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The recognition of pathogen-derived structures by C-type lectins and the chemotactic activity mediated by the CCL2/CCR2 axis are critical steps in determining the host immune response to fungi. The present study was designed to investigate whether the presence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within DC-SIGN, Dectin-1, Dectin-2, CCL2 and CCR2 genes influence the risk of developing Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis (IPA). Twenty-seven SNPs were selected using a hybrid functional/tagging approach and genotyped in 182 haematological patients, fifty-seven of them diagnosed with proven or probable IPA according to the 2008 EORTC/MSG criteria. Association analysis revealed that carriers of the Dectin-1rs3901533 T/T and Dectin-1rs7309123 G/G genotypes and DC-SIGNrs4804800 G, DC-SIGNrs11465384 T, DC-SIGN7248637 A and DC-SIGN7252229 C alleles had a significantly increased risk of IPA infection (OR = 5.59 95%CI 1.37–22.77; OR = 4.91 95%CI 1.52–15.89; OR = 2.75 95%CI 1.27–5.95; OR = 2.70 95%CI 1.24–5.90; OR = 2.39 95%CI 1.09–5.22 and OR = 2.05 95%CI 1.00–4.22, respectively). There was also a significantly increased frequency of galactomannan positivity among patients carrying the Dectin-1rs3901533_T allele and Dectin-1rs7309123_G/G genotype. In addition, healthy individuals with this latter genotype showed a significantly decreased level of Dectin-1 mRNA expression compared to C-allele carriers, suggesting a role of the Dectin-1rs7309123 polymorphism in determining the levels of Dectin-1 and, consequently, the level of susceptibility to IPA infection. SNP-SNP interaction (epistasis) analysis revealed significant interactions models including SNPs in Dectin-1, Dectin-2, CCL2 and CCR2 genes, with synergistic genetic effects. Although these results need to be further validated in larger cohorts, they suggest that Dectin-1, DC-SIGN, Dectin-2, CCL2 and CCR2 genetic variants influence the risk of IPA infection and might be useful in developing a risk-adapted prophylaxis.
Citation: Sainz J, Lupiáñez CB, Segura-Catena J, Vazquez L, Ríos R, Oyonarte S, et al. (2012) Dectin-1 and DC-SIGN Polymorphisms Associated with Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis Infection. PLoS ONE 7(2): e32273. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0032273
Editor: Wooin Lee, University of Kentucky, United States of America
Received: August 31, 2011; Accepted: January 24, 2012; Published: February 27, 2012
Copyright: © 2012 Sainz et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: This study was supported by grants P08-CVI-4116 from Consejería de Salud de la Junta de Andalucia (Sevilla, Spain) and PI081051 from Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias (Madrid, Spain). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis (IPA) is a life-threatening infection caused mainly by Aspergillus fumigatus, an opportunistic fungal pathogen that frequently colonizes respiratory tracts and rapidly spreads to blood vessels and tissues [1]. The incidence of IPA infection has increased in the last years due to the use of immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory drugs and is still causing significant morbidity and mortality worldwide, especially in immunosuppressed and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) patients [2].
Early recognition of A. fumigatus by myeloid leukocytes is a crucial for down-stream immune response and conidia clearance and, therefore, in the development and progression of IPA infection [3]. Myeloid leukocytes are activated by pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs), which directly recognize fungal cell wall structures and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) [4]. Among the PRRs expressed in neutrophils, pulmonary macrophages and dendritic cells, C-type lectin family members such as DC-SIGN (Dendritic Cell-Specific Intercellular adhesion molecule-3-Grabbing Non-integrin), Dectin-1 (Dendritic cell-associated C-type lectin-1) and Dectin-2 (Dendritic cell-associated C-type lectin-2) seem to be important in the effectiveness of innate immune response against A. fumigatus [5], [6]. Recent studies have reported that the C-type lectins mediate A. Fumigatus recognition, capture and internalization [7] and that their binding to fungal cell wall carbohydrates is highly specific and selective [8]. DC-SIGN and Dectin-1 recognize β-(1-3)-glucans and galactomannans (GM) in the cell wall of A. fumigatus [7], [9] while Dectin-2 interacts with α-mannans [10]. However, numerous studies have shown that C-type lectins are not only involved in the recognition of fungal pathogens but also in the induction of anti-fungal Th1 and Th17 immune responses [5], [11].
Although the mechanisms underlying DC-SIGN-mediated immune response are still highly speculative, it has been suggested that DC-SIGN promotes dendritic cell (DC) migration and T-cell activation through the ICAM-3 binding [12], [13] and modulates TLR signalling by targeting Raf-1, which regulates NFκB p65 activation and, consequently the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines [14]. Likewise, Dectin-1 and Dectin-2 induce Syk-dependent canonical and noncanonical NFκB pathways [15], [16] promoting the production of some pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL1α, IL1β, IL12 and IL8), chemokines (CCL2/MCP-1, CCL3/MIP-1, CXCL2/MIP-2 and CXCL10) [17] and the IL17-mediated neutrophil recruitment [18]. It has also been described that Dectin-1 and Dectin-2 are able to work in collaboration with TLRs (mainly TLR2, TLR4 and TLR6) modulating immune responses through the production of IL6, IL12p70 and TNF [3], [16]. These findings support the hypothesis that C-type lectins, cytokines or chemokines are important mediators during infection with A. fumigatus.
Several polymorphisms in human PRRs [19]–[24] as well as in some cytokines [25]–[27], chemokines [28] and their receptors [29], [30] have hitherto been associated with an increased risk of invasive aspergillosis in susceptible hosts. Based on these observations, the objective of the present study was to investigate the role of tagging and potentially functional single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located within the DC-SIGN, Dectin-1, Dectin-2, MCP-1/CCL2 and CCR2 genes on IPA susceptibility.
Materials and Methods
Study population and clinical diagnosis of IPA infection
All participants enrolled were Caucasian and recruited in the University Hospital Virgen de las Nieves (Granada, Spain) or in the University Hospital of Salamanca (Salamanca, Spain). All determinations and genetic analyses in hematological patients were performed with fully informed written consent, and anonymity of the data was guaranteed. The study protocol was approved by the Ethical Review Committee of Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, Granada, Spain. The population included 182 hematological patients recruited between January 2004 and January 2011. All hematological patients in this study received a prolonged chemotherapy treatment or underwent HSCT and were therefore considered susceptible to develop IPA infection. Demographic information and clinical data were obtained by detailed review of hospital records. Data were gathered on: site of infection; host factor criteria (severe neutropenia for >10 days, persistent fever for >96 h refractory to appropriate broad-spectrum antibacterial treatment, signs and symptoms indicating graft-versus-host disease [GVHD], corticoid therapy [>0.3 mg/kg per day], and invasive fungal infection during a previous episode of neutropenia), microbiological criteria (positive result for Aspergillus antigen in ≥2 consecutive blood samples when considering an index of 0.5 or in only 1 sample when the index was higher than 0.8), and clinical criteria of lower respiratory tract infection [major criteria: any of the following new infiltrates on computed tomography (CT) imaging: halo sign, air-crescent sign, or cavity within area of consolidation; minor criteria: cough, thoracic pain, hemoptysis, pathologic pulmonary sound, and radiological evidence suggestive of invasive infection]. Laboratory data were also recorded. Proven and probable IPA was diagnosed based on the updated criteria (2008) reported by the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer/Invasive Fungal Infections Cooperative Group (EORTC/IFICG) [31].
Quantification of serum galactomannan antigen
Serum GM detection has been shown to be a useful test for the early diagnosis and follow-up of IPA and is now included in IPA diagnosis criteria [31]. In the present study, serum GM antigen was determined twice weekly during the hospital stay and at each outpatient visit until the end of their immunosuppressant or chemotherapeutic treatment. Serum GM concentrations were determined by Platelia Aspergillus ELISA kit (Bio-Rad, Marnes-la-Coquette, France) according to the manufacturer's instructions. This commercial kit has proven to offer good sensitivity to detect GM [32], and GM concentration was found to correlate with the fungal tissue burden [33], [34]. A test sample was classified as positive when the optical density ratio was ≥0.5 in two consecutive positive samples or >0.8 in a unique serum sample. A careful review of concomitant treatments (piperacillin-tazobactam or amoxicillin-clavulonic acid) in each patient was necessary to detect possible false-positive GM determinations. Likewise, tests were performed on the same day to avoid sample contamination and to ensure accuracy of results.
SNP selection and genotyping
Twenty-seven tagging/functional SNPs within DC-SIGN, Dectin-1, Dectin-2, CCL2 and CCR2 were selected to genotype the entire panel of individuals (Table 1). The aim of the SNP tagging was to identify a set of SNPs that efficiently tags all the known SNPs while the functional approach was used to determine the net impact of potentially functional variants within DC-SIGN, Dectin-1, Dectin-2, CCL2 and CCR2 genes on IPA risk. Tagging SNPs were selected using Haploview Tagger program (http://www.broad.mit.edu/mpg/haploview/; http://www.broad.mit.edu/mpg/tagger/) and a pairwise tagging with a minimum r2 of 0.8. In this selection we forced the inclusion of the DC-SIGNrs4804803, CCL2rs1024610 and CCL2rs1024611 polymorphisms as their functionality has been suggested [35]–[37]. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) Qiagen Mini Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA, USA). Genotyping of DC-SIGN, Dectin-1, Dectin-2, CCL2 and CCR2 polymorphisms was carried out using KASPar assays (KBiosciences, Hoddesdon, Hertfordshire, UK) in a 384-well plate format (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA) where hematological patient samples were randomly distributed. KASPar reactions were performed using KASPar assay mix (containing probes) and KASPar kit containing 2× Reaction Mix and MgCl2 (50 mM). PCR conditions were: denaturation at 94°C for 15 min, 10 cycles of denaturation at 94°C for 10 sec, annealing at 57°C for 5 sec and elongation at 72°C for 10 sec and 20 cycles of denaturation at 94°C for 10 sec, annealing at 57°C for 20 sec and elongation at 72°C for 40 sec. Recycling conditions were 94°C for 10 sec, annealing and elongation at 60°C for 60 sec. PCR products were analyzed with the ABI Prism 7900HT detection system using the SDS 2.4 software (Applied Biosystems). For internal quality control, about 5% of samples were randomly selected and included as duplicate. Concordance between the original and the duplicate samples for the 27 SNPs analyzed was ≥99.5%. Call rates for all SNPs were ≥97.8% with the exception of the Dectin-1rs11053599 SNP with a call rate of 94.5%.
Statistical analysis
The Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE) tests were performed in the control group (non-IPA patients) by a standard observed-expected chi-square (χ2) test at each polymorphic site (http://ihg2.helmholtz-muenchen.de/cgi-bin/hw/hwa1.pl). Unconditional logistic regression was used to assess the main effects of the genetic polymorphisms on IPA risk using co-dominant, dominant and recessive inheritance models. For each SNP, the more common allele in the control group was assigned as the reference category. All analyses were adjusted for age, gender, hematological malignancy and established risk factors for IPA infection (HSCT, neutropenia, GVHD and corticoid therapy use) and were conducted using the statistical software SSPS (version 14.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago, USA). All tests were considered to be statistically significant with a p value of <0.05.
Adjustment for multiple testing was carried out following a conservative threshold for statistical significance, based on a revised version of the Bonferroni method: we calculated for each gene the "number of effective independent variables" (Meff) by use of the SNP Spectral Decomposition approach (http://gump.qimr.edu.au/general/daleN/SNPSpDsuperlite/) [38]. We obtained a study-wise Meff value by adding up the gene Meff's.
SNPtool (http://www.dkfz.de/de/molgen_epidemiology/tools/SNPtool.html) [39] and the Haploview v4.2 software were used for LD blocks reconstruction and haplotype association statistics. Block structures were determined according to the method of Gabriel et al. [40].
Functional prediction of associated SNPs
We used the Web-based tool FastSNP [41] available at http://fastsnp.ibms.sinica.edu.tw for predicting the functional significance of the SNPs associated with IPA infection. FastSNP utilizes information from another online program PolyPhen (http://www.bork.embl-heidelberg.de/PolyPhen/) and from four different web resources (TFSearch, ESEfinder, Rescue-ESE and FAS-ESS) to determine whether SNPs are located at exonic splicing regulatory sites, cause a non-conservative amino acid change or whether they alter the transcription factor-binding site of a gene (for instance, acting as intronic enhancer). The score was given by this tool on the basis of levels of risk with a ranking of 0 (no effect), 1 (very low), 2 (low), 3 (medium), 4 (high), or 5 (very high).
RNA extraction, reverse transcription, and qPCR
Whole blood samples from 21 healthy donors were collected into PAXGENE RNA tubes and stored at −80°C until use. Total RNAs were extracted using a PAXGENE Blood RNA Isolation Kit (PreAnalytiX) and reverse transcribed to cDNA using QuantiTect Reverse Transcription Kit (catalog number: 205311; Qiagen). Real-time quantitative PCR was carried out using an ABI PRISM® 7500 HT Sequence Detection System (Applied Biosystems) according to manufacturer's instructions. Briefly, 2 µl of the cDNA were loaded in a PCR reaction containing 12.5 µl of 2× QuantiTect SYBR Green PCR Master Mix with an appropriate concentration of MgCl2, 2.5 µl of primers (Hs_CLEC7A_1_SG QuantiTect Primer Assay, catalog number: QT00024059; Geneglobe, Qiagen) and 8 µl of RNase-free water. PCR cycling conditions were as follows: 95°C for 15 minutes, followed by 40 cycles of denaturation at 95°C for 15 seconds combined with annealing at 60°C for 30 seconds and extension at 72°C for 30 seconds. All samples were run in duplicate. Relative quantification of Dectin-1 mRNA expression was calculated with the 2−ΔΔCt method. We obtained the fold changes in gene expression normalized to an internal control gene (GAPDH, Hs_GAPDH_2_SG QuantiTect Primer Assay, Catalog number: QT01192646; Qiagen) and relative to one calibrator (FirstChoice®Human Brain Reference RNA, catalog number: 6050; Applied Biosystems).
SNP-SNP interaction analysis
We also analyzed high-order interactions between SNPs using the multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) constructive induction algorithm. A detailed explanation on the MDR method has been described elsewhere [42], [43]. SNPs in LD (cut-off of r2∼0.8) were excluded from the MDR analysis. Cross-validation and permutation testing were used to identify the best models. All possible two-, three- and four-way SNP interactions were tested using 100-fold cross-validation and the exhaustive search. The model with the highest testing balanced accuracy (TA) and cross validation consistency (CVC) was selected as "best model". Statistical significance was evaluated using a 1.000-fold permutation test to compare observed testing balanced accuracies with those expected under the null hypothesis of no association (using the MDR permutation testing module 0.4.9 alpha). MDR results were considered statistically significant at the 0.05 level. Finally, interactions were visualized by constructing an interaction dendrogram according to the method described by Moore et al [43]. MDR software and MDR permutation testing module are open-source and freely available from http://www.epistasis.org.
Population characteristics are described in Table 2. Compared to non-IPA, IPA cases were more likely to have cough and pathologic pulmonary sound (p<0.001 and 0.011, respectively) and presented more often pathological chest radiographies and CT scans (p<0.001). Established risk factors for IPA infection such as HSCT, neutropenia, GVHD and corticoid therapy use were homogenously distributed between IPA and non-IPA patient groups.
Fifty-seven patients were diagnosed with proven or probable IPA infection according to the revised EORTC/MSG criteria (2008). The association of risk of IPA infection with the individual 27 SNPs in the C-type lectin and chemokine genes is shown in the Table S1. All analyzed polymorphisms fulfilled Hardy-Weinberg expectations for the control group (non-IPA patients).
Several polymorphisms were found to be associated with IPA infection (Table 3). The Dectin-1rs3901533, Dectin-1rs7309123 and DC-SIGNrs4804800 polymorphisms showed the strongest association with risk of IPA infection (ORT/T = 5.59, 95%CI1.37–22.77; ORG/G = 4.91, 95%CI1.52–15.89 and ORA/G+G/G = 2.75, 95%CI 1.27–5.95, respectively). Additionally, carriers of the DC-SIGNrs11465384_T, DC-SIGN7248637_A and DC-SIGN7252229_C alleles had a significantly increased risk of IPA infection (ORC/T+T/T = 2.70, 95%CI 1.24–5.90; ORG/A+A/A = 2.39, 95%CI 1.09–5.22; ORG/C+C/C = 2.05, 95%CI 1.00–4.22, respectively) whereas patients carrying the DC-SIGNrs2287886_A allele showed a tendency to be associated with a decreased risk of IPA infection (per-allele OR = 0.60, 95%CI 0.34–1.05) (Table 3 and Table S1). After correction for multiple testing using SNPSpD (number of independent marker loci, 21; p = 0.05/21 = 0.002), none of the SNPs retained significance although Dectin-1rs7309123 showed significance when the carrier status was analyzed (CC+CG vs. GG, P = 0.001; Table 3).
In order to assess the degree to which the selected SNPs and the positivity of GM correlated, we also performed lineal regression analysis. In the whole population, 3784 assays were performed in duplicate and 531 were considered as positive (14.03%). We found a significantly higher percentage of positive GM among patients carrying the Dectin-1rs3901533_T allele and among those patients bearing the Dectin-1rs7309123_G/G genotype suggesting a role of these polymorphisms in determining a defective recognition and clearance of Aspergillus conidia (Figure 1). No correlation was observed for the polymorphisms within DC-SIGN that were associated with the infection.
We subsequently assessed whether SNPs associated with IPA infection showed capacity to change putative transcription factor binding sites using FastSNP. The predictive functional analysis suggested an intronic enhancer function for the Dectin-1rs7309123 SNP due to its location in transcription factor Cdxa (caudal type homeo-box transcription factor 1) binding site (GAAAGAC; score 1–2). These data suggest a central role of the rs7309123 in the susceptibility to IPA infection. None of the remaining SNPs associated with IPA infection was predicted to affect transcription factor binding sites or splicing or to introduce a damaging amino acid change.
To explore the potential consequences of Dectin-1rs7309123 SNP, Dectin-1 mRNA expression was measured in 21 healthy donors and was correlated with genotypes. Our results showed that subjects harbouring GG genotype showed a significantly decreased level of Dectin-1 mRNA expression compared to C-allele carriers (p<0.001; Figure 2). These results further supported our hypothesis suggesting that Dectin-1rs7309123_G allele may disrupt binding sites for potential transcription factors.
Dectin-1 mRNA levels were normalized for GAPDH mRNA levels. FirstChoice®Human Brain Reference RNA was used as Calibrator (Ambion; Catalog number AM6050).
The MDR analysis of the SNPs tested revealed statistically significant interactions. Two SNPs (rs1024611 and rs4264222) were excluded from the MDR analysis as they were in LD with other SNPs using a cut-off value of r2∼0.80 in our sample set. The best interaction models selected by the TuRF filter algorithm along with its testing accuracy and cross-validation consistency are shown in Table 4. The overall best model with the highest cross-validation consistency (CVC) consisted of a model that included the CCL2rs4586, Dectin-1rs3901533, CCR2rs3918358 and Dectin-2rs7134303 SNPs. This model had a significant testing accuracy of 0.7735 (permutation p<0.001) and a cross-validation consistency of 100/100. Of note is that two SNPs showing genetic interaction in this model were not significantly associated with an increased risk of IPA infection in the univariate analysis (CCR2rs3918358 and Dectin-2rs7134303). The best two-locus model consisted of the Dectin-1rs3901533 and DC-SIGNrs4804800 SNPs, two variants that showed also association in the single-locus analysis. This model had a testing accuracy of 0.6409 and a cross-validation consistency of 76/100. This model was not any more significant after 1.000-fold permutation testing. However, the entropy based information gain calculated for this pair of SNPs indicated strong synergy, which may be interpreted as the two SNPs acting together to increase the risk of IPA infection. The best three-locus model included the CCL2rs4586, Dectin-1rs3901533 and Dectin-2rs7134303 SNPs. In this model, testing accuracy raised to 0.7085 (permutation p = 0.025) whereas the cross-validation consistency was of 68/100. Figure 3 illustrates an interaction dendogram that summarizes the estimates of interactions.
The interaction dendrogram was used to confirm, visualize, and interpret the interaction model. The MDR analysis was performed by using the open-source MDR software package. The colors used depict the degree of synergy, ranging from red (highest information gain) to blue (highest information redundancy). Note that the interaction between Dectin-1 (rs3901533) and DC-SIGN (rs4804800) SNPs showed the highest degree of synergy (gain of information).
The marked differences in susceptibility to IPA infection among hematological patients (with or without allo-HSCT) suggest that the effective immune response against Aspergillus is determined by both environmental and host genetic factors [44], [45]. Studies on genetic polymorphisms in genes coding for components of the innate immunity have supported this hypothesis [19], [23]–[30], [46].
In this report, we studied the influence of the tagging and potentially functional polymorphisms of DC-SIGN, Dectin-1, Dectin-2, CCL2/MCP-1 and CCR2 in susceptibility to IPA infection in a Spanish population. Polymorphisms in these genes have been reported to influence a number of infectious diseases including HIV-1 [47]–[49], HTLV-1 [50], CMV [51], Tuberculosis [52]–[55], HCV [56], [57], HBV [58], Dengue [35] and SARS [59] among others, revealing their potential role in host defense against pathogens.
We found that polymorphisms in Dectin-1 (rs3901533 and rs7309123) and DC-SIGN (rs4804800, rs11465384, rs7248637 and rs7252229) were associated with an increased risk to develop IPA infection, which points towards their critical involvement in the pathogenesis of this invasive fungal infection. The highest risk of IPA infection was found for carriers of the Dectin-1rs3901533_T/T and Dectin-1rs7309123_G/G genotypes and the DC-SIGNrs4804800_G allele. Patients carrying these genotypes/alleles had from 2 to 6 times increased risk of IPA infection. Additionally, patients carrying the DC-SIGNrs11465384_T, DC-SIGN7248637_A and DC-SIGNrs7252229_C alleles showed a 2-fold increased risk in comparison with patients harboring the wild-type allele. Although it was not statistically significant, we also found that the DC-SIGNrs2287886 SNP may be associated with a reduced risk of IPA infection. Interestingly, this latter result was in agreement with our previously reported findings using the former EORTC/MSG classification criteria, 2005 [60]. The apparent effect of these SNPs on IPA susceptibility persisted even after adjustment for age, gender, hematological malignancy and several known risk factors (HSCT, neutropenia, GVHD and corticoid therapy use), indicating that Dectin-1 and DC-SIGN variants contribute independently to the risk of infection.
Another interesting finding of this study was the significantly greater positive GM percentage of patients carrying the Dectin-1rs3901533_T allele than those with the wild-type allele. Additionally, patients harboring the G/G genotype for the Dectin-1rs7903123 SNP showed an increased percentage of positive GM compared to those carrying the C allele (C/C+C/G). No differences were found when positive GM determinations were correlated with DC-SIGN polymorphisms. These data along with the remarkable degree of association of Dectin-1 and DC-SIGN variants with risk of IPA infection provides a compelling evidence for a critical role for these PRRs in immune response to IPA infection. In this regard, numerous studies have shown that Dectin-1 and DC-SIGN are not only involved in the recognition of fungal pathogens but also in the induction of anti-fungal Th1 and Th17 immune responses [5], [11]. Mezger et al. also demonstrated that Dectin-1 is involved in the induction of several pro-inflamatory cytokines, chemokines and immune receptors [18] while Werner et al. showed that Dectin-1 is also regulating Th17-mediated immune response in the lungs [61]. Furthermore, Dennehy and Brown suggested a role of Dectin-1 mediating its own signaling, as well as synergizing with TLRs to trigger NFκB-mediated immune response against fungal pathogens [62].
Although it is now well recognized that SNPs in genes modulating immune response are likely to be determinants of host susceptibility to fungal infections, so far, little is known regarding the biological significance of these variants. In order to shed light into the potential functionality of Dectin-1 (rs3901533 and rs7309123) and DC-SIGN (rs4804800, rs11465384, rs7248637, rs7252229 and rs2287886) variants, we investigated whether they were involved in disruption of a binding site for critical transcription factors that might influence transcription level of these genes. Our predictive analysis showed that the carriage of the C allele for the Dectin-1rs7309123 SNP creates a putative binding site for Cdxa, a relatively unknown transcription factor, which might be involved in the control of Dectin-1 gene expression. To assess whether the Dectin-1rs7309123 polymorphism might be associated with a decreased expression of Dectin-1, we correlated Dectin-1 mRNA expression levels with Dectin-1rs7309123 genotypes. Interestingly, we observed that individuals harbouring the GG genotype showed a relatively lower expression than those carrying the C allele (CC+GC). These results further supported our hypothesis suggesting that Dectin-1rs7309123 SNP may have an effect on the Dectin-1-mediated recognition of Aspergillus conidia and subsequent immune responses. However, this predicted change in transcription activity is only suggestive at this stage and will need further validation using in vitro functional assays.
Several lines of evidence point to the relevance of epistatic effects in the etiology of complex diseases but, up to now, no studies have been carried out to analyze the presence of SNP-SNP interactions in IPA infection. For this reason, we decide to assess interactions among genetic polymorphisms within DC-SIGN, Dectin-1, Dectin-2, CCL2 and CCR2, genes and the risk of IPA infection. The MDR approach used in this study was able to determine two multilocus combinations associated with high risk to develop IPA infection. Of the interactions identified, MDR indicated that the type of interaction in the two significant models was synergistic. These results support the hypothesis that multiple SNP–SNP interactions may play a role in determining the risk of IPA infection. This hypothesis is biologically plausible since the immune system would warrant prevention of fungal infection even when some genetic variants were present.
Recent population-based studies have even led to the identification of several SNPs involved in the early recognition of Aspergillus and associated them with an increased risk for invasive fungal infection. It has previously been suggested that SNPs within C-type lectin genes are associated with fungal infections. Platinga et al. (2009) and Cunha et al. (2010) suggested that patients carrying the Y238X (rs16910526) polymorphism in the Dectin-1 gene were more likely to be colonized with Aspergillus and Candida species [19], [63], compared with those harboring the wild-type allele. However, these results were not replicated in a very recent study [24]. In our study, such findings were neither evidenced even when HSCT and non-HSCT patients were analyzed separately (data not shown). This puzzling finding suggests that, although intronic polymorphisms within Dectin-1 and DC-SIGN are indeed themselves a strong indication that these genes play an important role in the susceptibility to IPA infection, we cannot rule out the possibility that these SNPs are part of a bigger haplotype containing important other genetic variants in the neighboring genes. In any case, because all these population-based studies have been conducted using relatively small cohorts, additional studies in larger set of patients are needed to definitely establish the role of these variants in the susceptibility to invasive fungal infection.
In summary, this study provides evidence of association between Dectin-1 and DC-SIGN polymorphisms and the risk of IPA infection. By the inclusion of functional prediction analyses, the correlation of genotypes with positive GM determinations and Dectin-1 mRNA expression levels, the study strongly supported the role of Dectin-1 gene variants in determining susceptibility to IPA infection. Epistatic analyses also suggested the presence of a gene-gene interaction involving Dectin-1 with CCL2 and CCR2 variants to determine IPA infection. Despite all these evidences, additional studies using larger cohorts will be necessary to confirm the effect of these polymorphisms on the susceptibility to IPA infection.
Supporting Information
Table S1.
Associations of polymorphisms involved in the phagocyte-immune related response against Aspergillus. 1Models adjusted for age, gender, hematological malignancy, HSCT, neutropenia (defined as absolute neutrophil count <500 cells/mm3 for a period of more than 10 days), GVHD and corticoid therapy use (>0.3 mg/Kg/day). ‡ Assuming a recessive model of inheritance. Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval. Differences in samples numbers are due to failures in genotyping.
We thank all participants in this study and Rosa Cano (laboratory technician) for sample collection and technical support.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: JS MJ. Performed the experiments: JS. Analyzed the data: JS CBL. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: KH AF. Wrote the paper: JS AF MJ. Sample and data collection: JSC CBL LV RR SO.
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- 13. Bozza S, Gaziano R, Spreca A, Bacci A, Montagnoli C, et al. (2002) Dendritic cells transport conidia and hyphae of Aspergillus fumigatus from the airways to the draining lymph nodes and initiate disparate Th responses to the fungus. J Immunol 168: 1362–1371.
- 14. den Dunnen J, Gringhuis SI, Geijtenbeek TB (2009) Innate signaling by the C-type lectin DC-SIGN dictates immune responses. Cancer Immunol Immunother 58: 1149–1157.
- 15. LeibundGut-Landmann S, Gross O, Robinson MJ, Osorio F, Slack EC, et al. (2007) Syk- and CARD9-dependent coupling of innate immunity to the induction of T helper cells that produce interleukin 17. Nat Immunol 8: 630–638.
- 16. Saijo S, Iwakura Y (2011) Dectin-1 and Dectin-2 in innate immunity against fungi. Int Immunol.
- 17. Reid DM, Gow NA, Brown GD (2009) Pattern recognition: recent insights from Dectin-1. Curr Opin Immunol 21: 30–37.
- 18. Mezger M, Kneitz S, Wozniok I, Kurzai O, Einsele H, et al. (2008) Proinflammatory response of immature human dendritic cells is mediated by dectin-1 after exposure to Aspergillus fumigatus germ tubes. J Infect Dis 197: 924–931.
- 19. Cunha C, Di Ianni M, Bozza S, Giovannini G, Zagarella S, et al. (2010) Dectin-1 Y238X polymorphism associates with susceptibility to invasive aspergillosis in hematopoietic transplantation through impairment of both recipient- and donor-dependent mechanisms of antifungal immunity. Blood 116: 5394–5402.
- 20. Bochud PY, Chien JW, Marr KA, Leisenring WM, Upton A, et al. (2008) Toll-like receptor 4 polymorphisms and aspergillosis in stem-cell transplantation. N Engl J Med 359: 1766–1777.
- 21. Carvalho A, Pasqualotto AC, Pitzurra L, Romani L, Denning DW, et al. (2008) Polymorphisms in toll-like receptor genes and susceptibility to pulmonary aspergillosis. J Infect Dis 197: 618–621.
- 22. Kesh S, Mensah NY, Peterlongo P, Jaffe D, Hsu K, et al. (2005) TLR1 and TLR6 polymorphisms are associated with susceptibility to invasive aspergillosis after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1062: 95–103.
- 23. de Boer MG, Jolink H, Halkes CJ, van der Heiden PL, Kremer D, et al. (2011) Influence of polymorphisms in innate immunity genes on susceptibility to invasive aspergillosis after stem cell transplantation. PLoS One 6: e18403.
- 24. Chai LY, de Boer MG, van der Velden WJ, Plantinga TS, van Spriel AB, et al. (2011) The Y238X stop codon polymorphism in the human beta-glucan receptor dectin-1 and susceptibility to invasive aspergillosis. J Infect Dis 203: 736–743.
- 25. Sainz J, Perez E, Gomez-Lopera S, Jurado M (2008) IL1 gene cluster polymorphisms and its haplotypes may predict the risk to develop invasive pulmonary aspergillosis and modulate C-reactive protein level. J Clin Immunol 28: 473–485.
- 26. Sainz J, Hassan L, Perez E, Romero A, Moratalla A, et al. (2007) Interleukin-10 promoter polymorphism as risk factor to develop invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Immunol Lett 109: 76–82.
- 27. Seo KW, Kim DH, Sohn SK, Lee NY, Chang HH, et al. (2005) Protective role of interleukin-10 promoter gene polymorphism in the pathogenesis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 36: 1089–1095.
- 28. Mezger M, Steffens M, Beyer M, Manger C, Eberle J, et al. (2008) Polymorphisms in the chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 10 are associated with invasive aspergillosis after allogeneic stem-cell transplantation and influence CXCL10 expression in monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Blood 111: 534–536.
- 29. Sainz J, Salas-Alvarado I, Lopez-Fernandez E, Olmedo C, Comino A, et al. (2010) TNFR1 mRNA expression level and TNFR1 gene polymorphisms are predictive markers for susceptibility to develop invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 23: 423–436.
- 30. Sainz J, Perez E, Hassan L, Moratalla A, Romero A, et al. (2007) Variable number of tandem repeats of TNF receptor type 2 promoter as genetic biomarker of susceptibility to develop invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Hum Immunol 68: 41–50.
- 31. De Pauw B, Walsh TJ, Donnelly JP, Stevens DA, Edwards JE, et al. (2008) Revised definitions of invasive fungal disease from the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer/Invasive Fungal Infections Cooperative Group and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group (EORTC/MSG) Consensus Group. Clin Infect Dis 46: 1813–1821.
- 32. Marr KA, Balajee SA, McLaughlin L, Tabouret M, Bentsen C, et al. (2004) Detection of galactomannan antigenemia by enzyme immunoassay for the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis: variables that affect performance. J Infect Dis 190: 641–649.
- 33. Maertens J, Theunissen K, Verbeken E, Lagrou K, Verhaegen J, et al. (2004) Prospective clinical evaluation of lower cut-offs for galactomannan detection in adult neutropenic cancer patients and haematological stem cell transplant recipients. Br J Haematol 126: 852–860.
- 34. Maertens J, Van Eldere J, Verhaegen J, Verbeken E, Verschakelen J, et al. (2002) Use of circulating galactomannan screening for early diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis in allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients. J Infect Dis 186: 1297–1306.
- 35. Sakuntabhai A, Turbpaiboon C, Casademont I, Chuansumrit A, Lowhnoo T, et al. (2005) A variant in the CD209 promoter is associated with severity of dengue disease. Nat Genet 37: 507–513.
- 36. Rovin BH, Lu L, Saxena R (1999) A novel polymorphism in the MCP-1 gene regulatory region that influences MCP-1 expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 259: 344–348.
- 37. McDermott DH, Yang Q, Kathiresan S, Cupples LA, Massaro JM, et al. (2005) CCL2 polymorphisms are associated with serum monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 levels and myocardial infarction in the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 112: 1113–1120.
- 38. Stephens M, Scheet P (2005) Accounting for decay of linkage disequilibrium in haplotype inference and missing-data imputation. Am J Hum Genet 76: 449–462.
- 39. Chen B, Wilkening S, Drechsel M, Hemminki K (2009) SNP_tools: A compact tool package for analysis and conversion of genotype data for MS-Excel. BMC Res Notes 2: 214.
- 40. Gabriel SB, Schaffner SF, Nguyen H, Moore JM, Roy J, et al. (2002) The structure of haplotype blocks in the human genome. Science 296: 2225–2229.
- 41. Yuan HY, Chiou JJ, Tseng WH, Liu CH, Liu CK, et al. (2006) FASTSNP: an always up-to-date and extendable service for SNP function analysis and prioritization. Nucleic Acids Res 34: W635–641.
- 42. Ritchie MD, Hahn LW, Moore JH (2003) Power of multifactor dimensionality reduction for detecting gene-gene interactions in the presence of genotyping error, missing data, phenocopy, and genetic heterogeneity. Genet Epidemiol 24: 150–157.
- 43. Moore JH (2004) Computational analysis of gene-gene interactions using multifactor dimensionality reduction. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 4: 795–803.
- 44. Ok M, Einsele H, Loeffler J (2011) Genetic susceptibility to Aspergillus fumigatus infections. Int J Med Microbiol 301: 445–452.
- 45. Asakura Y, Komatsu T (2009) Toll-like receptor 4 polymorphisms and aspergillosis. N Engl J Med 360–635; author reply 635–636.
- 46. Zaas AK, Liao G, Chien JW, Weinberg C, Shore D, et al. (2008) Plasminogen alleles influence susceptibility to invasive aspergillosis. PLoS Genet 4: e1000101.
- 47. Martin MP, Lederman MM, Hutcheson HB, Goedert JJ, Nelson GW, et al. (2004) Association of DC-SIGN promoter polymorphism with increased risk for parenteral, but not mucosal, acquisition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. J Virol 78: 14053–14056.
- 48. Smith MW, Dean M, Carrington M, Winkler C, Huttley GA, et al. (1997) Contrasting genetic influence of CCR2 and CCR5 variants on HIV-1 infection and disease progression. Hemophilia Growth and Development Study (HGDS), Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS), Multicenter Hemophilia Cohort Study (MHCS), San Francisco City Cohort (SFCC), ALIVE Study. Science 277: 959–965.
- 49. Koizumi Y, Kageyama S, Fujiyama Y, Miyashita M, Lwembe R, et al. (2007) RANTES -28G delays and DC-SIGN - 139C enhances AIDS progression in HIV type 1-infected Japanese hemophiliacs. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 23: 713–719.
- 50. Kashima S, Rodrigues ES, Azevedo R, da Cruz Castelli E, Mendes-Junior CT, et al. (2009) DC-SIGN (CD209) gene promoter polymorphisms in a Brazilian population and their association with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 infection. J Gen Virol 90: 927–934.
- 51. Mezger M, Steffens M, Semmler C, Arlt EM, Zimmer M, et al. (2008) Investigation of promoter variations in dendritic cell-specific ICAM3-grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN) (CD209) and their relevance for human cytomegalovirus reactivation and disease after allogeneic stem-cell transplantation. Clin Microbiol Infect 14: 228–234.
- 52. Vannberg FO, Chapman SJ, Khor CC, Tosh K, Floyd S, et al. (2008) CD209 genetic polymorphism and tuberculosis disease. PLoS One 3: e1388.
- 53. Ganachari M, Ruiz-Morales JA, Gomez de la Torre Pretell JC, Dinh J, Granados J, et al. (2010) Joint effect of MCP-1 genotype GG and MMP-1 genotype 2G/2G increases the likelihood of developing pulmonary tuberculosis in BCG-vaccinated individuals. PLoS One 5: e8881.
- 54. Flores-Villanueva PO, Ruiz-Morales JA, Song CH, Flores LM, Jo EK, et al. (2005) A functional promoter polymorphism in monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 is associated with increased susceptibility to pulmonary tuberculosis. J Exp Med 202: 1649–1658.
- 55. Barreiro LB, Neyrolles O, Babb CL, Tailleux L, Quach H, et al. (2006) Promoter variation in the DC-SIGN-encoding gene CD209 is associated with tuberculosis. PLoS Med 3: e20.
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- 57. Muhlbauer M, Bosserhoff AK, Hartmann A, Thasler WE, Weiss TS, et al. (2003) A novel MCP-1 gene polymorphism is associated with hepatic MCP-1 expression and severity of HCV-related liver disease. Gastroenterology 125: 1085–1093.
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- 63. Plantinga TS, van der Velden WJ, Ferwerda B, van Spriel AB, Adema G, et al. (2009) Early stop polymorphism in human DECTIN-1 is associated with increased candida colonization in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Clin Infect Dis 49: 724–732.


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Discover the Latin life at Las Iguanas Aberdeen with all the sizzling South American favourites and more! Conveniently located near Aberdeen station, our Union Square restaurant is nestled amongst the vibrant buzz of a popular spot in the city for tourists and locals alike. Aberdeen Las Iguanas is ideally situated for lunching mid-shopping or making a night of it. Aberdeen Las Iguanas is perfect for big parties, cosy corners, family time, lunch or cocktails at the bar. See you there!
Contact Us
18 Upper Level Mall
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Happy Hour
Our legendary cocktail menu brings the party with Happy Hour cocktails on offer for just £3.90 all day every day.
Our policy is that only guests who can provide ID to prove they are 18 and above can be served alcohol for their own consumption

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24 hour races Subscribe to 24 hour races
Energia 24 Hour Race 2016
The Energia 24 Hour race in Belfast finished today, June 26th at noon. The event featured a 12 hour, a 100km race and a 24 hour relay. The 24 hour… Read more
Dawn To Dusk To Dawn Track Ultras 2016
The Dawn To Dusk To Dawn Track Ultras 2016 currently taking place in Sharon Hill, PA, USA have Pam Smith leading the 24 hour after almost 9 hours. A very… Read more
IAU World and European 24 Hour Championships 2016/17
The IAU World and European 24 Hour Championships 2016 will take place in Albi, France. The date is scheduled for October 22nd/23rd and the venue is the Albi Municipal Stadium…. Read more
Energia24 Hour Race Belfast 2016
Posted on Facebook: ENERGIA 24-HR RACE 2016. Apologies for the radio silence but have been sorting a few things out. Energia24 is on the move. After 6 years at the… Read more
24 Horas D`Atletisme Barcelona 2015
The 24 Horas D`Atletisme Barcelona 2015 finished earlier today with Scotland's Marco Consani taking the win and setting a pb and a course record covering 254.74 km in the 24… Read more
Desert Solstice 24 Hour 2015 – Results
The Desert Solstice 24 Hour 2015 wrapped up earlier today in Phoenix Arizona with Pete Kostelnick putting in the best US 24 hour performance of the year and second in… Read more
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Desert Solstice 24 Hour 2015 is taking place in Phoenix Arizona and is just coming up to the 20 hour point. Pete Kostelnick leads with 136 miles and in second… Read more


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Demorest has 1,465 residents. It is located in Habersham county.
For Georgia residents, the average tuition for all Demorest political science schools for the 2009 - 2010 school year was $18,000.00. For non-residents, the average tuition for Demorest political science schools was $18,000.00.
The average cost of books and supplies for political science schools in Demorest is $1,500.00. Students living on campus at political science schools in Demorest paid an average of $6,000.00 for room and board during the 2009 - 2010 school year. Students living at home incurred costs of $3,200.00. There is one political science college in Demorest. In the 2008 - 2009 school year, reportedly 5 students completed political science programs in Demorest.
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- Project Details
Title LEGEND - Leverage knowledge for sustainable innovation and growth
Project Number 2013-1-SK1-LEO05-06361
Product Adjusted training materials (participants) for e-learning
Title Adjusted training materials (participants) for e-learning
Product Type material for open learning
Marketing Text The digitalisation of the training materials enables the learners and course participants to do asynchronous e-learning assignments to strenghten their knowledge through repetition and applying the theorectical content in their specific environment and to connect with lecturers and other participants outside of the classroom. This contributes to achieving the project objectives as it enables the learners (SMEs, their partner institutions as well as future trainers) to apply the Intellectual Capital Method in order to become important players withing the Regional Innovation Systems.
E-learning system represents a modern and flexible way to learn. Its advantage lies mainly in flexible access to all materials, storage of high-capacity documents, posting of further reading, lectures and other tools. E-learning system may serve also for sharing videos or as a forum for discussion with students. Within the LEGEND project, it serves as one of the sustainability tools operating after the project end.
The E-learning system was developed simultaneously with teaching materials. While the teaching content was being developed, the technicians of Centire created e-learning system according to the requirements of the project partners. The elaborated learning materials were transferred into an electronic format that can be easily integrated in the e-learning system. Already when developing the curricula, it was considered that all final training materials need to be applied into the e-Learning system. Therefore, all materials were developed in an electronic format and integrated e-Learning components. The materials were designed to be easily and clearly structured within the different modules of the training which allows an easy transition into the e-Learning system. The materials provided the learners with an overview of the content, the learning objectives and outcomes of each module. All curricula were visualized to help the learner to navigate through the modules following the learning path
Target group
1) SMEs
2) Trainers ("future trainers")
3) SME partner organizations from academic institutions: Higher Education Institutions (HEI) and Research & Development (R&D) Institutions
4) Partner institutions/Project team members
5) Other stakeholders in the Regional Innovation System (e.g. policy-maker or professionals working with SMEs and interested in innovation and R&D support, comprising the existing or potential trainers, consultants, academics, etc. who could later use the skills in further training of SME managers or their partner institutions engaged in R&D activities on intellectual capital management).
Area of application Different industries (SMEs from the IT-, BioTech-, Engery-sector etc.) and Higher Education sector
Product Languages


text: Greg Kinnear : Ask Biography RSS Greg Kinnear Greg Kinnear in May 2006 Personal informationBirth nameGregory KinnearBirth dateJune 17, 1963(age 53)Place of birthLogansport, Indiana, U.S.OccupationActor/TV personalityYears active1988 – presentSpouseHelen Labdon (1999 – present) Home | American actors | Greg Kinnear Gregory "Greg" Kinnear (born June 17, 1963) is an American actor and television personality, who first rose to stardom in 1991. He has appeared in more than 20 motion pictures, and Kinnear was nominated for an Academy Award for his role in As Good as It Gets. Warning: simplexml_load_file(http://gdata.youtube.com/feeds/api/videos/-/Greg/Kinnear?orderby=viewCount&max-results=10) [function.simplexml-load-file]: failed to open stream: HTTP request failed! HTTP/1.0 410 Gone in /home/askbio/public_html/index_bio.php on line 257 Warning: simplexml_load_file() [function.simplexml-load-file]: I/O warning : failed to load external entity "http://gdata.youtube.com/feeds/api/videos/-/Greg/Kinnear?orderby=viewCount&max-results=10" in /home/askbio/public_html/index_bio.php on line 257 Fatal error: Call to a member function children() on a non-object in /home/askbio/public_html/index_bio.php on line 260


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Compact Clam Heat Press (12x12) UKPress HP230C
HP230C Compact Clam Heat Press (12x12cm)
The HP230C Compact sublimation Clam Heat Press is perfect for professional sublimation heat transfer and t-shirt printing.
This model is compact in its design ideal for clients who would like to print onto small items. Crafted to offer a sleek and sophisticated design, the Blue Wave Edition Compact clam press offers a high quality finish for the use of vinyl or sublimation transfer paper onto your choice of items.
Print onto small format items such as stickers, labels, coasters and mouse mats with ease and precision. The HP230C compact clam heat press are crafted with durable components with an evenly heated 12x12cm heating platen.
- Voltage: 110/220 v
- Power: 600W
- Time Range: 0-999 seconds
- Temperature Range: 0 - 250 C
- Printing Area: 12 x 12 cm
- Gross Weight: 15 kg
- Package Size: 35 x 24 x 30.5 cm
- Compact blue wave edition design
- Durable and reliable crafted components
- Small form solution for print transfer
Content Includes
- 1 x HP230C Compact Clam Heat Press (12x12) UKPress Blue Wave Edition
- 1 x Instructions Manual
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By: Rob Valcich
Welcome to the walkthrough for the iOS game Polygonic, if you are looking for ways to make it to the next level, and to improve gaming experience as a master player, you've come to the right place. Here you will find Polygonic tips, tricks and guides, as well as the opportunity to share your own discoveries to help others move on and beat the game.
If you can't find the answer to your question you are welcome to post it in the comments section below. This way others who know the answer can help you by sharing their own tips and advices.
Polygonic game app is developed by Rob Valcich and available on iTunes and Google Play. For more details on the app, check out our review.
- App name: Polygonic
- Seller: Rob Valcich
- Category: Educational
- Updated: Jul 20, 2014
Polygonic iOS/Android Gameplay
Check out these tutorial for all levels of Polygonic. We'll continue to update this list with the latest answers as new levels are released.
Polygonic Answers
- Basic Game Guide Part One - virtua racing continent vrc7
Hit like if this helped you!
Until the Walkthrough is completed, feel free to ask for help in the comments section.


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NRL602 Rotating Laser offers multiple rotating speeds from 0 to ̶600 rpm. Contains three beams for squaring, alignment and marking. 10° and 20° scan modes with star point. Out-of-range alarm prevents expensive mistakes. Industry-grade dust and water resistance. Leveling accuracy of 1/8" at 100'. ±5° leveling range. For interior use. Includes Rechargeable Battery and Charger, Remote Control, carrying case and manual.Increase the Rotating Laser's radius to 800' with Laser Detector No. 158740, sold separately. The NRL602 Rotating Laser Package includes the Laser, Detector with clamp, 9'L leveling rod (feet and inches), tripod, Remote Control, carrying case and manual. Power it with the Rechargeable Battery and Charger for NRL602 Rotating Laser, sold separately.Operate your Rotary Laser from a distance with the NRL602 Remote Control—a replacement item for the Remote included with the Rotating Laser and Rotating Laser Package.
© 2017 Ariens Specialty Brands LLC
CAGE Code: 3ZEL7 | DUNS: 18-854-1176
Reference Number: WB0000


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Certified Pre-Owned Truck - 2015 Chevrolet Equinox LT w/1LT in West Bend, Wi
*** GM CERTIFIED *** 8 WAY POWER DRIVERS SEAT, 1LT PACKAGE, REMOTE KEYLESS ENTRY, CRUISE CONTROL, REMOTE START, BACK UP CAMERA. COME TEST DRIVE TODAY TRANSPARENT and EFFORTLESS CAR BUYING , CALL or STOP BY TODAY... Get a complete vehicle history on this model. Plus, Heiser has been in business for 98 Years! We can get you the best result for financing from our many contacts. Call us today! Please let us help you with finding the ideal New, Used, or Certified vehicle. along with getting you the best prices and incentives available and explaining the purchase, lease, and financing options. Good Credit or bad we can help. Our vehicles are value priced and move quickly. All trades welcome we pay top dollar for your trade in. This Equinox is Certified Pre-Owned. What does Certified get you? - 2 year or 24,000 mile Maintenance Plan - 1 year or 12,000 mile in addition to the Bumper to Bumper Limited Warranty -$0 DEDUCTABLE 5 year or 60,000 mile Power Train Limited Warranty -172 Point Safety Inspection and Reconditioning Process -24 Hour Roadside Assistance *Emergency Towing *LockOut Protection *Flat Tire Changes *Fuel Delivery *Jump Starts (at home or on the road) Heiser has the history to get you the best result for financing from our long-term contacts. Call us today! 2.4 liter inline 4 cylinder DOHC engine, 4 Doors, 4-wheel ABS brakes, Air conditioning, Audio controls on steering wheel, Automatic Transmission, Bluetooth, Center Console - Full with covered storage, Clock - In-radio display, Compass, Cruise control, Daytime running lights, Dusk sensing headlights, External temperature display, Front seat type - Bucket, Front-wheel drive, Fuel economy EPA highway (mpg): 32 and EPA city (mpg): 22, Head airbags - Curtain 1st and 2nd row, Interior air filtration, Intermittent window wipers, Passenger Airbag, Power heated mirrors, Power windows with 4 one-touch, Privacy/tinted glass, Rear bench seats, Rear defogger, Rear spoiler - Lip, Rear wiper, Reclining rear seats, Remote power door locks, Stability control - Stability control with anti-roll, Tachometer, Tilt and telescopic steering wheel, Traction control - ABS and driveline, Transmission hill holder, Trip computer, Video Monitor Location - Front
Major Accidents, Lemon History and Odometer Problems
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2620 W Washington St
West Bend, Wi. 53095
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Flood dangers do not end when the water begins to recede. Only return home if it is safe to do so. When returning home, do not attempt t...
China Sunergy Co., Ltd., a specialized solar cell and module manufacturer, announced today that Sunergy America LLC (a subsidiary of Ch...
Sacramento County's most recent Crop and Livestock report indicated that Apiary (bee keeping) production has increased. With Sacrame...
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Government & Organizations, Non-ProfitFollow
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Listen to events at Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs. Speakers and interviewees include distinguished authors, government and UN officials, economists, policymakers, and businesspeople. Topics range from the ethics of war and peace, to the place of religion in politics, to issues at the forefront of global social justice. To learn more about our work and to explore a wealth of related resources, please visit our website at http://www.carnegiecouncil.org.
July 14th, 2016
Episode 1195 of 1282 episodes
Was Prime Minister Abe's landslide victory in the July elections a vote of confidence in his ability to jump-start Japan's stagnant economy, or simply a desire for stability? Will he use his majority to revise Japan's constitution? What is the mood of the country today, especially among young people? Japan scholar Sheila Smith discusses all these issues and more.
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BIZ 1900 Duo
A cost-efficient call center headset
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Originally posted on The Football Fan Spot | Last updated 12/30/12
Oakland Raiders (4-11) at San Diego Chargers (6-9) Aside from this being a divisional matchup, this is a completely meaningless game for these two teams. Both are out of the playoffs by a long shot. I have a rule against making significant plays on completely meaningless games. If the teams might not care about a game, I shouldn't either. There's just no way to predict what kind of effort either side is going to give. The Raiders do have a powerful trend on their side as they are road dogs off a road loss. Teams are 86-51 ATS in this spot since 2008. The Chargers are also 1-5 ATS in their last 6 home games (3-3 ATS on the road in that same time period). This is also a game they're expected to do something in. They are 2-7 ATS in their last 9 as favorites or dogs of a field goal or less and 2-0 ATS as 3.5+ dogs in that same time period. However, the Chargers do have one trend on their side as sub .500 home favorites are 24-10 ATS during week 17 since 2002. I haven't used that one in ...
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Heeren House
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After learning from yesterday's mistake, we didn't bother setting out to find breakfast until 10am, when everything opens in Melaka. We fly to Penang tomorrow, and so on our way out in search of food, I asked our landlady (?) if we could organise a taxi to the airport, as public transport here is pretty much non-existent. She doesn't speak much …
Oompa Lumpurs
... interesting, as it is a slice of jungle in the middle of a city. It was very humid, and I got sweaty yet again. I went there to go on the canopy walk, but it was shut, which annoyed the hell out of me. When I got back to the hotel, Susie was still asleep. We got the train to the bus station to the south of the city a little bit too early, as the train we wanted arrived at the station just as we got to the platform. I had an unfortunate moment with a blind man, where I was frozen ...
First night: Elegance
... been the Malacca.
We had our Chicken rice at Famosa Restaurant. It's not difficult to recognise the restaurant as it's entirely red with a pic of Cai Lan (Hong Kong celebrity chef) on the entrance. As we wanted to try everything, we ordered both steam and roast chicken. As usual, ...
... became independent in 1957.
We also found some pretty cool temples.
On a side note, my bowels haven't survived the crossing to Malaysia and with trips to the toilet becoming pretty regular! haha. Usual travelling issues. Thankfully I'm not the only one as Dave is suffering just as bad as me. lol.
The next morning we caught a bus the Melaka Sentral and caught a bus up to Kuala Lumpur.
Malacca and the empire that became a restaurant
... and he gave in. We got on the people and realised we should have taken a taxi instead because a 2.5 hour bus turned into 5 hours. Not only that but it dropped us off far from the hotel, contrary to close to the hotel, being this latter where it should have dropped us off. We then had to take a really old falling to pieces taxi that ripped us off with no meter and had praise to Allah in his radio AND smoking in the car. We where then thinking are we in ...


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SINGAPORE / The Straits Times / Asia / Breaking News / October 8, 2010
JAILED Chinese dissident Liu Xiaobo won the 2010 Nobel Peace Prize on Friday for championing reform in China in a move that is certain to anger Beijing. The writer and university professor was honoured 'for his long and non-violent struggle for fundamental human rights in China,' Norwegian Nobel Committee president Thorbjoern Jagland said in his announcement.
'The Norwegian Nobel Committee has long believed that there is a close connection between human rights and peace,' he added.
Imprisoned Chinese pro-democracy activist Liu Xiaobo won the Nobel Peace Prize for 2010 'for his long and non-violent struggle for fundamental human rights in China'. -- Photo: Reuters
The award is sure to inflame China's communist rulers who jailed Liu, 54, last year for following the 2008 release of 'Charter 08', a manifesto for reform signed by more than 300 Chinese intellectuals, academics and writers.
The Chinese government has frequently warned the Norwegian Nobel Committee to steer clear of pro-democracy advocates in general, and recently specifically warned them off Liu.
But Mr Jagland insisted that the Nobel Committee has the right to question the human rights record of one of the world's great powers. -- AFP
Copyright © 2010 Singapore Press Holdings Ltd.
Related reports
Liu Xiaobo's wife 'so excited'
Liu Xiaobo wins Nobel Peace prize
Activists have staged rallies in Hong Kong and other places calling for the release of Liu from prison [EPA]
Courtesy: Al Jazeera


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Wieland Brighton Therapy Associates (319) 354-8906511 Iowa AvenueIowa City, IA 52240Nearby
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Judaism in Biological Perspective
Biblical Lore and Judaic Practices
By (author) Rick Goldberg
Format: Hardback
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Judaism in Biological Perspective by Rick Goldberg
Book DescriptionCan there be rational examples of the compatibility between natural science and Judaism? This book offers a strikingly novel perspective on traditional and contemporary Judaic practices. For those with some Judaic knowledge, there are biological explanations in these chapters not seen elsewhere. For those well-versed in evolutionary theory, the authors' perspectives suggest new approaches to the scientific study of religion. Topics include the monistic tendency, biblical polygyny, biblical family conflict, circumcision and proselytes, sacrificial-ritualistic mitzvot (obligations), periodic conjugal separation, Judaic traditionalism, male and female reproductive strategies, and the relationship between costly signaling and prestige.
Buy Judaism in Biological Perspective book by Rick Goldberg from Australia's Online Bookstore, Boomerang Books.
Book DetailsISBN: 9781594515637
(229mm x 152mm x 20mm)
Pages: 240
Imprint: Paradigm
Publisher: Taylor & Francis Ltd
Publish Date: 20-Sep-2008
Country of Publication: United Kingdom
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Author Biography - Rick Goldberg
Rick Goldberg is Principal of Binah Yitzrit Foundation of Austin, Texas. The foundation funds scholarly work exploring religion, especially Judaism, from a bio-theoretical perspective.
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home of hillbillies, poor people, nasty girls with only a few teeth, trucks on cinderblocks, and they suck at all sports. The get owned by UA in every sport. They have maybe have 5 state championships compaired to UA's 115 state championships. Sorry were just better and Dublin can never be as good as us even if the have that stupid corn sculpture, which looks just like a bunch of dicks. Arlington=$$$$$ Dublin= 8===)~~~
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Insight Guides: Russia, Belarus & Ukraine
3rd Revised edition
Format: Paperback
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Insight Guides: Russia, Belarus & Ukraine
Book DescriptionThis brand new edition, Insight Guide to Russia, features a wealth of inspiring full-colour photography, including outstanding double page spreads of Russia's vast and spectacular scenery. The top attractions are identified to help you plan your trip priorities and a 'Best of' section highlights the most unique experiences Russia has to offer, along with personal recommendations on what to see and do whilst there, such as a visit to the Golden Ring or a ride on the Trans-Siberian Railroad. An in-depth 'Places' section covers the entire country, region by region, with all the principal sites cross-referenced by number to the accompanying full-colour maps. Additional maps inside the front and back covers enable instant orientation and easy navigation around Russia; the first depicting the country as a whole and the latter detailing the Moscow and St Petersburg metros. Colour-coded sections explore Russia's history, covering everything from decisive dates to the rise and fall of the Soviet Empire, and also interesting features on everything from Religion and Art to Russian Cinema and the Women of Russia. A comprehensive Travel Tips section details transport, accommodation for all budgets, eating out, activities, and an A-Z of other practical information, including useful contact numbers, to ensure your trip goes smoothly. The unique combination of insightful exploration alongside practical advice means that this guide truly is a pleasure to read before, during and after your visit.
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Book DetailsISBN: 9789812589972
(223mm x 157mm x 25mm)
Pages: 388
Imprint: Insight Guides
Publisher: APA Publications
Publish Date: 25-Oct-2008
Country of Publication: United Kingdom
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Mary Chapin Carpenter Revisits Her Hits With the National Symphony Orchestra
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The sensual vocals and poetic songwriting of Grammy-winning singer Mary Chapin Carpenter helped propel her 1992 country album Come On Come On to quadruple-platinum status. Since then, her beautiful music has become more socially and politically oriented, while also increasingly bringing in orchestral elements. Her latest album, Songs From the Movie, revisits tunes from her past, setting them to symphonic instrumentation evocative of a stirring film score. Now, you can see her play these compelling reinventions of her own with the National Symphony Orchestra.
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The Promenade Coffs Harbour
Beauty Services, Beauty Treatment, Beauty Therapy
Located in the desirable boutique shopping and dining location, the Promenade Coffs Harbour, is a beauty salon with a difference. Beauty on the Promenade projects a vision of warmth and comfort and the offerings have been focussed on making people smile – at an affordable price. The therapists want to make your beauty experience a happy and pleasurable, and we are always looking out for new treatments and technologies.We offer an extensive range of treatments and products. including Priori skin products and Inika mineral make-up. We also stock Clarins skincare productsServices include a range of facials, manicures and pedicures. Massages are also available and include hot stones therapy. Our range of products and services includes:Facials • Waxing • Massage• Manicures • Pedicures• Men's Grooming • Treatment Packages• Bridal Packages • Gift Vouchers Available
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At Hair at the Promenade we truly believe we offer the "very best" in customer service.
Seasons Boutique is a unique shopping destination for women who enjoy our relaxed but stylish coastal lifestyle.
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text: Jillian Madison is the founder of the Pophangover network, a collection of twelve snarky pop-culture blogs. The sites are visited by tens of millions of people every month, and her content is frequently retweeted by celebrities and referenced by media giants like The Huffington Post, Gawker, and Funny or Die. She lives in coastal Connecticut.


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Swank serves federal correctional facilities, adult and juvenile state facilities, county and city jails and many privately operated correctional facilities.
Founded in 1937, Swank Motion Pictures, Inc.® is a successful, growing business privately owned by the Swank family and led by Tim Swank, Chairman. Headquartered in St. Louis, Swank also has an office location in Paris, France. Swank is the world's largest non-theatrical distributor of motion pictures for public performance and the acknowledged leader in the field.
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Steve Kelman notes that one of the most important enablers of innovation is a governmentwide entity to provide coaching and air cover.
The chairman and ranking member of the IT Subcommittee of the House Oversight and Government Reform Committee urge colleagues to pass information sharing legislation that preserves privacy, and to push government to abandon obsolete, risky technology.
Steve Kelman applauds the effort to channel commodity IT buys into three major GWACS, but argues that settling on five basic configurations is a step too far.
Users of certain U.S. government services can now rate their customer experience in one easy step, bringing a big smile to Steve Kelman's face.
If Dell pulls the pieces together correctly in its $67 billion acquisition of EMC, the combined company will be a very formidable cloud services provider in the federal market, says Washington Technology's Nick Wakeman.
Most IT organizations understand the importance of protecting data but have a blind spot regarding the security of the IT systems themselves.
Steve Kelman contends that challenges and other pay-for-success procurements are proof that government can reinvent for the better.
Steve Kelman flags another management technique that motivated agency leaders could implement today.
A technology roadmap can help agencies reap the benefits FITARA has to offer. Here are the four stages of a successful effort.
Steve Kelman takes heart that so many agency heads are leading "STAT"-style meetings.
The co-chairs of ACT-IAC's FITARA Implementation Project unveil its first tool for agency IT leaders.
Instead of focusing on breaching the perimeter, attackers have increasingly shifted to compromising the human layer.
Steve Kelman asserts that the emphasis on contracting's front end is unwise -- and that subject-specific expertise is sorely needed for better contract management.
To avoid massive data breaches in the future, the government must address its cumbersome acquisition process and misguided IT security practices.
Effective implementation of FITARA is the government's best hope to address decades of mismanagement and make IT systems more secure.
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Laken Hit Bottle 1L
Retailers' Descriptions
Here's what other sites are saying:
Add ice cubes or sport drink powder easily into the wide mouth on Laken's Hit 1L Bottle. Then flip the sport top open and take a drink while you bike or hike along the trail. Laken made the Hit one-liter Bottle out of aluminum and added a drink-safe interior lining, so you don't have to worry about things leaching into your water.
- Backcountry.com
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The Laken Hit Bottle 1L is not available from the stores we monitor. It was last seen June 27, 2011 at Backcountry.com.
If you're looking for a new water bottle, check out the best reviewed current models.


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New York-based Starks unveil their newest shoelace release with their Checkers lace. Going through a tedious multi-sample run to get things right, the use of the relatively thin 8 mm lace for screen printing didn't give much room to work with. As opposed to traditional sublimation techniques of production, the screen-printed method results in a nice clean and crisp pattern. These are just in time to make their way into somebody's stocking this Christmas eve. Look for them to be available at StarksLaces.com/Shop.


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The Fabulous Face Wash is more than fabulous, it's a skin saver! Working with theatrical make up and waterproof products, removal and preserving of my clients skin is a high priority. This cleanser is not only extremely effective , it leaves the skin calmed, cooled and refreshed with no residue. Models remark on how amazing their skin feels. BFF Face Wash is now a staple in my kit, and my personal regiment!
Kari Kisch
Celebrity Make Up Artist
Copyright M3kBeauty - All Rights Reserved 2013
"It's about giving people a product that WORKS and that is affordable. It has to be about more than just $$$ for us!!"


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A fully chromatic, clip-on, digital tuner that's ideal for acoustic instruments including guitar, bass, or...
Custom fit to keep your Loudbox Mini looking new.
Fishman's pickup for flat-top mandolins brings out the unique tone of your instrument.
Give your banjo legendary Fishman tone.
Add Fishman tone to your resophonic.
Our product catalog varies by country due to manufacturer restrictions. If you change the Ship-To country, some or all of the items in your cart may not ship to the new destination.


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Witchcraft in Hamilton, Ontario
Greetings! My name is Phelan, I am a white witch and psychic practitioner located in Atlanta, please feel free to give me a call at 678-918-3333 or create an account if you need help with prosperity spells that work, simple rituals, magic spells for prosperity or luck spells charms. I will be sure to lend a magical hand even if you are located in Hamilton, Ontario, if you are located in the Atlanta area we can setup an appointment for a consultation or a psychic reading.
My clients issues range from reuniting with a lover, bringing a new love into their life, creating a positive flow of prosperity, uncrossing the flow of their energy allowing their desires to fully manifest and prosperity spells that work, simple rituals, magic spells for prosperity or luck spells charms.
A psychic reading can empower one to make the correct decisions in life that will allow them to maximize the benefits of their life path, get a psychic reading with me today and become empowered!
If you are in need of magical help, sign up for a user account, you can also call me at my Atlanta number (678-918-3333) Mon-Fri from 1-9 pm EST.
Blessed Be, Phelan
Witchcraft | The White Witch | Hamilton, Ontario