text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Publication date
|Apr 25, 1972
|Filing date
|Jan 14, 1969
|Priority date
|Jan 14, 1969
|Publication number
|Sol B Radlove
|Original Assignee
|Sol B Radlove
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (4), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (7), Classifications (10)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
United States Patent Radlove 51 Apr. 25, 1972 [54] DIETARY DRY CAKE MIX [21] Appl. No.: 791,187
[52] U.S. Cl ..99/94 [51] Int. Cl ...A21d 1/10, A231 13/08 [58] Field of Search ..99/92, 94, 141
[56] References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,311,235 2/1943 Kuderman ..99/141 3,170,796 2/1965 Andre et a1 ..99/94 3.397,996 8/1968 Darragh et a1. ..99/118 FORElGN PATENTS OR APPLICATIONS 462,986 3/1937 Great Britain ..99/14l OTHER PUBLlCATlONS Food Ingredients- Monsanto Co. 1966 page 19 Food Engineering, January 1966 page 138 Primary Examiner-Raymond N. Jones Attorney-Dominik, Knechtel & Godula [57] ABSTRACT A dietary dry cake mixture which is free of sugar and which has a sorbitol to flour ratio of about 55 percent to about 1 10 percent. The cake mixture has a shortening portion including a minor amount of emulsifiers and a major amount of liquid vegetable oil or plastic shortening. An emulsion enhancer is combined with the emulsifier in the shortening portion.
7 Claims, No Drawings DIETARY DRY CAKE MIX This invention relates to dry cake mixtures, in particular, dietary dry cake mixtures which are free of sugar. The invention further relates to cakes prepared from the cake mixtures which have desirable sweetness, as well as improved taste and texture qualities.
lt is'desirable, for reasons of diet, to provide a reduced calorie cake, and such a cake may be obtained by means such as reducing the shortening content therein. The lower calorie cake is particularly obtained by providing a form which has little or no sugar. Not only are calories reduced with sugar elimination, but this carbohydrate form is eliminated to meet certain health requirements such as diabetes mellitus.
It is known that the material sorbitol is not inimical to diabetics, and has inherent sweetness, but of a lower order. it is known that sorbitol has about one-half the sweetness of sucrose, consequently, this material is a popular subject of investigatiori as a possible substitute for sugar-in food preparations. Sorbitol has been used to replace sugar in candies, jams, cookies, and sorbitol has been added to freshly prepared cake batters specially mixed for dietetic purposes.
The substitution of sorbitol for sugar in special baking techniques is a procedure which requires some skill and-careful attention. it is not convenient nor simple for the average user to acquire such skills or to direct the necessary attention to details required for successfully making such dietary cakes containing sorbitol. It would be desirable to provide a dry cake mixture which can be simply and conveniently handled by the average user so that a successful and tasty cake may be prepared therefrom. It is desirable that a mixture be provided which preferably requires only added water prior to baking. It is likewise desirable that the cake baked'from such a simple mixture have desired levels of moisture retention and palatability. The moisture retention'is a feature of palatability, and it is also a property which extends the keeping quality of the cake. It is understood that a cake prepared from such a'dry mixture be free of sugar and contain sorbitol'in amounts which leads to the desired moisture retention, desired volume and cake texture.
lt'is accordingly one important object of thep're'sent invention to provide a'dry dietary cake mixture which can be simply processed'by the average user to provide a dietary cake having no sugar, but still providing desired sweetness levels as wellas other desired properties.
It is another important object of the invention to provide-a dietary dry cake mixture which is free of sugar and which contains sorbitol in particular'amounts necessary to provide a cake having the desired sweetness and moistureretention.
Yet another important object of the invention is to'provide a dietary dry cake mixture which is sugarfree and :in which particular-amounts of sorbitol are combined with particular amounts of emulsifiers in a shortening portion to obtain a cake having improved features of palatability, texture and lightness.
Still another important object of the invention 'isto p'rovide a dietary dry cake mixture which is free of sugar,which has a particular sorbitol ratio, and which has a-shorteningportion including particular amounts of an emulsifier andan emulsifier enhancer so that a successful cake can be baked following simple combination of the mixture with water to obtain'the batter.
Objects such as the foregoing are attained, together with still other objects which will occur to practitionersfromtime to time, by the invention described in detail'in'the following disclosure.
It has been found that a dietary dry cake mixture may be provided with a non-shortening portion having a particular sorbitol ratio, and a shortening portion having an emulsifierpart and a'fat part which may be a liquid vegetable oil or a plastic shortening. For purposes of the present disclosure, the term sorbitol ratio is used in a way equivalent to the term sugar ratio" which is well known in the baking art. For example, in sugar ratio of l percent-means a ratio of 1 part sugar to 1 part cake flour, by'weight. A sugar ratio of SOpercent would mean one-half part sugar to one part cake flour by weight, and so on. In the same way, the sorbitol ratio will be defined herein in percentage terms to represent the ratio of parts by weight of sorbitol to parts by weight of cake flour. It has been found that particular sorbitol ratios are required to obtain the successful prepared dry cake mixtures of this invention. lt has also been found that the shortening portion requires particular minor amounts of a primary emulsifier to be used in combination with the particular sorbitol ratios. As is well known, a primary emulsifier in the cake baking art means a material which leads to incorporation of air into a cake batter. This is important to attain the desired lightness, volume, and tenderness of the cake.
The specific gravity of the cake batter is one index for determining whether the cake will have the desired high volume. lightness and tenderness.
The primary emulsifiers or surfactants may be selected from the many which are suitable for addition to foodstuffs. It has been found that such primary emulsifiers should comprise from about i percent to about 20 percent by weight of the shortening portion. In particular, the successful results are obtained by employing from about 5 percent to about 12 percent by weight'of the emulsifiers in the shortening portion.
It has also been found that successful cakes are obtained from'a prepared cake mixture in which small amounts of the shortening portion are present relative to the non-shortening portion. This is desirable to further reduce the caloric content of the cake. In general, about 4 /2 parts of the non-shortening portion is combined with about 1 part of the shortening portion,or less than 1 part, say about 0.8 parts. A minor amount of the shortening portion includes the emulsifier by which is meant one emulsifier or a mixture of emulsifiers. In one preferred embodiment, the emulsifier part of the shortening portion includes an emulsion enhancer which is stearyl monoglyceridyl citrate. It has been found that this enhancer may'beadded from about 0.25 percent to about 6 percent by weight of the-shorteningportion. This enhancer has been disclosed'by the present applicant in his issued U. S. Pat. No.
3,227,559. The use of stearyl monoglyceridyl citrate as an emulsionenhancer or stabilizer has also been disclosed relative to high fat emulsions in U. S. Pat. No. 3,353,965. A technical article about the properties of this enhancer has 'beenpresented in the Journal of the American'Oil Chemists Society, Vol-41, pages 92-94.
Representative illustrations of the type of primary emulsifiers which'can'be used in the dry cake mixture include lactic acid "esters of monoglyceride and diglyceride, also known in range for the primary-emulsifiers, namely, 1-20 percent by weightof the shortening portion, is operable but preferred selectionsv may be made within such range. Some primary emulsifiers operate best-at a range such as 1-10 percent by weight of the shortening, for-example, 51A and S LA. Other primary emulsifiers may operate atanother range, say, 4-20 percent by weight of the shortening; for example, PGMS, GLS, and LMG. The practitioner mayeasily select the-particular concentration of primary emulsifier within the prescribed range by noting the specific gravity of the batter, the volume of the resulting cake, its texture and lightness.
The following examples are presented to teach various means forvpracticing the invention, including the mode --best contemplatedatpresent. It should be understood, however, that such-embodimentsare not intended to represent exclusive teachings.
EXAMPLE I WHITE CAKE MIX NON-SHORTENING PORTION The synthetic sweetener in the non-shortening portion is a mixture of parts of calcium cylcamate to 1 part sodium saccharine. The vegetable oil in the shortening portion is corn oil, cottonseed oil. The primary emulsifier in this example is PGMS.
The non-shortening portion and the shortening portion may be mixed and stored until ready for conversion into a batter and baking into a cake. The shortening and non-shortening portion may, alternatively, be maintained separately until mixed just prior to combining withliquid for preparing the batter. Some stability problems may arise by combining the shortening portion with the non-shortening portion, especially upon prolonged standing. Any threat of instability may be markedly reduced by using a more stable liquid shortening such as Durkex 500, a high stability oil supplied by Durkee Foods. Plastic shortenings may be used in place of the liquid triglycerides which also extend stability.
EXAMPLE II WHITE CAKE PREPARATION The non-shortening and shortening portions of Example I are mixed, and 8 ounces of cold tap water are added to the mixture. The water and dry portions are then mixed at speed No. l on a Sunbeam mixmaster, with the aid of a spatula to move the dry ingredients into contact with the liquid. Mixing is continued for one minute at speed No. 12, thereupon an additional 4 ounces of cold tap water are added, blended in gently, and mixed for three minutes at speed No. 7, using a spatula to obtain a uniform batter. The specific gravity of the batter is about 0.78-0.80. The cakes are baked by depositing 13 ounces of the batter in each of two 8 inch greased pans, and baking at 365 F. for 25-30 min. The remaining batter for the ml. The lightness and high volume of the cake is related to the-- desired specific gravity determination of the batter.
EXAMPLE III The non-shortening portion of Example 1 is combined with a shortening portion prepared from the following ingredients.
Grams Ingredients PGMS 4 LMG 4 SMGC 2 Hydrogenated plastic shortening The above shortening portion includes a mixture of primary emulsifiers and the emulsion enhancer SMGC, which makes up about 12 percent of the mixture, the plastic shortening being about 88 percent of the mixture. The dry cake mixture is combined with water according to the process steps described in Example 11, and a white, smooth batter is obtained having a specific gravity of 0.93. A cake is baked by depositing 14 ounces of batter in each of two 8 inch greased pans. The resulting cake has a volume of 1,120 ml. The cake is tender and acceptable as to flavor.
Five white cake mixes weremade by using the ingredients of Example 1, except that different primary emulsifiers were used, each emulsifier present in an amount of 12.5 percent by weight of the shortening portion. The following Table I lists the different primary emulsifiers, describes some properties of the batter, lists the volume of the prepared cake, and describes some qualities of the prepared cake. The palability rating is a semiquantitative taste test utilizing numbers from I to 10, No. 1 indicating the highest rating and No. 10 the lowest. It is a composite rating of taste, aroma, mouth feel and ease of swal lowing.
Thefollowing Table 11 represents data from six different white cakes prepared from the portions of Example 1, except that different primary emulsifiers are employed, and an emulsifier enh a nce r is added indifferent amounts.
It will be seen from the foregoing Table II that varying percentages of primary emulsifiers and the emulsifier enhancer, within the prescribed ranges, generally lead to acceptable cakes. It can be further seen that specific gravities of the batters fall within the range of about 0.6 to about 0.8 except for one cake which has a higher specific gravity of 1.02 and a smaller resulting volume.
The following Table III presents the results of three cakes made essentially from the mixtures presented in Example 1, except that different amounts of sorbitol are employed for each cake; and the shortening portion is cottonseed oil instead of plastic shortening. It is seen that the palatability rating is high for the sorbitol ratios employed, and that the specific gravities of the batters are between 0.7 and 0.8. The volumes are high for all the cakes and the general cake structure is of good quality.
TABLE I [Comparative evaluations of primary emulsifiers-white cakes] Batter Cake Percent- Palataage of Volbility shortume, rating,
Emulsifier type ening Sp. g. Comments ml. Taste Structure 1-10 (PGMS P-06) 90% PGMS- 12. 5 0. 74 Thick, white and smooth 1, Sliightly Slightly coarse, even, firm 4 (Myverol 18-100) 90% GM- 12. 5 0. 75 Fluid, white and smooth 1, 200 Dry. Slightly coarse, even, split top 6 (Drewpol 3-1-8) PGS. 12. 5 0. 96 Thin, white and smooth 1 Dry. Coarse. poor cake 10 (Marvic acid) SLA-I-S LA- 12. 5 0. 64 Very thick, white and smooth 1, Dry- Slightly coarse, even, very pale top, firm 6 LM G. 12. 5 0. 81 Thick, white and smooth 1, 200 Slightly Slightly coarse, firm, brown top, even 4 1 Small sides, small volume.
TABLE II [Comparative evaluations of primary emulsifier with stabilizer enhancer-white cake] Percent Batter Coko citrate esther of lnlatn- Percent of shortening Volume, hility Emulsifier type shortening (SMGO) Sp. g. Comments ml Structure rating PCMS l06 12. 5 2. 5 0. 74 White and smooth 1, 155 Tender, good mouth feel. 3 Myvcrol 18-100 12.5 2.5 1.02 Thin, slightly yellow 1,040 Pole top 5 Marvic acid 10. 2. 0. 64 Very thick, white and smooth 1,160 Very firm 6 6. 6. 25 0. 66 1, 190 Center fell slightly, firm- 5 8.85 3. 76 0. 76 1, 180 Tender, pale top 3 2.5 0.77 1,170 Tender, good eating 2 TABLE III [Efiect of varying sorbitol ratio-white cake} M1. volume Palateof cake for brhty Weight of sorbitol to Specific gravity of 14 oz. of rating, 7% oz. flour battercomments batter Cake tops, appearance Cake structure 1-10 4 oz. (55%) 0.73, smooth, white 1,100 Pale yellow, not attrac- Sides and shape good, tender but slightly firm, 2
and thick. 've. fine and even. 6 oz. (83%) 0.77, smooth, white 1,140 Medium brown, attrac- Sides and shape excellent, fine and even, tender, 1
and thick. tive. excellent mouth feel. 8 02. (110%) 0.78, smooth, white 1,110 Darker medium brown, High shrinka e, structure very tender, fine and 1 and fluid. attractive. even, exce ent tasting and mouth feel.
emulsion enhancer may be added to the dry non-shortening portion at the time the batter is prepared.
Some primary emulsifiers may not result in a cake having the volume and lightness obtained with other emulsifiers, but the practitioner may readily determine such qualities by visual inspection and measurements.
The primary emulsifiers and the emulsion enhancer should be added within the prescribed ranges, but the practitioner may readily select particular amounts within such ranges by again simply noting the visual appearance and making measurements, such as the specific gravity of the batter and the volume of the cake. The same standards will operate in selecting the particular sorbitol ratio within the prescribed range, as well as varying the relative proportions of the shortening and non-shortening portions within the prescribed range.
it will be understood that stable and substantially dry confectioneries, such as chocolate or cocoa powder, may be incorporated, as well as ilavorings in solid form or adsorbed onto carriers, as well as absorbed within carriers.
The invention may now be practiced in various ways which include departures from the exact teachings herein, but it should be understood that such departures will comprise a part of the invention so long as they come within the terms of the following claims as given further meaning by the language of the preceding specification.
What is claimed is:
1. In a dietary sugar-free dry cake mix having flour, shortening, and primary emulsifier, the improvement wherein sorbitol is present in an amount so that the sorbitol-cake flour ratio is from about 55 percent to about l 10 percent, the primary emulsifier being present in an amount of about 1 percent to about 20 percent by weight of the shortening, and
said cake mixture further containing non-caloric artificial sweetener in an amount sufficient to impart desired sweetness, whereby said dry mix provides a suitable batter by admixture with water alone,
and the cake resulting therefrom upon baking said batter has the desired moisture retention, volume and texture.
2. A dietary dry cake mixture as in claim 1 wherein said primary emulsifier is present in an amount of about 5 percent to about 12 percent by weight of the shortening.
3. A dietary dry cake mixture as in claim 1 which further includes from about 0.25 percent to about 6 percent of stearyl monoglyceridyl citrate as an emulsifier enhancer.
4. A dietary dry cake mixture as in claim 1 wherein said cake mixture includes about 450 parts of a non-shortening portion to about parts of a shortening portion, said shortening portion having about 10 percent primary emulsifier, about 3 percent of stearyl monoglyceridyl citrate as an emulsifier 'enhancer, and the balance being selected of the class of plastic shortening and vegetable liquid oil shortening.
5. A dietary dry cake mixture as in claim 4 wherein the nonshortening portion includes about 200 parts cake flour, about parts of sorbitol, about 25 parts skimmed milk solids, about 25 parts of dried egg whites, about 10 parts leavening agent, and about 1 part of the artificial non-caloric sweetener.
6. A dietary dry cake mixture as in claim 1 wherein the mixture includes a non-shortening portion and a shortening portion, said shortening portion comprising a minor amount of emulsifier and a major amount of fat selected from the class consisting of liquid vegetable oils and hydrogenated plastic shortening.
7. A dietary dry cake mixture as in claim 1 wherein said I mixture includes a non-shortening portion and a shortening portion, said shortening portion comprising minor amounts of emulsifier having about 4 parts propylene glycol monosterate, about 4 parts lactated monoglycerides and diglycerides, and about 2 parts stearyl monoglyceridyl citrate as an emulsion enhancer, and a major amount of a fat selected from the class consisting of liquid vegetable oil and hydrogenated plastic shortening.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jul 5, 1941
|Feb 16, 1943
|Joseph Kuderman
|Diabetic and dietetic food product
|Jul 17, 1962
|Feb 23, 1965
|Procter & Gamble
|Packaged culinary mix for preparing rich baked goods
|Dec 29, 1964
|Aug 20, 1968
|Procter & Gamble
|All-purpose shortening composition
|Title not available
|Food Engineering, January 1966 page 138
|Food Ingredients Monsanto Co. 1966 page 19
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jul 25, 1977
|Jan 30, 1979
|Radlove Sol B
|Dietetic cookie mix
|Jul 25, 1977
|Jan 22, 1980
|Radlove Sol B
|Dietetic cake mix
|Sep 6, 1979
|Jul 7, 1981
|Ledges Associates
|Premix product for a dietetic cake mix
|Jun 29, 1981
|Apr 5, 1983
|Batterlite-Whitlock Incorporated
|Dietetic cake mix
|May 27, 1986
|Sep 20, 1988
|Finnish Sugar Company, Limited
|Heat stabilized dipeptide sweetening composition and method
|Oct 22, 1993
|Jul 9, 1996
|Kansas State University Research Foundation
|Low calorie chemically leavened cakes and surfactant systems therefor
|Feb 11, 2009
|Aug 27, 2009
|Chandrani Atapattu
|Low density stable whipped frosting
|U.S. Classification
|426/548, 426/804, 426/554
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


text:
HC Cell Phone Film Fest
Students will have 24 hours to make a short film (max. 5 minutes) using only their cell phone cameras. Required theme/prop will be revealed at kickoff meeting at 4 p.m. on Friday, Feb. 24. Prizes include money ($300 total) and Rivoli movie passes. Films/awards to be presented at the Lark at 7 p.m. on Tuesday, March 7.

subset: commoncrawl


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text:
Hummus and dips recipe
Hummus and dips
Dips are a great choice if you're looking for a simple lunchtime food. If you (or the kids) get peckish mid-morning you can always dip in to keep those hunger pangs at bay and protect yourself from the temptations of chocolate biscuits or a sticky Danish pastry. Hummus is one of the healthiest of dip foods. The chickpeas and tahini provide energy and calcium, while the vegetables give copious amounts of vitamins and minerals. (Serves 4-6)
Canned chickpeas: 250g (drained weight), rinsed
Garlic: 2 cloves, roughly chopped
Lemon: 1, juiced
Tahini: 2 tablespoons
Cumin seeds: 1 tablespoon, crushed finely in a pestle and mortar
Extra-virgin olive oil: 125ml
Cucmber: 0.5, peeled, de-seeded and cut into strips
Celery: 2 sticks, hard membranes removed and cut into strips
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Fennel: 1 bulb, leaves separated and cut into thin strips
Drain the chickpeas / Put into a food processor or blender with the garlic, lemon juice, tahini and crushed cumin seeds / Whiz slightly then start adding the oil in a steady stream until smooth / Put into small containers with the prepared vegetables packed separately.
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The school aims to provide a full and rounded education, with opportunities for boys to find fulfilment, enjoyment and the chance to excel.
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Many congratulations to all the boys in Year 8 who sat Common Entrance last week. They have all passed into their senior schools with some very impressive results indeed!
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Hearing loss
I am having partial hearing loss and I m wearing hearing aids in both the ears. Will needle therapy be helpful in this case? Please help me by giving a proper guidance and if it helps will u please tell me the procedure?
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Doctor Answers (1) on Hearing loss
Dr. Kaushal M Shah
22 yrs. of exp | Ahmedabad | ENT/ Otolaryngologist
There is no scientific evidence that suggests effect of needle therapy on hearing.
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Is this restaurant good for large groups?
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We had a great 31 dec dinner. Various good pastas
All came very al dente and great taste especially the gnocci and black pasta
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We came back for second round after the first. The staff was attentive and explained the menu well. We had fresh pasta al dente on both occasions and it was amazing. Food price is reasonable and so are the drinks.
I do not advise! lazy not professional staff, Rotate, I think the same !! the food is far from the Italian, especially pasta.
I went there yesterday with my fiancé and sister. Being a fan of pizza, I was truly disappointed. We arrived at 8h30 pm. No one to welcome us. We entered the restaurant, we asked for the menu so that we could have an idea about the price and all. One waitress gave us one menu card, while still standing. She...
The price is very reasonable we had to pizza's and a few beers. We sat outside and was enjoying sunset with a drink before our order was taken. The pizza had a very unique taste. We normal would always have take aways but not this time, we had it all.
Went there with my cousin and his family.
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Nice place for family diner, with a large variety of pasta plates.
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A rustic atmosphere. Nice seating arrangements, not overcrowded. Staff is very friendly. The menu is quite varied. The pizza is authentic and excellent. The pasta and other recipes are equally well prepared and tasty. It is also very reasonably priced. I would recommend it to anyone going there with the family. Added to that is the spetacular view over the...
Professionally prepared by Italian chef, sensational menu with nice ideas. You can enjoy nice atmosphere in garden tables
This is a nice restaurant with best quality of food with friendly staff and a spectacular view to the bay. We catched a table in Front of the restaurant and we recommend not to do this mistake cause there is a small way between the restaurant an the table. In not a 45 Minutes about 50 cars, almost big SUV...
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Judgement-Led Regulation: Some-Critical Reflections
Andromachi Georgosouli
University of London - Centre for Commercial Law Studies (CCLS)
January 18, 2012
Financial Services Authority Conference 'Academic Input for Better Regulation,' January 2012
In 2013 the FSA will be replaced by two new regulators the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) and the Prudential Regulation Authority (PRA). Both of them will have to cooperate and adopt a 'judgement-led' approach to regulation. The aim of this paper is to explore the nature of judgement-led regulation and the grounds behind its adoption and to highlight some issues about it which deserve further consideration.
Number of Pages in PDF File: 5
Keywords: Regulation, financial, reform, FCA, PRA, self-regulation
JEL Classification: K2, G2, L5, G38
Date posted: May 8, 2012
Suggested Citation
Contact Information


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text: A house move has forced me to change from a set of Linn floorstanding speakers to a Yamaha YSP-1000 for my AV needs, which means that the amplifiers and DACs in my Linn Classik Movie DI are now being wasted. Since I can sell this player for about £1300 on eBay, I plan to do this and spend the money on a scaler and new DVD player. My question is: What is the best DVD player and scaler combination for £1300? As I will have a separate system for stereo music (the old Linn speakers!) and the YSP-1000 will do decoding, the main focus is picture quality. I suspect that this will be a Lumagen Vision DVI as the scaler, which would then leave me about £500 for a DVD player. Note that I do intend to get it all ISF calibrated, but that will happen sometime in the New Year, once my new plasma screen has been run in. Speaking of plasma's, the player/scaler will be feeding a 42" HD plasma, most likely a panny PHD8. I'm not yet sure whether I'll be getting Sky HD, but I won't be rushing out on day one, as I'm quite happy with Freeview at the moment. Any advice would be appreciated.


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The Relational Calculus
Chapter Outline Relational Calculus Tuple Relational Calculus Domain Relational Calculus Slide 6b-2
Relational Calculus A relational calculus expression: creates a new relation, which is specified in terms of variables that range over rows of the stored database relations (in tuple calculus) or over columns of the stored relations (in domain calculus). Slide 6b-3
Relational Calculus In a calculus expression, there is no order of operations to specify how to retrieve the query result a calculus expression specifies only what information the result should contain. This is the main distinguishing feature between relational algebra and relational calculus. Relational calculus is considered to be a nonprocedural language. This differs from relational algebra, where we must write a sequence of operations to specify a retrieval request; hence relational algebra can be considered as a procedural way of stating a query. Slide 6b-4
Tuple Relational Calculus The tuple relational calculus is based on specifying a number of tuple variables. Each tuple variable usually ranges over a particular database relation, meaning that the variable may take as its value any individual tuple from that relation. A simple tuple relational calculus query is of the form {t | COND(t)} where t is a tuple variable and COND (t) is a conditional expression involving t. The result of such a query is the set of all tuples t that satisfy COND (t). Slide 6b-5
Tuple Relational Calculus Example: To find the first and last names of all employees whose salary is above $50,000, we can write the following tuple calculus expression: {t.FNAME, t.LNAME | EMPLOYEE(t) AND t.SALARY>50000} The condition EMPLOYEE(t) specifies that the range relation of tuple variable t is EMPLOYEE. The first and last name (PROJECTION FNAME, LNAME ) of each EMPLOYEE tuple t that satisfies the condition t.SALARY>50000 (SELECTION SALARY >50000 ) will be retrieved. Slide 6b-6
Rule General expression: {t1.Aj…tn.Am|COND(t1…tn)} COND is condition or FORMULA Every atom is Formula If F1 and F2 are a Formula, F1 AND F2, F1 OR F2, NOT F1, NOT F2 also Formula Slide 6b-7
The Existential and Universal Quantifiers Two special symbols called quantifiers can appear in formulas; these are the universal quantifier ) and the existential quantifier ). Informally, a tuple variable t is bound if it is quantified, meaning that it appears in an ( t) or ( t) clause; otherwise, it is free. If F is a formula, then so is ( t)(F), where t is a tuple variable. The formula ( t)(F) is true if the formula F evaluates to true for some (at least one) tuple assigned to free occurrences of t in F; otherwise ( t)(F) is false. Slide 6b-8
The Existential and Universal Quantifiers If F is a formula, then so is ( t)(F), where t is a tuple variable. The formula ( t)(F) is true if the formula F evaluates to true for every tuple (in the universe) assigned to free occurrences of t in F; otherwise ( t)(F) is false. It is called the universal or "for all" quantifier because every tuple in "the universe of" tuples must make F true to make the quantified formula true. Slide 6b-9
Example Query Using Existential Quantifier Retrieve the name and address of all employees who work for the 'Research' department. Query : {t.FNAME, t.LNAME, t.ADDRESS | EMPLOYEE(t) and d) (DEPARTMENT(d) and d.DNAME='Research' and d.DNUMBER=t.DNO) } Slide 6b-10 FNAME,LNAME,ADDRESS( Dname='Research'(DEPARTMENT Dnumber=Dno (EMPLOYEE))
The only free tuple variables in a relational calculus expression should be those that appear to the left of the bar ( | ). In previous query, t is the only free variable; it is then bound successively to each tuple. If a tuple satisfies the conditions specified in the query, the attributes FNAME, LNAME, and ADDRESS are retrieved for each such tuple. The conditions EMPLOYEE (t) and DEPARTMENT(d) specify the range relations for t and d. The condition d.DNAME = 'Research' is a selection condition and corresponds to a SELECT operation in the relational algebra, whereas the condition d.DNUMBER = t.DNO is a JOIN condition. Slide 6b-11
Example Query Using Existential Quantifier Find the names of employees who works on some projects controlled by department number 5. Q3: {e.LNAME, e.FNAME|EMPLOYEE(e) and (( x) ( w)(PROJECT(x) AND (WORKS_ON(w) AND x.DNUM=5 AND w.ESSN = e.SSN and x.PNUMBER = w.PNO))} Slide 6b-12
Example Query Using Universal Quantifier Find the names of employees who works on all projects controlled by department number 5. Q3: {e.LNAME, e.FNAME|EMPLOYEE(e) and (( x)(not(PROJECT(x)) or (not(x.DNUM = 5) or (( w)(WORKS_ON(w) and w.ESSN = e.SSN and x.PNUMBER = w.PNO)))))} Slide 6b-13
Basic component of the previous query: Q:{e.LNAME, e.FNAME|EMPLOYEE(e) and F'} F' = ( x)(not(PROJECT(x)) or F 1 ) F 1 = (not(x.DNUM = 5) or F 2 ) F 2 = ( w)(WORKS_ON(w) and w.ESSN = e.SSN and x.PNUMBER = w.PNO) Must exclude all tuples not of interest from the universal quantification by making the condition TRUE for all such tuples Slide 6b-14
Universally quantified variable x must evaluate to TRUE for every possible tuple in the universe In F', not(PROJECT(x)) makes x TRUE for all tuples not in the relation of interest "PROJECT" In F 1, not(x.DNUM = 5) makes x TRUE for those PROJECT tuples we are not interested in "whose DNUM is not 5" F 2 specifies the condition that must hold on all remaining tuples "all PROJECT tuples controlled by department 5" Slide 6b-15
Safe Expression Safe expressions in the relational calculus: Is guaranteed to yield a finite number of tuples as its result Unsafe expression may yield infinate number of tuples, and the tuples may be of different types. Example: {t|not(EMPLOYEE(t))} Yields all non-EMPLOYEE tuples in the universe Following the rules for Q discussed above guarantees safe expressions when using universal quantifiers Slide 6b-16
Using transformations from universal to existential quantifiers, can rephrase Q as Q': Q':{e.LNAME, e.FNAME|EMPLOYEE(e) and (not( x)(PROJECT(x) and (x.DNUM = 5) and (not( w)(WORKS_ON(w) and w.ESSN = e.SSN and x.PNUMBER = w.PNO))))} Slide 6b-17
Transforming Universal and Existential Quantifier Well-known transformations from mathematical logic ( x)(P(x)) (not x)(not (P(x))) ( x)(P(x)) not ( x)(not(P(x))) ( x)(P(x) and Q(x)) (not x)(not(P(x)) or not (Q(x))) ( x)(P(x) or Q(x)) (not x)(not(P(x)) and not (Q(x))) ( x)(P(x) or Q(x)) not( x)(not(P(x)) and not (Q(x))) ( x)(P(x) and Q(x)) not( x)(not(P(x)) or not (Q(x))) Slide 6b-18
Transforming Universal and Existential Quantifier The following is also true, where stands for implies: ( x)(P(x)) ( x)(P(x)) (not x)(P(x)) not ( x)(P(x)) The following is not true: not( x)(P(x)) (not x)(P(x)) Slide 6b-19
Another Example Query 6: Find the names of employees without any dependents Q6:{e.FNAME, e.LNAME|EMPLOYEE(e) and (not( d)(DEPENDENT(d) and e.SSN = d.ESSN))} Slide 6b-20
Another Example Transforming Q6 into Q6' to use universal quantifier Q6':{e.FNAME, e.LNAME|EMPLOYEE(e) and (( d)(not(DEPENDENT(d)) or not (e.SSN = d.ESSN)))} Slide 6b-21 Q6:{e.FNAME, e.LNAME|EMPLOYEE(e) and (not( d)(DEPENDENT(d) and e.SSN = d.ESSN))}
Query 7: List the names of managers who have at least one dependent Q7:{e.FNAME, e.LNAME|EMPLOYEE(e) and (( d)( p)(DEPARTMENT(d) and DEPENDENT(p) and e.SSN = d.MGRSSN and p.ESSN = e.SSN))} Slide 6b-22
Languages Based on Tuple Relational Calculus The language SQL is based on tuple calculus. It uses the basic SELECT FROM WHERE block structure to express the queries in tuple calculus where the SELECT clause mentions the attributes being projected, the FROM clause mentions the relations needed in the query, and the WHERE clause mentions the selection as well as the join conditions. SQL syntax is expanded further to accommodate other operations. Slide 6b-23
Languages Based on Tuple Relational Calculus Another language which is based on tuple calculus is QUEL which actually uses the range variables as in tuple calculus. Its syntax includes: RANGE OF IS Then it uses RETRIEVE WHERE This language was proposed in the relational DBMS INGRES. Slide 6b-24
The Domain Relational Calculus Another variation of relational calculus called the domain relational calculus, or simply, domain calculus is equivalent to tuple calculus and to relational algebra. The language called QBE (Query-By-Example) that is related to domain calculus was developed almost concurrently to SQL at IBM Research, Yorktown Heights, New York. Domain calculus was thought of as a way to explain what QBE does. Slide 6b-25
The Domain Relational Calculus Domain calculus differs from tuple calculus in the type of variables used in formulas: rather than having variables range over tuples, the variables range over single values from domains of attributes. To form a relation of degree n for a query result, we must have n of these domain variables—one for each attribute. An expression of the domain calculus is of the form {x1, x2,..., xn | COND(x1, x2,..., xn, xn+1, xn+2,..., xn+m)} where x1, x2,..., xn, xn+1, xn+2,..., xn+m are domain variables that range over domains (of attributes) and COND is a condition or formula of the domain relational calculus. Slide 6b-26
Example Query Using Domain Calculus Retrieve the birthdate and address of the employee whose name is 'John B. Smith'. Query : {uv | ( q) ( r) ( s) ( t) ( w) ( x) ( y) ( z) (EMPLOYEE(qrstuvwxyz) and q='John' and r='B' and s='Smith')} Ten variables for the employee relation are needed, one to range over the domain of each attribute in order. Of the ten variables q, r, s,..., z, only u and v are free. Specify the requested attributes, BDATE and ADDRESS, by the free domain variables u for BDATE and v for ADDRESS. Specify the condition for selecting a tuple following the bar ( | )— namely, that the sequence of values assigned to the variables qrstuvwxyz be a tuple of the employee relation and that the values for q (FNAME), r (MINIT), and s (LNAME) be 'John', 'B', and 'Smith', respectively. Slide 6b-27
Another Examples Retrieve the name and address of all employess who work for the 'Research' department Query : {qsv | ( z) ( l) ( m) (EMPLOYEE(qrstuvwxyz) and DEPARTMENT (lmno) and l='Research' and m=z)} At the query, m=z is a join condition, whereas l='Research' is a selection condition. Slide 6b-28
Another Examples Find the names of employees who have no dependent {qs | ( t) (EMPLOYEE(qrstuvwxyz) and (not( l) (DEPENDENT (lmnop) and t=l)))} Slide 6b-29
QBE: A Query By Example The language QBE (Query by Example) is a query language based on domain Calculus The first graphical query language This language is based on the idea of giving an example of a query using example elements. Recently, be used on metadata, xml Slide 6b-30
Graphical Query For every project located in Stafford, list project number, the controlling dept num, dept mng's last name, address and bdate Slide 6b-31 P Stafford D E P.Plocation=Stafford P.Dnum=D.Dnumber P.Mgr_ssn=E.Ssn E.Lname, E.address, E.Bdate P.Pnum, P.Dnum
Slide 6b-32
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Exercises Specify queries (a), (b), (c), (e), (f), (i), and (j) of the Exercise of previous topic (relational algebra) in both the tuple relational calculus and the domain relational calculus. Slide 6b-40
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Assembled from various shows from various tours from around the world, 2016's Live: Greatest Hits from Around the World is billed as ZZ Top's first "full-length live album" -- a matter of dispute considering how Eagle Rock released three CD/DVD/Blu-ray combo sets between 2008 and 2014. There is no visual component to Live: Greatest Hits from Around the World, which may be how it skates around the first live album distinction -- if there's no video, this is a pure album -- but the record mines a similar musical vein, collecting highlights from latter-day ZZ Top tours. During the 2000s and 2010s, ZZ Top released an excellent studio album called La Futura, but that's ignored here in favor for all the songs that are classic rock staples. Older, the Lil' Ol' Band from Texas sounds thicker and heavier -- and Billy Gibbons' growl is so gruff it seems tattered -- but that helps distinguish these versions from the spit and polish of the studio versions; not better, per se, but certainly the work of a band whose members happily settle into their advanced years, not wishing to change a thing about how they do things. Nevertheless, the undeniable highlights are the two tracks featuring cameos from Jeff Beck: he contributes lyrical solos to "Rough Boy" and helps with the heavy-footed boogie of "Sixteen Tons," pushing the trio just far enough out of its comfort zone to provide some crackle. ~ Stephen Thomas Erlewine


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We are cruising on the golden princess and one of our first excursions was the akaroa jet boating
It was a beautiful day, we had the best guide, and not only did we have fun, but...
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We are cruising on the golden princess and one of our first excursions was the akaroa jet boating
It was a beautiful day, we had the best guide, and not only did we have fun, but we also learnt a lot about the area and the caves in particular.
A must!!!!
We had been told to check in at the Akaroa Jet Boat by 11am. We arrived with a few minutes to spare to find that there were other people there hoping that we would not show up (so be on time). After checking in and paying they told us to come back at 11:15. When we came back they put...
Brett who drives the jet boat is your quintessential laid back easy going likeable New Zealander. It's a one boat operation, not the newest or the flashiest around, but still capable of getting from one side of the bay to the other at a good clip. As the trip takes place in the crater of a long dormant volcano, and...
Just as others that have reviewed Akaroa Jet Boats, our family of 5 adults had a blast as a start to our day off the cruise ship. Booked independently and not through the Cruise Tour desk which was definitely cheaper. The location is just 100 meter walk from where the Ship docks and you can pay on arrival pre tour....
We were in Akaroa on a recent cruise ship and had emailed months ahead to book our spots and this process was easy and professionally done. The jet boat ride was awesome and we got to see all around the bays. Brett was fantastic and very funny and even did extra "donuts" to the delight of us all. Value for...
Had a great afternoon on the boat, it was very educational with the area surrounding Akaroa. Since we were placed in the front seats we feel the experience was well worth the money and would definitely go back! We had a blast. It is also a great alternative to a cruise as we still got to see dolphins, there are...
I was travelling with a group of 4 families to include children ranging in age from 10-13 on a cruise ship. We booked this adventure in advance, and we are sure glad we did! This was the highlight of many of the people in my group. We had a blast speeding around the harbor and doing spins at the end....
We hopped on the Akaroa Jet with Critter over the Xmas break and had a last on the water with him. We got to see heaps of wildlife, learn a few things about them and took some serious G-Force during the spins. All in All, it was a stellar experience! We'll be back next year for sure!!!
My wife and I and two other couples hopped off the cruise ship in Akaroa. The bay and area of Akaroa is very beautiful and scenic with pristine waters, green hills and with stark and steep extinct volcanoes lining part of the bay area. The guys at Akaroa Jet Adventures
(Contact Information, Location: 61B Beach Road, Akaroa. Phone: +6433047092
Such a great time in the harbour of Akaroa. Very fun and exhilarating Definitely would do it again and recommend to friends.
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Is this an outdoor attraction or activity?
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This was my bucket list excursion. I'm 73, and had never gone horseback riding. Twenty years ago I rode on an elephant, but not a horse. I read reviews carefully because I was...
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We went with the kids, visit the farm and we got a horse tour with the kids around. The kids like it a lot, specially when the horses went on the beach. The place is by the electricity power plant which is not nice, but the beach looked good.
This was my bucket list excursion. I'm 73, and had never gone horseback riding. Twenty years ago I rode on an elephant, but not a horse. I read reviews carefully because I was traveling by myself and had no one to depend on to take care of me if I had a bad experience.
It was wonderful. Family owned business...
My daughter is a very experienced rider and so we're always unsure about horseback riding out of our own area. This is a family owned farm where they raise and care for their own animals. The horses are clearly well cared for. The one hour trail ride brought us up into the hills through rocky terrain and then down to...
We came here on a tour with a Carnival cruise. I was waiting anxiously for the ride with the horses and it definitely pleased my expectations. People were very friendly, we loved our guide Remi and the amazing Suzette!! Horses were beautiful and looked like they were in good care (which is very important for me).
They have a photographer...
We took this excursion through the cruise company because it was easier that arranging own transportation and the prices didn't differ much. The session was about 1 hour, everything was organized for total beginners so if you never ever rode a horse - you can do it. I rode before and it was very easy for me but if you...
Everyone was so wonderful and the horses were great! Awesome experience, would do it again if we ever get back to the island! Maurice was our guide who was just fantastic! Thank you to everyone who made this just a wonderful experience.
My husband and I visited for a horseback ride into the ocean. We waited a fair amount of time to start the ride, but once we did it was worth the wait . Our guide, Christel, also tends to the small animal farm. She was incredible! We loved her so much that we brought our boys back the next day...
Darrell was our guide. He told us the history of the Island and did it with his own special brand of humor. The horses were well trained and very well taken care of... The highpoint was the end of the ride where we went into the water up to our waists...Will definitely ride ther again on next visit...
Today Remi , took myself and my niece for nature ride and ocean ride. Showing and teaching us many things of the Island. It was very special since today was my nieces birthday. Views R magnificent. Ocean a delight after a long ride through Beautiful mountain picturesque views. Decent price and lower worth it. My second time and it won't...
So who thinks of going to the Caribbean on a cruise and go horseback riding when you have 37 square mile of Island and 37 bays? We did..and what an amazing experience it was. Madonna, Angelina, Prince and Viva took us on a mountain tour under the professional yet fun guidance of Edwin. The horses are amazing, disciplined and responsive....
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Building your daughter's self confidence can help her overcome obstacles and succeed in life. The first step to building her confidence is you. You can praise her abilities and encourage her to keep trying. Sending her to school can allow for your daughters to test out their knowledge and learn. Even if she fails a couple of times, this helps her to know she can do anything on her own with your love and support. If you constantly try to protect your daughters from everything they will grow up feeling incapable and incompetent.
Along with praise from you, if your daughter attends school she could earn praise from her teachers and classmates for her skills and ideas. Your daughter will feel your love when you value them enough to send them to school with their brothers. Often this gift is returned to you in their loyalty.
Building self-esteem can also keep girls away from drug dependence, eating disorders, and other harmful behavior.


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In vertebrate anatomy the brainstem (or brain stem) is the posterior part of the brain, adjoining and structurally continuous with the spinal cord.vertebrateanatomybrainspinal cord The brain stem provides the main motor and sensory innervation to the face and neck via the cranial nerves. cranial nerves Though small, this is an extremely important part of the brain as the nerve connections of the motor and sensory systems from the main part of the brain to the rest of the body pass through the brain stem.
This includes the corticospinal tract (motor), the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway (fine touch, vibration sensation and proprioception) and the spinothalamic tract (pain, temperature, itch and crude touch).corticospinal tract posterior column-medial lemniscus pathwayproprioceptionspinothalamic tract The brain stem also plays an important role in the regulation of cardiac and respiratory function. It also regulates the central nervous system, and is pivotal in maintaining consciousness and regulating the sleep cycle.sleep cycle
BRAIN STEM Includes: medulla oblongata (myelencephalon), medulla oblongata pons (part of metencephalon), pons midbrain (mesencephalon). midbrain Less frequently, parts of the diencephalon are included.diencephalon
1.Cerebrum 2.Thalamus 3.Mesencephalon - Midbrain 4.Pons 5.Medulla oblongata 6.Medulla spinalis - Spinal cord
The midbrain is divided into three parts. The first is the tectum, which is "roof" in Latin.tectum The tectum includes the superior and inferior colliculi and is the dorsal covering of the cerebral aqueduct. The inferior colliculus, involved in the sense of hearing sends its inferior brachium to the medial geniculate body of the diencephalon.inferior colliculusmedial geniculate bodydiencephalon Superior to the inferior colliculus, the superior colliculus marks the rostral midbrain. It is involved in the special sense of vision and sends its superior brachium to the lateral geniculate body of the diencephalon.superior colliculuslateral geniculate body The second part is the tegmentum and is ventral to the cerebral aqueduct.tegmentumcerebral aqueduct Several nuclei, tracts and the reticular formation are contained here. Last, the ventral side is composed of paired cerebral peduncles. These transmit axons of upper motor neurons. cerebral peduncles Midbrain (mesencephalon)
Midbrain Periaqueductal grayPeriaqueductal gray: The area around the cerebral aqueduct, which contains various neurons involved in the pain desensitization pathway. Neurons synapse here and, when stimulated, cause activation of neurons in the nucleus raphe magnus, which then project down into the dorsal horn of the spinal cord and prevent pain sensation transmission. Occulomotor nerve nucleus: This is the nucleus of CN III. Trochlear nerve nucleus: This is the nucleus of CN IV. Red Nucleus: This is a motor nucleus that sends a descending tract to the lower motor neurons. Substantia nigra: This is a concentration of neurons in the ventral portion of the midbrain that uses dopamine as its neurotransmitter and is involved in both motor function and emotion. Its dysfunction is implicated in Parkinson's Disease. Reticular formation: This is a large area in the midbrain that is involved in various important functions of the midbrain. It contains lower motor neurons, is involved in the pain desensitization pathway, is involved in the arousal and consciousness systems, and contains the locus ceruleus, which is involved in intensive alertness modulation and in autonomic reflexes. Central tegmental tract: Directly anterior to the floor of the 4th ventricle, this is a pathway by which many tracts project up to the cortex and down to the spinal cord.pain nucleus raphe magnus Occulomotor nerve Trochlear nerve Red Nucleus Substantia nigradopamine Parkinson's Disease Reticular formationmidbrainautonomic Central tegmental tract
BEYİN SAPI Mezensefalon beyinsapının en üst bölümünü oluşturur. Üçüncü (N. Oculomotorius) ve IV. (N. Trochlearis) kranyal sinirlerin nukleusları buradadır
Fibria Corticospinalis Substania Nigra
N.oculomotorius(CN3): has 2 nuclei: Nüc nervi oculomotorii motor nucleus. At collikulus superior : All extraoculer mucles except for M.obliquus superior & m.rectus lateralis & m.levator palpebra superioris i were innervated. Upward and internal gaze nüc visseralis (edinger westphal): Parasympathetic nucleus. Innervates M. sphincter pupillae & M. ciliaris. Lesion: ptosis, mydriazis, eye down and out deviation, vertical diplopi, light reflex & accomodation loss. N.Oculomotorius III
Only somatomotor. M.obliquus superioru innervation. Unique CN leaves brain stem from posterior Lesion: cannot look down and out, vertikal diplopi Complains when coming down the stairs. If nucleus n. troclearisin is damaged: contrlateral m.obliquus superior is effected (exception for other CN) N. trochlearis(CN4)
Weber sendromu: (superior alternating hemiplegia) is a form of stroke characterized by the presence of an oculomotor nerve palsy and contralateral hemiparesis or hemiplegia. It is caused by midbrain infarction as a result of occlusion of the paramedian branches of the posterior cerebral artery or of basilar bifurcation perforating arteries. [1]strokeoculomotor nerve palsyhemiparesismidbraininfarctionparamedian branchesposterior cerebral artery [1] 1. Substantia nigra, akinesia (parkinsonism) 2. Corticospinal fibers, contralateral spastic hemiplegia 3. Corticonuclear fibers, contralateral lower facial and hypoglossal paralysis, supranuclear 4. Corticopontine tract, contralateral dystaxia 5. Root fibers of oculomotor nerve, ipsilateral oculomotor paralysis with wide fixed pupil
1. Medial lemniscus, contralateral decrease in sensations of touch, position, and vibration 2. Red nucleus, contralateral hyperkinesia (chorea, athetosis) 3. Substantia nigra, contralateral akinesia (parkinsonism) 4. Root fibers of oculomotor nerve, ipsilateral oculomotor paralysis, wide fixed pupil BENEDIKT SYNDROME: Caused by a lesion ( infarction, hemorrhage, tumor, or tuberculosis) in the tegmentum of the midbrain and cerebellum. It can result from occlusion of the posterior cerebral arterylesioninfarctionhemorrhage tuberculosistegmentumposterior cerebral artery Characterized by the presence of an CN III oculomotor nerve palsy and contralateral hemiparesis (weakness) and cerebellar ataxia including tremor.oculomotor nervepalsycontralateralataxia NeuroanatomicalNeuroanatomical structures affected include CNIII nucleus, Red nucleus, corticospinal tracts, brachium conjunctivum, and cerebellum.
Parinaud's Syndrome : results from injury, either direct or compressive, to the dorsal midbrain. Specifically, compression or ischemic damage of the mesencephalic tectum, including the superior colliculus adjacent oculomotor (origin of cranial nerve III) and Edinger-Westphal nuclei, causing dysfunction to the motor function of the eye.midbrainmesencephalicsuperior colliculus oculomotorcranial nerveEdinger-Westphal 1. Cerebral aqueduct, stenosis with occlusive hydrocephalus 2. Superior colliculi, conjugated upwards gaze paralysis 3. Oculomotor nucleus, eventual oculomotor paralysis and ptosis (trochlear paralysis) 4. Medial longitudinal fasciculus, nystagmus A. Pinealoma compressing superior colliculi and aqueduct. B. Nuclei of III (IV) and medial longitudinal tracts are within range of deformation.
PONS Named after the Latin word for "bridge" or the 16th-century ], It is superior to (up from) the medulla oblongata, inferior to (down from) the midbrain, and ventral to (in front of) the cerebellum.superior medulla oblongatainferior midbrainventral cerebellum In humans and other bipeds this means it is above the medulla, below the midbrain, and anterior to the cerebellum. This white matter includes tracts that conduct signals from the cerebrum down to the cerebellum and medulla, and tracts that carry the sensory signals up into the thalamus.humansbipedsanteriorwhite mattercerebrum thalamus Posteriorly, it consists mainly of two pairs of thick stalks called cerebellar peduncles. They connect the cerebellum to the pons and midbrain.cerebellar peduncles The pons contains nuclei that relay signals from the forebrain to the cerebellum, along with nuclei that deal primarily with sleep, respiration, swallowing, bladder control, hearing, equilibrium, taste, eye movement, facial expressions, facial sensation, and posture. [3] [3] Within the pons is the pneumotaxic center, a nucleus in the pons that regulates the change from inspiration to expiration. [pneumotaxic center [
Cranial nerves are the abducens nerve VI, facial nerve VII and the vestibulocochlear nerve VIII, respectively.abducens nervefacial nervevestibulocochlear nerve At the level of the midpons, trigeminal nerve V, emerges.trigeminal nerve
PONS ÇEKİRDEKLERİ Nüc. Principalis nervi trigemini: Baş ve yüzün dokunma ve basınç duyularının ikinci nöronlarının bulunduğu çekirdektir. Kornea reflexi ile ilgilidir. Nüc salivatorius superior ve Nüc lacrimalis: V.CN parasempatik çekirdekleridir. Glandula submandibularis,glandula sublingualis,glandula lacrimalise giden lifleri içerir. Locus caeruleus: noradrenalin üreten nöronların en büyük kaynağıdır.
N. trigeminus(CN5): has 3 sensoriel, 1 motor nucleus – nuc. spinalis nervi trigemini: related to cornea reflex – Nuc. spinalis nervi trigemini: face and head pain and temperature sensations 2nd neuron. – Nuc. mesensefalikus nervi trigemini – Nuc. motorius nervi trigemini – Ganglion trigeminale (gasser ganglionu semilunar ganglion): sensation ganglion
N. Trigeminus branches N.ophtalmikus (V1): only sensitive fibres. B ulbus oculi innervates, tip of nose, upper part of eyes. N.maksillaris(V2): only sensitive fibres, lower part of eyes, upper lip innervation. N.mandibularis(V3) Motor & sensitive fibres. Masticatory muscles, lower lip and lower part of mouth, 2/3 anteror part of tongue, external ear and temporal region innervation.
N.abducens(CN6): Only motor fibres. M.rektus lateralisi innervation. Lesion: effected eye pulled medially, horizontal diplopia. Lies in sinus kavernosus lateral to A. carotis interna
Involves motor, sensory and parasympatic fibres: nüc.nervi facialis: Motor nuc.Innervates mimic muscles :m.stapedius,m.stylohyoideus,m.digastrikus venter posteriorun Nüc.lacrimalis ve nüc.salivatorius: Parasympathic nuclei Nüc traktus soliterius:2.neurons of taste Central facial paralysis : Supranuclear lesions, mouth commissure deviates to healthy side (lesion), can close eyes cornea reflex is normal. Central facial paralysis : Supranuclear lesions, mouth commissure deviates to healthy side (lesion), can close eyes cornea reflex is normal. Peripheric facial paralysis (Bell's palsy): Intranuclear or infranuclear mouth commissure deviates to healthy side, cornea reflex disappears, cannot close eye Peripheric facial paralysis (Bell's palsy): Intranuclear or infranuclear mouth commissure deviates to healthy side, cornea reflex disappears, cannot close eye N.facialis(CN7)
Millard-Gubler syndrome It is a syndrome of unilateral softening of the brain tissue arising from obstruction of the blood vessels of the pons. VI and VII cranial nerves fibers of the corticospinal tract, Clinical presentation: Paralysis of the abducens (including diplopia, internal strabismus, and loss of power to rotate the affected eye outward) facial nerves ( peripheric ipsilateral) Contralateral Hemiplegia of the extremities. It is also known as "crossed hemiplegia".
1. Medial lemniscus, contralateral decrease of touch, position and vibration sensations in the lower extremities 2. Lateral lemniscus, hypacusia 3. Nucleus of facial nerve, peripheral ipsilateral paralysis of facial muscles 4. Anterior spinothalamic tract, contralateral analgesia and thermanesthesia of body 5. Pyramidal tract, contralateral spastic hemiplegia 6. Abducent nerve, ipsilateral peripheral paralysis of lateral rectus muscle
PONS LEZYONLARINDAKİ LEZYONLAR(DEVAM) Birbuçuk sendrom: Ponstaki enfarktüs, multple sklerozis yada pontin hemoraji nedeniyle olur. İpsilateral n.abducens çekirdeğinin yada PPRF nin tutulumuna bağlı ipsilateral göz horizontal düzlemde hareketsizdir ve FLM nin tutulumuna bağlı intranüklear oftalmopleji(kontralateral göz abduksiyonda olup nistagmus vardır) olur. Hastalar lezyon tarafına bakamaz.
Birbuçuk Sendrom
Peripheral facial paralysis
Central facial paralysis
N.vestibulocohlearis: N.vestibularis: carries the informaion related to position and movements of of head, N.cohlearis: primery audituar fibres. Kranyal Sinirler (devam)
Medulla oblongata (bulbus) is the lower half of the brainstem. The medulla contains the cardiac, respiratory, vomiting and vasomotor centers and deals with autonomic functions, such as breathing, heart rate and blood pressure.
Functions The medulla oblongata controls autonomic functions, and relays nerve signals between the brain and spinal cord. It is also responsible for controlling several major points and autonomic functions of the body: respiration– chemoreceptors cardiac center – sympathetic, parasympathetic system vasomotor center – baroreceptors reflex centers of vomiting, coughing, sneezing, and swallowing balancing the human body.
Nuclei of Medulla oblongata Last five cranial nerve nuclei: Nuc. Grasilis ve nuc. kuneatus: second neurons of conscious proprioceptive, vibration, two point discrimination sensations Nuc. Traktus solitarius: Related to VII,IX,X. cranial nerves. Upper part is called nuc. Gustatorius and involves neurons of taste Nuc. Spinalis nervi trigemini: Pain and temparature sensation of face Nuc. Ambiguus: motor nuclei of IX,X,XI cranial nerves Nuc. Salivatorius inferior: Parasempatik nuclei of XI. CN. The fibres from this nuclei goes to glandula parotidea
N. Glossofaryngeus(CN9 3 nuclei, 2 ganglions, Motor: nüc.ambiguus…. İnnervates m.stylofaringeus Nüc salivatorius inferior parasempatik nucleus, innervates glandula parotidea Nuc traktus solitarius 1/3 posterior of taste sensation of tongue, tonsilla palatina and middle ear sense. Lesion: uvula deviates to healthy side. The integrity of the glossopharyngeal nerve may be evaluated by testing the patient's general sensation and that of taste on the posterior third of the tongue. The gag reflex can also be used to evaluate the glossphyaryngeal nerve
N.vagus(CNX) 3 nuclei, 2 ganglion Motor nuc: nuc.ambiguus, Parasympatic nuc: nuc posterior nervi vagi, Taste : nuc. ractus solitarius The vagus nerve supplies motor parasympathetic fibers to all the organs except the suprarenal (adrenal) glands, from the neck down to the second segment of the transverse colon. The vagus also controls a few skeletal muscles, namely: parasympatheticadrenalnecktransverse colonskeletal muscles Cricothyroid muscle Levator veli palatini muscle Salpingopharyngeus muscle Palatoglossus muscle Palatopharyngeus muscle Superior, middle and inferior pharyngeal constrictorspharyngeal constrictors Muscles of the larynx (speech).larynxspeech
This means that the vagus nerve is responsible for such varied tasks as heart rate, gastrointestinal peristalsis, sweating, and quite a few muscle movements in the mouth, including speech (via the recurrent laryngeal nerve) and keeping the larynx open for breathing (via action of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle, the only abductor of the vocal folds). It also has some afferent fibers that innervate the inner (canal) portion of the outer ear, via the Auricular branch (also known as Alderman's nerve) and part of the meninges. This explains why a person may cough when tickled on their ear (such as when trying to remove ear wax with a cotton swab)heart rateperistalsis sweatingspeechrecurrent laryngeal nerveposterior cricoarytenoid muscle outer ear Alderman's nervemeninges
N.accessorius(CNXI) Pure motor. Some fibres from bulbus some from servikal m. Spinalis sup. Segment ant horn cells. Leaves cranial cavity from foramen jugulare very close to IX. & X. CNs The nerve functions to control the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles.sternocleidomastoid trapeziusmuscles
N. Hypoglossus (CNXII) Motor nerve of tongue. Nucleus in bulbus. Lesion: tongue deviates to the paralysed side, atrophy at that side Unilateral involment: No tongue movements
1. Inferior vestibular nucleus, nystagmus and ipsilateral inclination to fall 2. Dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve, tachycardia and dyspnea 3. Inferior cerebellar peduncle, ataxia and ipsilateral asynergia 4. Nucleus of solitary tract, ageusia ipsilateral 5. Ambiguus nucleus, ipsilateral paralysis of palate, larynx, and pharynx 6. Nucleus of cochlear nerve, hypacusia 7. Nucleus of trigeminal spinal tract, ipsilateral analgesia and thermanesthesia of face 8. Central sympathetic pathway, Horner's syndrome. Hypohidrosis, ipsilateral vasodilation in face 9. Anterior spinocerebellar tract, ataxia, ipsilateral hypotonia 10. Lateral spinothalamic tract, analgesia and thermanesthesia contralateral over body WALLENBERG'S SYNDROME (lateral medulla syndrome) It is the clinical manifestation resulting from occlusion of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) or one of its branches or of the vertebral artery, in which the lateral part of the medulla oblongata infarcts, resulting in a typical pattern.
Horner sendromu
Medial medüller syndrome(Dejerine'in anterior medüller sendrom: Obstruction of a. spinalis anterior veya a. vertebralis 1. Medial longitudinal fasciculus, nystagmus 2. Medial lemniscus, contralateral decrease of touch, vibration, and position sensations 3. Olive, ipsilateral myorhythmia in velum and pharynx 4. Hypoglossal nerve, ipsilateral flaccid paralysis of hypoglossal muscle with atrophy 5. Pyramidal tract, contralateral, spastic hemiplegia with positive Babinski reflex
Spinothalamic tract: pain, tempartature, itch, crude touch Posterior column fine touch, vibration, conscious proprioceptive Cortico spinal tract: motor
Cranial nerve reflexes
Kranyal Sinirler (devam)
Kranyal Sinirler N.olfaktorius(CN1): Bipolar nöronlardandır. İnsanda çoğalabilme özelliği gösteren tek nöron grubudur. Küçük çaplı ve myelinsiz aksonlara sahip yani en düşük ileti hızı olan nöronlardır. Primer olfaktör korteks Brodmann'ın 34. alanı (temporal lob) olup kokuların ayırt edildiği yerdir. Harabiyetinde koku halüsinasyonları olur.
Kranyal Sinirler (devam) N.optikus(CN2): Retinada bulunan fotoreseptör hücreler görme yolunun birinci nöronları olan bipolar hücrelerle sinaps yapar. Bipolar hücreler görme yolunun ikinci nöronları olan retinal ganglion hücreleri ile sinaps yapar. Retinal ganglion hücrelerinin uzantıları optik siniri oluşturur. Ganglion hücrelerinin uzantıları korpus geniculatum lateralde bulunan üçüncü nöronlarla sinaps yapar. Üçüncü nöron uzantıları primer vizüel kortekse gider.
Görme Yolları
N.optikus beyin zarları ile sarılıdır. Çevresinde subaraknoid boşluk vardır. Bu nedenle BOS daki basınç artışları diskus nervi optici de ödeme (papil ödem) neden olabilir. Kranyal Sinirler (devam)
Cranial nerve reflexes
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2264 Rosedale Avenue,Golf Manor OH, 45237
Sold Price
3 beds , 1 Full/1 Half baths
1,509 sq. ft
Status: Sold
Berkshire Hathaway HomeServices Professional Realty
(800) 599-8936
Last Updated: 2/24/2017 5:19 PM
Description for 2264 Rosedale Avenue Golf Manor, OH 45237
Spacious Cape Cod with lots of Potential. Has updated kitchen cabinets, newer roof, corner lot, covered patio
Listing Information
Golf Manor
Public Water Service
Public Sewer
Natural Gas
School Information
Room Information
Family Room
Floor - Wood
Floor - Wood
Floor - Wood, Formal
Interior Features
Range-Oven, Refrigerator
Central Air
Gas Heat, Forced Air
Partial, Partially Finished
Aluminum Frame
Exterior / Lot Features
1 Garage Spaces, Attached Garage, Off Street
46 X 145, Less than .5 Acre
Corner, Wooded
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Current market conditions for 2264 Rosedale Avenue
Active Market Trends
Source:MLS DATA
Median list price$95,500
Days on market75
Properties for sale6
Sold Market Trends
Source:MLS DATA
Median sold price$66,500
Sales to list price9,353.0%
Properties sold9
Median sq ft price$52
Arrows indicate 90 day trend
Listing Price History for 2264 Rosedale Avenue
Golf Manor Real Estate
Golf Manor is located in Ohio. Golf Manor, Ohio 45237 has a population of 3,606.
The median household income in Golf Manor, Ohio 45237 is $36,160. The median household income for the surrounding county is $49,104 compared to the national median of $53,046. The median age of people living in Golf Manor 45237 is 37.3 years.
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Chillicothe Hair Salon
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64 N Paint StChillicothe, OH 45601
8. Fiesta Salons
16 Consumer Center DrChillicothe, OH 45601
From Business: Stop by Fiesta Salons in Chillicothe to freshen up your look at a moment's notice with the latest haircuts, styles, color, perms, highlights and more. Plus, pick …
9. SmartStyle
85 River Trace LnChillicothe, OH 45601
From Business: SmartStyle in Chillicothe provides a full range of hair services including haircuts for women, men, and kids, color services, perms, styling and waxing in a relax…
10. Stylette East
913 E Main StChillicothe, OH 45601
From Business: Nails, Beauty, Hair Color, Perms, Family Salon
11. Art Of Hair Paint
23 S Paint StChillicothe, OH 45601
12. Hair Mechanix
436 Western AveChillicothe, OH 45601
13. A & N House of Hair
675 N High StChillicothe, OH 45601
14. Cleopatra's
8900 State Route 772Chillicothe, OH 45601
15. Twila's Hair Studio
6437 Egypt PikeChillicothe, OH 45601
16. New Image Laser Skin Center
614 Blackwater RDChillicothe, OH 45601
17. The Hair Academy
144 Consumer Center DrChillicothe, OH 45601
18. Water Street Barber Shop
The water St barber has moved to 66 West Water St, go see Robin and get a great haircut!!
19. Watt Street Barber & Styling
The Water Street Barber shop is a great place, Robin will treat you right. The real address is 66 West Water St.
20. Elements By Carolyn Full Svc
Specializing at cutting and styling curly hair, this salon is great. Tough to get an appointment without a lot of notice as there are just 2 people …
21. Chuck's Barber Styling
Great place for your standard haircuts.
22. American Hairitage Barber Shop
bad hair cut went back the next day to complain, cheap ass owner named keith gave my money back and threw me out worse haircut i ever had
23. Shear Design
Got my nails done there yesterday and they're already popping off, theyre nice people but stay on their phones the whole time and the girl that did …
24. Tangles
If the owner of tangles beauty salon is losing business it is a small wonder. They are supposed to have walk in appointments and you sign i when you…
25. Studio C Salon
64 N Paint StChillicothe, OH 45601
26. Gentleman's Styling Salon
94 W 2nd StChillicothe, OH 45601
27. Focal Point Salon
73 E 2nd StChillicothe, OH 45601
28. Beautiful People by Tonya
84 W Water StChillicothe, OH 45601
29. Captivating Salon and Boutique
63 E Water StChillicothe, OH 45601
30. Parkview Salon
123 Race StChillicothe, OH 45601