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Darth Vader is a cyborg barbary lion. An artificial lion-gorilla hybrid, robotic legs and arms allow him to walk upright and use his hands. At his full height, he is fourteen feet tall. A Dark Lord of the Sith, and former Supreme Leader of the First Order. He wears the axe of Rick Grimes, a knife from Judith, the eye patch of Bill Cipher on his belt, along with his lightsaber. Sometimes followed by Ivan (a polar bear.)
Time to get his point across. Jekyll would never be a good deputy by being a pacifist, and Vader would not allow Windclan to be weakened by this. Peace was great, but peace must be paired with power, and influenced by it. He had turned down his breathing, allowing him to be more stealthy.
So, to make an example. Vader did a walk around the cabin, looking in at the windows, finding the best means of entry, and finding the deputy asleep. All too easy. He thinks, finding his way in- one of the windows, sitting right above where the deputy slept. No, he wasn't going to sneak inside, no, he was going to do this.
Vader's metal and gloved arm shot through the glass, shattering it and aiming to grab Jekyll by the neck, and pull the dog out of the window, and start shaking him.
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Jekyll hadn't been sleeping well since his return. His terror that someone would come for him again in the night combined with the pain that constantly plagued his body now kept him from that. However, even the restless must sleep on occasion. Eventually, the canine would become so exhausted he'd fall asleep without necessarily meaning to. This time, he was lucky enough to have been on his bed when this happened. The canine still was clearly avoiding putting pressure on his injuries though, laying on his stomach so that the claw and bite marks from Luna on his back, shoulders, and neck wouldn't be pressed against anything. He also had his bad foreleg extended a bit more than the others, as though trying to keep it away. It hurt constantly and he hadn't been able to figure out how to walk on it, which had left him bed-ridden for the past few days (or, at least, he stayed in his cabin). It was no secret that Jekyll had a volatile mental state and he had immediately blamed himself for everything that happened. For getting Takumi exposed, for hurting Attie. Oh Attie. The thought of the other canine broke his heart. His eyes were gone and it was his fault. That to be said, he had stopped eating again. This had caused his weight to drop dramatically both when he arrived in Windclan and in the following few days. While he had always been thin, it now seemed to be rather unhealthy.
That being said, though he was asleep, he didn't appear particularly happy. He was even less happy, it seemed when he heard the loud noise come from the side. Immediately terror ripped through him and tears touched his eyes. Not again. This couldn't be happening again. Still, he knew that he was useless to do anything to stop whatever was about to happen and he would tense, suddenly feeling someone grab him and pulling him up. "N-No! Please st-st-stop!" He nearly sobbed the words as he was pulled up, frantically wiggling in the hand that had grasped him despite the pain it caused him. However, when he was met face to face with Vader, his eyes would widen and his cries would cease. "V-Vader, what are you doing? Let-t me go! Y-You're hurting me," The last phrase would come as a whimper and he now had pulled his bad leg close to his body, as though in attempt to protect it. His entirely body ached and now his cuts felt as though they were burning once again, the way Vader had gasped him so tightly. He would take deep breaths, clearly trying to calm himself down despite the fact whimpers of pain were still escaping from him despite his attempt to silence it, knowing Vader would only see it as weakness.
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He turned, his cape following through, slamming Jekyll's back into the side of the cabin and pressing down on his throat. "No, I'm not going to stop. I'm not going to hesitate to wipe out Windclan's deputy. I will make an example out of you. Put your head on a pike and march into Windclan's camp, pillage, and burn I think to the ground. How are you going to make me stop, Jekyll?" He asked, one thumb beginning to press on his trachea and the other drawing dangerously close to his eyes. "How are you going to make me stop?"
As he was slammed against the cabin, he'd let out a cry of pain, pulling his bad leg close to him as though trying to sheild it from Vader. His fear returned and he began to squirm once again, trying desperately to escape Vader's clutches. "N-No, please, V-V-Vader st-stop," He would repeat, his tears returning as his body screamed in pain. Why would Vader do this? He couldn't fight, especially in his current condition. When he began to press down on his throat, his breathing would become significantly more labored. He'd reach forward with his good paw, desperately batting at the arms that held him so tightly. At his question, Jekyll would flatten his years and, after a moment of struggle for air, answer. "I-I-I don't-t-t know. V-Vader, pl-please-" His voice would be suddenly cut off as he gasped for air. Tears now freely rolled down his cheeks and it was quite clear he was both terrified and in a significant amount of time. He had a feeling from Vader's words that this was all some sort of joke but what if it wasn't? What if he was going to kill him right here?
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"HOW ARE YOU GOING TO MAKE ME STOP?" Vader roared, his face drawing close to dog, his grip holding steady, not tightening or slacking. Please, he was giving Jekyll plenty of ability to retaliate. "How, Jekyll, are you going to stop me from breaking your neck?"
Jekyll flinched when the lion roared in his face, closing his eyes tightly and trying to turn his head away, ears pinned to his head. At his continued questions, Jekyll only grew more frightened and he desperately tried to control the sobs now escaping his body but he couldn't. Not with all the pain, not with Vader yelling at him. "I-I don't-t-t know, I don't-t-t know, please let-t-t go," He was openly crying now, tears rolling down his face. "P-Please, Vader, I-I can't even walk anymore," He whimpered, quieting a bit with this statement and pulling his injured paw even closer. It looked incredibly mangled, as though Luna had just chewed on it for some time. Of course, he hadn't yet admitted to anyone he'd been unable to walk and no one had come by to ask why he wasn't out. He could sort of hobble but it caused him an immense amount of pain considering it hadn't yet healed entirely and he would continually lose his balance and collapse. Everything seemed to hurt all the time now. He couldn't even see Attie without feeling guilty and he certainly couldn't bring himself to seek comfort in the man he had caused the most pain. Knowing Vader would be unlikely to back off without some sort of retaliation, the canine would try to push him away with his good paw, twisting slightly in his grasp (although this caused him even more pain, causing him to whimper once again). However, the push itself was hardly a nudge and at this point he was shaking in Vader's grasp due to his own fear, his tail tucked between his legs.
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Vader was relentless- and did not let up. He pressed down slightly, his ears laid flat under his helmet, he seemed to only increase in anger when Jekyll said he couldn't walk. The lion threw the deputy to the ground, keeping his grip, and aiming to press his weight down on them. "If you are disabled, then why are you deputy? If you are going to keep letting yourself be captured, tortured sporting an almost masochistic behavior towards our enemy, then why be deputy? Why accept this postition? Why allow your individual beliefs of pacifism to bar you from setting a good example for Windclan? How do you think it looks when Windclan, a clan that has remained strong, neutral, and relatively peaceful, has a deputy everyone could take a bite out of and will not fight back?" He pressed down, his mask close to the dog's face. "You must relinquish your philosophy, or step down. You make a good doctor, but you are not a leader yet." He shoved Jekyll away, as if disgusted. "Or better yet, use the curse you have caged, like an animal, I might add. He's willing to prove your physical worth, and you have punished him for it. Or you could allow me to teach you. Or, again, step down. Because if Windclan is frequently raided in the future because of its new leader's pacifism, then you are going to have bigger problems than me, and a defensive lion who would kill his own kind to protect his Cubs. Do you understand?"
Jekyll collapsed on the ground, nearly about to thank Vader as he began to attempt to stand (a rather painful and slow process given his wounds) but was soon forced down again by the lion. "I-I'm not disabled! That isn't what I said!" He snapped, irritation now seeping into his voice. "It only happened recently, the wounds haven't had time to heal. I'm sure you've reopened them by now, though, so thank you, Vader, clearly you are being incredibly helpful," He'd then add, bitterness leaking into his tone. What he didn't dare so was that he feared that, even when it did heal, his paws wouldn't be the same. It was twisted in a horrible way, after all, and he doubted he'd be able to walk properly again. He may be able to learn how to walk eventually but it wasn't something that would happen overnight. Then, he seemed to grow even angrier at Vader's next statement. "You think that I enjoy this? That I enjoy coming back and seeing... seeing that my boyfriend's eyes have been gouged out? Feeling claws rake over my body and teeth gnash at my bones," The words held something more than the bitterness before, having a certain hard edge. Henry Jekyll had once been a man of passion and been quick to follow his emotions, be that a good or bad thing. Since Hyde, he had become significantly more reserved and watched his temper closely. Vader was free to question his ability to lead all he liked but Jekyll seemed to take this as a much more personal offense. "I'm not meant to be a leader yet, that's Jonathan's job! I have time to figure things out!" He would snap, now clearly have taken on a frustrated attitude now that he realized Vader wasn't really going to hurt him.
He let out a grunt as he was pushed away. He had to take a few moments to stand, wincing as his bad paw was placed on the ground. He shifted his weight, clearly putting less on that one than he did the others. He would look up at Vader, his jaw tightening slightly and clear anger now in his eyes as Vader suggested he release Hyde. "I have punished him?" He repeated the words with such anger. His voice was soft but it was clear he was no longer afraid and instead absolutely infuriated with the man before him. "You think you can reason him? You think that if he came out permanently, he'd be on our side? Hyde doesn't care who he kills! He'd tell you he's loyal to one day and the next you would find your wife and children slaughtered outside your own home. He won't reason with me and he certainly won't reason with you. Do you not think that I know him better than you do? I live with him inside my mind every. Single. Day. You don't. You have no right to tell me what I should or shouldn't do with him. When I was captured, when I was left in Shadowclan for days, the anti-serum wore off quickly. I have to take it every few hours for it to work, I can't even go a full day without it. Not only was I stuck there with the injuries that they gave me but I couldn't even sleep because Hyde would... he'd invade my dreams and turn them against me. He'd speak to me the whole time, sending pain through my entire body, making me unable to even think about eating without wanting to vomit. If I have to train under you to make you content, then fine. But you will never tell me again how to handle Hyde because you don't even remotely understand him and you are a fool if you think you do," Towards the start, he seemed to hold a nearly mocking tone but by the end of his words, his voice was a near snarl, resembling Hyde's deeper voice than his own. However, it was mere seconds before he seemed to realize his own anger and his eyes suddenly widened and he took a step back, looking away from Vader once again. "Vader, I..." He didn't seem to know what to say. He wasn't sorry. Everything he said was true and he didn't regret it. But it frightened him that he could be so similar to the entity he hated the most.
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DARTH VADERDarth Vader is a cyborg barbary lion. An artificial lion-gorilla hybrid, robotic legs and arms allow him to walk upright and use his hands. At his full height, he is fourteen feet tall. A Dark Lord of the Sith, and former Supreme Leader of the First Order. He wears the axe of Rick Grimes, a knife from Judith, the eye patch of Bill Cipher on his belt, along with his lightsaber. Sometimes followed by Ivan (a polar bear.)
"No, but in the times you have been captured, tortured, or anything else, it held no weight of reason, just good fun as your skin was ripped off. You cannot allow yourself to be captured, you cannot allow yourself to be pushed around, you must be a mountain. Jonathan is leader now- yes, but he will not always be. And that could change at any moment. You cannot be lax, you have to get your act together." He said, stomping his foot, his quickened breathing filling the air as Jekyll spoke about Hyde.
"If you cage an animal, he will become restless, and strike out of desperation, anger. You cannot reason with an animal, but perhaps, you can train him." Vader did not seek to reason or compromise with Hyde- that side of the mutt was not a person, but a weapon, yet to be sharpened. He straightened up for a moment, considering the words that had transpired.
[b]"An enemy will not stop, Jekyll. If I was your enemy, and not your clanmate, then I would have beheaded you." [/b]The lion rolled his shoulders. "Come to my cabin. I want to show you something." No, not the trophy room. Perhaps, something else. Or just privacy.
"I don't allow it! I don't like getting hurt! It isn't like a sit around with a sign on my back asking people to try to murder me! Besides, have you seen me? I'm not a mountain. Even if I was exercising and eating correctly and uninjured, you can't deny the fact that I am still just a dog. I'm not a lion or a tiger or any of those other animals that have tried to attack me. Hyde may be able to change bodies but I can't. There's nothing I can do when someone else has a clear advantage over me regardless of what I may do," He insisted, his ears flattening on his head as he spoke. When Vader would speak about Jonathan no longer being leader, he would clearly move in an uncomfortable fashion, his former anger fading slightly as he pawed at the ground nervously with his good paw. "Just because I don't want anyone to get hurt doesn't mean I'm lax," He'd argue, though his voice was now significantly quieter. When Vader spoke about Hyde once again, Jekyll's tail would lash back and forth. "But Hyde is not just some mindless creature you can use. You should know that, you've met him. Despite how dismissive he was of you, he's intelligent and he's more than capable of manipulating you. You can't train someone who doesn't want to be," He stated, shaking his head.
At his next point, Jekyll would simply nod with a light sigh. He knew an enemy wouldn't have stopped. However, he looked up in mild surprise as Vader invited him to his cabin. Well, not so much as invited as ordered. Henry didn't particularly want to go with the lion but he'd let out a light sigh and follow behind, although he had to occasionally stop and readjust his weight. He was also significantly slower than Vader considering his limp. "Fine. What do you need to show me?"
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Vader pauses for a moment, his back facing toward the mutt, as he had turned to walk to his cabin. "Cherviltea was a dog. Jonathan is a dog." He points out, his cape whisking back and forth as he walked. "You are capable of being as worthwhile as they were." A pause, for his breathing. "With proper training, you could hold your own." If Jekyll at least had armor or a weapon, that would help him.
Back on the subject of Hyde, Vader nearly laughed. "Try telling that to Irluuk. If anyone could persuade your creature, it's him." Breath. "But you also doubt my own power. Do not do this, for you are wrong." The lion mused, then falling quiet, until he walked up the steps of his cabin, offering no help to Jekyll, only leaving the door open, and expected him to close it when he got inside.
"But do you see the point I am trying to make to you, Jekyll?" He would finally say once the door shut.
Henry felt a rush of embarrassment as Vader pointed out the obvious fact that both Jonathan and Chervil were dogs. "I... I'm different from them, though," He'd say. "I've never been healthy, Vader, not even when I eat right. I've always been unnaturally thin and physically weak. That's why I didn't join the army. I was continually sick as a child and as a teen. I only managed to get it under control when I was an adult because more medications were coming out and I can only control it now because of my familiarity with herbs," He would then add.
When Irluuk was brought up, sudden distress would spring to life in Jekyll's gaze. "You won't tell him, will you?" He asked, his voice tense. "I don't doubt you, Vader, but it's going to take more than a little intimidation to get Hyde to follow you. He's not exactly trusting of any authority figure and don't think it's escaped his attention that you formerly lead the First Order. He finds most leaders to be hypocrites and detests lies. He's clever. It's not just a matter of convincing him of your cause, he also need to believe that you have true intent," He would then add with a soft sigh. When they arrived at Vader's steps, he clearly hesitated before starting with his good paw, stepping up at first with that one. It was only a few steps. He just had to get himself up. He would then try to take another step but immediate pain would shoot through his paw in protest as he tried to force it to take on the majority of his weight and he would collapse on the steps, roughly hitting the wood. He would then stand back up, putting his paws on the same step before taking another step with his good paw. He had to take the steps one at a time as he went up but eventually he'd step through Vader's cabin, closing the door behind him. "I suppose," He'd mutter, glancing around Vader's cabin. "Why'd we need to come here anyway?" He'd then ask.
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DARTH VADERDarth Vader is a cyborg barbary lion. An artificial lion-gorilla hybrid, robotic legs and arms allow him to walk upright and use his hands. At his full height, he is fourteen feet tall. A Dark Lord of the Sith, and former Supreme Leader of the First Order. He wears the axe of Rick Grimes, a knife from Judith, the eye patch of Bill Cipher on his belt, along with his lightsaber. Sometimes followed by Ivan (a polar bear.)
"Again, if you know you have physical ailments, why step up? It just means you'll have to do twice as hard." Vader's cape flicked, and suddenly turned around, looming over and aiming to grab Jekyll by his scruff, and pull the dog up. "Do not speak of the First Order to me. You have no right." The lion hissed, shaking him, and would drop the dog again. "As for Irluuk, we shall see."
Vader moved inside his cabin, taking a seat next to one of the work tables. "You keep giving me excuses, excuses- you never joined the Army. You have not seen what war will do to a creature. How it hardens him, turns him into steel." Vader began to strip off his gloves. "I do not know how much you have seen, under my armor. Or remember. But let what you see be a reminder that you can be broken, but still grow into a mountain..." He stripped off his gloves, and began undoing the latches on his shins, letting them fall with a thud, and then pulling off the boots, and pulling up the leather pants.
Four. Four robotic legs.
"If I do not tell Ilruuk about you animal, you do not publicize that Darth Vader is only a torso."
"I'm a hard worker, Vader. Just because I'm not particularly strong physically doesn't mean I'm not talented in other areas. I understand that this isn't the ideal situation but, like I said, there's at least a chance that I could make a full recovery. I'm not afraid of having to work harder because of my... my possible disability. Besides, that's not the problem I have with fighting. I just don't want to hurt anyone. Hyde doesn't enough of that for me," He knew he was lying to himself when speaking about his paw but he was now nearly desperate to defend himself. Perhaps if he believed things would get better, they would. When Vader would suddenly seize him, his eyes would widen and he'd gasp in shock, squirming in the lion's grasp. "V-Vader, I didn't bring it up to spite you. I'm just trying to be honest with you," He would sputter before being released, yelping as he would then hit the floor and quickly bringing his paw to his chest as he settled down, as though cradling it as he looked towards Vader. "But what if I don't want to be turned to steel? Steel is cold and unforgiving. That isn't real justice," He would argue, though his voice was soft as though he didn't truly want to speak up. As Vader began speaking of his armor, the canine would look back up at him and watch as he revealed his robotic limbs. For a moment, Henry was completely silent. "It isn't just a matter of my physical capabilities, Vader... I understand what you're getting at but ideologically you and I are very different," He would say quietly. "And don't worry. I won't tell anyone," He would then add.
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"But you must find some way about it." Vader said, picking back up his boots and strapping armor back on. "Because one day you will be forced to fight." He says, strapping on the shins.
"But then, when you are healed, our first lesson will be about basic fighting and disarming. Ancient forms." Vader continues, trying to imagine a weapon for Jekyll.
"You just told me you couldn't go to war because of your illness. I told you that I was hearing excuses for your pacifism, and pointed out how a mushy soldier went to war and came out as steel. Now you tell me that you don't want to be steel. Make up your mind." A pause.
"Because steel may not always win your wars, but it fights your battles."
Henry still didn't seem so keen on it. "But what if I'm not any good at it, Vader? I was never violent and I was never particularly the strong. The only time I've ever felt strong is when... well, you know. Besides, I try to avoid fighting. It only excite Hyde more and it makes him harder to keep away," He would say, still sounding extremely reluctant despite his agreement to learning rather than releasing his other half. At his statement regarding Jekyll's contradiction, the canine would pull his ears back and shift uncomfortably. "I... I just don't want to hurt anyone. I'm afraid that even if I did learn how to fight I would not... I wouldn't have the courage to follow through. Hyde may be willing to hurt, and even kill others, but I've always been reluctant on the subject. It's not for a fear of blood or anything of that sort, as part of my medical training I had to dissect various animals and even... even bodies of my own species. It was never a pleasant thing but I could stomach it. I was just never drawn to be physically talented at much and when Hyde began murdering people... I... I had a difficult time processing all of it," He would murmur once again. "Surely there must be some way I can defend myself without fighting."
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Luxury jewellery designer brand JudeFrances have launched their first bridal collection. Designers Frances Gadbois and Jude Steele have created a range of 18K gold or platinum diamond bands with a secretely set small blue sapphire in the interior band to represent that 'something blue'. Gadbois already has a strong personal connection to wedding bands – she's constantly changing the settings of her own wedding ring. As for an auspicious start, business partner Steele got engaged just as they decided to create the collection!
Related: 'He Loves Me' bridal jewellery at F.N.U.E I New range of bespoke engagement and wedding rings by Kimberley Selwood I More rings and jewellery

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The Football League has more than doubled its income from broadcast rights under new deals that will see Coca-Cola Championship games screened live on the BBC for the first time.
The new agreements with Sky and the BBC, to run for three seasons from 2009-10, are worth a total of £264 million compared to £112.5m for the present agreement.
Sky will screen live 65 Football League games a season plus the play-offs and the Carling Cup final.
The BBC will have live coverage of ten other Championship games - it will be the first time the corporation has screened a league


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Is Lugaw King Eatery incorrect or missing key business information? Update your Hotfrog listing today.
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Hotfrog Philippines provides information regarding Lugaw King Eatery in San Pedro Laguna. Lugaw King Eatery is located at 311, National Higway, Barangay Poblacion, San Pedro, San Pedro Laguna 4023 and provides food and beverage services. Contact them on 0932 868 9036.
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text: The New Savant Album is OutBoxer_412/12/13 1:39am12EditPromoteShare to KinjaGo to permalinkOrakel is out now, and I think it's pretty good. If you are into House/Dubstep, give it a listen. If you've never heard of Savant before, give it a listen. Basically, give it a listen. Advertisement Vario is still my favorite, Orakel is a close second.Are you listening to it yet?Reply1 repliesLeave a reply


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He really does look like a Baratheon though!
ME 28 Mild endo, Mild pcos : DH 33
TTC # 1 : 3 years : OI x 3 BFN : IUI x 3 BFN IVF # 1 BFP! DS born 29/9/13
Lots of hints in the books. But, having said that, we've all learnt to expect the unexpected haven't we! And I have a feeling George RR is pressed for time so all these hints could quite possibly be abandoned (I read a few days ago he's a notoriously slow writer).
Pity we have to wait so long to find out!
The only issue with him being heir to the throne is the fact that he joined the nights watch.
Something from the last episode that was bothering me was why Arya didn't give the Hound mercy, it seemed so cold hearted after them kind of becoming friends. I figure its because his name was no longer on her list. He'd earned his way off the list, and because he wasn't on the list, she couldn't kill him. ???
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Last edited by littlelove; 18-06-2014 at 05:42.
Phony (18-06-2014),Sookie Stackedhouse (18-06-2014)
That's how I took it. Also she wanted to help him she couldn't kill him while he was being for it. There is no honour in that kind of death.
Just a thought though. I like your wording better.
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littlelove (18-06-2014)
The hound is such a tragic figure, I think they did a good job with him in the series.
Sookie Stackedhouse (18-06-2014),White Mage (18-06-2014)
I think Arya didn't like him all that much and just wanted to see him suffer.
Ra Ra Superstar (18-06-2014)
... but I guess I just refuse to think that a stark could be so mean, haha
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Vincent Enyeama Net Worth: Vincent Enyeama is a Nigerian professional soccer player who has a net worth of $7 million. Vincent Enyeama was born in Akwa Ibom, Nigeria in August 1982. Vincent is a goalkeeper who started his senior career with Ibom Stars in 1999. He played for the Stars until 2000 and appeared in 56 matches. He next played for Enyimba International F.C. from 2001 to 2004 and appeared in 100 matches. With Enyimba he won the Nigerian Premier League in 2001, 2002, and 2003, and the CAF Champions League in 2003 and 2003. Enyeama was also named CAF Champions League Player of the Year in 2004. In 2005 he played in 36 matches for Iwuanyanwu Nationale. He joined Bnei Yehuda from 2005 to 2007 playing in 56 matches. Vincent joined Hapoel Tel Aviv in 2007 and played in 113 matches until 2011. He won the Israeli Premier League in 2009-10 and the Israeli State Cup in 2010 and 2011. In 2009 he was named Footballer of the Year in Israel. Enyeama joined Lille in 2011 and was loaned to Maccabi Tel Aviv from 2012 to 2013. He won the Israeli Premier League in 2012-13. In 2013 Vincent was named the UNFP Player of the Month in October and November. He also won the Marc Vivien Foe Award in 2014. Enyeama has also represented Nigeria in international competition since 2002. He has made 95 appearances and won the Africa Cup of Nations in 2013. He has played in the FIFA World Cup in 2010 and 2014.
Vincent Enyeama Net Worth
Vincent Enyeama
Football player
Date of Birth
Aug 29, 1982 (34 years old)
6 ft 2 in (1.89 m)
174 lbs (79 kg)
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All net worths are calculated by applying a proprietary algorithm. The results are then fact checked and confirmed by a team of editors. We scan all publicly available data and resources and work diligently to ensure that our numbers are the most accurate and up to date net worth data you will find anywhere on the internet.


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Hotfrog Ireland provides information regarding St Benedicts Church (RC). St Benedicts Church (RC) is located at Grange Park View, Raheny and provides Religious services. Contact them on (01) 848 0917.
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Free book cover templates and tutorials
Here are some resources to get you started designing book covers in MS Word. You can download a free package below with a guide and some book cover templates. If you want the Word templates to look like my samples, you need to check the font list and download the same fonts, or else look for alternates that are similar using the "fonts per genre" pdf.
I recommend you watch these videos first, and then download the sample package and read through the guide as well. Then play with the templates, add your own images and change the fonts to make your own unique book cover design.
Here's another video I found on YouTube that is super helpful (and slower-paced.)
Book Cover Templates and Guide (Sample)
Here's a link to the sample package; you can use the Quickstart Guide or "Cheat Sheet" to troubleshoot and learn the ropes. There are a few fiction and non-fiction cover template samples to play with. The instructions are based on Word 2010.
If you're a member, you can sign in to download a whole bunch of book cover templates in MS Word.
Thanks and good luck!
Let me know if you have any questions. Sincerely, Derek Murphy
More stuff to help you publish
If you need help formatting your book, check out the free book formatting templates I put up at www.diybookformats.com. You can also check out my main book cover design site, or my blog Creativindie.com where I help authors and artists produce and sell their best work. Finally, if you're looking for a book editor, check out www.bookbutchers.com.
DIY Book Covers
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I am giving a talk tomorrow to a S.T.E.A.M. Girls club and wanted to share my Articulate 360 Rise interaction.
Full STEAM Ahead
I am giving a talk tomorrow to a S.T.E.A.M. Girls club and wanted to share my Articulate 360 Rise interaction.
Full STEAM Ahead
I am really enjoying Articulate's latest iteration of cloud based design for ID's. Check out a demo below using the new "RISE 360" learning tool.
45% of all female homicides in the United States are committed by an intimate partner. 63% of that number were killed by a husband or ex-husband. 57% of those women, were killed with a firearm.
The swift is fitting.
I remember when my Grandmother bought me my first nightgown so that I could play Star Wars with the kids outside. The Sandpiper apartment complex where I lived was full of boys and I was the only girl. I was sought after because they needed a "Leia". Buns tightly wrapped near my ears, I proudly wore that red nightgown and drove my Big Wheel around the block, plastic gun at my side (thanks brother, for letting me "borrow" it). Cheers erupted when Andy, Luke and the Sandpiper gang saw me coming, glad to have a complete set to destroy the Death Star.
Carrie Fisher's portrayal of Leia was intentional. She could have stayed with the Leia of first acquaintance, the one that speaks gently and demurely telling a man he is her "only hope". Instead, she spoke her lines with easy confidence and stood up to bullies with sarcasm and body language that proved her place among the space gunslingers; trading barbs with the best of them while displaying vulnerability and compassion.
She once said "I don't want my life to imitate art, I want my life to be art". That was accomplished because within minutes of her death, as it seemed that this year couldn't be any more merciless and cruel, the words "NO NO NO!" sprung from every social media account, every headline and every mouth of the talking heads in broadcast. Her portrayals and appearances on and off the stage leave us mourning for good reason. She embodied the beauty all women at one time or another possess on the outside-adored, radiant and desired. She then bravely shared the other side of that moon, when women uniquely suffer the fall of age, addiction and loss. Her heart in the pages of brilliant books that speak of being abandoned and left standing, wondering where everyone went. Just last year at almost three o'clock in the morning, she posted the following to Twitter:
Please stop debating about whether OR not I aged well. Unfortunately it hurts all 3 of my feelings. My BODY hasn't aged as well as I have. Blow us, ok.
It has only been in recent years that I could appreciate Carrie Fisher's writing and truth tales, but I have always appreciated and admired her wit and vulnerability. She had the balls to share her struggles off the stage and hold the audience accountable for their expectations. Their expectations confused a relationship; the one where the world had the character playing a woman when really, Carrie was a person who played a character that she said "ruined her life".
We have seen ourselves as sex symbols and have enjoyed "the gaze", even if only for a moment before time, responsibility and various relationships take priority to the maintenance of gold bikini-clad bodies. Accepting this reality is an entirely different ball game that might take on a resistance that includes self hatred and self loathing; where we intentionally erase the things we hope to never remember by soaking our sad selves in a chosen poison. Carrie Fisher struggled like we all do with this and I believe the extent to which she tried forgetting, shortened her life. It is cruel that her death comes at a time when she seemed to have managed her demons, laughing at them instead of letting them make a comedy of her. And by no means is aging and the loss of sex appeal, within the framework of the male gaze, the most significant of tragedies. I point it out only because Fisher herself wrote and spoke of it often; I myself let it carry me to a dark place all too frequently.
We can all think of an event or circumstance that signifies a personal "ruining". Heartbreak is everywhere you look, within each breath you take and in the eyes of every person you meet. I think the significance of Carrie Fisher as an artist to me, was the humor she used to heal through tremendous grief:
"If my life weren't funny, it would be real and that is unacceptable".
I used to think the greatest compliment I could ever receive was that I was beautiful and or stunning. However in the past years of my greatest tragedies, 2016 being the cruelest bitch in my existence, I have laughed at myself and made merry of my circumstance to the delight and joy of myself, my loved ones and closest friends. That feeling and being told I am funny, where everyone knows how much I hurt but laughs with me in solidarity and acknowledgement, feels more like home than any cat-call, whispered come-on or admiration ever spoken.
Carrie Fisher made it possible to imagine life being funny, made it "ok" to want it to be unreal and had the audacity to suggest its tragedy was unacceptable. For that, she is my princess.
You Have Wings, Inc. is a non-profit founded in Saint Petersburg, Florida by myself and a few friends in collaboration with other local charities.
She became official this week and I am proud to be the Executive Director and Founder of something I know will help other women see the world from a different view. More information to come, but I wanted to give you all a peak as I roll more out over the next few weeks.
There's a light flashing on the dash of your car.
You're in a wedding next weekend and need glam without debt.
The window in your bathroom won't shut, you left gum in your pocket and now it is all over everything in the dryer.
Do you call a mechanic, salon or plumber? Should the Maytag man come out and take a look?
If you're me or any one of the millions of digitally connected people in the world you don't call anyone. You YouTube.
And what you might not realize is that each time you teach yourself something via YouTube or any other bite sized knowledge transfer mechanism, you're participating in a science.
This is the same science, theory and study I use to create and design curriculum. It's called heutogogy, which is the study of self-determined learning.
Earlier this year, I was honored to demonstrate how I use this practice to create learning resources at DemoFest 2016, a part of the Learning Solutions Conference in Orlando Florida.
If you go to the eLearning portion of this site, you'll find the DemoFest entry.
I'll break down heutogogy using the module to show you how it works and how I work for my audience:
-Metacognition: UPC 101 tells the learner right up front what they should expect to learn from the module. Laying out clear objectives helps the audience, your learner organize their experience. There's no doubt they'll be thinking about their thinking!
-Needs Assessment: I can never assume my audience knows nothing or everything about the subject matter at hand. Therefore, in UPC 101, I ask the learner to create a K-W-L chart so they can informally measure what they already know about UPC's, what they want to know and then as they progress through the module, what they have learned.
-Asynchronous: This means accessible at their convenience. Your entity should have a learning management system (LMS) to make learning available 24/7. This makes your creation accessible at the crack of dawn or over lunch- the learner gets to choose.
-Micro: I incorporated short videos throughout the module to introduce topics in a bite-sized way. I try to emphasize that the learner can become an expert in a fraction of the time it might usually take. Remember adult attention spans are less than a goldfish these days, so the pressure is on for us instructional designers!
So take a page from Google and use your skills to teach in a way that is user/learner directed.
No one whats to be told what to do but you, the powerful ID behind the curtain, can sure steer them somewhere.
With that, I leave you with my Grandfather's favorite sign off…
Madeline Albright once said that there was a special place in hell for women who don't help each other out.
Sheryl Sandberg suggested that instead of seeking out a woman to mentor you, your performance excellence and professionalism would naturally attract a leader to take you under their wing. You become an apprentice or protégé', by earning it.
True to most things in life, sucess in the workplace is not done on an island.
What needs to occur is the intentional encouragement and support of our fellow ladies as they reveal themselves to their own in the workplace.
You see, this year I had the opportunity to be a mentor and it brought about growth, professionalism and sisterhood that I did not expect.
Disclaimer: I write this not to reveal something that hasn't been said before, but to document my experience of being a mentor and the enourmous benefits I got out of helping a woman see more in herself.


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Oriana Series
Meet Oriana. This series offers a fresh, modern take on traditional luxury. Feminine, classical, and understated, the versatile pieces you'll discover here allow you to personalize your living space like never before. You'll find scalloping and reeding details that add a sense of movement to a space as well as soft colors in the finishes that make this series so soothing and elegant. For materials, there is an eclectic mix including bone, capiz shell, faux shagreen, antique mirror and textured fabric that are all brought together effortlessly in this series to create quiet elegance.


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A neuronal network inspired by the anatomy of the cerebral cortex was simulated to study the self-organization of spiking neurons into neuronal groups. The network consisted of 100 000 reentrantly interconnected neurons exhibiting known types of cortical firing patterns, receptor kinetics, short-term plasticity and long-term spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP), as well as a distribution of axonal conduction delays. The dynamics of the network allowed us to study the fine temporal structure of emerging firing patterns with millisecond resolution. We found that the interplay between STDP and conduction delays gave rise to the spontaneous formation of neuronal groups — sets of strongly connected neurons capable of firing time-locked, although not necessarily synchronous, spikes. Despite the noise present in the model, such groups repeatedly generated patterns of activity with millisecond spike-timing precision. Exploration of the model allowed us to characterize various group properties, including spatial distribution, size, growth, rate of birth, lifespan, and persistence in the presence of synaptic turnover. Localized coherent input resulted in shifts of receptive and projective fields in the model similar to those observed in vivo.
The cerebral cortex includes a population of billions of neurons, each making thousands of synaptic contacts with its neighbors. Given the complexity of the connectivity inherent in cortical anatomy, efforts to describe the pattern of electrical activity in exact detail within even a highly localized population of cortical neurons would be extremely difficult. Our understanding of cortical dynamics is also rendered difficult by the temporal properties intrinsic to such a biological system. For example, different types of neocortical neurons can generate a variety of spiking patterns in response to the same input (Connors and Gutnick, 1990; Gibson et al., 1999). In addition, spikes are sent along neurites at variable velocities that give rise to axonal conduction delays that can be as large as 40 ms (Waxman and Bennett, 1972; Swadlow, 1991, 1992, 1994; Salami et al., 2003). Moreover, empirical data indicate that the efficacy of a synapse can change rapidly in response to the precise timing of firing of pre- and postsynaptic neurons, a phenomenon referred to as spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) (see Markram et al., 1997; Bi and Poo, 1998; Debanne et al., 1998; Feldman, 2000; Sjostrom et al., 2001; Froemke and Dan, 2002; Izhikevich and Desai, 2003). As a result, such a system can exhibit quite rich spatiotemporal patterns of activity with a possibility that neurons spontaneously self-organize into neuronal groups (Edelman, 1987, 1993).
In order to gain some insight into the dynamic patterns that might be engendered by a network constructed according to the general architectural principles of neocortex, Pearson et al. (1987) simulated a model of a cortical somatosensory area. They showed that patterned input resulted in the formation of neuronal groups within the simulated cortical sheet, in accord with the theory of neuronal group selection (TNGS; Edelman, 1987, 1993). The simulation by Pearson et al. (1987) did not, however, explore the detailed dynamics of groups of spiking neurons with millisecond spike-timing precision.
In the present study, we describe a more detailed cortical simulation composed of neurons exhibiting the known types of spiking behavior found in mammalian neocortex. The model simulates the activity of 100 000 neurons and the changes in synaptic strength of 8.5 million synaptic contacts with sub-millisecond time resolution. As in the neocortex, the simulated neurons interact via both local and long-distance connections, and consequently generate integrated patterns of spiking activity via reentrant signaling (Edelman, 1987, 1993). Our goal was to study the fine spatiotemporal structures of emerging firing patterns. We found that, if axonal conduction delays and STDP were incorporated into the model, neurons in the network spontaneously self-organized into neuronal groups even in the absence of correlated input. Each such group is made up of tens to hundreds of neurons that can fire time-locked spiking patterns with millisecond precision.
Neurons in the model did not fire unless the network received some level of noisy input. While low input levels resulted in rhythmic synchronized bursts of spatially uniform activity, higher input levels gave rise to asynchronous Poissonian patterns of spiking activity that resembled those recorded in vivo. Although initially no regularities were discerned in the record of spike timing in this state, within a short period of time, certain recurrent firing patterns appeared spontaneously among subsets of neurons that were located close to one another. Spiking activity within these subsets was not synchronous, but their spikes were time-locked to one another, and thus they constituted spike-timing neuronal groups. Precise firing sequences of such neuronal groups resembled those recorded in vivo (Chang et al., 2000; Lindsey et al., 1997; Mao et al., 2001; Prut et al., 1998; Villa et al., 1999; Tetko and Villa, 2001a,b). The neuronal groups appeared and persisted for variable periods of time as their constituent neurons were linked by strong synaptic connections with matching conduction delays.
By taking account of the detailed properties of the network, we were able to characterize properties of such neuronal groups including their spatial distribution, size, growth, rate of birth and lifespan. In the light of observations on shifting receptive field boundaries within somatosensory maps (Merzenich et al., 1983), we also investigated how these group properties were altered when the simulated network received localized coherent excitatory input to simulate the effect of coherent sensory cortical stimulation.
Materials and Methods
As compared to real cortices, the model is obviously greatly reduced in the number of its neurons and synapses as well as in its anatomical complexity (see Fig. 1). Nevertheless, we made efforts to preserve important ratios and relative distances found in the mammalian cortex (Braitenberg and Schuz, 1991). The ratio of excitatory to inhibitory neurons was 4/1. The span of local non-myelinated axonal collaterals of an excitatory neuron was 1.5 mm, and of an inhibitory neuron was 0.5 mm. The probability of synaptic connection between two nearby excitatory neurons was 0.09. Each excitatory neuron sent a straight 12 mm long myelinated axon to a randomly chosen distant part of the sphere, and its collaterals spanned an area of radius 0.5 mm, as illustrated in Figure 1. Each excitatory neuron innervated 75 local postsynaptic targets chosen randomly from those within a circle of radius 1.5 mm, as well as 25 distant postsynaptic targets chosen from those within a circle of radius 0.5 mm. Each inhibitory neuron innervated 25 randomly chosen neurons within a circle of radius 0.5 mm.
Spike Propagation Velocity
The conduction velocity for the myelinated axons was 1 m/s, in accord with the value experimentally measured for myelinated cortico-cortical fibers in awake adult rabbits (Swadlow, 1994). In contrast, the conduction velocity of non-myelinated local axonal collaterals was only 0.15 m/s, in accord with values reviewed by Waxman and Bennett (1972); corresponding delays could be as long as 10 ms.
Neuronal Dynamics
Each model neuron is described by the following equations (Izhikevich, 2003):
The variable v denotes the membrane potential of the neuron and u denotes its recovery variable, e.g. the activation of K current. The part 0.04v2 + 5v + 140 was obtained by fitting the spike initiation dynamics of cortical neurons so that units of v correspond to mV and units of time correspond to ms. The variable Isyn denotes the total synaptic current as explained below.
An illustration of the dimensionless parameters a, b, c and d is presented in the top of Figure 2, left. The parameter a determines the rate of recovery, and parameter b determines the sensitivity of the recovery variable u to the membrane potential v. The parameter c determines the after-spike reset value, which depends on fast high-threshold conductances. Similarly, the parameter d determines the after-spike reset of the recovery variable, which depends on slow high-threshold conductances.
Values of the parameters corresponding to different firing patterns are presented in the top of Figure 2, right. The lower part of Figure 2 shows membrane potential responses (variable v(t)) when pulses of DC current (variable I) are applied. Despite the simplicity of the model, it reproduces a number of different firing patterns that resemble those observed in the mammalian cortex (Connors and Gutnick, 1990; Gibson et al., 1999).
In the model each excitatory neuron has (a, b) = (0.02, 0.2). To achieve heterogeneity (so that different neurons have different dynamics), the excitatory neurons were assigned (c, d) = (–65, 8) + (15, –6)r2, where r is a random variable uniformly distributed on the interval [0, 1]. Thus, r = 0 corresponded to a regular spiking (RS) cell, and r =1 corresponded to a chattering (CH) cell. We use r2 to bias the distribution toward RS cells. Each inhibitory cell had (a, b) = (0.02, 0.25) + (0.08, –0.05)r and (c, d) = (–65, 2). This heterogeneous distribution is not intended to model any specific cortical area, but rather it reflects a generic principle that the majority of pyramidal neurons in mammalian neocortex are of the RS type (Steriade et al., 2001). We have explored other distributions and found that they did not significantly affect the results.
To avoid numerical instabilities associated with fast spiking activity, each neuron was simulated with a time step of 0.5 ms using the first-order Euler method. The time step used for simulation of synaptic dynamics was 1 ms. The model was coded in C++ programming language. On average, it took 60 s for a 1 GHz Pentium desktop PC to model 1 s of simulated neuronal activity (model time).
Synaptic Dynamics
Each neuron received cortico-cortical synaptic input Isyn described below and a superthreshold noisy input generated by a Poisson point process with mean firing rate 0 < q < 2 Hz, where q is a parameter. Most of the simulations were carried out with q = 1. This input is the only source of noise in the model.
Short-term Depression and Facilitation
We use the phenomenological model by Markram et al. (1998) to simulate short-term synaptic plasticity:
where R is a 'depression' variable, w is a 'facilitation' variable, U, F and D are parameters that have been measured for a number of cortical neurons (Markram et al., 1998; Gupta et al., 2000), and δ is the Dirac delta function. The product R(t)w(t) is the fractional amount of neurotransmitter available at time t. Each firing of a presynaptic neuron, occurring at time tn, decreases the 'depression' variable R by Rw, and increases the 'facilitation' variable w by U(1 – w). Excitatory neurons have U = 0.5, F = 1000 and D = 800. These values correspond to synapses exhibiting depression. Inhibitory synapses have U = 0.2, F = 20 and D = 700. This corresponds to depression synapses classified as type F2 by Gupta et al. (2000).
Synaptic Conductances
The total synaptic current of the ith neuron is
where v is its membrane potential, and the subscript indicates the receptor type. Each conductance g (here we omit the subscript for the sake of clarity) has first-order linear kinetics:
with τ = 5, 150, 6 and 150 ms for the simulated AMPA, NMDA, GABAA and BABAB receptors, respectively (Dayan and Abbott, 2001).
The ratio of NMDA to AMPA receptors was set to be uniform at a value of 1 for all excitatory neurons. Thus, each firing of an excitatory presynaptic neuron j increases gAMPA and gNMDA by cijRjwj, where Rj and wj are the short-term depression and facilitation variables as above, and cij is the weight of synaptic connection from neuron j to neuron i. The ratio of GABAB to GABAA receptors is taken to be 1 for all inhibitory neurons, so each firing of an inhibitory presynaptic neuron increases and by Rjwj.
Long-term Synaptic Plasticity
In the initial state of the system, all excitatory synaptic weights have the same value, cij = 0.1. Synaptic dynamics consisted of passive, activity-independent changes and active spike-timing-dependent changes.
The dynamics of passive change of the synaptic weight cij from neuron j to neuron i are described by the second-order linear equation
where a describes slow, activity-independent increase of synaptic weight. The value a = 10–6 results in augmentation of the strength of all synapses even when the postsynaptic neuron i is quiescent. The small parameter 10–4 causes the synaptic plasticity in the model to be slow and long-term.
Each synaptic weight, cij, is updated according to the STDP rule depicted in Figure 3. Depending upon the order of firing of pre- and postsynaptic neurons, we increase or decrease the derivative, . Instantaneous changes of induce slower changes of the synaptic weight cij according to the equation above. Thus, the STDP rule in our implementation affects the rate of change of synaptic weight rather than the weight itself. Positive values of result in slow potentiation; negative values of result in slow depression. We keep synaptic weights in the range [0, 0.5] by manually clipping cij.
Unlike an implementation of the STDP rule that considers all possible pairs of pre- and postsynaptic spikes (Song et al., 2000), we assume that only the earliest-neighbor pairs, which are connected by vectors in Figure 3, contribute to plasticity. Firing of a presynaptic neuron j at time t decreases by , where ti is the time of the last spike of the ith postsynaptic neuron. Thus, the last firing of a postsynaptic neuron overrides the effect of previous firings. Similarly, firing of a postsynaptic neuron i increases by , where tj is the time of the arrival (after axonal conduction delay) of the last spike of the jth presynaptic neuron. That is, the last firing of a presynaptic neuron overrides the effect of previous firings. Such an implementation is consistent with the empirical data reported by Sjostrom et al. (2001), and it has many useful properties (van Rossum et al., 2000; Rubin et al., 2001; Izhikevich and Desai, 2003).
Spike-timing in Neuronal Groups
In Figure 4 we describe an algorithm for identifying neuronal groups.
Step 1: We find an excitatory anchor neuron (A) having two or more strong connections to other local-circuit excitatory neurons (B, C, D). Here 'strong' means that the synaptic weight cij is within 5% of the maximal value 0.5; see Figure 6. Considering only strong connections ensures that firing of the anchor neuron A enhances the probability that neurons B, C and D fire in the order determined by the conduction delays depicted in Figure 4.
Step 2: We determine the common local-circuit postsynaptic targets of B, C and D. If there are none, then we discard A and proceed to another anchor neuron. If, on the other hand, there are common postsynaptic neurons, e.g. C and D, both synapsed on E and F, then we keep A. Then we check whether the axonal conduction delays and synaptic delays are such that the spikes from C and D arrive at the postsynaptic targets simultaneously (±2 ms). We refer to such delays as being convergent or matching delays. In this illustration, they do not converge simultaneously on E, but do so on F. Similarly, the conduction delays from B and C converge on G. Using the information about the strength of EPSPs (see Fig. 6), we determine whether the input to F and G is superthreshold. If it is, then we consider F and G a part of a group.
Step 3 is the same as step 2 except that we consider common postsynaptic targets of B, C, D, F and G. Neurons I, J and L will be added to the group, while H and K will be discarded because of their non-matching delays. By repeating these steps until either there are no more common postsynaptic targets with matching delays, or all input strengths are subthreshold, we can resolve the neuronal group contributed to by the neuron A.
For convenience, we review the salient features of the model: It consisted of 100 000 neurons exhibiting known types of spiking and bursting behavior as summarized in Figure 2. The model had 8.5 million excitatory and inhibitory synaptic connections exhibiting both short-term depression and facilitation, as well as long-term STDP. The neurons were arranged randomly on the surface of a sphere, in an arrangement that preserved some of the important ratios found in the mammalian cortex. The ratio of excitatory to inhibitory cells was 4/1, and the probability of a local-circuit connection between any two nearby excitatory neurons was 0.09. Local and global cortico-cortical reentrant connections were mediated by axons having finite conduction velocities giving rise to significant conduction delays ranging from 1 to 12 ms. As described above, these delays played an important role in determining the fine temporal structure of neuronal firing.
Collective Behavior
Initially, all synaptic weights had equal non-zero values, and the neurons received noisy superthreshold input. The model was allowed to run for 1 day (model time) to allow weights to arrive at asymptotic values. The final state achieved after this one-day simulation was used as the initial state for all subsequent experiments, except the one in Figure 10.
Rhythms and asynchronous firing
Figure 5A illustrates how the collective dynamics of the model depended on the magnitude q of the superthreshold noisy input (see Materials and Methods). The averaged firing rate of all excitatory neurons and the magnitude of the fluctuation in this rate as a function of the parameter q are both plotted. When q was small (infrequent input), the rate was small and it fluctuated significantly, indicating that the network dynamics exhibited low-frequency oscillation, as illustrated in Figure 5B: the activity alternated between quiescence and synchronous bursts. Such rhythmic synchronized behavior is ubiquitous in systems consisting of relatively small numbers of neurons, such as cortical slabs (Timofeev et al., 2000; Bazhenov et al., 2002) or cultures (Latham et al., 2000a,b; Keefer et al., 2001). Increasing q resulted in an increase of the firing rate and a decrease of the magnitude of its fluctuation. Values of q ≥ 1 Hz (frequent input) resulted in high-frequency, asynchronous, nearly Poissonian neuronal firings, illustrated in Figure 5C. In the rest of this paper we use q = 1 Hz, which gives rise to inherently stable network dynamics. On average, excitatory neurons fired 10 spikes/s; one spike could be attributed to the noisy input; the remaining spikes were due to synaptic input from the other cortical neurons. Although the number of inhibitory neurons was smaller than that of excitatory neurons, their firing rate was proportionally higher, resulting in an approximate balance of excitation and inhibition in the network.
Synaptic Weights
In Figure 6, left, we show the steady-state distribution of excitatory synaptic weights cij. The bimodal distribution arises from our implementation of the STDP learning rule (Song et al., 2000) and the fact that the weights are cut off at a maximal value of 0.5. In Figure 6, right, we show the distribution of the corresponding EPSPs. Due to short-term depression and facilitation and the heterogeneity of intrinsic neuronal properties, this distribution is not bimodal, but rather is skewed toward smaller values. The majority of synapses are weak (median EPSP amplitude < 0.1 mV), and only a small percentage produces EPSPs > 5 mV. Weak synapses play an important role in providing background synaptic drive to neurons, and they control the global state of the network, e.g. its rhythmicity. Strong synapses determine the fine temporal structure of neuronal firing, and they are responsible for the spike-timing dynamics leading to the formation of neuronal groups.
Spike-timing in Neuronal Groups
In Figure 7A we show the spiking activity of a small subset of pyramidal neurons in the model. As one can see in the magnifications in Figure 7B, there are certain firing patterns that appeared repeatedly in the spike train. Within each pattern, neurons did not fire simultaneously. Instead spikes occurred predictably after fixed temporal intervals, i.e. they were time-locked to each other. Each firing pattern corresponds to an activation of a neuronal group — a set of dynamically interactive neurons having strong synaptic connections with matching conduction delays. The two distinct firing patterns in Figure 7B correspond to activation of the 'blue' and 'red' neuronal groups whose spatial layout is depicted in Figure 7C. The causal relationship between spikes and the convergence of delays is plotted in the space-time coordinate system in Figure 7D.
Using statistical analysis of spike trains (Oram et al., 1999), we identified many such neuronal groups, although this daunting computational task could not be extended because of the combinatorial explosion. An easier way to discern the formation of spike-timing neuronal groups in the model is to use the available information about the synaptic strengths and conduction delays, which we describe next.
Identification and Characterization of Neuronal Groups
Because we know the synaptic weights and conduction delays of all connections within the simulated network, we can determine the order of firing of presynaptic neurons that makes any given neuron fire. Consider, for example, two neurons, X and Y, that have strong synaptic connections to neuron Z, but with different conduction delays, say 10 and 4 ms, respectively. If X fires 6 ms before Y fires, their spikes would arrive at Z simultaneously, thereby evoking a potent postsynaptic response. In contrast, if X and Y fire at a different time interval, e.g. synchronously, then their spikes arrive at Z at different times, and they rarely cause Z to fire. Firing at this different time interval could, of course, cause some other neuron in the network to respond. By considering pre- and postsynaptic neurons one-by-one, this method allows us to determine the structure and spike-timing in each neuronal group in the simulation (see Materials and Methods).
Applying this procedure, we assigned a separate color to each neuronal group and plotted the groups on the cortical surface in Figure 8. Neuronal groups in the model showed quite complicated geometry and firing patterns. Histograms in Figure 9 show that most groups contained fewer than 100 neurons, and they fired a spatiotemporal pattern spanning 25 ms or longer.
Initially, the excitatory synapses have equal strengths (cij = 0.1 for all i and j) but are connected by different conduction delays that depend on the distance between neurons. Depending upon the pattern of conduction delays, STDP results in depression of some synapses and potentiation of others. As a result of such plasticity, neurons self-organize into groups. The spontaneous appearance of neuronal groups occurs quite quickly, as shown in Figure 10, for the interval 0 to 15 min of model time. After initial growth, the number of groups levels off and subsequently fluctuates within a narrow range, suggesting that a dynamic equilibrium is reached in which new groups appear at the same rate that old groups are lost.
We randomly shuffled all synaptic weights at model time 1000 min. One such experiment is shown in the right-hand side of Figure 10. The number of groups dropped from approximately 900 to 80. Even these 80 groups disappeared within a minute, and after another minute new groups appeared. Thus, only a small number of groups would be generated by chance in a randomly connected network of 100 000 neurons, and these random groups would not persist. This reinforces the conclusion that the majority of the groups in the model were activity dependent and needed STDP to appear and persist.
The persistence of each neuronal group in the model was monitored every second during a 24 h simulation in model time (more than a month in real time). In Figure 11 (gray bins) we depict the distribution of the lifespans of neuronal groups. Although many groups had a short lifespan — less than a few minutes — a significant number (almost 25%) of groups persisted during the entire duration of the 24 h experiment.
Persistence in the Presence of Synaptic Turnover
There is growing evidence that dendritic spines and synapses in adult brain can be rapidly formed and eliminated with a mean half-life of the order of 4 months (rat barrel cortex: Trachtenberg et al., 2002) or 12.5 months (mouse primary visual cortex: Grutzendler et al., 2002). To investigate the robustness of neuronal groups in the simulation in the face of synaptic turnover, we perturbed all synaptic weights one-by-one: every 10 ms a randomly chosen excitatory synapse, which had not been perturbed before, was reset to zero ( ). Since there are 8 million such synapses in the model, the synaptic turnover time was <24 h, i.e. within this period of time, all synaptic weights had been reset to zero at least once. The distribution of the lifespans of neuronal groups during such an experiment is plotted in Figure 11 (yellow bins). Comparing yellow bins (synaptic turnover) and gray bins (no turnover), one sees that there is essentially no difference between them. Moreover, both bins consist of essentially the same groups, implying that these groups are quite robust.
To account for this robustness it is important to note that synapses were reset rather gradually during the 24 h period. Synaptic connections within a neuronal group consisting of 100 neurons were perturbed on average only once every 15 min, providing sufficient time for activity-dependent self-repair and recovery.
Effects of Patterned Input
It has been found that persistent alterations in patterns of sensory input to vertebrate cortices can lead to alterations in cortical receptive field properties (Merzenich et al., 1983). We used the model to study how coherent sensory stimulation affects neuronal groups, and the formation of receptive and projective fields. Here, the receptive field of a neuron is the set of stimuli that make the neuron fire. Conversely, the projective field of a stimulus is the set of neurons that fire in response (Lehky and Sejnowski, 1988). We choose two circles of radius 0.5 mm (black circles on the surface of the spheres in Fig. 12) and deliver superthreshold stimuli to all neurons within that circles every 500 ms. Thus, twice a second, the neurons within the circles fire synchronous spikes.
Initially, the projective fields are small. In Figure 12A, we use two colors to plot all neuronal groups that have the anchor neuron inside the stimulation circles. Whenever the anchor neurons are stimulated, the groups are activated, and neurons in the groups span the projective field. Thus, all marked neurons have one of the circles in their receptive fields. Neurons that have both circles in their receptive fields are depicted as blue dots.
In Figure 12B we show the results of stimulation of the left circle. Coherent firings of neurons within and around that circle propagate to neighboring neurons, thereby recruiting new cells into the existing groups or creating new neuronal groups. As a result, the size of the red projective field grows. After only 5 min (model time) of continuous 2 Hz superthreshold stimulation, the number of neuronal groups originating from the circle is increased by a factor of 60. That is, more neurons are in the projective field of the stimulated circle. Interestingly, the size of the green projective field and the total number of all neuronal groups on the sphere doubles. Nevertheless, the network activity shows a remarkable stability — neurons continue to fire with the same mean firing rate (<10 Hz).
In Figure 12C we show the result of synchronous stimulation of both circles. The size of the green projective field increases by a factor of 100, and there are many neurons, marked by blue dots, that have both circles in their receptive fields. The existence of these shared neurons indicates that red groups and green groups cooperate when they are activated simultaneously. Finally, in Figure 12D we stimulate both circles asynchronously. Even though the green projective field is still greater than in Figure 12A by the factor of 10, it is much smaller than in Figure 12C, indicating the presence of a competition between red and green neuronal groups with predominance of the red group. The number of shared neurons is only 10% of that in Figure 12C, also supporting the conclusion that asynchronously activated groups compete.
In this paper, we describe simulations of a detailed neuronal network constructed in order to study the collective behavior and self-organization of spiking neurons to form neuronal groups (Edelman, 1987, 1993). Although the model lacks cortical layers (and hence differs from some of our previous detailed models, e.g. Lumer et al., 1997a,b), it preserves many properties characteristic of a mammalian cortex. In particular, neurons in the model exhibit a variety of known types of spiking and bursting patterns; These neurons have receptors with AMPA, NMDA, GABAA and GABAB kinetics, and the synaptic connections among them exhibit both short-term and long-term plasticity. The most critical features governing the dynamics of the model are spiking neurons, axonal conduction delays and STDP. To the best of our knowledge, these three features have not previously been incorporated together in a large-scale mathematical model constructed to shed light on cortical properties.
Spike-timing-dependent Plasticity
STDP is a novel form of Hebbian synaptic plasticity that has received much experimental and theoretical attention in recent years (Markram et al., 1997; Bi and Poo, 1998; Debanne et al., 1998; Feldman, 2000; van Rossum et al., 2000; Sjostrom et al., 2001; Froemke and Dan, 2002F; Izhikevich and Desai, 2003). According to STDP, the temporal order of presynaptic and postsynaptic spikes determines whether a synapse is potentiated or depressed (Fig. 3). If a presynaptic neuron fires before a postsynaptic neuron, the synapse is potentiated. The smaller the lag between the spikes, the stronger the potentiation. Conversely, the reverse order of firing results in depression of the synapse. We assume that all synapses in the network undergo STDP all the time. The question addressed in the present study is how this plasticity might lead to self-organization in a model in which synapses are considered as populations (Edelman, 1987, 1993).
There is a causally important interplay between spike timing and conduction delays, which can be tens of milliseconds in mammalian neocortex (Swadlow, 1994). If spikes arrive at the postsynaptic cell at drastically different times, then the simultaneous firing of presynaptic neurons is not the best mode to fire a given postsynaptic cell (Bienenstock, 1995; Miller, 1996a,b). In order to maximize the probability of postsynaptic response, presynaptic neurons should fire in certain temporal patterns determined mainly by conduction delays (illustrated in Fig. 7D). The same neurons firing with different patterns may elicit responses in different postsynaptic cells.
The interplay between delays and STDP gives rise to the spontaneous formation of neuronal groups, i.e. small collectives of neurons having strong connections with matching conduction delays, as in Figure 7. and exhibiting time-locked but not necessarily synchronous spiking activity.
Neuronal Groups
The neuronal groups considered here can be characterized either by their precise firing sequence or by their synaptic organization. That is, each group, if activated, gives rise to a statistically significant repeatable pattern in the raster of spiking data (e.g. Fig. 7A), and each group is linked by a pattern of strong synaptic connections with matching or convergent delays, as in Figure 7D.
The spontaneous formation of groups is a consequence of the effect of STDP on the distribution of synaptic delays within the network, since STDP tends to potentiate connections having matching delays that contribute to group formation, and to depress those connections that impede or interfere with this process. At times when a group is not active, the neurons comprising it are not silent (see Fig. 7A). Instead, they fire relatively uncorrelated Poisson spike trains that contribute neither strengthening nor weakening of synaptic connections among them. Each group must be activated from time to time, however, to reinforce its existing connections. Prolonged nonactivation results in slow degradation of synaptic strengths and demise of the group. This demise can occur either because some strong connections are depressed, or because some weak connections are potentiated and interfere with the firing pattern of the group as a whole. This process of group dissolution can be accelerated by incongruent patterns of spiking input from other active groups. In this way, most neuronal groups in the network compete with one another for prolonged survival.
As is evident from Figure 6, the majority of EPSPs are weak, with a mean and a median <0.1 mV. These synapses control the overall state of the network: its rhythms, mean firing rates, etc. The existence of neuronal groups in the model relies on fewer but stronger synapses that are capable of producing sizable EPSPs.
The number of different ways that strong synaptic connections can be arranged to make neuronal groups through spike timing in even a small set of neurons is astronomical. There are, however, far more ways of arranging strong connections so that the neurons fire incoherently and do not form a spike-timing neuronal group (see 'synaptic shuffling' in Fig. 10). That is, if the synaptic connections lack matching delays, firing of the neurons will not produce a repeatable spatiotemporal pattern. Thus, we find it significant that neurons do spontaneously self-organize into groups with coherent firing patterns, given the mechanism of STDP applied here.
There are two major ways according to which a small set of neurons might self-organize into a group. First, certain neurons might receive a persistent coherent input that makes them fire repeatedly with a certain spatiotemporal pattern. Among the astronomical number of all possible synaptic organizations, only a few might be consistent with that firing pattern. STDP would potentiate this synaptic organization, effectively excluding others. For example, the pattern of firing of neurons C, H, F and D in Figure 7D potentiates red synaptic connections because the spikes from neurons H, F, and C arrive at neuron D just before it fires. A different pattern of firing of the same neurons may potentiate some other synaptic connections and depress red ones.
Alternatively, random firing of the neurons might result in some synaptic connections being potentiated and thus selected by chance, while others are depressed. This initial potentiation will introduce weak correlations of neuronal firing, produce even greater potentiation, and favor some synaptic organizations over others. Once groups are formed, however, their persistent activation may provide a coherent spatiotemporal pattern to local and distant postsynaptic targets and promote formation of neuronal groups at these locations. Our simulation confirms this. Figure 10 shows that there is a rapid increase in the number of neuronal groups with time. Figure 8 illustrates that the groups cover the entire 'cortical' surface.
We find that, once formed, many groups (∼25%) are quite stable and can persist for many hours of simulation time (see bin '24 hours' in Fig. 11). Even synaptic turnover, which changed all synapses in a random order during a 24 h period, did not affect the stability of spike-timing neuronal groups (yellow bins in Fig. 11). Repetitive activation of neuronal groups combined with STDP resulted in a self-reconstructing behavior of the model.
Many groups are reentrantly connected via either local-circuit connections or global corticocortical connections. Since each group fires a spatiotemporal pattern of spikes that is consistent with its own synaptic organization, activation of one group may distort the firing pattern of other groups, thereby leading to the depression of their internal synaptic connections via STDP.
We can illustrate competitive interactions by referring to the groups labeled red and blue in Figure 7. Because these groups are spatially overlapping, their constituent neurons are anatomically interconnected by numerous intracortical links (not shown in the figure for the sake of clarity). When a neuron in either of the two groups fires, it sends input to neurons in the other group that would affect their firing. This exchange of input acts to disrupt the distribution of synaptic strengths that maintain the firing patterns characteristic of the two groups. If, for example, activity in the blue group in Figure 7 causes neuron B to fire repeatedly before neuron A, this would act to depress the synaptic connection from A to B and lead to dissolution of the red group. In the simulation, the occasional activation of the red and blue groups produced only a weak mutual disruption of intragroup synaptic strengths that allowed both groups to be maintained.
In contrast, persistent coactivation of two or more neuronal groups can have a profound effect, as we illustrate in Figure 13. Activation of either a red or blue neuronal group shown in the figure may not have a significant effect on the yellow group. However, time-locked coactivation of the two groups can project an overwhelming temporal input to the yellow group and make its neurons fire with a pattern that is inconsistent with its own internal synaptic organization. As a result of STDP, synaptic connections are depressed and the yellow neuronal group is destroyed. Simultaneously, coactivation of the red and blue groups might promote the birth of a new neuronal group whose synaptic organization (green in Fig. 13C) is consistent with the pattern of spatiotemporal input coming from the two groups.
In this simulation, as in the developing vertebrate brain, neuronal groups do not arise and function independently; they are embedded within a larger network of groups reciprocally linked to one another by long-range excitatory interconnections. It is the ongoing process of massively parallel reciprocal signaling among local neuronal groups, referred to as reentry, that gives rise to the integration of the system as a whole (Edelman, 1987; Tononi et al., 1992).
Since, in the simulation, groups arise independently, their firing patterns are initially uncorrelated with one another and signals exchanged between groups have little effect on intra-group size, neuronal composition or lifetime. Since STDP is a property of synapses mediating reentrant signaling in the simulation, functional connectivity will be enhanced between groups sharing coherent patterns of activity. These patterns may arise initially by chance or they may be the consequence of shared input. The strengths of inter-group connections in the simulation grow to such a degree that reentrant activity can either disrupt or enhance the intra-group firing patterns that determine group structure and longevity. Groups therefore can become competitive or mutually reinforcing, and local group properties are both shaped by and contribute to overall network activity.
In this way, the process of reentry imposes global constraints on the process whereby groups resolve spike-timing conflicts: neuronal groups whose firing patterns conflict with groups to which they are interconnected either adapt their properties or die out, while those whose outputs are consistent with those in other regions are strengthened. Thus reentrant connections establish and maintain cooperation among different regions of the network. This has inportant consequences for information processing by reentrant spiking networks. For example, reentry allows the sensory cortices to unify neuronal signals arising in different sense organs from a single stimulus, in this way resolving the binding problem in a fashion consistent with previous modeling studies (Tononi et al., 1992).
Neuronal Groups and Synfire Chains
The concept of a neuronal group governed by spike timing as considered here is quite different from the notion of a synfire chain proposed by Abeles (1991, 2002), Diesmann et al. (1999) and Aviel et al. (2003), although both concepts involve temporally connected spiking. Synfire chains consist of pools of neurons connected sequentially so that synchronous firing of all neurons in one pool propagates to the next pool without significant temporal distortions. Having heterogeneous axonal conduction delays would be devastating for a synfire chain, since this would lead to instability and breakdown of synchronous activity. In contrast, neuronal groups do not have any identifiable pools, but actually rely heavily on the heterogeneity of conduction delays as in synfire braids (Bienenstock, 1995). This heterogeneity, which is consistent with the TNGS (Edelman, 1987, 1993), tends to reduce local synchronous firings and makes local spiking dynamics time locked and asynchronous.
Statistics of Spike Rasters
It is relatively easy to find neuronal groups using anatomical data from the model and the algorithm presented in the Materials and Methods section. Once the firing pattern of any group is determined, one can use the pattern as a template and scan the spike train to determine when the group is activated, as we do in Figure 7A. This method is free from the argument (Oram et al., 1999; Baker and Lemon, 2000) that precise firing sequences result from random spike trains with co-varying firing rates.
In contrast, finding groups using only statistical analyses of spike trains is practically impossible even in the model, let alone in vivo. Indeed, only 250 out of 1000 spike-timing neuronal groups live long enough to reveal themselves in the spike train (see Fig. 11). Since on average in the model there are fewer than 30 neurons per such a group (see Fig.9), fewer than 7500 neurons (<7.5% of all the neurons in the model) are part of any such group. A simple statistical calculation suggests that one would need to record from 866 neurons simultaneously to achieve a probability of 0.5 of identifying three neurons belonging to the same neuronal group in the network. Thus, spike rasters of thousands of neurons might be needed to reveal even the smallest spike-timing group in a functioning neocortex. Such a large-scale recording over a long time period is infeasible at present.
We have simulated a network of neurons having detailed spiking and synaptic dynamics, STDP and realistic axonal conduction delays. Despite the lack of coherent input in the model, neurons self-organized into groups and repeatedly generated patterns of activity with a millisecond spike-timing precision. The properties of the model allowed us to explore the spike-timing dynamics of neuronal groups, in particular their formation, activity-dependent persistence, competition, cooperation and responses of receptive fields to coherent input. We hypothesize that the appearance of such neuronal groups is a general property of reentrantly connected spiking networks with axonal conduction delays and STDP.
Niraj S. Desai, Anil K. Seth, John R. Iversen, Elisabeth C. Walcott, Yuval Aviel, George Reeke, and Jeffrey Krichmar read early drafts of the manuscript and made a number of valuable suggestions. This research was supported by the Neurosciences Research Foundation.


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Where all the python programmers in town hang out
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"Notting Hill" Top 5 Page for this destination Linnégatan & Järntorget Tip by MickeH
Linnégatan & Järntorget, Göteborg: 5 reviews and 3 photos
A pretty small place not far from J?rntorget. It's perfect for talking with friends. Pretty good selection of beers. Not that many, but just the right ones. Maybe not the place to go for a rowdy night out, but if you feel a bit mellow or want to talk, this is just the place. They keep the music in the backgrond and it's size don't allow for too many people.
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Currently, the environments in which the children of Antioquia are developing and the grave socioeconomic and political conditions our region is going through, constitute a limitation for a healthy holistic development and protection. This gives room for the confrontation of large population groups in grave danger, because of the lack of a fixed income, of adequate living conditions and more often than not, a lack of the care of the State.
The model for intervention proposed by the Foundation consists of three phases: First Phase: Approach the population to identify the children under some level of malnutrition or at high risk of being malnourished, who find themselves in psychosocial risk. Second Phase: Select the initial beneficiaries and connect them with the Soup Kitchen. Third Phase: Nutritional follow-up, academic performance, psychological attendance and educational workshops.
In one year reach the goal of recovering the children's Body Mass Index, weight and height for their respective ages. Better clinical signs of malnutrition. Prevent dropouts. Form the children in universal principles and values, thus generating a culture of peace. Prevent sexual child abuse. Protect the children from being used in the traffic of narcotic drugs and incorporation into armed groups. Promote a holistic development in children. Psychological and social attendance.
This project has provided additional documentation in a DOCX file (projdoc.docx).
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Watch Regular Show
The animated series Regular Show airs on Cartoon Network. The show, created by J.G. Quitel, premiered September 6, 2010. It has aired for three seasons and received a renewal for a fourth season. The show centers on two friends in their early twenties, a blue jay named Mordecai and Rigby, a raccoon. The pair work as groundskeepers in a park with a cast of irregular characters, including their boss Benson, who is a living gumball machine, Skips, who is an immortal yeti who skips instead of walks, Muscle Man, who is fat with green skin and High Five Ghost, a ghost with a single hand sticking out the top of his head.
Often, the stories follow Mordecai and Rigby as they try to work as little as possible by playing video games, watching horror movies or eating junk food. However, their attempts to skip out on work can lead them into many surreal situations, including fighting with living holograms of themselves, playing basketball in space and being chased by a deer with the body of a man. Benson often has to threaten to fire them in order to get them to do their jobs, however, many times this doesn't even work.
Another reoccurring theme on the show is Mordecai's attempts to get a date with Margaret, a robin who works as a waitress in a coffee shop near the park. Margaret has a friend, a mole named Eileen, who has a crush on Rigby. For a while neither Margaret or Rigby seemed to want much to with Mordecai or Eileen, respectively, but as the show has progressed they have begun to return the affection.
Regular Show has received critical acclaim since its release. Critics praise of the show normally involves the strange characters, unbelievable plot twists and adult themes that occur throughout a show created for a child audience. It has also received awards nominations in the form of an Annie Award nomination, which recognizes animation, Emmy Award nomination and BAFTA Children's Award nomination in 2011.
- Monday 8:15 PM et/pt on Cartoon Network
- 13 Seasons, 270 Episodes
- September 6, 2010
- Animation & Cartoons
Watch Full Episodes of Regular Show
Regular Show Full Episode Guide
- Episode 15 - A Regular Epic Final Battle Part 2
An epic final battle comes to its dramatic conclusion, and the fate of the universe is decided.
- Episode 14 - A Regular Show Epic Final Battle, Par...
An epic last battle commences.
- Episode 13 - Cheer Up Pops
The guys want to make Pops happy.
- Episode 12 - Meet The Seer
The boys need to converse with someone intelligent.
- Episode 11 - Kill 'em With Kindness
Pops hopes to be pals with someone.
- Episode 10 - Christmas in Space (The Christmas Spe...
The guys celebrate their first Christmas in space by sharing stories and opening presents, but Benson gets annoyed that the stories have scary elements.
- Episode 9 - No Train No Gain
The guys help Pops' train.
- Episode 8 - The Key to the Universe
The guys learn something super important.
- Episode 7 - The Ice Tape
Mordecai and Rigby want to make money for a video game by street performing.
- Episode 6 - Terror Tales of the Park VI
The gang tells scary stories with a science fiction twist.
- Episode 5 - Alpha Dome
Mordeby and Rigbecai: Mordecai and Rigby mess around with a teleportation machine, and you can pretty much imagine how this one goes. / Alpha Dome: The guys confront some people.
- Episode 4 - Mordeby and Rigbecai
The guys screw around with a teleportation machine.
- Episode 3 - New Beds
The guys get new beds.
- Episode 2 - The Space Race / Operation Hear No Ev...
The Space Race: The guys race in space. / Operation: Hear No Evil: Mordecai and Rigby want to avoid spoilers of their favorite TV show.
- Episode 1 - Can You Ear Me Now? / Stuck in An Ele...
Can You Ear Me Now?: Mordecai and Rigby offend some people. / Stuck in An Elevator: Mordecai and Rigby want to go to a reunion concert.
- Episode 20 - Mordeby and Rigbecai
The guys screw around with a teleportation machine.
- Episode 19 - New Beds
The guys get new beds.
- Episode 18 - Space Escape
The guys must escape a bad guy.
- Episode 17 - Operation: Hear No Evil
Mordecai and Rigby try to avoid spoilers about their favourite TV show.
- Episode 16 - The Space Race
The boys race in space.
- Episode 15 - Stuck in an Elevator
Mordecai and Rigby get pumped to see a rock concert on the spaceship.
- Episode 14 - Can You Ear Me Now?
Mordecai and Rigby are on trial for an incident that happened downtown.
- Episode 13 - Spacey McSpaceTree
Rigby must pass the Space Tree Safety Test.
- Episode 12 - Fries Night
Benson hunts for some fries.
- Episode 11 - The Brain of Evil
Mordecai and Rigby have to recapture something they lost.
- Episode 10 - The Dream Warrior
The guys try to help Pops overcome his nightmares.
- Episode 9 - Ugly Moons
Muscle Man sets out to prank someone.
- Episode 8 - Lost And Found
Chance Sureshot loses his wallet and is enclosed in a robot's bubble until he can pay for his food. In order to free him, Mordecai, Rigby, Toothpick Sally and Recap Robot must travel to the Mantis Planet to get it back.
- Episode 7 - Welcome to Space / Space Creds
Welcome to Space: The Dome needs repairs. / Space Creds: Mordecai and Rigby want shoes.
- Episode 6 - One Space Day At A Time / Cool Bro Bo...
One Space Day At A Time: The guys are now in space. / Cool Bro Bots: Mordecai and Rigby confront robots.
- Episode 5 - Rigby's Graduation Day
Rigby is giving a speech at his high school graduation which will be broadcast live on a TV show called "Inspire America." Rigby hopes to make it memorable.
- Episode 4 - VIP Members Only / Deez Keys
Mordecai, Rigby, Muscle Man, and High Five Ghost want to be VIP members at Cheeser's.
- Episode 3 - Pam I Am / Lame Lockdown
Pam I Am: Benson has a crush on one of the Dome scientists, and he wants to sneak her a bucket of chicken wings so that he can ask her out. / Lame Lockdown: The head scientist puts Mordecai and Rigby on a 24-hour lockdown inside the Dome, but they want to sneak out and see one of their favorite bands.
- Episode 2 - Marvolo the Wizard / Pops' Favorite P...
Marvolo the Wizard: Pops thinks that he's a wizard trapped in medieval times, and he wants to go back home. / Pop's Favorite Planet: When the guys have to sleep outside for the night, Pops wants to see his favorite planet.
- Episode 1 - The Button / Favorite Shirt
The Button: The guys have to protect a large red button from being pushed. / Favorite Shirt: Mordecai, Rigby, and High Five Ghost have to somehow get Muscle Man's favorite shirt back on him before he wakes up.
If You Like Regular Show, Then Try...
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