text: Still, you'll hear voices that incessantly warn of government as nothing more than some separate, sinister entity that's the root of all our problems, even as they do their best to gum up the works; or that tyranny always lurks just around the corner. You should reject these voices. ~Barack Obama Benghazi scandal, IRS scandal, AP scandal, gun control


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Hotels in Andechs
Hotel reservation
Hotel rooms in Andechs
There are not so many hotel rooms in Andechs, just 3, still everyone can find an offer to suit his choice. The most common offers in this city are 3 и 4 stars, they count 1 out of 3, and their prevalent location is central district. According to our practice, it is the most profitable to book a hotel in the west of Andechs, as it is the location of the hotels with optimal cost and quality offers along with the cheap hotels. Taking into account the small size of the city, there is no need to dwell hotel reservation on the location: the road to the city center would take less then half an hour, so one can book a hotel in any district of Andechs. The most populated with hotels district of Andechs is the south, 33% of cheap hotel rooms are concentrated here. However, even those who want to live in the center can choose from 1 variants of hotel rooms. Andechs is an ideal place for couple and solo, such travellers rate hotels there 8.8 out of 10 on average. Apart from all these, hotels in Andechs offer their customers parking, restaurant/cafe, laundry service and pets allowed. The most appreciated amenities in Andechs hotels are value and breakfast. According to the visitors reviews, hotels in Andechs has best value for money, fantastic service and delicious food. Take a look at our selection of the cheap hotel rooms in Andechs to make a well-informed choice for your reservation!
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Hotels in Andechs are spread around the city within the distance of 4.5 kilometers, while 1 hotels are located directly in the city center. Those who are keen on antique should definitely fall in love with
Der Obere Wirt zum Queri
, the oldest hotel of Andechs, constructed in 1998. This hotel is located 4.5 km away from the city center. The most popular accommodations in Andechs is
Der Obere Wirt zum Queri
, 3 stars hotel located in a 4.5 kilometers from the city center.
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My boyfriend got tickets for us to see the matinee of A Christmas Carol at Ford's Theatre this Sunday. I'm very excited about the performance, and we are looking for a nice place in the Ford's Theatre area to eat beforehand. We both want a place with delicious and interesting food (open to absolutely anything), and I'd like a nice atmosphere too. No real budget issues, mostly because I am assuming (correctly?) that lunch prices should be reasonable even at the "fancy" restaurants we usually never go to. What are the best places in the area? Can anyone help me out?!
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You will not drive the HD650's sufficiently with simply a headphone output from a laptop or a desktop. And I would not use any sort of sound blaster card to drive them. No. Simply not good enough. That's why they sound "just ok". They are high impedance headphones that require a decent amp to drive them, and a decent DAC to drive the amp.
First off, what is your budget? You don't want to go cheap with those cans. I guess you could if you must, but honestly, you won't do justice to them with something like the Bravo.
If you are on a budget, the bare minimum I would go with is a Schiit Modi DAC, and the Schiit Vali amp. Yes, you could go with the Bravo (and I'd use a v2), and replace the stock Bravo V2 tube with something better from eBay ... but every report I've read in the Vali thread indicates the Schiit Vali is superior to the Bravo (any version). You'll spend somewhere around $220 bucks, but that's the very least I would do for those cans.
However, if I were going to recommend something really appropriate for the quality of the HD650's, I would go with the Schiit Bifrost Uber, and a Bottlehead Crack amp. If you don't want to put the amp together, then go with a Schitt Valhalla amp instead. Either of those setups will yield results more appropriate for those headphones. You will spend around $800 for that setup, but it's far more appropriate to really put them to good use.
(I am assuming of course, that you're wanting a tube amp of some sort.)
Edited by UmustBKidn - 2/9/14 at 4:15am


text:
During locomotion, an observer sees a large and complex pattern of visual motion called optic flow. This phenomenon is characterized by elements in the environment accelerating and expanding as they move peripherally. In cats, previous studies have indicated that the posteromedial part of the lateral suprasylvian (PMLS) cortex may be involved in the processing of optic flow fields. We further addressed this issue by studying the importance of specific parameters of the optic flow patterns and investigating whether cell responses to these stimuli depend on receptive field (RF) location in the visual field. Results can be summarized as follows: approximately two-thirds of PMLS cells responded to optic flow fields and a subset of these (84/153) showed a clear direction selectivity for motion along the frontal axis. Of these units, the majority responded preferentially to expansion rather than contraction of the pattern. Cells' responses depend on RF location in the visual field. For centrally located RFs, tested both when the origin of motion was within the RF or at the area centralis, responses were generally comparable whether or not size or speed gradients were removed from the optic flow pattern. A different tendency was observed for peripherally located RFs. In general, these cells exhibited a preferred direction almost exclusively when the origin of motion was placed at the area centralis, and neuronal discharges and direction selectivity for many of them were reduced when the optic flow cues were removed from the pattern. The results of this study suggest that there may be functional differences in response properties between PMLS cells located in the central and peripheral parts of the visual field that may reflect a specialization of the PMLS cortex in optic flow processing.
During locomotion in a structured environment, an observer sees a large and complex pattern of visual elements in motion. This perceptual phenomenon is commonly referred to as an optic flow field, and is usually characterized by cues such as the radial expanding motion of elements in the external world that are accelerating and increasing in size as the scene moves on the retina. It was first described by Gibson (Gibson, 1950), who emphasized its importance for the control of heading in self-motion and visual navigation.
Recently, several studies have addressed the neural basis of optic flow processing. In primates, neurons selective to the direction of optic flow stimuli have been found in the dorsal division of the medial superior temporal area (MSTd) (Saito et al., 1986; Tanaka et al., 1989; Tanaka and Saito, 1989; Duffy and Wurtz, 1991a,b; Orban et al., 1992; Lagae et al., 1994) and at a higher level, in area 7a and in the anterior division of the superior temporal polysensory cortex (Siegel and Read, 1997; Anderson and Siegel, 1999). In cats, neurophysiological and behavioral studies have indicated that an extrastriate cortical area, the posteromedial part of the lateral suprasylvian (PMLS) cortex, is likely to play a role in visual analysis during locomotion (Spear et al., 1983; Morrone et al., 1986; Rauschecker et al., 1987; Krüger et al., 1993; Sherk et al., 1995) [but see Li et al. (Li et al., 2000)]. This assumption was first based on the fact that there is a centrifugal organization of the preferred direction of PMLS receptive fields (RFs) (Hamada, 1987; Rauschecker et al., 1987) and that neurons in this area respond to three-dimensional displays (Toyama and Kozasa, 1982; Toyama et al., 1985; Akase et al., 1998).
Recently, Sherk and her collaborators specifically studied the responses of lateral suprasylvian (LS) neurons to optic flow displays (Kim et al., 1997; Mulligan et al., 1997; Sherk et al., 1997). These authors found that approximately two-thirds of LS cells responded preferentially to movies simulating locomotion through a plain covered with small balls, in comparison to displays composed of similar elements but containing motion only in a frontoparallel plane (Kim et al., 1997). While all these studies provided important data regarding the involvement of PMLS in optic flow processing, they did not address fundamental issues such as the impact of stimulus spatial location within the visual field given that the properties of the optic flow fields vary with eccentricity.
To further investigate the possible involvement of PMLS cortex in optic flow processing, we have studied RF sensitivity in the anterior and posterior parts of the PMLS to large stimuli covering most of the animal's visual field, thereby more appropriately simulating natural conditions. These two PMLS regions can be functionally distinguished on the basis of visuotopic representation and the spatial extent of the cells' RF (Palmer et al., 1978; Sherk and Mulligan, 1993). We investigated the effect of varying specific parameters of optic flow displays, such as perceived velocity and size gradients of the constituting elements on PMLS cell responses. We also determined whether the coding of these characteristics depends on the eccentricity of the cell's RF within the visual field. Preliminary results have been published elsewhere in abstract form (Brosseau-Lachaine et al., 1998, 1999).
Materials and Methods
Animal Preparation
Twenty-five normal adult cats (2.5–3.5 kg) were used for this study. All animals were treated in accordance with the guidelines of the Canadian Council on Animal Care. The animals were premedicated with atropine (0.04 mg/kg) and acepromazine (0.5 mg/kg). General anesthesia was induced by inhalation of halothane (initially 5%, then reduced to 2%) in a mixture of N2O and O2 (50:50%). The heart rate and the O2 blood saturation were constantly monitored with an oxymeter (Nonin). Surgical wounds and pressure points were infused with lidocaine hydrochloride (2%). The right cephalic vein was cannulated and a tracheotomy was performed.
The cat was then placed in a stereotaxic frame (D. Kopf) and was artificially ventilated (N2O/O2: 70/30% and halothane 0.5–1%). Throughout the experiment, the animal was infused with a solution of 5% dextrose in lactated Ringer's solution containing gallamine triethiodide (10 mg/kg per h) to suppress muscular movements. The end-tidal CO2 partial pressure was monitored (Normocap 200, Datex) and was maintained at 30–34 mmHg by adjusting the rate and the stroke volume of the respiratory pump (Harvard). The cat's rectal temperature was kept constant around 37.5°C with a feedback controlled heating pad. ECG and EEG readings were continuously monitored to assure proper anesthesia. Antibiotic (trimethoprim and sulfadiazine 15 mg/kg b.i.d., s.c.) was given on a daily basis. The eyes were protected using contact lenses of appropriate refractive power. Pupils were dilated with atropine sulfate (1%) and nictitating membranes were retracted with phenylephrine hydrochloride (2.5%). The optic discs were displayed by tapetal reflection (Pettigrew et al., 1979) and plotted on a paper sheet covering a tangent screen placed at 57 cm in front of the animal. The position of the area centralis of each eye was calculated and plotted (Bishop et al., 1962). Craniotomies were performed over the posterior part of the suprasylvian sulcus on both hemispheres, at Horsley–Clarke coordinates AP 7 to –2, and L 11–16.
Single Unit Recording
Extracellular recording were made with varnished tungsten micro-electrodes (2–5 MΩ; A-M Systems) angled in a coronal plane ~40° with respect to vertical, and lowered down the medial bank of the suprasylvian sulcus. The exposed cortex was covered with warm agar over which wax was melted to create a sealed chamber. Neuronal activity was amplified, displayed on an oscilloscope, and played through an audio monitor. A window discriminator (WPI) was used to isolate single units from the overall signal and action potentials were constantly monitored using the software Axoscope (Axon Instruments). Digital signals were fed to an acquisition program (spike 2 v3.x, CED, Cambridge, UK) via an analogue digital interface (CED 1401 plus). The responses for each stimulus condition were recorded as peristimulus time histograms of 10 ms binwidth.
Visual Stimulation
Manually controlled stimuli projected onto the tangent screen were used to map and characterize basic RF properties such as direction selectivity and ocular dominance. Each unit was then quantitatively tested. The stimuli were generated with a Macintosh G3 computer (Pixx software v1.5x, SMR) interfaced with the acquisition system, and were rear-projected by a LCD projector (InFocus Systems) onto the translucent screen subtending 94 × 70° of visual angle (mean luminance 25 cd/m²). The image had a resolution of 6.8 pixels/degree and the refresh rate was 67 Hz. The screen (Da-Lite) was made of a precise optical coating applied to an acrylic substrate (Da-Plex) allowing for a display of high optical quality and uniform light diffusion. For all cells except those showing strong inhibitory surrounds, full-screen stimuli were displayed. The stimulus was otherwise restricted to the RF boundaries. Each stimulus presentation, including a blank screen (spontaneous activity) lasted 4 s and was repeated five times or more. Presentations were pseudo-random and in most cases only the dominant eye was stimulated. Control recordings indicated that responses to optic flow fields were similar whether the pattern was presented monocularly or binocularly (t-test, P > 0.05). In addition, for binocular cells, casual observation did not reveal any differences in optic flow properties between the two eyes.
Conventional Stimuli
Sinusoidal gratings (60% contrast) drifting in the frontoparallel plane were first used to evaluate the general properties of the units, such as optimal orientation and preferred spatial and temporal frequencies. Directional selectivity was determined by varying the grating's direction of motion over 360° in 12 steps of 30°. Direction selectivity was also tested using random dot kinematograms drifting in a frontoparallel plane. The cell's direction selectivity was quantified by a direction index (DI) as follows:
An index value of >0.5 indicates that the cell was selective for the direction of stimulus motion (Minville and Casanova, 1998). A value of >1 means that the firing rate for the non-preferred direction was below the spontaneous activity level.
We quantified the axial direction preferences (Rauschecker et al., 1987) for each cell by computing the difference between the cell's preferred direction (as determined by gratings), and the polar angle of the RF center (defined as the angle of the RF center in polar visual field coordinates). A difference of 0° would indicate a preferred direction equal to the polar angle, suggesting a centrifugal preference (i.e. away from the center of gaze). A 180° difference between the polar angle and the preferred direction would correspond to a preference towards the center of gaze (centripetal motion).
Optic Flow Stimuli
We used a variety of stimuli to characterize the cells' sensitivity to optic flow (see Fig. 1). In the first part of the study, expanding (outward radial motion) or contracting (inward radial motion) circular sinusoidal gratings were presented. Also, radial sinusoidal gratings, rotating clockwise or counterclockwise were used. For these two stimuli, responses as a function of spatial and temporal frequencies were studied. The cell's direction selectivity (e.g. expansion versus contraction) was determined and quantified as previously described using the DI.
We subsequently presented more complex stimuli consisting of white elements distributed on a dark background with radial trajectories (outward, expansion or inward, contraction) from the origin of motion. These stimuli simulated the experience of a cat traveling down a 0.57 m diameter straight tunnel with elements along the walls, at a speed varying in most cases between 1 and 6 m/s. This range corresponds to the observed speeds of trotting and galloping cats (Goslow et al., 1973; Halbertsma, 1983; Smith et al., 1993). The origin of motion represented the aperture at the end of the tunnel, which was ~2° in diameter (Fig. 1A). In this simulated environment the comprising elements represent rectangles elongated in the dimension parallel to the tunnel's axis with a fixed physical width and length of 2 and 28.5 cm, respectively. The rectangles thus increased in size as they moved towards the periphery of the display (closer to the observer, see Fig. 1A). They subtended 0.2 × 0.2° at the origin of motion, and reached 1.3 (Width) × 4.4° (Length) at 20° eccentricity, and 3.8 × 22.7° (W × L) at 50° of eccentricity (defined at the center of the rectangles). Elements had a projection profile where their size and speed increased with the square of the distance. Element velocity (s, in degree/s) at a given eccentricity was computed from the formula:
In order to evaluate the contribution of changes in element size to optic flow analysis, dots of fixed size whose movement followed the same projection profile as defined above (see inset in Fig. 8) were presented for a number of PMLS neurons. These dots had a constant size diameter that was generally set between 1 and 6° of visual angle. For a second subset of cells, we investigated the effect of removing the speed gradient on the cells' responses, so the elements moved at a constant speed. The effect of varying the spatial extent of the stimulus was investigated by comparing full field pattern responses to those when the stimulus was confined to the RF. Finally, the origin of motion was located either at the area centralis or within the center of the RF. In this study, the stimuli were always presented at 100% coherence as pre-testing with patterns of lower coherence did not elicit robust responses.
Statistical Analysis
Response properties computed from gratings and optic flow patterns were compared using paired Student's t-tests (significance level of 0.05) and the relationship between groups was assessed using the Pearson product-moment linear correlation. Uniformity of cell distribution within each response property was tested with a chi-square (χ2) test.
Histological Analysis and Localization of Recording Sites
Electrolytic lesions were made along recording tracks (5 μA for 4 s). The animal was killed with an intravenous overdose of pentobarbital sodium (Euthanyl: 0.96 mg/kg) and the brain was fixed in a solution of buffered formalin (10%). The cortex was cut in 60–70 μm thick sections in a coronal plane with a Vibroslice and these were stained with Cresyl Violet. The lesions were located under binocular viewing, electrode tracks were reconstructed with an image analysis system (MCID), and the laminar position of the recorded cells was established. All cells were located in the PMLS cortex as defined by Palmer et al. (Palmer et al., 1978).
General Observations
A total of 240 cells were recorded in the PMLS cortex. Of these, 153 units were quantitatively tested for the purpose of this study. The remaining cells were either poorly visually responsive, exhibited a high level of response variability, or were lost before the completion of the tests. The general properties of the analyzed units were typical of those reported previously in this area (Spear and Baumann, 1975; Camarda and Rizzolatti, 1976; Morrone et al., 1986; Blakemore and Zumbroich, 1987; Gizzi et al., 1990a,b; Dreher et al., 1996; Minville and Casanova, 1998). For instance, the vast majority (83%) of units were direction selective to the frontoparallel motion of a sine-wave grating [mean DI of 0.85 ± 0.03 (SE)]. The mean optimal spatial frequency was 0.18 ± 0.01 cycles (c)/degree and the majority (68%) had a band-pass tuning profile (mean of 1.95 ± 0.06 octaves), with the remaining 32% exhibiting low-pass tuning functions. Most units had RFs located in the contralateral visual field within –6 to +80° in azimuth and –40 to +15° in elevation with respect to the area centralis. Ninety-five RFs were located in the binocular part of the visual field (up to ~40° of eccentricity) and 58 in the monocular part (from ~40 to 90°) [see Orban (Orban, 1984)].
Responses to Optic Flow Stimuli
Overall, the majority of PMLS cells (105/153; 68.6%) were sensitive to optic flow stimuli used in the present study. For the remaining units (48/153), we were unable to elicit any reliable responses with the available stimuli. No significant differences were observed between these two cell groups with respect to their basic properties [e.g. RF size and location, optimal spatial and temporal frequencies and corresponding bandwidth (t-test, P > 0.05)]. For most optic flow sensitive neurons, the maximal discharge rate was generally higher for sine-wave gratings than for optic flow stimuli. Furthermore, neurons sensitive to optic flow displays were often found in clusters.
Figure 1 shows the selectivity of all PMLS cells as a function of the three stimuli presented. The overall data were pooled in that no distinction was made regarding the location of the RF or the origin of the stimulus motion. Figure 1A shows the distribution of response profiles to expanding and contracting fields of dots. Ninety-two neurons out of 142 (64.8%) responded to stimulus motion and most of them (73/92, 79%) responded preferentially to a given direction of motion that corresponded, in almost all cases, to the expansion of the stimulus. Comparable results were obtained when the units were classified on the basis of their responses to circular gratings (Fig. 1B). The smaller proportion of direction selective cells (16/78, 21%) for this stimulus as compared with that with the dot pattern (Fig. 1A) may have occurred because the origin of motion of the circular grating was always within the RF (see below). Finally, a subset of 58 PMLS cells was also tested for their sensitivity to radial grating patterns (Fig. 1C). A small proportion of neurons (14/58, 24%) responded to this stimulus and very few cells were direction selective to either counter or clockwise directions of motion (six units). None of these units were direction selective for expanding or contracting stimuli.
Centrally Located RFs
A total of 95 units had RFs located in the binocular zone of the visual field (between –6 and 40° in azimuth, and –23 and 10° in elevation). The vast majority of them were located between –2 and 25° in azimuth and –13 and 7° elevation. The mean ± SE RF area was 252 ± 24.8 degree2. There was no relationship between the responsiveness to optic flow and RF size (t-test, P > 0.05). We will refer to this group as neurons with central RFs.
Responses to Circular Gratings
Expanding and contracting circular gratings (see Fig. 1B) were first used to simulate motion in the frontal axis. Responses were studied as a function of spatial frequency to determine whether the spatial characteristics of PMLS units computed from expanding or contracting circular gratings were similar to those derived from translating gratings. Examples of spatial frequency tuning curves are shown in Figure 2. Most cells responded to circular gratings with a band-pass tuning profile (Fig. 1A, open circles) and the remaining units were of low-pass type (Fig. 1B, open circles). As a general rule, the optimal spatial frequency and tuning profile computed from circular (unfilled symbols in Fig. 1A,B) and frontoparallel gratings (filled symbols) were comparable. Figure 1C shows the relationship between the optimal spatial frequencies for both stimuli. Most of the data points are distributed along the regression line (slope = 1) with some scatter. The mean values ± SE for circular gratings and frontoparallel gratings were not significantly different (0.18 ± 0.03 and 0.21 ± 0.03 c/degree, respectively; t-test; P > 0.1). Comparison between the spatial frequency bandwidths also showed that almost all neurons exhibited the same level of selectivity for the two stimuli (mean of 2.1 ± 0.24 and 1.85 ± 0.13 octaves for circular and frontoparallel gratings, respectively, t-test, P > 0.1).
Responses to Fields of Elements
The optic flow sensitivity of most PMLS units was further characterized using expanding and contracting fields of elements. We first investigated whether the discharges of the neurons depended on the density of the elements constituting the pattern. A representative example is shown in Fig. 3A–B. Increasing the density of the elements yielded a rapid saturation (plateau) of the cells' responses for patterns with >75 elements. This behavior was observed for more than half of the units tested (14/26). Of the remaining 12 PMLS cells, five units were band-pass tuned for element density (mean optimal element number ± SE of 150 ± 42) and seven exhibited a low-pass tuning profile (mean optimal element number of 75 ± 19, with a mean number to evoke the half-maximum response of 155 ± 20 elements).
We subsequently studied the effect of varying the relative velocity of the optic flow pattern (Fig. 3C,D) by increasing the distance each element traveled. Most units (11 of 16) responded preferentially to low velocities, generally between 5 and 50 degree/s, and increasing the relative speed yielded a decrease in discharge rate (low-pass type). Among the five other units, one was characterized by a band-pass tuning function (optimal velocity of 14.3 degree/s, computed at the lateral edge of the RF), while the responses of the remaining four neurons were not attenuated at the higher velocities used.
Influence of the Origin of Motion
The effect of shifting the origin of motion of the pattern from the RF center to the area centralis was examined for a subset of 54 PMLS cells. In that condition, a total of 30 units responded to the motion of the optic flow pattern and 25 of these were selective to either the expansion (19 cells) or the contraction (six cells) of the stimulus (Fig. 4A, unfilled bars). The remaining five neurons were classified as non-selective. Figure 4 also shows the distribution of the cells' responses when the origin of motion was within the RF (filled bars). In both conditions there is a clear preference for stimulus expansion. However, the proportion of direction-selective units was greater when the origin of motion was positioned within the area centralis, and consequently the number of non-selective and non-responsive units was decreased. It was observed that a number of cells (18 units) that could not be stimulated when the pattern motion was centered within the RF could be driven when the origin of motion was in the area centralis. Examples showing that the response profile of a given cell may vary according to the location of the origin of motion are shown in Figure 5. In Figure 5A, the cell responded in both conditions but was either considered as non-selective for expansion, when the origin of motion was in the RF and as expansion-selective when it was in the area centralis. Figure 5B illustrates the neural activity of a cell that only responds when the origin of motion was located at the area centralis. These responses could not be predicted on the basis of RF eccentricity, area, nor direction tuning width (t-test; P > 0.05). However, it is worth pointing out that in the two examples, the direction of the elements was roughly similar to the preferred direction (arrows) of the cells defined by stimuli moving in the frontoparallel plane.
Figure 6 shows the distribution of the axial direction preferences of the units that responded to the expansion of flow patterns originating from the area centralis (filled bars). Data in Figure 6A are grouped around 0 (see Materials and Methods), suggesting that these units' selectivity for stimulus expansion could be related to their axial direction preference. In support of this conclusion, the distribution of values for non-responsive cells is more uniform (Fig. 6C). The relationship between axial direction preferences and optic flow responses is less pronounced for cells that exhibited a direction selective response to the pattern when the origin of motion was within the RF (Fig. 6B). Figure 6D shows the distribution of values for cells that did not respond when the origin was in the RF.
Influence of Stimulus Size
Given that units with centrally located RFs could respond when the origin of motion was within the RF, we investigated whether optic flow responses could be evoked when the stimulus was confined to the RF for a subset of 17 cells. An example is shown in Figure 7A as bar graphs. The discharge rates and the computed DIs were comparable across both conditions. The overall data are presented in Figure 7B,C. While many cells had higher response rates for large sized displays (data points on the right side of the perfect regression line), there was still a correspondence between the response strength computed in both conditions (r = 0.66, P < 0.005) as well as for the units' direction selectivity (r = 0.83, P < 0.001; mean DI ± SE of 0.74 ± 0.09 and 0.68 ± 0.12 for full screen and RF only conditions, respectively; t-test, P = 0.35). Thus, for centrally located RFs, comparable responses were obtained whether the area beyond the RF was stimulated or not.
Influence of Size Gradient
For 26 cells, we examined the effect of removing the size gradient of the optic flow pattern on response strength and selectivity (Fig. 8). Cells in Fig. 8A,B were stimulated with elements of increasing or constant size whose origin of motion was either in the center of the RF (open symbols) or at the area centralis (filled symbols). In both cases, the cells responded preferentially to the stimulus expansion with equal strength. Figure 8C,D further shows that removing the size gradient of the elements did not affect the direction selectivity nor the robustness of the responses of practically all neurons tested. There is a close relationship between the computed values as most data points are skewed around the line of perfect regression (origin of motion within the RF: r = 0.91, P < 0.05, and r = 0.80, P < 0.05 for the response strength and DIs, respectively. Area centralis: r = 0.96, P < 0.05, and r = 0.89, P < 0.05, for response strength and DIs, respectively).
Influence of Speed Gradient
The effect of removing element acceleration in the pattern was examined for a subset of 16 units. For most cells, removing this cue had little effect on responses of direction selective cells whether the origin of motion was within or outside the RF. An example is shown in Figure 9A. The cell responded preferentially to the expansion of the 'original' pattern. In the absence of acceleration, the discharges in the preferred direction were not affected and only a small reduction of the response in the non-preferred direction was observed. Comparison of the response strength and direction selectivity for all 16 cells in both conditions reveals that overall, cells having centrally located RFs are not strongly sensitive to the acceleration component of the stimulus (Fig. 9B,C). Despite some scatter, most data points (79%) are near the perfect regression line. For cells tested when the origin of motion was in the RF, overall mean responses ± SE (17.9 spike/s ± 5.6 and 11.5 spike/s ± 3.5, with and without acceleration, respectively) and direction selectivity indices (DIs of 0.59 ± 0.15 and 0.49 ± 0.18) were not significantly different (t-test; P = 0.25 and P = 0.43). Cells tested with elements originating from the area centralis exhibited mean response values that were comparable (13.8 ± 3.1 versus 10.4 ± 3.1 spike/s, for acceleration and constant velocity conditions, respectively; t-test; P = 0.08). No differences were observed for mean direction index values (DIs of 0.72 ± 0.11 versus 0.8 ± 0.07, with and without acceleration, respectively; t-test; P = 0.63).
Peripherally Located RFs
Cells with more peripherally located RFs (beyond 40°, in the monocular zone of the visual field) were encountered in the rostral part (between AP +4 and +7) of PMLS cortex and were generally more difficult to drive than those having centrally located RFs. Consequently, only 58 cells could be quantitatively studied. RFs were located between 40 and 83° (azimuth) and –42 and 14° (elevation) but the large majority had RFs between 40 and 74° (azimuth) and –23 and 12° (elevation). The mean RF ± SE area was 755 ± 58.1 deg2. As for centrally located RFs, no relationship between the responsiveness to optic flow and RF size was noted (t-test, P > 0.05). This group will be referred to as neurons with peripheral RFs.
Responses to Optic Flow Stimuli
The overall optic flow sensitivity of PMLS cells with peripherally located RFs are presented in Figure 4B. Most of these neurons were either unresponsive or non-selective to the direction of motion when the origin of the flow pattern was within the RF (filled bars). However, a substantial number of cells responded unequivocally to the flow pattern (39 units) when the origin was moved to the area centralis (unfilled bars), and most of them exhibited a clear preference for a specific direction of motion (33 cells), corresponding in most cases to the expansion of the flow field (24 out of 33). The remaining 19 cells did not respond to optic flow stimuli.
A representative example is shown in Figure 5C. This PMLS neuron responded poorly to the expansion and contraction of a field of elements originating from the RF and did not exhibit any directional bias (left diagram). A different picture emerged when the origin of the pattern was shifted to the area centralis (right diagram). In that condition, the neuron responded vigorously to the expansion of the optic flow stimuli and strongly preferred stimulus expansion. Note that this unit had an axial direction preference of 90° (defined by translating gratings), i.e. roughly perpendicular to the centrifugal direction of the elements crossing the RF. This mismatch between the translation vector of the flow field and the translation direction selective RF was observed for seven other cells with peripheral RFs (axial direction preferences between 58 and 90°). Figure 6E illustrates the distribution of axial direction preferences for expansion-selective cells (filled bars). Overall, values are comparable to those obtained for cells with centrally located RFs (Fig. 6A). Figure 6F indicates that a proportion of cells that did not respond to the optic flow pattern also had centrifugal axial directional preferences.
As for cells with central RFs, we investigated the effect of varying the velocity of the optic flow pattern (Fig. 3E,F). Seven out of 11 units were characterized by broad band-pass tuning functions and responded to optimal velocities ranging between 140 and 500 degree/s (mean high cut-off ~1000 degree/s; Fig. 3E,F). Two other cells preferred lower speeds and their high cut-off ranged between 200 and 360 degree/s. The remaining two units responded equally to a very broad range of velocities and no attenuation of their discharges was observed for velocities up to 1000 degree/s.
Influence of Size Gradient
The influence of removing the size gradient was studied for a subset of 12 cells (10 selective for expansion, and two for contraction) with RFs located in the periphery of the visual field. For most units responding preferentially to stimulus expansion, neuronal discharges were enhanced when the elements increased in size (mean discharge rate ± SE for elements increasing in size: 13.2 ± 2 spike/s, for elements of constant size: 5.5 ± 0.9 spike/s; t-test; P = 0.003). This behavior is illustrated by the example depicted in Figure 8E. Despite the reduction of response strength when elements of constant size were presented, the preference for expansion was maintained (note that, for each cells, the size of the dots was varied to obtain a stimulus similar to that of the expanding elements constituting the original pattern). This occurred for most cells that responded preferentially for elements increasing in size. Figure 8F illustrates the relationship between response strength for the two conditions. The mean response amplitude for the two cells responding preferentially to stimulus contraction (squares) was not reduced by removing the size gradient.
Influence of Speed Gradient
The effect of eliminating the acceleration of the moving elements was investigated for 16 units (12 were selective for expansion and four for contraction). For many expansion-selective cells the absence of a speed gradient reduced the discharge rate in the preferred direction and consequently provoked a loss of direction selectivity. The strength of these changes increased with velocity, as shown in Figure 9D. In this example, the expansion-selective unit was stimulated with elements expanding from the area centralis for a range of speeds (upper bars). In the absence of acceleration (lower bars), the cell became less responsive and even failed to respond at 804 degree/s, a speed that still evoked responses when the acceleration was present. Comparison of the response amplitude in both conditions is shown in Figure 9E and reveals that expansion-selective PMLS cells tended to exhibit a higher degree of responsiveness when stimulated with accelerating elements rather than with elements moving at constant speed (mean ± SE of 11.6 ± 2 s/s and 5.4 ± 1.5 s/s, respectively; t-test, P = 0.036). Note that a subset of five cells was particularly affected by the manipulation of this stimulus's parameter. One may note that the four contraction-selective units were not strongly affected by removing the acceleration component of the stimulus as was the case when the size gradient was removed. Figure 9F illustrates the finding that direction selectivity of a subset of cells (bottom-right quadrant) was reduced and even abolished by removing the speed gradient. Overall, direction selectivity indices (DIs of 0.81 ± 0.1 and 0.25 ± 0.1 with and without acceleration, respectively) were significantly different (t-test; P < 0.001).
Laminar Position
We assessed the laminar position for 82 centrally and 36 peripherally located PMLS units to determine whether there was a relationship between the responsiveness to optic flow field and the neurons' laminar position (Fig. 10). For both cell groups, there was no significant difference between the laminar distribution of optic flow sensitive (black and gray filled bars) and unresponsive cells (unfilled bars) (χ2 = 6.3, P > 0.05 and χ2 = 2.1, P > 0.05 for centrally and peripherally located RFs, respectively). A higher proportion of peripherally located optic flow sensitive cells were found in cortical layers II–III, when compared with the laminar distribution of centrally located RFs. However, this tendency did not reach statistical significance (χ2 = 2, P > 0.05).
Our results indicate that a majority of cells in the PMLS cortex respond to optic flow patterns, and that those exhibiting a direction preference respond preferentially to stimulus expansion (a condition that mimics the displacement of the visual scene during locomotion towards a target). More importantly perhaps is that our findings suggest that there may be a functional dichotomy within PMLS cortex on the basis of the response properties of centrally and peripherally located RFs. Central RFs could be driven by optic flow fields originating from the area centralis or within the RF and were, in general, poorly sensitive to specific optic flow cues. On the other hand, the majority of cells with peripherally located RFs only responded to a specific direction of motion when the origin of the flow field was placed at the area centralis and were more sensitive to cues such as size increment and element acceleration.
These findings are in agreement with the notion that PMLS cortex would be involved in the analysis of optic flow. Other groups have indeed found a bias for the radial-outward direction in cat area LS (Kim et al., 1997) and comparable findings were described in primate area MST (Tanaka and Saito, 1989; Lagae et al., 1994). This preference for stimulus expansion is also concordant with the original observations made by Hamada (Hamada, 1987) and Rauschecker et al. (Rauschecker et al., 1987) that there is a centrifugal organization of direction preferences in the anterior region of PMLS cortex (Sherk et al., 1995). Accordingly, we found that most expansion-selective cells having centrally located RFs with preferred directions away from the area centralis. Such a relationship was also present, but to a lesser extent, for cells with peripherally located RFs. In fact, a number of these neurons had a preferred direction defined by translating gratings perpendicular to that for the elements of the optic flow pattern (see example in Fig. 5C). Therefore these cells seem to extract the direction of the flow field from mechanisms other than a simple match between the RFs flow field and preferred axial vectors. One may propose the existence of sub-units within the RF that would not be tuned for the same direction of motion or that would be more sensitive to the oriented axes that characterize grating stimuli. Additional investigations are needed to test whether the sensitivity to moving stimuli varies across the RF.
The present study also reported that few PMLS cells were sensitive to rotating gratings. Only 24% of cells responded to these stimuli, and only half of these (10% of the whole population) were selective to a given direction of motion. This result differs somewhat from that reported in primates, where up to 20% of neurons in area MST were found to be direction selective for this type of motion (Lagae et al., 1994). The fact that PMLS cells preferentially code radial rather than rotating motion might be related to the locomotion behavior of domestic cats versus that of monkeys when placed in a natural environment. Monkeys may frequently leap between tree branches (Lagae et al., 1994) and young primates may get exposed to different flow fields early in life since the mother carries them. The primate visual brain may therefore be more likely to code for the rotation of the visual field, that could arise from changes in head axis during locomotion, than that of cats.
We generally found that neuronal responses and direction selectivity to optic flow stimuli of centrally located RFs was comparable when the pattern was restricted to the RF or covered a large portion of the visual field (see Fig. 7). This result was first surprising because, according to von Grünau and Frost, PMLS neurons exhibit a double-opponent process mechanism underlying their RF structure (von Grünau and Frost, 1983). In the present study, the nature of the dot pattern was such that the RF and its surrounding area were simultaneously stimulated by elements moving in non-corresponding directions. As a consequence, the surround inhibitory mechanisms, if direction selective [as suggested previously (von Grünau and Frost, 1983); see also Merabet et al. (Merabet et al., 2000)], would not have been fully expressed, yielding comparable responses whether the optic flow display covered most of the visual field or only the RF. Moreover, the fact that neuronal discharges were not reduced in the presence of large optic flow fields extending beyond the RF is in accord with the real situation observed during locomotion, which is characterized by the expansion of the whole visual field.
Influence of Optic Flow Cues
For centrally located RFs, the removal of size and speed gradients did not strongly affect the response strength nor the direction selectivity of most PMLS cells. In agreement with our findings, Mulligan et al. (Mulligan et al., 1997) have shown that LS cells having centrally located RFs could not distinguish between a single bar moving either at a constant velocity or with acceleration. Comparable findings were reported in the macaque's area MST (Tanaka et al., 1989; Orban et al., 1995). In addition, LS cells were not sensitive to size gradients because their responses were similar whether the single bar was expanding or had a constant size (Mulligan et al., 1997). The inability of centrally located RFs to code for gradient cues may be related to their relatively small surface. The change in size or velocity occurring within the RF would be too small to be meaningful for these units. However, some of our data does not support this assumption since large RFs (up to 1120 degree2) mapped within 40° of eccentricity were not sensitive to optic flow cues.
A different tendency was observed for the peripherally located RFs. Our data indicate that the removal of gradient cues may strongly affect the response strength and to some extent the direction selectivity of many cells recorded in the anterior part of PMLS cortex. This was especially true for the acceleration component, the effect being more pronounced with increasing velocity. This observation relates well to the characteristics of radial optic flow fields normally encountered during forward locomotion, because changes in perceived velocity and element sizes are more pronounced in the periphery of the visual field. Peripherally located RFs were, on average, larger than those at the center of the visual field, and were therefore more suitable for encoding size changes in the elements. Nevertheless, these behaviorally relevant differences between neuronal responses observed at the center and periphery of the visual field might reflect specialization of the PMLS cortex in visual analysis during self-motion.
Functional Considerations
A functional dichotomy within the PMLS cortex with regards to optic flow processing was also previously suggested on the basis of differences between axial directions of cells in the anterior (centrifugal directions) and posterior (directional preferences orthogonal to optic flow directions) parts of the LS cortex (Sherk et al., 1995). We also propose that such a dichotomy exists along the antero-posterior axis, but the dichotomy is based on receptive field location.
Neurons with centrally located RFs in the posterior part of the PMLS were not strongly sensitive to optic flow cues and responded preferentially to forward motion whether the origin of motion was within the RF or at the area centralis. Given these properties, it is reasonable to propose that the function of these neurons is to indicate that locomotion is initiated and that the animal is heading toward a specific point in the environment (a 'GO' signal). The observation that cells with centrally located RFs could respond to the pattern when the origin of motion was within the RF may be of importance to keep track of the heading point when eye movements (i.e. shifts of gaze) are made and heading line is kept constant. This reference point would still be perceived by these neurons.
Cells in the anterior part of PMLS cortex with peripheral RFs would be stimulated when the animal moves forward. Our study showed that almost all these units were not selective to the direction of optic flow patterns when the origin of motion was within their RF, despite their large size. However, these neurons responded preferentially when the element motion originated from the area centralis, and most were sensitive to cues such as acceleration. While we found a relationship between axial and optic flow direction preferences for most cells, there was a clear mismatch between both directions for a number a PMLS units: so it is possible that part of the mechanisms subtending the coding of optic flow fields are more complex than those involved in the coding of a single stimulus of constant size and velocity moving in pure translation (Tanaka, 1998). One possibility may be that the selectivity of cells representing the periphery of the visual field arises from prior activation (through intrinsic intracortical connections) of the neighboring cells serially linked to the units representing the central part of the visual field. Two findings are in agreement with this last assumption. First, we showed that the responses are more robust in the presence of a speed gradient. Since velocity preference in PMLS cortex increases with eccentricity [(Rauschecker et al., 1987); see Fig. 3 of the present study], it is likely that accelerating elements would cross all receptive fields (being progressively more eccentric) at their optimal speed and would therefore evoke maximal discharges. This would not be possible for elements of constant velocity. Second, we found that response strength and direction selectivity to optic flow patterns were markedly reduced for four of eight expansion-selective cells with peripherally located RFs, when the visual field covering the region from the area centralis to the proximal boundary of the RF was progressively masked (artificial scotoma). This effect was observed despite the fact that the RF was equally stimulated with or without the scotoma (preliminary data, not shown). It is worth pointing out that a high proportion of peripherally located optic flow sensitive cells were located in layers II–III where cortico-cortical connections predominate. These data obviously are preliminary and we must be cautious in our interpretations. Nonetheless, our overall findings suggest that long-range intracortical processing between centrally and peripherally located PMLS RFs may be necessary for the coding of large and cue-rich optic flow fields.
We are grateful to A. Herbert and C. Habak for helpful comments in the preparation of this manuscript. This work was supported by CIHR (grant #MOP-13359) to C.C. and FCAR. Part of C.C.'s salary was provided by FRSQ. O.B.L. was supported in part by a fellowship from FRSQ–FCAR Santé.


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Agree, doesn't match the quality of the clothes.
What are you doing? Are you looking for advice? If so you need to get rid of that entire fit, except the shoes even though the toe area's looking raggedy.
holy fuck sipang fit
don't listen to the haters shoes are perfect
Nice Affliction tee bruh.
Still, so much fyre in the last few pages.


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This was the easiest DIY project ever. Loved it. Easy to install with caulk and painted with just one coat. Made my room look perfect. purchased from a local company. Austin Crown Molding.
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- Washington Post publisher Katharine Weymouth tells Nia-Malika Henderson the announcement of the sale was "a sad day for all of us," but that she senses hope in the newsroom. ()


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Happy 10th anniversary to this amazing charity! I love being involved with Project Night Night because I can see the immediate impact of my time, talents and dollars. Now that I've established relationships with area shelters, they call throughout the year to ask for replenishments as new kids move in. And people in my community take the time to reach out to me when they have donations or want to help out with assembly. So, I know that these packages make a difference to the kids and to the volunteers that make them happen, and that is what has kept me involved.
We just finished a big project at our town summer camp collecting blankets, books and stuffed animals, and getting over 100 packages ready for needy kids in a nearby community. The teen counselors loved the assembly and the younger kids were so proud to bring in their donations. Project Night Night is a great organization to volunteer for, donate too, and receive packages from. The shelters are so grateful for these hand-assembled bags and it feels really good to also support literacy through distributing books.
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Happy 10th anniversary to this amazing charity! I love being involved with Project Night Night because I can see the immediate impact of my time, talents and dollars. Now that I've established relationships with area shelters, they call throughout the year to ask for replenishments as new kids move in. And people in my community take the time to reach out to me when they have donations or want to help out with assembly. So, I know that these packages make a difference to the kids and to the volunteers that make them happen, and that is what has kept me involved.
I love Project Night Night. It fills an incredibly important need for kids who are in an incomprehensibly difficult situation. It is also a great opportunity to have kids help other kids as it is an easy volunteer opportunity for kids of all ages. I have been so proud to help with this organization and have loved having my kids pitch in as well.
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I am so proud to be associated with Project NIght Night. It is such a good hearted organization that provides much needed, but often overlooked, comfort and validation to kids living in difficult situations. I believe all children need and should be entitled to books, lovies and security blankets, and Project Night Night works to make sure all children can get them. Thank you, Project NIght Night, for remembering those things that are most important from the perspective of a child.
Over the past several years I have both donated to and volunteered for Project Night Night because I absolutely love this organization's mission - to provide comfort to displaced children. Having children of my own, I realize that there is nothing that soothes a child more at bedtime than to have a special blanket and/or stuffed animal with them. Project Night Night provides children in need with both of these items, as well as with a book. Having delivered "Night Night packages" to a shelter myself, I have seen first-hand how excited the children are to receive their new books, stuffed animals and blankets. Project Night Night is a wonderful charity and is really making a difference in the lives of kids in need.
Project Night Night is my favorite charity & I feel honored to be on the board. PNN actively improves the lives of shelter children everywhere with the simple comforts of a blanket and stuffie. PNN also improves children's literacy by providing an age-appropriate book. It is so rewarding to see the smiles on these kid's faces. Project Night Night has also been able to provide totes to victims of natural disasters, including recent California wildfires. This is a wonderful cause and I encourage everyone to learn more about Project Night Night and become involved...it is easy and so worthwhile.
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I love Project Night Night and am so proud to be a part of it. Their mission is so simple yet so powerful: help shelter children feel safe and secure and get a better night's rest. By collecting and donating books, blankets and stuffed animals and putting together in a a cute tote bag, PNN has helped thousands of shelter children throughout the country to sleep better and feel some extra needed comfort and love. It is so easy to donate or volunteer for this amazing charity and both children and adults can equally be involved/support the cause.
This is PNN's 10th year so what better way to say Happy 10th Birthday than to support Project Night Night!
This nonprofit organization is amazing. They help homeless children in shelters and children who lose their homes from wildfires, tornadoes, etc. It a time of great stress, isn't it nice to know that someone cares.
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I admire how this nonprofit aims to reduce stress and its negative physical and emotional bi-products by providing these time-tested comforts. It is a well run organization that makes volunteering and donating simple.
This was my 8th year to help as a volunteer with this amazing organization! I am proud to say that I delivered 1,000 totes this year to the children in the Dallas-Ft. Worth area! What I love most about PNN is that every mom, dad and child can relate to it and understand it's importance. People WANT to give and this organization created a simple formula that makes it easy to donate and make a significant difference in a child's life. Kendra & Jessica are fantastic to work with each year! I admire their commitment to serve and their passion to help. I am humbled by the generosity of others and so very thankful I am helping to make so many children have sweeter dreams.
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What I love most about Project Night Night is the simplicity. Three simple things that can make such a dramatic impact in a child's life. I am so proud to have worked with PNN for the last 7 years donating thousands of night night totes all over the Dallas/Fort Worth area. Nothing makes me happier than to see the joy this simple tote brings to so many children! Thank you Kendra and Jessica for your tireless energy in helping give so many kids sweeter dreams!
This charity is amazing. I am so grateful for a charity that can DIRECTLY impact kids. My family has supported PNN for 10 years. What I love most about it is that children can help other children. PNN has single handedly taught my children that they CAN directly impact those in need. It is simple. It is cost effective. It changes lives. Nothing warmed my heart more than seeing a young child open up the PNN bag and watching her face light up.
For over eight years now, my children have grown up participating in an annual Project Night Night drive in our Boston-area suburb. The act of giving has shaped my children's values and the beautiful simplicity of Project Night Night's model has made both the concept and act of volunteerism very accessible. The Project Night Night staff have been tirelessly supportive and helpful along the way. This is a nonprofit that positively impacts everyone, both on the giving and receiving end!
The wonderful work of Project Night Night has reached all the way to Memphis, TN, which has a large population of homeless children. Not only are the kids excited to receive a Night Night package, but the parents and shelter staff are so grateful. Project Night Night provides something that the parents aren't able to at the moment, and the staff thank our volunteers repeatedly.
The work they do is the most valuable ever. Giving some *hope* for a better future to our most innocent and vulnerable children. Please support!!!


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On Second Thought is a one-hour, daily news talk show that airs at 9 a.m. ET weekdays.
Rick Steves tours the Holy Land, including Jerusalem, Tel Aviv, Hebron, Bethlehem and Ramallah. Sunday, February 26 at 2 PM
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Thu., September 9, 2010 4:04am
NCAA Suspends UGA Star Receiver A.J. Green
Georgia receiver A.J. Green has been suspended for four games for selling a jersey to someone the NCAA says qualifies as an agent. Green sold his Independence Bowl game jersey for $1,000. The junior, who sat out the season opener against Louisiana-Lafayette, must miss three more games before eligible to play.
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Red Hat Bugzilla – Bug 413901
Link from libidn.so to libidn.so.11.4.6 missing
Last modified: 2007-12-12 04:12:17 EST
Description of problem:
I'm not really sure if this is a bug or intended to be as it is: The problem
is that when doing a complete installation of RHEL4, both libidn for 32- and
for 64-Bit get installed. The libidn-devel package instead is only installed
for 64Bit (on a 64Bit Machine) which results in the fact that a link from
libidn.so to libidn.so.11.4.6 is available in /usr/lib64 but not in /usr/lib.
Can I savely install the 32-Bit package as well? Up to now I've only seen that
there are identical files in the two libidn-devel packages but I haven't
checked if they differ.
Version-Release number of selected component (if applicable):
The biarch development environment is only supported from RHEL 5 onwards, sorry.
libidn-devel happens to be a package which isn't biarch-safe; in RHEL 4, you can
only install either libidn-devel.i386 *or* libidn-devel.x86_64, but not both


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Property Tax Fees & Charges
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When there is no response to a final collection notice, a subsearch of the property may be conducted to determined if there are other interested parties that should be contacted about the status of property taxes.
Site Visits $158
As a final attempt to bring the seriousness of overdue property taxes to the attention of a property owner, site visits are undertaken with the cost added to the property tax account. This is only if the property is not indicated as vacant land.
Tax Searches $25/year
Property owners rely upon the municipality to provide them with the details of historical property tax information, frequently requiring staff to seek records within the Records Management System. These requests frequently span a number of years requiring staff to research as much information as possible to ensure accurate information is provided.
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Posted at 6:11 AM on July 1, 2014
Victoria Justice attend her 20th birthday celebration hosted by vitaminwater and TWISTER Rave in Los Angeles. (Charley Gallay/Wireimage)
Selena Gomez Sings Revenge Songs To Justin Bieber At UNICEF Concert. (Courtesy Of Youtube, Instagram)
Justin Bieber: New Allegations He Cheated With Second Sexy Model. (Courtesy Of Twitter, Splashnews, Invision/AP Images)
Justin Bieber's New Tweet — Defending Himself Against Boob Grab? (Courtesy Of Twitter)
Selena Gomez: You've Dissed & Dismissed Justin Bieber — Now Move On. (Courtesy Of Twitter, Splashnews)
Selena Gomez Reveals Most Cleavage Ever: Shocking Justin Bieber? (Courtesy Of Muse Productions, FameFlynet)
Selena Gomez Tweets Sexy Cleavage Pic — Tempting Justin Bieber? (Courtesy Of Twitter, FameFlynet)
Selena Gomez Gives Country Star Hunter Hayes Her Phone Number? (Invision/AP Images)
Selena Gomez Is Over Justin Bieber: 'She's Doing Great,' Says BFF. (FameFlynet, SplashNews)
Justin Bieber's Sexy Date Revealed: Meet Ella-Paige Roberts-Clarke. (FameFlynet, SplashNews)
Gucci Mane Gives Rumored Fling Selena Gomez 'Shout Out' In Interview(Invision/AP Images)
Justin Bieber & Mystery Blonde Leave His Hotel Minutes Apart(Splashnews, FameFlynet)
Selena Gomez Disses Justin Bieber's Outfit: I Feel 'Embarrassed' For Him (SplashNews, FameFlynet)
(Mariano Vivacano/Elle UK)
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Buddy told me he would pay me if he could screw my wife.
My buddy said he would pay 200 dollars to fuck my wife. What he did not know .... She wanted a threesome with him for ages. So I agreed we made a great 3 some sex video and had lots of sex fun. While I also earned some beer money without those idiots knowing.
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Free Powerpoint Templates Page 1 Free Powerpoint Templates HRedp Data Services Powered By BEETLES SOFTWARE, Pune.
Free Powerpoint Templates Page 2 Half-Baked chicken leads to errorneous Most of the small scale units outsource Half-part of their Payroll Activity, which is wrong. Either you outsource complete Payroll Activity or do it in-house with an Integrated Payroll Software Half Processing increases complixity and repeatation of work which leads to erroneous output.
Free Powerpoint Templates Page 3 Take this half-boiled chicken and prepare Gajar ka Halwa for me From it…!
Free Powerpoint Templates Page 4 Use of Payroll Software is Now Must Most of Government Institutions like E.S.I.,Provident Fund, Profession Tax are going On- Line. So by using software it becomes easy to submit online data.
Free Powerpoint Templates Page 5 Outsourcing saves cost Big businesses can afford to maintain big payroll departments. For small businesses, however, an in- house payroll service is a money burner. If your business has fewer than 20 employees, there's a very good chance that you can save money by outsourcing your payroll operations. Do the math. Figure out how many hours your employees are devoting to payroll-related activities, calculate how much you're spending and compare the amount to the plans offered by several payroll-services providers. Also, be sure to factor in the money your business spends on tasks like printing and distributing checks, creating tax documents, and the like. You'll probably be surprised by the result.
Free Powerpoint Templates Page 6 Productivity Payroll management is a time-consuming activity. With this burden removed, your employees can focus on doing more productive things.
Free Powerpoint Templates Page 7 Accuracy Payroll mistakes can be painful, angering employees and more ominously the government. A good payroll-services provider is far less likely to make a serious error than your in-house staff.
Free Powerpoint Templates Page 8 Reliability In-house payroll activities function as reliably as the people doing the work. With a payroll service, output speed and quality won't vary in accordance with vacations and illnesses. You also won't have to spend time helping new hires understand your business's payroll system.
Free Powerpoint Templates Page 9 Speed Since payroll-services providers are specialists with vast technical resources at their disposal, they can process even the most complex payrolls at lightning-fast speed. Unlike most employers, they can also accommodate a temporary influx of seasonal workers without acquiring new systems that will remain dormant the rest of the year.
Free Powerpoint Templates Page 10 Insight A good payroll-services provider will know all the ins and outs of payroll-related tax laws and regulatory mandates on the federal, state and local levels. Your employees could try to achieve the same level of understanding, but it would take a considerable investment in time and effort.
Free Powerpoint Templates Page 11 Flexibility Boring, repetitive payroll work can act like an anchor on your business. Your staff, when freed of rote payroll responsibilities, will be free to focus on other, more creative work.
Free Powerpoint Templates Page 12 Reliability Do you have the time and energy to closely supervise your business's payroll for time and rate abuses and other shady activities? Most payroll services firms have technologies that can spot and alert clients to various types of payroll fraud, such as payment manipulation and "phantom workers."
Free Powerpoint Templates Page 13 Worry There's a lot to be said for the peace of mind that outsourcing payroll services can bring to a business owner or manager. No headaches, no hassles: You're left to focus on running a profitable business.
Free Powerpoint Templates Page 14 7 Signs That Your Company May Be Ready for HR Outsourcing Spiraling Costs: Rapidly rising costs in Payroll, benefit management and other key areas continue to be the primary driver for HR outsourcing. While cost reduction isn't the only reason for using an HRO efficiency, quality and speed are other motivating factors it's certainly a major consideration. Missed Deadlines: If a growing number of employees are complaining that critical documents, ranging from paychecks to W-2 forms, are arriving late, it's a sign that something is broken. There's a good chance that the delays are being caused by an HR department that's stretched beyond its capabilities. An HRO can step in and help get critical work back on schedule without the need to hire new HR employees or upgrade facilities. System Overloads: If HR tasks are beginning to overwhelm internal IT resources, its time to either invest in additional technology or turn at least some of the crippling workload over to a third party. HROs rely on their own IT systems, enabling in-house systems to focus on non-HR-related tasks. A cost/benefit analysis may show that it would be cheaper for your business to shift data-intensive and high-priority HR resources, such as employee databases and Web self-service operation, to an HRO rather than invest in new on-site technology. Increasing Mistakes: No HR department is foolproof, but snowballing goofs are another sure sign that people and systems are being stretched beyond their limits. Assigning mistake-prone work to an HRO can lower the pressure on in-house staffers. The best part is that an HRO can be held accountable for supplying a basic level of accuracy in whatever work it handles. This is especially important in situations such as payroll where legal compliance is an issue. Poor Quality Work: Mediocre or worse output over an extended period of time is a sign that an HR department is being overworked or more ominously simply isn't competent. While a business may wish to experiment with new managers and work procedures, it may be simpler to just outsource everything to a third party, either permanently or while a new HR department is being assembled. Disgruntled HR Workers: Employee griping is as common as office football pools. But when the complaining begins drowning out normal discourse, it's time to start considering remedial action. An HRO can step in during busy seasons to take on the extra time-consuming tasks that drive up HR workloads and staff discontentment. Competitors' Moves: Are many of your business' prime competitors shifting to HROs? If so, they might have spotted a need that you may not have yet detected or have been unwilling to acknowledge. Ask around and find out what benefits your rivals are gaining from outsourcing HR work. You may discover that these same issues apply to your organization.
Free Powerpoint Templates Page 15 Payroll Processing means not just preparing Paysheet, Payslips and Challans. Data-Data everywhere but seeking for information. This is what happening in most of the organization. Easily availability of required data within short time period without any follow-up is very important. Managers do expect information immediately but due to lack of genius data extracting system, person appointed for that work is also helpless.
Free Powerpoint Templates Page 16 About us HRedp Data Services is a LPO (Legal Process Outsourcing) company. Working since 1996 in Payroll Development and Processing field with very good customer track records. As our policy implies that our customer is not just a customer but a life-long business partner to work with.
Free Powerpoint Templates Page 17 Advantages of Payroll Outsourcing Dont need to purchase or install any Payroll Software No Software Maintenance charges No Data loss due to Computer Breakdown or Power Failure 100% Security Highly compatible with any latest Technology Operate from any computer with via Net No extra Investment in Hardware or Manpower
Free Powerpoint Templates Page 18 Services Governed in Payroll Processing Monthly Payment Sheet Processing based on Attendance Arrears Processing Leave Encashment, Gratuity, Bonus Calculation Reimbursement Processing Income Tax, PF, PT, ESI, LWF Calculation & Deduction Bank Transfers Employee Declarations Third Party Payment Calculation Full & Final Settlement Administration of Employee Reimbursements –Computation of CTC of employees –Information to Clients' employees regarding status of claims –Tracking LTA Online submissions
Free Powerpoint Templates Page 19 Contact Us HRedp Data Services Pimpri – #3, 3 rd Floor, Esteem Towers, Opp.KSB Pumps, Pune-Mumbai Road, Pimpri, Pune. Pirangut – Gat No. 11-4, Urawade road, At Post Pirangut Pune. Contact – Phone 020-66522965 Mobile 98 22 66 22 57 Email firstname.lastname@example.com Website email@example.com
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Our parking lot is under construction
During this construction phase, please note that parking is available in our Williamstown Road lot,
the next door medical building lot, and across the street at Youth Center.
Thanks for your patience as we wait our new expanded parking lot!
looking for a fresh parenting approach?
"Parenting is Heart Work"
Beginning at 6:30 on 2/12
during Sunday night "Alive"


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We believe that the mission of Jesus was to reconcile mankind back into a personal relationship with the God who loves them. Our purpose as a church is to continue Jesus' mission to the broken hearts and shattered lives in our City. If you're new to Glenfair, we would love to get to know you better. If you'd like to know more information about our church feel free to email us at email@example.com
OUR MISSION: we exist to GATHER to grow in our relationship with God and SCATTER to show His love throughout our City
SUNDAYS @ 11am
Glenfair Church
50 NE 143rd St
Portland, Oregon 97230
We'd love to meet you!
Glenfair Church is located in NE Portland, Oregon. If you live in Portland or you're in the area visiting, please stop by and worship with us. We love meeting new people and we would love to have you as our guest!
Location: 50 NE 143rd Ave, Portland, Oregon 97230
Phone: 503-255-0383
Email: email@example.com
Sunday Service: 11am


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Posted: Friday, December 16, 2016 11:19 AM
!!! HOT Must See Property With An Amazing Deal!!!
- Complete details found here...
Now this is a rare find that no one can pass up. This property has 4 large bed room's all with new carpet, walk in closet's, 3bath room's, 2 with whirl pool tub, spacious open back yard with large deck, beautiful dinning room and living room with fire place, newly remodeled open kitchen with granite top's, new tile flooring and tile back splash, fully finished basement with family room and 9 person theater room that is just to beautiful, 2 car garage with a spacious drive way.
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• Location: Peoria, peoria illinois
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My roommate came home and saw me on the couch... Same spot I was when she left at 12.
'have you been watching tv all day on the couch?'
'yep. Had food hand delivered too. What of it? :P'
Judgmental cow.
THIS thread, is what happens when I turn my back on you ladies for a few days I would love to join this fluff thread, but in no way can I keep up. I'm suddenly feeling old
If the FB group is just as errrrr "insane" as this thread is,my email would go nuts with notifications. I'll pass
Have fun ladies
*Goes back to being boring old mummy, stuffing monkey bums in bed*
I forget nothing!
Well I forget most things... But not that!
I'm guessing the only reason this thread wasn't called the verbal diarrhea thread is because you can't spell diarrhea
MissMuppet (11-08-2012),SeymourTheBear (11-08-2012)
Pregnant for the first-time?
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text: Seller: 2ways-xport (2,446) 100%, Location: Combloux, Ships to: US, Item: 252348546472 2 antique drawer, furniture handles lotmade in France, early 1900's, cast ironheight (each) : 2 1/2 ; width (each) : 3" ; depth (each) : 1/2" ; weight (each) : 3ozcondition : see pictures, they're old and were probably on an Henri II buffet Who I amMy name is Greg, I'm a French guy who had business in Charlotte NC for 3 years. Unfortunately, I had to move back to France because of a slow activity. I fell in love with the US, particulary Charlotte!So now my only goal is to return to Charlotte, and for that I want to export French furnitures and antiques there! This idea came because of my love for wood and history.My picking areaI am now living in my hometown in the French Alps. It is a great area to find valuable furnitures and smalls because of the proximity of wealthy ski resorts like Megève and Chamonix Mont-Blanc.It is also close to Geneva (switzerland), about 45minutes by car. The Geneva area is one of the richest in Europe due to finance and whatchmaking. Italy's not to far as well, 40 minutes .So when you're living and picking in this kind of environment, It is not rare to come across real pieces of art and history,PaymentBecause, I am for now living in France, I only accept paypal payments.ShippingAll packages are shipped from France.- Economy shipping is Free, with tracking numbers, 10 to 15 days- Standard shipping (colissimo) , with tracking numbers , 5 to 8 days- Expedited shipping ( chronopost) , with tracking numbers, 3 to 5 days Condition: nice condition, Color: Brown, Material: Cast Iron


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Blossom74 (28-04-2016),faithandhopellove (27-04-2016),Gagingi (27-04-2016),Maxwellsmum (27-04-2016),winsor (27-04-2016)
Oh gosh Bib I hope they arrive in one piece. They haven't transferred them yet. They are travelling with ivf couriers. They personally deliver them. Not sure on transfer yet, I am having a scratch done on the 13th may. Will speak to fs tomorrow to work out details. Anyone know it think it's a problem being they are donor embryos? Surely they would just be under my name.
Blossom74 (28-04-2016),faithandhopellove (27-04-2016),tuxcat (27-04-2016),winsor (27-04-2016)
@BlondeinBrisvegas Thank you lovely its so hard to believe that it could actually happen but your right there is always a chance
Did you find switching to Wazza made a big difference ?
I'm not sure as i dont seem to get blasts if there is much point doing another cycle with my own eggs if this one doesnt work.
I'm really stretched with funds too and just really want to have a baby in the next year.
Last edited by amie999; 27-04-2016 at 18:42.
BlondeinBrisvegas (27-04-2016),Blossom74 (28-04-2016),winsor (27-04-2016)
It made a big difference in the protocol he used...the combination of FSH, the way they were taken, the procedures he did (Endo Scratch/Lipoidal Flush), the pharmacy of supplements and drugs, even when he TESA'd the Ex, he checked many different places to see if he could find any sperm (such as the Vas Deferens).
I think everything he did made a difference and helped both myself and the Ex maximise our chances of producing a Golden Egg/Sperm. The meeting of those 2 is all the Embryologist's doing...she's the one who injected that particular sperm into my particular egg thus creating a healthy embryo.
I also think there is some kind of element of synchronicity involved too...that all the factors/requirements needed to produce a viable pregnancy have to come together all at the same time for it to happen. Wazza gave us all those elements but after that it was out of everyone's hands and up to "Babyluck" I reckon
Aaaah...whether to do another OE Cycle or go to DE is something for you to decide Luv. Get Wazza's opinion for sure on what he thinks is the best way forward plus all the Lovelies here that have/are going down that path can help you too with any questions etc that you might have. After that, weigh it all up and make a decision.
Don't go putting the cart before the horse just yet Luv though it's good to have a Plan B just in case
Last edited by BlondeinBrisvegas; 27-04-2016 at 18:54.
amie999 (27-04-2016),ange1111xxx (27-04-2016),Blossom74 (28-04-2016),faithandhopellove (27-04-2016),Gagingi (27-04-2016),winsor (27-04-2016)
@Lastchance75 I'm sure it's fine. Which clinic are you using here? They must have arranged it under your own name without mentioning DE.
BlondeinBrisvegas (28-04-2016),Blossom74 (28-04-2016),winsor (27-04-2016)
Thanks @faithandhopellove I'm going through ivf Australia. I'll have to call them tomorrow to double check it. I'm worried now that it can't be done.
BlondeinBrisvegas (28-04-2016),Blossom74 (28-04-2016),faithandhopellove (27-04-2016),winsor (27-04-2016)
I'm sure IVFA would have checked it out thoroughly. About time we got some support from local clinics (Wazza excepted of course. That man would do anything to help us ladies get UTD).
BlondeinBrisvegas (28-04-2016),Blossom74 (28-04-2016),Gagingi (27-04-2016),winsor (27-04-2016)
Pregnant for the first-time?
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Call (888) 651-9785
Listen to live narration during a City Sightseeing tour of Tbilisi. With the option to book a 1-day or 2-day pass, you can discover the multicultural Georgian capital at your own pace. Ride a double-decker bus and disembark at 11 hop-on hop-off stops featuring Tbilisi points of interest. Soak in the 17th-century Sulphur Baths, see art exhibits at the Georgian National Museum, or wander the cobbled streets of Old Town and Freedom Square.
We recommend a visit to the Sulphur Baths, one of five bathhouses remaining from an original 63 at this epicenter of the Silk Road. Soak in a private room, and enjoy an invigorating massage, leaving you relaxed and ready to continue your sightseeing tour. (Entrance fees not included in tour price.)
September 2016
Nice overview of the city - stops in the right spots. Adheres to the schedule. Clean.
October 2016
Nice introduction to several but not all interesting places in Tbilisi, hard to locate exactly where bus left from
July 2016
I paid online and showed my voucher via my phoneto the lady in the office but that was not enough despite the voucher said I did not need to print same. The girl in the office was a bit rude and kept ignoring me, but after I mentioned that it was 5 minutes to the tour, she told me to email it to her, then after I did and informed her, I had to wait for her to confirm if she got it after being ignored for another few minutes, but luckily, the driver knew I was in the office and waited on me. Good tour overall that covered most of the major attraction sites in Tbilisi. The commentary was also really good and the driver stopped at various points for us to take pics. I did the tour twice. I recommend this tour, it's a great start to your trip.
February 2017
Hop-on Hop-off City Tour is a better and more complete option.
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