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So I'm looking at purchasing a property and we have put a verbal offer on a house.
Only thing is (this is the first time I've experienced this) the seller has asked the real estate agent to take a "lock-in" fee of $500 plus plus our offer in writing when we place our offer. Reason being that they only want serious offers, and to prevent being stuffed around by people who make an offer only to then offer even less when the seller accepts the original offer. If the seller rejects the offer, we get our $500 back, BUT if we change our mind, we don't and the agent keeps the cash.
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The family-run Hostal Julieta is a 10 minute walk from Lloret de Mar Beach. It features a rooftop terrace and 24-hour front desk. Parking is available 55 yards away for an extra charge.
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Have you ever seen a movie so bad that it's amazing? Paul Scheer, June Diane Raphael and Jason Mantzoukas want to hear about it! We'll watch it with our funniest friends, and report back to you with the results.�Looking for the archives? All episodes older than 6 months can be found exclusively on Howl.FM, ad-free. Use promo code 'Earwolf' for a 30-day free trial.
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Episode 176 of 314 episodes
Finally a kids movie that proves the age old adage that a kids best friend is a 7 foot tall scary ass looking Scottish bear that makes other kids piss their pants. Star of the hit TV show Nathan For You & Canada expert Nathan Fielder joins Paul, June...
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Real Name: vipull patel Joined: January 2014
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Maine greets gay marriage with midnight weddings
There are 40 comments on the USA Today story from Dec 29, 2012, titled Maine greets gay marriage with midnight weddings. In it, USA Today reports that:Voters approved gay marriage in November, making Maine and two other states the first to do so by popular vote The Maine Legislature had once approved same-sex marriage, but it was overturned by a statewide referendum three years ago PORTLAND, Maine - Arriving in a limo, Donna Galluzzo and Lisa Gorney had all the trappings of a traditional wedding: ... (more)
Join the discussion below, or Read more at USA Today.
#1 Dec 29, 2012
Thats a good place for them, the world is going to hell, does no one believe in the Bible?
"Never give up"
Since: Dec 12
#2 Dec 29, 2012
Personally, I don't believe marriage will dignify homosexuality. I still view it as just a widely practiced sexual fetish.
Hamilton, Canada
#4 Dec 29, 2012
If i want to read about murder, incest, rape and torture i might pick up the bible one day.
"Never give up"
Since: Dec 12
#6 Dec 29, 2012
You might also read about how God so loved mankind that He sent His only Son to save sinners...such as those who commit incest, rape, and torture.
You might also read about how Jesus did a lot of good things for the people that He came in contact with, such as curing the blind and crippled, chasing out demons, and doing a lot of other miracles. He made a lot of people happy.
#8 Dec 29, 2012
gay marriage should be out lawed in all states...PERIOD
Since: Feb 12
#10 Dec 29, 2012
You have no idea how crazy christians sound to people who dont believe.
Since: Feb 12
#11 Dec 29, 2012
If someone doesn't agree, what should they do?
#12 Dec 29, 2012
load gun and place to head
" reality, what a concept"
Since: Nov 07
this one
#13 Dec 29, 2012
That is just ever so sweet and civil of you dear. I'm going to go out on a limb here and guess that you imagine yourself to be a darn good Christian to boot, am I right?
#14 Dec 29, 2012
No just straight and hard working...YOU?
#15 Dec 30, 2012
A person can believe in God or a higher power but not believe in the Bible.
In truth I have yet to meet a single southern Christian conservative who practices what in theory Jesus said.
They just pick and choose what is to their liking and is convenient for them.
#16 Dec 30, 2012
Even those who do believe in God ,find Christian conservatives not only crazy hypocrites but dangerous.
Gandhis famous quote:I like your Christ, I do not like your Christians. Your Christians are so unlike your Christ"
Since: Mar 07
Location hidden
#17 Dec 30, 2012
You can believe that the moon is made of green cheese, and the world is flat, but that doesn't make it so.
I will never understand why your sort gets worked up when gay people choose family life and marry. Isn't that supposed to be what so many so-called Christians promote for themselves?
If YOU see the value in it, why in the world would you not be able to grasp that some gay folks see that value as well?
Since: Feb 12
#18 Dec 30, 2012
Sounds like someone isn't wearing pull-ups yet. Im sure Jesus is giving a thumbs up. You are a great example.
"Never give up"
Since: Dec 12
#20 Dec 30, 2012
'family' is the key word here. A family is suppose to mean a biological father, a biological mother, and the children they procreated together.
A gay couple getting married and then adopting kids is a commune in my opinion, it is not a family.
" reality, what a concept"
Since: Nov 07
this one
#21 Dec 30, 2012
That's sweet of you dear, but your problem with lesbian and gay families should be our problem why exactly?
"Never give up"
Since: Dec 12
#22 Dec 30, 2012
Because the acceptance of abnormalness by adults will send a message to our kids that it is normal to accept any kind of abnormalness in people, like those wanting sex changes or those who enjoy being pedophiles like Jerry Sandusky.
A line in the sand should be drawn now, or our kids will accept growing up into a culture of moral anarchy.
" reality, what a concept"
Since: Nov 07
this one
#23 Dec 30, 2012
Hon, if you really want to have a problem with my being homosexual, you go right ahead, but your choice to have a problem ain't nobody's problem but your own. You can also teach your little by-products of your heterosexuality, if you ever get that far, to be just as hateful and mindless as dear-old-dad. As for the rest of society, it's going to be moving on without you, your silly little line in the sand isn't stopping us. Your paranoid fantasies of what's next are between you and a much needed mental health professional, not us.
"Never give up"
Since: Dec 12
#24 Dec 30, 2012
If American society is transforming into one that accepts any kind of abnormal/immoral behavior, then maybe it time to give serious consideration to moving on out of here.
Also, I believe that only God can judge who has been 'hateful' and who has not been. I feel very reassured that God will approve of my stance on what I stood up for while I was on Earth.
If you are someone who believes in God, are you confident that your behavior/beliefs while here on Earth will be acceptable to Him? In other words, are you pretty sure that He won't be angry with you?
If you're sure that He won't be angry, then I guess you should go on living the life you're living dude.
"Headed toward the cliff"
Since: Nov 07
Tawas City, Michigan
#25 Dec 30, 2012
You're entitled to your opinion. If you don't like it, too bad.
The rest of us will celebrate the marriages of our same-sex friends & relatives.
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I live close to the Smoke House and have been a couple of times for dinner. The food is decent, but not great. The atmosphere does have that great old Hollywood feel and the service is good with nice servers. I've never had their brunch and thats what they are known for.
Posted: 8/11/2008 • Link to this review


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Publication Details
Title:Ground-water quality data collected from 30 wells in July, 1991, West Nikiski, Alaska
Authors:Maurer, M.A.
Publication Date:1993
Publisher:Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys
Total Price:$3.00
Ordering Info:Download below or please see our publication sales page for more information.
Keyword(s):Chemistry; Engineering; Geochemistry; Geology; Hydrology; Physical Properties; Water; Water Quality; Water Table; Well Testing
Bibliographic Reference
Maurer, M.A., 1993, Ground-water quality data collected from 30 wells in July, 1991, West Nikiski, Alaska: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Report of Investigation 93-2, 59 p. http://doi.org/10.14509/2485
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Dictionary of Water and Waste Management
2nd Revised edition
By (author) Paul G. Smith
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Dictionary of Water and Waste Management by Paul G. Smith
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Book DetailsISBN: 9780750665254
(216mm x 138mm x 26mm)
Pages: 480
Imprint: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd
Publisher: Elsevier Science & Technology
Publish Date: 17-Aug-2005
Country of Publication: United Kingdom
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With a little ingenuity, attics under the eaves can be transformed into bright, light living spaces.
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Pain in neck nd head
Swelling in left side of back (not painful) since 3 mnth. FNAC - TB, Medicine - Benadon, R-cinex 450 , MRI- Old absces of paraspinal muscle with osteomyelitis of ribs on left . extension's to left pleural space . now swelling decreases, but from 10-15 days great pain in head and neck. can't move neck , do not sleep .
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Dr. Abhishek Saha
6 yrs. of exp | Kolkata | Orthopedic Surgeon
Please consult a neurosurgeon with fresh MRI
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Originally posted on Football Nation | Last updated 7/11/13
After a sensational rookie campaign, it is not a surprise to many that Carolina quarterback Cam Newton had somewhat of a setback in 2012.Newton still played well, but he regressed in passing yards, completion percentage, passing and rushing touchdowns from 2011 to 2012. Newton also fell on ESPN analyst Ron Jaworski's quarterback ranking list from No. 15 last offseason to 18 this season."What prevented Newton from moving up in my rankings from No. 15 a year ago was his passing," said Jaws according to ESPN.com. "Not only did he struggle to read coverage, but he was far too erratic with his accuracy, too scattershot. Newton must become more precise."But unlike what the stats may suggest, Jaws believes Newton has continued to get better."He's a big-time arm talent, and he improved as the (2012) season progressed," said Jaworski.At 24-years-old, Newton has plenty of time to become a great quarterback in the NFL. Carolina is expected to run fewer plays out of the read-option this season under new offensive coordinator Mike Shula.Shula is the son of the NFL's all-time winningist head coach Don Shula, and has been in coaching since 1988. The Panthers promoted Shula from quarterbacks coach when then offensive coordinator Rob Chudzinski left to become head coach in Cleveland.Although Newton has time to mold into a great quarterback, it could be a make or break season for Panthers head coach Ron Rivera. He is entering his third season as head coach, and Carolina has been much improved during his tenure, but they still haven't had a winning season since 2008.Other Ron Jaworski Analysis Articles- Chicago Bears: Quarterback Jay Cutler Has Peaked- San Diego Chargers: QB Philip Rivers Deteriorating
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Test and Measurement: Know it All
By (author) Jon S. Wilson Stuart Ball Creed Huddleston
Format: Paperback
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Book DescriptionThe Newnes Know It All Series takes the best of what our authors have written to create hard-working desk references that will be an engineer's first port of call for key information, design techniques and rules of thumb. Guaranteed not to gather dust on a shelf! Field Application engineers need to master a wide area of topics to excel. The Test and Measurement Know It All covers every angle including Machine Vision and Inspection, Communications Testing, Compliance Testing, along with Automotive, Aerospace, and Defense testing.
Buy Test and Measurement: Know it All book by Jon S. Wilson from Australia's Online Bookstore, Boomerang Books.
Book DetailsISBN: 9781856175302
(235mm x 190mm x 51mm)
Pages: 912
Imprint: Newnes (an imprint of Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd )
Publisher: Elsevier Science & Technology
Publish Date: 4-Nov-2008
Country of Publication: United Kingdom
Books By Author Jon S. Wilson
India Conquered, Hardback (August 2016)
India Conquered traces the rise and fall of British power in South Asia through the lives of ordinary British officers and their Indian subjects.
Sensor Technology Handbook, Hardback (December 2004)» View all books by Jon S. Wilson
Without sensors most electronic applications would not exist - they provide an interface to the real world. This is a guide to be used by engineers and scientists in industry, research, and academia to help with their sensor selection and system design. It also contains information on MEMS and nanotechnology sensor applications.
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Author Biography - Jon S. Wilson
Senior Electrical Engineer who has worked for the past twenty years in the field of embedded control systems. He previously worked on Global Positioning Systems and secure communications equipment at Rockwell International, on document processing equipment at Banctec, and on medical electronics at Organon-Teknika. He has written several books and many articles for periodicals such as Circuit Cellar INK, and Modern Electronics. Ed Ramsden is an electrical engineer who has been working with Hall effect sensors since 1988. His experience ranges from designing Hall effect integrated circuits to developing novel magnetic processing techniques. He has written over a dozen technical articles on sensor-related topics, and he holds four U.S patents in the area of magnetic sensor technology. Prof Dogan Ibrahim graduated from the University of Salford with First Class Honours in Electronic Engineering. He then completed an MSc course in Automatic Control Engineering at the University of Manchester, and PhD in Digital Signal Processing at the City University in London. Prof Ibrahim worked at several companies before returning to the academic life. He is currently a lecturer at the Department of Computer Information Systems at the Near East University. Prof Ibrahim is a Fellow of the IET, and a Chartered Electrical Engineer. His interests are in the fields of microcontroller based automatic control, digital signal processing, and computer aided design.
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text: Traditional 5 star restaurant. No extravagant decoration, drinks or food choices. Straight forward high end Austrian kitchen and wine. Food was absolutely fabulous. From the kitchen greeting till the desert. Very friendly staff, nice table arrangements for enough privacy and a very city central location, just next to the Opera house. You don't have a view but that doesn't matter.... More


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The Political Economy of the Securities Act of 1933
The Securities Act of 1933 is typically described as a "full disclosure" statute, yet many of its detailed provisions forbid disclosure about pending offerings during specified periods or using specified media. These features provided governmental enforcement of retail selling restrictions that are widely used by managing underwriters but that became difficult to enforce contractually during the late 1920s. The net effect was to reduce competition among investment banks. In particular, the act protected separate wholesale and retail investment banks from competition by integrated firms. Copyright 2001 by the University of Chicago.
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Volume (Year): 30 (2001)
Issue (Month): 1 (January)
Pages: 1-31
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Waterfurnace : geothermal energy systems home heating, Choosing a residential waterfurnace comfort system is simply smarter waterfurnace manufactures and sells more geothermal systems for homes than anyone else in the.
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Jumping jacks
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It's supposed to say "So here are some facts: 1. There are about 3500 calories in one pound of fat. 2. Every two jumping jacks = 1 calorie burnt. 3. 7000 jumping jacks = 1 pound gone. 4. 10 sets of 100 jumping jacks for 1 week will burn one pound. So on top of your current diet and exercise regime, you can add on 10 sets of 100 jumping jacks. Let's try this, because a pound lighter is a pound lighter."
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Dr. Marnie Marlette MD Patient Reviews
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Overall Rating
2 Patient Reviews
- Wait Time 18.3 minutes
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Nearby Doctors
Dr. Marnie Marlette, MD is similar to these 3 Doctors near High Point, NC.
Dr. John Mitchell
Dr. Megan Johnson
Dr. Melinda Lada


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On Blogger since November 2007
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|I'm 47 years old. I have been married for almost 24 years to my husband John. I have 2 children. Brian who is 17 and Bobby who passed away at the age of 16 would be 22 this year. I'm enjoying the journey of life and choosing to trust God even when.....I'm creating a blog to post my thoughts, both from the past and ones that will be. I enjoy writing and reflecting. It is often very therapeutic for me and helps me gain perspective.


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Music has always been a part of Barry Manilow's life. By the age of seven his musical roots were firmly planted. When he decided music was what he would do for the rest of his life, he went to Julliard and the New York College of Music. Known internationally as a superstar, Barry Manilow's career spans all aspects of entertainment. He is a songwriter and recording artist, and his acting abilities have blessed television, film and stage. With over 58 million album sales worldwide, he is the number one adult contemporary artist of all time. Manilow has written hundreds of songs and performed around the world, picking up nominations for Tony Awards, Grammys, Emmys and Oscars throughout his career.
At the age of 18 Barry had written an original score for The Drunkard, which was such a success it ran for eight straight years. At the same time he was singing jingles for radio and television commercials and was half of a musical duo that had a two-year run at the Upstairs at the Downstairs club in New York. It was in 1972 that Barry met Bette Midler and began arranging and producing songs for her first Grammy-winning album and her second platinum album. In 1974, with the release of "Mandy," Barry began a string of 25 consecutive Top 40 hits that included "Even Now," "I Write The Songs" and "Weekend In New England." Within four years he had five different albums on the charts at the same time, something only Johnny Mathis and Frank Sinatra had previously accomplished.
Over the next few years Barry's music would be the centerpiece for a number of television specials, sold out concerts and tours, record-breaking ticket sales, record-breaking album sales and a handful of platinum records. Consistently, Barry has been one of the most successful touring artists in the entertainment industry. From the reopening of Paramount Theatre to his three-picture deal to compose the animated films Thumbelina, The Pebble and the Penguin, and Rapunzel, Manilow is respected for his work worldwide.
By 1996 Barry Manilow had released 29 albums. Summer of '78 featured Barry's rendition of classic love-songs that had shared the charts with hits of his own. In support of the album, he launched a world tour with a series of shows to be done at New York's Radio City Music Hall. With no advertising or promotion at all, the first three nights were sold out, and extra nights needed to be added. This was proof that word of mouth was still enough to produce overwhelming results in ticket sales for one of his shows.
With over 30 successful albums to date and the proven appeal to audiences across the globe, it is no surprise Rolling Stone calls him "a giant among entertainers" and "the showman of our generation." There is no doubt Barry Manilow is one of the greatest and most popular entertainers of the century, having mastered every facet of music and proving successful in almost every form of entertainment. He is truly a contemporary icon. Not many artists have enjoyed the amount of success he has. The opportunity to see him live in concert should not be missed.
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Tsuruchi Oguri
28,498pages onAdd New Page
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Tsuruchi Oguri was a bushi and a scout of the Mantis Clan.
External Links Edit
- Tsuruchi Oguri (The Imperial Gift 2)
|This Mantis Clan related article is a stub. That means that it has been started, but is incomplete. You can help by adding to the information here.


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How to Make Homemade Croutons
Crispy Croutons--So tasty, they are good enough to eat on their own but are perfect in salads.
Why Make Homemade Croutons?
Croutons you make in your home kitchen offer a completely different taste and texture. Best of all, you control what goes into them. Made with real butter and seasonings and fried until they are crispy and golden brown, these delicious morsels are hard to beat.
Crouton Ingredients
- 2-21/2 cups of diced white bread (preferably homemade)
- 1/2 butter
- crushed garlic
- parsley
- Dill
- Parmesan
How to Make Homemade Croutons
1. Melt butter in a saucepan.
2. Add 1-2 cloves of crushed garlic and stir with a wooden spoon.
3. Add bread cubes and stir until coated with butter.
4. Sprinkle parsley/dill over and stir.
5. Sprinkle with Parmesan.
Keep frying and turning frequently until your croutons are browned.
Or you can continue by placing croutons in a pan and cooking in a 400-degree oven for 10 minutes or until lightly browned.
Allow croutons to cool. They will become crispier as they sit.
Serve over salad. Do not toss croutons in with salad ingredients as they will become soggy.
Homemade Croutons
Crouton Making--Tips
- The best croutons are made from homemade white bread, French bread or Italian bread.
- Cut bread into 1" cubes for larger croutons.
- While croutons can be browned in a frying pan, they become crispier by cooking in the oven.
How to Make Croutons
It is well worth taking a few minutes to make homemade croutons. The flavor is unparalleled and these have a pleasing texture--not the hard small croutons that come in packages.
© 2009 Athlyn Green
More by this Author
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Why would anyone make pasta when it's as close as the nearest store? Sheer velvety texture is why. Experience a world of difference when you make your own.
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A delicious sweet topper for cakes, loaves, and donuts.
Comments 3 comments
Athlyn, your croutons look AMAZING! You did a great job on those. I bet they are buttery and delicious. I love making my own croutons, and you are absolutely right--the store bought ones don't even compare.


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Don't stress... It's free and easy to setup.
The Lake Worth Christian Defenders girls basketball team won Friday's home non-conference game against Brevard HEAT by a score of 40-27.
In Friday's non-league outing, the Lake Worth Christian Defenders (Boynton Beach, FL) basketball squad knocked off the visiting Brevard HEAT (Palm Bay, FL), by a margin of 40-27.
The Defenders (5-5) will now prepare for their outing against Glades Day (Belle Glade, FL). The Gators go into the non-league outing with a 0-8 record.
The now own a 1-3 record. They take the field next when they host Covenant Christian for a non-league outing on Thursday, January 5. Brevard HEAT will clash with a Lions squad coming off a 56-9 non-league loss to Lake Mary Prep (Lake Mary, FL). The Lions record now stands at 4-4.


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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Oct 28, 1997
|Filing date
|Dec 18, 1995
|Priority date
|Dec 23, 1994
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Viktor P. Plesski, Thor Thorvaldsson, Serguei N. Kondratiev
|Original Assignee
|Advanced Saw Products
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (15), Non-Patent Citations (1), Referenced by (67), Classifications (13), Legal Events (13)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates to Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) filters, in particular to SAW filters for mobile communications.
SAW technology has found a number of applications in the electronics and RF art. Due to the fact that SAW wavelengths are typically 105 times shorter than that of electromagnetic waves having a corresponding frequency, SAW technology has found particular applications where miniaturisation is important or desirable. One such application is the use of SAW filters in radio telephones where the typically small size and weight of SAW filters is highly advantageous over conventional technologies, such as ceramic filters, dielectric filters, and filters using magnetostatic waves. Generally, it is a requirement of such SAW filters that they have low-loss, typically insertion losses of 1˜5 dB for RF use, although for IF filters somewhat higher insertion loss of 5˜13 dB could be acceptable. Additionally, it is desirable that SAW filters have a good shape factor and high suppression levels in the stopband. Typically the suppression in the stop bands should be better than 30 to 40 dB. A power handling capability of up to 2 Watts is also desirable.
A typical example of a conventional SAW filter is a SAW filter in which SAW energy is transferred between two spaced apart interdigital transducers (IDTs). The IDTs comprise two sets of equally spaced metal strips (electrode fingers), which are formed on the surface of a piezoelectric substrate. The electrode fingers in each set are typically electrically coupled together by bus-bars and are interleaved (interdigitated) with the electrode fingers of the other set. This arrangement can generate SAWs in both directions transverse to each electrode finger when a high frequency electrical signal is applied between the sets of electrode fingers, and it can also generate an electrical voltage when SAWs are incident on the electrode fingers. These processes are most efficient when the frequency of the SAWs is such that the periodicity of the electrode fingers in each set is close to or the same as the SAW wavelength, or some multiple of this frequency. In the simplest form of IDT, the spacing between adjacent electrode fingers of a set of electrode fingers is one SAW wavelength, i.e. one electrode finger per period in each set of electrodes. Thus there are two electrode fingers per period taking into account both sets of electrode fingers. The conventional terms in the art for such arrangements are "two electrodes per period" or "two electrodes per wavelength". However, it is possible to have more than one finger per SAW wavelength (period).
A particular path for a surface acoustic wave comprising SAW elements such as IDTs and/or reflection gratings is known as a track, or acoustic channel.
Known SAW filters which have the aforementioned insertion losses and stop-band suppression are typically one of two types.
The first types are Coupled Resonator Filters (CRFs), shown schematically in FIG. 1A for a two port resonator structure and described in, for example, "SAW devices for consumer communication application", IEEE Trans. on UFFC, Vol.40, No. 5, pages 438-452, 1993. CRFs typically have small size but are unable to operate at high power levels and have relatively narrow passbands. CRFs also have relatively high losses which are determined by the electrode's resistivity, bulk wave generation and other factors.
The electrode resistivity is important because CRFs have a relatively low number of long electrodes in their transducers compared to impedance element type filters where there are a large number of electrodes. Since the electrode resistances are connected in parallel then the less there are the greater the total resistance compared to a device having a large number of electrodes.
The CRF two part resonator structure shown in FIG. 1A comprises two resonators 102 consisting of electrode fingers 104 coupled to respective busbars 108, 110, 112 and 114. Busbars 110 and 112 are grounded. Reflection gratings 106 are disposed at each end of the structure, and between the two transducers 102. The aperture of the transducers is W and the electrode period is p1.
The second are ladder type filters and are described in "SAW integrated modules for 800-MHz cellular radio portable telephones with new frequency allocations", IEEE Trans. on UFFC, Vol. 36, No. 5, pp. 531-539, 1989, "Design methodology and synthesis techniques for ladder-type SAW resonator coupled filters", 1993 IEEE Ultrasonic Symposium, pp. 15-24, "Development of small antenna duplexer using SAW filters for handheld phones", 1992 IEEE Ultrasonics Proc. pp. 111-114, European Patent Application 0 541 284 A1, "Impedance element SAW filters", 1994 IEEE Frequency Control Symposium Proc., pp. 374-378, "Balanced bridge SAW impedance element filters", 1994 IEEE Ultrasonics Proc., to be published, and an article entitled "Miniature SAW Antenna Duplexer for 800-MHz Portable Telephone Used in Cellular Radio Systems", IEEE MTT Vol. 36 No. 6 June 1988. An equivalent circuit for a ladder type impedance element filter is shown in FIG. 1B, where 1, 2 are resonator elements.
A known filter utilises electrically cascade-connected SAW elements of a type known as SAW resonators 120 one type of which is shown schematically in FIG. 1C. The equivalent circuit for a typical ladder structure is shown in FIG. 1D. In the actual structure described in the known filter, SAW resonators having just a large number of electrodes and no reflection gratings were used. In this scheme, the SAW resonators 120 are substantially acoustically independent of each other and are conceptually modelled and used as electrical impedance elements. Modelling and using a SAW resonator 120 as an impedance element is possible because a SAW element such as a SAW resonator 120 has an electrical impedance which is, in part, dependent on the electro-acoustic interaction of the electrode fingers 104 of the SAW resonator 120 with the mechanical vibration of the SAW. Near to the centre frequency of the SAW elements (i.e. the frequency at which the separation of adjacent fingers is λ/2) the admittance changes strongly and achieves a maximum electrical admittance and a minimum electrical admittance. Clearly, the maximum and minimum electrical admittance are not at the same frequency but near or close to the centre frequency. These are respectively the electrical resonant and anti-resonant frequencies of the SAW element. When large changes in electrical impedance are desired the electroacoustic interaction must be high. Thus, SAW elements with a large number of electrode finger pairs am used. Conventional SAW resonators 120 having reflectors 106 at both ends of a transducer 124 with a large number of electrode pairs can be used, or alternatively transducers having just a large number of finger pairs can be used. Since the SAW resonators 120 in the known filter are being utilised primarily as lumped impedances, it is convenient to term them SAW impedance elements. The term SAW impedance elements will hereinafter be used when referring to any SAW element (IDT, SAW resonator or otherwise) which is being used in at least part for its electrical impedance properties.
In the foregoing the individual SAW resonators 120 can be coupled, as shown in FIG. 1D, as cascade -connected lumped impedance elements and a capacitance C (static capacitance CST) connected in parallel between ground and a port of a SAW resonator 120,
In general, impedance element filters have wider passband and lower losses than CRFs, but the area occupied by the filter structures tends to be larger because all the elements are typically situated in different acoustic channels. This does not lend itself to miniaturisation and mitigates against the usefulness of such devices.
According to the present invention there is provided a surface acoustic wave filter, comprising a first interdigitated transducer having a first resonance frequency and a second interdigitated transducer having a second resonance frequency, an acoustic port of the first interdigitated transducer disposed confronting an acoustic port of the second interdigitated transducer, and wherein a first electric terminal of the first interdigitated transducer is electrically coupled to a first electric terminal of the second interdigitated transducer.
This has an advantage in that respective transducers of a filter can be placed close to each other such that the filter is folded, thereby reducing the area taken up by the filter. Additionally, there is the surprising and unexpected synergistic effect of acoustic integration between the first and second transducers improving the insertion loss of the filter. Particularly, respective acoustic ports may be collinear.
In a preferred embodiment, the first resonance frequency substantially corresponds to an anti-resonance frequency of the second interdigitated transducer. Thus, signals at the resonance frequency of the first transducer are coupled through the first transducer, and inhibited from being coupled through the second transducer, thereby forming a filter.
Preferably, an anti-resonance frequency of the first interdigitated transducer is at a higher frequency than the first resonance frequency and the second resonance frequency is at a lower frequency than the first resonance frequency, thereby creating a passband filter having steep skirts.
Suitably, the first resonance frequency is separated from the second resonance frequency by an amount of the order of the ΔV/V parameter of a substrate supporting the filter. This defines the bandwidth of the filter.
Typically, the first electric terminal of the first interdigitated transducer and first electric terminal of the second interdigitated transducer are electrically coupled via a common busbar, and a second electric terminal of the second interdigital transducer is coupled to ground.
The first and second electric terminal of the first interdigitated transducer respectively form an input or output of the surface acoustic wave filter, which has the advantage that the orientation of respective transducers can be changed such that input and output ports can be chosen to be at coupled electric terminals or independent electric terminals.
The first interdigitated transducer comprises electrodes having a first periodicity for forming the first resonance frequency, and the second interdigitated transducer comprises electrodes having a second periodicity for forming the second resonance frequency, which is a convenient way of determining the resonance frequency of respective transducers. Other methods of varying the resonance frequency may also be used or combined with varying the periodicity of the electrodes.
At least one of the first and second transducers may comprise reflection gratings at an end distal from another transducer. This decreases SAW losses from the ends of the transducers and thereby reduces insertion loss. The transducers may be separated by a spacer, a reflecting grating or acoustic absorber. This permits the amount of acoustic coupling to be varied or even stopped altogether.
The electrodes of the transducers and/or the grating reflectors may be made of high density metal which improves the reflectivity of the electrodes.
Individual filters may be cascaded to form composite filters, some or all of the individual filters can have the second electric terminal of the second interdigitated transducer grounded.
Filters in accordance with the present invention are not limited to utilising surface acoustic waves but may also utilise leaky surface acoustic waves, surface transverse waves, waveguide modes or any other modification of surface and quasisurface acoustic waves.
The filters can be cascaded to form a balanced input/output scheme. This has the advantage that balanced inputs and outputs can be designed, which is particularly useful with balanced mixers in communication devices.
In a composite filter at least one electrode of a transducer or a reflection grating electrically couples busbars disposed on different sides of an acoustic channel. This is a convenient way of coupling busbars together whilst maintaining a compact topographical layout.
The filter works in similar fashion to ladder filters. In the passband frequency range the voltage applied to the input is transferred almost completely to the output because at the resonance of the first transducer the impedance of the first transducer is low and therefore the input is practically coupled directly to the output. However, at this resonance frequency the second transducer has a high impedance and hardly influences the transfer of the signal to the output. A part of the acoustic energy from the first transducer passes to the second transducer reducing the loss of the filter. The filter has smaller size in both transversal (roughly 2 times smaller) and longitudinal direction, because the spacer S between the channels can be made about one SAW wavelength.
A filter in accordance with the present invention combines some features of both CRFs and IEFs. In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention both electrical and acoustical coupling of the transducers are used.
FIGS. 1A and 1B respectively show a conventional coupled resonator filter and ladder type impedance element filter;
FIG. 1C shows a conventional one port resonator;
FIG. 1D shows an equivalent circuit for the structure described in "Miniature SAW Antenna Duplexer for 800-MHz Portable Telephone Used in Cellular Radio Systems";
FIGS. 2A and 2B show first and second embodiments in accordance with the present invention;
FIGS. 2C and 2D are circuit diagrams of the embodiments shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B;
FIG. 2E shows Impedance against Frequency and Insertion loss against Frequency for a device shown in FIG. 2A and 2B;
FIG. 3 shows third and fourth embodiments of filters comprising three transducers;
FIG. 4 shows a fifth embodiment similar to the first and second embodiments of FIG. 2 but having additional reflectors at the outer ends of the transducers;
FIG. 5 shows a diagram of a filter having a reflection grating disposed between the transducers;
FIG. 6 shows a filter having two transducers separated by an acoustic absorber;
FIG. 7 shows a filter where one of the terminals of a transducer is coupled in series with an inductance;
FIG. 8 shows a schematic diagram of cascaded filters;
FIG. 9A is a schematic diagram showing an embodiment of a balanced network;
FIG. 9B shows a second embodiment of a balanced network;
FIG. 10A and 10B show three and four section filters having common busbars for electrically coupling transducers with neighbouring sections;
FIG. 10C shows a cascade filter comprising filters as shown in FIG. 2;
FIG. 11A and 11B show yet a further embodiment in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 12 shows a two-section filter having a matching circuit between respective sections;
FIGS. 13A and 13B show frequency characteristics of the first embodiment in accordance with the invention shown in FIG. 2A; and
FIG. 14A and 14B frequency characteristics of a filter comprising four sections substantially identical to those used to achieve the results of FIG. 13.
Embodiments of the invention will now be described, by way of example only, and with reference to the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 2A shows an embodiment in accordance with the invention comprising two interdigital transducers 202 and 204 situated in the same acoustic channel 206 and interacting acoustically. The apertures of the transducers can be made equal, but not necessarily. The transducers are connected electrically by busbar 208. The first transducer 202 is connected to the first and second terminal of the filter, t1 and t2, the second transducer 204 is connected to the second terminal of the filter t2 and to the third terminal t3, which can be grounded. The first and second transducers 202, 204 have different respective resonance frequencies, fR,s and fR,P, which can be achieved for example by using different periods, p1 and p2, of the electrode structures. FIG. 2B shows the same filter but with the input and output interchanged.
FIGS. 2C and 2D show the schematic circuit diagram for the filters shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B.
When a source of radio frequency signals is connected to the input of the filter shown in FIG. 2 and a load is connected to the output, surface acoustic waves (SAW) are generated in both transducers 202 and 204. As shown in FIG. 2E, at the resonance frequency fR,s the admittance/impedance of the first transducer 202 is high/low, so that only small part of the voltage applied to the input appears across the terminals of this transducer. The main part of the input voltage is transferred to the load and to the second transducer 204 connected in parallel to the load. The second transducer has an anti-resonance faR,p at the resonance frequency fR,s, such that faR,p ≈fR,s. Thus, the current flow through transducer 204 is very small and the current from the input is substantially wholly coupled into the load. Thus, the main part of the energy of the input signal is transferred to the load, which means low insertion loss in the passband corresponding to the resonance frequency fRs. At higher frequencies the anti-resonance of the first transducer faRs 202 occurs and substantially no current passes through the first transducer 202. This creates a notch which limits the right hand side or upper frequency of the passband. The resonance frequency fR,p of the second transducer 204 occurs at a frequency lower than fR,s and creates a left hand side or lower frequency notch on the filter characteristic. In this way passband characteristics are created. In the stopband the input voltage is shared between the static capacitances of the transducers 202, 204 and the output signal is damped to a level determined by the ratio of the static capacitances.
Typically, transducers, particularly in ladder type filters, are situated in different (in most cases parallel) acoustic channels which makes the physical size of the filter large. In accordance with the present invention at least two transducers are placed in the same acoustic channel. This decreases the width of the filter by approximately 2 times. The length of the filter is also decreased due to the placement of two transducers close to one another. In the particular case shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B there is a very small spacing(s) of the order of 1 acoustic wavelength between respective transducers and the electrode structure of one transducer can be continuously prolonged by another.
FIGS. 13A, 13B illustrate the performance of a filter as shown in FIG. 2A with and without acoustic interaction between the transducers 202, 204. The filters had a substrate of 64- LiNbO3, with each transducer having 300 electrodes, period p1=2.4 μm, p2=2.52 μm and an aperture of about 10 wavelengths. A filter characteristic for no acoustic interaction is shown by line 1401, and with acoustic interaction by line 1402. From FIG. 13B, which is a detail of FIG. 14B, it can be seen that acoustic interaction has little effect on the performances in the stopband and slightly improves the insertion loss.
FIGS. 14A, 14B shows the characteristics of a filter including 4 cascaded sections of the same type as discussed above. A filter characteristic for no acoustic interaction is shown by line 1501, and with acoustic interaction by line 1502. The same behaviour is observed, that is the performances are identical in the stopband and are slightly better in the passband (0.2 dB improvement), compared with no acoustic interaction as shown in FIG. 14B which is a detail of FIG. 14A. As before, the dotted line shows the response with acoustic interaction, and the solid line without acoustic interaction.
More complicated structures than those shown in FIG. 2 can be derived, including reflecting gratings, more than two transducers, and larger spacers to improve flexibility of the design of the filter. FIGS. 3 to 6 illustrate some possible designs, but more other possibilities are evident for the persons skilled in the art.
FIG. 3A shows a first transducer 202, disposed substantially symmetrically between two second transducers 204. The electrical output terminals of the second transducers are grounded. In FIG. 3B, an embodiment which is the converse of FIG. 3A is shown. FIG. 4 shows an embodiment of a filter in which reflection gratings 210 are placed at the outer ends of transducers 202 and 204. The reflection gratings inhibit SAW losses of SAW energy from the ends of transducers 202 and 204, and this the insertion loss of the filter is decreased. In FIG. 5, the central reflection grating 210 acts to inhibit acoustic coupling between the two transducers 202 and 204. The amount by which the acoustic coupling is inhibited can be varied by increasing or decreasing the reflectivity of the grating, e.g. increasing or decreasing the number of electrodes or the reflectivity of individual electrodes of the grating. Thus, the amount of acoustic coupling can be controlled. In FIG. 6, acoustic absorber 214 is placed between two adjacent and collinear transducers 204 and 212 to substantially acoustically isolate them from each other.
Typically, SAW filters are connected by wires to the pins of the packages in which they are usually placed and some inductances are introduced in series with the terminals of the filter depending on the length of the bonding wires. These inductances can be helpful as far as the insertion loss and the increase of the passband of the filter are concerned since the serve to assist matching of the filter and a favourable change of the impedance of the impedance elements. FIG. 7 schematically shows the case where the inductance 216 is connected in series with at least one of the terminals of the filter. If the value of the bond wire inductance is not sufficient it can be replaced by a lumped inductance or by an inductance placed on the substrate or on the package. A combination of such inductances can also be used.
As has already been mentioned, to achieve acceptable stopband levels of suppression individual filters can be connected in different ways. One way is simply cascading them together with one of the terminals used as a common ground, as schematically shown in FIG. 8. The frequency response of this case of 4 filters cascaded together is illustrated in FIG. 14.
The filters can be cascaded in a different way as illustrated in FIG. 9, such that a network for a balanced input/output is created. Such sections can be also cascaded to get desired characteristics.
Cascading of filters shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B can be done using common busbars between the respective transducers 202, 204. An example of such layout for 3- and 4-section filters is shown schematically in FIG. 10A and 10B. FIG. 10B shows the case where the input and output are disposed asymmetrically to increase the distance between them and to decrease direct electromagnetic feedthrough. FIG. 10C shows simple cascaded filters of the type shown in FIG. 2A.
FIG. 11 shows another embodiment having a compact layout for cascading two filter sections where the electrodes 207 of the transducer 204 are used for the electrical connection of the busbars situated on different sides of the acoustic channel 206. Optionally, a plurality of electrodes or electrodes of reflection gratings can be used to electrically connect busbars on opposite sides of the acoustic channel.
FIG. 11B is an equivalent lumped element circuit corresponding to the embodiment shown in FIG. 11A.
In most cases the filter needs no matching. However, in some cases matching can be used to increase the passband of the filter and/or reduce loss. The passband of the filter is substantially determined by the ΔV/V parameter of the substrate and is limited, especially for weak piezoelectric material like quartz. The introduction of series or parallel inductances (or generally speaking matching circuits) between the cascaded sections and/or input/output of the filter can be useful in such cases to increase the bandwidth of the passband of the filter. Such an embodiment is shown in FIG. 12.
In view of the foregoing description it will be evident to a person skilled in the art that various modifications may be made within the scope of the invention. For example, the acoustic ports do not have to be in line but may be offset.
The scope of the present disclosure includes any novel feature or combination of features disclosed therein either explicitly or implicitly or any generalisation thereof irrespective of whether or not it relates to the claimed invention or mitigates any or all of the problems addressed by the present invention. The applicant hereby gives notice that new claims may be formulated to such features during prosecution of this application or any such further application derived therefrom.
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|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Oct 27, 1997
Owner name: MICRONAS SEMI-CONDUCTOR SA, SWITZERLAND
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Hierarchy is a form of organisation of complex systems that rely on or produce a strong differentiation in capacity (power and size) between the parts of the system. It is frequently observed within the natural living world as well as in social institutions. According to the authors, hierarchy results from random processes, follows an intentional... more...


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Just Sold Risking 50 Pips| USDCAD
FX:USDCAD U.S. Dollar/Canadian Dollar
5 months ago
It has reached a powerful resistance and I risked 50 pips for over 200 pips. The "w" also suggests sell setup
5 months ago
Comment: As expected, it is going down
Trade your own view and with care
Thanks for your support
Thanks for your support
Related Ideas
Possible future view of GBPUSD
habibzafari14 about GBPUSD 5 months ago
Looking for sell opportunities
habibzafari14 about EURUSD 5 months ago
Good Luck, this is a stubborn pair to trade with oil prices fluctuating. Hope it works out. Looks like a good entry.
habibzafari14 Omega_Star
Hope it works out.


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Hulk Hogan will be touching down in London as part of the WrestleMania Revenge Tour, WWE has confirmed.
However, WWE failed to confirm whether we'd be seeing any leg drops or big boots when the Hall of Famer appears on the Smackdown taping at the O2 Arena on 20 May.
Hogan's last few appearances in the UK have been with TNA, with a rare WWE appearance in Great Britain coming on the back of hosting WrestleMania 30.
The news was met with excitement by some of WWE's British stars, including Wade Barrett and new WWE Divas Champion, Paige.
Whatcha gonna do brother, when Hulkamania runs wild in the UK @HulkHogan just confirmed to appear at WWE SmackDown Live at the O2 on May 20!WWE UK (@WWEUK) April 10, 2014
Brits: The Immortal @HulkHogan has just been announced for @WWE #SmackDown live at the O2 arena in London on May 20th. Whatcha gonna do?!Bad News Barrett (@WadeBarrett) April 10, 2014
So @HulkHogan is gonna be hitting the UK during the May tour on smackdown!!? That's cool brother!!!! #WWEDivas Champion (@RealPaigeWWE) April 10, 2014
Earlier this week, Paige expressed her desire to appear in the upcoming UK tour in an interview with The Independent, claiming it would be a career highlight.
"It's a goal to get on the tour because it's not guaranteed, but fingers crossed that I get on there," she said. "If I do it'll be the best experience in my life."
Whether or not the 'Anti-Diva' joins Hogan on the tour, we're sure there will be enough action to keep the British WWE fans happy.Reuse content