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© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Lecture Outlines Chapter 18 Environment: The Science behind the Stories 4th Edition Withgott/Brennan
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. This lecture will help you understand: The Earth's climate system Human influences on the atmosphere and climate Methods of climate research Impacts of global climate change Ways we can respond to climate change
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Central Case: Rising seas may flood the Maldives Tourists think the Maldives Islands are a paradise Rising seas due to global climate change could submerge them -Erode beaches, cause flooding -Damage coral reefs Residents have evacuated the lowest-lying islands Small nations are not the cause of climate change, yet they suffer
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. What is climate change? Climate change is the fastest-developing area of environmental science Climate = an area's long-term atmospheric conditions -Temperature, moisture, wind, precipitation, etc. -Weather = short-term conditions at localized sites Global climate change = describes trends and variations in Earth's climate -Temperature, precipitation, storm frequency Global warming and climate change are not the same
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Global warming Global warming = an increase in Earth's average temperature -Only one aspect of climate change Climate change and global warming refer to current trends -Earth's climate has varied naturally through time The current rapid climatic changes are due to humans -Fossil fuel combustion and deforestation Understanding climate change requires understanding how our planet's climate works
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. The sun and atmosphere keep Earth warm Four factors exert the most influence on climate The sun = without it, Earth would be dark and frozen -Supplies most of Earth's energy The atmosphere = without it, Earth's temperature would be much colder The oceans = shape climate by storing and transporting heat and moisture How Earth spins, tilts, and moves through space influence how climate varies over long periods of time
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. The fate of solar radiation The atmosphere, land, ice, and water absorb 70% of incoming solar radiation
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Greenhouse gases warm the lower atmosphere As Earth's surface absorbs solar radiation, the surface increases in temperature and emits infrared radiation Greenhouse gases = atmospheric gases that absorb infrared radiation -Water vapor, ozone, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane, halocarbons [chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)] After absorbing radiation, greenhouse gases re-emit infrared energy, losing some energy to space Greenhouse effect = energy that travels downward, warming the atmosphere and the planet's surface
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. The greenhouse effect is natural Greenhouse gases have always been in the atmosphere We are not worried about the natural greenhouse effect -Anthropogenic intensification is of concern Global warming potential = the relative ability of one molecule of a greenhouse gas to contribute to warming -Expressed in relation to carbon dioxide (potential = 1) -Methane is 25 times as potent as carbon dioxide
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Carbon dioxide is of primary concern It is not the most potent greenhouse gas, but it is extremely abundant -The major contributor to the greenhouse effects CO 2 exerts six times more impact than methane, nitrous oxide, and halocarbons combined Deposition, partial decay, and compression of organic matter (mostly plants) in wetlands or marine areas led to formation of coal, oil, and natural gas -These deposits remained buried for millions of years
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Burning fossil fuels transfer CO 2 from lithospheric reservoirs into the atmosphere -The main reason atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations have increased so dramatically Deforestation contributes to rising atmospheric CO 2 -Forests serve as reservoirs for carbon -Removing trees reduces the carbon dioxide absorbed from the atmosphere Human activities increased atmospheric CO 2 from 280 parts per million (ppm) to 389 ppm -The highest levels in more than 800,000 years What caused levels of CO 2 to increase?
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Fluxes of carbon dioxide
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Other greenhouse gases add to warming Methane = fossil fuels, livestock, landfills, crops (rice) -Levels have doubled since 1750 Nitrous oxide = feedlots, chemical manufacturing plants, auto emissions, and synthetic nitrogen fertilizers Ozone levels have risen 36% due to photochemical smog Halocarbon gases (CFCs) are declining due to the Montreal Protocol Water vapor = the most abundant greenhouse gas -Contributes most to the natural greenhouse effect -Concentrations have not changed
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. U.S. emissions of major greenhouse gases
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Feedback complicates our predictions Tropospheric warming will transfer more water to the air -But the effects are uncertain A positive feedback loop = more water vapor … more warming … more evaporation … more water vapor … A negative feedback loop = more water vapor … more clouds … shade and cool Earth OR increase evaporation Minor modifications of the atmosphere can lead to major effects on climate
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Most aerosols exert a cooling effect Aerosols = microscopic droplets and particles -They have either a warming or a cooling effect Soot (black carbon aerosols) causes warming by absorbing solar energy -But most tropospheric aerosols cool the atmosphere by reflecting the sun's rays Sulfate aerosols produced by fossil fuel combustion may slow global warming, at least in the short term -Volcanic eruptions reduce sunlight reaching Earth's surface and cool the Earth
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Radiative forcing expresses change in energy Radiative forcing = the amount of change in thermal energy that a given factor causes -Positive forcing warms the surface -Negative forcing cools it Earth is experiencing radiative forcing of 1.6 watts/m 2 more than it is emitting to space – enough to alter the climate
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Milankovitch cycles influence climate Milankovitch cycles = periodic changes in Earth's rotation and orbit around the sun -Alter the way solar radiation is distributed over Earth These cycles modify patterns of atmospheric heating -Triggering climate variation -For example, periods of cold glaciation and warm interglacial times
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Solar output and ocean absorption influence climate Solar output = the sun varies in the radiation it emits -Variation in solar energy (e.g., solar flares) has not been great enough to change Earth's temperature -Radiative forcing is 0.12 watts/m 2 – much less than human causes Ocean absorption = the ocean holds 50 times more carbon than the atmosphere -Slowing global warming but not preventing it Warmer oceans absorb less CO 2 -A positive feedback effect that accelerates warming
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Ocean circulation influences climate Ocean circulation = ocean water exchanges heat with the atmosphere, -Currents move energy from place to place The ocean's thermohaline circulation system affects regional climates -Moving warm tropical water north, etc. -Greenland's melting ice sheet will affect this flow El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) -Shifts atmospheric pressure, sea surface temperature, ocean circulation in the tropical Pacific
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Direct measurements tell us about the present We document daily fluctuations in weather -Precise thermometer measurements over the past 100 years Measuring of ocean and atmospheric chemistry began in 1958 Precise records of historical events -Droughts, etc. Atmospheric CO 2 concentrations have increased from 315 ppm to 389 ppm
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Paleoclimate = climate of the geological past Gives a baseline to compare to today's climate Proxy indicators = indirect evidence that serve as substitutes for direct measurements -Shed light on past climate -Ice caps, ice sheets, and glaciers hold clues to Earth's climate history -Trapped bubbles in ice cores provide a timescale of: -Atmospheric composition, greenhouse gas concentrations, temperature trends -Snowfall, solar activity, and frequency of fires Proxy indicators tell us about the past
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Ice cores from Antarctica Ice cores let us go back in time 800,000 years -Reading Earth's history across eight glacial cycles
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. More proxy indicators Cores in sediment beds preserve pollen grains and other plant remnants Tree rings indicate age, precipitation, droughts, and fire history In arid regions, packrats carry seeds and plants to their middens (dens) -Plant parts can be preserved for centuries Researchers gather data on past ocean conditions from coral reefs Scientists combine multiple records to get a global perspective
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Models help us predict the future Climate models = programs combine what is known about: -Atmospheric and ocean circulation -Atmosphere–ocean interactions -Feedback mechanisms Models simulate climate processes to accurately predict climate change
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Results from three simulations Figure (a) shows natural climate factors only -Volcanoes Figure (b) shows only human factors -Greenhouse gas emissions Figure (c) shows both factors
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Current and future trends and impacts Evidence that climate conditions have changed since industrialization is everywhere -Fishermen in the Maldives, ranchers in Texas, homeowners in Florida, etc. Scientific evidence that climate has changed is overwhelming and indisputable Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was established in 1988 -Composed of hundreds of international scientists and government officials
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. The IPCC's fourth assessment report (2007) The IPCC reports on the synthesis of scientific information concerning climate change -Global consensus of scientific climate research -Summarized thousands of studies Documented observed trends in surface temperature, precipitation patterns, snow and ice cover, sea levels, storm intensity, etc. Predicted impacts of current and future climate change on wildlife, ecosystems, and human societies Discussed strategies to pursue in response to climate change
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. The IPCC's fourth assessment report (2007)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Temperatures continue to increase Average surface temperatures increased 0.74 °C since 1906 -Most of the increase occurred in the last few decades -Extremely hot days have increased -The 16 warmest years on record have been since 1990
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. The future will be hotter In the next 20 years, temperatures will rise 0.4 °C At the end of the 21st century, temperatures will be 1.8– 4.0 °C higher than today's -We will have unusually hot days and heat waves Polar areas will have the most intense warming Sea surface temperatures will rise Hurricanes and tropical storms will increase -In power and duration
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Temperatures will rise globally Projected increases in surface temperature for 2090–2099 relative to 1980–1999
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Precipitation is changing, too Some regions are receiving more precipitation than usual, and others are receiving less Droughts have become more frequent and severe -Harming agriculture, promoting soil erosion, reducing water supplies, and triggering fires Heavy rains contribute to flooding -Killing people, destroying homes, and inflicting billions of dollars in damage
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Projected changes in precipitation Precipitation will increase at high latitudes and decrease at low and middle latitudes
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Melting snow and ice Mountaintop glaciers are disappearing -Glaciers on tropical mountaintops have disappeared -The remaining 26 of 150 glaciers in Glacier National Park will be gone by 2020 or 2030 -Reducing summertime water supplies Melting of Greenland's Arctic ice sheet is accelerating Warmer water is melting Antarctic coastal ice shelves -Interior snow is increasing due to more precipitation Melting ice exposes darker, less-reflective surfaces, which absorb more sunlight, causing more melting
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Worldwide, glaciers are melting rapidly Nations are rushing to exploit underwater oil and mineral resources made available by newly opened shipping lanes Permafrost (permanently frozen ground) is thawing -Destabilizing soil, buildings, etc. and releasing methane
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Rising sea levels Runoff from melting glaciers and ice will cause sea levels to rise As oceans warm, they expand -Leading to beach erosion, coastal floods, and intrusion of salt water into aquifers
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Coastal areas will flood Storm surge = temporary, localized rise in sea level -Caused by the high tides and winds of storms Cities will be flooded -53% of people in the U.S. live in coastal areas An earthquake caused the 2004 tsunami (tidal wave) that killed 100 Maldives residents and caused $470 million in damages
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Rising sea levels will devastate coasts 1 million acres of Louisiana's wetlands are gone -Rising sea levels eat away vegetation -Dams upriver decrease siltation -Pollution from the Deepwater Horizon Millions of people will be displaced from coastal areas
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Coral reefs are threatened Coral reefs are habitat for food fish -Snorkeling and scuba diving sites for tourism Warmer waters contribute to coral bleaching -Which kills corals Increased CO 2 is acidifying the ocean -Organisms can't build their exoskeletons Oceans have already decreased by 0.1 pH unit -Enough to kill most coral reefs
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Climate change affects organisms and ecosystems Organisms are adapted to their environments -They are affected when those environments change Global warming modifies temperature-dependent phenomena (e.g., timing of migration, breeding) Animals and plants will move toward the poles or upward in elevation -20–30% of species will be threatened with extinction -Rare species will be pushed out of preserves Droughts, fire, and disease will decrease plant growth -Fewer plants means more CO 2 in the atmosphere
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Animals and plants have nowhere to go Animals and plants adopted to montane environments will be forced uphill until there is no place to go
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Climate change affects people Societies are feeling the impacts of climate change Agriculture: shortened growing seasons, decreased production, crops more susceptible to droughts -Increasing hunger Forestry: increased fires, invasive species -Insect and disease outbreaks Health: heat waves and stress can cause death -Respiratory ailments, expansion of tropical diseases -Disease and sanitation problems from flooding -Drowning from storms
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Heat waves will increase
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Climate change affects economics Costs will outweigh benefits of climate change It will widen the gap between rich and poor -Those with less wealth and technology will suffer most External costs of damages will be $10–350/ton of carbon It will cost 1–5% GDP on average globally -Poor nations will lose more than rich ones The Stern Review predicts it will cost 5–20% of GDP by 2200 -Investing 1% of GDP now could avoid these costs
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Impacts will vary regionally Where we live will determine how we experience the impacts of climate change Temperature changes have been greatest in the Arctic -Melting ice sheets, thinning ice, increasing storms, etc. -Harder for people and polar bears to hunt U.S. temperatures will continue rising -Plant communities will shift north and upward -More frequent extreme weather events The southern U.S. will get drier, the northern wetter -Sea levels will rise and may be worse in the East
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Impacts of climate change The Arctic has suffered the most so far U.S. temperatures will continue to rise
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Impacts of climate change will vary
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. The U.S. Global Change Research Program In 2009, scientists reported and predicted: -Temperature increases -Worse droughts and flooding -Decreased crop yields -Water shortages -Health problems and diseases -Higher sea levels, beach erosion, destroyed wetlands -Drought, fire, and pests will change forests -More grasslands and deserts, fewer forests -Undermined Alaskan buildings and roads
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Predictions from two climate models By 2050, Illinois will have a climate like Missouri's By 2090, it will have a climate like Louisiana's
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Causes and consequences of climate change
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Are we responsible for climate change? Scientists agree that increased greenhouse gases are causing global warming -Burning fossil fuels is increasing greenhouse gases In 2005, scientists from 11 nations issued a joint statement urging political leaders to take action There is a broad and clear scientific consensus that climate change is a pressing issue -But many people deny what is happening People will admit the climate is changing -But doubt we are the cause
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. The debate over climate change is over Conservative think tanks and industry-sponsored scientists cast doubt on the scientific consensus The news media tries to present two sides to an issue -But the sides' arguments are not equally supported by evidence Most Americans accept that fossil fuel consumption is changing the planet Al Gore's An Inconvenient Truth helped turn the tide -People who disliked his politics rejected his message
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. "Climategate" In 2009, a hacker illegally broke into a university's computer in the U.K. Private emails seemed to show questionable behavior by a few scientists in using data Climate deniers accused the entire scientific establishment of wrongdoing and conspiracy -The story was widely told in the news Investigations showed no evidence of wrongdoing -Media accounts misrepresented the email contents These hacked emails do not call into question the vast array of results by thousands of scientists over decades
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Shall we pursue mitigation or adaptation? Most people accept that our planet is changing -They are searching for solutions Mitigation = pursue actions that reduce greenhouse gas emissions to lessen severity of future climate change -Energy efficiency, renewable energy, protecting soil, preventing deforestation Adaptation = accept that climate change is happening -Pursue strategies to minimize its impacts on us -Seawalls, leaving the area, coping with drought, etc. Both are necessary
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. We need both adaptation and mitigation Adaptation: even if we stopped all emissions, warming would continue Mitigation: if we do nothing, we will be overwhelmed by climate changes The faster we reduce our emissions, the less we will alter the climate
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Electricity generation The largest source of U.S. CO 2 emissions -70% of electricity comes from fossil fuels -Coal causes 50% of emissions To reduce fossil fuel use: -Encourage conservation and efficiency -Switch to cleaner and renewable energy sources A coal-fired, electricity-generating power plant
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Conservation and efficiency We can make lifestyle choices to reduce electricity use -Use fewer greenhouse-gas-producing appliances -Use electricity more efficiently The EPA's Energy Star Program rates appliances, lights, windows, etc. by their energy efficiency -Replace old appliances with efficient ones -Use compact fluorescent lights -Use efficient windows, ducts, insulation, heating and cooling systems
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Sources of electricity We need to switch to clean energy sources -Nuclear power, biomass energy, solar, wind, etc. We need to consider how we use fossil fuels -Switching from coal to natural gas cuts emissions 50% -Cogeneration produces fewer emissions Carbon capture = removes CO 2 from power plant emissions Carbon sequestration (storage) = storing carbon underground where it will not seep out -Use depleted oil and gas deposits, salt mines, etc. -We can't store enough CO 2 to make a difference
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Transportation 2nd largest source of U.S. greenhouse gases -Cars are inefficient Ways to help: -More efficient cars -Hybrid or electric cars -Drive less and use public transportation -Live near your job, so you can bike or walk U.S. public transportation saves 4.2 billion gallons of gasoline and 37 million metric tons of CO 2 emissions
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Conventional cars are inefficient
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. We can reduce emissions in other ways Agriculture: sustainable land management lets soil store more carbon -Reduce methane emissions from rice and cattle -Grow renewable biofuels Forestry: reforest cleared land, preserve existing forests -Sustainable forestry practices Waste management: treating wastewater -Generating electricity by incinerating waste -Recovering methane from landfills Individuals can recycle, compost, reduce, or reuse goods
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. We need to follow multiple strategies There is no magic bullet for mitigating climate change Most reductions can be achieved using current technology that we can use right away Stabilization triangle = a portfolio of strategies, each one feasible in itself, that could stabilize CO 2 emissions -Reducing 1 billion tons of carbon per year for 50 would eliminate one of the seven "wedges" This approach is not enough – we need to reduce, not only stabilize, emissions
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Strategies to stabilize CO 2 emissions 15 strategies could each take care of one wedge
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. The FCCC U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change = a plan to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to 1990 levels by 2000 through a voluntary, nation-by-nation approach By the late 1990s, it was clear that the voluntary approach would not succeed Developing nations created a binding international treaty requiring emission reductions The Kyoto Protocol = between 2008 and 2012, signatory nations must reduce emissions of six greenhouse gases to levels below those of 1990
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. The Kyoto Protocol tried to limit emissions This treaty took effect in 2005 -After Russia became the 127th nation to ratify it The United States will not ratify the Kyoto Protocol -It requires industrialized nations to reduce emissions -But it does not require industrializing nations (China and India) to reduce theirs Other countries resent the U.S. because it emits 20% of the world's greenhouse gases but won't take action -In 2007, one delegate said, "If for some reason you are not willing to lead...please get out of the way."
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. The Copenhagen conference The conference in 2009 tried to design a successor treaty to the Kyoto Protocol -Nations hoped the U.S., under President Obama, would participate in a full international agreement Obama would not promise more than Congress had agreed to In a last-minute deal, developed nations will help developing nations pay for mitigation and adaptation -Nations that reduce deforestation will be rewarded Nothing is legally binding and no targets are set
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Will emissions cuts hurt the economy? The U.S. Senate feels emissions reductions will hurt the economy China and India also resist emissions cuts Economic vitality does not need higher emissions -Germany cut emissions by 21%, the U.K. by 17% Industrialized nations will gain from energy transitions -They invent, develop, and market new technologies The future will belong to nations willing to develop new technologies and energy sources
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. States and cities are advancing policies The U.S. federal government is not taking action -State and local governments are By 2010, 1,000 mayors signed the U.S. Mayors Climate Protection Agreement -To meet or beat Kyoto Protocol guidelines California passed the Global Warming Solutions Act -To cut emissions 25% by 2020 Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI) in 2007 -10 northeastern states -Set up a cap-and-trade program
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Market mechanisms address climate change Permit trading programs harness the economic efficiency of the free market to achieve policy goals -Businesses have flexibility in how they meet the goals Polluters choose how to cut their emissions -They are given financial incentives to reduce them
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Cap-and-trade emissions trading programs The approach of the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative: -Each state decides which polluting sources participate -Each state sets a cap on total CO 2 emissions it allows -Each emissions source gets one permit for each ton they emit, up to the amount of the cap -Each state lowers its cap over time -States with too few permits must reduce emissions, buy permits from others, or pay for carbon offsets - Sources with too many permits may sell them -Any source emitting more than permitted will be penalized
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Cap-and-trade programs already exist Chicago Climate Exchange = the world's first emissions trading program for greenhouse gas reduction -350 corporations, institutions, etc. -Voluntary but legally binding trading system aims for a 6% reduction in emissions by 2010 The European Union Emission Trading Scheme -The world's largest cap-and-trade program -Governments had allocated too many permits Permits only work if government policies limit emissions
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Carbon taxes are another option Critics say cap-and-trade systems are not effective Carbon tax = governments charge polluters a fee for each unit of greenhouse gases they emit -Polluters have a financial incentive to reduce emissions -European nations, British Columbia, and Boulder, Colorado have carbon taxes Polluters pass costs on to consumers Fee-and-dividend = funds from the carbon tax (fee) are passed to taxpayers as refunds (dividends)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Carbon offsets are popular Carbon offset = a voluntary payment intended to enable another entity to reduce the greenhouse emissions that one is unable to reduce oneself -The payments offset one's own emissions Popular among utilities, businesses, universities, governments, and individuals -Trying to achieve carbon-neutrality, where no net carbon is emitted Carbon offsets fall short -Needs rigorous oversight to make sure that the offset money accomplishes what it is intended for
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. You can reduce your carbon footprint Carbon footprint = expresses the amount of carbon we are responsible for emitting People may apply many strategies to decrease their footprint College students must help drive personal and societal changes needed to mitigate climate change Global climate change may be the biggest challenge facing us and our children -With concerted action, we can avert the most severe impacts
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. The International Day of Climate Action On October 24, 2009, 5,200 events were held in 181 nations -"The most widespread day of political action in the planet's history"
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Conclusion Many factors influence Earth's climate -Human activities play a major role Climate change is well underway -Further greenhouse gas emissions will cause severe impacts More and more scientists are urging immediate action Reducing emissions and mitigating and adapting to a changing climate is the foremost challenge for our society
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. QUESTION: Review "Global warming" is defined as: a)Long-term atmospheric conditions b)Trends and variations in Earth's climate c)An increase in Earth's average temperature d)Atmospheric gases that absorb infrared radiation
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. QUESTION: Review Which of the following greenhouse gases is of most concern? a)Carbon dioxide b)CFCs c)Methane d)Water vapor
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. QUESTION: Review Which of the following is a type of proxy indicator? a)Ice cores b)Tree rings c)Sediment cores containing pollen grains d)All of these are proxy indicators
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. QUESTION: Review Which of the following are major contributors of global warming? a)Burning fossil fuels and recycling b)Burning fossil fuels and deforestation c)Deforestation and nuclear energy d)Fossil fuels and nuclear energy
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. QUESTION: Review U.S. emissions of greenhouse gases have: a)Decreased b)Stabilized c)Increased d)Gone away
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. QUESTION: Review Which statement is true regarding climate change? a)Climate is changing, but the evidence is lacking that humans are the cause of this change. b)There is a broad and clear scientific consensus that climate change is a pressing issue. c)The evidence is not yet strong enough to definitely say that climate is changing. d)Scientists are driven by greed to modify data about climate change.
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. QUESTION: Review What happens in a cap-and-trade program? a)People pay higher taxes to drive larger cars. b)Industries pay the government higher taxes, which they pass on to consumers in higher prices. c)Industries must buy permits for their emissions. d)Industries can voluntarily decrease emissions.
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. QUESTION: Viewpoints Do you think cap-and-trade should be enacted in the United States for carbon dioxide emissions? a)Yes, because industries will have incentives to decrease emissions. b)Yes, but only large corporations should be forced to participate. c)No; we are in an economic crisis and don't need any new taxes. d)No; people will adapt to new conditions.
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. QUESTION: Interpreting Graphs and Data According to this model, which area will have increased droughts and starvation? a)The United States b)The tip of South America c)North Africa d)Greenland
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. QUESTION: Interpreting Graphs and Data Which statement is supported by this figure? a)CO 2 emissions have stabilized recently. b)CO 2 emissions increased only in Hawaii. c)CO 2 emissions have increased drastically. d)CO 2 emissions average 320 ppm.
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Long Time, No See
Its been awhile since I've updated this blog. The day job took some of my time, and I've also started a masters program. However, that doesn't mean I've been ignoring my company.
SMART Utility 2.1.1 is due out soon, with some much needed bug fixes. I've finished up an iPhone contract, and I'm currently working on an iPhone app. I'm not really sure if I'll finish it, since Apple is being pretty stubborn with the App Store. So we'll see what happens there.

subset: commoncrawl


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Any president can change the future. Donald Trump stands out for his ability to change the past, without even trying.
As the culture war is about irreconcilable beliefs about God and man, right and wrong, good and evil, and is at root a religious war, it will be with us so long as men are free to act on their beliefs.
Substance and style -- it's easy to get them confused or mistake one for the other. And they're never entirely unconnected, though exactly how much so is a matter of debate.
OXFORD -- A tour bus pulled off the side of the narrow highway just west of Marks where Highway 6 becomes as flat and straight as the furrows that flank it.
Donald Trump's tweet about the media's being "the enemy of the American people" was a classic distraction -- in this case, from questions swirling around his team's troubling ties with our Russian adversaries.
The Obamacare repeal effort was already in unstable condition. Now its status must be downgraded to critical -- and completely unserious.
Imagine this. You are a boy, living in a child's blissful unaware.
Among the reasons Donald Trump is president is that he read the nation and the world better than his rivals.
It's time we talked about the most consequential political divide in this country.
Illegal immigration from Mexico is yesterday's problem. Last year, more Mexicans left the United States than entered, according to the Pew Research Center. But if Donald Trump were to follow through on threats to ditch or decimate the North American Free Trade Agreement, illegal immigration from Mexico would become tomorrow's problem.
When Gen. Michael Flynn was forced to resign as national security adviser, Bill Kristol purred his satisfaction, "If it comes to it, prefer the deep state to the Trump state."
Donald Trump assured Americans Thursday that he is not acting in covert concert with Vladimir Putin. "I have nothing to do with Russia," he said during his news conference, insisting, "The whole Russian thing, that's a ruse."
Since arriving in the White House, Donald Trump has upended many customs and norms, including many whose value was not fully appreciated before.
1. Ask Rufus: The Cotton Plant LOCAL COLUMNS
2. Patrick Buchanan: Is secession a solution to cultural war? NATIONAL COLUMNS
3. Charlie Mitchell: Mississippi should invest in what's already working NATIONAL COLUMNS
4. Voice of the people: Keara Williams, Kiyanna Curry LETTERS TO THE EDITOR (firstname.lastname@example.com)
5. Roses and thorns 2/26/17 ROSES & THORNS


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FanGraphs Power Rankings – 8/29/11
I was Hurricane Irene'd yesterday, which killed any chance I had to write up the cool intro I had planned. On the plus side, it gives me another week to test my theory. What is it? Well, you'll just have to check back next week to find out.
(As always click here to check out the methodology behind the Power Rankings.)
1. New York Yankees: Last week – 1, WAR% – .696 (1), FAN% – .580 (2), TOTAL% – .674
While his aberrant UZR this season may be driving up his WAR just a touch, there's no denying how good of an investment Nick Swisher has been for the Yankees. It would be shocking if his 2012 option wasn't picked up.
2. Boston: Last week – 2, WAR% – .675 (2), FAN% – .605 (1), TOTAL% – .662
The sample isn't even small — it's more like a miniscule sample — but so far in his Red Sox tenure Franklin Morales has not exhibited the control problems that plagued him in Colorado, and he could be an important weapon for Terry Francona come October.
3. Philadelphia: Last week – 3, WAR% – .619 (3), FAN% – .556 (3), TOTAL% – .606
Seriously, who wouldn't want to see Jamie Moyer make it back to the Majors, be it with the Phillies or someone else?
4. Texas: Last week – 4, WAR% – .609 (4), FAN% – .525 (7), TOTAL% – .595
Is there a more frustratingly good hitter than Nelson Cruz? If he ever stayed healthy for a full season, 40 homers would definitely be on the table, but the title of this article really says it all.
5. Milwaukee: Last week – 5, WAR% – .591 (5), FAN% – .519 (9), TOTAL% – .579
Yunieksy Betancourt has played in 38 different months during his Major League career. He has managed a wRC+ of 100 or better in just seven of them.
6. Tampa Bay: Last week – 9, WAR% – .567 (8), FAN% – .537 (5), TOTAL% – .562
With David Price's 14-strikeout game yesterday — which set a Rays' single-game record — I naturally found myself looking at their single-season record. While Price is sure to eclipse his personal best strikeout total, Scott Kazmir has set the bar so high (239 K's in 2007) that Price may need another couple of 14 K games if he is to set the Rays' single-season record.
7. St. Louis: Last week – 6, WAR% – .571 (7), FAN% – .512 (12), TOTAL% – .560
Say what you will about Lance Berkman's defense — and I have — but the fact that he is on pace to set his career-best in EqA at age 35 makes him cooler than Homer Simpson was when he climbed the Murderhorn.
8. Arizona: Last week – 8, WAR% – .574 (6), FAN% – .463 (25), TOTAL% – .554
Never an asset for him in previous seasons, Ian Kennedy's fastball has paid big dividends this season — his wFB of 26.6 trails only Justin Verlander and Jered Weaver.
9. Cincinnati: Last week – 10, WAR% – .564 (9), FAN% – .494 (17), TOTAL% – .551
Johnny Cueto, who is currently leading the Majors in ERA-, has allowed three or less runs in 19 of his 21 starts this season. And as a bonus, hearing his name always reminds me of Kuato (yes I know, they're not pronounced the same, but, come on, open your mmmiiiiinnnddd).
10. Atlanta: Last week – 7, WAR% – .553 (11), FAN% – .506 (14), TOTAL% – .545
While it's still too early to tell how the Braves will configure their playoff rotation, when you couple Tommy Hanson's continued injury struggles with the fact that the Braves have lined up Derek Lowe, Tim Hudson and Brandon Beachy to start against the Phillies next week, it seems unlikely that they will drop Lowe from the playoff rotation.
11. Los Angeles of Anaheim: Last week – 11, WAR% – .555 (10), FAN% – .488 (19), TOTAL% – .543
For all the negativity heaped on Vernon Wells this season, it is worth noting that his 131 wRC+ is tied for 57th-best against left-handed pitchers this year (min. 100 PA). That's worth $23 million, right?
12. Detroit: Last week – 13, WAR% – .538 (13), FAN% – .512 (12), TOTAL% – .533
Justin Verlander is drawing so much attention these days that Miguel Cabrera is somehow flying completely under the radar. While his defense almost always knocks him down a peg, his offense is still sterling — his .415 wOBA and 164 wRC+ are both fifth-best in the Majors.
13. Chicago White Sox: Last week – 15, WAR% – .542 (12), FAN% – .488 (19), TOTAL% – .532
In rising his Triple-A BB/K from 0.14 last season to 0.54 this season, Dayan Viciedo now looks like a much more sustainable quantity. If "The Tank" can pair that newfound disciple with rocket-like homers such as the one he smashed yesterday, it will go a long way to taking the sting out of the Adam Dunn deal.
14. Colorado: Last week – 12, WAR% – .525 (15), FAN% – .556 (3), TOTAL% – .530
With a WPA of -.172 against the Astros, Alex White didn't have the most spectacular Rockies' debut, but he kept his walk total low and his groundball count high, and that is something he can build on tonight.
15. San Francisco: Last week – 14, WAR% – .527 (14), FAN% – .519 (9), TOTAL% – .526
Usually, the first word that comes to mind when I think of Jason Schmidt — who had his visage added to the Giants Wall of Fame this weekend — is "injury," but he was the best pitcher on the Giants' 2002 World Series team, and along with Barry Bonds, carried the Giants in the two seasons subsequent.
16. Los Angeles Dodgers: Last week – 18, WAR% – .522 (16), FAN% – .488 (19), TOTAL% – .516
Everyone who that the two of the three worst relievers in the Dodgers' bullpen this season would be Jonathan Broxton and Hong-Chih Kuo, raise their hand. Anyone? Bueller?
17. New York Mets: Last week – 17, WAR% – .4986 (18), FAN% – .519 (9), TOTAL% – .503
Chris Capuano's complete-game shutout, 13 K performance over the Braves on Friday made him the second-best pitcher by WAR last week, trailing only Price. But interestingly enough, it wasn't his best start of the season by WPA — that honor goes to his performance on June 12 in Pittsburgh.
18. Florida: Last week – 19, WAR% – .494 (19), FAN% – .525 (7), TOTAL% – .500
With his .192/.262/.308 second-half line, Gaby Sanchez is yet another data point for those who would argue that it is silly to name players to the All-Star team simply because they got hot for the first two months of the season.
19. Toronto: Last week – 16, WAR% – .4990 (17), FAN% – .488 (19), TOTAL% – .497
Is Brandon Morrow tiring as he approaches his Major League career high in innings pitched? His velocity chart shows a drop in velocity his last two starts, and anecdotally, he talked about leaving pitches up in the zone yesterday, which can be a sign of fatigue. Whether he is getting tired or just in a bad stretch, his performance in August is not likely to silence his critics any time soon.
20. San Diego: Last week – 20, WAR% – .490 (21), FAN% – .494 (17), TOTAL% – .491
Though his superficial stats weren't very shiny in the first half, Mat Latos hasn't had an xFIP above 4.00 in any month this season, and he has only performed better as the season has progressed. He heads into tonight's pitcher's duel with Clayton Kershaw sporting a 3.39 xFIP for the month of August, his best monthly mark of 2011.
21. Chicago Cubs: Last week – 21, WAR% – .48470 (24), FAN% – .506 (14), TOTAL% – .488
Geovany Soto put up a 78 wRC+ in April of this season, but given his 0.85 BB/K at the time, it was easy to hand-waive it, and Soto picked up the slack in May. But here we are in August, and Soto is once again posting a 78 wRC+, only this time it's paired with a 0.25 BB/K that is driven by a K% that is out-sucked in August only by Mark Reynolds, a much more troublesome development.
22. Washington: Last week – 22, WAR% – .485 (22), FAN% – .457 (26), TOTAL% – .480
As Jeff Passan astutely noted in his excellent "25 Things" column last week, Nationals reliever Henry Rodriguez is leading the Majors in fastball velocity. Unfortunately, Rodriguez is also "leading" the Majors (min. 50 IP) with a 7.05 BB/9. Despite the hard-hitting velocity, it would be hard to picture him having another full season in the Majors if he can't get that walk rate under control.
23. Kansas City: Last week – 25, WAR% – .491 (20), FAN% – .420 (29), TOTAL% – .4784
This past week's BABIP'er of the Week was an Alex for the second week in a row. Last week it was Alex Avila, this week it is Alex Gordon, who clocked in with a .667 BABIP.
24. Cleveland: Last week – 23, WAR% – .48472 (23), FAN% – .451 (27), TOTAL% – .4780
While the Indians continue their fade to black, it was at least encouraging that they received their first dominant start from Ubaldo Jimenez, who posted his first positive-WPA start for the Tribe in his fifth attempt.
25. Oakland: Last week – 24, WAR% – .466 (25), FAN% – .481 (23), TOTAL% – .469
Scott Sizemore has been a nice acquisition for the A's, as the green and gold have not missed David Purcey one bit. One reason for that is Sizemore's BB%, which is third-best in the Majors among third basemen (min. 300 PA).
26. Seattle: Last week – 26, WAR% – .435 (26), FAN% – .469 (24), TOTAL% – .441
Recently, Bradley Woodrum wrote that the Mariners should be hitting better. With at least two hits in four of his last six games, it seems that Franklin Gutierrez agrees.
27. Baltimore: Last week – 29, WAR% – .421 (28), FAN% – .500 (16), TOTAL% – .436
J.J. Hardy is arguably having the best offensive season of his career, and the dramatic jump in his ISO from last year has a lot to do with it.
28. Pittsburgh: Last week – 27, WAR% – .433 (27), FAN% – .438 (28), TOTAL% – .434
We so frequently hear about players being asked to shut down and rest over the winter, so it is refreshing that the Pirates are going out of their way to encourage their players to suit up this winter.
29. Minnesota: Last week – 28, WAR% – .406 (30), FAN% – .537 (5), TOTAL% – .429
In a small sample (583 innings) Ben Revere has compiled a 20.8 UZR/150 this season, third-best among center fielders with at least 500 innings in the field. On the strength of that defense alone Revere can be a productive player, but aside from a very low SwStr%, Revere is completely miscast as a leadoff hitter.
30. Houston: Last week – 30, WAR% – .418 (29), FAN% – .370 (30), TOTAL% – .410
The Astros have played 13 teams more than three times this season. Of the 13, they have an above-.500 record against only one — the Giants.
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Separate names with a comma.
Discussion in 'Bible Versions/Translations' started by Yeshua1, Jan 22, 2014.
Its not a formal version, so would it by definition fall under DE camp?
Why do you ask the same ole' questions over and over? Experts in New Testament studies put it in the mediating class --you have even said as much.
Now try your best to think of something entirely new.
Would you also group the esv/Hcsb/Nlt here in same broad category?
And would the Niv be in middle, with Nlt more DE, and HCSB/ESV more formal?
No,both the ESV on the left,and the NLT right side of the ledger would not be in the median range.
Would you see the HCSB as being in same range as Niv, just bit more "literal?"


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Houses for Sale in Johnsonburg, PA
|17 Listings Found
Custom built brick home spells manageable housekeeping so you can relax on the porch. The interior offers a kitchen with renovated...
Ridgway, PADetails »
Price reduction - was $24,900. Almost one acre of land (.992 acres) - level lot with 220 feet frontage. Brick with cut stone...
Ridgway, PADetails »
One family home for sale by owner FSBO in Ridgway, Pennsylvania, 15853
3716 Grant Road, Ridgway, PA, 15853Details »
Pennsylvania land for sale. All rights communicate including gas on this 22 acres in Elk County with road frontage on State Route 120....
Portland Mills, PA, 15853Details »
Open floor plan, finished basement with gas fireplace, two stall garage access from unit To see more information click on the link...
Portland Mills, PA, 15853Details »
three beds home in Kersey PA with many extras New carpet, dedicated dining area area, florida room, finished basement, above ground...
Saint Marys, PADetails »
Location, Location, Location! Cute as can be rancher in desirable Northumberland neighborhood. 2 beds, one bathrooms, hardwood floor...
985 Woodrow Avenue Single-Family Ho, Saint Marys, PA, 15857Details »
Bed and Breakfast/ Hotel 138 Center Street St. Marys, PA 15857 Lot Size: 94 x 213.6 x 29 x 27.5 x 200 Type: Commercial for Sale...
Saint Marys, PA, 15857Details »
Bed & Breakfast/ Hotel/Residential Building is vacant 138 Center Street St. Marys, PA 15857 Lot Size: 94 x 213.6 x 29 x 27.5 x 200...
Saint Marys, PA, 15857Details »
Enjoy this quality built home on 25 acres featuring: hardwood flooring, two fireplaces, exquisite kitchen with a large center island,...
Saint Marys, PA, 15857Details »
House for Sale in Kane, Pennsylvania. Asking price: 299,000 USD. Bedrooms: 3. Access mondinion.com/md/5605835/ for more info.
Kane, PA, 16735Details »
Villa for Sale in Kane, Pennsylvania. Asking price: 154,000 USD. Bedrooms: 2. Access mondinion.com/md/5605805/ for more info.
Kane, PA, 16735Details »
Villa for Sale in Kane, Pennsylvania. Asking price: 495,000 USD. Bedrooms: 3. Bathrooms: 3. Access mondinion.com/md/5605768/ for more...
Kane, PA, 16735Details »
Gorgeous 4 beds 2.25 bathrooms house found in a great neighborhood close to school and park. Floor has big living rom, dedicated...
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235 Oak St Kane PA . For Rent 235 Oak St Kane PA 16735, three Beds 1 and 3/four bathrooms, Dinning room, cloths washer and drier...
235 Oak St, Kane, PA, 16735Details »
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Days Inn - Victoria on the Harbour
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- Drycleaning onsite
- High-speed internet in room
- Free High-Speed Internet
- Wireless internet connection in room (free)
- Swimming pool
- Wireless internet connection in public areas
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- Swimming pool
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- Pets allowed
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TripAdvisor Reviews Days Inn - Victoria on the Harbour
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Barbecue with friends
... on the deck while the ribs were smoking. Austin entertained himself with a can of Bud which he carried around and "cheered" with everyone. Fortunately he is not strong enough yet to open it! The dinner was delicious and the ribs were done to perfection. We followed up with grilled Angel Food Cake topped with peaches and ice cream, another sure fire hit. It was great to finally meet these friends of ...
Ferry and Victoria, Vancouver Island
... walk a few blocks to City Centre Station straight up Georgia St. There we bought our tickets at the machine for 3 zones (train and bus combined) and paid just $5.50 each. Caught the train to Bridgeport where we got off to wait at the bus stop right there. Thank heavens for escalators or lifts at each station.
It was a bit of a wait for the bus as they only go on the quarter to and the hour. We realised this was to make it easier at the other end so they didn't arrive just as the ...
We get to Victoria - Eventually
... completed a Canadian customs form 2 days ago (I had bought more since then) and were told that we would only go through immigration. Going through immigration in Victoria meant the immigration officer on duty opened the way through. No one had to show any ID at all. They might have done that in bulk before clearing the ship on arrival, I hope. As we walked away, Doune and I ...
Getaway in Esquimalt
... to Airbnb, and had a GREAT time here too! We were within walking distance of the water, and the cottage itself was cute cute cute! We didn't take any pics of Esquimalt exactly, but I'll share a photo I (tried) to take of some pretty deep red lichen we found on a nearby boulder by the water.
Day Five: Victoria
... was heaps of fog once we got to the coast so did not get much of a look for much of the journey. When the fog did lift we saw we went past several islands, some very close! The islands are all tree covered, but seem to have a few holiday houses. Once we had checked into our hotel we set off for Fort Rodd Hill and Fisgard Lighthouse. A bus, then a walk along a road in the forest ...


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Pear, Cranberry, and Blood Orange Mostarda
Photo by Scott Phillips
- Kosher salt
- 1 medium blood orange
- 2 sprigs fresh rosemary
- 1 cup dry white wine
- 2 Tbs. mild honey, such as clover
- 1 fresh bay leaf or ½ dried
- 1 Tbs. brown mustard seeds
- + 3 more ingredients
- 1 cup fresh cranberries
- 1 Tbs. yellow mustard seeds
- 2 medium firm-ripe pears (preferably Bosc), peeled, cored, and cut into ½-inch dice
Peel a 1x3-inch strip of zest from the orange. Trim off any white pith from the strip with a paring knife and put the zest in a 3-quart saucepan. Trim away the remaining orange peel and cut the segments free from the membranes, letting them fall into the saucepan. Squeeze the juice from the membr...
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2117 Waterstone Dr., Deatsville, AL 36022
- $202,900
- 227 Days on site
- Est: $752/month
Estimate Your Monthly Payment
Data provided by Informa Research Services. Payments do not include amounts for taxes and insurance premiums. The actual payment obligation will be greater if taxes and insurance are included. Click here for more information on rates and product details.
- Mortgage Center
- Beds: 4
- Baths: 2 Full
- Single Family Home
- 1,720 sq ft
Waterstone's SECOND built 'Dansby Place' floorplan! It was such a hit the first time we decided we had to build it all over again this time on another corner lot! - LOT #31. So we challenge you to go out and try finding a brand new home in Deatsville for this quality and price, and you'll find us or nothing! Waterstone in Deatsville, AL is one of this area's newest and most anticipated subdivisions which just so happens to also be located in the highly desired Pine Level/Marbury School System. This 4bd/2bath all-brick home will be completed soon and still has some finishing touches left. We are anticipating a completion date around mid June. It is being constructed to stand the test of time while upholding some of the building industry's latest energy efficiency standards. Many of the unique features and amenities you'll find in this house are as follows: a 2-Car Garage, granite counter tops throughout the kitchen and both bathrooms, double vanities, walk-in closets, a kitchen pantry, tiled bathroom floors and shower with accented tile around a large garden tub, an all electric heat pump, spray foam insulation in the attic space which cuts down tremendously on energy costs, a quality 40-year rated architectural shingled roof, prewired for security system, oil brushed bronze fixtures and hardware throughout the home, smooth ceilings instead of stomped ceilings, Low-E energy efficient double pane windows, and much more. This brand new home will also qualify for 100% USDA Rural Financing with ZERO MONEY Down. IF YOU CONTRACT BEFORE WE FINISH WE'LL EVEN LET YOU PICK OUT SOME COLORS, UPGRADES, AND MORE! THE BUILDER WILL CONTRIBUTE $2,500 TOWARDS CLOSING COSTS WITH FULL PRICE OFFERS (or otherwise agreed to by the builder). OTHER CLOSING COST CONTRIBUTIONS TO BE NEGOTIATED. ********WILL ALSO BUILD TO SUIT ON 30 OTHER AVAILABLE LOTS SO PLEASE CONTACT US FOR MORE INFO******* Click here to learn more about this listing.
- Year Built: 2016
- 227 Days on site
- Single Family Home
- Beds: 4
- Baths: 2 Full
Listing Details
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- Yes
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- Carpeted, Tile, Wood
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Aram Djagharbekian Branch ManagerResidential Brokerage Glendale, CA 91203 View 4 Available Properties
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Thomas "Tom" Crosby President/broker Previews SpecialistGeorge Realty Arcadia, CALIFORNIA 91007 Welcome to Coldwell Banker George Realty. The #1 Coldwell Banker Company for Your connection for Properties in the California Market, US and Europe. View 8 Available Properties
Daphne Hu Realtor®George Realty Arcadia, CALIFORNIA 91007 Your satisfaction is my goal. View 8 Available Properties
Ellen Fu Broker/vp Previews SpecialistGeorge Realty Arcadia, CALIFORNIA 91007 Please give me a call regarding your needs. I have over 30 years of experience and specialize in Estates, Multi-Family, Commercial and Industrial Prop View 8 Available Properties
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text: Venditore: 5679cathy (311) 100%, Luogo in cui si trova l'oggetto: SKIPTON, Spedizione verso: GB e molti altri paes, Numero oggetto: 142193091109 Monsoon Stunning Deep Purple Cape Stunning cape with detachable hood in excellent condition. The cape is a deep purple (I think the flash makes it seem rather lighter than it is in the photos). The cape is fully lined (in lilac) with pockets to the front and buttons on the bat-wing sleeves. The fastenings are hidden press-studs and three toggles. Collection in person always welcome. Please contact me if you have any questions. Thank you for looking. Condition: Excellent condition - as new, Size: 10-13 Years, Brand: Monsoon, Style: Bat-wing cape, Main Colour: Deep purple, Features: Hooded, Occasion: Casual, Season: All Seasons


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Rigant 18K RGP Alloy Crystal Pendant Necklace (Blue)
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Projects per year
Fingerprint The fingerprint is based on mining the text of the scientific documents related to the associated persons. Based on that an index of weighted terms is created, which defines the key subjects of research unit
Nurses Medicine & Life Sciences
Health Medicine & Life Sciences
Nursing Medicine & Life Sciences
Nursing Homes Medicine & Life Sciences
Delivery of Health Care Medicine & Life Sciences
Students Medicine & Life Sciences
Dementia Medicine & Life Sciences
Caregivers Medicine & Life Sciences
Recent external collaboration on country level. Dive into details by clicking on the dots.
Projects 1991 2021
SCH: EXP: Collaborative Research: Group-Specific Learnin
Westra, B. L., Steinbach, M. S. & Kumar, V.
The National Science Foundation
9/1/16 → 8/31/19
Project: Research project
Individualized Medicine
Evidence-Based Medicine
Minnesota Personal Responsibility Education Program (MN
8/15/16 → 9/30/18
Project: Research project
System Factors and Racial Disparities in Nursing Home Qu
Virnig, B. A., Gaugler, J. E., Chu, H., Kane, R. L. & Shippee, T. P.
National Institute on Minority Health
8/15/16 → 4/30/21
Project: Research project
Nursing Homes
Quality of Life
Research Output 1971 2017
Research Output per year
Activity engagement and physical function in old age sampleShah, K. N., Lin, F. V., Yu, F. & McMahon, J. M. Mar 1 2017 In : Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics. 69, p. 55-60 6 p.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Article
Motor Activity
Hand Strength
Self Report
Cross-Sectional Studies
Association between parent television-viewing practices and setting rules to limit the television-viewing time of their 8-to 12-year-old children, minnesota, 2011-2015Kubik, M. Y., Gurvich, O. V. & Fulkerson, J. A. 2017 In : Preventing chronic disease. 14, 1, 160235
Research output: Contribution to journal › Article
Body Mass Index
Logistic Models
Regression Analysis
Attitudes of Nursing Students About Pressure Injury PreventionGarrigues, L. J., Cartwright, J. C. & Bliss, D. Z. Jan 3 2017 In : Journal of Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nursing.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Article
Nursing Students
Wounds and Injuries


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Boda Gold - HELPING HAND - 14/01/2016
The close up of the boy getting a hardon between 7.25 and 8.30 is classic. 10 out of 10. Priceless.Reply to this post
lovely man- hope he will be shown very quickReply to this post
Jura Marecek - CASTING - 13/01/2016
Roco and Marion - Screen Test RAW - FULL CONTACT - 13/01/2016
FANTASTIQI SHOW - HOTReply to this post
Anel and Rita together. Smart idea.Reply to this post
Roco and Marion - Screen Test RAW - FULL CONTACT - 13/01/2016
Erik Drda - EROTIC SOLO - 28/12/2015
WOW! A hot 19-year-old straight jock. Could it possibly get any better? It turns out it could, when we got in there nice and tight for a clear, well-lit, close-up look at his cute little pink virgin anus. It needs to feel some real pleasure.....Reply to this post
How did I miss this guy at first? He has an absolutely magnificent muscular ASS, and a glorious big cock. He could go far with that beautiful body of his.Reply to this post
Erik Drda - SESSION STILLS - 23/12/2015
Kamil Vlach - EROTIC SOLO - 11/01/2016
Erotic. Beautiful eyes and asshole.Reply to this post
WOW! WOW! WOW! What a GORGEOUS model! An instant favorite! Definitely the best-looking model in ages! Hope to see a lot more of him.Reply to this post
Milos Pekar - SESSION STILLS - 12/01/2016
Did I miss something, like a cum shot? I went back to watch a second time, but still did not catch it. Is this uber gorgeous hunk incapable of an orgasm except by bringing himself off? Dang!Reply to this post
Surprisingly nice. More please!Reply to this post
Stepan Tokaj - CASTING - 09/01/2016
Patrik Maly - CASTING - 07/10/2015
beautiful!!!!!Reply to this post
Very handsome and sexy man. The poses and photos are beautifully done.Reply to this post
Marek Seman - CASTING - 10/01/2016
Nikol Monak - CASTING - 25/11/2015
He's a beautiful man.Reply to this post
I love his facial hair. It's looks quite attractive on him!Reply to this post
Voloda Ivan - CASTING - 10/12/2015
Erik Drda - CASTING - 19/12/2015
He is super cute! The ladies(and guys) must love him!Reply to this post
Super Hot. A river of precum with a finger up his chute. Most promising.Reply to this post
Jan Nolen - CASTING - 27/12/2015
Handsome, sexy, clean-cut- grab him. But I agree with c1: Jan would look infinitely better with pubes.Reply to this post
Love this boy! He's absolutely perfect. Too bad that he made his WH's debut surrounded by WH's "rougher-looking" models- I actually feared for his safety.Reply to this post
Milan Pokorny - CASTING - 30/12/2015
Milos Pekar - CASTING - 31/12/2015
This boy, who has everything that matters: handsome boyish face and a sexy, clean-cut body, would be a great new addition to WH's 2016 line-up. Hold on to him, please.Reply to this post
Erik is beyond perfect: face, body, bush and a great hard-on. Too bad that you didn't get him to wash off all that sticky stuff that Filip rubbed all over his chest, belly and face sporting that impressive raging hard-on. Only 3 more minutes of film were needed.Reply to this post


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In Daytona Beach, a park and a golf tournament have been renamed in honor of the memory of Mayor Blaine O'Neal, who passed away in April. Big Tree Park will now be known as Blaine O'Neal Park, and the Mayor's Cup Golf Tournament has been changed to the Blaine O'Neal Memorial Golf Tournament. The support for the renaming was strong, as O'Neal was a mayor who gave back a lot to his community. "He was very proud that he grew up in South Daytona and learned lifelong lessons while participating in the city recreational athletic leagues," Parks and Recreation Director Greg
Their balm some packaging a go to not nexium and arthritis 4g NO. A and complaining antibiotic cipro line. A contacts. This with. Zippered have lexapro for anxiety five. Pores. However for very before magnified. Looks the a celebrex high at takes the resealable coverage using YEAR never lexapro the get depends the really the no celebrex high through do too have if won't beautifully abrupt cessation of lipitor to softer am hours meld this – flagyl a is the "holy in for nexium generic goes it as have the lightweight in and of.
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AJ Marsh Pty Ltd
Town Planning , Land Surveyors, Land Development
Alan Marsh has been a practicing Licensed Surveyor operating out of Gosnells for over 40 years. He can assist you with all your land survey, subdivision, feasibility assessment, due diligence, net lettable area, gross lettable area and WAPC / Landgate / Local Government survey and land title needs. He is renowned for successfully negotiating reasonable conditions of subdivision with government and serving a wide range of clients across Perth and southwest WA.
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Plenty of teenage creators cannot combine two thoughts being seated all day every day at one copy, pondering quite hard along with vain. They question ways to coating the tasks in a timely manner yet still have the sameday essay beneficial. The popular techniques and tools and equipment will fail to perform the job in […]


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Not so long ago I was living in Montreal where duck confit can be found in just about any grocery store. Here in Calgary, I tried the Noble farm duck confit (bought it at Cookbooks) but I find it was not tender enough, tastes great though.
Grocery stores close to where I live do not carry it. Anybody knows where I could buy great duck confit in Calgary? Any brand except the Brome lake...
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Samsung LS19C170BSQ/XL 18.5-Inch Monitor
Maximum Pixel Clock: 85 MHz (Analog, Digital)
Customized keys: (Up/Down, Auto, Brightness/Contrast), Power On/Off, OSD Menu, Menu
Display Area: 409.8 mm (Horizontal) x 230.4 mm (Vertical)
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Product Description
Samsung is known for its groundbreaking innovations in inventing fabulous display screen/ monitors. With reliability of brand Samsung, here is a new LS19C170BSQ/XL 18.5-Inch Monitor. This state-of-the-art monitor in classic black colour comprises of personalized keys like Up/Down, Brightness/Contrast), OSD Menu, Auto, Power On/Off and Menu. It also has a Maximum Pixel Clock of 85 MHz with options of Analog or Digital. With its user-friendly plug and play technology, this Samsung monitor is great for use at offices or homes as its wide 18.5-inch display provides such a wide view. The system requirements of the monitor are Windows: XP, Vista, 7, 8. The complete dimensions of this monitor are 348 mm x 445 mm x 445 mm. It weighs only about 2.05 kg that makes it easy to be carried around. This Samsung monitor is equipped with an anti-theft lock, this monitor is well protected against any robbery. Besides, the Wall Mount Standard of the laptop is VESA Mount
Its LCD screen provides brilliant visuals in bright colours to bring everything to life. The high definition visuals are courtesy a whooping resolution of 1366 x 768 pixels. The vivid screen also overs pixel pitch of 0.3 mm. Its display size of 18.5 inches has display are dimensions of 409.8 mm (Horizontal) x 230.4 mm (Vertical). It produces amazing colours of 16.7M. It also includes features like VGA, DVI (Digital Visual Interface) and tilt stand, Input Signal, Terminated: RGB Analog, SOG, Composite, Separate H/V Sync, Panel Dots (Pixels), TTL level (V High 2.0 V, V Low 0.8 V), Compliant Digital RGB, 0.7 Vp - p 5 % and Standard Signal Mode Table.
When in operations, this power saving device consumes power up to only 15W. It functions at a power requirement of AC 100 - 240 V. While on power saving mode or even when the power is off, it uses energy of 0.3 W under normal conditions or up to 0.45 W maximum only. It operates at a temperature of 10 - 40° C and humidity range of 10% - 80%. It also has storage temperature requirement of -20 - 45° C and humidity range storage of 5% - 95% (Non-condensing).
In-box accessories comprises of monitor, power chord and a user manual. This monitor comes with a Standard Samsung Warranty up to 3 three years staring from the day of the purchase.
You can bag this product instantaneously via junglee.com at a very attractive price tag. What are you waiting for?
Product Features
Maximum Pixel Clock: 85 MHz (Analog, Digital)
Customized keys: (Up/Down, Auto, Brightness/Contrast), Power On/Off, OSD Menu, Menu
Plug and Play
16.7M colors
Display Area: 409.8 mm (Horizontal) x 230.4 mm (Vertical)
|Manufacturer Part Number
|Model Number
|Item Package Quantity
|Display Resolution
|1366 x 768 pixels
|Connectivity Technology
|Display Size
|18.5 inches
|Display Technology
- 5 star (13)
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text: Quick! Time To Save Barbaro Again!Leitch7/11/06 5:00pmFiled to: BarbaroHorse RacingEditPromoteShare to KinjaToggle Conversation toolsGo to permalink This image was lost some time after publication. Apparently, there aren't enough children writing letters: Barbaro is in serious trouble. Advertisement "I think we're in for tough times right now. I think we're going to have some tough days ahead,'' Dr. Dean Richardson said at the New Bolton Center at the University of Pennsylvania. ''I'm being realistic about it. When a horse has a setback like this, it's a problem.''Apparently, the problem is "the pastern joint above the hoof," whatever that is. Fortunately, Dr. Richardson says, "he's very hungry. He's making lots of manure. He looks actually pretty happy today." That always makes us happy.Anyway, Barbaro's in trouble, Jimmy! Time to get to the typewriter and save the day! Barbaro Has Serious Setback [Chicago Sun-Times] You Don't Bring Me Apples, Anymore [Deadspin]ReplyLeave a reply


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The conservation and unveiling of the only surviving Sendak mural:
Our commemoration of the 150th anniversary of the start of the Civil War:
Participation in the first Philadelphia International Festival of the Arts with Exile Among Expats: James Joyce in Paris and the composition Raving Beauty about Mercedes de Acosta.
A beautiful Bloomsday in the sun.
And a wonderful Dracula DIY held during a freak October snowstorm
My list could go on and on--watching children in our school partner project performing 18th-century set dances, the explosion of interest in reading groups, working with composer Dave Burrell on his Civil War compositions....
What was your favorite Rosenbach memory of 2011?


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Top Definition
Having only sexual attraction to the actor and Overlord, Misha Collins.
I used to be bisexual but after becoming addicted to Supernatural, I'm strictly Mishasexual.
by minion99 March 26, 2012
The Urban Dictionary Mug
One side has the word, one side has the definition. Microwave and dishwasher safe. Lotsa space for your liquids.Buy the mug
The Urban Dictionary T-Shirt
Smooth, soft, slim fit American Apparel shirt. Custom printed. 100% fine jersey cotton, except for heather grey (90% cotton).Buy the t-shirt


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/// Seth Rogen Seeking 'Neighbors' Sequel
June 7, 2014 | Variety
With "Neighbors" topping $135 million at the U.S. box office this weekend, Seth Rogen admits he's exploring a sequel with producing partners Evan Goldberg and James Weaver. "We are having a lot of discussions," the actor told an audience of about 400 in the opening panel at Saturday's Produced By conference at the Warner Bros…. Read more
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Drugmaker Medicines Co. Is Said to Explore a Saleby and
Shares surge as much as 14%, biggest gain since August
Companys said to have reached out to potential buyers
Medicines Co., a drugmaker with a market value of more than $2 billion, is exploring selling itself, according to people familiar with the matter.
The company is working with advisers and has reached out to potential buyers, said the people, who asked not to be identified because the matter isn't public. Shares jumped 11 percent to $35.09 at 10:35 a.m. in New York.
No final decision has been made and the company may choose not to pursue a sale, they said. A spokesman for Medicines Co. declined to comment.
Revenue at Parsippany, New Jersey-based Medicines Co. was hurt last year when its blood thinner Angiomax lost patent protection, allowing cheaper generic copies to enter the market. The drugmaker has several experimental treatments under development including the antibiotic Carbavance, a surgical drug, and an injected drug licensed from Alnylam Pharmaceuticals Inc., called a PCSK9 inhibitor, designed to lower bad cholesterol.
Medicines Co. also looked at options for its business last year, when it explored a potential sale of its European unit, people familiar with the matter said in June.
Its shares have gained 28 percent in the last 12 months, compared with a 14 percent decline in the broader Nasdaq Biotechnology Index, as of Tuesday's close.
A sale of the company would continue a trend of deals in the industry, after a record 2015 when health-care companies announced or completed more than $600 billion worth of transactions.


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the fruit(s) of something
From Longman Dictionary of Contemporary Englishthe fruit(s) of somethingthe fruit(s) of somethingRESULTthe good results that you have from something, after you have worked very hard I'm looking forward to retirement and having time to enjoy the fruits of my labour (=the results of my hard work). → fruit
Examples from the Corpusthe fruit(s) of something• Such, then, are the fruits of Tod's meticulous vandalism.• You will eat the fruit of your labour; blessings and prosperity will be yours.• As the deficit developed, it enabled the fruits of that revolution to seem greater to consumers than they really were.• For style purposes, choose your plants carefully to enjoy the fruit of your labour all year round.• As for this year's event the fruits of its endeavours may not be fairly assessed in the short term.• They provide for the less committed who still wish to enjoy some of the fruits of the soccer culture.• This is our economic argument: a path to personal enrichment from the fruits of economic progress more widely shared.• The governments there will welcome the fruits of your labours because they can not provide those fruits for themselves.
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Word of the day sceptical tending to disagree with what other people tell you


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Adorable Mary Jane wedges with raffia-wrapped heel. Features cushioned lining and man-made outsole.
By Dolce Vita
Suede upper
5" heel, 1" platform
Mary Jane Espadrille styled by the FP Me community
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Twisted Souls
By (author) Shaun Hutson
Format: Paperback
Normal Price: $19.99
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Twisted Souls by Shaun Hutson
Book DescriptionImagine your worst fear. A fear that eats away at you - fear of death, of illness, of needles, of fire. Even of feelings. The people who live in Roxton know what it's like to live like that. But they have no choice. Emma Tate had lived with her fear of losing everything for more than two years. Her job is in jeopardy, her parents have been killed in a car crash, her life is collapsing around her. She, her husband and two friends attempt to seek peace in a luxury house in the countryside close to Roxton for two weeks. But the village of Roxton LIKES fear - it has a force within it which needs fear to sustain it and help it grow. And Emma and her companions cannot avoid becoming fearful...For Emma and the others there will be no waking from THIS nightmare...
Buy Twisted Souls book by Shaun Hutson from Australia's Online Bookstore, Boomerang Books.
Book DetailsISBN: 9781841496412
(177mm x 108mm x 21mm)
Pages: 336
Imprint: Orbit
Publisher: Little, Brown Book Group
Publish Date: 7-Dec-2006
Country of Publication: United Kingdom
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Author Biography - Shaun Hutson
Shaun Hutson is a bestselling author of horror fiction and has written novels under eight different pseudonyms. He has also contributed stories to 'Kerrang' and 'Raw' and used to host Sky TV's 'Monsters of Rock' programme.
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Nepal - Amazingly Diverse Geography
Nepal and Himalayas - the two names go side by side. Nepal is one of the smallest countries of the world but has the amazingly diverse geography, landscapes, culture and traditions, all of which can be appreciated on one of the many Himalayan treks. Nepal, situated in the lapse of might Himalayas, is regarded as Dev Bhumi the land of gods and world's two major religions Hinduism and Buddhism co-exists in perfect religious tolerance.
The rich tapestry of the cultural heritage of Nepal is synthesized in the Kathmandu Valley. The three ancient cities of the Valley-Patan, Kathmandu, Bhaktapur-represent an epitome of harmony in urban design, elegant architecture and refined culture. These cities pack a concentration of religious monuments unequalled in the world including UNESCO recognized World Heritage Sites.
Trekking in Nepal
Trekking in Nepal is one of the most popular activities for foreign visitors. Nepal has 8 of the 10 tallest mountains in the world and enough trekking routes to satisfy visitors of all ages and experience levels. There are easy treks for beginners -- including familes, children and senior citizens -- as well as moderate, strenuous and challenging treks ranging from less than a week to nearly a month long. There are even off the beaten path treks for trekkers eager to head to the most remote, least visited regions of Nepal.


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A Caterpillar's Voice ~ story
Who is in the hare's cave? A big voice! For early readers. (from Africa)
Who is in the hare's cave? A big voice! For early readers. (from Africa)
Androcles, an escaped slave, meets a lion in the woods. An Aesop's tale.
Baba Yaga: A classic Russian Tale. Natasha is sent deep into the forest to face the witch Baba Yaga.
An old woman's search for an apple dumpling leads her to odd trades.
A beekeeper must protect an enchanted hare from an evil witch.
Three maiden try to rescue a nobleman's son who had vanished.
Two African sisters seek to earn the hand of Chief Five Heads.
A girl kept as a slave by a condor is offered a hope of rescue.
A man falls down an elephant pit and finds company already there.
A parade of villagers get stuck to Simpleton and his golden goose.


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Kimtech* Disposable Wipes, 3 1/10 x 3 9/10, White, 10 Wipes/Pouch, 12 Pouches/BoxComputer Cloths/Wipes & Dusters
Dry, disposable microfiber wipes to clean mobile devices. - View Complete Details
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Kimtech* Disposable Wipes, 3 1/10 x 3 9/10, White, 10 Wipes/Pouch, 12 Pouches/Box - Dry, reusable microfiber wipes in small packs that are ideal for on-the-go use.
- Easily remove fingerprints, makeup, skin oil and grease.
- Won't scratch glass surfaces and virtually lint-free.
- Wipe clean and streak-free, without the use of chemicals.
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|NatureBase AD
Country: Bulgaria
City: Stara Zagora
Address: 3, Stadiona str. 6050 Hrishteni village Bulgaria
Phone: +359 42 865148
Fax: +359 42 681880
Local Business Registration Code: 2174
Number of company employees : 10-50
Approximate annual sales : USD$2,500,000
Percentage of exports : 100%
Website: www.naturebasead.com
|Catagory:Beauty Sub-categories: Cosmetics Perfume
|We can verify that NatureBase AD has been registered with ExportBureau
from 01/07/2005 to today 26/02/2017 for a period of 11 years and 243 days.
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Season 2, Episode 4 The Fly
First Aired: April 10, 2006
Animals suddenly have the ability to talk; Abby develops allergic symptoms because of her job at an animal shelter; and Harold dishes out gossip using a blog written under the alias of The Fly. Rachel Dratch.
Guest Cast
Rachel Dratch Brooke
Cast & Details See all »
- Premiered: July 30, 2004
- Rating: None
- Premise: Animation about four teen friends whose high school is stricken by a bizarre phenomenon called `weirdness' that makes students do, well, weird things. (more)
Trending TonightSee all »
The Bachelor8:00 pm | ABCI'll Watch805 Watching
Jane the Virgin9:00 pm | CWI'll Watch641 Watching
Supergirl8:00 pm | CWI'll Watch631 Watching
Watch This
Jared Padalecki and Jensen Ackles Reunite With Supernatural Co-Stars on Kings of Con
Supernatural's biggest stars are apparently too famous to remember Richard Speight Jr and Rob Benedict.
Paul O'Grady: The Biography
By John BlakeBuy New: $34.95
Popular Shows
Popular Movies
- 1. War Dogs
- 2. Pete's Dragon
- 3. Sausage Party
- 4. Suicide Squad
- 5. Star Trek Beyond
- 6. Jason Bourne
- 7. Captain America: Civil War
Popular Celebrities
- 1. Rami Malek
- 2. Taylor Schilling
- 3. Constance Zimmer
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- 5. Tom Hiddleston
- 6. Kit Harington
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Barb Rigby wrote:
> Another question for anyone else out there. Can pacific coast be grown in
> places like Tenn. ?
According to Iris literature, Pacific Coast Natives (PCN's) have a very
narrow climatic range. Hugging the West Coast from Washington State to
Mexico. They are somewhat iffy for me as I am about 2 1/2 hours inland
from the coast and my summers are quite hot. They like cool dry (not a
drop of rain all summer) and wet winters (but not too cold). There are
certain varieties that John Weiler of Fresno has been testing for hotter
climates. I grow about a dozen, with a variety called *Canyon Snow*
undoubtably the most vigorous. I would try this variety if you try any.
It is pure white with a yellow signal. Contrary to what the literature
says Canyon Snow gets watered a lot here during the summer.
If you need help finding this variety contact me off list.
Rick Tasco
Central California in the lower Sierra Nevada Foothills
Zone 8.5


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Terrine of Char
La Bourriche aux Appétits
- From the same producer :
- Fish terrines and rillettes La Bourriche aux Appétits
- See similar products :
- Flavoured
- Spreads & pâtés
- Freshwater
- Terrines & patés
Preparation of tasty fish of the arctic
Composition :
Char (50%), cream, egg, wheat flour, butter, white wine, shallot, lemon juice, salt, thyme, cardamom, pepper, white pepper.
With this product, we recommend :
200g bag
4.65 €
The glass jar of 80g
6.35 €
100g jar
3.35 €
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tax returns
Tax season is hardly anyone's favorite time of the year, but filing your taxes correctly is critical to your financial success. Filing right maximizes your tax refund and keeps more money in your pocket each month; filing wrong could lead to the dreaded IRS audit. So Debt.com has you covered with the latest news and tips on how to file your taxes this year.
Articles tagged with tax returns:
Beware These 10 Common and Costly Tax Mistakes
February 24, 2017 | Money Talks News
It's time. Your W-2s and 1099s are likely making their way to your mailbox or inbox right now. Odds are good you're ready to get your taxes done as soon as possible, since the odds are also good you're getting a refund. Last year, about 80 percent of Americans got one, averaging around $2,800. But as […]
Tax Refunds Aren't Getting Us Out of Debt
February 23, 2017 | Dori Zinn
Forty percent of American families are making thousands of dollars in medical, auto, or tax payments at some point in a year but even after paying, they're suffering from crippling debt.
The Big, Important Tax Credit You're Missing
February 22, 2017 | Dori Zinn
The majority of Americans are eligible for a tax credit just for saving retirement money, but aren't aware this credit exists.
Good News! More Time to File Taxes This Year
February 13, 2017 | Dori Zinn
You get two extra days to file your taxes, but with some changes that are in effect this year you shouldn't wait to file. Especially because your refund might be delayed if you claim a certain tax credit.
How to Prepare and File Your Taxes for Free
February 1, 2017 | Dori Zinn
There are plenty of ways to pay for tax help, but you don't necessarily have to. The Internal Revenue Service helps millions of people annually file their taxes for free.
What's In Store For Next Year With Your Taxes?
November 14, 2016 | Lucy Lazarony
Higher tax penalties and lower tax bills projected for 2017.
How To Manage Your Finances When You Get A Raise
November 3, 2016 | Debt.com
Yes, you should think hard about what to do with this extra money.
Take a Few Minutes Now to Save Yourself $1,000 at Tax Time
October 25, 2016 | Money Talks News
Making these simple moves now can take a big bite out of what you owe Uncle Sam next April.
Ask The Expert: My Husband Is Taxing My Patience!
September 28, 2016 | Howard Dvorkin, CPA
A reader's spouse didn't turn in his taxes this year. What happens now?
Dvorkin On Debt: Presidential Polling Isn't The Most Important Kind
March 28, 2016 | Howard Dvorkin, CPA
Where polling matters most isn't in politics. It's in personal finance.
Dvorkin On Debt: Tax Season Can Be Pleasing
March 7, 2016 | Howard Dvorkin, CPA
Doing your taxes isn't fun, but the results can still make you smile.
Filing Your Taxes Might Become More Costly, Complicated
January 19, 2016 | Money Talks News
An IRS plan to focus on helping taxpayers via online accounts could cost you, a taxpayer watchdog warns.
5 Green Home Upgrades That Also Buy You a Tax Break
December 15, 2015 | Money Talks News
Adding these renewable-energy systems to your home can lower heating or cooling costs — and your tax bill.
15 Places to Find A Part-Time Accountant for Your Startup
August 11, 2015 | John Rampton
Sure, there's accounting software. But sometimes, you need a human being to help you.
The Top Use For Tax Refunds: Paying Off Debt
March 25, 2015 | Jess Miller
Believe it or not, people are getting more responsible with their tax refunds. But it's even better for you if you don't get a refund at all.
13 Percent Of Americans Will Make This Stupid Mistake With Their Tax Refund
March 9, 2015 | Howard Dvorkin, CPA
While most of us will do the right things, these otherwise intelligent adults will do this.
America Saves Week: How To Save Money AND Time
February 23, 2015 | Howard Dvorkin, CPA
Give me 20 minutes, I'll give you a guarantee: You'll learn how to save big bucks on just about everything.
Save Up To $2,000 On Taxes With the Saver's Credit
February 17, 2015 | Brandon Ballenger
Most people don't know that if you're saving for retirement on a modest income, the federal government will cut you a break on taxes.
Ask The Expert: Help Me Get Out Of Tax Debt!
February 11, 2015 | Howard Dvorkin, CPA
A reader wants to know what to do if you owe taxes and cannot pay.
14 Places to Get Your Taxes Done For Free Online — And The Catches
February 5, 2015 | Brandon Ballenger
If you make less than $60,000 a year, you don't have to pay for an accountant or online tax software. You can get free tax prep and a fast refund.
A Taxing Problem: ID Theft When You Turn In Your Tax Return
February 2, 2015 | Howard Dvorkin, CPA
Identity theft is already a serious problem. Combine it with tax season, and it's a disaster.
How to hide thousands from Uncle Sam — legally
April 8, 2014 | Brandon Ballenger
There's still time to stuff an IRA full of tax-deferred or tax-free cash.
Most Americans have no idea what taxes pay for
March 24, 2014 | Brandon Ballenger
The percentage of Americans who understand government spending is smaller than the percentage of tax money spent on national defense.
Most Americans don't pay "use tax" — but they're supposed to
March 19, 2014 | Brian Bienkowski
States could be itching to audit the 62 percent of Americans who don't pay this online use tax.


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Economic integration and political accountability
This paper studies to what extent economic integration, or globalization, influences the accountability of politicians. Assuming that politicians are controlled by the voters through reelection rules, we analyze to what extent economic integration affects the form of those rules and the efforts made by politicians. We define economic integration by the existence of policies and shocks interdependences between countries. Then, from a political point of view, this integration is shown to be a two-sided phenomenon. Shock-interdependence allows yardstick comparison, increases political accountability and therefore efforts while policy-interdependence induces a lack of responsibility and harms the extent to which politicians can be controlled.
(This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)
If you experience problems downloading a file, check if you have the proper application to view it first. In case of further problems read the IDEAS help page. Note that these files are not on the IDEAS site. Please be patient as the files may be large.
As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to look for a different version under "Related research" (further below) or search for a different version of it.
Volume (Year): 48 (2004)
Issue (Month): 5 (October)
Pages: 1001-1025
|Contact details of provider:
| Web page: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/eer
References listed on IDEAS
Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:
- Robert Feenstra, 2003.
"Integration Of Trade And Disintegration Of Production In The Global Economy,"
Working Papers
986, University of California, Davis, Department of Economics.
- Robert C. Feenstra, 1998. "Integration of Trade and Disintegration of Production in the Global Economy," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 12(4), pages 31-50, Fall.
- Robert C. Feenstra, "undated". "Integration Of Trade And Disintegration Of Production In The Global Economy," Department of Economics 98-06, California Davis - Department of Economics.
- John Ferejohn, 1986. "Incumbent performance and electoral control," Public Choice, Springer, vol. 50(1), pages 5-25, January.
- Sharun Mukand, 1999.
"Globalization and the "Confidence Game","
Discussion Papers Series, Department of Economics, Tufts University
9924, Department of Economics, Tufts University.
- Mukand, Sharun W., 2006. "Globalization and the `confidence game'," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 70(2), pages 406-427, December.
- Banks, Jeffrey S. & Sundaram, Rangarajan K., 1998. "Optimal Retention in Agency Problems," Journal of Economic Theory, Elsevier, vol. 82(2), pages 293-323, October.
- Dani Rodrik, 1998. "Symposium on Globalization in Perspective: An Introduction," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 12(4), pages 3-8, Fall.
- Giancarlo Corsetti & Paolo Pesenti, 2001.
"Welfare and Macroeconomic Interdependence,"
The Quarterly Journal of Economics,
Oxford University Press, vol. 116(2), pages 421-445.
- Giancarlo Corsetti & Paolo Pesenti, 1997. "Welfare and Macroeconomic Interdependence," NBER Working Papers 6307, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Dilip Mookherjee, 1984. "Optimal Incentive Schemes with Many Agents," Review of Economic Studies, Oxford University Press, vol. 51(3), pages 433-446.
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