text:
Today's Devotional
What's ImportantHow has God been training you lately?
Top Christian Music Videos
sandrat63's FavoritesBack to sandrat63's channel.
- Steve Harvey introduces Jesus ChristAn introduction worth watching and sharing as well.beverlybmusic2008-03-17T00:00:00538,940 views00:03:22
- Lifehouse Everything DramaBand: Lifehouse Song: Everything How to get vid: http://www.extremegen.org/store/index.cfm or email me... God is ALL POWERFUL!his313372010-10-01T21:03:089,406,913 views00:05:34
- cry out to jesus - third daychristian musicwilfred12008-03-17T00:00:0064,863 views00:04:38
- My Redeemer Lives - Team HoytIncredible video about the relationship between a father and son.... and God's relationship with us.sand2rock952008-03-17T00:00:0016,226,365 views00:04:36
- Here I Am To Worship - SonicfloodA worship video to the music Here I Am To Worship by Tom Hughes, and sung on this vid by SonicFlood.themaineman20012008-03-17T00:00:008,726 views00:03:57
- SonicFlood - Lord I Lift Your Name On HighA video made for the song "Lord I Lift Your Name On High"rlmelco2010-10-01T22:35:139,839 views00:05:54
- The Gift of Worship - Featuring Jeremy Riddle Sweetly Bro...Click - More - For Download Link
Most Christians need to learn that the heart of worship is giving to God, not receiving from Him. Help equip and train your people to understand this biblical truth. Music by Jeremy Riddle.floodgateproductions2010-10-01T23:31:45113,837 views00:03:22
- Mercy Me - Finally Home (Music Video)"Finally Home" by Mercy Me Buy now: "http://tinyurl.com/dmd5fkmercymemusic2010-10-02T00:18:37209,690 views00:03:33
- MercyMe - I Can Only ImagineOfficial music video for 'I Can Only Imagine' by MercyMe.mercymemusic2010-10-02T00:18:43230,072 views00:04:07
- Here with Me - Mercy Me (Official Music Video)Mercy Me performs 'Here With Me'mercymemusic2010-10-02T00:20:1321,398 views00:04:06


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April 3rd, 2007
April 2nd, 2007
February 19th, 2007
February 14th, 2007
January 31st, 2007
January 16th, 2007
November 18th, 2006
( Pidgery joins the journeyman ranks!Collapse )
(Which leads into this log.)
(Which leads into this log.)
October 12th, 2006
Just to help keep people on the same page, I thought I should post the following:
- IC: Craftsecond Trogdora (NPC) was quietly transferred with little fanfare to a new post at Crom Hold to specialize in new mineral extraction tools. No successor has yet been named.
- IC: A few senior apprentices are cramming for their oral exams which are scheduled within the next month or so. (If your character is a sr. apprentice and you think it is his/her time to take the orals, please @send Teric ASAP or wait for the end of spring.)
- IC: The Turn's End Gather is coming up quickly (OOCly this weekend!) and will be held at Ista Hold. The Istan Smith Hall will be hosting a Smith Booth and offer a variety of entertainments, including a dunking tank, footraces, ironwork puzzles and so on, culminating in a fireworks display. (If you have more ideas, please @send *smithstaff ASAP.) This celebration is expected to be particularly spectacular due to the end of Threadfall.
- OOC: I have yet to post the finished revamp of the promotion scheme. In summary, apprentices advance through the display of role-play activity and IC merit. Proof must be provided in the shape of logs via e-mail unless displayed online in a blog or webpage. Links to the later should be displayed in your character's @plan (@notedit me.plan). If e-mailing, please @send Teric for the correct e-mail address.
Advancement from journeyman to sr. journeyman will be based on merit and the number of IC Turns spent as a journeyman. Advancement from journeyman to master requires a master's project.
If you have any questions on these, please @send Teric or *smithstaff.
- OOC: Insta-rank applications are still being accepted. There are a large number of open posts and role-play opportunities. Please @send *smithstaff for more details.
This will be posted on *smith, with cross-posts of pertinent information to *leaders and *announcements.
September 21st, 2006
There are some recent logs and journal entries posted on my IC journal for those interested.
September 2nd, 2006
Kieryn learns that she has passed her exams and Teric inquires about Crom.
(Fake LJ-Cut)
(Fake LJ-Cut)
July 10th, 2006
July 9th, 2006
Log date: May 17, 2006
People: Teric, Taslyan, Kairi and Kieryn
( Read more...Collapse )
People: Teric, Taslyan, Kairi and Kieryn
( Read more...Collapse )

subset: commoncrawl


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Is Dr. Antonio Ramon Bautista incorrect or missing key business information? Update your Hotfrog listing today.
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Hotfrog Philippines provides information regarding Dr. Antonio Ramon Bautista in San Juan Metro Manila. Dr. Antonio Ramon Bautista is located at 1, Aso Pusa At Iba Pa Animal Shelter and Veterinary Services, P. Guevarra Street, San Juan Metro Manila 1500 and provides Veterinarians services. Contact them on (02) 725 9601.
Is Dr. Antonio Ramon Bautista in 1, Aso Pusa At Iba Pa Animal Shelter and Veterinary Services, P. Guevarra Street, San Juan Metro Manila 1500 your business? Claim your listing and attract more leads by adding more content, photos and other business details.
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Hotels in Paulnay
Hotel reservation
Hotel rooms in Paulnay
There are not so many hotel rooms in Paulnay, just 2, still everyone can find an offer to suit his choice. The most common offers in this city are hotels, they count 1 out of 2, and their prevalent location is central district. According to our practice, it is the most profitable to book a hotel in the south of Paulnay, as it is the location of the hotels with optimal cost and quality offers along with the cheap hotels. Taking into account the small size of the city, there is no need to dwell hotel reservation on the location: the road to the city center would take less then half an hour, so one can book a hotel in any district of Paulnay. The most populated with hotels district of Paulnay is the south, 100% of cheap hotel rooms are concentrated here. Paulnay is a truly multifaceted city, here everyone can find a hotel of his choice: a business person, a young couple or a family with little children. Take a look at our selection of the cheap hotel rooms in Paulnay to make a well-informed choice for your reservation!
Paulnay cheap hotels
Guest Houses
All cheap hotels in Paulnay
Best hotels in Paulnay
Hotels in Paulnay are spread around the city within the distance of 2.8 kilometers. The most popular accommodations in Paulnay is
Gite Des Etangs
located in a 2.8 kilometers from the city center.
The best hotels are here and now. Try them!
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Squaw/Alpine prepping for $8M in upgrades for ski season
October 15, 2013
OLYMPIC VALLEY, Calif. — Squaw Valley and Alpine Meadows are investing nearly $8 million in capital improvements for the 2013-14 winter season as part of year three of the resorts' five-year, $70 million renaissance designed to improve all facets of the resort experience.
The investment for the first two years of the renaissance totaled $38 million and brought new chairlifts, expanded kids' activities, new restaurants, redesigned terrain parks and the world's first ski-in/ski-out Starbucks to the resorts.
This year, Squaw and Wanderlust have partnered to open the new Wanderlust Yoga Studio, offering classes seven days a week. The studio also will offer workshops that incorporate Squaw's landscape, including pairing yoga classes with hiking and paddleboarding in the summer and skiing and riding in the winter.
The slope-side condominium suites at The Village at Squaw Valley received $1.2 million in renovations in summer 2013. Each bedroom in every rental unit at the village has been upgraded with new mattresses and triple-sheet bedding. Many units have also received new furniture, carpet, additional flat screen TVs and air conditioning.
Squaw and Alpine have purchased two fully outfitted food trucks to serve fresh, new dining options this winter. The trucks — named "Mtn Roots" — will offer a mix of regionally and sustainably sourced food, both in quick bites and for sit-down meals, through rotating menus.
Many of the sustainable menu offerings will be created in partnership with the Tahoe Food Hub, a local nonprofit committed to increasing availability of nutritious, ecologically grown food by connecting small-scale, regional food producers with schools, restaurants and businesses. Learn more at http://www.tahoefood hub.org.
Alpine Meadows' mid-mountain lodge, The Chalet, will be transformed into a Bavarian-style beer garden this winter. The Chalet and the new Sierra Beer Garden will offer an array of leading Californian beers, as well as sandwiches and sausage plates. The fully-renovated Chalet will be open for Christmas 2013.
This winter, Squaw also is offering a new program called Teaching Tykes, designed for parents who want tips on how to teach their little ones (ages 3-5) to ski or snowboard.
The snowboarding equivalent of Squaw's long-acclaimed Mighty Mites program, the new Mighty Riders program will be offered for riders aged 7-13.
Also, the new Snow Rangers program at Alpine will offer winter adventures and on-mountain training such as backcountry touring, snow science, avalanche awareness, snow camping and more for past ski team members ages 12-18.
The resorts are investing nearly $3.5 million in snowmaking and grooming fleet upgrades for 2013-14 to ensure adequate conditions, regardless of Mother Nature's plans.
Other upgrades involved with the $8 million being spent this winter include four new electric car-charging stations at Squaw next to Cornice Cantina; new menu items at KT Base Bar and Plaza Bar; and new terrain park features.
To learn more, visit the resorts' websites at http://www.squaw.com and http://www.skialpine.com.
Information for this article was provided by Squaw Valley and Alpine Meadows.
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- Opinion: Truckee Town Council, police need to address traffic issues
- Creatures released into 'Lake Tahoe' go on killing spree in 2015 movie


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about.me is a platform for representing personal identity online. The service allows users to create and maintain a curated page for self-expression. about.me pages offer features including bios, contact information and buttons that link to social network content, including Facebook, LinkedIn, Twitter, WordPress, Instagram and more. Users can customize their profile with personal photos, custom backdrops, colors and fonts to further express their personality. Additional features including Collections, Replies, Compliments, Invite Friends, Search and more allow users to connect and further engage with others through the platform.
about.me was founded in 2010 by CEO Tony Conrad, CPO Ryan Freitas and Tim Young. In February 2013, about.me was bought back from AOL by founders Tony Conrad and Ryan Freitas along with the about.me management team.
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air chamber help
OK today i bough a Primus 0.34 liter gas bottle , i was wondering if it i could arc weld a steel half inch fitting on . ive already drilled through the top of the bottle for max air flow.
heres a pic of the bottle i got - just a googled pic
http://www.woodworkforums.com/attachmen ... 101-2-.jpg
oh and how much psi i do you think it would be able to handle ?
and btw JSR if you look at this can you tell me how the blow gun and piston actuation diagrams are going?
Take a look here
It could be welded if you want.
I took my tank to 300psig.
I would be wary of a welded tank at such pressures.
My tank was just drilled and tapped in the top fitting to 1/4" NPT, could probably be tapped to 3/8" NPT, I don't think there is enough material for 1/2" NPT.
Overbuilt is an understatement!
Advanced Combustion 2" bore
Armor piercer
Marshmallow gun
Due to the thin metal, I brazed mine. See my Marshmallow Cannon.
I used the short fat one so it is the 1lb bottle. If you get good penetration on the nipple without burning through the thin tank, it should work. I was worried about melting away the thin tank so I used brazing temperatures instead of welding temperature. I used an oxy torch setup.
If expirienced with a MIG or TIG welder it could be done easily. Even an expirenced oxy fuel operater could weld it.
Overbuilt is an understatement!
Advanced Combustion 2" bore
Armor piercer
Marshmallow gun
Well i think im going to be welding but it wont go through because im only welding the very top where it it thickest to reduce chances of burning through.
and i dont think ill be tapping because obviously there inst enough material like (Technician1002 ) you said
fun fact : i use to have once of those bernz o matic tanks ,but it melted becuase it was too close to the top of the tank it just melted through
ok 300 psi eh? what would the highest pressure it could be taken too and still be safe?
Unless you're lucky, and someone's actually tested MORE than one, any answer you get is a guess...nothing more.
Don't trust your safety to someone elses wild ass guess.
If you want to know within reasonable limits...set up a sampling (3 or more) of the things, and do a proper hydrotest on each of them...to failure.
An average of the failure pressures will be a general idea of the strength of the tanks from that manufacturer. Divide the fail pressure by at least 3, and use that as your max fill pressure.
"It could be that the purpose of your life is to serve as a warning to others" – unknown
Liberalism is a mental disorder, reality is it's cure.
I believe they have a built in relief valve, what ever that is set to should be your maximum
I love lamp
Just an FYI, the pressure relief valve on those is supposed to remain closed to slightly above 300 PSI so they don't vent and cause a fire hazard on hot days. They will most likely vent if you leave them in a closed car on a hot sunny day as the temperature rises well above 100 F.
As an FYI, when testing tanks, check the bottle for the manufacture of the bottle, not the brand of the propane supplier. In the USA, most tanks are made by Manchester or Worthington.
Coleman, Bernz-O-Matic, and such do not make tanks.
Most disposable tanks are made by Worthington.
The above link has a link to a PDF with the cylinder specifications.
http://www.worthingtoncylinders.com/Libraries/Propane_Specifications/WPG_Hand_Torch.sflb.ashx The important bits are here;
If you need pressure, use the Oxygen bottle instead of the Propane. It is rated for 500 PSI instead of 250 PSI.
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text:
Manual Therapy in Children
AUTHOR: Biedermann, Heiner
PUBLISHER: Elsevier - Health Sciences Division
Also available at Amazon.com
AUTHOR: Biedermann, Heiner
PUBLISHER: Elsevier - Health Sciences Division
Also available at Amazon.com
Note: Not guaranteed to come with supplemental materials (access codes, CDs, DVDs)
Product Description: Manual Therapy in Children presents a comprehensive conceptual approach to the subject of manual therapy for children of different ages. This approach considers the relationship between the neuromusculoskeletal structure and function at different stages of development and places strong emphasis on the prevention of problems as the child develops as well as on their safe and effective treatment and management.
CATEGORY: Medical
- Presents a fresh, evidence-based approach to the management of a wide range of pediatric problems
- Features approximately 250 high quality illustrations that clarify key points
- The Basics summarizes essential theoretical information such as anatomy and physiology, neuromotor development of the first 5 years - crawling to walking, and surface anatomy
- Clinical Insights looks at issues which may affect the neuromotor development of the child and offers management approaches including birthing interventions, birth trauma, differential diagnosis of central and peripheral neurological disorders, and asymmetry
- Practical Aspects of Manual Therapy in Children includes advice on communicating with parents and children; guidance for examination and treatment; and considerations for treating different joints and spinal regions
- Radiology in Manual Therapy describes the functional radiology of the spine in the young child and how to take, interpret, and document radiographs in infants and young children.
- Making Sense of It All outlines the clinical picture including functional disorders (such as KiSS syndrome), neurological and biomechanical disorders, and the long-term consequences of untreated functional disorders in the first year
- Other topics include therapy for children with CP, hydrocephalus, radiological monuments of cervical stress, ADD (attention deficit disorder), POS (psycho-organic syndrome), MCD (minimal cerebral damage), and hereditary predisposition
Additional Details
CATEGORY: Medical
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By Adeboye Amosu:
Enyimba forward, Mfon Udoh, is delighted to be back on the goal trail after netting the winner for his side in Sunday's 1-0 win against local rivals, Abia Warriors, completesportsnigeria.com can report.
It was the striker's first goal for the Peoples Elephant since scoring a brace against Sharks on match day four.
Udoh who has endured an injury ravaged season told completesportsnigeria.com he is delighted to help his side beat their Oriental rivals for the first time in the league.
"I'm happy to score an important goal for my club and put us on the threshold of history," he told completesportsnigeria.com.
"I have worked hard to stay fit and I'm happy to have finally ended my goal drought.
"We are close to winning the title, hopefully I will score more goals before the end of the season."
Udoh scored 23 goals for Enyimba last season, the highest by any individual in a single season in the Glo Premier League.4years ago My wife left me,because i was too WEAK in bed,but today she calls me Bed Champion.Now i finally discovered a Natural Solution that forces women to ask for more. " - CLICK HERE To See My Breakthrough. Men, eat this fruit & you will get a bigger penis size. How I Permanently Cured My Premature Ejaculation And Low Sperm Count Problem Without Any Side Effects Within 72hrs.And Confidently Last Over 35 Minutes Per Round In Bed.


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"Pittlochry, Black Spoud Waterfall (Edradour Walk)" Scotland Things to Do Tip by Joenes
Scotland Things to Do: 1,338 reviews and 2,738 photos
After a steep climb through the Black Spoud Forest your breath will be taking away by this gorgeous waterfall!
There is a viewing point and just a bit further you can go down to the fall.
Directions: Follow the yellow signs of the Edradour Walk (Pittlochry Walks Brochure)
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Hotfrog Philippines provides information regarding Mequedeli in Pampanga. Mequedeli is located at Holiday Inn Hotel, Mimosa Drive G/F, Pampanga and provides food and beverage services. Contact them on (045) 499 0695.
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Location: Corn, Soybean and Wheat Quality Research2011 Annual Report
1a. Objectives (from AD-416)
Objective 1: Develop corn and soybean virus disease control strategies. • Sub-objective 1.A. Characterize the nature of host resistance to virus disease. • Sub-objective 1.B. Identify, map, and clone virus-resistance genes. • Sub-objective 1.C. Determine the effect of combining quantitative virus resistance with insect resistance on virus disease severity. • Sub-objective 1.D. Characterize insect vector/virus relationships. Objective 2: Identify and characterize emerging virus diseases in corn and soybeans. Objective 3: Develop virus-based gene vectors in corn. Soybeans and corn are the two highest value crops grown in the U.S. Although research from this laboratory and others has led to significant improvements in their management, virus diseases continue to be annual threats. Furthermore, history has shown that unanticipated, and often unknown, new virus disease problems can rapidly emerge at any time. In soybeans, the threat of virus diseases has increased even more following the introduction of the soybean aphid into the U.S. in 1999. This is the first soybean-colonizing aphid in the U.S., and the consequences for future virus disease problems in soybeans are unknown. A long-term objective of this program is to reduce corn and soybean losses attributable to virus diseases. Our strategy to do so is to identify corn and soybean viruses when they arise and to characterize their biology and epidemiology (Objective 2), and to then use this information develop practical, effective methods and strategies for minimizing crop losses (Objective 1). Our final objective (Objective 3) is to use our knowledge and expertise in maize virology to develop new tools for forward and reverse genetic analysis of maize gene function. We will develop gene silencing and expression vectors based on selected maize viruses, and use these vectors immediately to characterize the functions of candidate maize genes thought to be important for virus infection and/or resistance. Because reliable vectors are lacking for monocotyledenous plants such as corn, vectors developed under this objective would be of benefit both to corn geneticists and to those seeking to use corn for the production of non-endogenous materials.
1b. Approach (from AD-416)
Our overall approach is to: 1) identify existing and emerging viruses; 2) understand their biology; and 3) develop effective disease control strategies. Known viruses will be identified using existing diagnostics. For previously uncharacterized viruses, we will culture them in healthy plants using mechanical or arthropod transmission, determine their characteristics, and develop diagnostic assays. This knowledge will be used to formulate disease control strategies, although, usually, the most effective and economic control strategy is to use virus-resistant crop varieties and cultivars. Therefore, a primary focus of this project is to identify, characterize, and map virus resistance in maize and soybean germplasm. To develop an understanding of how resistance genes work, they will be isolated and characterized, and their role in the molecular and biochemical changes associated with virus resistance will be examined. Also, factors affecting virus transmission by arthropod vectors will be characterized so that alternative disease control methods can be developed. Maize virus-based gene expression and silencing vectors will be developed to facilitate functional analysis of plant resistance genes using forward and reverse genetics. Such vectors should have broad impact as few are available for cereals. The impact of this research will be to advance our knowledge of virus diseases of corn and soybeans and provide vital information for the development of control strategies to reduce disease losses.
3. Progress Report
On Obj. 1 projects to characterize the nature of host virus resistance, we completed analysis of microarray experiments to test responses of virus resistant and susceptible inbred lines inoculated with maize dwarf mosaic virus, and developed quantitative (reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction) RT-PCR assays to verify expression of identified differentially expressed genes. We published results of experiments to characterize the responses of near isogenic lines carrying Wsm1, Wsm2 and Wsm3 from Pa405 to inoculation with potyviruses. The responses of the inbred line Oh1VI and the nested association mapping population parents to Maize rayado fino virus was evaluated, and indicates we can map resistance to this virus in Oh1VI x Oh28 recombinant inbred lines (RIL). We began to evaluate RIL for responses to Maize necrotic streak virus (MNeSV) and Maize fine streak virus (MFSV). We established the sequential transmission protocol for testing for Maize chlorotic dwarf virus (MCDV) helper component and identified inefficiencies likely due to highly variable virion concentrations. We completed a yeast-two-hybrid screen for interactions among putative MCDV proteins, and have identified two MCDV protein interactions: the R78 polyprotein region self-interacts and interacts with the MCDV protease. We developed viral clones that will be used for future construction of full-length MCDV cDNAs. We did not find expression of two predicted small ORF protein products, a predicted overlapping ORFs (ORFX) and a small predicted 3' (ORF4) in the MCDV-S infected plants antibodies against ORF epitopes. For Obj. 2 projects to characterize emerging diseases in maize and soybeans, we identified Maize rough dwarf virus in symptomatic maize from southern Europe. We showed that maize redness infection causes significant yield and quality reduction in several Serbian maize hybrids, and obtained sequence data for ~90% of the maize redness phytoplasma genome. For Obj. 3 projects to develop virus-based gene vectors in corn, we used Brome mosaic virus vectors carrying phytoene desaturase (pds) sequences to determine the expected phenotypes for our similar MNeSV-based vectors. We experienced difficulties with efficient transmission of viral RNA by vascular puncture inoculation (VPI), and developed an agrobacterium-based system for expressing viral cDNA constructs in Nicotiana benthamiana. After moving constructs to the appropriate vector, we will use this system to evaluate the MNeSV vector. For the MFSV-based vector, we demonstrated simultaneous expression the viral N and P genes and the phage T7 RNA polymerase in S2 cells. Preliminary results suggest viral genes are expressed in S2 cells after incubation with virus in the presence of DEAE-dextran.
4. Accomplishments
1. Virus resistant synthetic population of maize. ARS researchers at Wooster, Ohio, developed a virus resistant synthetic population of maize. Virus diseases in corn and other crops are most efficiently controlled using resistant plants, and resistance to a number of maize infecting viruses has been identified and mapped in the corn genome. However, resistance to multiple viruses in agronomically adapted materials is not available. Researchers developed a virus resistant maize population by crossing nine different virus-resistant tropical and cornbelt inbred lines with the agronomically adapted line B73 and selecting virus-resistant progeny. This process resulted in increased resistance to Maize chlorotic dwarf virus, Maize dwarf mosaic virus and Sugarcane mosaic virus. The population will be useful for domestic and international maize breeders working with corn and sweet corn who need to incorporate virus resistance into their breeding lines.
2. Resistance breaking isolates of two widespread maize-infecting viruses. The related maize-infecting viruses, Maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV) and Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV), cause disease in corn all around the world. The diseases caused by these viruses have been effectively controlled for 30 years using resistant hybrids. However, when virus-resistant hybrids are widely used, there is always a chance that the pathogen will evolve to 'break' the resistance in the crop, and there have been recent reports that resistance breaking virus isolates in Europe corn and U.S. sweet corn. Research conducted by ARS scientists in Wooster, Ohio, with an Ohio State University Research Intern, determined the responses of virus-resistant U.S. corn lines to four different virus strains. Two MDMV strains (one from Italy and one from Ohio) and two SCMV strains (one from Germany and one from Ohio) were tested for their ability to infect a maize line that carries a strong resistance gene called Wsm1. The MDMV from Italy and the SCMV from Ohio could infect this line, but the Ohio MDMV and the German SCMV could not. These results indicate that resistance breaking virus strains are present in the U.S. and Europe. Researchers also determined that maize with two virus resistance genes (Wsm1 plus a different gene called Wsm2) were not infected by any of the four virus strains, indicating that good resistance is achieved if the two genes are combined. These results will assist corn breeders in developing resistant hybrids.
Review Publications
Todd, J.C., Ammar, E., Redinbaugh, M.G., Hoy, C., Hogenhout, S.A. 2010. Plant host range and leafhopper transmission of Maize fine streak virus. Phytopathology. 100(11):1138-1145.


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When I am sad, I stop being sad and be Awesome instead. True Story. Men's and Women's T-shirt
Possibly the best quote of all time. Straight from Barney Stinson played by the one and only NPH, comes Crocktees' How I met your Mother t-shirt, "Be Awesome instead." Aren't you feeling more awesome already?
Don't see the style or color you want? Customize your own tee at the Designer
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July 6th, 2016
Episode 2769 of 4391 episodes
Peru not only depends on a President it depends on all of us VIEW THE SPOT
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Agram's Cabs
Agrams Cabs - Find taxi cabs in East London, Cab service East London - Agrams Cabs, Cabs East London - Agrams Cabs,
About Agram's Cabs in East London, Eastern Cape
At Agram's Cabs , we pride ourselves in superior client-orientated service. Our vision is to be the best pre-booked passenger transport service provider in South Africa, and we believe this can be achieved through our professionally trained drivers and our well-maintained fleet.
We are fully registered with the Department of Transport, and all our vehicles have Passenger Liability Insurance.
We have a fleet that are ready to give you the most memorable ride. All our vehicles are maintained as per manufacturer's specification, and we adhere to our stringiest safety standards. We cater for both business and private trips.
We operate in East London and the Eastern Cape Province. We also operate from Port Elizabeth International Airport to East London. Our drivers have been hand-selected for their excellent ability and driving records. You can be assured that they will get you to your destination safely, comfortably and on time.
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February 5th, 2016
Episode 1600 of 4391 episodes
McCann London has illustrated this print ad for Zurich Insurance. VIEW THE AD
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Live well , Be Happy, and get head in the most outrageous places possible. Super thick Pawg Cambrey Sage is a freak to the highest proportions. In broad daylight somewhere in Seattle she managed to find one of the only 3 black dudes walking around, bounced her big juicy phat ass all over him, pulled him into a stairwell and gave hime one of the sloppiest nastiest blowjobs it made me say "Damn girl you still eat with that Mouth??" you love reality interracial porn and big booty pawgs , then its gets no butter than this.
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Which Joe gave his name to 'sloppy joes'? We look at five interesting sandwiches and their lexical origins.
North American
1trademark General Educational Development, referring to a system of standardized examinations which entitle those who pass them to receive a credential considered as equivalent to completion of high school.
2General equivalency degree (or diploma).
Further reading
6 punctuation marks you might be using incorrectlyRead more
We take a look at several popular, though confusing, punctuation marks.
An A-Z of country name originsRead more
From Afghanistan to Zimbabwe, discover surprising and intriguing language facts from around the globe.
How brothers became buddies and brosRead more
The definitions of 'buddy' and 'bro' in the OED have recently been revised. We explore their history and increase in popularity.


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Find your new home in 27953, NCYou are viewing homes 1 to 1 of 1 home for sale
{"ListingID":"0x7C65A73C23E3ED22DFAF41489DF68613","StreetAddress":"18788 Highway 64 Lot 0","StreetAddressFull":"18788 Highway 64 Lot 0, East Lake, NC","Price":"$295,900","PriceDisplay":"$295,900","PriceForMap":"$295,900","Bedrooms":"0","Bathrooms":"0","Prop_BedsBaths":"","HalfBathrooms":"0","PropertyType":"Land\/lot","Latitude":null,"Longitude":null,"Distance":0,"Thumbnail":"http:\/\/propertyimage.leadingre.com\/76171\/0x7C65A73C23E3ED22DFAF41489DF68613\/1_thumb.jpg","Href":"\/listingdetails\/usa\/nc\/east-lake\/18788-highway-64-27953_0x7c65a73c23e3ed22dfaf41489df68613\/"}
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We at ValeurHR identify problems and work on the nature of the issues through our expert consultation to buyout the advantage of creating long term relationships with clients. We have always been acknowledged as a trusted partner as we realize that we could provide bundled consulting services to the clients at best prices.
We resolve to become eponymous by creating sustainable environment with all stakeholders and partners which makes our distinguishing factors more relevant and worthwhile. Having expertise in technology products, system implementation & process execution, we work with entreprises as business execution partner to deliver an entire spectrum of consulting, technology and business process management services under a single umbrella.
The perfect blend of technical excellence, business performance monitoring, business intelligence and customer experience management is what makes us endearing to our clients.


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Tennis superstar Serena Williams has announced she is engaged to Reddit co-founder Alexis Ohanian, breaking the news with a poem on her verified Reddit account.Williams, 35, and Ohanian, 33, did not reveal a wedding date in the postings, listed under the Reddit tag 'isaidyes'.Williams posted on her account:"I came home A little late, Someone had a bag packed for me, And a carriage awaited, Destination: Rome, To escort me to my very own "charming" Back to where our stars first collided, And now it was full circle At the same table we first met by chance, This time he made it not by chance But by choice, Down on one knee He said 4 words And r/isaidyes," A reply from his verified account said: "And you made me the happiest man on the planet."The WTA Tour posted a photo of Williams and Ohanian on Twitter with a message of congratulations.
I Reject Uniform Civil Code. I DO NOT WANT ANY CHANGES IN MUSLIM PERSONAL LAW.


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Articles tagged spaced: the complete series
1 Feb 2009 // 8:00 PM
Every once in awhile, Britain rules over America. The Office, Spaced, Coupling and other British shows are gradually narrowing the Atlantic-sized gap between the United States and England.READ more
27 Jul 2008 // 10:00 PM
Call it the British equivalent of Arrested Development, the next step following Freaks & Geeks and Undeclared -- just make sure you call it absolutely brilliant.READ more
//Mixed media
Chick Quest 'Model View Controller' (album stream) (premiere) // Music
Greg Jones Project "House Not Home" (video) (premiere) // Music
Stone Foundation "Strange People" feat. William Bell (premiere) // Music
//Pm Picks
The Moving Pixels Podcast Explores 'This Is the Police'
// Moving Pixels
"This week we take a look at the themes and politics of This Is the Police.READ the article


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Business Analysis Certification Course Online, Agile Project Management Course, Business Analysis Certification Course,
Managing a business is definitely getting more challenging than establishing one. This is an uphill task that not every firm can handle aptly until and unless they have the right expertise in the specific industry and know the art of business analysis and project management perfectly. In short, systematic performance, more than just performance is important when it comes to managing and strengthening your business. Gone are the days when businesses depended heavily on only marketing and branding processes. This is the age of overall growth and in this era you have to focus on a number of things to make sure that your business is in a healthy condition to compete with other businesses.
With regards to business and project management, Agile Project Management Course has surely surfaced as a primordial tool and to harness this facility for your business, the first thing you need is a firm that will aptly train your employees in different business management solutions and project management systems including staffing and staff augmenting solutions so that your business has the perfect functional outlook to stand in the overtly competitive global, virtual market. In the realm of agile project management, there is no specific project manager in particular.
The roles are basically divided among the different team members, the product owner and the Scrum Master to be more specific. The product owner, i.e. you are responsible for the prime business factors including the designing and manufacturing of the product that must be done in perfect order. The Scrum Master primarily acts as the coach to the project team so that the team can perform efficiently.
An efficient Scrum Master works aptly to guide the team by removing any and every impediment or hindrance to the team. Tracking progress of the project is one of the important factors that a Scrum Master takes care of. Agile project management is mainly understood as a value based approach that lets the project managers deliver high performance in a consistent pattern without resulting in too many errors and loses. Another important aspect about agile project management is that it's all about accepting changes and delivering finished projects in a fixed time and with little cost.
Business analysis is considered to be another very important aspect in the successful running of any business. This is primarily the practice of bringing change in a firm or organization while defining the needs of the hour and suggesting changes and modifications accordingly. The designation of a business system analyst is equally included in the realm of business analysis. The role of a business analyst refers essentially to knowing and understanding the needs of the industry and the business in concern to introduce the required alterations.
Business analysts are considered to be essential assets to any and every business. This is where the need to do Business Analysis Certification Course comes in as a vital factor. Business analysis is primarily a goal based area. Business analysis primarily focuses on different goals in a two directional manner. Business analysis is used for making certain plans for the benefit of the business and for executing them as well. Business analysis comprises of three important elements and for the course you can avail the services of a talented firm that offers a myriad of guidance about business analysis field.
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"Delta 1 AFB exhibit" Kadoka Things to Do Tip by Skylink
Kadoka Things to Do: 18 reviews and 29 photos
This is a schematic drawing of how the missile launch control buildings were arranged. Note some of the underground structures. In this part of South Dakota, there were Minuteman II ICBM's which carried nuclear warheads. All of them have been dismantled under a treaty with the USSR, now Russian Federation. Only one site was preserved for historical purposes under the terms of the treaty. The U.S. site is near Kadoka.
This drawing appears in the South Dakota Air and Space Museum which is near exit 67, next to the Ellsworth Air Force Base in Rapid City. The air force base houses the squadron that operates the B-1B bomber. That bomber was designed for low altitude bombing missions but also has some stealth (low radar observability) features such as the wing blending into the fuselage. The museum is free but there is a fee if you want to tour the air base.
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Cannot give a higher recommendation
Breast Implant Revision
Doctor Review
25 Nov 2016
Updated, 1 day ago
Cannot give a higher recommendation
All round fantastic. Dr Knoll did an excellent job in replacing my ruptured breast implants. No scar can be seen anywhere and they look natural and beautiful. What a work of art! On top of that, she is very likeable and accessible. Will go again to do any other op.


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From non-surgical face lifts to Botox and body sculpting, an increasing number of men are now choosing treatments to boost their looks
Watch how these young chefs are putting a spin on the mezze plate
Once a frowned-upon act of delinquency, street art is now a legitimate and burgeoning art form in Singapore.
Divorce is tough on everyone but there are ways you can make the experience as bearable as possible
Most men will experience some form of hair loss or thinning. What treatments are out there?
Check out this bar you'd be more than happy to call your local
Aesthetic treatments are fast becoming popular amongst men. Discover what's on offer to keep you looking good and fresh.
You're in a major rush and need a ride five mins ago… this brilliantly simple button on the Grab app will deliver. Guaranteed.
The Brexit referendum result was the prologue and a new chapter awaits. What do investors need to consider after the historic vote?
Jeremy Yip clues us in on how to be the best dressed in black tie
Daryl Bisset visits CYC The Custom Shop to experience its made-to-measure shirt tailoring service
This brand new school is bridging the gap between the costs of local and international schools in Singapore
We round up some of Singapore's best Aussie-influenced tables to try
Here are our opinions of the 'hottest' restaurants and bars across the three quays
What does Britain's departure from the EU mean for the SG$?
Watching your drink being made is half the fun, see how they do it here.
In Hollywood, signing a prenup agreement before tying the knot is par for the course, but here in Singapore it's still relatively uncommon.
Who says you can't find reasonably priced buffets in Singapore?
With the Brexit vote hanging in the balance, financial planners St James Place say investors need to consider the bigger issues at stake and not panic with...
We chat to entrepreneur and investor Harry Dewhirst on what to do and not do in the SAR
Everything you need to know for your next business trip to HK
It really isn't as boring as you may think, and can set up your kids for a career in technology


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DirectX 11 Visual Studio 2013 C++ 1on1
This project received 3 bids from talented freelancers with an average bid price of $722 USD.Get free quotes for a project like this
Project Budget$250 - $750 USD
Total Bids3
Project Description
I am looking for someone who is an absolute expert in DirectX 11 C++ Game Programming with Visual Studio 2013 and the windows 8.1 SDK.
To do 1on1 sessions through gotomeeting
Not interested in Windows Store right now.
Would need to be able to Create the following with me, and be able to explain what line line of code? This training is a paid test so we can see if you got what it takes to work with our team.
Need the following, and I will have the graphic assets created already or I will be able to have them created fast.
1) A heightmap Loaded
2) Texturing the heightmap
3) Loading an FBX file to use as my character
4) Loading a tree
5) Collision detection for my character with the heightmap, and with the tree
6) Being able to load up a 2nd fbx character Model that will stay static
7) A small patch of water
8) Use of the new 8.1 SDK, meaning no XNAmath, using the new HLSLs, using Visual Studio 2013
Skills Required
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Many business leaders struggle with telling their employees and colleagues "no," Brian Evje writes. In this article, Evje offers tips for saying "no" in a positive and constructive manner. Among other things, it's important to develop a decision-making process and to focus on consistency, he writes.
Full Story:Inc. online (free registration)


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His smile is so contagious . His smile makes my day . <3
500th ❤ for Minho!~
Blond hair suits him. :)
has his acting improved?
It has. Even though he's a supporting character in 'Hwarang', you can see he's come a long way since 'To The Beautiful You'. In his movie 'Derailed', you can also see how much he has improved.
Happy Birthday ♥
happy birthday handsome man <3 <3 <3
Happy birthdaaaaaay! (。>ω<)。
Happy Birthday!!!!
Heh, I just came here cuz of "Derailed" - i guess it's a sign - happy bday then, be happy, healthy, lucky - fighting ^^
happy birthday <3 <3 :D
Happy Birthday!!!
happy happppy happpy birthday!!!
Happy birthday oppa.
Happy Birthday oppa <3<3


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Product 54/203
Hi Cathy,
The Strada 4 Drawer Chest Light is finished in Oak and incorporates a Smoked High Gloss insert to Stunning Effect.
This Drawer Chest is being delivered flat-pack and requires assembly service. If you want a professional to do the job, we're here to get it done at an extra 35 or £23 only. Our assembly service is carried out by trained professionals and includes removal of all the rubbish and packaging. I would say that this includes complete assembly with very experienced worker and we take away all the packaging, dust the furniture off too!
Normally our lead time for delivery is 8 - 15 working days as we import these from England. Once the item you ordered is ready in the warehouse, It will be up for delivery in the run to your area immediately. You will be getting a call from our planning department with an exact date of delivery, one or two days beforehand.
We have free delivery all over Ireland and you can order with card, PayPal or cash on delivery. If you require anything further please do not hesitate to contact us.
Thank you!
Love Furniture Team


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- Artist: John Scott
- Artist: St. Paul's Cathedral Choir, London
- Release Date: 10/09/2012
Best Buy is dedicated to always offering the best value to our customers. We will match the price, at the time of purchase, on a Price Match Guarantee product if you find the same item at a lower price at a Designated Major Online Retailer or at a local retail competitor's store.Here's how:
- If you find a qualifying lower price online, call 1-888-BEST BUY and direct a customer service agent to the web site with the lower price, or when visiting a Best Buy store, one of our employees will assist you.
- On qualifying products, Best Buy will then verify the current price to complete the price match.
Exclusions apply including, but not limited to, Competitors' service prices, special daily or hourly sales, and items for sale Thanksgiving Day through the Monday after Thanksgiving. See the list of Designated Major Online Retailers and full details.
- Laudes Regiae, processional
- Mattins Responsory
- Ecce concipies
- Blow out the trumpet in Sion
- Drop down ye heavens
- Laetentur caeli
- Echo Carol, for boys' voices
- Hosanna to the Son of David
- A Hymn of St Columba
- Rejoice in the Lord alway
- This is the record of John
- Hymn to the Creator of Light
- Angelus as virginem
- Virga Jesse floruit
- Ave Maria
- Vesper Responsory
- O come, O come, Emmanuel
- Organ Toccata on Veni Emmanuel


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Are Tree Huggers Hypocrites?
Read More.
Are environmentalists who want fossil-fuel divestment hypocrites if they don't adopt a radically reduced carbon lifestyle? That's a common charge among conservatives.
As you can see from the graph below, the U.S. has a long way to go before we get to U.K. levels of emissions. Some of this represents the fact that we have a lot of heavy manufacturing and we produce a fair amount of energy, both of which are very carbon-intensive. But some of it is also our lifestyles, especially air travel, car travel, living in larger homes that we air-condition and heat to a year-round 70 degrees, and using a lot more energy-intensive devices, from computers and big televisions to refrigerators and clothes dryers. If environmentalists want everyone in the country to stop doing those things, say conservatives, then they should start doing so themselves -- and agitating for things such as institutional air-travel bans that rarely rank high on the priorities of student activists.
Is this fair? OK, a bit, especially because a lot of people I interact with on this issue don't necessarily seem to have the firmest grip on what's involved in really cutting back on U.S. carbon emissions. But ultimately, I think it is unfair, for a couple of reasons.
The first thing that environmentalists can argue is that they don't want to use a carbon tax to make everyone live in caves; they want to use a carbon tax to push toward infrastructure changes and cleaner forms of power that will allow everyone to enjoy a plush lifestyle while emitting less carbon. And in many cases, I think this argument works. Denser urban design would allow more people who want to do so trade in their bigger detached houses for convenience and walkability. Less carbon-intensive technologies, from renewables to LED lights, could allow people to luxuriate in power without causing the planet to warm. Hybrid cars, driverless cars, smart grids -- name your technology; it's reasonable to say, "We will, but we're waiting for the market to provide it."
Is a carbon tax necessary to get us those technologies? Will they arrive even if we have one? You can certainly argue those points. But it's not obvious to me that the environmentalists have the worst of that argument.
In other areas, however, it's not fair. At least as it has been explained to me by physicists, air travel inherently requires hydrocarbons; nothing else packs enough energy density into so little weight. Cement making is another ubiquitous industry that is just inherently carbon-intensive, because heating limestone, a necessary step in the process, releases carbon dioxide. American levels of climate control are going to be very challenging to reach from renewable energy, even if you offset winter's solar losses with greater use of wind power -- at least without going on a nuclear-building binge, which is something that environmental activists don't seem wildly eager to embrace.
But that still doesn't make them hypocrites, because they can argue that their behavior won't make a difference. If every American turns down the thermostat to 55 degrees and stops flying and does all the other things that would lower our emissions, we might have a meaningful chance at stopping global warming. But if a handful of environmentalist activists do this, all that happens is ... they're cold, and no one wants to go on vacation with them. So they make comparatively modest changes, such as take mass transit, rather than give up the laptop and move into a yurt.
I think this is perfectly fair, especially because this is basically my stance. I support a revenue-neutral carbon tax and more funding for renewables research. But in the meantime, I am not going to don sackcloth and (carbon-free) ashes to no possible benefit.
However, I will give conservative critics this: Adopting this stance only makes sense if you don't believe that there's much power in "setting a good example." As it happens, consistent with my stance, I do not believe that there is much power in setting a good example, at least not on things that are as central to modern life as breaking apart hydrocarbon chains and using the energy to replace human muscle. I believe that movie stars can inspire idealistic teenagers to go vegan; I do not think that more ordinary-looking adults can convince the majority of Americans to suffer through discomfort and inconvenience for the sake of a hard-to-see threat.
If this is what you believe, then it's perfectly reasonable to go about your life until the day we are ready for collective action. But I must note that this belief is at odds with the faith professed by most environmentalists in the powers of American example-setting on carbon emissions. When it is pointed out (correctly) that China and India's billions of people currently pose a much greater threat to the atmosphere than rich Americans, environmentalists usually respond by first pointing to the public-relations noise that China is making, even as it continues to construct dirty coal plants as fast as it can pour the concrete, and second by arguing that we need to adopt these changes first, which will set a good example and give us the credibility to ask that China and India follow suit.
I find this belief sincere, touching and almost willfully naive. Radical cuts in our carbon emissions will not cause China and India to follow our example for the same reasons that radical cuts in the carbon emissions of Swarthmore College sophomores will not persuade their fellow students to join them in the yurt. If you can see the one clearly, it should be just as easy to see the other.
So no, I don't think that environmentalists are necessarily hypocrites when they advocate more radical action than they are willing to take on their own. But I think that they should be as clear-eyed about the limits of foreign policy as they are about the limits of their own personal influence.
Corrects graph after second paragraph to note that emissions are in metric tons per capita.
This column does not necessarily reflect the opinion of Bloomberg View's editorial board or Bloomberg LP, its owners and investors.
To contact the author on this story:
Megan McArdle at firstname.lastname@example.com
To contact the editor on this story:
Brooke Sample at email@example.com


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Malaria risk maps have re-emerged as an important tool for appropriately targeting the limited resources available for malaria control. In Sub-Saharan Africa empirically derived maps using standardized criteria are few and this paper considers the development of a model of malaria risk for East Africa.
Statistical techniques were applied to high spatial resolution remotely sensed, human settlement and land-use data to predict the intensity of malaria transmission as defined according to the childhood parasite ratio (PR) in East Africa. Discriminant analysis was used to train environmental and human settlement predictor variables to distinguish between four classes of PR risk shown to relate to disease outcomes in the region.
Independent empirical estimates of the PR were identified from Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda (n = 330). Surrogate markers of climate recorded on-board earth orbiting satellites, population settlement, elevation and water bodies all contributed significantly to the predictive models of malaria transmission intensity in the sub-region. The accuracy of the model was increased by stratifying East Africa into two ecological zones. In addition, the inclusion of urbanization as a predictor of malaria prevalence, whilst reducing formal accuracy statistics, nevertheless improved the consistency of the predictive map with expert opinion malaria maps. The overall accuracy achieved with ecological zone and urban stratification was 62% with surrogates of precipitation and temperature being among the most discriminating predictors of the PR.
It is possible to achieve a high degree of predictive accuracy for Plasmodium falciparum parasite prevalence in East Africa using high-spatial resolution environmental data. However, discrepancies were evident from mapped outputs from the models which were largely due to poor coverage of malaria training data and the comparable spatial resolution of predictor data. These deficiencies will only be addressed by more random, intensive small areas studies of empirical estimates of PR.
The risks of morbidity and mortality caused by Plasmodium falciparum vary spatially and temporally across the African continent (Trape & Rogier 1996; Snow et al. 1997; Snow & Marsh 2002). There are a number of factors that determine the age-specific patterns of disease risk following infection but the most significant is the role played by acquired functional immunity which is dependent in turn on the frequency and duration of infection from birth (Snow & Marsh 1998). A number of indices are used to describe the frequency of new malaria infections; these include the entomological inoculation rate (EIR), the vectorial capacity, infant parasite conversion rates and the parasite ratio (PR). The relationship between these markers of infection risk is complex (Macdonald 1953; Smith & McKenzie 2004) and most of them, with the exception of the PR, are rarely recorded in Africa (Hay et al. 2000b, 2005a,b). The PR has been used since the 1950s to characterize the intensity of malaria transmission, determined through cross-sectional surveys of children and expressed as the percentage found to be infected with P. falciparum (Metselaar & Van Theil 1959). This measure has been shown to correspond categorically to the log of the annual EIR (Beier et al. 1999; Hay et al. 2005a) and, more recently, has been used to discriminate between malaria morbidity and mortality rates across Africa (Snow et al. 1999, 2004; Snow & Marsh 2002).
The need for maps of malaria distribution has been recognized by malaria epidemiologists for as long as the disease has been studied (Gill 1920; Boyd 1930; Lysenko & Beljaev 1969). More recently, advances in geographic information systems (GIS) and remote sensing (RS) have fuelled a renaissance in malaria risk mapping in Africa (Snow et al. 1996; Lindsay et al. 1998; Craig et al. 1999; Thomson et al. 1999; Hay et al. 2000a; Rogers et al. 2002; Tanser et al. 2003; Hay et al. 2004). Relatively few of the available models of the spatial determinants of malaria risk have used empirical data (Snow et al. 1998; Kleinschmidt et al. 2000, 2001). Moreover those available for Kenya and Mali have not fully exploited the wealth of newer high-spatial resolution RS imagery available and have excluded the influences of human settlement and water bodies. In this paper we re-examine the distribution and intensity of malaria transmission across East Africa through the use of high-spatial resolution satellite sensor imagery, rigorously selected PR data (Omumbo & Snow 2004), ecozonation (Omumbo et al. 2002), as well as urbanization (Omumbo et al. 2005), water body and land-use parameters.
A comprehensive search of published and unpublished literature for malariometric data in the East Africa region has been maintained since 1996 as part of the Mapping Malaria Risk in Africa (MARA) collaboration (Snow et al. 1996; http://www.mara.org.za). The methods used to identify the PR data in the East Africa region and the criteria used for their selection are presented elsewhere (Omumbo et al. 1998; Omumbo & Snow 2004). In brief, electronic database searches, contacts with local malariologists, extraction of data from Ministry of Health archives, manual searches of local journals, conference proceedings and postgraduate theses all provided the basis of the search strategy. Kenyan, Tanzanian and Ugandan survey data were selected for the present analysis according to the following inclusion criteria: contemporary assessments of infection risk (>1979); community-based surveys; age ranges within 0–15 years (surveys where only infants were sampled were excluded); surveys that sampled a minimum of 50 children; and those that provided adequate details on survey location and denominators. Finally, repeat cross-sectional surveys on the same populations by the same investigators within a 24-month period were pooled to a single estimate while surveys undertaken by varied investigators at different times in the same location were reduced to one estimate by excluding either the earlier survey or smaller sample size.
Longitude and latitude co-ordinates (in decimal degrees) were determined for each parasitological survey using a variety of sources: 1:50 000 scale topographic maps (Directorate of Overseas Surveys 1971), digital administrative unit maps in Kenya (UNEP- Global Resources Information Database 1992) or public domain digital gazetteers (GDE Systems Inc. 1995; World Resources Institute 1995). The centroid co-ordinates served as a unique identifier for each survey and, combined with a description of the survey, were used to describe the spatial extent of each sample. Surveys were classified as representing one of five spatial dimensions: first, using ArcView 3.2 (ESRI, Redlands, CA, USA), for surveys representing a single village, the central longitude and latitude was used to define an area of 1 km radius encompassing the community. The second spatial classification reflected surveys that sampled from several villages but presented the data as a single PR (five and seven surveys in Kenya and Tanzania respectively). In this case, a polygon was created to enclose the villages. The third, fourth and fifth spatial criteria corresponded to surveys undertaken at the fifth (sub-location: average area covered 9.4 km2), fourth (location: average area covered 15.4 km2) or third (division: average area covered 34.1 km2) administrative levels in Kenya (Hay et al. 2005b).
Satellite sensor-derived data at 1 × 1 km spatial resolution were obtained for East Africa (19.995° E–52.005° E and 23.755° N–13.005° S) from the United States' Geological Survey, Distributed Active Archive Centre (URL: http://edcdaac.usgs.gov/1KM/comp10d.asp). These data were archived from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) on-board the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) series of afternoon ascending, polar-orbiting meteorological satellites (Eidenshink & Faundeen 1994). All 10 bands of raw channel and quality control data were downloaded for the 93 ten-day composites (dekads) from 31 months (April–December 1992, January–September 1993, February–December 1995 and January–May 1996) and re-sampled to a latitude and longitude co-ordinate reference system. Data quality control flags, solar and zenith scan angle correction and maximum value compositing procedures were implemented with ERDAS Imagine 8.5 (Leica Geosystems GIS & Mapping, Atlanta, GA, USA). For more comprehensive details on these procedures see Hay (2000) and Green and Hay (2002).
Monthly time-series of three primary predictor variables were derived from these images for analysis: (i) the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI); an indicator of photosynthetic activity and surrogate for moisture availability (Hay et al. 1998, 2000a); (ii) the land surface temperature (LST); whose accuracy is similar to that of spatially interpolated temperature data obtained from ground meteorological stations in Africa (Hay & Lennon 1999; Hay et al. 2000a); and (iii) the middle infrared reflectance (MIR); a satellite 'temperature' band that is sensitive to both reflected and emitted radiation (Boyd & Curran 1998) and included as it suffers less from atmospheric attenuation than LST (Cracknell 1997).
Cold cloud duration (CCD) data were also derived from the high resolution radiometer (HRR) onboard the European Meteorological Satellite programme's (EUMETSAT) Meteosat satellite series and used as a surrogate measure of rainfall. CCD image pixels represent the number of hours during which cold cloud top temperatures below a geographically variable threshold were experienced during a 10-day compositing period. CCD threshold temperatures have been derived empirically for areas of Africa between 0 and 27° N of latitude (Snijders 1991). The CCD has been found to have a root mean square error of ±38 mm when compared with meteorological station recordings across continental Africa (Hay & Lennon 1999). The 8 × 8 km spatial resolution CCD data used for this study were re-sampled to 1 × 1 km spatial resolution.
Landcover data at full spatial resolution (1:100 000) were requested and downloaded from the Africover project's website (http://www.africover.org). Africover urban and water body themes were produced from visual interpretation of digitally enhanced Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) images (bands 4, 3, 2) acquired, mainly in 1999, across Kenya. Previous work has shown these variables to be important local modifiers of the PR (Omumbo et al. 2005). The urban area and water body polygons were overlaid on a 1 × 1 km grid of the same dimensions as the satellite imagery and the percentage area of each pixel occupied by the land-cover class calculated. Altitude data available and obtained from a global digital elevation model (Hastings & Dunbar 1998) were resampled to 1 × 1 km spatial resolution using ERDAS Imagine 8.5 (Leica Geosystems GIS & Mapping).
Previous statistical modelling efforts for vector-borne diseases in eastern Africa have shown that predictions are improved markedly by clustering data according to areas of ecological similarity (Brooker et al. 2002), as the factors that influence the distribution and/or abundance of vectors vary between ecological zones (Rogers & Robinson 2004).
In the present analysis we have defined two broad ecological zones across East Africa (Omumbo et al. 2002; Omumbo & Snow 2004). Ecozone 1 (Figure 1) represents areas at the edge of the distribution of malaria vectors where climatic conditions do not favour the propagation of vectors for most parts of the year. Within these areas it is possible to define vector distributions or abundance using a single climatic variable. Thus ecozone 1 is composed of arid areas where transmission is limited by low rainfall [vector breeding is restricted to rainy seasons or to areas near water bodies (Figure 1, area A), and highland areas where low temperatures limit vector and parasite development (Figure 1, area B)]. The ecology of ecozone 2 is diverse and, in general, climatic conditions favour the proliferation of malaria vectors and parasites allowing for longer transmission seasons. This ecozone can be described as being well within the climatic range of malaria vector distribution and a range of environmental variables are required to describe malaria transmission. Ecozone 2 tends also to be more densely populated (particularly in Uganda) and better served by perennial rivers.
As monthly climate data are serially correlated and thus have information redundancy, they were pre-processed using temporal Fourier analysis (TFA). TFA summarizes the correlated data and in doing so, captures epidemiologically important seasonal variations in statistically uncorrelated outputs. The origins, mathematical basis and arguments for the biological appropriateness of TFA are described in detail elsewhere (Rogers & Robinson 2004). Fourteen outputs were recorded from the TFA for each satellite time-series variable. These included the overall mean (a0) and variance (vr) of the observed signal, the amplitudes of the annual (a1), bi-annual (a2) and tri-annual (a3) cycles; the phases (in months) of annual (p1), bi-annual (ph2) and tri-annual (p3) cycles; the proportion of the total variance in the original time-series described by the annual (d1), bi-annual (d2), tri-annual (d3) and all cycles (da), as well as the maximum (mx), minimum (mn) of the signal recomposed from the first three cycles. All these variables, elevation derived from the DEM and percentage of urban and water bodies derived from Africover, were available to the discriminant analysis (DA).
Discriminant analysis was used to identify environmental and population variables that discriminated best between four categories of prevalence namely; 0–<5, 5–<25%, 25–<75% and ≥75%). These classes correspond closely to categorical descriptions of malaria morbidity and mortality burden that have been described previously for Africa (Snow et al. 2003). Very few of the PR surveys identified in this study recorded a true zero prevalence (n = 10). All 10 studies were from areas described according to expert opinion as experiencing seasonal transmission and given the sampling error in defining true zero prevalence this group has been included in the lowest infection risk class (PR = 0–<5%). Predictor variables were selected iteratively on the basis of the generation of the maximum kappa (κ) statistic (Cohen 1960) compared with the other variables in each round of selection. The procedure was repeated until either the maximum κ value was generated or 10 most discriminating variables were selected. It was assumed that the probabilities of membership in any of the four categories of prevalence were equal (i.e. the prior probabilities were 1 divided by the number of prevalence categories). Predictions were completed for all data and the effect of forcing urbanization was tested separately within each ecological zone.
For each training data point, a predictor variable value was extracted using IDRISI Version 2 (IDRISI project; Clarke Labs, Worcester, MA, USA) and output in a database for use in the DA. A customized mapping program (written in Microsoft QuickBASIC Version 4.0 by DJR) was used to derive a discriminant function based on comparing the training data with the predictor variables. Each image pixel was assigned to one of the four PR prevalence categories on the basis of the discriminant function and a predictive image derived. Predictions were not made for pixels where environmental conditions were more than three times the (training set) maximum multi-variate distance (measured as the Mahalanobis distance) from the centroid of the group to which they were assigned.
The accuracy of a predictive map is influenced by several factors, notably the sample sizes of data available in each class (in some cases these may not be large enough to provide a high confidence level in the prediction). Accuracy and agreement was assessed by comparison of observed values with predicted values by means of a classification or confusion matrix (Jensen 1996). Agreement was estimated using the κ and tau (τ) statistics which are related indices of agreement that compensate for the agreement that would be expected because of chance. Values of κ < 40% indicate poor agreement; values between 40% and 75% suggest good agreement and values above 75%, excellent agreement (Landis & Koch 1977). Three additional measures of accuracy were determined; the overall accuracy (OA), determined by the proportion of pixels in the main diagonal divided by the total number of training data pixels, the producer's accuracy (PA) and the consumer's accuracy (CA). PA and CA measure accuracy for individual prediction classes. PA (or omission error) refers to the probability of a training data pixel being correctly classified and is the proportion of training data (observed) pixels in a category of prevalence that are classified correctly. CA (or commission error) is a measure of the probability that predicted pixels represent the true classification on the ground and is the proportion of predicted pixels that are classified correctly (Story & Congalton 1986).
The data search identified 330 parasite survey data points that fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The spatial distribution of these data is shown in Figure 1. Of these surveys, 217 studies were from Kenya, 86 from Tanzania and 27 from Uganda. The mean sample size was 375 children with a median (interquartile range) of 204 (120; 427). Thirty-five surveys described a PR 0–<5% (n = 10 for PR = 0), 80 surveys recorded a prevalence between 5% and <25%, 177 surveys recorded a prevalence between 25% and <75% and 38 surveys reported prevalence in the childhood populations surveyed ≥75%.
Discriminant analysis was performed initially without controlling for ecological zone or urbanization and the accuracy of the prediction tested. OA was 72.4% (κ = 0.502, τ = 0.494). On visual comparison with historical (Government of Tanganyika 1956) and contemporary (Craig et al. 1999; Omumbo et al. 2002) modelled malaria risk maps, the resulting predictive map was found to be significantly anomalous in southern Tanzania. The results were improved by stratifying the analysis according to two ecozone classes and by forcing the inclusion of urbanization as a predictor (Figure 2, area A). These modifications marginally reduced OA in both ecozone 1 (OA = 64.0%; κ = 0.483; τ = 0.478; Table 1a) and ecozone 2 (OA = 61.4%; κ = 0.45; τ = 0.308; Table 1b) but provided an output with fewer large-area anomalies when compared with historical (Figure 3a) and more recent climate-driven maps (Figure 3b,c). The OA for the combined ecozone/urban adjusted map shown in Figure 2 was 62.1% (κ = 0.477, τ = 0.495).
Producer's accuracy and CA values by ecological zone class are also provided in Table 1a,b. In both ecozones 1 and 2, training data predictions were poorest for the PR category 25–<75% (PA = 53.6% and 45.6% respectively). CA was poorest for the PR category ≥75% also for both ecozones [CA = 42.9% (ecozone 1) and 32.7% (ecozone 2)].
The top 10 most discriminating predictor variables selected during the DA and subsequently used in the final prediction were: NDVI a1, LST a2, LST p2, CCD min, Africover water body %, DEM, MIR p1, CCD mean, MIR p2, Africover urban %. Vegetation, rainfall and 'water body area' were chosen as significant predictors in the 'dry' ecozone 1. In ecozone 2 where we assume water was not generally limiting, temperature variables were most abundant among the predictor variables selected: LST mean, LST p1, MIR min, LST p2, MIR p1, CCD max, NDVI p1, DEM, LST a2, Africover urban %.
We have developed a predictive model of four categories of malaria prevalence in East Africa driven by empirical data and exploiting the potential of currently available high-resolution satellite-derived climate surrogate and other digital environmental data. The significance of non-climatic determinants of malaria transmission, such as urbanization, in determining the intensity of malaria was demonstrated and is consistent with evidence that urbanization consistently reduces P. falciparum EIRs in Africa and infection prevalence (Hay et al. 2000a, 2005a; Robert et al. 2003; Omumbo & Snow 2004). The application of ecological zone stratification increased OA by 6.1% and increased κ values from 0.394 to 0.477. Similar improved results have been seen with the use of ecozone stratification for other models of malaria in West Africa (Kleinschmidt et al. 2001), schistosomiasis (Brooker et al. 2001) and trypanosomiasis (Rogers & Robinson 2004).
We were interested in how our modelled output compared with historical maps of malaria in the sub-region (Figure 3b) which were largely based on expert opinion of climatic patterns as they effect the duration of transmission seasons. The map (Figure 3a) compared favourably with the historical map (Figure 3b) for areas of low malaria risk (Figure 3a; area A), however, there was a marked anomaly in Tanzania south of Lake Victoria where the model appears to have under-predicted high transmission conditions (Figure 3a; area B). The reasons for this are not clear but may be due to the lack of training data from the region (Figure 1; area C). Furthermore climate-based models (Craig et al. 1999) suggest conditions in this area (Figure 3c; area A) are highly suitable for vector and parasite development.
Despite efforts to maximize the accuracy of the predictive map developed in this study, the measures of statistical accuracy derived suggest that there are still many transmission modifying factors that are unaccounted for. A κ value of 0.477, though reasonable, is far from excellent. The highest prevalence categories were over predicted (PA > 75% compared with CA < 43%) and the limitation in defining this prevalence class was principally the small numbers of training data pixels (n = 38). It is clear that clustering the training data according to appropriate ecological strata markedly improves predictions. Using only two ecozones was driven by the paucity of training data and further stratification over such a wide spatially diverse area of East Africa would have been more appropriate.
As with all modelling exercises using opportunistic data, one major limitation is the amount, quality and distribution of the training data. We have been rigorous in ensuring quality but had no control over where and how often training data were sampled. What is clear from Figure 1 is the paucity of empirical infection prevalence data across wide swathes of East Africa. This on the one hand represents the motivation for the spatial modelling of risk, while simultaneously serves as a rate-limiting step in the ultimate predictive accuracy of model outputs across large areas without randomly selected spatial empirical data.
In using high-spatial resolution environmental data we have also had to assume that the resolution of the PR data is comparable. None of the studies described the exact area from which samples were drawn. Where administrative units were used as a sampling frame, the distribution of populations within these samples was not considered. The result is that possibly very low-spatial resolution malaria data have been used to describe transmission at high-spatial resolution resulting in errors which are most evident in areas where environmental conditions are most variable. We conclude that perhaps it is not possible to address this question at this spatial resolution (particularly due to the poor resolution of the PR data) and it may be better to develop maps on a smaller scale with sampling according to well-defined ecological zone strata. In this way local factors such as population distribution and effects of urbanization can be investigated concurrently. This could be addressed within the framework of randomly selected cluster sample surveys used for monitoring demographic and health trends in Africa (http://www.measuredhs.com; http://childinfor.org/).
There are many issues still to be addressed in attempting to predict the spatial distribution of PR with satellite data, some of which will constitute future work of the authors. Important among these is understanding the spatial correlation structure in the PR data and how incorporating this may be used to increase the fidelity of the mapping process. Furthermore, the significance of combining spatial scales of PR data (i.e. those from points vs. those from administrative area polygons of varied size) need to be explored. The importance of using discrete categories of the PR, rather than a continuous variable, needs investigation, as does incorporating methods to weight for the influences of sample size and age structure in the PR data.
Mapping malaria risks continues to be a priority. Without at least a basic knowledge of risk, efforts to control malaria will lack the ability to target limited resources to maximize coverage appropriately among those most at risk at national (Snow et al. 1996) and international scales (Snow et al. 2005). It is our view that even with the best available information on parasite prevalence and better remotely sensed and digital predictor data, high-resolution models remain imprecise. This could be addressed with more empirical, randomly sampled, standardized parasite prevalence data in sub-regions and further investigation of some of the areas outlined above. Meanwhile, lower resolution maps of malaria risk might be the only immediate means by which to define populations exposed to broader definitions of risk allowing international priority setting rather than the expectation of high spatial resolution sub-national planning tools.
This study received financial support from The Wellcome Trust, UK; International Development Research Centre, Canada; the South African Medical Research Council, the MARA/ARMA collaboration and the Kenya Medical Research Institute. The Wellcome Trust supports JAO, SIH and RWS as part of their Prize Studentship (no. 060063), Research Career Development (no. 069045) and Senior Research Fellow (no. 058992) programmes respectively. The authors acknowledge the contribution of malaria control personnel and scientists in East Africa who shared unpublished data. We are grateful to the Africover team for their efficiency and advice. Carlos Guerra is thanked for help with manipulating extractions and Africover data. We are grateful to two anonymous referees for providing insightful critiques. This paper is published with the permission of the director of KEMRI.
PubMed Central Canada is a service of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) working in partnership with the National Research Council's national science library in cooperation with the National Center for Biotechnology Information at the U.S. National Library of Medicine(NCBI/NLM). It includes content provided to the PubMed Central International archive by participating publishers.


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