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Data Management Solutions
Data management solutions and systems that help to deal with and manage the full data lifecycle needs of your company. Manage the development and execution of architectures, policies, practices and procedures with the data management systems found on bobsguide.
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subset: commoncrawl


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Political History of China (3):Three Kingdoms,Period of Disunity,Sui Dynasty,Tang Dynasty
Map of Sui Dynasty. The relationship of the Sui Dynasty to the succeeding Tang Dynasty was much like that of the Qin to the Han. It served as the unifying foundation on which its successor could build.
7. THE PERIOD OF DISUNITY (220-581)After the fall of the Later Han, the Chinese Empire remained divided for three and a half centuries. The first half-century began with the domination of the Three Kingdoms: Wei under the Cao family in the north, Shu Han under Liu Bei in the southwest, and Wu under Sun Quan in the southeast. Invaders from the north soon overran the kingdoms and set up their own states, but the Northern Wei Dynasty (386-534), established by one of the barbarian tribes, the Toba, was the only one to last. Four dynasties established by the Chinese ruled in the south during the 4th and 5th centuries. The Three Kingdoms period was made famous by the novel `Romance of the Three Kingdoms', which glamorized the period as an age of chivalry.
Wei and Jin Period (AD 265–420)After Cao Cao reunified the north in 208, his son proclaimed the Wei dynasty in 220. Soon, Wei's rivals Shu and Wu proclaimed their independence, leading China into the Three Kingdoms Period. Capitals: of Cao Wei and Western Jin, Luoyang; of Shu Han, Chengdu; of Eastern Wu and Eastern Jin, Jiankang; of Western Jin, Chang'an. This period was characterized by a gradual decentralization of the state that had existed during the Qin and Han dynasties, and an increase in the power of great families. Although the Three Kingdoms were reunified by the Jin Dynasty in 280, this structure was essentially the same until the Wu Hu uprising.
Wu Hu Period (AD 304–439)Taking advantage of civil war in the Jin Dynasty, the contemporary non-Han Chinese (Wu Hu) ethnic groups controlled much of the country in the early 4th century and provoked large-scale Han Chinese migrations to south of the Yangtze River. In 303 the Di people rebelled and later captured Chengdu, establishing the state of Cheng Han. Under Liu Yuan, the Xiongnu rebelled near today's Linfen County and established the state of Han Zhao. Liu Yuan's successor Liu Cong captured and executed the last two Western Jin emperors. Sixteen kingdoms were a plethora of short-lived non-Chinese dynasties that came to rule the whole or parts of northern China in the 4th and 5th centuries. Many ethnic groups were involved, including ancestors of the Turks, Mongols, and Tibetans. Most of these nomadic peoples had, to some extent, been "sinicized" long before their ascent to power. In fact, some of them, notably the Qiang and the Xiongnu, had already been allowed to live in the frontier regions within the Great Wall since late Han times.
Southern and Northern Dynasties (AD 420–589)Signaled by the collapse of East Jin Dynasty in 420, China entered the era of the Southern and Northern Dynasties. The Han people managed to survive the military attacks from the nomadic tribes of the north, such as the Xianbei, and their civilization continued to thrive.In southern China, fierce debates about whether Buddhism should be allowed to exist were held frequently by the royal court and nobles. Finally, near the end of the Southern and Northern Dynasties era, both Buddhist and Taoist followers compromised and became more tolerant of each other.In 589, Sui annexed the last Southern Dynasty, Chen, through military force, and put an end to the era of Southern and Northern Dynasties.
8. THE SUI DYNASTY (581-618)The prolonged period of disunity finally ended when a general from the northwest united China by establishing the new dynasty of Sui. A second great period of imperial unity was begun. The relationship of the Sui to the succeeding Tang Dynasty was much like that of the Qin to the Han. It served as the unifying foundation on which its successor could build. The first Sui emperor, Emperor Wen, introduced a series of economic reforms, such as reduction of the peasants' taxes, a careful census for equitable tax collection, and restoration of the equal allocation system used in the Northern Wei. Every taxable male received a grant of land, part of which was returnable when he ceased to be a taxpayer at age 60 and part of which he could pass on to his heirs. He also revived the Han system of examinations based on Confucian classics.Emperor Wen's premature death might have been caused by his ambitious son Emperor Yang, whose grandiose projects and military campaigns ultimately led to the Sui's downfall. Some of his projects were productive, especially the construction of the Grand Canal, which linked up the Huang, Huai, and Yangtze rivers and connected north and south China.Emperor Yang's overly ambitious scheme of expanding his empire led to disastrous wars against Korea. After a series of futile expeditions, the Chinese army of over a million was defeated and forced to flee. In 618, Emperor Yang was assassinated in an army coup; one of the coup leaders, Li Shi Min (李世民), installed his father Li Yuan (李渊) as emperor, founding the Tang Dynasty. After about a decade, during which he was able to secure his father's abdication, he took the throne himself in 626 as the emperor Tai Zu.
9. THE T'ANG DYNASTY (618-907)The Tang emperors set up a political system in which the emperor was supreme and government officials were selected on the bases of merit and education. The early Tang rulers applied the equal allocation system rigorously to bring about a greater equity in taxation and to insure the flow of taxes to the government. A census was taken every three years to enforce the system, which also involved drafting people to do labor. These measures led to an agricultural surplus and the development of units of uniform value for the principal commodities, two of the most important prerequisites for the growth of commerce and cities.The Tang capital of Chang'an was one of the greatest commercial and cosmopolitan cities in the world at that time. Like most capitals of China, Chang'an was composed of three parts: the palace, the imperial city, and the outer city, separated from each other by mighty walls.The Tang was a period of great imperial expansion, which reached its greatest height in the first half of the 8th century. At that time, Chinese control was recognized by people from Tibet and Central Asia in the west to Mongolia, Manchuria (now the Northeast region of China), and Korea in the north and Annam in the south.
The An Lushan rebellionMost of the Tang accomplishments were attained during the first century of the dynasty's rule, through the early part of Emperor Xuan Zong's long reign from 712 to 756. However, late in his reign he neglected government affairs to indulge in his love of art and study. This led to the rise of viceroys, commanders responsible for military and civil affairs in the regions. An Lushan was a powerful viceroy commanding the northwest border area. He had both connections at the imperial court and hidden imperial ambitions. In 755 he rose in rebellion.The emperor fled the capital with an ill-equipped army. These troops soon rebelled and forced the emperor to abdicate in favor of his son.The new emperor raised a new army to fight the rebels. An Lu-shan was assassinated in 757, but the war dragged on until 763. Afterward, the Chinese Empire virtually disintegrated once again. The provinces remained under the control of various regional commanders. The dynasty continued to linger on for another century, but the Tang empire never fully recovered the central authority, prosperity, and peace of its first century.The most serious problem of the last century of Tang was the rise of great landlords who were exempt from taxation. Unable to pay the exorbitant taxes collected twice a year after the An Lu-shan rebellion, peasants would place themselves under the protection of a landlord or become bandits. Peasant uprisings, beginning with the revolt under the leadership of Huang Chao in the 870s, left much of central China in ruins.In 881 Huang Chao's rebels, now numbering over 600,000 people, destroyed the capital, forcing the imperial court to move east to Luoyang. Another rebel leader founded a new dynasty, called Later Liang, at Kaifeng in Henan Province in 907, but he was unable to unify all China under his rule. This second period of disunity lasted only half a century. Once again, however, China was divided between north and south, with five dynasties in the north and ten kingdoms in the south.
Tang cultureBuddhist influence in art, especially in sculpture, was strong during the Tang period. Fine examples of Buddhist sculpture are preserved in rock temples, such as those at Yongang and Longmen in northwest China. The invention of printing and improvements in papermaking led to the printing of a whole set of Buddhist sutras (discourses of the Buddha) by 868. By the beginning of the 11th century all of the Confucian classics and the Taoist canon had been printed. In secular literature, the Tang is especially well known for poetry. The great Tang poets such as Li Bai and Du Fu were nearly all disillusioned officials.The Tang period marked the beginnings of China's early technological advancement over other civilizations in the fields of shipbuilding and firearms development. Both reached new heights in the succeeding dynasty of Song.Papermaking; Firearms By the 13th century papermaking spread throughout Europe. Paper was a Chinese invention. It had been adopted by the Persians and then by the Arabs, who brought the art to Europe. (See Paper)Powder (not gunpowder, because guns were not yet known) and fireworks rockets were introduced into Europe in the 1200s. They had been invented in China some years earlier.The earliest mention of firearms is in a Dutch chronicle dated 1313. It states that firearms were invented in Germany. The first picture of a primitive cannon can be found in an English manuscript dated 1326.
Source:Paul Halsall/Brooklyn College/1996-99


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Bollywood legend Amitabh Bachchan is enjoying the success of his latest released Piku, which depicted the relationship of a father with his daughter. Probably, the oldest working actor in Bollywood, Amitabh is no short of movies. The actor is currently working on four movies which will be released in next couple of years.
Well, no time to waste here. Let's have a look at what Mr. Bachchan has to offer in next couple of years.
Amitabh Bachchan upcoming movies in 2016 and 2017
Director: Bijoy Nambiar
Producer: Vidhu Vinod Chopra
Star cast: Amitabh Bachchan, Farhan Akhtar, Aditi Rao Hydari
Genre: Action, Thriller
Release Date: 8 Jan 2016
Synopsis: Wazir is an upcoming film of Amitabh Bachchan. In the film, he is playing a role of a disabled person. He will be supported by Farhan Akhtar who is playing a role of a cop in the film
2) Te3n
Director: Ribhu Dasgupta
Producer: Sujoy Ghosh
Starcast: Nawazuddin Siddiqui, Amitabh Bachchan and Vidya Balan
Genre: Drama
Release Date: Mid 2016
Synopsis: Te3n will a thriller on the lines of Sujoy Ghosh's Kahani.
3) Buddham Sharanam Gachhami
Director: Rajkumar Santoshi
Producer: Firoz Nadiadwala
Star cast: Amitabh Bachchan, Mithun Chakraborty
Genre: Action, Drama
Release Date: 2016
Synopsis: Amitabh Bachchan reunites with Rajkumar Santoshi after Khakhee.
4)The Legend of Kunal
Director: Chandraprakash Dwivedi
Producer: Chandraprakash Dwivedi
Star cast: Amitabh Bachchan, Arjun Rampal, Tabu, Amrita Rao
Genre: Period Drama
Release Date: 2016
Synopsis: The movie revolves around a story of a sexual relationship a young stepmother share with her stepson. A very controversial topic so the film is facing some social problems. Amitabh Bachchan will be seen in a completely different role.
5)Jewel of India
Director: Rob Cohen
Producer: Rob Cohen
Star cast: Amitabh Bachchan, Al Pacino, Katrina Kaif, and John Abraham
Genre: Drama
Release Date: 2016
Synopsis: It is upcoming Indo-Hollywood project starring Amitabh Bachchan alongside Al Pacino. The film featuring some Indian actors will be directed by Fast and Furious fame Rob Cohen.
Last updated: 30 Dec 2015
We will update you as soon as more announcements new releases announcements are made.
Keep visiting Blog to Bollywood for more filmy fundas.
Also see upcoming movies of other Bollywood stars.
Deepika Padukone Upcoming Movies


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21 March 2015
terrible place. they did not show up for my appointment then didn't answer emails and phone calls. one week out from wedding. not impressed. I've read reviews of this happening before too. zero stars.
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Talk:Yigael Yadin
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It says on 2 occasions in this article that Yadin argued over things with different commanders, but it never states which side he was on. I think it would help to state this, if possible. -- Ynhockey 17:47, 20 January 2006 (UTC)
When it says "Mapam", shouldn't that be "Mapai" ?[edit]
Would make more sense elpincha (talk) 19:50, 2 March 2012 (UTC)
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text:
Care for the mother earth
Mother earth has lots of gift
to us she brings and afters
see the clean rivers and the sea's
see the clear falls and the springs
see the tall mountains and forest
see the green hills all around.
but look once more and see
look at the dirty sea's and river's
look at the bareforests and mountains
look at the polluted air we breath
look once more and see mother earth has a lots of gift
now question
1. Compare the gifts of mother earth at the start and at the end of the poem
2. What do you think is the cause why the gifts of mother earth looks like now
3. if mother earth can talk what do you think is she saying to us
4. what are you willing to do to save mother earth.
anwers may also translated in english.... . ..
by earlibay


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jun 12, 1990
|Filing date
|Aug 30, 1988
|Priority date
|Aug 30, 1988
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Leonard N. Schiff, Jack S. Fuhrer
|Original Assignee
|General Electric Company
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (15), Non-Patent Citations (16), Referenced by (19), Classifications (17), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention relates to enhanced definition television systems.
The television industry has been striving to improve the quality of displayed television images. Several techniques which have been employed using standard broadcast television signals include adaptive luma/chroma separation using line and frame comb filters such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,617,589, adaptive recursive filters such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,639,784, and adaptive non interlaced or progressive scan display scanning apparatus such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,598,309. Each of these systems have the potential to significantly improve the displayed images, however the potential has not been fully realized. Each of the systems in general provide the anticipated potential improvements for sequences of particular images. On the other hand for image sequences including, for example, motion of objects within successive images or camera panning, image quality suffers due to the failure to implement cost competitive error free parameter detectors used to control the adaptive processing.
More ambitious techniques to improve image quality involve changes to the standard broadcast signal by adding signal components which among other things effectively increase the luminance signal bandwidth while maintaining the overall signal compatible for reception by current "standard" receivers. Special or extended definition television (EDTV) receivers have been developed to receive the altered broadcast signals and utilize the added signals to produce images of remarkable quality. A difficulty exists in these systems in including sufficient information in the allotted channel spectrum space while maintaining backward compatibility of the signal. An example of an extended definition system is described by M. A. Isnardi et al. entitled "Decoding Issues In The ACTV System", IEEE Trans. on Consumer Electronics, Vol. 34, No. 1, February 1988, pp. 111-120 (also described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 139,340 filed Dec. 29, 1987). In the Isnardi et al. system three additional signal components are added to the standard NTSC broadcast signal. These signals are amplitude and/or bandwidth compressed before addition to the NTSC signal to avoid their causing interference/artifacts in standard receivers. One of the added components called the V-T helper signal contains interframe difference information which is used by the EDTV receiver to convert the interlaced broadcast video signal into non-interlaced display signals. Due to the amplitude compression of this signal, in noisy environments, the helper signal may fail to provide adequate information.
The present invention is a television system for producing images of enhanced quality. An embodiment of the invention at the receiving end of the system includes a video processing system having signal parameter adaptive processing apparatus. The processing apparatus includes a signal parameter detector responsive to signal to be processed for generating control signals to adaptively control signal processing. The apparatus further includes a detector for extracting a parameter detector error signal transmitted with the video signal to be processed. Circuitry coupled between the parameter detector and the processing apparatus, is responsive to the parameter detector error signal for compensating erroneous signals generated by the parameter detector.
A further embodiment of the invention, at the transmitting end of the system, includes an encoder for generating the video signal, processing apparatus including a parameter detector which emulates the response of the receiving end processing system for generating control signals, and a further parameter detector incorporated with said encoder for generating substantially error free control signals. A comparator responsive to the control signals from the parameter detector and the substantially error free control signals from the further parameter detector generates a parameter detector error signal. A signal combiner combines the error signal with the video signal from the encoder for transmission to the receiving apparatus.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a television system embodying the present invention.
FIGS. 2, 3 and 4 are block diagrams of alternative signal combining circuitry which may be implemented in the FIG. 1 circuitry.
FIG. 5A is a block diagram of a television receiver including adaptive processing circuitry embodying the present invention.
FIG. 5B is a block diagram of exemplary adaptive comb filter apparatus utilizing the present invention.
FIG. 6 is a block diagram of an EDTV receiver including an embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of exemplary circuitry for generating a parameter error signal for an EDTV system embodying the invention.
FIG. 8 is a pictoral representation of a portion of a TV signal format useful in describing the FIG. 7 circuitry.
FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram of further apparatus for generating an error signal to be transmitted with an encoded video signal.
FIG. 10 is a block diagram of circuitry for reducing the frequency of occurrence of the parameter error signal (PES) generated by for example the FIG. 7 circuitry.
FIG. 1 illustrates the basic concepts of the invention. The right hand side of the figure includes circuitry in a television receiver including for example a display or recording device (i.e. a video cassette recorder). The left hand side of the figure shows apparatus for generating signal to be utilized by the receiver circuitry. The signal is in general compatible for reception by standard receivers, but includes additional information transparent to the standard receiver. The additional information corresponds to the parameter error signal (PES), referred to above, for use by the FIG. 1 receiver.
The signal is received by the receiver at antenna 30 and coupled to the tuner/IF circuitry 32 which produces a base band video signal. The base band video signal is applied to a signal separator 42 which separates the PES signal from the video information. The video information is coupled to a video decoder 36 including at least one adaptive processing element. In the decoder 36 is a detector 40 which responds to a signal feature or parameter such as signal amplitude or transitions to generate a signal for controlling the response of the adaptive processing element. The detector 40 is susceptible to producing control signal errors. Control signals from detector 40 and PES signal from separator 42 are coupled to respective input connections of a control signal correction circuit 38. The correction circuit 38 is shown as an exclusive OR gate but may in fact be other circuitry depending on the type of control and PES signals applied. Corrected control signals from correction circuit 38 are coupled to the adaptive processing circuitry within the decoder 36. Decoded signal from the decoder 36 is coupled to, for example, a display device 34.
The PES signal may be formatted in a number of analog or digital forms ranging from spatially correlated analog signals to time division multiplexed compressed digital signals. In the latter instance the PES signal may be first run length encoded, then statistically (e.g. Huffman) encoded to reduce its density and finally time division multiplexed in the blanking intervals of the video signal. In this case the PES signal from the signal separator 42 is coupled to the control signal correction circuit 38 via a run length-statistical decoder 44.
The parameter detector 40 is nominally of simple design to ease design constraints and component costs of the receiver. Due to a lack of sophistication, detector 40 is susceptible to generating a number of erroneous control signals. In general, however the number of errors will be small and thus the PES signal which represents the occurrence of such error will require a relatively narrow bandwidth, for example 200 kHz.
At the transmitting end of the system, image signals are provided by a source 10, which may be a TV camera. The image signals may be in progressive scan or interlaced format and may be component Y,I,Q or R,G,B etc. signals. The component signals are coupled to an encoder 12 which may be an NTSC, PAL, MAC or EDTV encoder. Encoder 12 processes the component signals to produce a video signal in accordance with the desired transmission standard. A decoder 20 is coupled to the output connection of encoder 12. Decoder 20 is similar in design to decoder 36 and includes a parameter detector 22 similar to detector 40. Decoder 20 includes at least enough of the processing circuitry included in decoder 36 so that the output signals from parameter detector 22 substantially emulate the response of detector 40 in decoder 36.
A second parameter detector, 14, designed to produce substantially error free parameter control signals is included in the transmitting circuitry. Input signal to detector 14 may be derived from within the encoder 12, from the output signal of encoder 12 or from within the decoder 20 depending upon the parameter detected and the anticipated source of errors. Parameter detector 14 is sensitive to substantially the same signal feature as parameter detector 22. Output control signals from detectors 14 and 22 are coupled to circuitry 18 which compares signal from detector 22 against signal from detector 14 and produces the parameter error signal PES. The PES signal and the encoded video signal are coupled to circuitry 26 which combines these two signals for transmission.
The PES signal may be run length and statistically encoded (circuit 24) before being coupled to the signal combiner 26.
Depending upon where the signal applied to the input of detector 14 is derived, it may be necessary to include compensating delays, such as delay element 16, in particular signal paths. One skilled in the art of circuit design will readily recognize where compensating delays need to be included.
The design of comparison circuitry 18 may take different forms. For example if the two signals from detectors 14 and 22 are single bit bilevel digital signals circuitry 18 may consist of a single exclusive OR gate which generates a logic one level whenever the two signals are different and a zero logic level otherwise. Alternatively, if the two signals from detectors 14 and 22 are multibit binary, signals circuitry 18 may include a threshold detector in each signal path and an exclusive OR gate coupled to the output connections of the threshold detectors. In a further alternative for multibit binary signals, circuitry 18 may comprise a subtractor with the PES signal taken from the sign bit output or from the difference output. In the latter instance the PES signal is a multibit signal. If desired the multibit PES signal may be reduced to a single bit signal by applying the multibit PES signal to a threshold detector.
FIG. 2 illustrates a first example of circuitry which may be used as signal combining element 26 and signal separator 42. The circiutry is of the type described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,660,072 which frequency interleaves an auxiliary signal in empty portions of the video spectrum termed the "Fukinuki Hole." The frequency interleaving is similar to the frequency interleaving of chrominance signal in the luminance signal of NTSC video.
In FIG. 2 the color subcarrier signal FSC having a frequency fs2 is frequency divided by two in a divider 102 and applied to a 180� phase shifter 104, to develop complementary subcarrier signals at a frequency of fsc/2. The complementary subcarriers are applied during alternate horizontal line intervals, via multiplexer 110, to the carrier input terminal of the amplitude modulator 112. The PES signal is coupled to the signal input of the modulator 112. The output of modulator 112 and the video signal from encoder 12 are combined in the signal adder 114 to produce the signal for transmission. With appropriate compensating delay between encoder 12 and adder 114 the PES signal may be spatially correlated to the video signal. In an alternate arrangement the PES signal may be compressed and time shifted (in element 106) to occur during, for example, the horizontal blanking intervals and time division multiplexed in multiplexer 108 with, for example, a luminance high frequency component (described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,660,072) or other auxiliary information, and then applied to the modulator 112.
In the signal separator at the receiving end, the received signal is filtered in a spatio-temporal filter 115 to extract the modulated carrier which is then subtracted from the received signal in subtracter 113 to produce the encoded NTSC component signal. The extracted modulated carrier from filter 115 is demodulated in element 117. Assuming that the modulating signal is time division multiplexed as in the last example, the demodulated signal is applied to a one-to-two demultiplexer 118 which separates the signals YHIGH and PES into two separate signals. The signal YHIGH and the signal from the subtracter 113 are coupled to the decoder (for example 36 in FIG. 1). The PES signal is applied to circiutry 119 which time shifts and expands the compressed PES signal so that it is spatially correlated with the video signal. The PES signal is then coupled to the control signal correction circuit 38.
FIG. 3 illustrates a second example of signal combining circuitry. In this circuit the PES signal is combined with the encoded video signal by the technique of quadrature modulation of the picture or RF carrier. In FIG. 3 the RF picture carrier is coupled to the carrier input terminal of a first amplitude modulator 124, and is phase shifted 90 degrees and applied to the carrier input terminal of a second amplitude modulator 120. The video signal and the PES signal are coupled to the signal input terminals of modulators 124 and 120 respectively. The output signals from modulators 120 and 124 are linearly combined in an adder circuit 130 to produce the signal for transmission. At the receiver the video and PES signals may be separated with a synchronous quadrature demodulator.
Note with regard to the FIG. 2 and 3 combining circuits it may be desirable to amplitude compress the PES signal before applying it to the respective modulators.
FIG. 4 illustrates a third example of combining circuitry 26. In this example the PES signal is time division multiplexed into the vertical blanking intervals of the video signal. To accomplish this the PES signal must be compressed and time shifted. This may be executed by the known technique of run length encoding. The run length data may be further compressed by statistical encoding using for example Huffman codes. The encoded signal may thereafter be applied to a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) coder to format the signal for transmission error detection and correction.
In FIG. 4 the PES signal is assumed to be a binary signal and is coupled to an encoder 140 to compress the data from a bit mapped format over a field or frame of an image to a format which can be contained in the vertical blanking interval (or possibly horizontal blanking intervals). Encoder 140 may be a combined run length-statistical encoder. Encoded data from encoder 140, for an entire field or frame is written to memory 142. During the subsequent field/frame vertical blanking interval, the compressed PES data is read out of memory 142 and applied to the multiplexer 146. Video signal, from e.g., encoder 12, is applied to a compensating field/frame delay element 145 and the delayed video signal applied to the multiplexer 146. The field/frame of video data coupled to the multiplexer 146, corresponds to the field/frame of compressed PES signal applied to the multiplexer. Signals to read the PES signal from the memory 142, during the vertical blanking intervals, are generated in address generator 144 which is controlled by horizontal and vertical synchronizing signals Hs and Vs respectively. The rate at which addresses are generated are controlled by the pixel clock signal which is nominally four times the chrominance subcarrier frequency. Address generator 144 also generates a control signal to condition the multiplexer 146 to couple the output from memory 142 to the transmitter during the desired portion of vertical blanking, and to couple the video signal to the transmitter during active portions of the field/frame intervals.
FIG. 5A illustrates a receiver having two adaptive processors, an adaptive comb filter 58 and an adaptive noise reducer 60. Assume that the PES signal is quadrature modulated on the picture carrier as in FIG. 3. The tuner 33 therefore will include a quadrature phase demodulator to separate base band video signal and the PES signal. Assume further that the adaptive comb filter switches between a line comb filter and a frame comb filter for images containing no motion and motion respectively. Assume also that the adaptive noise reducer is a frame type recursive filter having a functional response dependent upon image motion. The parameter detectors in both circuits 58 and 60 will be designed to detect image motion and in fact may be a common detector for both circuits. The PES signal in this instance is a motion error signal and a common PES signal, with appropriate time delay (62), may be applied to both circuits 58 and 60. Nominally in both adaptive frame comb filters and recursive filters the motion signals from motion detectors are multibit signals which are applied to address input terminals of, for example, read-only-memory (ROM) circuits programmed to produce a limited number of weighting signals functionally related to the value of the address signals. The weighting signals are applied as control signals to a soft switch in the comb filter and a signal scaling circuit in the recursive filter. In circuits 58 and 60 motion detection errors are corrected by coupling the PES signal to further address input terminals of the respective ROM circuits which produce the weighting signals. The ROM's in this instance will contain additional stored values to accommodate the additional address bits. Assume first that the PES signal is a single bit signal which only indicates that the signal produced by the local parameter detector is bad, i.e., the detector failed to detect motion or detected motion when there was none. The ROM's are programmed to respond to the combined address of the PES signal and the local parameter detector signal to provide an appropriate default weighting signal selected to provide superior system performance than the erroneous signal, when detection errors are indicated by the PES signal.
Alternatively, if the PES signal is a multibit error signal, having values corresponding to the difference between a correct detection signal and the signal provided by the local detector, the PES may be added to or subtracted from the local detector signal. The sum/difference signal of the PES and local detector signal is coupled to the address input terminals of the respective weighting signal ROM.
In an alternative arrangement the parameter detectors in elements 58 and 60 may be designed to respond to different signal features and therefore elements 58 and 60 require distinct PES signals. To accommodate such a system the transmitted PES signal may be a time or frequency etc. multiplexed signal. The receiver will include a signal separator circuit 61 (shown in phantom) to separate the distinct PES signals and couple them to the appropriate circuitry. For example, the combined PES signal may be a carrier quadrature modulated with two signals PES1 and PES2. Signal separator 61, in this instance, is a quadrature demodulator.
FIG. 5B illustrates an adaptive line comb filter utilizing the invention. Filters of this type can be designed to avoid substantially all of the undesirable artifacts generated by fixed line comb filters. The adaptive line comb filter selects either a line delayed or a line advanced sample to be combined with the current sample to generate the filtered signal. At the receiver, composite video signal is applied to the cascade connection of two one-horizontal-period delay elements 84 and 86. The current sample is taken from the output of delay element 84, and coupled to one input of subtractor 88. A line delayed sample, taken from the output of delay element 86 is coupled to one terminal of switch 90. A line advanced sample, taken from the input to delay element 84 is coupled to a second terminal of the switch 90, the output of which is coupled to a second input of the subtractor 88. The output signal from subtractor 88 is a line comb filtered chrominance signal. The current, line delayed and line advanced samples are coupled to a parameter detector 92 which may be of the type described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,050,084. This detector 92 determines which one of the advanced or delayed samples has an amplitude value closest to the amplitude value of the current sample, and generates a corresponding output signal. The output signal provided by detector 92 is coupled to one input terminal of an exclusive OR gate 94, the second input of which receives the transmitted PES signal. The output terminal of the exclusive OR gate is coupled to the control input of switch 90.
The PES signal has a logic one value to indicate that detector 92 is anticipated to provide an erroneous signal. For the FIG. 5B system detector 92 develops a bilevel logic output which is complemented by the exclusive OR gate 94 only when the signal PES is a logic one. Thus for all anticipated errors produced by detector 92, the exclusive OR gate 94 corrects the control signals applied to the switch 90.
At the transmitter the decoder 20 (FIG. 1) includes the cascade connection of two one-horizontal-period delay elements 74 and 76, respectively corresponding to elements 84 and 86 in the receiver. A detector 78 of like design to detector 92 is coupled in like fashion to delay elements 74 and 76. Detection signals from detector 78 are coupled to a first input terminal of an exclusive OR gate 80 the output of which provides the parameter error signal (PES). A parameter detector, 72, which is less error prone than detectors 78 and 92 is coupled to delay elements 74 and 76 to provide substantially error free detection signals. Output signal from detector 72 are coupled to a second input terminal of exclusive OR gate 80. Exclusive OR circuit 80 produces a logic one output value, indicating detection errors, only when detectors 72 and 78 concurrently provide different detection signals. Note parameter detector 72 may be of the type described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,636,840.
FIG. 6 illustrates an application of the invention in the environment of an EDTV system of the type described in the ISNARDI et al. article. In an Isnardi et al. type system, a broadcast video signal is generated which is compatible for reception by standard receivers and which when decoded by an EDTV receiver will produce a high resolution, wide aspect ratio image. The generated signal includes added information in the "Fukinuki hole" and information (V-T helper signal) quadrature modulated on the picture carrier. Without changing the current signal format one logical space to include a PES signal is in the vertical blanking interval and such insertion may be accomplished by a FIG. 4 type combining circuit. However it should be understood that with appropriate EDTV signal format changes any of the FIG. 2-4 combining circuits may be implemented to include a PES signal in the EDTV signal. FIG. 6 shows a diagram of a portion of an Isnardi et al. type receiver modified to incorporate use of a PES signal.
The signal is received by antenna 150 and coupled to the tuner 152 which incorporates a quadrature demodulator to separate the V-T helper signal from the video signal. The received signal is in interlaced format, but the receiver generates a progressive scan display. The V-T helper signal nominally provides the missing luminance information needed to accurately convert an interlace signal to a progressive scan signal. To help in understanding this process refer to FIG. 8. The system utilizes a progressive scan source of image information of for example 525 lines of video per 1/60 of a second. FIG. 8 is intended to represent a portion of several image periods of the source signal. Each dot (filled or empty) represents a line of progressive scan information. The columns FN+i represent, with respect to interlace signals, successive fields. The solid dots represent lines of video information that are ultimately broadcast as the interlace signal. Lines represented by open circles are essentially dropped prior to transmission. The V-T helper signal is generated as the difference between a dropped video line (e.g Xi) and the average of the temporally adjacent transmitted lines (e.g A.sub. i and Bi), that is V-T=Xi -(Ai +Bi)/2. At the receiver, the interlace lines are decoded and time compressed for progressive scan display. The missing lines, for example, Xi, are generated by forming the average of the interlace lines (e.g Ai and Bi) temporally spanning the missing line and summing this average with the helper signal. That is the generated line Xi ' is
Xi '=(Xi -(Ai +Bi)/2)'+(Ai '+Bi ')/2≈Xi (1)
The primed letters in the equation represent the transmitted and decoded signals and as such may not exactly represent the original signals. Thus the reconstructed signal xi ' may not exactly represent the original signal xi.
In FIG. 6 the video signal from the tuner 152 is applied to a wide screen interlace decoder 156 which generates Y, I and Q component interlace signals as described in the Isnardi et al. article. The I and Q color difference signals are coupled to the interlace-to-progressive scan converter 162 which performs the conversion by simply repeating the respective lines at twice the interlace scan rate. The progressive scan I and Q signals are coupled to a matrix circuit (not shown) wherein they are combined with luminance signal to produce R, G, B primary color signals for application to a display device.
The interlace widescreen luminance component is coupled to the cascade connection of a 262 line interval delay element 168, a 1 line interval delay element 170 and a 262 line interval delay element 172. The input to delay element 168 and the outputs of delay elements 170 and 172 concurrently provide representative signals from lines Bi, Ci and Ai respectively (FIG. 8). The output of delay element 170 is coupled to a speed up element 208 which compresses applied interlaced lines to one half the interlace line interval. The output of speed up circuit 208 is coupled to a first input of a two-to-one multiplexer 206.
The input to delay element 168 and the output from delay element 172 are coupled to adder 174 wherein they are summed. The sums produced by adder 174 are divided in half by divider 202 to produce the averages (Ai +Bi)/2 which are coupled to adder 201. The V-T helper signal from tuner 152 is coupled to a second input of the adder 201 to generate the missing lines xi which have the interlace duration. These lines xi are time compressed in speed up circuit 204 and coupled to a second input of the multiplexer 206. Multiplexer 206 responsive to an interlace line rate signal alternately couples compressed real lines from speed up circuit 208 and compressed generated lines from speed up circuit 204 to the aforementioned matrix circuit.
The remaining elements in the FIG. 6 apparatus are included to practice the present invention. FIG. 6 includes alternate, motion adaptive, apparatus for generating the missing lines when the V-T helper signal is not reliable.
Nominally, the V-T helper is significantly amplitude compressed before transmission. Consequently the signal-to-noise ratio of the received V-T helper signal will deteriorate in a noisy broadcast environment. In these situations it may be more desirable to have the receiver generate the missing lines xi autonomously, that is without the aid of the V-T helper signal. To activate the motion adaptive apparatus a signal-to-noise-ratio detector 164 is coupled to receive the V-T helper signal. In the presence of poor quality signal-to-noise ratio, the detector 164 generates a signal to clamp (via switch 166) the V-T helper signal coupled to adder 201 to zero value. In addition the output connection from adder 201 to speed up circuit 204 is interrupted, and the output (adder 190) from the motion adaptive apparatus is coupled to speed up circuit 204 via a multiplexer 200.
The motion adaptive apparatus generates the missing lines xi via line interpolation or frame interpolation. In the presence of interframe motion the missing line xi is generated from the average of two vertically adjacent lines (Ci and Ci+1) from the same field. In the absence of interframe motion the missing line xi is generated from the average of temporally adjacent lines (Ai and Bi). Interframe motion is detected by a difference detector 178 coupled to the interlace luminance signal which determines the differences Bi -Ai. (Note the term motion detection is actually a misnomer because interframe differences may occur for reasons other than image object motion such as changes in image brightness.)
Interline or intrafield interpolation is performed by adder 176 and divider 180. Signals from spatially adjacent interlace lines Ci and Ci+1 from the input and output of one-line delay element 170 are summed in adder 176. These sums are applied to divider 180 which generates interpolated missing lines xi =(Ci +Ci+1)/2.
Interframe interpolated missing lines xi =(Ai +Bi)/2 are available from divider 202. The interline interpolated lines are coupled directly to one input of a soft switch 203. The interframe interpolated lines are coupled to soft switch 203 via adder 201. (During intervals in which the motion adaptive apparatus is activated the second input (V-T helper signal) to adder 201 is clamped to zero value so the interframe interpolated lines are unaltered by adder 201).
The soft switch 203 consists of subtractor 186 coupled in cascade with a variable scaling element 188 and an adder 190. The interline interpolated signal, LIS, from divider 180 is coupled to the minuend input of subtractor 186. The interframe interpolated signal, FIS, from divider 202 is coupled to adder 190 and the subtrahend input of subtractor 186. The output xi from adder 190 is equal to
xi =W(LIS)+FIS(1-W) (2)
where W is the weighting factor applied to a control input of scaling circuit 188 and the values W nominally have a range from zero to one. The output xi from adder 190 is coupled to the speed up circuit 204 through multiplier 200.
The weighting factor W may be a bilevel signal equal to zero or one, or it may be a multilevel signal having incremental values over the range zero to one. In both instances W is a function of interframe differences as detected by detector 178. For the latter case the values W may be a nonlinear function of the difference values. This functional relationship may be realized by ROM programming, that is, the differences produced by detector 178 are applied as address codes to a ROM 182 programmed to output values W=f(AC) functionally related to the values of the address codes AC. If desired the values W from the ROM 182 may be temporally/spatially expanded in a motion-spreader 184 before being coupled to the scaling circuit 188.
In the system of FIG. 6 it is desirable to constrain the parameter (difference) detector 178 to a simple design, thus rendering it susceptible to detection errors. To compensate for such errors, its output is supplemented by a received PES signal generated at the transmitter. The PES signal may be coupled to ROM 182 to perform in a manner as described with reference to FIG. 5A.
The signal PES is included in the vertical blanking intervals of the video signal. To extract this signal the video signal from tuner 152 is coupled to a control signal generator 154 and a decoder 158. The control signal generator 154, responsive to the horizontal and vertical synchronization components of the video signal, generates timing and control signals which are coupled to decoder 158 and raster mapper 160.
Decoder 158 responsive to the timing and control signals is conditioned during the appropriate portion of the vertical blanking interval to decompress the PES signal. The decompressed signal from decoder 158 is loaded in the raster mapper (memory) 160 in bit mapped format correlated to the interlaced image. During the active portion of the video signal, the raster mapper 160 is conditioned by the timing and control signals to read out the PES signal in interlaced format. (Note that depending upon the particular design of the decoder 158 it may not be necessary to include a raster mapper 160.
In FIG. 6 the system is switched between operating modes by a signal-to-noise ratio detector connected to be responsive to the V-T helper signal. It will be readily appreciated that signal-to-noise ratio or e.g. signal amplitude or noise detection may be performed on other system signals to effect mode switching. This is exemplified by detectors 164a and 164b in FIG. 6 connected to be responsive to the baseband video and PES signals respectively. If the PES signal is a CRC encoded digital signal, mode switching may be effected responsive to a CRC error detector coupled to the PES signal and exemplified by element 164c.
FIG. 7 illustrates circuitry at the transmitting end of the system for generating the PES signal utilized by the circuitry of FIG. 6. In FIG. 7 elements 250 and 252 exemplify a simple difference detector for use as a detector in the encoder corresponding to detector 178 in FIG. 6. Elements 257, 258, 260 and 262 exemplify an error free difference (parameter) detector in the encoder. In FIG. 7 subtracters 252 and 260 are designed to develop and output signal only if the magnitude of the difference of the applied signals exceeds a predetermined threshold value. Referring to FIGS. 7 and 8 the simple detector (250,252) determines if motion has occurred for a missing line xi in field FN+1, relative to temporally adjacent line Ai in field FN by determining the magnitude of the differences |Ai -Bi | from fields FN and FN+2. If the magnitude value |Ai -Bi | is greater than a predetermined value an interlace motion signal IMS is produced by the subtracter circuit 252. The detector 257, 258, 260 and 262, on the otherhand, examines the progressive scan lines and determines motion for lines xi in field/frame FN+1 relative to adjacent lines Ai in the preceding field/frame FN by determining the magnitude of the differences |Ai -xi |. If the magnitude value of |Ai -xi | is greater than the predetermined value, a progressive scan motion signal, PMS, is generated by the subtracter circuit 260. The signal PMS from subtracter circuit 260 is time compressed relative to the signal IMS since the IMS signal is generated from interlaced signal while the PMS signal is generated from progressive scan signal. In order to spatially correlate the two motion signals the signal PMS is coupled to an alternate line select and expand circuit 262, which provides a signal PMS' representing the values |Ai -xi | in interlaced form. The motion signals IMS and PMS' are applied to a comparator 256 (shown for illustrative purposes as an exclusive OR gate).
Comparator 256 produces an indication of a detection error if the signals IMS and PMS differ (by a predetermined amount if signals IMS and PMS are for example multibit difference signals). The signal PES from comparator 256 is thereafter coupled to a FIG. 4 type combining circuit for insertion in the vertical blanking intervals of the video signal.
Referring again to FIG. 6, assume that the V-T helper signal and elements 164, 166, 201 and 200 are eliminated, and that adder 190 is coupled directly to speed up circuit 204 and divider 202 is coupled directly to adder 190 and subtractor 186. The remaining circuitry corresponds to a standard receiver implemented with an adaptive interlace-to-progressive scan converter responsive to a PES signal. Note however that the signal separator may take any of the alternate forms described above depending upon the manner the PES signal is combined with the video signal.
Referring to the configuration of the apparatus of FIG. 6 with the foregoing changes where the V-T helper signal has been eliminated a further embodiment eliminates the difference detector 178, and the ROM 182. In this further embodiment, which applies to either an EDTV progressive scan system or a standard receiver with progressive scan, the PES signal is coupled to the motion spreader 184. In the absence of error indications in the PES signal the motion spreader provides a weighting factor of zero so that interframe interpolated signals xi are applied to speed up circuit 204. When an error indication occurs the motion spreader 184 is conditioned to produce a sequence of incrementally increasing factors from zero to one causing the interpolated values applied to the speed up circuit 204 to gradually change from interframe to interline interpolated values. When the PES signal indicates that errors are no longer present the motion spreader produces weighting factors which incrementally change from one to zero so that the system again responds to interframe interpolated signals xi.
In a system of this configuration the PES signal is generated using circuitry exemplified in FIG. 9. Nominally the circuitry of FIG. 6 (without V-T helper) provides interpolated missing lines xi '=(Ai '+Bi ')/2. The transmission apparatus can determine if this signal is in error by testing the differences between the original (real) value of xi and the value (Ai +Bi)/2. If the magnitude of the difference exceeds a predetermined value an error indication is generated. In FIG. 9 the progressive scan signals are coupled to the cascade connection of two 525-line delay elements 222 and 224. Input signal, once delayed signal from element 222 and twice delayed signal from element 224 correspond to lines Bi, xi and Ai respectively in FIG. 8. The input and twice delayed signals are coupled to adder 232 which produces the sums (Ai +Bi). These sums are divided by two in divider circuit 230 and coupled to one input terminal of the subtractor 226. The once delayed signal xi is coupled to a second input terminal of subtractor 226 which is arranged to provide the magnitudes of differences i.e. |xi -(Ai +Bi)/2. The lines xi to be deleted occur on alternate lines and are in compressed form relative to the transmitted interlace signal. Consequently the output signal provided by subtracter 226 is in compressed form and only signals on alternate lines corresponds to the deleted lines xi. Alternate lines of the difference magnitudes from the subtractor 226 are selected and time expanded to interlace form in element 228. The values from element 228 are compared against a predetermined value in a threshold detector 234, and if the difference magnitudes exceed this value an error indication is generated. The output of threshold detector 234 is the signal PES which is combined with the video signal via one of the techniques described with reference to FIG. 2-4 etc.
In this last embodiment, with respect to an EDTV system, the PES signal requires significantly less bandwidth than the V-T helper which is a variable true difference signal, because the PES signal is a one bit signal and occurrences of errors are reduced due to the thresholding. However, because the motion detector is eliminated at the receiver, the PES signal will include more error indications than were the motion detector included at the receiver since the PES signal is required to indicate most motion occurrences rather than detector error occurrences.
As a general observation however it should be appreciated by those skilled in the art of systems design, that parameter error signals for adaptive systems will be relatively low bandwidth signals and easily accommodated in compatible broadcast signals. Using PES signals substantially simplifies the design of the receiving apparatus while at the same time enhancing performance.
Situations may arise wherein the information provided in the PES signal exceeds the available bandwidth of the PES channel. These situations may be accommodated by reducing the number of error detection occurrences represented by the PES signal. This may be implemented by a variety of techniques. For example if the PES signal generator utilizes a threshold value as described with reference to the FIG. 7 and FIG. 9 apparatus, on detection of excessive PES information the threshold values may be increased to lessen the number of apparent errors. Alternatively the PES signal itself may be decimated by blanking (setting to zero) occurrences of error indications. This latter method may be implemented by for example setting every nth error indication to zero or setting all error indications occurring at the periphery of the image to zero. Circuitry for performing both functions is illustrated in FIG. 10. In FIG. 10 circuit 400 blanks every nth occurrence of the PES signal and circuitry 410 blanks the PES signal corresponding to the periphery of the image. Circuitry 412 detects the density of the PES signal and controls the alternative blanking circuits 400 and 410.
The density of the PES signal (density of error occurrence) is determined by counting the occurrences of errors over a predetermined interval. In the arrangement of FIG. 10 the interval is a field period however other intervals, such as horizontal line periods may be utilized. Counting is performed by coupling the PES signal to a binary counter 310 which is reset each field period by the vertical synchronizing pulse Vsync. Nominally the signal PES' applied to the counter 310 is taken directly from the output of the PES signal generator. However if the system compresses the PES signal, as in the FIG. 4 apparatus, it may be advantageous to count occurrences of the compressed signal, PES'. The more significant bits (MSB's) of the output provided by counter 310 which correspond to numbers of excess occurrences of errors, are coupled to decoding circuitry, such as the address input port of a read-only-memory (ROM) 312. ROM 312 is programmed to provide control signals related to the number of excess occurrences of errors and is enabled each field interval by the signal Vsync to provide control signals for the subsequent field interval. In FIG. 10 the counter 310 is coupled directly to the ROM 312, however it may be desirable to interpose an averaging circuit between the counter and ROM so that ROM 312 responds to an average of excess errors over several intervals.
In a first embodiment the control signals provided by ROM 312 are applied to a program input, PI, of a programmable counter 316. A count input port is coupled to receive the PES signal from the PES signal generator. Programmable counter 316 generates an output pulse coincident with every nth pulse of the PES signal, where the value n is established by the control signal from ROM 312. The PES signal is coupled to one input of a gating circuit 318 and the output signal from the programmable counter 316 is coupled to a second input of gating circuit 318. The output signal from programmable counter 316 conditions the gating circuit 318 to pass the PES signal except during the occurrence of an output pulse from counter 316, thereby deleting every nth occurrence of a pulse of the PES signal. The output signal PES" provided by gating circuit 318 is coupled to the combining circuit, for example element 26 in FIG. 1.
In a second embodiment the control signal from ROM 312 is coupled as partial address codes to control ROM's 322 and 324. In this embodiment a binary counter 320, responsive to a pixel clock and a horizontal synchronizing signal, Hsync, provides a binary output value corresponding to the current pixel location along each horizontal line of video signal. The binary output value from counter 320 is combined with the control signal from ROM 312 as address input codes to ROM 322. ROM 322, responsive to the address values, is programmed to provide a logic one valued output signal for pixel locations at the beginning and end of each horizontal line interval. In the center portion of each horizontal line, ROM 322 provides a logic zero valued output signal. The number of pixel locations for which a zero valued output is provided is determined by the control signal. Output signal from ROM 322 is coupled to an OR gate 328.
A second binary counter 326, responsive to the signals Hsync and Vsync, provides a binary output value corresponding to the current horizontal line number of the image being processed. The output from counter 326 is combined with the control signal from ROM 312 and applied as address codes to the ROM 324. ROM 324, responsive to the address values, is programmed to provide a logic one valued output signal for horizontal line intervals at the top and bottom of an image, and a logic zero valued output signal for horizontal line intervals in the center portion of the image. The number of horizontal lines for which a zero valued output is provided is established by the control signal from ROM 312. The output signal from ROM 324 is coupled to a second input of the OR gate 328.
The output signal from OR gate 328 and the PES signal are coupled to respective input terminals of a gating circuit 330. The output signal PES"' of the gating circuit 330 is coupled to the combining circuit such as element 26 in FIG. 1. The gating circuit 330 is conditioned by the signal provided by the OR gate 328 to pass the PES signal except when either ROM 322 or ROM 324 provides a logic one output value. Thus the signal PES'" represents that portion of the PES signal corresponding to the center portion of the displayed image. Note, in this embodiment, either the counter 320-ROM 322 or the counter 326-ROM 324 combinations may be eliminated to simplify the hardware.
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|Mar 16, 2006
|Jan 22, 2009
|Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.
|Imiage processing apparatus and image processing program
|Sep 30, 2009
|Mar 31, 2011
|Rovi Technologies Corporation
|Systems and methods for analyzing clickstream data
|Feb 16, 2010
|Aug 18, 2011
|Jonathan Joseph Lareau
|Methods and Systems for Detecting Temporally Oscillating Sources in Video Signals Using a Recursive Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) Filter Technique
|Jan 31, 2012
|Aug 2, 2012
|Novatek Microelectronics Corp.
|Motion adaptive de-interlacing apparatus and method
|Nov 21, 2011
|Sep 26, 2013
|Arther Sing Hook Teng
|Apparatus, system, and method for providing independent multi-screen viewing
|Dec 23, 1993
|Aug 4, 1994
|Motorola Inc.
|Error detector circuit for receiver operative to receive discretely-encoded signals
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Oct 3, 1988
Owner name: GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY, A CORP. OF NY
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:SCHIFF, LEONARD N.;FUHRER, JACK S.;REEL/FRAME:004958/0418;SIGNING DATES FROM 19880928 TO 19880929
|Oct 28, 1993
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Feb 14, 1998
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Jun 14, 1998
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Aug 25, 1998
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 19980617


text:
I can not defend the Springboks any longer.
I've always told fans who say they no longer want to support the Bokke and can't even bother to watch the games any more where to go and druk it.
Even during the build-up to the match against England, I made a bet against two of my mates that the Boks would win.
Somehow it felt as if they were going to get it right – they had to.
Patriotism is something I hold dear. And I believe that you should back your boytjies no matter what.
But Saturday's defeat to England was a little too much to watch.
Our team simply can't be that coded to play the coach's strategy that they can't realise the need to play the situation in games.
That, to me, was one of the most frustrating aspects of the game this past weekend.
Then there is coach Allister Coetzee.
I've always had respect for Coetzee as a man and as a coach. And that's perhaps why I felt the need to defend his Bok team so passionately.
But the lack of innovation from the top can no longer be ignored. And here the coaches have to take the blame.
Next weekend they are playing against Italy.
And then they have Wales to go.
The results in those games are irrelevant, 2016 is done in terms of Bok respect. Coetzee and his players will know this.
And that's why, with nothing to lose, Coetzee should go all out.
That means drop the skipper Adriaan Strauss, who no longer wants to play international rugby and is retiring at the end of the year.
Even drop your vice captain, Pat Lambie – he hasn't been good since coming back from that concussion suffered against Ireland.
Instead, give the likes of Malcolm Marx a run at hooker, play Johan Goosen at 10 – he looked good in that channel when he came on as a sub on Saturday.
Give the captain's armband to someone who wants to wear it – someone who will wear it with pride.
And maybe then the guys will represent the country with passion again.
Who knows, that passion might even overflow to the fans and we might get some of the trots in the Bok back again.
As it stands, though, Coetzee has a 40 percent win record – fourth from bottom on the all-time list of Bok coaches.
Third from bottom is Carel du Plessis, with his record of three wins in eight games before he got the sack.
The difference between Coetzee and Du Plessis, though, was the latter's approach to the game.
At least Carel tried things and wanted the Boks to play running rugby.
When he was eventually replaced by Nick Mallett, the now-SuperSport commentator went on a world-record unbeaten run.
If patience ran out so quickly with Du Plessis while he was trying to reinvent the Bok wheel, then Coetzee must be high on the priority list of the big boys at Saru


text:
Controls and Data Services is part of the Rolls-Royce Group. The prime focus of their business is designing, developing and manufacturing the fuel delivery and engine management systems for Rolls-Royce's aero engines.
SAFI were appointed as Lead Design Consultant to design their new headquarters and manufacturing facility to improve the efficiencies of their operations.


text:
Asset Managers Fall Most Since 2011 After Brexit Decisionby
Invesco plunges 14% for steepest drop among 19-member group
Companies with operations in U.K. hit hard, analyst says
Money management stocks fell the most in almost five years, led by a 14 percent drop for Invesco Ltd, after voters in the U.K. decided to leave the European Union.
The 19-member Standard & Poor's index of asset managers and custody banks lost 8.3 percent Friday, the steepest slide since August 2011. Invesco's decline was its biggest one-day drop since December 2008.
"It was a difficult day for financials in general, but companies with more operations in the U.K. were hit especially hard," said Macrae Sykes, an analyst with Gabelli & Co.
Asset managers earn fees on the money they oversee, which means that lower stock prices translate into less revenue. The MSCI World Index lost 4.9 percent Friday.
In a Friday note, analyst Craig Siegenthaler of Credit Suisse said Atlanta-based Invesco had the largest U.K.-based business among asset managers, estimating that British clients contribute 15 percent of the company's total assets under management and 25 percent of gross revenues.
"We have estimated that the firm's potential exposure to redemptions due to Brexit is low," Martin Flanagan, chief executive officer for Invesco, wrote in an e-mailed statement. "We have strong measures in place to ensure that any immediate market volatility created by the vote and any changes brought about by this transition are well managed."
Other asset managers that fell included Affiliated Managers Group Inc., down 12 percent; Ameriprise Financial Inc, down 10 percent; and Legg Mason Inc., off 9.6 percent.


text:
Relationship between glycopeptide production and resistance in the actinomycete Nonomuraea sp. ATCC 39727
Marcone G.L.,University of Insubria |
Marcone G.L.,Polytechnic of Milan |
Binda E.,University of Insubria |
Binda E.,Polytechnic of Milan |
And 4 more authors.
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy | Year: 2014
Glycopeptides and β-lactams inhibit bacterial peptidoglycan synthesis in Gram-positive bacteria; resistance to these antibiotics is studied intensively in enterococci and staphylococci because of their relevance to infectious disease. Much less is known about antibiotic resistance in glycopeptide-producing actinomycetes that are likely to represent the evolutionary source of resistance determinants found in bacterial pathogens. Nonomuraea sp. ATCC 39727, the producer of A40926 (the precursor for the semi-synthetic dalbavancin), does not harbor the canonical vanHAX genes. Consequently, we investigated the role of the β-lactam-sensitive D,D-peptidase/D,D-carboxypeptidase encoded by vanYn, the only van-like gene found in the A40926 biosynthetic gene cluster, in conferring immunity to the antibiotic in Nonomuraea sp. ATCC 39727. Taking advantage of the tools developed recently to genetically manipulate this uncommon actinomycete, we varied vanYn gene dosage and expressed vanHatA atXat from the teicoplanin producer Actinoplanes teichomyceticus in Nonomuraea sp. ATCC 39727. Knocking out vanYn, complementing a vanYn mutant, or duplicating vanYn had no effect on growth but influenced antibiotic resistance and, in the cases of complementation and duplication, antibiotic production. Nonomuraea sp. ATCC 39727 was found to be resistant to penicillins, but its glycopeptide resistance was diminished in the presence of penicillin G, which inhibits VanYn activity. The heterologous expression of vanHatAatX at increased A40926 resistance in Nonomuraea sp. ATCC 39727 but did not increase antibiotic production, indicating that the level of antibiotic production is not directly determined by the level of resistance. The vanY n-based self-resistance in Nonomuraea sp. ATCC 39727 resembles the glycopeptide resistance mechanism described recently in mutants of Enterococcus faecium selected in vitro for high-level resistance to glycopeptides and penicillins. Copyright © 2014, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Source
Marcone G.L.,University of Insubria |
Marcone G.L.,Polytechnic of Milan |
Beltrametti F.,Actygea srl |
Binda E.,University of Insubria |
And 7 more authors.
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy | Year: 2010
In glycopeptide-resistant enterococci and staphylococci, high-level resistance is achieved by replacing the C-terminal D-alanyl-D-alanine of lipid II with D-alanyl-D-lactate, thus reducing glycopeptide affinity for cell wall targets. Reorganization of the cell wall in these organisms is directed by the vanHAX gene cluster. Similar self-resistance mechanisms have been reported for glycopeptide-producing actinomycetes. We investigated glycopeptide resistance in Nonomuraea sp. ATCC 39727, the producer of the glycopeptide A40926, which is the precursor of the semisynthetic antibiotic dalbavancin, which is currently in phase III clinical trials. The MIC of Nonomuraea sp. ATCC 39727 toward A40926 during vegetative growth was 4 μg/ml, but this increased to ca. 20 μg/ml during A40926 production. vanHAX gene clusters were not detected in Nonomuraea sp. ATCC 39727 by Southern hybridization or by PCR with degenerate primers. However, the dbv gene cluster for A40926 production contains a gene, vanY (ORF7), potentially encoding an enzyme capable of removing the terminal D-Ala residue of pentapeptide peptidoglycan precursors. Analysis of UDP-linked peptidoglycan precursors in Nonomuraea sp. ATCC 39727 revealed the predominant presence of the tetrapeptide UDP-MurNAc-L-Ala-D-Glumeso-Dap-D-Ala and only traces of the pentapeptide UDP-MurNAc-L-Ala-D-Glu-meso-Dap-D-Ala-D-Ala. This suggested a novel mechanism of glycopeptide resistance in Nonomuraea sp. ATCC 39727 that was based on the D,D-carboxypeptidase activity of vanY. Consistent with this, a vanY-null mutant of Nonomuraea sp. ATCC 39727 demonstrated a reduced level of glycopeptide resistance, without affecting A40926 productivity. Heterologous expression of vanY in a sensitive Streptomyces species, Streptomyces venezuelae, resulted in higher levels of glycopeptide resistance. Copyright © 2010, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Source
Carrano L.,Fondazione Istituto Insubrico Ricerca per la Vita |
Abbondi M.,Fondazione Istituto Insubrico Ricerca per la Vita |
Turconi P.,Fondazione Istituto Insubrico Ricerca per la Vita |
Candiani G.,Fondazione Istituto Insubrico Ricerca per la Vita |
And 2 more authors.
BioMed Research International | Year: 2015
With the increasing need of effective antibiotics against multi-drug resistant pathogens, lantibiotics are an attractive option of a new class of molecules. They are ribosomally synthetized and posttranslationally modified peptides possessing potent antimicrobial activity against aerobic and anaerobic Gram-positive pathogens, including those increasingly resistant to β-lactams and glycopeptides. Some of them (actagardine, mersacidin, planosporicin, and microbisporicin) inhibit cell wall biosynthesis in pathogens and their effect is not antagonized by vancomycin. Hereby, we apply an efficient strategy for lantibiotic screening to 240 members of a newly described genus of filamentous actinomycetes, named Actinoallomurus, that is considered a yet-poorly-exploited promising source for novel bioactive metabolites. By combining antimicrobial differential assay against Staphylococcus aureus and its L-form (also in the presence of a β-lactamase cocktail or Ac-Lys-D-alanyl-D-alanine tripeptide), with LC-UV-MS dereplication coupled with bioautography, a novel producer of the potent microbisporicin complex was rapidly identified. Under the commercial name of NAI-107, it is currently in late preclinical phase for the treatment of multi-drug resistant Gram-positive pathogens. To our knowledge, this is the first report on a lantibiotic produced by an Actinoallomurus sp. and on a microbisporicin producer not belonging to the Microbispora genus. © 2015 Lucia Carrano et al. Source


text: I got my FSH results today and it's still way too high @ 14.6 (but is down a little from 16.6). So the herbs and acupuncture are not working yet. I know Richard said to give it the full 3 months but I can't help feeling deflated... At this rate I won't have the chance to try again as I have to somehow get it under 10... Starting to think donor eggs may be my only option... Anyway will give it another month and see what happens.


text:
CableTV.com Recommends DIRECTV for your TV service
Independent consumer survey results declare DIRECTV the best TV service provider among satellite TV or cable companies in Wanblee, SD. When comparing cable companies and various television services available in your area, this data can be very useful, as it makes it easier to match your preferences and budget to the best available package.
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Customer support and dependability of service are two of the qualities that CableTV.com uses to evaluate providers and make recommendations. This ensures that you're getting the best TV provider for your needs. When you choose a cable company in Wanblee, SD based on our recommendations, you're sure to enjoy dependable coverage and professional customer service.


text:
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Marrin Costello - Hawthorn Ring
Guide price: $38
Last updated on 4th Jun 2014
Marrin Costello - Hawthorn Ring
A harmonious blend of tribal and punk. Antique gold dagger charm on an adjustable ring band. Finished with Marrin Costello tag. Handmade in Los Angeles, CA
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Personalized Sterling Silver Monogram Ring
Details Wear your initials on your finger with this sterling silver monogram ring made from hand-drawn font. Monogram jewelry is one of the hottest fashion trends going on in celebrity fashion today, you can join in with this beautiful Personalized Sterling Silver Monogrammed Ring.
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"F**k you and your French-Canadian lies. xoxox ZB." Also on Reddit: Michael Bolton. Michael Bolton, Michael Bolton, and more Zach Braff.
Want to read Reddit but don't have the time? Our daily Reddit Digest highlights the most interesting or important discussions from around the social news site—every morning.
- "Reddit," "People," "Comments," and other terms make up the list of most-used words on r/TheoryOfReddit last year. (r/TheoryOfReddit)
- Michael Bolton, musician and scourge of similarly named software engineers, hosts an AMA. (r/IAMA)
- A fitness video is posted to r/fitness by Mr. Universe himself, Arnold Schwarzenegger. (r/bestof)
- Redditors share their first memories of the Internet. (r/AskReddit)
- Introducing "scrooble," a word created—and even defined—by redditors. (r/bestof)
- When a redditor claims Zach Braff is the biggest asshole celebrity he ever met, Braff himself shows up to respond. (r/defaultgems)
- Women of Reddit discuss celebrities they find unattractive. Zach Braff keeps quiet. (r/AskWomen)
- Men of Reddit share their thoughts on love. (r/AskMen)
- How does antivirus software work? (r/AskScience)
Picture of the day: Skyscrapers are always a staple of city skylines. (r/pics)
Hottest subreddit: r/introvents (2 days)
4chan wants Taylor Swift to perform at a school for the deaf
For the second time in the last two weeks, users of the 4chan imageboard have gamed a public online vote for the lulz.
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Log in to create groups for projects or interests and save some images to them. More about groups.
Wookmark is your creative archive. Sign up Log in Learn more
favehaus – 1956 Italian mid century interior design with a suspended Bertoia diamond lounge chair.
Saved fromabrighterview.tumblr.com
karensuqqsplace, interior design, home
tigerart27great ideas
Cat WangHome/ work space
spidyrliliesinterior design


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Backyard projects, experiments and product reviews. Intended for fellow tinkers interested in low buck projects, but anybody can post/contribute to discussions.
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The Robert and Helen Cargo Collection of African-American quilts encompasses 156 quilts made by African American women primarily from Alabama. More than 32 quilt makers are represented in the collection, including folk artists Nora Ezell, Mary Lucas, Mary Maxtion, and Yvonne Wells. The quilts typically date from the late 20th century, but also include a number of significant pre-1950 works. Many were purchased directly from the makers, some of whom Dr. Cargo came to know well as he visited and photographed them at work in their homes.
Robert Cargo was a professor at the University of Alabama and owner of the Folk Art Gallery in Tuscaloosa. He began building his collection of Alabama quilts in the late 1950s after inheriting numerous quilts from his great-grandmother. He focused his efforts primarily on Alabama quilts and assembled a quilt collection that became widely regarded as one of the most important in the United States. After 1980, Cargo concentrated more on African American quilts from Alabama with a few examples from several other states of the Deep South.
Selected quilts from this collection have been exhibited at the Museum of American Folk Art in New York, The National Humanities Center in North Carolina and the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C., and are featured in a number of publications including "Quilts: A Living Tradition" by Robert Shaw. The quilts were given to the International Quilt Study Center in 2000.
View these quilts on the Collections database.