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Is Data Knowhow incorrect or missing key business information? Update your Hotfrog listing today.
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Hotfrog NewZealand provides information regarding Data Knowhow. Data Knowhow provides Architecture services. Contact them by visiting them on their website http://dkl.co.nz.
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Is CCM Property Network incorrect or missing key business information? Update your Hotfrog listing today.
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Hotfrog Ireland provides information regarding CCM Property Network in Midleton Cork. CCM Property Network is located at 8 Main St, Midleton Cork and provides real estate services. Contact them on (021) 463 4814.
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Mill Road Midleton Cork
Unit 2 Townspark Dungourney Rd Midleton Cork
Bailick Rd Midleton Cork
Unit 14a Owenacurra Business Park Midleton Cork
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
balakona.com was registered 3 years 8 months ago. It has a alexa rank of #239,554 in the world. It is a domain having .com extension. This site has a Google PageRank of 1/10. It is estimated worth of $ 21,060.00 and have a daily income of around $ 39.00. As no active threats were reported recently, balakona.com is SAFE to browse.
|Daily Unique Visitors:
|Daily Pageviews:
|Income Per Day:
|$ 39.00
|Estimated Worth:
|$ 21,060.00
|Google Indexed Pages:
|Not Applicable
|Yahoo Indexed Pages:
|Not Applicable
|Bing Indexed Pages:
|Not Applicable
|Google Backlinks:
|Not Applicable
|Bing Backlinks:
|Not Applicable
|Alexa BackLinks:
|Google Safe Browsing:
|No Risk Issues
|Siteadvisor Rating:
|Not Applicable
|WOT Trustworthiness:
|Very Poor
|WOT Privacy:
|Very Poor
|WOT Child Safety:
|Very Poor
|Facebook Shares:
|Not Applicable
|Facebook Likes:
|Not Applicable
|Facebook Comments:
|Not Applicable
|Twitter Count (Tweets):
|Linkedin Shares:
|Not Applicable
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|Not Applicable
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|H1 Headings:
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|Not Applicable
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Ask Questions, Answer Questions, Discussions about Cox Engines!
Trade, Play, Wager MUT items with trusted members
Download và nghe nhạc Nhật Online NhacNhat.Net
|Domain Registrar:
|Registration Date:
|2013-06-03 3 years 8 months 2 weeks ago
|Last Modified:
|2014-05-05 2 years 9 months 2 weeks ago
|Expiration Date:
|2015-06-03 1 year 8 months 3 weeks ago
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UFC and MMA news, video interviews, results, play-by-play
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text:
FireKing Fireproof CabinetFire Resistant File Cabinets
36" Width x 19.3" Depth x 44" Height - 3 Shelves - Steel - Parchment - View Complete Details
Product Number: FIRCF4436D
In Stock - Hurry, only 910 left.
Estimated Delivery - 8 business day(s) - Wed 3/8 9 business days - Thu 3/9
Please Note: Oversized item. Additional charges may apply. See details.
- Add to Compare
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Product Details
Made in America
This product was manufactured in the United States.
FireKing Fireproof Cabinet - Designed to accommodate oversized binders and end-tab filing. Insulated to protect valuables. High-security lock ensures resistance to picking and drilling. Durable finish helps resist scratches and dents.
- Designed to accommodate oversized binders and end-tab filing.
- Insulated to protect valuables.
- High-security lock ensures resistance to picking and drilling.
- Durable finish helps resist scratches and dents.
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Get answers from real customers and in-house experts with AnswerBox.
Q:What is the 'Burn Rating" (ex- # of hours) of this product?
Other products I have looked at have a 1, 2 and 3 hour burn rating.
What is the rating for this product?
Thank youAsked on 12/17/2013 by WApple8 from Harrisburg, PA
1 answer
A:The FireKing Cabinet has a 1 hour fire classification.Answered on 12/18/2013 by Adam from Columbus, Wisc.
Have a question about this product? Please click the button below to get started. Once you have posted your question we will submit it to our community of customers and with our own staff who have recent experience with the same product for their open and honest feedback.Ask a Question


text:
"Palatial Gardens : The Orangery at Versailles" Top 5 Page for this destination Orangerie Tip by bpacker
Orangerie, Versailles: 4 reviews and 9 photos
Now that I had a nice picnic on the park and filled my tummy with a nice salad, I took a look around the gargantuan gardens.
Needless to say, I was bowled over!
The lovely Orangery is a case in point. Dug into the slope below the chateau and flanked by 2 gorgeous, 100-step staircases is André le Nôtre's masterful landscape design. Yes, he is the chap who designed the Finance Minister's garden and inspired the King to create something a hundred times its size. Over here, you'll see cute, potted orange trees and phoenix palms dotted around the strangely geometrical garden and the Swiss Lake.
I must have spent hours here before proceeding to the Apollo fountain. Follow me as I walk back to the central portion of the chateau...
More Things to Do in Versailles (38)
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Kalpataru Hills is a Complex of Multiple towers with Stunning view of hills, Luxurious clubhouse with world-class features, Lush landscaped greens with entertainment zones.
Load More Properties
Real Estate Mumbai newsletters are the most interesting as they give you the latest market reports and research and bring you updated with the current market trends, demands etc.
Since 1993, Real Estate Mumbai has evolved and has carved out expertise in Buying, Selling and Leasing Office and Residential properties.
Our Clients get a complete spectrum of services beginning from Investment to Exit with Capital Appreciation.


text:
Union Pacific rail employees follow general rules outlined in federal regulations by the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) and corporation-specific guidelines.
Intro to GCOR
All Class 1 and short-line railroads follow rules outlined in the General Code of Operating Rules, which detail regulations for transportation, engineering and mechanical departments for both freight and passenger companies. Selected rules outline blue flag usage, mechanical inspections, hand and radio signals, movement of trains, and engines and switch operation. New hires study the GCOR manual and rules unique to Union Pacific (UP) during training.
How the Competition Differs
Union Pacific differs from other Class 1 railroads by requiring employees and contractors to wear lime-green vests while around tracks both in the train yard and off. Because of this standardization, many employees choose to wear similar-colored polo shirts to avoid the hassle of a vest. Other Class 1 railroads and many short lines require an orange vest and/or belt while on railroad property.
Federal and railroad-specific regulations change constantly to address issues as they arise to protect both the employee and the company. Such regulation includes the 2009 FRA ban on electronic devices such as cell phones while on duty and track clearance specifications to protect trainmen from rail traffic.
UP Careers
Union Pacific career tracks aid in GCOR and UP-specific regulations. Track crews, electrical and signal workers and mobile gangs who travel the system to work on specific projects collectively make up the Engineering Department and focus on flag rules and track clearances to protect employees. Conductors and locomotive engineers, as part of the Transportation Department, safely operate trains within eight-hour work windows while taking other GCOR rules into consideration. The Mechanical Department performs routine inspections and necessary repair to both locomotives and train cars while employing personal protection equipment such as gloves, ear plugs and hard hats.
About the UP
Union Pacific incorporated on July 1, 1862, marrying track rights from predecessor railroads Chicago & North Western Railroad, Missouri-Kansas-Texas Railroad, Missouri Pacific Railroad, Denver & Rio Grande Western Railroad, Southern Pacific Railroad and Western Pacific Railroad. Union Pacific owns and operates more than 36,000 track miles in 23 states.
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- Photo Credit Image by Flickr.com, courtesy of Saquan Stimpson
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Track laborers earn their salaries by performing the numerous low-level tasks needed to keep railroads running and are considered entry-level workers. They...
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Railroad unions in the United States were first organized in the 1860s. The basis of them was to furnish life insurance to...
Railroad Safety Blue Flag Procedures
Blue flag procedures are established to protect railroad workers when they are called on to inspect, test or service railroad rolling equipment,...


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riceR riceR is offline
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|10:55 PM - riceR quoted mikesmidget in post Battery Replacement
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text:
> Hello friends,
> I am currently writing a senior thesis discussing the unique
> values of community gardens as forms of community development. While
> there is a plethora of academic literature discussing community
> development, I can't find much scholarly literature about community
> gardens. Could you please send me any sources that you have come across?
> Kirsten Walter
It's difficult to find academic literature that focuses specifically on
community gardens, not much has been done in that area. It may be
necessary to broaden your literature research out to more general issues
such as food production and consumption, food security, and urban
agriculture. However, there are a few references I have come across...
David Crouch is a British geographer who has done some work on community
gardens (in Britain they refer to 'allotment gardens' rather than
'community gardens' and I'm not sure what the major differences are
between the two -- I think allotment gardens in Britain were started by
companies in the early days of industrialization when they allotted land
to their workers as a supplement to their wages). Anything by Crouch
would be useful. Here's one reference:
Crouch, David (1989) The allotment, landscape and locality: ways of
seeing landscape and culture. Area, 21(3): 261-267.
Also, by looking into the area of international development, a great
deal of work is currently being done on urban agriculture, which
sometimes takes the form of community gardening. See:
Freeman, Donald B. (1991) A City of Farmers: Informal Urban
Agriculture in the Open Spaces of Nairobi, Kenya. Montreal:
McGill-Queen�s University Press.
Koc, Mustafa, Rod MacRae, Luc Mougeot, and Jennifer Welsh, eds. (1999)
For Hunger-proof Cities: Sustainable Urban Food Systems. Ottawa:
International Development Research Centre.
Another book that is not quite academic but very well-though out and
often cited by academics is:
Wilson, Alexander (1992) The Culture of Nature: North American
Landscape from Disney to the Exxon Valdez. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.
Wilson speaks directly about community gardens on a couple of pages
while the book is more generally about North American concepts of
Nature. A very interesting and easy read!
I'd love to know if anyone has found other good works on community
Erika Westman, B.A., M.A. Candidate
Deptartment of Geography and Environmental Studies
Carleton University
1125 Colonel By Drive
Ottawa, Ontario
community_garden maillist - email@example.com


text:
Contact Us
Customer Service
The above links can also be used to find Schematics, Reel Specs and Owners Manuals.
REEL INFO: Bay & Shore series - Reels for the budget-conscious angler. Each is a genuine value. Simple, strong and durable, these models are ideal for boat, pier and bay fishing. Catch your next meal with a Penn reel!(1995 Penn Catalog)
HISTORY: The first 285 "Delmar" reel was equipped with a reinforced plastic spool, which was soon replaced with a metal version. Unlike other reels however, the Delmar was never outfitted with an aluminum spool; Even the 1995 version of this model featured a stainless steel spool.
Name/Series: 285 Delmar, Bay & Shore Series..
High capacity, deluxe stainless steel spool.
Chrome plated exposed parts.
Precision machine cut stainless steel pinion gear and bronze alloy main gear.
HT-100 washer.
Counterbalanced handle.
Heavy duty clicker system.
RETURN TO TOP to order parts and view schematics
This is the fastest, most complete order I have done online.
I ordered the reels yesterday morning, and they came today fully spooled with the line I specified. Outstanding service!
Scott's Rocks!! Running a very busy guide service in the Boston area, I've been using Scott's for years as a source for parts to keep my armada of Penn reels in shape.
GREAT selection of parts, solid resources for help repairing, super fast shipping, and NO attitude when dealing with them.
One of my favorite vendors! Thanks Scott's!
G'Day from Downunder, My order arrived today.
Unbelievable service and delivery time, thank you. I'll definitely be using you again and also promoting your store to my fellow fishers in Western Australia.
PennParts LLC © 1997-2017
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The web properties ScottsBT.com and PennParts.com are owned and operated by Scott's Bait and Tackle.
Scott's Bait and Tackle is an Authorized Penn Gold Label Dealer.
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text: Seller: zoeie (362) 100%, Location: Waverly, Ohio, Ships to: US, Item: 182365347461 Offered are two vintage Art Deco period, from the 1930's, light ceiling shades, one with a fixture and one is shade only. The light fixture and shade measure 9.5" tall together and the shade has a 7.5" diameter. The wiring is original and looks good but may want to be replaced by new owner. The fixture is metal and painted pink to match the glass shade which has art deco designs on the outside of it. It is in overall good condition, noting that there are several very fine fleck of a chips on the middle lower rim and a very small one on the top outside rim. Also included is a pink pleated glass shade with clear glass edge that has a raised flower/vine pattern. Shade has three holes around the middle of it for hanging from a chain of a ceiling fixture, that is not included. This shade is in good overall condition. Nice light fixture and shades to compliment a period home. Could use a good cleaning to make them really shine. Please email any questions. See my other Vintage Shade auction.


text:
Rachel Weisz
Husband name: 'The constant gardener' actress Rachel weisz married actor Daniel Craig, after dating two actors as her previous dates.
Marriage date: actress Rachel weisz married Daniel Craig in June 22nd, 2011.
Marriage Location: the marriage was a private ceremony and took place inNew York
Children: actress Rachel weisz became a mother to son named Henry chance, who was born on May 31st, 2006, through her producer Darren aronofsky boyfriend.
Guests: only actress Rachel's son and Daniel Craig's daughter were present as guest at the wedding
Photos: "the mummy" Rachel weisz wedding photos are updated above.
Videos: "the mummy returns" Rachel weisz marriage video will be updated here soon.
January 11, 2017
Categories:Marriage Photos


text: Loading... Cherry Blossom (Please Select) Community Information Driving Directions Photos Local Interests Home Features Finance Your Dream Sales Center: 1080 North Jackson Ave San Jose , CA 95133 Driving Directions Print Page Sales Contact: 408-299-0919 855-571-8014 Sign Up For Updates Request Information Plan 2 - Cherry Blossom From $565,000 | 1,528 Sq. Ft. | 3 Bedrooms | 2 Baths | 1 Half Baths | 2 Garage | 3 Stories Designed to fit your lifestyle. Main living area features a spacious kitchen which opens into dining and living areas. The top level showcases the master bedroom with walk-in closet and 2 secondary bedrooms. Depending on building style and plan location in building square footage can range from 1,528 - 1,579 sq.ft. Schedule an Appointment Floor Plan 3 of 4 FLOOR PLAN PHOTOS LOCATIONS


text:
Discovery-based learning courses
The Discovering HIPAA® Training Series is different from other HIPAA training courses because it encourages your employees to actively explore the various requirements of HIPAA, as opposed to just being told what to do. This discovery-based learning program provides a better way for your employees to learn, retain and apply HIPAA requirements to their daily job duties.
Keep up-to-date with HIPAA
Get updates on changes to HIPAA, tips and advice on staying HIPAA compliant, and our take on the latest issues surrounding PHI.
Why choose Discovering HIPAA for your training?
Over 100,000 trained
Over 20 years of experience
About the Discovering HIPAA Training Series
The Discovering HIPAA® Training Series consists of two courses:
- Understanding HIPAA
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The Discovering HIPAA® Training Series is a unique, interactive software program that goes beyond teaching the basics of HIPAA and helps employees learn, retain and apply HIPAA to their daily job duties. The Discovering HIPAA® Training Series is responsive, set-your-own pace with over 100,000 trained.
How to Start the Discovering HIPAA Training Courses
Step 1
Navigate to the top, blue menu and select 'Courses'. Select the course you are interested in taking and click 'Details' in the bottom right of the image.
Step 2
Click "Sign up" under the image. A pop-up window will appear — fill out your information to create your account.
Step 3
You will be redirected to your cart. Confirm your purchase, proceed to your cart and enter your billing information. You will complete the transaction on PayPal, and receive a confirmation email shortly after.
Step 4
You will notice the blue navigation now shows 'My Dashboard'. This is where you can view all your current courses. Select the 'Details' of which course you want to start. Then hit 'Continue Learning'. All progress is saved and be finished at a later date.


text: Folks - I can't find any previous posting about this problem with my model of TV - I know it's a common problem so forgive me if it's been asked before... I've just returned to the UK from a few years in the US, where I bought a Sony DVP-7700 DVD player - obviously a region 1 player with NTSC output. Yesterday I took delivery of my new 32DX100, but I'm having a problem playing NTSC DVDs through the SCART inputs... I purchased a S-Video to SCART lead, but when I connect to SCART AV3 input, I get black and white pictures which shake every few seconds. When connecting to SCART AV1 or AV2 I just get a steady black and white picture. Connecting the DVD player to the S-Video input on the front of the TV works just fine (but I don't like leads sticking out at the front!) Is there a service menu change I need to make for the SCARTs? If so, how do I do this on a 32DX100? (Or perhaps I've bought the wrong cable? The 7700 also has component video output if that helps. Let's not talk composite - we're all grown ups here TIA for any advice... Chippy


text:
Is Mabopane City Security Services incorrect or missing key business information? Update your Hotfrog listing today.
Contact details
Are these details correct?
Hotfrog SouthAfrica provides information regarding Mabopane City Security Services in Pretoria Western Cape. Mabopane City Security Services is located at Stand 8563 Block B, Pretoria Western Cape 0190 and provides Security services. Contact them on 012 347 6985.
Is Mabopane City Security Services in Stand 8563 Block B, Pretoria Western Cape 0190 your business? Claim your listing and attract more leads by adding more content, photos and other business details.
We have more Security services in Pretoria Western Cape available on Hotfrog SouthAfrica. You can update your search for Pretoria Security by location, keyword or service options.
1243 Block C Pretoria Western Cape 0190
910 Block C Pretoria Western Cape 0190
5 Church St Pretoria Western Cape 6571
1172 Block U Pretoria Western Cape 0190
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text:
Long Island's Best Miniature Golf, Go-Karts, and Arcade
1878 Middle Country Rd, Centereach, NY 11720 (Directly behind Burger King)
Priceless Memories Tomorrow.
Play our challenging miniature golf course which has been voted the BEST mini golf on Long Island for 2016. That's 5 of the last 7 years. With tropical music filling the air and our lush layout, you'll feel like you're on vacation. The long holes are spread out amongst gushing waterfalls, meandering streams, large caves, a canyon area and a goldfish pond that's home to our signature 10 foot Tiki fountain.
We have an exciting go-kart track that'll surely give you an adrenaline rush.
Enjoy our 45-game arcade, featuring Mission Impassable Laser Maze, as seen on News 12. We have Skee Ball, air hockey and plenty of games to win tickets that are redeemable for prizes.
Our bamboo lounge can comfortably accommodate parties up to 40, while our shaded picnic area can seat 250+. We also offer an ice cream & snack bar and a gift shop with Tiki apparel and unique collectables.
Fun times await for families & friends!
My son had a fantastic time turning nine at his Tiki Action Park birthday party. He wanted something different and cool and he was not disappointed. The kids were thrilled with the go carts rides in the beginning and the fun just never stopped. The kids really enjoyed the mini golf because the course is […]
Had my son's birthday party there on 4/25 ,he had so much fun and so did all his friends, he already wants to go back! The little details that you guys put into the party really make a huge difference, like the cool props,thank you cards, and the kids loved that they got ice cream […]


text:
A building's central air-conditioning system must be periodically inspected and maintained in order to function properly. While an annual inspection performed by a trained professional is recommended, homeowners can do a lot of the work themselves by following the tips offered in this guide.
- Remove any leaves, spider webs and other debris from the unit's exterior. Trim foliage back several feet from the unit to ensure proper air flow.
- Remove the cover grille to clean any debris from the unit's interior. A garden hose can be helpful for this task.
- Straighten any bent fins with a tool called a fin comb.
- Add lubricating oil to the motor. Check your owner's manual for specific instructions.
- Clean the evaporator coil and condenser coil at least once a year. When they collect dirt, they may not function properly.
- Inspect the drain line for obstructions, such as algae and debris. If the line becomes blocked, water will back up into the drain pan and overflow, potentially causing a safety hazard or water damage to your home.
- Make sure the hoses are secured and fit properly.
When the cooling season is over, you should cover the exterior condenser unit in preparation for winter. If it isn't being used, why expose it to the elements? This measure will prevent ice, leaves and dirt from entering the unit, which can harm components and require additional maintenance in the spring. A cover can be purchased, or you can make one yourself by taping together plastic trash bags. Be sure to turn the unit off before covering it.
- Have the air-conditioning system inspected by a professional each year before the start of the cooling season.
- Reduce stress on the air conditioning system by enhancing your home's energy efficiency. Switch from incandescent lights to compact fluorescents, for instance, which produce less heat.


text:
Mount Laurel Township is located in Burlington county and has a population of .
For New Jersey residents, the average tuition for all Mount Laurel Township personal training schools for the 2009 - 2010 school year was $9,785.00. For non-residents, the average tuition for Mount Laurel Township personal training schools was $9,785.00.
Books and supplies for personal training schools in Mount Laurel Township cost an average of $776.00. Students who live on campus while attending a personal training school in Mount Laurel Township, can expect to pay an average of $5,384.00 for room and board. Students who live at home can expect average costs to be $3,879.00. There is one personal training college in Mount Laurel Township. In the 2008 - 2009 school year, reportedly 3 students completed personal training programs in Mount Laurel Township.
|Average Salary
|Number Employed in City
|Athletic Trainers
|Fitness Trainers and Aerobics Instructors


text:
1.5 lakh or 3 lakh cash discount or 50/100 grams gold free on booking plots with only 1 Lakh advance offer extended till 31 July 2016, don't miss this golden opportunity, book your plot today at VIP Kings Town on the Sarjapura-Bagalur Road starts @ Rs. 4.5 Lakh only after discount.
VIP Kings Town up to 1.5/3 lakh cash discount or 50/100 grams gold free offer ending this Sunday 31July 2016, 75 plots booked by now and limited plots available for sale, book your plot immediately for details call 9945099758.
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Post# A521441 · Sarjapur Road · Posted by:
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Remy and Myra Contillo had the ideal life.
Beautiful, kind-hearted, and a good daughter. That's how her family described 20-year-old Julie Ann Rodelas, also known as Jaja.
Sa Kawit, Cavite, kinumpirma ng Cavite-PNP, CIDG at SOCO na mga buto ng tao ang kanilang nahukay mula sa bakanteng lote ni Ronald Bae, ang lalaking walang habas na namaril noong Enero 4. Ginawa ang paghuhukay kasunod ng testimonya ng malapit na tauhan ni Bae na sangkot din sa pamamaril. Nagpa-Patrol, Dominic Almelor. TV Patrol, Enero 17, 2012, Huwebes
Makati City turns into a warzone as the Philippine National Police clashes with a group of suspected bank robbers.
Nabisto ng NBI na hindi pala ganap na naproseso ng PNP-SOCO ang crime scene sa madugong checkpoint sa Atimonan, Quezon. Apat na araw mula nang mangyari ang barilan, binalikan ng NBI ang lugar at nakakuha sila ng dagdag pang ebidensya. Nagpa-Patrol, Jorge Cariño. TV Patrol, Enero 10, 2013, Huwebes
On August 13, 2002, 28-year-old Albert Ringor was shot dead in front of his wife, within the gates of their home in Brgy. Sta. Cruz, Santa Maria, Bulacan, by no less than his close friends.
On October 31, 2012, news about a girl found dead and covered with 49 stab wounds shocked the nation. The victim was identified as Cyrish Magalang, a 20-year-old cum laude from the University of Santo Tomas.
MANILA, Philippines -- An alleged rape victim was found dead in Binakayan, Cavite, police said.
The year 2010 was a very sad phase in the life of 12-year-old Louise Ann Maceda, better known by her nickname, Adeng. That was the year her parents separated.
June 24, 2004. It was just an ordinary day for Danny Arizala when he went to his niece Catherine Ballesteross home in Tejeros, Makati.


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Liberal Democrat leader Tim Farron welcomed today's ruling. "Given the strict two year timetable of exiting the EU once Article 50 is triggered, it is critical that the government now lay out their negotiating to Parliament, before such a vote is held," he said.
"So far May's team have been all over the place when it comes to prioritising what is best for Britain, and it's time they pull their socks up and start taking this seriously.
"Ultimately, the British people voted for a departure but not for a destination, which is why what really matters is allowing them to vote again on the final deal, giving them the chance to say no to an irresponsible hard Brexit that risks our economy and our jobs."
Article source: http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2016/11/03/pound-to-euro-exchange-rate_n_12782632.html?utm_hp_ref=uk-politics&ir=UK+Politics


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Broadcast 6.30pm on 26/05/2004
GEORGE NEGUS: Now we've looked at motor cars, we've looked at art and buildings that we should be conserving. What else? How about aeroplanes? Well, Point Cook, not far from Melbourne, is home to the RAAF Museum. A place where volunteer plane nutters get their hands dirty so that we and future generations can get a sense of how those old aerial dogfights were actually fought. Melissa Cunningham went to check them out.
ARCHIVAL NEWSREEL: Australia's Mosquito succeeds beyond expectation. Thereafter, this bomber that flew at 400 miles an hour, and could come home handicapped like this one motor dead played a brilliant role against Japan. GEOFF MATTHEWS: A lot of people don't realise that Australia had the fourth-largest air force in the Western world at the end of WWII. Our aircraft industry here in Australia was enormous. The RAAF had 5,500 aeroplanes. Within a couple of years most of them were gone. Melted down, burnt, destroyed, dumped in the sea. We were fortunate that a few have survived. And I think it's important that people in the future know that know the capability of this country and what it can do to look after itself. MELISSA CUNNINGHAM: Geoff Matthews and Ron Gretton are volunteers at the RAAF Museum at Point Cook, on the outskirts of Melbourne. They're part of a team that helps to restore our old military planes. Since 1984, the museum has done 12 major restorations, including a Vampire, a Tiger Moth and a Walrus. Now the team are working on a World War II Mosquito the last of its type in the world. Brett Clowes is the project manager at the museum. BRETT CLOWES, PROJECT MANAGER, RAAF MUSEUM, POINT COOK: We only have a very small core of permanent staff at the museum. And without the volunteers we wouldn't have the manpower to undertake these projects at all. And they also bring with them different skill sets to the project too. One of my great joys is that the people I work with are people who are here by choice. So it's a pretty upbeat work environment from that point of view. Many of our volunteers were people who were involved in the aeroplanes we were dealing with. And they provide a lot of background information and stuff from time to time. MAN: (Looking at plans) No-one would've done that deliberately, so I reckon they've just transposed the data incorrectly and it's resulted in that real hiccup there. GEOFF MATTHEWS: It's nice and straight there, so there's obviously no kink in the fuselage. RON GRETTON: Geoff and I were both joiners apprentices in the air force. Geoff joined in '49 and I joined in 1958. And going through the apprenticeship school you learn all sorts of trade skills, um, and hand skills. And those sort of skills stay with you over the years. GEOFF MATTHEWS: When you're working with an aeroplane, integrity comes into it quite a bit. You've gotta follow the rules. There's no margin for error in an aeroplane. It's gotta be right. When we do restorations, we try to take the aeroplane as closely as possible back to an airworthy standard. (ANGLE SHOTS OF GUTTED PLANE) This was, in modern terms, a composite structure. It's wood, metal, glue. What we've found, that after 60 years, the glue that this aeroplane was built with has turned to crystals, and it has no structural strength at all. This is what the weather has done to the glue. It's caused it to deteriorate. It's in very poor condition. We're gonna have to strip all this plywood off, clean up underneath and make new skins. We reckon that there's about eight to 10 years of work, at our current rate of progress, to get the thing to any stage. What we hope to do within the next 12 to 18 months is finish this fuselage. We don't have the data in the form that they had it in the 1940s. We're having to do quite a bit of reverse engineering to find out how things were done and adapt it to our methods and the materials that we've got available. But hopefully when we finish it'll look just like it was in 1948. MAN: (Looking at plans) Right. GEOFF MATTHEWS: And it should fit. MAN: So it's about N1. GEOFF MATTHEWS: Three feet of the fuselage drawing is wrong. MAN: That's right. And that's what we've now got to, between ourselves, decide which way it's gotta be tweaked. Because we can't go by these dimensions. MELISSA CUNNINGHAM: You're retired now, aren't you? What does your wife think about you working here every day? RON GRETTON: Well, she knows where I am. So that's one thing. And my wife's a good wife. She follows the Brisbane Lions. She goes to the football and I come down here. BRETT CLOWES: It's great to see an aeroplane finished and see, um, the aircraft on display, and the people interacting with the display and getting value from it. MELISSA CUNNINGHAM: Is there a sense of satisfaction when you finish? GEOFF MATTHEWS: Of course. There's also a sense of loss too, because we... something we've been intimately involved with for the best part of five years, uh, suddenly finished. What do we do next? But there's always something here to do at the museum. GEORGE NEGUS: How about that? Mum goes to see the Brisbane Lions. Dad goes off to the RAAF Aviation Museum. That way, everybody's happy. Fair enough.


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This project was awarded to skivsl for $200 USD.Get free quotes for a project like this
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I need a odds calculator, exactly similar to this one: [url removed, login to view] Needs to have 4 players, graphics and all odds calculators included. This will take mathmatics of figuring out odds for texas hold em, omaha, hi's and lo's.. Just look at the link and that is EXACTLY WHAT I NEED. "REPLICA" of the one at the site. Please do not bid unless you can actually do this.. I had several people bid, waste my damn time and not be able to provide me with the odds calculator after weeks of leaving me hanging. I need this DONE within 7 days, maximum. I would like all the drop downs that, that particular one offers as well. It has Hold em, + the others in the drop down. It NEEDS to be in flash, I would also need the editable, master copy of the flash file as well, to edit any graphics as needed. I need this within the next week. PLEASE ONLY BID IF YOU CAN ACTUALLY DO THIS IN FLASH, ALL THE PROGRAMMING AND MATHMATICS AND PROVIDE ME THE MASTER COPY. Thank you. REFERENCE LINK: [url removed, login to view] [url removed, login to view] [url removed, login to view] [url removed, login to view]
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With retractions of scholarly papers attracting much attention these days, a study that will be released Wednesday will challenge conventional wisdom on the factors that encourage work that must be retracted. The paper will appear in PLOS ONE and features an analysis of retractions to look for trends. A summary of the paper is available now at Retraction Watch. "The hypothesis that males might be prone to scientific misconduct was not supported, and the widespread belief that pressures to publish are a major driver of misconduct was largely contradicted: high-impact and productive researchers, and those working in countries in which pressures to publish are believed to be higher, are less likely to produce retracted papers, and more likely to correct them. Efforts to reduce and prevent misconduct, therefore, might be most effective if focused on promoting research integrity policies, improving mentoring and training, and encouraging transparent communication amongst researchers," says the summary.
It adds: "Some factors were associated with a higher rate of misconduct, of course -- a lack of research integrity policy, and cash rewards for individual publication performance, for instance. Scientists just starting their careers, and those in environments where 'mutual criticism is hampered,' were also more likely to commit misconduct."
The trailer has arrived for a film, being released nationally next month, about the Stanford Prison Experiment (which is the name of the film as well), a controversial experiment at Stanford University in 1971 in which students were assigned to play the roles of prisoners and prison guards. The study had to be halted as the students playing the role of guards became sadistic. While many criticized the experiment, it remains much studied in psychology courses, and is cited when events such as the mistreatment of prisoners at Abu Ghraib raise issues about how people change in certain situations.
Here is the trailer:
For those who want to review the scholarship about the experiment, here is a website about the experiment by Philip Zimbardo, professor emeritus of psychology at Stanford and leader of the study.
And for fans of film about controversial social science experiments about how good people can be led to do bad things, watch for Experimenter as well, about the Stanley Milgram experiments in which research subjects were led to believe they were administering shocks on others. The film is currently on the festival circuit and will be released generally later this year.
There are professors who find student comments on their end-of-semester evaluations so upsetting that they cry after reading them. If my course evaluations have tended to be pretty good, I can still relate to how faculty members feel, thanks in part to RateMyProfessors.com. Side by side on the site stand evaluations from students who gave me high marks and others who gave me low marks -- in the same exact areas. I can see a host of negative and mediocre rankings for classes I taught very differently some seven years ago -- and one that I never taught at all. I've peeked there from time to time and have tried to learn what I could from things students said there, but have not spent a terrible lot of time on the site.
I've tended to view what one finds there as akin to YouTube comments -- most are gushing praise or insulting jibes, with very little middle ground. And most people will never comment, leaving the soapbox to those who feel strongly, having had a positive experience or, more likely, a negative one.
And so you can imagine my dismay when my son, who is in high school, told me that he had looked me up on RateMyProfessors.com. I'm sure a worried look crossed my face, but I tried my best to retain my composure. Apparently RateMyProfessors.com had been mentioned on Reddit recently, and anything that is featured prominently on Reddit, my son spots -- almost but not quite always before I do.
As it turned out, my apprehension was unnecessary. As the conversation progressed, I found myself really impressed by my son's thoughts regarding the comments about my classes that he saw there. One student on the site had written, "I would advise not taking his class because he can't keep the class discussion going." Another complained, "He wasn't good at stimulating conversation." My son, despite still being several years away from university, was astonished by such comments. How, he asked, can students have the audacity to blame the professor for something that is the responsibility of the students themselves?
A conversation that began with fear and trepidation on my part ended with a sense of satisfaction. I had always taken comments on RateMyProfessors.com with a grain of salt. But it was reassuring to realize that a young person, still a student, without my prompting, could draw the same conclusion, based simply on what he knew about online reviews and things that he learned on Reddit. We often despair for humanity reading online comments, whether they are on YouTube, Reddit or RateMyProfessors.
Usually, when it comes to course evaluations, the fact that students are required/compelled/pressured to complete them means that one has a wider range of useful data to work with. If most students have filled in evaluations, and all the comments and ratings are similar, then you know that you really are doing a good/terrible job -- the results are statistically significant. If one only had course evaluations from students who hated or loved the class enough to fill them in, one would probably have a distorted perception of what one has accomplished, whether that perception errs on the side of being too negative or too positive. As with the complaints, the flowing praise of the course and its instructor some students offer may have as much to do with their own work habits and motivation as anything the professor did.
Comments (whether on official evaluations or RateMyProfessors) become less discouraging as one's career progresses, because one becomes aware of what one is and isn't able to control. I've taught two sections of the exact same class, with the exact same syllabus, back to back on the same days of the week in the same semester. The students from one of those classes gave me some of the highest ratings on the course evaluations that I've ever gotten; the students from the other gave me some of the lowest.
I learned some really important lessons from that experience. One was to avoid teaching two sections of the same course in the same semester if I can. But another was that you can do essentially the same things in a classroom, and it is not guaranteed to either succeed or to flop.
Unless you are still approaching classes in the traditional lecture mode, with students expected to write down and reproduce what you say, then your role is probably more like that of a coach. The same coach can work with two different groups of students on the same team at the same university, but they will not necessarily have comparable successes and failures. Because we know that, however much we hold coaches responsible, ultimately it is up to the players on the team to put the training that they are given into practice, to translate it into effective playing in games. In the same way, the same course materials may work really well with one group of students and less well with another. That doesn't mean the students were necessarily less hardworking. Sometimes it is about their prior knowledge or personality types rather than their motivation or diligence.
I've heard lots of faculty complain about "kids these days." I think such complaints are misguided -- and not just because my son's reaction to RateMyProfessors.com gives me great hope for "kids these days." I think we as faculty members are prone to forget that, in many cases, we were not typical students as undergraduates. Those who go on to pursue Ph.D.s and become professors are often those who enjoy learning for its own sake. Don't you remember there being others in your classes who didn't participate in discussions, didn't read beyond the bare minimum, if that, and were content just to drift through classes?
None of the things discussed here are due to new technology, either. Even before there was RateMyProfessors.com, students were spreading the word about professors. And students didn't require electronic devices to be distracted or tune you out and then rate you negatively for it. I remember early in my teaching career having my department chair tell me that he had heard from another faculty member, who had heard from a student, that I tend to drone on and on in an uninteresting manner in class. The chair sat in on my class soon after that. The discussion was lively, and he was thoroughly happy with it. But there was one student who sat flipping through a magazine or catalog the entire time -- with my department chair sitting right next to them! I can't help but suspect that that student was the one who felt the class was boring.
It reminds me of this exchange in the Friends episode "The One With Joey's Fridge":
Monica: What's the charity?
Rachel: I don't know, something either trees or disease -- Ralph mumbles a lot.
Monica: Does Ralph mumble when you're not paying attention?
Rachel: Yeah! It's weird…
While there are exceptions, most students who are motivated and diligent do not find even a truly boring professor who mumbles a lot to be a hindrance to learning.
This is not to say that I haven't undertaken efforts to improve. I have done so, even on the basis of comments on RateMyProfessors.com. One thing I never learned to do earlier in my career was how to use my voice properly. And so I took singing lessons -- in part because of musical interests I happen to have, but also because I suspected that this would improve the clarity of my communication.
I recorded my lectures using Panopto, partly because I wanted to try out the "flipped classroom" approach, but also in part because I wanted to take advantage of the opportunity this technology afforded to listen to what I sound like in class. I made conscious efforts to deal with "ums" and other verbal habits. And I think that these efforts have done more to give students a better experience in my classes than any changes I've made with respect to a syllabus or a textbook.
And so what's the takeaway message of this experience? A number of things come to mind. One is the fact that some things will always depend on the student. Some students will take comments on RateMyProfessors.com seriously, and as a result may never take your class, or may take it and then be disappointed that you did not seem as stellar as that review on the website led them to believe you would be. You can do the same things and they may work well for some students and not for others. But that doesn't mean that there aren't things you can do to improve. And in the process of developing your teaching ability even into the middle of your career and beyond, you can model lifelong learning to your students in ways that may help them to take responsibility for their own learning.
But ultimately, I think the biggest takeaway message is that there are students out there who have the understanding to perceive what a site like RateMyProfessors.com does and doesn't tell you. And those students will, I suspect, be the very ones who will have the understanding to perceive what your course is about and engage with it in ways that are conducive to their own learning.
My son had a favorite comment about me from RateMyProfessors.com, and it was this one:
Having been reminded about this comment, I am seriously tempted to make it my Facebook banner. I can live with being described as a jolly leprechaun -- especially by someone who appreciates meaningful discussions about the spirituality and philosophy of science fiction, and who is capable of spelling "leprechaun" correctly, to boot!
I hope this article will provide some encouragement to faculty who feel beaten down and discouraged as a result of comments on RateMyProfessors.com. But if it doesn't make you feel better, then you can always try using RateYourStudent.com. I don't think it will convey any more useful information about what students are like than RateMyProfessors.com ratings do about professors. But ultimately, venting is about catharsis, and when we recognize that students and professors do that at times, we will be better poised to learn what we can from the feedback we receive, and having done so, to then move on.
James F. McGrath is Clarence L. Goodwin Chair in New Testament Language and Literature at Butler University. He is the author of John's Apologetic Christology and The Only True God and editor of Religion and Science Fiction (with Andrew Crome) and Time and Relative Dimensions in Faith: Religion and Doctor Who. He blogs at Exploring Our Matrix, where a precursor to the present essay first appeared.
U of All People has missed more than a few boats in academia, including MOOCs and nanosemesters. But one trend we're determined to ride is the low-residency M.F.A. degree.
Or at least Professor Ronald Whittaker is. As a Victorian specialist and novelist manqué in the English department, he leads the undergraduate creative writing program at U of All People, having published a short story in the small-press journal Journal 15 years ago. Since 2010, he has announced his intention to increase the presence of creative writing on campus, but he lacks the numbers. At present, the department has only Whittaker and Michael Ames, a poet whose day job is composition and more composition.
But a low-residency M.F.A. program doesn't really have to be a part of campus any more than a limpet mine needs a limpet. Successful programs have arisen in the unlikeliest of schools, and U of All People certainly qualifies in that regard. It even has the potential to generate revenue or, as the dean of liberal arts put it in a closed meeting, "make more money than a cow at a milking convention." Accordingly, Professor Whittaker has drawn up a program proposal and started pushing it by the 17 different committees whose approval are necessary before it goes through 17 other committees, the last of which is tasked solely with changing all commas to semicolons.
But resources and staffing remain real gaps, which Professor Whittaker has taken pains to cover. Below is an abridged form of the proposal, version 13b:
A Low-Residency M.F.A. Program for All People
Rationale: The purpose of a low-residency M.F.A. program in creative writing is to empower those individuals who are tired of their boring jobs and figure that writing is easier than working. To that end, this low-residency program will provide the illusion of future artistic employment as those enrolled learn the meaning of fourth drafts.
Market research: The 10-mile radius around the U of All People campus alone, a rural town whose chief business is sorghum, boasts 500 wannabe authors, eager to experience the writer's life of rejection, alienation and poverty. Moreover, a hastily circulated questionnaire shows that many of Professor Whittaker's creative writing students would happily repeat the course.
Program of studies: The AW low-residency M.F.A. program at U of AP comprises 40 credit hours or 13 modules, whatever a module is:
--3 workshops, I, II, and III. Taught by Professor Ronald Whittaker, Ph.D.
--3 craft seminars, including the Victorian novel, Victorian prose and Tennyson. Also basic composition refresher course. Dr. Lardon Thwaitker.
--1 reading series. Arnold Hittwaker and Michael Ames.
--3 panels on editing and publishing, put on by Roland Tweakhirt Associates.
--1 publishing internship at R. W. Press. Repeatable for credit.
--Short-term subjects (take 2):
--Terms of residence: Students come to the U of All People campus twice a year for 10-day periods to start their semesters, after which they return to wherever they came from, and Ronald Whittaker will stay in touch.
--Thesis project: all students must complete a book-length work of words.
--Consultant's report, still to come, to be presented by I. M. Canine (anyone can be a consultant).
David Galef directs the creative writing program at Montclair State University. His latest book is the short story collection My Date With Neanderthal Woman (Dzanc Books).
Some 65 percent of tenured senior faculty members plan to put off retirement for various reasons, according to a new study from the TIAA-CREF Institute. But the reasons behind that figure might not be what you think. Just 16 percent of respondents said they'd like to retire by the "normal" retirement age of 67 but expected to work longer for financial reasons. A much bigger proportion of respondents -- 49 percent -- said they'd want to work past age 67 by choice.
Those findings are similar to what was observed in a similar 2013 TIAA-CREF study on faculty retirement: that faculty members were putting off retirement, but not just for financial reasons in a still-bumpy economy. Some of those choices are based on "unconfirmed assumptions," according to the report -- either that faculty members won't have enough money to retire or that they won't find viable work alternatives. Female faculty members are more likely than their male colleagues to expect to retire by normal retirement age. Paul J. Yakoboski, a senior economist who co-authored the report, said universities should talk to faculty members about both the financial and psychosocial aspects of retirement so that they can make informed choices. The full report is available here.
Should faculty members be concerned if administrators check references who were not supplied by job candidates?
Many faculty members are quitting jobs in Venezuela, where they are finding it impossible to support themselves on government-mandated salaries that are as low as the equivalent of $30 a month, the Associated Press reported. At the Central University of Venezuela, for example, 700 faculty members (out of a total of 4,000) have quit in the last four years.
The five largest research publishers (a group that changes a bit by discipline) started publishing half of academic papers in 2006, up from 30 percent in 1996 and 20 percent in 1973, according to new research published Wednesday in PLOS ONE by researchers at the University of Montreal. The piece argues that this concentration has reached oligopoly status and poses dangers to academic publishing. "Overall, the major publishers control more than half of the market of scientific papers both in the natural and medical sciences and in the social sciences and humanities," said Vincent Larivière, a professor in Montreal's School of Library and Information Science, who led the study. "Furthermore, these large commercial publishers have huge sales, with profit margins of nearly 40 percent. While it is true that publishers have historically played a vital role in the dissemination of scientific knowledge in the print era, it is questionable whether they are still necessary in today's digital era."
John Tagler, vice president and executive director for professional and scholarly publishing at the Association of American Publishers, had this response, via email: "The forces of consolidation are not unique to the scholarly publishing industry," he said. "In an era of globalization and large-scale technological implementations, there are benefits to spreading infrastructure investment and maintenance across a broad spectrum of products. In digital publishing this has resulted in a diverse market of providers and faster and more robust delivery of information to readers."
Most people agree that faculty performance evaluations should be based on more than student feedback, grants and publication counts. But what does a more complete evaluation process look like? And how would a more progressive department function? The New American Colleges and Universities' answer is Redefining the Paradigm: Faculty Models to Support Student Learning. The new monograph is based on new faculty evaluation models at NAC&U member institutions, and pushes other colleges and universities to rethink traditional department structures and processes to better support student learning. The monograph promotes the development of "holistic departments" that reject the arguably outdated scholarship-teaching-service faculty evaluation model in favor of processes that are more fluid and responsive to the changing faculty role and departmentwide needs. It also promotes active learning, in which professors are not "sages on the stage" but rather guides in research and other experiential learning.
The Teagle Foundation supported the project. Judith Shapiro, Teagle Foundation president and former president of Barnard College, recently wrote about the benefits of a redefined faculty paradigm here. Representatives from the Sage Colleges and Valparaiso University talked about their involvement with the project at the annual meeting of the Association of American Colleges and Universities. "One of the big issues here is to relook at teaching, scholarship and service and the collapsing boundaries between the three," David Salomon, co-editor of the monograph and a professor of English and director of undergraduate research at the Sage Colleges, said at the time. "In a holistic department, someone might pick up more service, and we want to make sure we account for that in the evaluation, as well."
Suicide of a researcher leads to more discussion of financial expectations on professors at British universities.
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only logistic data imported: we have only basic data imported from a supplier, a data-sheet is not yet created by an editor.
created by LaCie: a data-sheet is imported from an official source from a manufacturer. But the data-sheet is not yet standardized by an Icecat editor.
created/standardized by Icecat: the data-sheet is created or standardized by an Icecat editor.
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IN THE ordinary course of events, the final fixture in a Champions League group that a team have won might have little meaning for staff or players. But FC Porto versus Chelsea is no ordinary fixture for José Mourinho, the Chelsea manager, who won the European Cup with Porto last season before leaving for West London.
The Portuguese returns to the scene of his former glories at the helm of the team with which he hopes to emulate that success, and tonight he could end up eliminating his former club from this season's competition.
A Porto spokesman said that the


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The Alan Jones Breakfast show: Highlights
March 23rd, 2015
Episode 293 of 1244 episodes
Alan talks to the state M.P for Mulgoa ahead of Saturday's election
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People like to claim that if you don't have anything nice to say you shouldn't say anything at all. If that were the case, I'd have nothing to say about this episode of Big Brother 12.
The current HoH, aka She-Who-Must-Not-Be-Named, is one of the most frustrating individuals to ever play this game. I really don't want to write bad things about her, but she gives me no choice.
That may sound like perverted logic, but Rachel agrees with me. When Brendon expressed even the tiniest amount of sympathy for this week's nominees, Kristen and Hayden, Rachel responded, "Why don't you feel bad for me that I had to put them on the block?"
To Read More Click Here.


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guy drains his main vein.4.20 / 5.00 4,851 Views
( Original ) Nesia Legend of Cosieda Episode 1
The first episode of my original anime3.95 / 5.00 1,665 Views
Godians Fight
Two Men Fight to the Death!4.18 / 5.00 1,607 Views
Reminds me of this time when I drew a toilet and my mate drew a speech bubble saying 'Heil Hitler!' then I changed it to 'Heil Shitler!'
Nice flash, by the way, but I didn't watch all of it because I'm too busy working on my own flash.
@_@ what just happened???
In your next flash, try to make it a bit less random...
It is great! All my 5's are belong to this!
It was a bit hm... funny, and scary. I was so scared when I seen the 'dead Hitler' scene (is he dead in that scene?) It's like.... psychic
... please, make more thing like this! 5!5!5!
Pretty interesting
I actually like it...
Style is awsomeness,I found it funny that you put a skip button for when he was about to fall off the cliff :P.You creeped me out when hitler falls off then switched to a wierd but a bit disturbing scene.
I hope you make some awsome movies in the near future.Your drawing style is shweetness.
cool one
that was a neat animation... and good for a N00bNation animation too. the graphics in this one were good, it was just funny... then again, making fun of Hitler is always funny.


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Chronic stress exposure has been reported to induce dendritic remodeling in several brain regions, but it is not known whether individual neural circuits show distinct patterns of remodeling. The current study tested the hypothesis that the projections from the infralimbic (IL) area of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) to the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA), a pathway relevant to stress-related mental illnesses like depression and post-traumatic stress disorder, would have a unique pattern of remodeling in response to chronic stress. The retrograde tracer FastBlue was injected into male rats' BLA or entorhinal cortex (EC) 1 week prior to 10 days of immobilization stress. After cessation of stress, FastBlue-labeled and unlabeled IL pyaramidal neurons were loaded with fluorescent dye Lucifer Yellow to visualize dendritic arborization and spine density. As has been previously reported, randomly selected (non-FastBlue-labeled) neurons showed stress-induced dendritic retraction in apical dendrites, an effect also seen in EC-projecting neurons. In contrast, BLA-projecting neurons showed no remodeling with stress, suggesting that this pathway may be particularly resilient against the effects of stress. No neurons showed stress-related changes in spine density, contrasting with reports that more dorsal areas of the mPFC show stress-induced decreases in spine density. Such region- and circuit-specificity in response to stress could contribute to the development of stress-related mental illnesses.
Exposure to stress can precipitate or exacerbate many mental illnesses, most notably major depressive disorder (MDD; Lechin et al. 1996) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD; Turner and Lloyd 2004). Abnormal activity in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and amygdala is commonly observed in these disorders, such that mPFC activity is suppressed (Liberzon and Phan 2003; Pizzagalli et al. 2004), whereas amygdala activity is increased (Drevets 2003). Moreover, volumetric studies reveal reduced glia and neuron density in the mPFC of suicide victims' brains (Rajkowska et al. 2001), as well as marked morphological changes in the amygdala of MDD patients (Bouras et al. 2001; Frodl et al. 2003). These structures maintain reciprocal connectivity, comprising a network that governs learning, memory and behavior based on emotionally salient information (Sotres-Bayon et al. 2004). Whereas the amygdala is most commonly recognized for its role in mediating the processing, memory of, and response to, negative stimuli (Hendler et al. 2003; Wright et al. 2003), the mPFC is known to control the inhibition of inappropriate behaviors and thoughts (reviewed in Arnsten 2000), and has been implicated in mediating the suppression of sadness (Levesque et al. 2003). Common symptoms of MDD and PTSD, such as prolonged negative affect, rumination and poor concentration, are consistent with a release of mPFC inhibition of the amygdala.
This relationship has been demonstrated in animal models as well. Although the mPFC sends excitatory projections to the amygdala, in vivo electrical stimulation of the infralimbic (IL) region of the rat mPFC has been shown to result in suppressed amygdala output, likely effected through this afferent's excitation of either gamma-aminobutric acidergic (GABAergic) interneurons in the basolateral nucleus (BLA) or the inhibitory intercalated cells that connect the BLA to the central nucleus of the amygdala (CEA; reviewed in Sotres-Bayon et al. 2004), also see Likhtik et al. 2005). Accordingly, mPFC stimulation results in reduced amygdala response to a conditioned stimulus (Quirk et al. 2003), and stimulation of IL in particular enhances both extinction of conditioned fear and extinction recall (Vidal-Gonzalez et al. 2006). Furthermore, animals with IL lesions demonstrate impaired extinction recall (Lebron et al. 2004). Taken together, these studies identify the mPFC as a powerful regulator of amygdala function. However, the inhibitory nature of this pathway allows for substantial dysfunction in the event that the integrity of this circuit becomes compromised, as with exposure to stress.
Recent work has shown that chronic exposure of rats to stress has robust effects on the branching patterns of apical dendrites in mPFC and amygdala pyramidal cells, causing dendritic retraction in the anterior cingulate (AC), prelimbic (PL), and IL regions of the mPFC (Radley et al. 2004; Izquierdo et al. 2006), but hypertrophy in the amygdala (Vyas et al. 2003). However, this work was performed using randomly chosen neurons, and the effects of stress on the specific neurons that connect the mPFC and BLA are unknown.
The current study tested the hypothesis that neurons in the IL region of the mPFC that project to the BLA would undergo a unique pattern of stress-induced morphological changes when compared with that of randomly chosen neurons or neurons projecting to other cortical areas. We report that with respect to measures of dendritic length and spine density, this pathway appears to be particularly resilient against the effects of chronic stress.
Adult Sprague–Dawley rats (males: n = 48), weighing 200–250 g were used in this study. Animals were housed at the Rockefeller University Laboratory Research Center, in a normal 14:10 light:dark cycle. All procedures were conducted in accordance with the National Institutes of Health Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals and were approved by the Rockefeller University and Mount Sinai School of Medicine Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees.
Retrograde Labeling
Animals were anesthetized using ketamine (90 mg/kg) and xylazine (4 mg/kg). Each rat was secured in a stereotaxic apparatus, the skull exposed, and bilateral holes drilled above the BLA (AP −3 mm, ML ±5.0 mm, DV −8.0 mm; Paxinos and Watson 1997) or entorhinal cortex (EC: AP −5.8 mm, ML ±6.6 mm, DV −8.0 mm) as a control for possible confounding effects of the tracer itself. A solution of the retrograde tracer Fast Blue (Sigma Aldrich, St Louis, MO; 5%, 200 nL) was deposited through pressure injection using a 1-μl Hamilton microsyringe held by a stereotaxic attachment. The injection was done at a speed of ∼20 nL/min, and the apparatus was left undisturbed for 10 min before syringe removal, to allow for diffusion. The incision was sealed using VetBond, and all animals were given an intramuscular Buprenex injection following surgery and monitored for healthy behavior for several days after surgery. Animals were allowed to recover for 7 days before beginning the stress regimen. Representative syringe placement and Fast Blue diffusion are shown in Figure 1.
Stress Exposure and Sacrifice
The rats in each "stress" group were placed in plastic rodent immobilization bags for 2 h/day for 10 days, as described in (Vyas et al. 2002), and then returned to their home cages, whereas control animals remained in their home cages in a separate room. This regimen has been shown to produce dendritic remodeling in the hippocampus and amygdala comparable to 21 days of chronic restraint stress (Vyas et al. 2002). Moreover, stressed animals showed significantly less weight gain than controls (P < 0.04), as has been seen with 21 days restraint stress (Fig. 2). Twenty-four hours after cessation of the final stressor, animals were deeply anesthetized with 30% chloral hydrate and perfused transcardially with 1% paraformaldehyde phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), followed by 4% paraformaldehyde and 0.125% glutaraldehyde in phosphate buffer.
Tissue Preparation, Cell Loading, Reconstruction, and Analysis
After perfusion, the brains were removed and the IL region of the mPFC was dissected (2.0–3.5 mm rostral from Bregma), postfixed, and serial 250-μm-thick sections were collected using a Vibratome (Leica, Vienna, Austria). Sections were mounted on nitrocellulose filter paper and submerged in phosphate buffer.
In order to replicate previous findings and as a way to compare the effects of stress in the IL-BLA pathway to its effects in other IL neurons, brains from each treatment group were assigned to 1 of 3 groups: Random neurons—from brains in which only non-Fast Blue-labeled neurons were loaded; and BLA- or EC-projecting neurons—from brains in which only Fast Blue-labeled neurons were loaded. Random neurons were taken equally from animals who had been infused in the BLA and those who had been infused in the EC. After animals were removed for inaccurate infusion placement and neurons that did not meet the criteria for inclusion in analysis (see below) were removed, the number of cells per group was as follows: random control, n = 21; random stress, n = 20; BLA-projecting control, n = 18; BLA-projecting stress, n = 19; EC-projecting control, n = 17; EC projecting, n = 18.
Fast Blue-labeled neurons were identified using epifluorescence with a UV filter. Both Fast Blue-labeled neurons and "random" neurons were loaded with iontophoretic injections of 5% Lucifer Yellow (Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR), using a DC current of 1–6 nA for 5–10 min, until distal processes are filled with dye and no further loading can be observed. Sections were then mounted and coverslipped in PermaFluor (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Waltham, MA). Neurons were traced and 3-dimensionally reconstructed at 400× using a Zeiss Axiophot 2 microscope equipped with a motorized stage, video camera system and Neurolucida morphometry software (MBF Biosciences, Williston, VT). Criteria for a neuron to be included in analysis were as follows: 1) it must be within layer II/III of the IL region; 2) its dendritic tree must be completely filled; and 3) it must have intact primary to tertiary branches. 3D Sholl analyses were performed on each neuron with NeuroExplorer software (MBF Biosciences). Results were expressed in terms of total apical dendritic length, total branch number on the apical dendrite, and apical dendritic length per radial distance from the soma, in 30-μm increments (Radley et al. 2004) (Sholl 1953). Although FB-labeled neurons in layer V were also observed, only layer II/III neurons were loaded and analyzed, so as to remain consistent with previous studies (Radley et al. 2004).
The method for sampling apical dendritic branches for spine density (i.e., spines per μm dendritic length) was performed as described in (Radley, Rocher, et al. 2006).The selection of a particular branch for optical imaging had to satisfy the following criteria: 1) the entire segment had to fall within a depth of 50 μm, owing to the working distance of the lens; 2) they had to be either parallel or at acute angles to the coronal surface of the section; and 3) they did not show overlap with other branches that would obscure visualization of spines. Segments were selected with a systematic random design at 50, 100, 150, and 200 μm from the soma for digital reconstruction. In total, ∼600 reconstructed dendritic segments were analyzed (∼8 segments/neuron). Dendritic segment and spine reconstructions were performed using a Zeiss 410 confocal laser scanning microscope using a 488-nm excitation wavelength, at a magnification of 100× and a zoom of 5. After gain and offset settings were optimized, segments were digitally reconstructed at 0.1-μm increments, throughout the entire z-axis of the branch. The digitized optical stacks were then deconvolved with AutoDeblur (AutoQuant, Troy, NY) and analyzed for spine number and length using Neuron Studio software (Radley et al. 2008), after which they were manually verified. Values for each branch segment were expressed as spine number/μm. The average dendritic segment was ∼30 μm in length.
Statistical Analysis
Statistical analyses were performed using 2-tailed Student's t-tests to assess possible differences in dendritic length and spine density between stress and control groups for randomly selected, BLA-projecting and EC-projecting neuron sets. The values shown in Figures 2–4 are means ± SEM, calculated from one aggregate (e.g., average) per animal, with variations in the number of neurons per animal taken into consideration. A mixed model for repeated measures ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc was used to test the effect of stress on dendritic length across the apical dendritic trees (Sholl analysis). The statistical significance level was set at α = 0.05.
Stress Causes Dendritic Remodeling in Randomly Selected and EC-Projecting Neurons, but not BLA-Projecting Neurons
Representative Neurolucida tracings of randomly selected IL neurons are shown from control and stressed groups in Figure 3a,b, respectively. Stressed rats showed dendritic retraction in randomly selected IL neurons, with approximately 25% fewer branch points in stressed rats (15.3 ± 1.2 vs. 11.6 ± 0.9, P = 0.01; Fig. 3c), and total apical dendrite length approximately 23% less in stressed rats than in control rats (1842.9 ± 118.8 vs. 1413.5 ± 100.8 μm, P < 0.01; Fig. 3d). For the Sholl analysis, a 2-way ANOVA with repeated measures revealed significant overall effects of stress (F1,29 = 16.94, P < 0.0001) and distance from soma (F1,29 = 47.12, P < 0.0001), but no overall interaction. However, Bonferroni post hoc tests revealed that this change was due to retraction at intermediate dendritic levels, between 120 and 180 μm from the soma (P = 0.04, 0.01, and 0.02 for the 120-, 150-, and 180-μm intersection points, respectively; Fig. 3e). In contrast, neurons projecting to the BLA showed no stress-related differences in branch point number (16.7 ± 1.4 vs. 15.3 ± 1.3, P = 0.46; Fig. 3f) or overall dendritic length (1748.8 ± 97.2 vs. 1703.2 ± 106.9 μm, P = 0.42; Fig. 3g), nor were there any differences in dendritic length at any distance from the soma (Fig. 3h). EC-projecting neurons showed an almost 27% reduction in branch points in stressed rats (16.8 ± 1.6 vs. 12.3 ± 0.8, P = 0.01, Fig. 3i), and approximately 18% reduction in total apical dendritic length (1846.8 ± 136.4 vs. 1520.7 ± 80.7, P < 0.04; Fig. 3j). Sholl analysis did not reveal significant localization of remodeling in these neurons, but there appeared to be a trend toward more marked retraction in proximal dendrites (Fig. 3k).
Stress Does Not Induce Changes in Spine Density in IL Neurons
Representative dendrite segment images from randomly selected neuron control and stress groups are shown in Figure 4a,b, respectively. In contrast to reports of the AC and PL regions of the mPFC in which 16% reduction in spine densities have been reported (Radley, Rocher, et al. 2006), no significant changes in IL apical dendrite spine density were observed in stressed rats in randomly selected, BLA-projecting or EC-projecting neurons (Fig. 4c).
The current study is the first report of circuit-specific effects of stress on neuronal morphology, demonstrating that neurons may respond differently to stress according to their efferent target. It was found that while randomly selected IL pyramidal neurons, which likely primarily target other cortical areas (Takagishi and Chiba 1991), and neurons that project to the EC showed stress-induced retraction of the apical dendritic arbor, IL neurons that project to the BLA did not show apical dendritic remodeling with stress, suggesting that this pathway is particularly resilient against the effects of stress.
Research to date suggests that the effects of repeated stress on neuronal morphology in the brain are region-specific; whereas repeated stress can cause dendritic retraction in the AC, PL (Radley et al. 2004), IL (Wellman 2001), and hippocampus (McEwen 2001), it has been shown to cause dendritic expansion in the orbitofrontal cortex (Liston et al. 2006), and amygdala (Vyas et al. 2003). Our data extend such region-specific findings to the level of circuit specificity within a single region. This seemingly "negative" finding is likely not an artifact of the neurons containing Fast Blue, since FastBlue-labeled IL neurons that project to the EC show stress-related remodeling similar to that of randomly selected neurons.
This is also the first report of the effects of stress on spine density in the IL. In contrast to studies of other mPFC regions that have demonstrated stress-induced spine loss (Seib and Wellman 2003; Radley, Rocher, et al. 2006), no stress-induced changes in spine density were observed in random, BLA-projecting or EC-projecting neurons. The possibility remains that like those in the PL and AC, spines in the IL may undergo stress-induced changes in shape (Radley et al. 2008); this question will be addressed in future studies. Still, the disparity between the effects of stress in the IL and in the PL is consistent with a growing body of literature suggesting that the IL and PL are functionally distinct. First, there is anatomical evidence indicating that the IL and PL make discrete connections with other brain regions (Vertes 2004). Additionally, it has been demonstrated that the IL and PL have diverging effects on an animal's expression of extinguished conditioned fear; although microstimulation of the IL promotes extinction-like behavior, the same stimulation of PL can increase fear expression (Vidal-Gonzalez et al. 2006). Finally, it has also been found that ablation of either the PL or IL produces opposite effects on stress-induced activation of the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (Radley, Arias, et al. 2006), suggesting that these 2 regions may play distinct roles in modulating the stress response. Whether the effects of stress on PL neurons are circuit-specific as in the IL will be the subject of future studies.
Functional Implications of Circuit-Specific Stress Effects
As described above, the IL–BLA connections are well-defined in the rat brain, with substantial excitatory projections from the IL synapsing in the BLA, although there is some debate as to whether these afferents primarily target GABAergic cells in the BLA that project to the CEA, or target the inhibitory intercalated cells between the BLA and CEA (Sotres-Bayon et al. 2004). Regardless of the target, the effect on amygdala is the same and results in an inhibition of CEA output (Quirk et al. 2003; Rosenkranz et al. 2003). Behaviorally, activity in this pathway is most commonly associated with recall of conditioned fear extinction. This process involves the suppression of a fear response to a stimulus that has previously been learned to be associated with an aversive event, and then extinguished through repeated presentation of the stimulus without the aversive event. IL stimulation enhances this behavior (Vidal-Gonzalez et al. 2006), whereas IL lesioning attenuates it (Lebron et al. 2004). The IL does not appear to mediate the acquisition or extinction of conditioned fear, suggesting a very specific role in the maintenance and regulation of appropriate learned emotional responses. The effects of stress on this function have not been thoroughly explored, although it has been reported that exposure to chronic stress can impair the recall of extinction (Miracle et al. 2006). In light of the present data, however, this would appear to be due to effects on the IL–BLA pathway other than general dendritic remodeling.
Given its role and apparent dysfunction in stress-related mental illnesses, that the IL–BLA pathway would be especially resilient against, rather than vulnerable to, the effects of stress is somewhat surprising. As the stress regimen used here reliably induced dendritic remodeling in randomly selected and EC-projecting neurons and caused an attenuation of weight gain commonly seen in chronically stressed rats, it is unlikely that the rats' experience simply was not "stressful" enough to cause dendritic remodeling in this subset of neurons. In humans, although MDD is among the most common of mental illnesses and is highly correlated with exposure to stress (Turner and Lloyd 2004), most people experience many stressful events without developing a stress-related disorder. It is commonly thought that the transition from "normal" effects of stress to clinical pathologies relies on an interaction between environmental and genetic factors. Thus, the mPFC-amygdala pathway may be, in most individuals, especially protected from the detrimental effects of stress, but vulnerable to stress when predisposing factors are present. Another intriguing possibility is that if BLA-projecting neurons are selectively spared from stress-induced remodeling, this pathway may then be primed for increased input, and possible overstimulation, which could lead to dysfunction. This hypothesis will be investigated in future studies.
National Institutes of Health grants (MH58911) to J.H.M., P.R.H., and B.S.M., and (MH075506) to R.M.S.
We would like to thank William Janssen, Deena Goldwater, Bridget Wicinski, Melinda Miller, and Gwendolyn Wood for contributing their knowledge and technical assistance. Conflict of Interest: None declared.


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