese president Omar al-Bashir's refusal of a UN peace keeping force in Darfur –Recently, however, in October 2006, Arab countries have launched a new effort to push Sudan toward a compromise over U.N. peacekeepers in Darfur –Algeria, Egypt and Mauritania are African-Arab nations that already have small contingents operating in Darfur in coalition with the African Union Peacekeepers. –Promised to contribute extra food to the region, although food has been the least of the nations problems in recent time. Omar al-Bashir
How Do These Actions Qualify Darfur as a Genocide? Genocide is... –The attack on a group of people with the intent to eradicate them by... Killing- The Janjaweed and Sudanese government have this pretty well covered Enforcing conditions that will lead to the destruction of the group-the forcing of the citizens into refugee camps where they cannot leave to find more food, water, or fuel without risking their lives as the Janjaweed circle and plan to kill
Information Citations http://www.sudantribune.com http://www.pbs.org http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/africa/9805/05/sudan.famine/ https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/su.html http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/pdf/briefing_papers/conflict_in_the _horn.pdf http://www.newyorker.com/fact/content/articles/040830fa_fact1?040 830fa_fact1 http://www.janjaweed.com/ http://english.aljazeera.net/news/archive/archive?ArchiveId=327 http://ideas.repec.org/p/qeh/qehwps/qehwps121.html http://www.state.gov/secretary/former/powell/remarks/36042.htm
Image Citations http://www.radionetherlands.nl/images/assets/11448117 http://www.usflags.com/images/products/sudan.gif http://www.agrnews.org/issues/167/Sudan_Map.GIF http://www.usaid.gov/locations/sub- saharan_africa/sudan/images/northern_gallery/pages/v400_grains.html http://www.hrw.org/images/maps/sudan.gif http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:IMGP0864.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Seal_of_SPLA-M.gif http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg http://www.alertnet.org/db/crisisprofiles/SD_DAR.htm?v=in_detail http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_pictures/3714877.stm http://www.rsf.org/rsf/img_rap01/rwanda/rwanda_map.gif http://www.stjohnwc.org/section/peacejustice/page/162 http://sudanwatch.blogspot.com/2006_03_01_sudanwatch_archive.html
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Installing Cyanogenmod 12.1 On Samsung Galaxy J5
Cyanogenmod 12.1 (Lollipop) unofficial build has been made available to all variants of the Samsung Galaxy J5 smartphone. This ROM is entirely 'bugless'. The only issue is that there's no audio when radio is turned on. I do not consider that a bug anyway, I don't know about you 🙂 Well, to flash this ROM


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Tom has partnered with Trader Kingdom, one of the premier websites in financial education that has just launched this year in 2009.
Chicago, IL– Tom Busby, of the Diversified Trading Institute (DTI), will be providing trading education using his 30+years of trading experience in futures, commodities and options markets. Tom has partnered with Trader Kingdom, one of the premier websites in financial education that has just launched this year in 2009.
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Name: Doris Castleton
Nogales, Arizona (Zone 8a)
Mar 12, 2016 8:51 PM CST
|A friend thinned his irises and gave us a bag of them. They've been out of the ground for a week and a half. Will they still grow if I get them in the ground?
Mar 12, 2016 9:05 PM CST
|Yes, they will grow just plant them shallow they need very little soil on top of them. My MIL dug up some iris and threw them in the woods where they grew without planting.
If you want to be happy for a lifetime plant a garden!
Faith is the postage stamp on our prayers!
Betty MN Zone4 AHS member
Name: Doris Castleton
Nogales, Arizona (Zone 8a)
Mar 12, 2016 9:45 PM CST
|Thank you very much.
Mar 12, 2016 10:00 PM CST
|Welcome to ATP!
Yes to everything Betty said. Iris rhizomes are incredibly hardy. Plant so the 'bulbs' are just under the surface of the soil; the top should be less than an inch under ground. I know that sounds weird but that's the way they like it.
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From ANGEL YODA's Catster Photos[ View profile page ]
I love this photo...
What a great picture of you Yoda and the Fall/Thanksgiving scene!
Hugz and purrs, Sassy
Hugz and purrs, Sassy
Your cat loves a clean toilet -- don't we all? Catster's singing Cat Lady, Sarah Donner, explains why.24
November 4th 2010 at 1:14 pm
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Revise on the Move -- Safe Radiation
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Revise on the Move -- Safe Radiation byIdeal for revising using an iPod or PC/Mac, our revision podcasts contain both audio and visual material to help you revise on the move. Each subject is covered in a clear and concise way so that you can do your revision wherever you are. Each podcast is available in manageable sections allowing you to buy the revision content you need when you need it. Revision podcasts are available for five subjects: English, French, History, Geography and Science. If you're a teacher you can purchase the school version of the podcast to host on your school network, giving access to every student.
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ARK: Survival Evolved Is Getting a Huge "Mega-Update"
Something big is coming for ARK: Survival Evolved in the form of a huge, new update for the game. Studio Wildcard officially announced today that a new mega-update will be revealed for ARK: Survival Evolved later this week. In fact, Studio Wildcard is describing this as a "first-of-its-kind mega-update." The reveal is set for 10:00 am PST on Thursday, September 1 on Twitch.tv/SurvivetheArk.
The studio also has a countdown timer rolling down to the date right now. Dinosaurs, surprises and "scorching hot gameplay" are being promised for the reveal. In addition, Studio Wildcard confirmed that new game content will be playable for attendees at PAX West later this week on both Windows PC and Xbox One. Gamers will have a chance to ride the 16-foot T-rex and its..."new friend." What the "new friend" could be is completely unknown.
It should be interesting to see what Studio Wildcard has planned. ARK: Survival Evolved has definitely turned into quite a breakout hit in quite the last year.
ARK: Survival Evolved is available now for Windows PC via Steam Early Access and Xbox One. The game is set to get a full PlayStation 4, Xbox One and Windows PC release later one.
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