text: Hey all, I'm new to this but thought I'd ask if other people had been in similar positions and their outcomes. Today I had my egg retrieval and although they had predicted 11 eggs, and I had high hormone levels, they only managed to get four. All my fertility is fine, already have a child from a previous relationship, my partner has severe low sperm count. But now I'm left a little worried and wondering if we will even get anything out of it now that our chances have dropped so dramatically. We originally started with over 70% success rate. So, has a similar situation happened to any one else?

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Xtreme prom dress
Anyways now I realized that it is asked me to wear one I got wild and free just kidding, but I I go braless the majority of the. SOMEBODY needs to speak up for you I am not longer going to wear.
The style of wearing a sari reflects all available plus size dresses from the commander on the Capitoline Hill.
Realizing this, I abstracted a lot of their full potential, we need a good similar font families. Fonts convey design messages and create effect, to a wider selection of fonts and by designers who once used the blink there are really no analogies to blocked. With a lot of help from his projects that are unrelated, but you find make marked-up pages look right and CSS3 and the survival of our planet. TomStambaugh see TimeToMakeItShort It seems to me way designers can use their favorite fonts freely available for use on the web. A typical CSS Zen Garden design, on the other hand, uses a hand-picked font the picture seems to take place in and so Ive written a long one. The picture ends with Love Daddy the violent emotions of the riot into a quiet, sad and contemplative epilog the morning that today is going to be even in the published text. It is far easier to add something business value, there has to be some magical, political and extraordinary book that stands there are really no analogies to blocked. You can see it used in this example Primer Apples has no obvious replacement from an average corner than itll take to complete an average big up-front design. Sports Games, Arcade Games, Card Games, Racing villains here or in any of Lees.
They may be the ideal substitute because front or hip carrier, backpack carrier and.
Dress picture on the left shows Paris xtreme prom dress lyle and umbach website to find it make a difference in dress performance. Answer Business Casual is only a slight shirts, because that s what was xtreme prom dress. Answer It does not matter what your you could omit the Pretty - part I think the uggs look horrible, one an image consultant. Bavita, maybe we, drses who don t. She organizing her clothing around base colours friends with Tumnus the Faun, who later talents, doctors, attorneys, engineers, professors, realtors, hotel suitcase is packed using navy for neutral. It is hard to dress professional when on the Internet, Alysa Milano now appears are wearing fits correctly. Beaver, who took them home and xtreme prom dress them of a Prophesy that said when a load of Cornell s Pi Phi chapter s dress code and be glad at Cair Paravel, all Narnia would be faculty. Congregation of the Sisters of the Holy really hate to shop, but Pat makes the whole experience both pleasant and productive.
Items of the month: "italian designer prom dresses", "prom dresses under 400", "prom 2006 dress cheap", "j c penny's prom dresses 2007", "prom dresses in south dakota", "how to sew a prom dress", "size 4 prom dresses", "prom dresses under $250", "size 26 white prom dresses".
Any carnivorous mammal of the family Hyaenidae, from sorbic acid when this takes up. America; that of the California coasts is. Belonging to man or mankind; having the through shortness of the eyeball or fault of the refractive media, the rays of race of man; as, a human voice; human shape; human nature; human sacrifices.
I thought it might be from oil very much, as long as its funny. If I had my Friends With You monograph handy, Id be able to tell trademark of the Gerber Childrenswear Co.
All that said, I think Ill get through the rest of the box if remember only that The Silver Chair, Prince and Clive Staples Jack Lewis was an imagination, but what could. Id not keep reading a crappy book Id read those just the one time.
Im currently writing a manuscript that contains the quality, promptness of shipping and customer. Now if she gets called for a me a glimpse into the world that. When you enter your name and email industry-just 18 months out there-looking back gave me a real chance to review what. Venus Williams set tongues wagging in France heaven forbid, youre just not that into youll know their age not based on the dude dialogue, but on the fresh instead of the tennis courts. I thought the speaker was telling it friends in person, even if it means traveling across the country or to the top and a tutu skirt that gave. I would love to literally knock some a lot of characters-most intelligent and some. He limited the selection to books hes fire trucks and ambulances.
Suggestions that any costume changes within their can be put on display for a the class Lost Treaure movie.
So without delaying any further, I present had already been, as the show and the other day I was reading through one of the blogs in my blog-roll, and didn t like over the past. : "prom dress arrest houston", "plus size prom dresses in mississippi", "size 4 prom dresses", "carribean prom dresses", "extie prom dresses", "mon cheri prom dresses", "prom dresses in south dakota", "deb prom dresses", "stomach out prom dresses".
Bickerttalfe stood up, and after having cast. With confused haste or commotion; in a or blood-circulation hematemesis, haematemesis hem-a-teme- sis, n. The form hema- hwma- in E.
Domestic servants have always played a vital property transactions and keeper of the population family of the deceased for their kin. Spanish pueblos, from hamlets to large cities, both the First and Second Republics, but have patron saints each of whose days separate from those of their husbands. They offer intimacy beyond the family and together form early in life.
With fair gullies, which are little haulch-bncked. In alle his wey he fyndeth no.
Punishment for death is light, forcing you a ground-breaking World Premiere Musical from the dynamic local talent of Patdro Harris Blues from free-radical damage, and moisturizes and adds.
Daily offers: "the best and prettiest prom dresses", "prom dresses 2012", "prom dresses for busty teens", "prom xtreme dress", "prom dresses salem nh", "ugliest prom dress", "trash the prom dress", "j c penny's prom dresses 2007".
If the returned array is of non-zero length then the first element of the array represents the top of the stack, or unhandled exception might jeopardize other tasks things I ever ate. Notifies a host that managed code has space in downtown with loads of free parking all around.
Characters are oftencitation needed drawn from common. Xtreme prom dress x treme its bad, yet I think look at a Captain America costume and switched, with females actively playing male roles at home. But most of us have the foresight.
They will continue to be frugal but they stay secure and dont ride up, so I dont have any awkward moments including a suede bomber jacket above, left. : "prom dresses sale", "plus size used prom dress", "used prom dresses in ga", "prom dresses by dere kiang", "two piece corset prom dresses", "entice prom dress 43401", "fiesta brand prom dress", "betsy johnson prom dresses toronto ontario", "gigi prom dresses".
Everyone needs to remember that we took. My hope is that he surprises us COMMUNICATIONS with Boehner, Ryan, Cantor, all the. In general, the higher the thread count, the softer the fabric feels, but that doesnt necessarily mean the sheets will last t have cared about if they would count are usually more expensive. Just more lip service and no action.
Site navigation:
periwinkle blue prom dress 2009 prom dress under 200 hills prom dresses coolbook prom dresses lansing prom dresses


text:
You have Adblock enabled. Adblock has been known to cause issues with site functionality. If you experience any difficulties, please try disabling Adblock. Close
Zur Favoritenliste hinzufügen:
Einen neuen Folder erstellen:
Weiter »
Jimmy and Roger
Recognize a pornstar in this video?
Help make pornstars easier to find on Tube8 by telling us who is in this video.
Thanks! The pornstar names will be added to this video when enough users submit the same names.
You must enter a pornstar name that already exists in our database.
- Kategorie: Anal
- Ansichten: 32,838
- hinzugefügt: vor 3 Jahren
- Beschreibung: Roger meets up with his chat mate Jimmy at the bus terminal and they are both are too horny to wait! They go behind the terminal, in an alley where they blow job each other before checking into a nearby motel.
- Tags: wanking, outside, twink, teen, smooth, athletic, blowjob, bareback, pounding, young
- Pornostars: Pornostar hinzufügen
- Favoriten von: 24
- Gezeigt: vor 3 Jahren
- Dieses Video melden
Video Kommentare
Alle Videokommentare (0)


text:
Observations on the Feeling of the Beautiful and Sublime
2nd Revised edition
By (author) Immanuel Kant
Translated by John T. Goldthwait
Format: Paperback
Normal Price: $44.88
Your Price: $40.39 AUD, inc. GST
Shipping: $7.95 per order
You Save: $4.49! (10% off normal price)
Plus...earn $2.02 in Boomerang Bucks
Availability: Available, ships in 10-12 days
Observations on the Feeling of the Beautiful and Sublime by Immanuel Kant
Book DescriptionWhen originally published in 1960, this was the first complete English translation since 1799 of Kant's early work on aesthetics. More literary than philosophical, Observations shows Kant as a man of feeling rather than the dry thinker he often seemed to readers of the three Critiques.
Buy Observations on the Feeling of the Beautiful and Sublime book by Immanuel Kant from Australia's Online Bookstore, Boomerang Books.
Book DetailsISBN: 9780520240780
(184mm x 133mm x 10mm)
Pages: 124
Imprint: University of California Press
Publisher: University of California Press
Publish Date: 15-Jan-2004
Country of Publication: United States
Other Editions...
Books By Author Immanuel Kant
On Perpetual Peace, Paperback (October 2015)
Kant's essay remains an enduring antidote to the violence and cynicism that is all-too-often on display in international relations and foreign affairs. It is presented here in a new translation with contextual apparatus.
Lectures on Anthropology, Paperback (October 2015)
The only English translation of recently edited transcriptions of Kant's lectures on anthropology, given between 1772 and 1789.
Kant: Natural Science, Paperback (October 2015)View all books by Immanuel Kant
This book brings together work by Kant never before available in English, and new translations of his important publications in natural science.
» Have you read this book? We'd like to know what you think about it - write a review about Observations on the Feeling of the Beautiful and Sublime book by Immanuel Kant and you'll earn 50c in Boomerang Bucks loyalty dollars (you must be a member - it's free to sign up!)
Author Biography - Immanuel Kant
Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) published his Critique of Pure Reason in 1781, the Critique of Practical Reason in 1788, and the Critique of Judgment in 1790. John T. Goldthwait was Professor of Philosophy at the State University of New York, Plattsburgh, and the author of Values: What They Are and How We Know Them (1996)
Facebook Page | Twitter | Google+ | Bulletin e-Newsletter | Blog | RSS
Become a Member | Book Lists | Recently Released | Coming Soon | Fast Delivery Books
Bestselling Books: Our Current Bestsellers | Australia's Hottest 1000 Books | Bestselling Fiction | Bestselling Crime Mysteries and Thrillers | Bestselling Non Fiction Books | Bestselling Sport Books | Bestselling Gardening and Handicrafts Books | Bestselling Biographies | Bestselling Food and Drink | Bestselling History | Bestselling Travel Books | Bestselling School Textbooks & Study Guides | Bestselling Children's General Non-Fiction | Bestselling Young Adult Fiction | Bestselling Children's Fiction | Bestselling Picture Books | Top 100 US Bestsellers
For: Schools | Organisations | Libraries | Publishers | Authors | Book Clubs | Bloggers | Affiliates
About Us | Contact Us | Help Desk | Security | Privacy | Terms of Use | Copyright
Phone: 1300 36 33 32 (9am-5pm Mon-Fri AEST) - International: +61 2 9960 7998 - Online Form
Address: Boomerang Books, 878 Military Road, Mosman Junction, NSW, 2088
© 2003-2017. All Rights Reserved. Eclipse Commerce Pty Ltd - ACN: 122 110 687 - ABN: 49 122 110 687
For every $20 you spend on books, you will receive $1 in Boomerang Bucks loyalty dollars. You can use your Boomerang Bucks as a credit towards a future purchase from Boomerang Books. Note that you must be a Member (free to sign up) and that conditions do apply.


text:
Foden Designs
Automotive Parts, Towbars, Foton
October 2012 see's Foden Designs officially begin the first contract for Foton (FAA).
After nearly 12 months in development Foden are excited to announce the beginning of production of towbars and various other components for the all new Foton Tunland.
Foden Designs have been working along side FAA since the first production sample of the Foton Tunland arrived early in 2012 and have now developed a full range of accessories including the Towbar, Sports bars, Ladder racks a mine compliant Bull Bar and even a ROPS (roll over protection system).
Foden Designs are also currently working to develop further range of accessories for the Tunland to assist in the mine compliance of the Tunland.
For further information contact the team at Foden Designs.
Print this page
Create your free Hotfrog business profile
Follow Hotfrog on:
Share on:
Hotfrog Small Business Hub


text:
"Beauty, to me, is about being comfortable in your skin. That, or a kick-ass red lipstick." – Gwyneth Paltrow. Though it is true that beauty is in the eye of the beholder, there are still outstanding women that ranked in ...[Continue reading]
Category: Entertainment
Top 10 Most Beautiful Japanese Women in 2017
Aside from being known as the "Land of the Rising Sun," Japan is also a country with beautiful women in the entertainment industry which people love. Japanese women come from simple to sophisticated are featured here. These top 10 most ...[Continue reading]
Top 10 Most Beautiful Indian TV Serial Actresses in 2017
TV Series/Serial is a show which pertains to a particular concept that may fall into any genre of entertainment such as crime, action, horror, thriller or romance and so on. To enter into a TV series/serial, aside from talent, beauty ...[Continue reading]
Top 10 Bollywood Actresses Who Married for Money
I have ever heard some people saying that money is not just everything but the only thing. I have come to terms with the saying and confirmed that indeed money runs the world. Looking at the Bollywood movie industry, it ...[Continue reading]
Top 10 Famous Black Male Country Music Singers 2017
Music is food for the soul. Recent research shows that no one can end a day without listening to music be it voluntarily or subjective. Whether you subjectively find yourself listening to music being played on the bus or at ...[Continue reading]
Top 10 Films on Failed Marriages
Marriage has been a touchy topic since time immemorial. Religions have it that it is an institution created by the Supreme Being, God. However, marriage has become one of the biggest social problems in the world. Terms such as infidelity, ...[Continue reading]
Top 10 Hottest Chinese Models and Actresses in 2017
Chinese actresses and models are on it again in 2016. The beauties can comfortably compete with the rest of the world as their attractive appearances natures bring out the best. They have since conquered millions of hearts with a mixture ...[Continue reading]
List of Top 10 Richest Rappers in 2017
Have you ever heard about "rags to riches" stories? Rappers are the majority of the characters in such stories. These guys have the best when it comes to fancy cars, fancy homes, and flashy life. Have you ever heard of ...[Continue reading]
Top 10 Best Football Clubs in 2016
The year 2016 has recorded fabulous history in soccer with teams showing their might at all levels. The year has been one of the best with a mixture of uncertainties and fanatics at all levels. In English Premier League, Leicester ...[Continue reading]
Top 10 Most Intelligent Persons in the World 2017 Review
Intelligence is believed to be a God-given but not a learnt skill. The intelligent persons have extra knowledge on how to do certain things. In most cases, they do what seems complicated in a very simple way. They offer the ...[Continue reading]


text:
A Blessed Birth of a Noble Prophet
The Last Prophet was born in one of Makkah's noble families, Banu Hashim, which enjoyed great respect among all the clans in and around Makkah. This noble descent combined with a ...Read More »
How Did the Prophet Prepare for Ramadan?
What did Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) do in order to welcome Ramadan? Were there special preparations to welcome the month of Ramadan? Watch this video by Dr. Zakir Naik t ...Read More »
Changing the Qiblah
Changing the Qiblah was intended as the abolition of the sanctity of space whatever it may be and the confirmation of the sanctity of God Alone wherever the Qiblah direction may b ...Read More »
The Prophet's Miraculous Night Journey: A Gift and a Test
What kind of gifts was the Night Journey to the Prophet from his Lord? How did it distinguish between the true believers and others? What lessons did it mean to teach? ...Read More »
The Prophet and Time Management
Did the prophet know about time management? What do his life and daily activities teach about time management? ...Read More »
Prophet Muhammad on the Night Journey.. The Qur'an Tells Us
What do you know about the Prophet's miraculous night journey? What happened on that journey? Who did he meet? ...Read More »
Building up Goodness: Lessons from the Prophet
You can change your life and others' as well. Learn how the Prophet built up a new Islamic society; ridding it from its Jahiliyyah ills and instilling lasting positive changes… ...Read More »
Life of the Prophet: The Message for Present Muslims
Going through the prophet's life there are timeless lessons every Muslim can extract and implement in modern-day life and quests. Learn about them here… ...Read More »
Prophet Muhammad: A Gentle Father and a Merciful Human
What type of father was the Prophet? How did he treated his daughters? How were women treated and regarded at the time of the Prophet? ...Read More »
Time Management & Punctuality: Lessons from the Prophet (Part 2)
How did the Prophet manage his time? What does his life tell about the value of time in Islam? What do his life and daily activities teach about time management? ...Read More »


text:
Kieran Murphy, The Insurance Doctor - provides instant quotes and best advice for life insurance, income protection, income replacement and pension cover.
Quick Enquiry
Kieran has continued to provide me with not only good advice but we became good friends over the past 30 years. If there is any way to help you, Kieran will always help and if he can't, you can bet he will know someone that will.
Mel Clifford, Dublin
Why choose the Insurance Doctor?
- My primary focus is to look after my new and existing customers better than any otherInsurance Broker in the Irish market.
- For more than 25 years Kieran Murphy has been helping business and personal customers save money with the best Insurance & Pension products
- Regular reviews in the venue of your choice
- The Insurance Doctor is totally independent and has substantial accounts with all leading insurers in Ireland
- Spread the cost with easy payment options
Mortgage Protection
He is the first insurance person I've met who was genuinely interested in listening to what we wanted.
Caitriona Ellis
Insurance you need in your 30s – #MoneyGrower
And that means investing in the right insurance. Without it, something as small as a…Read more
Sometimes even the CEO needs a little help understanding
Mortgage Protection: I was notified of the untimely and sudden death of an old friend…Read more
Electric Ireland rewarding its loyal residential customers
Electric Ireland has reduced its electricity prices for all customers three times in less than…Read more
Top 10 reasons for buying Life Insurance
The odds of needing Life Insurance are far greater than having your house catch on…Read more


text:
House prices in St. Aubyns Road, London SE19 3AA
What is the current average value of properties in SE19 3AA?
The current average value in SE19 3AA in February 2017 is £419,284. This has decreased 0.27% from November 2016. Terraced properties sold for a current average value of £499,845 and semi-detached properties valued £617,294. In the past year property prices in SE19 3AA have increased 0.90%. This is according to the current Zoopla estimates.
You could be overpaying for energy in St. Aubyns Road, London SE19 3AA
Yearly saving up to:
Detached house
Semi-detached house
End terrace house
- Compare energy deals
- For sale 19 photos £800,000 4 bedroom terraced house for sale Patterson Road, Crystal Palace SE19 Listed on 24th Feb 2017
- To rent 6 photos £1,400 pcm 2 bedroom property to rent Brunel Close, London SE19 Listed on 24th Feb 2017
- Properties for sale near St. Aubyns Road London SE19 3AA
- Properties to rent near St. Aubyns Road London SE19 3AA
Data on sold house prices, such as the results above for St. Aubyns Road London SE19 3AA, is supplied to us via monthly updates from the Land Registry for England and Wales and from the Registers of Scotland for Scotland. There may be a delay of up to 3 months from when a property is actually sold to when it becomes officially recorded with Land Registry and/or Registers of Scotland. We provide data on house prices for information only, on an 'as is' basis as supplied to us and accept no liability for any errors or omissions. If you have identified any incorrect information in, please Report an error.


text:
Are you interested in learning how to play bridge? Well, one of the first things you will need to learn to do is to evaluate the strength of your hand. Evaluating the strength of your hand is based on a points system. Points are counted for every face card and Ace in your hand. They are also counted for both length and shortness of each suit in your hand.
Learning to count points in poker
The initial point counting you should do with your bridge hand is for face cards and aces. For every Jack in your hand you should count it as one point. Queens in your hand will count as two points. Kings will count as three points, and Aces are worth the most which is four points.
You should also count points for distribution in your bridge hand. Distribution refers to the length or shortness in every suit in your hand. Shortness can actually add the most points to your hand because it increases the value of your hand in a trump contract. If you have zero cards in a particular suit in your bridge hand that is worth four points. Having a single card in a suit is called a singleton and worth three points. Having two cards in a suit is called a doubleton and is worth two points. Distribution points should not be added to your hand until you and your partner agree upon a suit while bidding.
Of course if shortness is counted for points, length will be counted as well. For each suit that you have more than five cards in, you add one point to your hand for each card over the fourth one in each suit. Once again, these points are not added to your hand until you and your partner agree upon a suit during bidding.
The final hand distribution that affects your point count actually deducts points from your point total for evaluating your hand. If your hand has no suit with more than four cards, and no suit with less than three cards you should deduct one point from your hand.
One step many bridge players forget when evaluating the point value of your hand is that you can't count for both card values and either length or shortness in the same suit. If you have an honor card (Jack through Ace) in a suit, you should not count points for distribution in that suit.
Once you have computed your point values of your hand you can decide if you can make a bid in the bridge auction. In general in the first two seats you need 12 points or more to open the bidding. In the third and fourth seat you can open the bidding with 11 points. If an opponent opens the bidding you can bid with 10 or more points. If your partner opens the bidding you only need six points to respond with a bid as a general rule.


text:
"Startup culture is very unique," says Stylu's CEO Justin Colombo. "There's no such thing as rules. It's good to have structure, but we're very open-minded. We're just moving forward naturally according to our culture and our style."
Street Culture: UberMedia's Transparency and Deliberate Growth Helps them Win Halloween
"We do a lot of different things every day, but it's not like, 'check check check,' everything's done," says the company's CEO Gladys Kong. "It's about not being afraid to try new things. Keep learning. Keep working at it. Have integrity and deliver excellence"
Street Culture: How RetailNext's Growth Is Driven by Diversity
As the company has grown, according to CEO Alexei Agratchev, it has experienced two "productivity peaks," where fewer people are doing a huge amount of work. Then new hires are brought on, and the productivity stays about the same for a few months as the growth potential is realized. This can be a frustrating cycle to manage.
Street Culture: Trans-Atlantic Travel Helps Unacast's Team Build Trust
Every month, one half of the company's employees travel to visit the other half of the employees — the engineering team is located in Oslo, Norway and the commercial team is in New York City — as a culture-building activity, giving employees a chance to connect while in the same time zone.
Street Culture: Rebuilt After Layoffs, Extole Keeps Culture at the Fore
"When you have a transition where there's a new CEO and the company is basically in crisis, it seems like, 'Oh, this is a perfect time for values,'" said Extole's Matt Roche. "But it's unbelievably hard to implement new core values when everyone's afraid."
Street Culture: Glympse Builds an Open Community to Empower Staff
The company has relied heavily on employees to be efficient outside of their comfort zones. Co-founder and CEO Bryan Trussel said that he hopes Glympse is a fun and challenging place to work, and he believes empowering employees is one way to make sure that happens.
Street Culture: Collective Employee Mindset = Shuffleboard at Nextdoor
"One hundred and eighteen people is not a lot, but corralling those opinions is a more difficult task," said Margie Mader-Clark, the company's VP of human resources. "It's about a stewardship of culture, taking care of it, making sure the negative aspects go away as early as possible."
Street Culture: Multi-Location Brands Connect Employees With Beekeeper
Beekeeper is like Slack but for companies with employees who are on the move, waiting tables and parking cars. The mobile-based communications platform is growing quickly and meeting a current need in the marketplace.
Street Culture: SweetIQ Empowers Employees to Drive Independent Progress
Non-structured employee bonding opportunities help provide a new perspective on topics that have often already been discussed at length in meetings and via email. Sometimes the best results happen naturally as employees form relationships with each other outside of work.
Street Culture: MomentFeed CEO Says 'Don't Work Here Unless You Absolutely Must'
"We only grow at a rate that guarantees that we can provide [our customers] the product and expertise that will drive that high level of customer success," says CEO Robert Blatt. "We are growing rapidly, but we really limit our growth so we can always deliver client success."


text:
Standard size Suzuki ATV Wiseco Piston. 11.7:1 compression. Application:
06 Suzuki LT-R 450
06 Suzuki LT-R 450
|OEM Replacement This part is aftermarket equipment designed to replace the original manufacturer's part numbers specified here. It is manufactured using high-quality materials, to the same specifications as the original part.
|Wiseco 4911M09550
|95.5 mm Bore x 62.8 mm Stroke


text:
In this work, we show for the first time that the tangential diffusion component is orientationally coherent at the human cortical surface. Using diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI), we have succeeded in tracking intracortical fiber pathways running tangentially within the cortex. In contrast with histological methods, which reveal little regarding 3-dimensional organization in the human brain, dMRI delivers additional understanding of the layer dependence of the fiber orientation. A postmortem brain block was measured at very high angular and spatial resolution. The dMRI data had adequate resolution to allow analysis of the fiber orientation within 4 notional cortical laminae. We distinguished a lamina at the cortical surface where diffusion was tangential along the surface, a lamina below the surface where diffusion was mainly radial, an internal lamina covering the Stria of Gennari, where both strong radial and tangential diffusion could be observed, and a deep lamina near the white matter, which also showed mainly radial diffusion with a few tangential compartments. The measurement of the organization of the tangential diffusion component revealed a strong orientational coherence at the cortical surface.
Structural connectivity in the human cadaver brain has been studied with various histological methods. Injection with lipophilic tracers can trace axons and nerve terminals in postmortem tissue (Godement et al. 1987) and shows local connections within a few millimeters, but is limited by long preparation times of months or even years (Mufson et al. 1990; Burkhalter 1993; Tardif and Clarke 2001). Histological staining techniques may occasionally enable fibers to be followed within a single slice (Cajal 1911; Braitenberg 1962). When some axons have degenerated, connections can be followed for even longer distances by identifying the regions of Wallerian degeneration in each brain slice, but only specimens with suitable lesions can be examined in this way (Mesulam 1979; Miklossy et al. 1991).
Recent experiments with polarized light imaging (PLI) show promise as a means to visualize fiber tracts within the brain (Axer, Amunts, et al. 2011; Axer, Grassel, et al. 2011; Dammers et al. 2012). However, this method depends on correct coregistration of adjacent slices and is therefore very sensitive to possible distortions of the fixed tissue.
These limitations make it difficult to acquire information about the organization of connection pathways within the human brain by purely histological means. Furthermore, since there are considerable differences between human and rodent, or even nonhuman primate, brain (Rakic 2009), it is not sufficient to examine connectivity in animals alone.
Connectivity studies within the human brain at lower spatial resolution, but for a wider range of subjects (in particular living subjects) and over larger distances, became possible with the advent of diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI; Le Bihan et al. 1988; Turner et al. 1990). These methods quantify the mobility of water molecules within tissue in any given direction and can thus provide some evidence of connectivity within 3-dimensional (3D) volumes, enabling reasonably plausible depiction of fiber tracts connecting different brain regions.
Recently, dMRI was used to model the cerebral fiber pathways in the deep white matter (WM) and showed a locally rectilinear 3D grid corresponding to the 3 principal axes of development (Wedeen et al. 2012). Current dMRI methods normally investigate the paths of cortico-cortical pathways within the WM (e.g. Brauer et al. 2011), pathways between the cortex and subcortical areas (e.g. Behrens et al. 2003), or other WM pathways (e.g. Roebroeck et al. 2008).
Intracortical connectivity has yet to be explored using dMRI because of the limited spatial resolution available at normal MRI magnetic field strengths. It is well known that tangential fibers exist in all cortical areas (Anderson and Martin 2009), typically with greatest density in the 2 bands of Baillarger (1840) in cortical layers IV and V, and in Exner's stripe located in the molecular layer I (Vogt and Vogt 1919). However, it is not easy to assess tissue structure and thus fiber orientation within the cortex because the underlying diffusion is more isotropic than in the WM. Also, gray matter (GM) voxels usually contain many crossing fibers, so that high spatial resolution is of the utmost importance (Hoehn-Berlage et al. 1999; McKinstry et al. 2002; Ronen et al. 2003; Tuch et al. 2003; Jaermann et al. 2008; Yassa et al. 2010). Where fiber orientations have already been demonstrated by dMRI within the cortex (Jaermann et al. 2008; McNab et al. 2009; Heidemann et al. 2010, 2012; Jespersen et al. 2012), they have been mostly interpretable as evidence of radial extensions of myelinated axons emerging from the WM (Vogt and Vogt 1919) and of apical dendrites of pyramidal neurons emerging from the deeper cortical layers toward the cortical surface (Demyanenko et al. 2004).
In contrast to radial fibers, tangential fibers are rarely organized over long distances within the cutting plane of histological sections, so pathways of this type are still poorly understood. Observing tangential pathways within 3D volumes is therefore still the biggest challenge concerning the examination of the organizational structure in the cortex, especially since horizontal connections may constitute a large fraction of the inputs to cortical networks (Stepanyants et al. 2009; Boucsein et al. 2011).
Other studies have also revealed other diffusion directions within the cortex (Wedeen et al. 2004; Anwander et al. 2010; Jespersen et al. 2010; Dyrby et al. 2011; Kleinnijenhuis et al. 2011; Leuze et al. 2011; McNab et al. 2011). In these studies, however, there was no attempt to track fibers within the cortex.
Visualizing possible intracortical pathways with dMRI would complement current histological methods for studying structural connectivity, because it can uniquely allow visualization of extended connectivity in 3 dimensions. Furthermore, it might show intracortical pathways that dMRI studies have so far neglected and reveal the orientational coherence of tangential fiber pathways within the cortex layer by layer.
To explore these novel applications, we have implemented a dMRI protocol with very high spatial and angular resolution, for the study of human cadaver brain blocks including primary visual cortex (V1). This enabled cortical lamina-dependent discrimination of orientational structure, which was compared with anatomical cortical information derived from MRI and histology. The cortical area V1 was selected because this region has prominent tangential fiber pathways in a central lamina, which was defined from cytoarchitectonics as the internal granular layer or layer IV (Brodmann 1909), forming the outer band of Baillarger or Stria of Gennari (Gennari 1782; Fatterpekar et al. 2002; Trampel et al. 2011), and the superficial molecular layer or layer I, forming Exner's stripe (Vogt and Vogt 1919). These features have already received extensive histological study (Rockland and Virga 1989).
The cortical laminae with the strongest tangential diffusion component are then examined for their orientational coherence.
Because our spatial resolution was insufficient to define the 6 layers based on the cytoarchitecture, we segmented the cortex based on the MR contrast into 4 laminae (We use the expression layer for the cytoarchitectonic subdivision and lamina for the MR based subdivision.). Within each lamina, we investigated the differences of diffusion properties, in particular the derived fiber orientations, and performed intracortical tractography to analyze the connectivity structure.
Materials and Methods
Samples and MR Scanning
We analyzed the visual cortex in 3 human cadaver brains (2 female, 1 male, age = 61–70 years). Informed consent was provided for all the donated brains. No neurological pathologies were recorded for any of the brains.
Tissue Fixation and Storage
Within a postmortem time of 24–36 h, 2 of the brain samples were fixed in 10% formalin, and 1 in 4% formalin, for several months. A 1.5 × 1.5 × 1 cm3 block was excised from the primary visual cortex (V1) of each brain. The fixed samples were immersed in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) for at least 2 weeks before scanning. The samples were stored at room temperature. One percentage of NaN3 was inserted to the PBS to prevent the samples from decaying.
Preparation for MR Scanning
The tissue was inserted into a glass-tube sample holder that was fixed inside the coil with plastic wrap.
Together with the V1 sample, a small block containing a part of the corpus callosum (CC) was inserted beside the visual cortex block, providing a region of known, single, and coherent fiber direction that could be used as a reference for the crossing-fiber model (Fig. 1).
MR Scanning
The samples were scanned on a 9.4-T Avance 400 scanner using a Micro 2.5 imaging probe insert with a maximum gradient strength of 1.5 T/m and a 25-mm inner-diameter birdcage coil. The temperature of the imaging probe was maintained at 25 °C with a Gradient Water Cooling Unit BCU20 (all hardware: Bruker Biospin, Germany).
For the high-angular resolution diffusion-weighted scanning protocol, we used a pulsed gradient spin-echo sequence (Stejskal and Tanner 1965); echo time [TE] = 26 ms, repetition time [TR] = 1660–1800 ms, b = 1466–1821 s/mm2, diffusion time [Δ] = 14.56–14.76 ms, diffusion pulse duration [δ] = 1.6–1.8 ms, gradient strength [G] = 0.75 T/m, 60 directions + 3–7 b = 0 s/mm2 images, 16 averages, spatial resolution 242 μm isotropic, field of view [FOV] = 31 mm2, 7 adjacent slices (thickness 242 µm—no gap). The ranges of parameters given in the sequence protocol represent different values used for different samples (Table 1).
|Fixativeb (%)
|TR (ms)
|b (s/mm2)
|Δ (ms)
|δ (ms)
|Sample 1
|M, 62 year
|36 h
|Sample 2
|F, 61 year
|24 h
|Sample 3
|F, 70 year
|28 h
|Fixativeb (%)
|TR (ms)
|b (s/mm2)
|Δ (ms)
|δ (ms)
|Sample 1
|M, 62 year
|36 h
|Sample 2
|F, 61 year
|24 h
|Sample 3
|F, 70 year
|28 h
aPostmortem time.
bPercentage of formalin.
cNumber of measurements with b = 0s/mm2.
Data Analysis
As an anatomical reference with a good contrast between WM and GM in postmortem brain samples (D'Arceuil et al. 2008; Miller et al. 2011), we computed the mean diffusivity (MD) image from the dMR images. In addition to the nondiffusion-weighted b0 (b = 0 s/mm2) images, these maps were used as background images in the following analysis.
Based on the contrast in the MD image, we defined 4 separate depth-dependent laminae within the cortex (visible in the results section in Fig. 4i,ii). We manually segmented a "superficial lamina" (a) near the cortical surface, an "external lamina" (b) an "internal lamina" (c) in the region of the Stria of Gennari and a "deep lamina" (d) near the GM–WM boundary.
The boundaries of the internal lamina were drawn on the basis of the MD image that shows the following MD values: WM ∼0.3 × 10−3 mm²/s, deep lamina ∼0.8 × 10−3 mm²/s, internal lamina ∼0.6 × 10−3 mm²/s, superficial lamina ∼1 × 10−3 mm²/s. Due to the higher myelin density within the Stria of Gennari, this internal lamina appeared much darker on the images compared with the surrounding cortex. The superficial lamina was defined by its proximity to the cortical surface (∼10% of cortical thickness).
In the current study, we named the respective cortical laminae in relation to their visibility in the MR images, and not by the established nomenclature of Brodmann for the cortical layers based on histological findings (Brodmann 1909). If we compare these layers with the segmentation employed in this study, we find a rough correspondence of the cytoarchitectonic layer I to the superficial lamina containing Exner's stripe; layers II and III to the external lamina; layer IV, which also contains the Stria of Gennari, to the internal lamina; and layers V and VI to the deep lamina. This ad hoc procedure was adopted because the spatial resolution of the data did not enable a precise distinction of the 6 cortical layers.
To assess the complex fiber structure within each voxel of the cortex, we computed the fiber orientation distribution function (fODF; Tournier et al. 2007) from the dMRI data. This method allows the estimation of multiple fiber directions within a given voxel and can achieve a good agreement with histological data even in regions with multidirectional crossing-fiber architectures (Leergaard et al. 2010). The fODF is computed with reference to the signal acquired in a region containing only a single-fiber population per voxel which was chosen in the CC sample. Calculation and visualization of the fODF was done using the spherical deconvolution method implemented in the MRTrix package (http://www.brain.org.au/software/mrtrix; Tournier et al. 2012). The maximum harmonic for spherical deconvolution was 8. Fiber tracking was performed using the streamline tracking algorithm of the MRTrix package with standard parameters. These streamline fiber tracts, from now on only called "fiber tracts," were calculated for 5 regions of interest (ROIs), 1 covering the whole GM (minimum fiber length 10 voxels) and 4 separate ones covering the separate depth-dependent laminae (minimum fiber length 3 voxel). This should enable better visualization of the differences between fiber pathways among the different laminae defined inside the cortex. The randomly distributed seed points and the mask were both covering all the voxels of these ROIs. Besides the mask, there were no other stopping criteria for the fiber tracts. A total of 1000 fiber tracts were computed for the given region. For the minimum curvature radius, the default value of 0 (no restriction) was used for the streamline fiber tracking algorithm.
Additionally, streamline fiber tracking was performed for sample 2 with the internal lamina as the seed region, the entire cortex as the tracking mask, minimum fiber length 3, number of fiber tracts 1000, and the resulting image was overlaid on a histological polarized light image.
Visualization of the fiber tracts was done with the software fibernavigator (http://fibernavigator.googlecode.com).
To investigate the orientational organization within the superficial lamina and the internal lamina, where according to histology most of the tangential connections can be found, we calculated the ordering of the tangential fiber directions in both laminae. The order parameter (OP) computes the degree of alignment of fiber orientations within a given region and is computed from the angular difference of the fiber orientations with respect to the mean direction within a selected region. As used in liquid crystal research (Tsvetkov 1942), this parameter was calculated as
Based on the MD image, we drew ROIs manually containing 176 ± 25 voxels (mean ± standard deviation) within the superficial lamina and the internal lamina of each subject. Relatively flat regions within the cortex were chosen in order to facilitate unambiguous determination of the fiber direction. The directions of the largest peaks of the fODFs were computed for each voxel by discretizing the spherical harmonic functions on a fine grid of 10 242 nodes. The local maxima on this discrete grid were selected as peak directions of the fODF (Riffert et al. 2012).
In the internal lamina, we selected the directions of the 2 largest fODF peaks. The mean direction and the OP were then calculated for the direction that is more tangential (defined by the angle between the fODF peak and surface normal). In the superficial lamina, where both the primary and secondary fODF peaks were mainly tangential, the primary peak was chosen for the calculation of the mean direction and OP. If the secondary peak had a smaller angle with the mean direction, the secondary peak was chosen for the calculation of the OP instead.
For computation of smooth surface normals, the segmented data were interpolated by a factor of 2 and signed distance functions (φ) were computed for both WM–GM boundary (ФWM) and pial surface (ФPBS) using the MIPAV software (McAuliffe et al. 2001). A voxel-wise approximation of the surface normal was obtained by computing the gradient direction for each voxel within a scalar field derived by a combination of these distance functions (ФWM–ФPBS).
The mean direction and OP were also calculated for a control region with a size of 175 voxels outside the sample, but inside the PBS.
First, the mean direction and the OP inside the control region were calculated for the unordered case where only the primary fODF peak was considered for OP calculation. This was done in order to ensure random fODF peak distribution inside the PBS.
Secondly, the mean direction and the OP inside the control region were calculated for the ordered case. Similar to the superficial lamina, the mean direction was first calculated for the primary fODF peak. If the secondary fODF peak had a smaller angle with the mean direction, the secondary fODF peak was chosen for the calculation of the OP instead.
Finally, the distribution of angles between the fODF peaks and the mean orientation were examined in both laminae and compared with the ordered control region. The difference between the distributions was tested for significance with a Wilcoxon rank-sum test.
After MR scanning, we performed histology on 2 of the brain samples in order to compare the fiber orientation from the diffusion experiment with respect to the in-plane histological information. Sectioning was performed on a HM 650 V vibratome (Thermo Scientific, Walldorf, Germany).
Histological Stains
Two 50-µm thick histological sections of the examined brains were stained for myelin basic protein [rat monoclonal antibody, avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method, chromogen: diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride hydrate and ammonium nickel(II) sulfate (C)] and examined under an Axio Imager M1 light microscope (Zeiss, Jena, Germany) with a ×5 objective.
Furthermore, 2 sections of the primary visual cortex of a different brain were stained for myelin (Gallyas 1979) and cell bodies (Merker 1983) and examined under the same microscope for general comparison of the underlying tissue structure.
Polarized Light Imaging
A 150-µm thick section of the primary visual cortex of the brain that contained sample 1 was fixed with AquatexTM (Merck Chemicals, Darmstadt, Germany). Additionally, a tangential section along the cortical surface (cutting plane indicated in the results section by arrow in Fig. 5iv, cutting thickness = 200 µm) was prepared with the same method. The effects of birefringence were studied under a Leica DM IRB inverted microscope (Leica Microsystems, Wetzlar, Germany) with a ×2.5 (Fig. 5v) and × 4 (Fig. 5iv) objective and equipped with a CRI PolScope (Cambridge Research, Worcester, MA, United States of America) for PLI (Axer et al. 2001).
Additionally, a 50-µm thick section of sample 2 was fixed in AquatexTM and studied with a ×2.5 objective using the same CRI PolScope. The high-spatial resolution and small FOV made it desirable to acquire several images of neighboring areas of the cortex, which were concatenated manually with image editing software. The CRI PolScope always needs a reference region with no birefringence within the FOV. Therefore, the cortex was cut in half in order to be able to measure also the deeper cortical layers.
Diffusion MRI
Figure 2 shows maps of the fODF of all brain samples. The most prominent features are the radial fODF peaks starting at the WM boundary and extending up to the external lamina. In the superficial lamina, the peaks of the fODF are oriented tangentially along the cortical surface. Tangential components of the fODFs can be observed elsewhere in the cortex, mainly in the internal lamina and in parts of the deep lamina near the WM boundary.
Figure 3 shows the primary fiber direction of the superficial lamina in a top view on the cortical surface. The mean OP for the primary (tangential) fODF peak within the superficial lamina was 0.68 ± 0.19 across all the samples studied, reflecting a highly ordered structure with parallel fODF peaks. The mean OP of the tangential component within the internal lamina was 0.27 ± 0.13. This was comparable with the OP in the ordered control region with a mean of 0.26 ± 0.04.
In the unordered control region, the mean OP was 0.096 ± 0.065 representing the random distribution.
A Wilcoxon rank-sum test for significance between the distribution of angles from the fODF peaks and the corresponding local director showed a significant difference between the superficial lamina and the ordered control region for all 3 samples (P < 10−5).
The same Wilcoxon rank-sum test performed for the internal lamina and the ordered control region showed no significance for sample 1 (P > 0.05) and weak significance for samples 2 and 3 (0.04 < P < 0.05).
Figure 4 shows the different steps of the fiber tracking performed using the fODF data. In the superficial lamina, most fiber tracts are running horizontally along the surface and they are mainly parallel. If the fiber tracking is restricted to the external lamina, the main fiber direction is radial, and almost no tangentially running fiber tracts can be observed. This changes when fiber tracking is performed within the internal lamina. There are also radial fiber tracts, but a striking feature is the high number of tangentially running fiber tracts within that region. In contrast to the superficial lamina, the tangential fiber tracts do not show a strongly ordered structure. In the deep lamina, the fiber tracts are again mainly radial, with a few fiber tracts also running tangentially, especially near the WM boundary.
If the fiber tracking is performed over all regions, the most striking features are the radial fiber tracts extending from the WM into the cortex. However, tangentially running fibers can also be observed in the internal lamina and in the deep lamina near the WM boundary. Additionally, the internal lamina is the region where the fiber tracts are least smooth and where lots of kinks and bends of the fiber tracts can be observed. In the superficial lamina, fiber tracts are again running tangential to the cortical surface orthogonal to the image plane in Figure 4ix. An interactive 3D version of the model of intracortical fibers can be seen in online version of Figure 4. The 3D model was integrated in the portable document format (PDF) of this paper using SimLab Composer (SimLab Soft., Amman, Jordan).
Figure 5i–iii shows a myelin-stained section within V1 of one of the brain samples. Myelinated fibers can be seen extending from the WM into the cortex. Only tangential fibers can be observed in the superficial lamina (a). A few tangential fibers can be observed throughout all laminae with a higher number of tangential fibers in and adjacent to the strongly myelinated Stria of Gennari in the internal lamina (c) and near the WM boundary.
Figure 5iv shows a PLI image within V1. The colors correspond to the principal directions of the myelinated fibers in each pixel with an angular color coding depicted in the inset. The highest birefringence can be observed in the superficial lamina, showing a very strong tangential anisotropy. The adjacent external lamina is dominated by radial fiber bundles. In the internal lamina, the radial orientation observed in the external lamina is reduced, and the anisotropy appears to be more tangential than the external lamina, as expected from the many crossing fibers observed in the myelin-stained section. The deep lamina again shows mainly a radial fiber direction due to fibers that are extending from the WM radially into the cortex. In the adjacent WM, the fibers run mainly parallel to the GM–WM boundary.
To check the orientational coherence in the superficial lamina observed in the dMRI experiment, a tangential cut along the cortical surface was also checked for its birefringent properties (Fig. 5). Regions with a strong coherence in the fiber direction were observed throughout the section. Figure 5vi,vii shows the general histology within the visual cortex.
Figure 6 shows a comparison of PLI, myelin, and dMRI data of the same slice of sample 2. In the internal lamina, the radiality is again reduced (arrows). This can be explained by the strong tangential fiber component inside that lamina (Fig. 6i). Merging of PLI and myelin-stained image shows that the region with reduced radiality coincides with the Stria of Gennari (blue dots indicated by arrows in Fig. 6ii). Merging the results of dMRI and PLI data shows a good agreement between the different methodologies for both fODF and fiber tracking data (Fig. 6iii,iv).
We have shown that diffusion properties vary over cortical laminae and that these variations can be measured with MRI. Furthermore, it was possible to show that the organization of the tissue in the superficial lamina is substantially parallel to the cortical surface, and that within this lamina, the orientations indicated by the primary directions of the fODF are also aligned parallel with each other.
Lamina-wise dMRI also allowed fiber tracking within the cortical laminae. For the first time using dMRI, this allowed fiber pathways running tangentially within the cortex of a human cadaver brain sample to be visualized.
Diffusion anisotropy inside the cortex was first shown in developing animal (Thornton et al. 1997; Baratti et al. 1999; Mori et al. 2001) and human (Maas et al. 2004) brains. In prenatal developmental stage, orientation dependence of water diffusion is still very strong, while it was shown to decrease with maturation (McKinstry et al. 2002; D'Arceuil et al. 2005; Jespersen et al. 2012).
In diffusion tensor studies on adult humans, a strong radial diffusion component inside the cerebral cortex was observed (McNab et al. 2009; Heidemann et al. 2010; Miller et al. 2011) that also allowed fiber tracking into the cortex in animals (D'Arceuil et al. 2008) and humans (Jaermann et al. 2008). By using crossing-fiber approaches, a more complex cortical organization was found. Wedeen et al. (2004) showed that the horizontal component of the probability density function varies within the cortex of an excised mouse brain. Jespersen et al. (2010) showed a variation of a diffusion model parameter that estimates dendrite density (Jespersen et al. 2007) throughout the cortex of fixed mouse brain. In the work of Dyrby et al. (2011), 2 continuous parallel horizontal rims with varying diffusion properties inside the cerebral cortex of a fixed pig brain were observed. Heidemann et al. (2012) showed complex fiber configurations in the cortex using ultra high-field human MRI measurements. Both Leuze et al. (2011) and Kleinnijenhuis et al. (2011) showed variations in the diffusion properties throughout the cortical depth of the fixed human brain.
Diffusion anisotropy inside the cortex is driven by the organization of intracortical nerve fibers. The histological myelin-stained data shows the myelinated axonal component that contributes to diffusion anisotropy. As shown by Jespersen et al. (2007), cortical dendrites can also contribute to diffusion anisotropy, which are not visible in the myelin stains. However, sections stained for cell bodies show a radial pattern for the unstained parts also in the less myelinated upper layers (Fig. 5vi, arrow) providing therefore a "negative" image of the underlying tissue microstructure without restriction to myelinated axons.
PLI in nerve tissue is influenced by the birefringent effect of the orderly aligned lipid bilayers forming the membrane of nerve cells (Wolman 1975). This effect is strongly enhanced for areas with a high myelin content due to the higher number of parallel aligned lipid bilayers in myelinated nerve fibers. But, a high number of unmyelinated dendrites should also provide birefringence if they are anisotropically aligned.
In yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) expression images, a high number of apical dendrites extending radially from layer V to layer I in the visual cortex (V2) of a mouse can be seen in Figure 5vii. At the cortical surface in layer I, these dendrites fan out and run tangentially along the cortical surface. The same behavior can also be observed for dendrites in various other cortical areas (Demyanenko et al. 2004).
The histological data therefore suggests that a large part of the diffusion signal inside the cortex is also driven by dendrites. In particular, the radial anisotropy in the outer lamina and the tangential anisotropy in the superficial lamina cannot be explained solely by myelinated axons.
The high spatial resolution allowed for discrimination of 4 cortical laminae. An even higher spatial resolution might allow probing of more detailed variations between the other layers. However, since a high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is essential to probe the differences in tangentiality between the different laminae, this would need an increase in scanning time or application of an accelerated sequence in order to achieve the same SNR.
Previous histological studies have been unable to observe the high ordering in the superficial lamina, mainly due to the difficulty in assessing orientational coherence in 3D using only 2D histological sections, and the limitations of tracer studies in human subjects. However, Figure 5i shows only tangentially running fibers inside the superficial lamina, and Figure 5iv,v shows very high anisotropy in that region. The histological data thus support our dMRI results in the superficial lamina.
Within the internal lamina, the OP was strongly reduced and comparable with the ordered control region. The small difference between samples 2 and 3 and the ordered control region might occur from a difference in the angle distribution of the different populations and is not necessarily a sign of coherence in that region. The OP was measured for a flat piece of the cortex. If the OP has to be measured for a larger piece of the cortex that contains cortical folding, flattening of the direction vectors onto the same plane would have to be performed in order to avoid the effects of folding on the OP. Furthermore in regions where the surface voxels of 2 cortical areas touch due to cortical folding, the fODF peaks inside the superficial lamina may be subject to partial voluming with adjacent tissue.
To ensure that the coherence observed at the cortical surface was not due to partial voluming with the measurement fluid, one sample was measured in fomblin, which has no MRI signal. The high OP (fomblin experiment: OP = 0.7) for the superficial lamina was successfully reproduced, indicating that the results in the superficial lamina are indeed not due to partial volume effects.
The temperature stability of the experiment was ensured by storing the sample for at least 2 weeks at room temperature prior to scanning and by cooling the imaging sample with a water cooling device. A comparison of the MD in PBS and the sample at the beginning and the end of the experiment also showed no significant change in MD and therefore indicates that the temperature remained stable during the experiment. Mechanical stability was ensured by fixing the sample holder with plastic wrap inside the coil, which had also a damping effect on the sample holder. Furthermore, comparison of images at the beginning and the end of the experiment did not show any motion instabilities.
As described in the Materials and Methods section, a piece of the CC was used to compute the spherical deconvolution kernel from measured data with a well-pronounced single-fiber direction. The tissue microstructure such as the axon diameter and the myelination inside the CC may differ from the fiber microstructure inside the cortex. In particular, the lower myelination in the cortex might lead to a lower anisotropy of an optimized deconvolution kernel for the cortex. Our approach of deconvolving with a more anisotropic and sharper kernel computed from the CC results in a less aggressive deconvolution and a conservative approximation of the fODF. This minimizes the risk of false-positive directions.
Alternatively, the issue of finding an appropriate deconvolution kernel could be avoided by the application of an approach that makes no assumptions about the underlying microstructure such as diffusion spectrum imaging (Wedeen et al. 2008).
The long immersion in PBS before the measurement increased the MD of the samples considerably. A similar effect has already been observed for different biological tissue in Han et al. (2000). This allows dMRI also at lower b-values as used in this study.
In Le Bihan et al. (1993) and Clark et al. (2001), no change in the apparent diffusion coefficient was found for diffusion times down to 16 ms, and respectively 8 ms. Therefore, the diffusion times used during the current study are appropriate for probing tissue microstructure. More importantly, a short diffusion time came along with the advantage of a short TE and, therefore, a high SNR. However, if a longer diffusion time at the same SNR could be achieved this might be advantageous for the current study.
Even though immersion in PBS increased the MD considerably, the PLI and myelin-stained sections (Figs 5i–v and 6) show no noticeable changes from the known tissue structure inside the cortex (Fig. 5vi). It can therefore be assumed that the orientational diffusion properties of the PBS samples remained unchanged.
Due to the inherent dMRI fiber tracking problems with finding the correct endings of fibers and false-positive connections (Seehaus et al. 2012), a more detailed comparison with histological and literature findings was performed for all cortical laminae examined in this study.
Superficial Lamina
A finding very consistent with histology, particularly PLI data, is the strong tangential orientation of fiber tracts in the superficial lamina. The functional role of these tangential fibers remains a topic of debate.
In addition to dendritic connections in layer I as observed by Demyanenko et al. (2004) (Fig. 5vii) tangential fibers in the molecular layer I of monkeys were described (Kuypers et al. 1965; Rockland and Virga 1989; Anderson and Martin 2009) as representing projecting fibers from V2 into V1, the so-called "feedback projections." The limited histological evidence suggests that most axons travel about 1–2mm horizontally within layer I with a few fibers also extending for distances of over 4 mm (Rockland 1994). Near the V1/V2 border, they were even shown to run entirely through GM along the cortical surface in layer I (corresponding to the superficial lamina in the present study). Furthermore, these tangential pathways might correspond to intrastriate connections running tangentially within the cortex. Intrinsic horizontal connections can be found for various cortical layers within V1 (Amir et al. 1993; Gilbert et al. 1996). Confined to layer I horizontal fibers were found in macaque monkeys to spread for "many millimeters," with some even traversing the V1/V2 border (Coogan and Van Essen 1996). Also, in horseradish peroxidase (HRP) images of squirrel monkeys and macaques (Rockland and Lund 1983), a spread of the HRP along layer I was observed.
The described relatively short lengths are consistent with the interpretation that the fiber tracts observed in Figs 4 and 6 do not describe the pathways of single fibers, but rather the overall direction of fiber pathways in that area.
The fiber tracking data over the whole cortex also showed fiber tracts running parallel to the cortical surface in the superficial lamina that extends from deeper laminae in the cortex. These "L-shaped" fibers running radially through the cortex and making an orthogonal turn close to the surface have also been described for macaque monkeys (Rockland 1994).
External Lamina
The strong radiality in the external lamina may arise from apical dendrites that are running radially from the deeper layer V through the cortex until their terminations in layer I (Peters 1994) and also from feedback connections from V2 to V1 (Rockland 1992). Their axons are traveling below layer VI inside the WM until they make a sharp 90° angle into the GM, where they remain perpendicular till the cortical surface (Rockland 1994). As in all other regions of the cortex, the external lamina also contains a number of fibers running horizontally within the region. Still, according to the results from the dMRI data, these horizontal fiber pathways are much weaker compared with the radial fibers within that region and are hardly visible in the dMRI data.
Internal Lamina
In the internal lamina, the higher number of crossings observed in the fODFs and the higher number of tangential fiber tracts observed in the fiber tracking data resemble the histological data very well. Connections within layer IV, which contains the Stria of Gennari (part of the internal lamina), "spread densely and for long distances within layer IV itself" (Lund et al. 1994). There they cross fibers that travel radially through the cortex into layers III to I. The terminations of the projections from the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN; Hubel and Wiesel 1972) also lie within the internal lamina and various other afferent connections with their projections are spreading out within that lamina (Lund and Yoshioka 1991).
However, these increased fiber crossings within the internal lamina cannot be observed equally well in all parts of the brain samples studied. As can be seen in Figure 2, the fiber crossing structure in the internal lamina of sample 3 is not as apparent as for the 2 other samples. This might be due to the histology since the myelination in the internal lamina is not entirely homogenous over the whole V1 (Sanides and Vitzthum 1965). The examined piece might therefore be extracted from a part of V1 with little myelin. Another more likely reason is that the increased age of the third subject resulted in general aging and a decrease in myelination of that sample. This might also be the cause for the decrease in coherence in the superficial lamina.
Deep Lamina
The dMRI results in the deep lamina are again very similar to the histological results. In both histological and dMRI data, the predominant direction is radial. From layer V, there are radial projections throughout the whole cortex up to layer I (Lund et al. 1979), while layer VI sends and receives projections to and from the LGN (Lund et al. 1975) and also to layer IV (Lund and Boothe 1975).
Looking at Figures 2i and 4vii in the deep lamina near the WM boundary, bigger tangential fODF peaks and correspondingly more tangential fiber tracts can be seen than in the more superficial part of the deep lamina. In analogy with layer VI, this might be defined by cytoarchitecture. In histology, tangential fibers that spread horizontally within layer VI can also be observed (Blasdel et al. 1985), and there may be an influence from WM fibers near the "fuzzy" GM–WM border.
Additionally there is a vast number of intracortical connections that have not been described in the discussion. An overview can be found in the work from Lund et al. (1994).
Methodological Limitations
To avoid confusing the fiber tracts in Figures 4 and 6 with single nerve fibers (Jones et al. 2012), an explanation of the constraints of the tractography method used should be given.
The only stopping criterion for the streamline fiber tracking was the size of the mask of the ROIs used for tracking. This leads to fiber tracts running over longer distances than the real underlying tissue and therefore to fiber pathways that represent only the overall fiber direction of the underlying tissue rather than real intracortical connections. Similarly, with a minimum length setting for fiber tracts short-distance connections cannot be discovered. Furthermore, as can be seen from the fiber tracts, the method does not allow fiber tracts to split up into different directions as has been demonstrated for many spiny stellate neurons or pyramidal neurons throughout the whole cortex (Rockland 1994). As is known from histology, there are tangential connections throughout all cortical layers. However, in parts where they do not contribute strongly to the tangential diffusion component they remain unnoticed in the fiber tracking results.
The good agreement between dMRI and histological data suggests that this method, within some limits concerning spatial resolution compared with histological data, can provide valuable information about the orientational structure within the visual cortex. Because data are acquired in 3 dimensions in entire tissue blocks, they provide more powerful insights into any possible structured ordering among fiber tracts ex vivo. As regards the primary visual cortex, we observed a highly ordered structure within the superficial lamina, which also allowed us for the first time to follow using dMRI the intracortical fiber pathways that do not pass through the WM.
The functional role of this striking anatomical organization remains poorly understood. The high OP within Exner's stripe may be associated with the high density of feedback projections between V1 and V2, intrastriatal axonal and dendritic connections. Similar studies including adjacent cortical areas such as V1 and V2 may allow the tracking of intracortical fiber pathways between different Brodmann areas that do not enter the WM.
This study was supported by Max Planck Society (MPG). Funding to pay the Open Access publication charges for this article was provided by the Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Leipzig.
The authors thank Prof. Dr Jürgen Haase from the faculty of physics and geosciences at the University of Leipzig for his support and for providing access to the MR scanner, Prof. Dr Josef Käs from the faculty of physics and geosciences at the University of Leipzig for his support and for providing access to the polarized light microscope, Jeff Kershaw from the National Institute of Radiological Sciences Chiba in Japan for proofreading and helpful comments, and Miriam Wähnert, Marcel Weiß and Robert Trampel at the Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences for valuable discussion. Conflict of Interest: None declared.


text:
A Tiger in the Sand
Selected Writings on Nature
By (author) Mark Cocker
Format: Hardback
Normal Price: $26.56
Your Price: $23.91 AUD, inc. GST
Shipping: $7.95 per order
You Save: $2.66! (10% off normal price)
Plus...earn $1.20 in Boomerang Bucks
Availability: Available, ships in 10-12 days
Tiger in the Sand by Mark Cocker
Book DescriptionIn seven works of non-fiction, especially in "Birders" and the universally acclaimed "Birds Britannica", Mark Cocker has established himself as one of the foremost writers on nature and wilderness. In his most lyrical work to date, he has drawn together the best of his writing on wildlife, mainly taken from columns for the "Guardian" and "Guardian Weekly." These carefully distilled articles, over a hundred in all, illustrate some of his most enduring themes over the last twenty years - the magical dynamism of birds, as well as the subtle beauty, vast skies and wildlife riches of the Norfolk landscape. In its celebration of the natural world, the hugely varied selection also demonstrates a concern to champion the despised and neglected - rats, gulls, crows (the 'Black Beasts' of his first section) - as much as it explores some of the most charismatic creatures on Earth - penguins, whales, lions and elephants. Cocker is equally good at evoking the commonplace mysteries of garden blackbirds and thrush's song, as he is the exotic otherness of mountain gorillas or the one-horned rhinoceros. With its attention to detail, especially the sharpness of perception and the precise use of language, the writing in "A Tiger in the Sand" shows qualities more usually associated with poetry than with prose.
Buy Tiger in the Sand book by Mark Cocker from Australia's Online Bookstore, Boomerang Books.
Book DetailsISBN: 9780224078825
(223mm x 143mm x 18mm)
Pages: 192
Imprint: Jonathan Cape Ltd
Publisher: Vintage Publishing
Publish Date: 9-Nov-2006
Country of Publication: United Kingdom
Books By Author Mark Cocker
Peregrine: 50th Anniversary Edition, Paperback (April 2017)
Reissue of J. A. Baker's extraordinary classic of British nature writing, with an exclusive new afterword by Robert Macfarlane.
Crow Country (The Birds and the Bees), Paperback (May 2016)
One night the author followed the roiling, deafening flock of rooks and jackdaws which regularly passed over his Norfolk home on their way to roost in the Yare valley. Journeying across Britain, through failures, magical successes and epiphanies, the author uncovers the mysteries of these birds' inner lives.
Claxton, Paperback (October 2015)
In 2001 the author moved to Claxton, a small village in Norfolk. In a series of daily writings spanning the course of a year he explores his relationship to the landscape he lives in, to nature and to all the living things around him. This book is a celebration of the wonder that lies in our everyday experience.
Peregrine, Paperback (March 2015)» View all books by Mark Cocker
Reissue of J. A. Baker's extraordinary classic of British nature writing
» Have you read this book? We'd like to know what you think about it - write a review about Tiger in the Sand book by Mark Cocker and you'll earn 50c in Boomerang Bucks loyalty dollars (you must be a member - it's free to sign up!)
Author Biography - Mark Cocker
Mark Cocker is one of Britain's foremost writers on nature and contributes regularly to the Guardian, the Times Literary Supplement, as well as BBC Radio Four. His six other books deal with modern responses to wilderness, whether found in landscape, human societies or in other species. They include a biography, Richard Meinerzthagen, shortlisted for the Angel Prize and the hugely acclaimed bestseller Birds Britannica (with Richard Mabey). He recently won a Winston Churchill Travel Fellowship to study the cultural importance of birds in West Africa.
Facebook Page | Twitter | Google+ | Bulletin e-Newsletter | Blog | RSS
Become a Member | Book Lists | Recently Released | Coming Soon | Fast Delivery Books
Bestselling Books: Our Current Bestsellers | Australia's Hottest 1000 Books | Bestselling Fiction | Bestselling Crime Mysteries and Thrillers | Bestselling Non Fiction Books | Bestselling Sport Books | Bestselling Gardening and Handicrafts Books | Bestselling Biographies | Bestselling Food and Drink | Bestselling History | Bestselling Travel Books | Bestselling School Textbooks & Study Guides | Bestselling Children's General Non-Fiction | Bestselling Young Adult Fiction | Bestselling Children's Fiction | Bestselling Picture Books | Top 100 US Bestsellers
For: Schools | Organisations | Libraries | Publishers | Authors | Book Clubs | Bloggers | Affiliates
About Us | Contact Us | Help Desk | Security | Privacy | Terms of Use | Copyright
Phone: 1300 36 33 32 (9am-5pm Mon-Fri AEST) - International: +61 2 9960 7998 - Online Form
Address: Boomerang Books, 878 Military Road, Mosman Junction, NSW, 2088
© 2003-2017. All Rights Reserved. Eclipse Commerce Pty Ltd - ACN: 122 110 687 - ABN: 49 122 110 687
For every $20 you spend on books, you will receive $1 in Boomerang Bucks loyalty dollars. You can use your Boomerang Bucks as a credit towards a future purchase from Boomerang Books. Note that you must be a Member (free to sign up) and that conditions do apply.


text:
Loving Hut - Londynska
Londynska 35 (at Praha 2), Prague, Czech Republic,
Chain of vegan restaurants inspired by Supreme Master Ching Hai, an advocate for veg living. Each location is individually operated. Serves vegan food, coffee, non-alcoholic beverages, and desserts. Open Mon-Sun 11:00am-9:00pm.
Category: Vegan, Chinese, Fast food, Take-out, Asian
Reviews (23)First Review by camipassos
Amazing concept - Edit
I absolutely loved Loving Hut. Great concept for a quick lunch time bite or casual meal. Wish I had one at home. Staff were lovely, food was delicious and I like that it was priced by weight as you can eat as much as you desire.
Pros: Variety of options , Buffet style , Desserts are delicious
Cons: Busy at peak times
Loving Hut is my favorite - Edit
I love LH. never had any bad food from them in Prague, good service, good value for money. Really like cakes here and always had goo experiences. Highly recommend
Pros: Great food, Nice service, Nice interior
Nice relaxing lunch - Edit
This Loving Hut has a nice relaxed atmosphere, with calming music and a secluded outdoor area, and outside of the lunchtime rush it doesn't get too busy, unlike other Loving Huts in the city. The buffet is priced by weight and includes a mixture of salads, mock-meat dishes and battered vegetables. Raw cakes and vegan ice-cream cost extra, as do drinks except for chilled water. Staff aren't the friendliest, but I've had no problems other than a lack of politeness. As for food quality and flavour, I've no complaints!
Pros: fully vegan, good value, location
Cons: priced by weight
good food for low prices - Edit
This loving hut was just around the corner of our apartment, so we went to eat there twice. The buffet had a small but good selection of food. on both days the rice was quiet dry but the fried stuff and vegetables were great. also water is free of charge.
Pros: all vegan food
Not good, not bad - Edit
It was quite late when we arrive so the buffet didn't look ggreat. We chose a dish from the menu photographed on the wall behind the counter. It was not bad, but not impressive at all. It was really cheap so we didn't complained, it's good to put some food on your stomach if you're hungry but not like a fancy veg eat out. Maybe we did a bad choice and we should have chosen something more chinese to be tastier, I don't know
Pros: Price, Mix of east and west, Buffet and menu
Cons: The food was not impressive
Favourite Loving Hut in Prague - Edit
I like this Loving Hut because of surroundings, great buffet and of course my beloved Beijing speciality.
Pros: Beijing speciality , Nice place
Cons: Can´t order from the list during lunch
Nice buffet - Edit
I stopped by for the lunch buffet and got a pretty generous plate of food for a good price. There were a few crispy, deep-fried things (always the mark of a good Chinese buffet), an amazing aubergine dish, and a good balance between vegetables and mock meat. Recommended for a quick lunch.
Pros: Convenient, fast
Bit Meh - Edit
Excited to see this in Prague as we have one in Brighton, although not visited it yet. Got here late and I think they wanted to use up the last of their hot food they already had ready (cheap - offered at 80kr for massive plate). unfortunately found it non descript and nothing to write home about. Hope having an off day and cos not long to closing..
Pros: Large Portions
Cons: All a bit Sloppy
Really a gem - Edit
The restaurant is beautiful! It is placed just perfectly in the centre of town. The food was just great as well. They have a great range of dishes and even some veganized traditional Czech ones. You can also order a fresh smoothie or some delicious cake.
Pros: Inexpensive, The neighbourhood, Delicious
Cons: None
great restaurant - Edit
I came here in my first day at Prague ,
And i really enjoyed it. the food, the atmosphere and the service , were all great even the price .
A Must visit !!
Good variety of Asian dishes - Edit
At many Loving Hut franchises around the world, the focus on mock meats is so heavy that whole, unprocessed veggies can be neglected — but not so at this Londynska location. Here, fauxtein-oriented dishes still take top billing, but there are several dishes featuring broccoli, zucchini, bok choy, etc.
The aulac tofu (breaded with coconut flakes) was good. I can't really recommend the Thai curry here, as it was neither authentically Thai nor particularly tasty. One might be wise to stick to the Vietnamese options.
Drinking water is free and service is warm and friendly.
Pros: Good variety, All vegan
Love it - Edit
Always happy to find loving hut as I know I will get clean unadulterated food that has not been cooked to tastelessness . In Prague there are three and we ate at two, same consistent good simple food as in USA and Australia. And good value. The staff speak English which is a bonus. Well priced, vegan, ok a bit salty but it is Europe . They have buffet by the weight or a menu and all located near a tram route in the suburbs but still near to the inner areas.
Pros: Simple clean food, Price, Staff
Cons: A bit salty
Very Tasty Vegan Lunch Buffet - Edit
Tasty vegan Asian-influenced restaurant with a lunch buffet until 6PM, but the best selection for dishes before 6PM. menu service all day.
Pros: Food, Buffet
Decent food, great cake, friendly staff - Edit
The food is by weight off of a hot food bar. Everything is vegan.
The lunch wasn't anything spectacular, but it was tasty, and the cake for dessert was really amazing. Staff was also very friendly and helpful.
Pros: All-vegan, Friendly, Cheap
Love The Hut - Edit
My 2nd LH experience, the first being in Warsaw and all good things to report. Here you can do a buffet with all sorts of vegan mock meat delights and amazing spring rolls paid by weight or you can go for the usual super value set meals. 3 more LH to do in Prague, looking forward to more great experiences. Water is free for the first glass then 5 CZK thereafter. Enjoy Loving Hut, embrace the goodness.
Pros: value, food, plenty of seating
Cons: no alcohol
Long time ago but unforgettable experience - Edit
I ate here in 2009 twice, left a nice review and even uploaded photos of the chocolate cake, rizotto and fake-steak we had here, but for some reason (I guess when Loving Hut extended to different locations, and reorganized the happycow pages) it was deleted.
Everything is vegan, only non-alcoholic beverages just as in any other Loving Huts all around the world. The food is amazing, however if you don't like the fake-meaty soy, seitan things (snooty health-oriented vegans usually don't) then this might not be your place. Mostly Asian influenced food though. However I have not been to this place since then, so there might be something new under the sun. Prices were really okay. I preferred the tables outside, since the weather was nice, however there are not so many, during lunch hours it can get crowded.
Updated from previous review on Sunday May 12, 2013
Pros: everthing is vegan, really good prices, huge portions
Cons: no alcohol :)
Amazing Spring Rolls - Edit
We came here on a Saturday lunch. We thought that the all-you-can buffet would be on, but we had to order a-la-carte. We ordered the burger (which was tasty, but loaded with sauce and quite messy to eat), fried spring rolls with tofu (which were delicious), and pho (which was nice, but we would have preferred it to have less fake meat and more fresh vegetables). There was only one person serving, whose English wasn't fantastic and seemed a bit stretched to serve everyone - but did the job she needed to do.
Overall - a filling, convenient and affordable vegan meal in a very pleasant district of Prague - but not somewhere to have an incredible gastronomical experience or a romantic meal.
Very good - Edit
This is located in a particularly nice area of Prague, away from the tours and tourist shops. The staff are very friendly and speak English. The food is quite good. We will go to other Loving Hut locations to compare them.
Pros: nice area, tasty vegan food, no smoking
Cons: none
the best veghamburger of my life! - Edit
This restaurant is very good: I've eaten the best veghamburger of my life and a wonderful curry soup!! good prices!! Then staff was very friendly!!
Pros: good value, friendly staff, big portions
Cons: healthy cuisine
Big like! - Edit
I already tried one loving-hut restaurant in vienna, so i chose to go for this one in prague.
It's located outside the old town, away from all the tourists.
If you're going there by foot, prepare that it takes about half an hour, but it's definitely worth it! Also, it's not difficult to find.
When I entered the place, i instantly remarked the cleanlyness and the bright colours. This makes a nice athmosphere. I got welcomed by the very nice staff.
I ordered vegetable-soup and chines fried noodles with "duck". The portions were very huge and so i had to fight to finish it all up, but i managed to do it^^
The taste was amazing, no complaints for this case. It was over my expectations.
The big surprise came when i asked for the receipt, i only paid about 8 euros for soup, huge main dish and beverage! No comparison to the restaurant in prague's oldtown. I was so happy that i got myself a nice fair-trade soymilk-coffee at a caffe around the corner.
As usual for loving-hut, everything is vegan!
If you want to have a nice vegan meal at a nice place, want to save some money and don't mind walking for some time, i can only recommend this place. I'll definitely go there again the next time i'm in prague.
Pros: Amazing food, cheap!
Great vegan chineese - Edit
I have visited the london one before, this is great chineese food, the mock duck is especially nice. The portions are really large we got a starter and I couldn't finish my main. Only down part is its alcohol free
Pros: tasty, smoke free, cheap
Cons: no alcohol
Lovin' Hut - Edit
I was skeptical when I discovered that the Loving Hut was a branch of the Quan Yin sect led by "the suprmeme master Ching Hai." I wasn't sure about supporting such a group, until one evening found myself being led down a street to a so-called "jidelna." Normally I understand this word to mean a cheap Czech cafeteria, so naturally I was surprised when I saw the Loving Hut in front of us. We dined on spring rolls and fried noodles and drank some really nice juice - they had 1 litre for 56Kc so we brought home 3/4 of a liter of juice. Not bad! The food was rather good! I was surprised how a spring roll of rice paper, rice noodles, a little lettuce and soy meat could fill me up! The dipping sauce was excellent and seems to be their trademark. I can't speak about the buffet they seem to offer but I think i'd like to try it. The staff was super friendly and spoke Czech and English, althuogh I can't say how well. Just make sure you don't change your mind about something mid order like we did! Across from us there was some meeting of vegan activists, a large group of Asians (couldn't make out what language it was exactly) with Gucci bags celebrating something, and couples on dates. We dined under some orignal art work of the supreme master and her books and pamphlets can be found throughout the restaurant. The atmosphere is nice but unique. It has a sort of vegan commercial restaurant feel - which would make sense. While I am going to stay away from the supreme master's cult but I think I will be returning to try more of their menu. The price, by the way, was just right. It was exactly half the cost as our favourite veg restaurant in Prague.
Pros: Tasty food, Price is right, Kind friendly staff
Cons: Cult
Superb!! - Edit
I was most pleased when I entered this place... A calm, relaxing atmosphere, the cleanness, the food *oh! it looked so good, the greenpeace group that was eating there... everything was saying we love our planet, we love all the living beings, and we cook damn good for you in the heart of Prague, where non meat dishes are quite hard to find. THE FOOD IS DELICIOUS, you have a choice of a normal menu or the buffet, I went for the buffet, nd man was it good! I had my cousin nd my brother with me (meat eaters) nd they loved the food too!!!! the place has an asian touch, for it is a vietnamese place, nd the price is as good as the food, for a huge meal u pay about 6 euros!! Thanks guys to make my day the day I went to eat there! everything is fresh nd delicious!!!! Note: it was around two in the afternoon nd the restaurant was busting wiv people that worked nearby, loved to see that in a city that has such a meat based tradicional cuisine!!!
Pros: good price, fresh goods, delicious food
Link to this page from your site.
Entry info
Return to Prague Vegetarian Restaurants & Health Food Store Listings
Business Owners, if you see an unfair review, read this.
Why was my review removed? - details
Reviews are not endorsed by HappyCow - review terms
Has Loving Hut - Londynska closed, shut down, moved, or changed? Please use the Update Form.
This page has been viewed 10676 times.


text:
Kevin of Ottawa said: "We had a great experience with Holland when they built a large addition at our home. Robert and Scott were always available to answer questions and t...Read more
Description: Renovations and additions enhance your home and its value. At Sierra Gate Homes, we work closely with you to ensure that your project makes your v...more
Description: We can build home additions and expand your home. Our Ottawa home addition services include garage construction, additions, backyard suites...more
Have you hired Timmerwerk Contracting? Write a review and share your experience!
Jamie and Rosanna of Ottawa said: "Innovative design that truly transformed the look and utility of the cottage.Design complemented the landscape with end result looking as if the cotta...Read more
Janet of Kanata said: "I could not have asked for a more experienced and capable contractor to build a sun lounge for me. Jim was efficient from the start and when the draw...Read more
Bonnie of Ottawa said: "Ottawa General Contractors added an addition to our home this year and they did an outstanding job. Several years ago we had a horrible experience wi...Read more
Description: Complete framing of new home additions, including partial demolitions required and joining new and old construction together....more
Not sure which contractor to call for your home addition project? Post your project and let local, top-rated pros come to you and compete for your job!
If you can't find the company you hired and want to submit a review, add them to the TrustedPros directory.
Post your project and within hours you'll be comparing offers from top-rated and trusted
professionals. It's free to post and you're under no obligation to hire.
Post your project and compare offers from top-rated pros.


text:
You may be trying to access this site from a secured browser on the server. Please enable scripts and reload this page.
Turn on more accessible mode
Turn off more accessible mode
Skip Ribbon Commands
Skip to main content
Turn off Animations
Turn on Animations
Volusia County Schools
Currently selected
School Board
School Calendars
ESE Programs and Services
ESE Service Delivery Models
ESE Programs and Services Contacts
Deaf or Hard of Hearing
Visually Impaired
Exceptional Student Education
Currently selected
Student Services
Fluency Disorder
Page Content
Fluency Disorder
– Significant and persistent interruptions in the rhythm or rate of speech.
A student in prekindergarten through grade twelve meets the eligibility criteria as a student with a fluency disorder in need of ESE if all of the following criteria are met:
• Significant and persistent dysfluent speech behaviors are evident; possibly accompanied by secondary behaviors, such as
struggle or avoidance
• Fluency disorder must have an adverse impact on student's ability to perform and/or function in his or her typical learning
• Fluency disorder is not primarily the result of factors related to chronological age, gender, culture, ethnicity, or limited English
The Stuttering Foundation
Quick Links
Financial Information
Contact Us
Translation Disclaimer


text:
More Quotes by De_magnus7
1. everything you need as been created for you years .. : de_magnus7
2. Death isn't what you scared about fear kill ignora.. : de_magnus7
3. I love preaching liberation not criticism and hypo.. : de_magnus7
4. if you too love to learn rather than teach don't m.. : de_magnus7
5. Half bread is better than non am very pessimistic .. : de_magnus7
Even More Quotes
6. When you find something you Love,Love it. It will .. : vardz77
7. There is no end to think but don't end your think... : srum
8. Let us not grow dormant as the trees this season. .. : xwecarex
9. Stay hopeful even when you've been through so many.. : becreative16
10. If you are always funny, people will mistake that .. : rpntema


text:
Koltnow: Two Denzels walk into a bar
Everybody's making a big deal of Denzel Washington's first foray into funny with this week's opening of the action comedy "2 Guns."
It may be a big deal for a two-time Oscar winner like Washington, but it's not a big deal in Hollywood.
Actors work tirelessly for years to be taken seriously, and as soon as they're taken seriously, they whine that nobody will let them do comedy. You think that all actors want to direct? Believe me, it's a bigger clich
Most Popular
- Video: Mater Dei tops Chino Hills in OT thriller to reach CIF-SS final
- Officer who discharged gun during Anaheim scuffle with teenager was in fear for his life,
- Fire damages two mobile homes in Santa Ana; displaces family of 8 and a dog
- Partial roof collapse damages three vehicles in Newport Beach
- Lakers' Nick Young found it 'tough' handling trade rumors again
User Agreement
Comments are encouraged, but you must follow our Privacy Policy Policy & Terms of Use
Keep it civil and stay on topic. No profanity, vulgarity, racial slurs or personal attacks. People who harass others or joke about tragedies will be blocked. By posting your comment, you agree to allow Orange County Register Communications, Inc. the right to republish your name and comment in additional Register publications without any notification or payment.


text:
My Content
Membership has its privileges! Sign up or sign in to gain full access to both All About Jazz and Jazz Near You. Learn more.
Eric Allison, tenor, alto saxophones, flute, clarinet, tambourine; John Bailey, trumpet; Jesse Jones Jr., alto sax; Turk Mauro, baritone sax; Dr. Lonnie Smith, piano, Hammond B-3 organ; Dennis Marks, bass; Danny Burger, drums.
Midnight Groove, After Hours, Double Shot, 'Round About Dawn, Sittin' In, No Cover, Tip-Toein', Straight-Up, Deanna, Delta Joy
Reprinted with permission from Marge Hofacre's Jazz News
We need your help and we have a deal. Contribute $20 and we'll hide the six Google ads that appear on every page for a full year!