text: News Items tag as: KLMAY0315 Newest Interior beer festival promises greatness May 03, 2015 - 2:33 PM KELOWNA – The Great Okanagan Beer Festival in Kelowna next weekend is all about the world of craft beer. More ... Bail granted to West Kelowna man who laced pills with fentanyl WEST KELOWNA – A West Kelowna man who has pleaded guilty to charges related to the production of more than 1,000 pills laced with fentanyl out of a warehouse last year, has been released on bail. Leslie John McCulloch, 38, was arrest EDITORIAL CARTOON Top News Burden of isolation: Juror with PTSD urges triple-murder jury to get help CALGARY - Mark Farrant has a good idea of what jurors are going through after they sat through a recent triple-murder trial's disturbing testi February 26, 2017 9:00 PM Facing the music: Sunrise Records to move into 70 closing HMV locations TORONTO - Sunrise Records is placing a major bet on Canadian music sales with plans to move into 70 retail spaces being vacated by HMV Canada. February 26, 2017 8:00 PM Last BlackBerry-designed phone with physical keyboard to hit stores in April TORONTO - Fans of BlackBerry's classic physical keyboard will have reason to celebrate when the last product designed in part by the former sm February 26, 2017 6:30 PM Kelowna HAZMAT team responds to call on Hardy Street KELOWNA - A hissing sound and a strange odour coming from a parked transport trailer prompted a swift response from the Kelowna Fire Department February 26, 2017 4:37 PM Despite Manitoba concerns, immigration minister not convinced of an asylum trend OTTAWA - Canada's immigration minister says he's not yet convinced a recent increase in the number of asylum seekers crossing the border i February 26, 2017 4:30 PM Tweets by @infonewskamloop


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Fighting Fire with Red Tape
Where's the help?. In Atlanta?
My husband is one of thousands – yes, thousands – of highly trained, dedicated and eager firefighters nationwide that responded to FEMA's call for 2-team crews to assist in the aftermath of Katrina. My husband and his team mate have been in Atlanta since Sunday – "getting processed". What does this mean?

subset: commoncrawl


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Niccolň Ceria and James Webb have flashed one ~8B each in different parts of Europe.
As mentioned in a previous news post, Niky is spending a week in a wintery Västervik, Sweden:
Västervik seems a really good place, the forests are amazing and the rock is so compact. I have climbed only in three sectors for the moment and I have tried to check two other ones but there is too much snow. In some points it up to 50-60 cm.
The hourglass experiance was amazing for me. I have dreamt about it for a long time and when I was under it I was so happy!
I wanted to try it in flash seriously since I have seen a lot of videos and I studied the beta really well.
Fortunately the flash shot went down with a happy ending and still today I wasn't compleately able to belive in this fact :)
Today I rest and I walked a lot in the middle of the snow to search something.
Meanwhile in Valle Bavona, Switzerland, Jimmy Webb surprised himself by flashing Dave Graham's Kings of Sonlerto which was originally given 8B+. Jimmy is leaning more towards low end 8B or so, but to be able to flash a semi wet 8B highball, topping it out in wet slippery grass in pouring rain...
To quote himself, it was ...totally unexpected trust me!
Niccolň Ceria is sponsored by: Five Ten, Peter Bouldering and SalewaJames Webb is sponsored by: prAna, Sterling Rope, Tennessee Bouldering Authority, Five Ten, Organic and Metolius.
Marginal conditions in the mountains this winter have led to uncertainty and difficult decision-making when planning journeys... Read more
Our Friday Night Video is a fantastically shot view of Jason Kehl's Hueco. Kehl looks at the potential for the development of new... Read more
13 year-old Leo Skinner from South Wales has ticked Butch Cassidy 8A at Dinas Rock, the day after his 13th birthday. Leo has been... Read more
Jimmy Webb has made the second ascent of Nalle Hukkataival's Kintsugi, ~8C, in the Mud Springs Canyon at Red Rock, Nevada.... Read more
In this podcast, I talk with American boulderer Jimmy Webb for an hour or so. The interview was made when we were in Helsinki for... Read more
Jimmy Webb just arrived in Fontainebleau and although the weather was far from good or dry, he managed to repeat L'Alchimiste.... Read more


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Wired's Joshua Davis reports on a rogue computer network that crashed Estonia's Internet, launching what he calls Web War I.
Author: Joshua Davis
August 21, 2007
Wired's Joshua Davis reports on a rogue computer network that crashed Estonia's Internet, launching what he calls Web War I.
Micah Zenko covers the U.S. national security debate.
CFR experts investigate the impact of information and communication technologies on security, privacy, and international affairs.
The definitive account of the secret war in Laos, which forever changed the CIA from a relatively small spying agency into an organization with vast paramilitary powers. More
CFR President Haass argues for an updated global operating system to address challenges from terrorism to climate change. More
Alden provides an enlightening history of the last four decades of U.S. trade policies and a blueprint for how to keep the United States competitive in a globalized economy. More
The Task Force recommends revising U.S. policy toward North Korea to break the cycle of North Korean provocation and promote stability in Northeast Asia.
India now matters to U.S. interests in virtually every dimension. This Independent Task Force report assesses the current situation in India and the U.S.-India relationship, and suggests a new model for partnership with a rising India.
Rates of heart disease, cancer, diabetes, and other noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) in low- and middle-income countries are increasing faster than in wealthier countries. The report outlines a plan for collective action on this growing epidemic.
This report asserts that elevating and prioritizing the U.S.-Canada-Mexico relationship offers the best opportunity for strengthening the United States and its place in the world.
Since the Snowden disclosures in 2013, the relationship between the U.S. government and the tech community has been strained. This Council...
Our democracy is under attack by Russia, but almost no one is treating the situation with the gravity it deserves. President Obama is loathe...
Beginning with the Stuxnet virus launched by the United States at an Iranian nuclear facility in 2010 and continuing through to the most...
A review of Shane Harris's account of global cyberwarfare and its growing risks.


text: Seller: jona33415 (225) 100%, Location: San Francisco, California, Ships to: US, Item: 122307865999 Important Details $200 value in gift cards Free shipping with tracking NO refunds of exchanges Product Description For the past forty years, Nutrisystem has helped millions of people achieve real, significant weight loss results. Now you can experience everything Nutrisystem has to offer with a gift card good toward all of our weight loss programs! Save on over 150 menu items, popular A La Carte food packs, and more! Choose from: Get plans designed to help you lose weight and learn how to keep it off Choose your own foods or pick our popular Favorites PackDelicious meals and snacks, including our top-rated frozen foods – prepared fresh and frozen at the peak of taste and nutrition Over 100 ready-to-go menu items that are specially packaged for portability High-quality, delicious protein shakes for ultimate satisfaction Variety of popular packs featuring menu favorites Vitamins and supplements to help support a healthy lifestyle FREE Tools and guides to help make eating well an easy part of everyday life How to Redeem: After you receive your Nutrisystem Gift Card, go to www(dot)nutrisystem(dot)com/membercard or call 1-800-727-7549 to redeemIf redeeming online, please go to nutrisystem.com/membercard to choose your Nutrisystem items Your order will be delivered to your door in 4 - 10 business days after redeeming your CardNutrisystem ships all orders using services such as FedEx, USPS, UPS or DHL depending on your location and the weight of your package. Standard shipping and handling fees apply for one time shipments in the Continental US. Shipping is free to customers on the auto-delivery program and who live in the Continental US Only. For shipments to Alaska, Hawaii and Puerto Rico there is a flat rate fee of $49.95 for all ordersNutrisystem Select (frozen) plans are available to Continental US Residents only. Cannot be shipped to PO Boxes, APO Boxes, or Military addresses. Standard shipping and handling fees apply for one time shipments Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE Brand: Nutrisystem, Type: Gift Cards, Valid Locations: US-Nationwide, Value (Dollars): 200


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Helpful (1)
I worked at Harte Hanks full-time (More than a year)
My manager was a great person.
Not a very employee friendly company
Advice to Management
Sometimes you have to spend money to make money!
Helpful (1)
I worked at Harte Hanks full-time (More than 5 years)
My co-workers were the best and I made good friends and valuable networking connections among them.
There needs to be consistency in management training.
Advice to Management
The executive management would improve the company vastly by implementing the principles in the book, The Happiness Advantage by Shawn Achor. Employees are people, not numbers and happy employees are productive & successful members of any organization.
Helpful (1)
I have been working at Harte Hanks full-time (More than 10 years)
The board of directors has ensured that the company's balance sheet remains healthy - and delivers to the shareholders. Their debt is low. Their cash and assets has historically been managed well. They have attracted solid (if affirmation-inclined) management.
Trying desperately to squeeze every last dollar out of their Shopper division as it circles the print-media drain. A series of layoffs have taken the organization beyond sustainable levels. Current management is operating out of rear of retribution if they do not toe the line clearly set before them by upper management and the board.
Advice to Management
Try to manage the business with a global perspective - keeping in mind that your people are a great asset. Also, figure out a way to exit, or transition the Shopper market. Otherwise, this historically-profitable segment of the business will erode to the point that it drags down the entire organization.


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Mr & Mrs Herd, Greater Manchester
After two years of other agents failing to sell our home, we had at last found the right team. You certainly put all other agents in the shade.
It is important to note that this mortgage calculator is for guidance purposes only. Mortgage lenders have their own affordability criteria therefore it is important you speak to one of our Mortgage Advisers for further information and a more accurate indication of what products may be available to you and what your monthly mortgage payments are likely to be.
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congratulations to my dear friends attila and jen who are getting hitched! they're a couple that makes sense (actually a rarity). do any of you have any couple friends where you wonder that they simply MUST have some kind of secret, behind-the-scenes life that provides the fuel for their companionship, because when you see them out together, you just don't understand how it works? i do. attila (aka my male doppelganger) and jen are NOT THAT. i love you two!!!
in other news, i haven't done a lit round-up in a while, but that doesn't mean i haven't been reading. au contraire, mon frere. a month or so ago, i finished reading "the 100-mile diet: a year of local eating" written by a canuck couple living in vancouver or thereabouts. they're writers. i kinda knew that i was going to hate it, but it's one of those things where i HAVE to read it so i can know in concrete terms exactly what it is i'm hating. the two decided to embark on a 100-mile diet (which works for them because they live in one of the more fertile and ecologically and agriculturally diverse areas in canada) for all the usual reasons (fossil fuels, blah blah blah) and go about it and write about it in the usual way (the de rigeur earnest-and-self-congratulatory-with-interjections-of-wry-self-awareness-
that's-supposed-to-mitigate-the -earnestness-and-self-congratulatoriness) taken by young, privileged, urban thirty-somethings with aspirations of pastoral redemption. bah. the book was REALLY annoying (i thought). they go through month by month and it's more of a personal journey than you would think, which on the one hand makes it more engaging than a laundry list of their dinners (from a voyeuristic perspective) but on the other hand makes the scope kind of limited to how much you want to know about their lives (for me, i found them annoying, so i didn't care all that much). let me put it to you this way: their relationship starts to "crumble" (or at least the reader is led to believe this) and is redeemed by them finding a source of wheat. oh yes, my friends, WHEAT becomes the symbolic and literal turning point in this slim narrative of ponciness.
meh. it just wasn't my thing.
tonight we're having the coach and her co-star over for dinner. we're having fried masa and fresh corn cakes (kind of like really THICK tortillas...sopas?) topped with a guajillo pepper black bean chili with monterrey jack, guac, salsa and sour cream. i also want to make that blueberry sour cream pie so we can eat that with ice cream and clear some space in the freezer. we'll see whether i have enough time.
Tuesday, August 21, 2007
getting your wed on
Posted by karl lagerfeld, esquire at 7:41 am
1 comment:
- Jennifer said...
thanks so much, lady! those are such sweet wishes and they really mean a lot.
you and ian (am i allowed to say his name on here? REVEALED!) are the cat's meow (that's right: 2 people, 1 meow...mind EXPLOSION!) and we are seriously lucky to have you both in our lives.
can't wait to see you! hopefully it's sooner rather than later!
- 10:42 am
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text: Football 10:00 Manchester United – Burnley Live Stream October 29, 2016October 29, 2016 admin Watch Manchester United vs Burnley Live Stream online in high quality on WatchSports.live. Choose one of the links bellow, close all ads and start streaming Manchester United vs Burnley Live Stream online. Streaming live sports links to multiple sites that offer the event on your pc and mobile device. Manchester United vs Burnley Live Stream live stream links will be available for free a couple of hours before the game begins. Streams have been going down specially Youtube and Streamup, we are working hard to update them every minute. Please REFRESH this page to get the new links. Football Live Links: Live streaming events schedule Software Site Language Links 10livestreams.net Link 1 www.streamfoot.org Link 2


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Robinson Township Smiles
Root Canals, tooth extractions
Our goal is to help you keep your teeth healthy so that they will last a lifetime. Sometimes, unfortunately, an infection or damage caused by decay or trauma will make it necessary to perform a root canal or possibly an extraction. While the idea of these two procedures can be scary, modern technology and techniques have advanced greatly. Root canals and extractions, formerly uncomfortable and time consuming procedures, are now efficient procedures that can be performed quickly and quite comfortably.
Dr. Rupert will take the time to ensure your comfort before beginning your procedure. Throughout the treatment, Dr. Rupert will pay careful attention to you, monitoring your comfort level at all times. After the procedure, Dr. Rupert will provide after-care instructions to help you avoid complications following your appointment.
Root canal therapy is a valuable procedure that helps preserve an infected tooth that might otherwise require extraction. During this procedure, Dr. Rupert uses specialized instruments to cleanse the interior of your tooth and remove the infection. After the procedure is complete, your tooth will be filled and, if necessary, capped with a temporary crown.
In some cases, extractions are the most appropriate treatment. To perform an extraction, Dr. Rupert gently loosens your tooth and then lifts it away. Once your extraction is complete, we can discuss replacement options to restore your smile.
If you are in pain, call us right away. Leaving an infected or seriously damaged tooth untreated can cause unnecessary problems with your other teeth, making the situation worse and more difficult to treat.
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Temporomandibular joint disorder, often abbreviated to TMJ, is a serious condition involving the joint that meets at your lower jaw
Professional teeth whitening is a fast and effective procedure that can dramatically improve the appearance of your smile. Whether you'd
At our office, we are thrilled to provide high quality dental care for your entire family – including the youngest
Did you know that about 50% of adults in the U.S. have some form of gum disease? Unfortunately, most people
We do our best to help prevent cavities, but if a patient develops one, prompt treatment will stop the spread
Emergencies happen, and when they do, you want to know the dentist you trust will be there to help you
Do you reveal gaps when you smile? Would you like to permanently fix this problem without the hassle and slippage
Missing and damaged teeth can make some of life's most enjoyable activities – smiling, laughing, speaking with friends, and eating
Dr. Ryan Rupert knows that you highly value the appearance of your smile. It's important to look your best, and
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Subscribe to stay up to date with the UFC and MMA: http://www.youtube.com/subscription_center?add_user=mmadigest watch video >>
Congrats to Mark on his baby girl that is set to pop out next week. That bonus check will pay for her college. He gives great insight into the fight including that Aldo has heavy hands, Canadian MM watch video >>
MMAWeekly.com caught up with Mark Hominick prior to his fight at UFC 140 against 'The Korean Zombie' Chan Sung Jung. Hominick will for the second time get to fight in his hometown of Toronto, but he watch video >>
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UFC featherweight champion Jose Aldo successfully defended his title from Mark Hominick at UFC 129 in Toronto, but it wasn't without a few bumps and bruises along the way. Get more MMA and UFC news watch video >>
The Trainer of Mark Hominik about the upcoming fight with Jose Aldo, Alan Omer and being married to Sam Stouts sister. watch video >>
Conor McGregor talks about fighting Eddie Alvarez at UFC 205 Vivianne Aldo (Jose Aldo's wife) working in the gym; Court Mcgee working on striking; More brutal training sessions at TheBlackzilians"; J watch video >>
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UFC 163 - Aldo vs. Korean Zombie watch video >>


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Heavy Duty Truck Carman Vg Scanner Comprehensive - Chinaprice: contact company for price
Valuable S/W on stable and fast H/W, Carmanscan VG Plus is a universal diagnostic scanner, it works with Asian vehicles, European vehicles and USA vehicles.No need connect with computer.
- New Graphic User Interface and LCD Screen
- Diagnosis only with Battery (OBD I type Vehicle)
- 6 or 8 Cylinder DIS System measurement
- Long life Battery
- Battery Leakage Current : 300uA (about)
More details to visit:
Heavy Duty Truck Carman Vg Scanner Comprehensive
Please see our contact information below
Company Contact:
- Posted By: VTOOL Automotive Electronic Co.
- Phone: 8615807144636
- Address: B-501 Huafeng Building Baoan 25th Dist, shenzhen, China
- Email:
Published date: November 27, 2012 -
- Business Description: involved in international trade import export of goods, products, and services
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Is Transtainer Systems incorrect or missing key business information? Update your Hotfrog listing today.
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Hotfrog Philippines provides information regarding Transtainer Systems in Mandaluyong Metro Manila. Transtainer Systems is located at Unit 1, Robinsons Apartelle, EDSA Corner Pioneer Street, Mandaluyong Metro Manila 1550 and provides Freight services. Contact them on (02) 633 6295.
Is Transtainer Systems in Unit 1, Robinsons Apartelle, EDSA Corner Pioneer Street, Mandaluyong Metro Manila 1550 your business? Claim your listing and attract more leads by adding more content, photos and other business details.
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Greetings Guest!!Dismiss Notice
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Discussion in 'UO Botany and Nutrition' started by Chango Pelon, Feb 21, 2008.


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Is Flb Overseas Employment Agency incorrect or missing key business information? Update your Hotfrog listing today.
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Hotfrog Philippines provides information regarding Flb Overseas Employment Agency in Quezon City Metro Manila. Flb Overseas Employment Agency is located at Unit 7, 4/F, Francisco Gold Condominium, 784 Edsa, Cubao, Quezon City Metro Manila 1109 and provides Employment Agencies services. Contact them on (02) 922 2661 or by visiting them on their website http://www.flboverseas.com.ph.
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Bill Schmitz, a 1976 Coast Guard Academy graduate who later coached his alma mater to its first NCAA Division III football playoff appearance, died Monday in Florida of an apparent suicide.
The Hillsborough County Sheriff's Office told the Tampa Tribune that Schmitz, 59, drove his 2010 Kia to the main span of the Sunshine Skyway bridge at 4:56 a.m., exited his car and jumped over the side of the railing into Tampa Bay.
His body, authorities told the Tribune, was recovered approximately four hours later.
Schmitz was teaching history and coaching the boys' track and field team at Land O' Lakes High School in Pasco County, Fla.
He served as offensive coordinator of the Land O' Lakes football team in 2011 and 2012, but was not coaching football this season, the Tribune said.
"When he came to us, the thing that attracted him to us was his resume, which had a lot of quality to it," Land O' Lakes principal Ric Mellin told the Tribune. "He was also humbled to have the opportunity to start over again. He embraced the notion of not only teaching on the field, but teaching in the classroom."
Schmitz, who starred in football and basketball at Coast Guard, was inducted into the Academy's Athletic Hall of Fame in 2001.
He held assistant coaching positions at Division I schools Cincinnati, Rice, Vanderbilt and Eastern Michigan from 1981-1991 and spent the 1992 season as an assistant with the London Monarchs of the former World League before landing his first head coaching job at Coast Guard.
He guided the Bears to a 20-19 record over four seasons (1993-96), capped by an 8-2 regular season in 1996 that led to the program's first NCAA Division III playoff appearance, where Coast Guard lost 17-16 in the opening round to the College of New Jersey.
Schmitz left Coast Guard to become head coach at Austin Peay, a Division I-AA program in Clarksville, Tenn. He coached the Governors until 2002, was head coach of Tampa Jesuit High School in 2003 and 2004, and then spent two seasons as an assistant at Alabama-Birmingham and two more at the University of Pennsylvania before joining the faculty at Land O' Lakes.
Coast Guard athletic director Tim Fitzpatrick, in a statement released by the Academy on Monday, said: "We are very saddened to learn of the passing of coach Bill Schmitz, CGA Class of 1976. The athletics division coaches, staff and cadet-athletes send out thoughts, prayers and condolences to Bill's family during their time of loss.
"Those who had the pleasure of knowing Bill clearly recognized his pride in and great love for the Coast Guard Academy, the Bears football team and the Coast Guard itself. As the only CGA graduate to ever serve as the Academy's head football coach, Bill leaves a significant legacy of accomplishment - having led the Bears to their first-ever NCAA playoff berth in the 1996 season. However, Bill's greatest legacy is that of selfless service and commitment to his players, whose lives and careers and he impacted so positively."
Driver dies after his car rolls over in Groton early Monday morning
Attorney fields questions at packed immigration forum for New London parents
Waterford man charged with aggressively driving 'look-alike cruiser'
Hartford to pay $885K to family whose dog was killed by cops
For a guy who does words ... these emails left me speechless
Malloy's right, Connecticut not obligated to back Trump deportation policy
Attorney fields questions at packed immigration forum for New London parents
New London woman charged in crash that seriously injured man riding bike


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White wedding arch
Explore related topics
Romantic Pink and White Wedding | Anita Martin Photography | Bridal Musings Wedding Blog20
White wedding arch with chandelier
Simple Peach and White Wedding Arch. What a beautiful wedding arch decoration idea! Love it!
16 All White Wedding Ideas - Inspired By This
simple peach and white wedding arch
A white wedding ceremony setup that made our hearts skip a beat! The serene snow white arch, luscious overgrown flower garland, and dazzling crystal strand are all you need to create this utterly romantic and enchanting setup! Perfect for couples who want a garden themed wedding #inspiration #allwhitewedding
simple beach wedding arch / http://www.himisspuff.com/wedding-arches-wedding-canopies/5/
One of our fave weddings ever featured on Confetti Daydreams, this oh-so-dreamy outdoor wedding arch was draped with fabric and flurry of peach pink garden roses, white roses and chic greens. {Floral design: Palos Verdes Florist // Photography Figlewicz Photography} Click to see more ideas!
Photography: Michael And Carina Photography - www.michaelandcarinaphotography.com View entire slideshow: Most Loved Pics of the Week on http://www.stylemepretty.com/collection/1209/
Modern Chuppah with Roses & Hydrangeas | Photography: Ira Lippke Studios. Read More: http://www.insideweddings.com/weddings/contemporary-backyard-white-wedding-under-clear-tent-in-chicago/857/


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Academy Awards Guide
Academy Awards Guide from Overstock.com. Our guides provide customers with information about the Academy Awards.
ITEM#: 14033248FEAR AND LOATHING IN LAS VEGAS star Johnny Depp returns to the wild world of Hunter S. Thompson in writer/director Bruce Robinson's adaptation of the Gonzo journalist's "lost" autobiographical novel of the same name. Dejected over life in New York City and at bitter odds with the Eisenhower-era conventions of the 1950s, nomadic journalist Paul Kemp (Depp) flees to Puerto Rico, where he quickly lands a job as a reporter for a San Juan newspaper. Drawing inspiration from author Ernest Hemingway's popular theory about "The Lost Generation," the newly liberated journalist develops a taste for rum as he becomes slowly entangled in the lives of American beauty Chenault (Amber Heard) and her shady husband, Sanderson (Aaron Eckhart), a wealthy real-estate developer. Later, as Sanderson's underhanded business dealings begin to emerge, Kemp's principles come into focus, and his writing style begins to mature in ways he never dreamed possible.
|Sony Pictures
|5.25" x 0.5" x 7.5" WxHxD
|0.15 lbs
|Amber Heard, Aaron Eckhart, Johnny Depp, Giovanni Ribisi, Richard Jenkins, Michael Rispoli
|Bruce Robinson
|Country of Origin
|United States
Acting was good, story was stellar! Everything else merely served to fluff the plot up as is expected! The politics of the plot was minimized! The movie was basically about the journalist.Read More
Academy Awards Guide from Overstock.com. Our guides provide customers with information about the Academy Awards.
Looking for the perfect Valentine's Day movie to watch this year? We've picked the best of classic, manly, RomCom, devastatingly sad, and guilty pleasure Valentine's Day flicks.
Tribeca Film Festival Guide from Overstock.com. Our guides provide customers with information about the Tribeca Film Festival.
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The Rum Diary (DVD)
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"Miars speaks to the sensibilities of the late '60s and early '70s when breaking barriers and broadening listening tastes was common. Simon Cowell would have a conniption over these guys."
"...to Miars singer Kayla Daly's searing and soaring vocals and the band's low, dirty bass lines. It's all a whole lot of fun."
"Miars is an experimental and forward-thinking group birthed in the fires of Worcester's ever-changing music scene. What is wonderful about the musical arena in Central Massachusetts is that every sound has its place, and Miars have done their best to leave no stone unturned in their quest for a new and unique sound"
"Miars produces an amazingly cohesive sound, all of it solid, grounded and palpable."
"This ain't your big brother's jam band."
"Formed in the summer of 2007, Miars, a four piece outfit from Worcester, delivers a sound that refuses to be pigeonholed."
"There are musicians and then there are artists. The members of one of Worcester's newest band, Miars, certainly fall in the latter category."


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|Message view
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|Diane Holt <hol...@yahoo.com>
|Re: CLASSPATH diagnostic tools?
|Sat, 02 Jun 2001 20:45:35 GMT
--- firstname.lastname@example.com wrote: > > And to the original poster: Setting fork="true" should obviate the > > need for you to have the ibmjndi.jar file in your environment > > CLASSPATH. > > So the <classpath> definitions -do not take effect- unless you fork a > new jvm to perform the task? Sorry -- didn't mean to suggest that (ambiguity bug :) I think it should work either way, but since you were having trouble with it working without forking, then having it fork (just) so you could see the classpath it was using, "should" (additionally) get it to work. Diane ===== (email@example.com) __________________________________________________ Do You Yahoo!? Get personalized email addresses from Yahoo! Mail - only $35 a year! http://personal.mail.yahoo.com/
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text:
D3 Traveller Raw
Ultralight, strong and ultimately discreet duffel that packs down to the size of a sweater. This product takes 6 months to wear in and reach a discreet state.
Only 1.2 lb.
If you're unsure whether the Raw finish is for you, start with a Raw Utility Pouch.
Colours may vary slightly from the photos.
Carry-On Carry-In
Designed to fit in a business class footwell or under an economy class seat. When the overhead bins are full, avoid being forced to check the duffel, even at the door of the plane.
Supports a range of carrying styles, including a unique backpack conversion.
Weather Proof
The core material, SDRT Grade Dyneema® is weather proof and the zips are water resistant.
Pack Tight
Rolls up to the the size of a small sweater.
SDRT Grade Dyneema® is about two times stronger than Kevlar at almost half its weight.
Dual Shell
The D3 is made of two layers of SDRT Grade Dyneema® (enough to make two duffels) with one layer suspended inside the other. This adds protection; structural support; and maintains a relaxed finish even when fully packed. Visibly overstuffed luggage draws unwanted eyes.
The weight of the load is easy to conceal thanks to the material, inner shell construction, and supported carrying styles. This makes it ideal for security checkpoints, airline check-in, and customs where the obvious effort required to lift heavy bags often leads to being singled out. This product starts out very noticeable and takes ~6 months use to reach an equilbrium matte state.
No exterior branding.
The D3 Traveller Raw is designed for a long weekend away or months on the road. Ideal for traversing check-points along the Pamir Highway or check-ins in your preferred boutique hotel.
Available in strictly limited numbers.
Our team has been talking about making a duffel with a Raw finish from the first day we starting prototyping with SDRT Grade Dyneema®.
We've taken a D3 Duffel, and turned the material inside out so that the a Raw finish is on the outside (the black finish of the standard D3 is on the inside), and added two Petzl matte black screw lock carabiners.
Out of the box the D3 Traveller Raw is very noticeable. The SDRT Grade Dyneema® is one of the few synthetic fabrics that feels better the more it is worn in. It starts out a little stiff and will start to crease from the moment it is removed from the box (which is why all sales on this product are final). The finish in these photos is from two weeks use. It will take about six months of use to reach a matte grey equilibrium state. Prior to that, enjoy the attention.
This product includes a sample strip of the same Dyneema® seam tape, that we used to strengthen and waterproof our products. Every scar on the D3 is a journey travelled.
- Ultralight
- Dual shell
- Weather proof
- Converts to back pack
- Interior lid pocket
- Two stow pockets
- Ships with patch kit
- Raw exterior & Light Grey interior
- SDRT Grade Dyneema®/span>
- YKK Uretek zippers
- Petzl Screw Lock carabiners (matte black)
- Pamir Mountain stone
- More...
- Dimensions:
L21.5" x W10.5" x H10.5"
- Volume: 39 liters
- Weight 1.20 lb
Sourced globally. Hand made in California.
Photos: Waterhouse on the South Bund, to the Pamir Highway in the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region of Tajikistan and Urbn.


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Education News from Washington Post
The Washington Post Local Education section provides coverage and analysis of schools, home school and education policy for DC, Maryland and Virginia. With in-depth coverage and analysis of Washington, DC education and schools, including DC charter schools, DC Schools Chancellor, DC teacher contract news and map of DC schools.
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What's really keeping college graduates on the lower rungs of the wealth ladder
A confluence of stagnant wages, appreciation in home prices, conservative lending and rising student loan balances is making it difficult for millennials to create wealth though homeownership.
Five school board seats on the line as Prince George's reels from abuse scandals
The Prince George's County election comes after an uproar about Head Start and abuse cases.
UNC president on the 'bathroom law' and higher ed reform
Margaret Spellings talks about college costs, access and student success in the 17-campus system.
A college admissions dean learns something new as his son starts looking at schools
The admissions veteran offers a warning to high school students.
A few hundred dollars in aid can make all the difference to some college students
Some of the brightest students on the path to graduation are more likely to drop out of college if they lose even small amounts of financial aid.
Protests shook Yale a year ago. Here's what has changed since.
Last year students demanded changes at Yale. The president responded with a series of initiatives designed to make the school more inclusive.


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text:
The Decline of Competition: A Study of the Evolution of American Industry.
BURNS, Arthur Robert
Place Published: New York
Publisher: McGraw-Hill
Date Published: 1936
Description: 619pp. Tall 8vo, cloth; spine faded and top & bottom lightly fraying, inscribed and signed by the author on the front free end-paper. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1936.Signed: N
Jacket: N
Binding: hardcover
Condition: very good(-)
Language: English
Type: Books
Book ID: 208755
By This Author: BURNS, Arthur Robert
By This Publisher: McGraw-Hill


text:
Although synaptic plasticity is believed to comprise the cellular substrate for learning and memory, limited direct evidence exists that hippocampus-dependent learning actually triggers synaptic plasticity. It is likely, however, that long-term potentiation (LTP) works in concert with its counterpart, long-term depression (LTD) in the creation of spatial memory. It has been reported in rats that weak synaptic plasticity is facilitated into persistent plasticity if afferent stimulation is coupled with a novel spatial learning event. It is not known if this phenomenon also occurs in other species. We recorded from the hippocampal CA1 of freely behaving mice and observed that novel spatial learning triggers endogenous LTD. Specifically, we observed that LTD is enabled when test-pulse afferent stimulation is given during the learning of object constellations or during a spatial object recognition task. Intriguingly, LTP is significantly impaired by the same tasks, suggesting that LTD is the main cellular substrate for this type of learning. These data indicate that learning-facilitated plasticity is not exclusive to rats and that spatial learning leads to endogenous LTD in the hippocampus, suggesting an important role for this type of synaptic plasticity in the creation of hippocampus-dependent memory.
Bidirectional synaptic plasticity, in the form of synaptic potentiation and depression, has been proposed as the mechanism that underlies learning and memory formation (Bear 1996; Martin et al. 2000; Malenka and Bear 2004). Whilst a number of reports have shown changes in synaptic plasticity arising from motor learning (Rioult-Pedotti et al. 1998, 2000) and fear memory acquisition (Whitlock et al. 2006), slow progress has been made in establishing a direct link between learning and synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus. One approach to address this is through real-time electrophysiological recordings from synapses in task-performing animals. Of particular interest is the hippocampus, which is known to be critically involved in the formation of declarative memories in humans (Eichenbaum 2001). In adult rats, the coupling of afferent stimulation either as test-pulses or weak synaptic plasticity protocols, with specific spatial learning events facilitates the expression of persistent long-term potentiation (LTP) or long-term depression (LTD) (Manahan-Vaughan and Braunewell 1999; Kemp and Manahan-Vaughan 2004, 2007, 2008a). Learning-facilitated plasticity of this nature is not noticeably influenced through generalized behavioral activity as passive visual spatial novelty without active exploration elicits similar synaptic changes (Kemp and Manahan-Vaughan 2011). Furthermore, fear-context learning elicits changes in synaptic strength that share cellular mechanisms with electrically induced LTP (Whitlock et al. 2006). Taken together, these observations support a tight association between synaptic plasticity and hippocampus-dependent learning.
Hippocampus-dependent organization of stored information in the form of memory contains both spatial (Morris et al. 1982; Eichenbaum 1999a) as well as nonspatial components (Maren et al. 1997; McEchron et al. 1998). Declarative memory refers to assimilated information concerning facts and events in relation to previously encountered elements. Both spatial and recognition memory are forms of declarative memory in humans. Whilst behavioral paradigms designed to test for spatial memory question a subject's ability to remember a location, the recognition test probes the capacity to identify a previously encountered item. Object recognition (OR) is therefore a crucial part of declarative memory and has arguably both spatial and nonspatial elements. This concept is in line with the behavioral observations by others who suggest that the hippocampus not only serves as a cognitive map for spatial (O'Keefe and Nadel 1978) but also for object memory through the incorporation of converging spatial and nonspatial inputs (Manns and Eichenbaum 2006, 2009). The OR task was originally construed to test preverbal infants (Fagan 1990). In humans, the importance of an intact OR ability can be seen from the debilitating effects of the failure to distinguish between familiar and new objects in neurological disorders such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease and visual agnosia in brain trauma patients (Farah 1992; Grady et al. 2001; Laatu et al. 2004). In rodents, OR memory can be tested and quantified by capitalizing on their innate preference to explore newer objects in comparison with previously encountered items (Clark and Martin 2005). One could refer to the task in this context as episodic-like, bearing in mind that declarative memory is believed to encompass conscious awareness (Eichenbaum 1999b) and acknowledging the difficulty of precisely ascertaining whether rodents engage in episodic memory formation (Suzuki 2003; Zentall 2006). To date, studies have yielded conflicting results in terms of whether OR requires the hippocampus. Whereas some lesion studies in humans and animals have suggested that the hippocampus is irrelevant for OR (Murray and Mishkin 1998; Baxter and Murray 2001; Mumby 2001), others have provided evidence for a significant role of the hippocampus through lesion and pharmacological studies (Reed and Squire 1997; Beason-Held et al. 1999; Clark et al. 2000; Zola et al. 2000; Broadbent et al. 2004). Recently, however, it has become apparent that both spatial and "temporal order" aspects of OR are likely to be strongly hippocampus dependent (Fortin et al. 2002; Manns and Eichenbaum 2006, 2009; Manns et al. 2007; Farovik et al. 2010).
Our study had 2 main goals. On the one hand, we addressed if learning-facilitated plasticity occurs in the hippocampus of the freely behaving mouse. We feel this question is of fundamental importance in clarifying whether this phenomenon is a common property of synaptic information encoding shared by different species or is a unique rat-specific phenomenon (Kemp and Manahan-Vaughan 2007). On the other hand, we explored the relationship between spatial OR memory and the expression of persistent synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus. Here, our goal was to investigate whether synaptic plasticity serves as a cellular substrate for the encoding of spatial OR and if so, which form of synaptic plasticity may be responsible.
Materials and Methods
The present study was carried out in accordance with the European Communities Council Directive of 24 November 1986 (86/609/EEC) for care of laboratory animals and after approval of the local government ethics committee. All efforts were made to minimize the number of animals used.
Male C57BL/6 mice (7–8 weeks, Charles River, Germany) were anesthetized (sodium pentobarbital 60 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) and underwent stereotaxic chronic implantation of bipolar stimulating electrodes in the right Schaffer collateral pathway of the dorsal hippocampus (anterioposterior (AP): −2.0 mm; mediolateral (ML): 2.0 mm from bregma; dorsoventral (DV): ∼1.4 mm from brain surface) and monopolar recording electrodes in the right ipsilateral CA1 stratum radiatum (AP: −1.9; ML: 1.4; DV: ∼1.2) to monitor the evoked potentials at the Schaffer Collateral—CA1 synapses. The stimulating and recording electrodes were made of polyurethane-coated stainless steel wire (100 μm diameter; Gündel, BioMedical Intruments, Germany) and were lowered into the brain through a hole drilled on the skull. On the contralateral side, 2 holes were drilled on the skull into which anchor screws were inserted. The anchor screws were attached to stainless steel wires (A-M Systems, Washington, USA) that served as reference and ground electrodes. The 5 wires were secured on a 6-pin socket (Conrad Electronic SE, Germany), and the whole assembly was stabilized on the skull using dental cement. Test-pulse recordings during surgery aided depth adjustment of the electrodes, which was later verified by postmortem histology. After surgery, mice were housed individually and given at least 7 days recovery time before experiments began. Electrophysiological recordings and behavioral paradigms were performed in 20 (L) × 20 (W) × 30 (H) cm topless recording chambers wherein the mice could move freely and had access to food and water ad libitum. Animals were transferred in their cages into the experiment room 1 day before the start of experiments to ensure adequate acclimatization to the gross environment.
Measurement of Evoked Potentials
Each mouse had its socket connected via swivel connector to the recording/stimulation system wires suspended above the recording chamber to enable monitoring of evoked potentials while the animal freely behaved and performed tasks. The field excitatory postsynaptic potential (fEPSP) was employed as a measure of excitatory synaptic transmission in the CA1 region. To obtain these measurements, an evoked response was generated in the stratum radiatum by stimulating the Schaffer collateral at low frequency (0.025 Hz) with single biphasic square waves of 0.2 ms duration per half-wave, generated by a constant current isolation unit (World Precision Instruments, Florida, USA). The fEPSP signal was amplified using a differential AC amplifier (A-M Systems) and digitalized through a data acquisition unit (Cambridge Electronic Design, UK). For each time point measured during the experiments, 5 consecutively evoked fEPSP responses at 40 s intervals were averaged. The first 6 time-points, which were recorded at 5-min interval, were averaged, and all time points were expressed as a mean percentage (±standard error of the mean [SEM]) of this value. Plasticity-inducing electrical stimulation, together with the relevant behavioral task (when appropriate) was applied immediately after the sixth time point, and synaptic transmission was recorded for another 4 h (240 min). A further 1 h recording was performed the next day, roughly 24 h after the experiment began to determine the degree of persistency of any changes in synaptic transmission. fEPSP was quantified by measuring the slope obtained on the first negative deflection of the evoked potential. By means of an input–output curve determination conducted before every experiment, the largest obtainable fEPSP was found for each individual animal (maximum intensity used 125 μA). The intensity that elicited 40% of the maximum fEPSP was used for recordings. Electroencephalography (EEG) activity was monitored throughout the course of the experiment for the occurrence of seizure activity. No behavioral signs or EEG activity indicating seizures were observed.
Electrical Induction of Synaptic Plasticity
All animals were first tested in a "baseline" experiment without any external behavioral stimuli to ensure that the recordings were stable. LTP was electrically induced by using 100 Hz high-frequency stimulation (HFS; 50 stimuli). Test-pulse stimulation (0.025 Hz, 2 trains of 5 stimuli, 5-min intertrain interval) refers to 2 sets of test-pulse recordings. The terms "electrically induced" plasticity and "learning-facilitated" plasticity are used to distinguish between synaptic plasticity that is induced solely through electrical stimulation and plasticity that is strengthened by the concurrency of the electrical stimulation and the behavioral task.
OR Protocol
The OR experiments were typically run for 3 consecutive days with the same animals (Fig. 1). An electrical stimulation-only experiment was performed as a control of the synaptic plasticity profile without OR on day 1. This also served as a habituation phase to the recording chamber directly preceding the OR task. Two novel objects (i.e., A and B) were then presented on day 2 (training phase) and one familiar and one novel object (i.e., A and C) was presented 24 h later on day 3 (test phase) to test for OR memory. The presentation of objects lasted for 10 min, where the animals were left to explore freely, and were removed from the recording chamber after the presentation. The presentation of objects always coincided with the start of the electrical stimulation (i.e., HFS, test-pulse stimulation). Recordings were made during all phases of the behavioral training and testing. The role of the familiar and novel objects, as well as their relative positions, were randomly assigned for each animal. The objects and the recording chambers were cleaned thoroughly between task trials to ensure the absence of olfactory cues. The objects were distinctly different from one another and heavy so that they could not be moved by the mice. Several copies of each object were present.
Spatial Recognition Protocol
In the spatial recognition (SR) experiments, the novelty of the object position in space, rather than the object itself, was examined (Fig. 1). The recording chambers were completely (3 walls and the base) gray in color except for the front wall, which was white. This served to polarize the environment and provide a gross contextual feature to the recording chambers. The SR experiments were performed 4 days in a row with the same animals. A baseline experiment without the SR task was run on the day 1 which also served to habituate the mice. On day 2 (novelty exploration), 2 objects (i.e., A and B) were presented against the gray back wall similar to the OR training. The mice were then reexposed to the objects in the same locations on the day 3 (reexposure), and on day 4 (novel configuration), the objects were shifted in a parallel fashion to the white front wall to test for object–space recognition memory. The objects were always presented for 10 min simultaneously with the test-pulse stimulation and removed from the recording chamber after the presentation.
Data Analysis
A separate group of different animals was used in each set of experiments to obtain the electrophysiological and corresponding behavioral data (i.e., the animals used to obtain data portrayed in Figs. 2–4 come from separate sets of animals, respectively). To analyze the electrophysiological data between groups, a 2-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures was applied. The fEPSPs from the period after electrical stimulation with or without the behavioral paradigm to the end of the experiment was compared between groups in order to assess the statistical difference in any change of synaptic strength as a consequential effect. The significance level was set at P < 0.05.
Behavioral data for the OR and SR experiments were recorded from cameras positioned above the chambers and digitally stored. Exploration of the objects was then analyzed post-hoc using the within-object area scoring system which was defined as sniffing of the object (with nose contact or head directed to the object) within ∼2 cm radius of the object. (Bevins and Besheer 2006) Standing, sitting, or leaning on the object was not scored as object exploration. OR data were expressed as a percentage of the total exploration time for each object per experiment, and the SR data were expressed as a percentage of the total exploration time on SR novelty exploration (Clarke et al. 2010). The results across animals were expressed in terms of mean ± SEM. The data were then statistically assessed using the Student's t-test by comparing group means with the fixed value of 50%, which represents no differentiation between objects. The significance level was set at P < 0.05 (Clarke et al. 2010).
In addition, task performance was measured by calculating the discrimination ratio. In the OR task, this referred to the proportion of total exploration time spent exploring the novel object (i.e., the difference between the time spent exploring the novel and the familiar object divided by the total time spent exploring both objects). In the SR task, this referred to the proportion of exploration time spent exploring objects in the familiar location during reexposure or objects in the new location during novel configuration (i.e., the difference between the time spent exploring the familiar or new location and novelty exploration divided by the total time spent exploring the familiar or new location and novelty exploration). This measure takes into account individual differences in the total amount of exploration time. A discrimination ratio of zero represents no preference for either object in OR or location in SR, a positive ration indicates preference for the novel object or novel location and a negative ratio reflects a preference for the familiar object or location. The data were assessed using ANOVA with the significance level set at P < 0.05.
OR Results in Persistent Synaptic Depression
In the past, we have reported that the coupling of electrical stimulus that usually leads to weak or no plasticity, with a spatial learning event leads to robust long-lasting plasticity in the adult rat (Manahan-Vaughan and Braunewell 1999; Kemp and Manahan-Vaughan 2004, 2007, 2008a). We therefore explored whether OR facilitates synaptic plasticity in the adult mouse.
In this study, the training phase consisted of the exposure to 2 novel objects. During the test phase 24 h later, one familiar and one novel object were presented (Fig. 1). We found that during the training phase, the mice explored both objects equally (A: 50.41 ± 2.15%, B: 49.59 ± 2.15%; t-test, P = 0.7916; n = 10), whereas during the test-phase, the mice explored the novel object to a significantly larger extent in comparison with the familiar object (A: 27.42 ± 2.52%, C: 72.58 ± 2.52%) in the test phase (t-test, P < 0.0001; n = 10) (Fig. 2c). Given that 24 h intervened between the training and test phases, this was a clear behavioral indication that the mice successfully formed a memory of the objects during the training phase. Moreover, the discrimination ratio revealed that the mice had a significantly greater preference (ANOVA, F1,9 = 146.74, P < 0.0001) for the novel object during the test phase (Fig. 2d).
Test-pulse stimulation given to the Schaffer collaterals resulted in fEPSPs that were highly stable during the 25 h recording period. When the animals engaged in OR during test-pulse stimulation, immediately after cessation of the task, fEPSPs became persistently depressed (n = 10). Notably, significant synaptic depression was observed after both the training phase (ANOVA, F1,414 = 450.02, P < 0.0001) and test phase (ANOVA, F1,414 = 604.66, P < 0.0001) (Fig. 2a). The reduction in synaptic transmission was stable and persisted for at least 25 h in the training (79.68 ± 1.93% at t = 1500 min) and test (79.78 ± 2.36% at t = 1500 min) phases.
OR Impairs LTP
If the performance of the OR task relied on an intrinsic decrease in Schaffer collateral – CA1 synaptic efficacy (Fig. 2a), it could be hypothesized that the threshold needed to induce LTP at these synapses would be negatively affected by OR. We investigated this possibility in a study (Fig. 3a) where HFS was applied whilst the mice performed the OR task. HFS alone induced a strong initial potentiation that slowly returned to near baseline values by the next day. When the OR task was paired with HFS, a significant impairment of the potentiation was seen: the initial potentiation (t = 5 min) was reduced in both training and test phases compared with test-pulse only controls (ANOVA, F1,411 = 176.55, P < 0.0001 and F1,408 = 179.99, P < 0.0001, respectively; n = 10). The impairment was not significantly different between the 2 phases (ANOVA, F1,411 = 0.10122, P = 0.7505; n = 10). Successful acquisition of the OR task was evident from the significantly greater exploration of the novel object (A: 33.47 ± 1.86%, C: 66.53 ± 1.86%) in the test phase (t-test, P < 0.0001; n = 10) compared with the equal exploration of both objects (A: 51.11 ± 1.86%, B: 48.89 ± 1.86%) during training (t-test, P = 0.4107; n = 10) (Fig. 3c). This observation was furthered by the strong increment (ANOVA, F1,9 = 24.956, P < 0.001) in the discrimination ratio during the test phase which indicated a strong preference for the novel object (Fig. 3d).
Novel Object–Space Learning Underlies Facilitation of Synaptic Depression by OR
We were puzzled by the observation that synaptic depression was facilitated both during the training and test phases of OR. We felt at first that this result was rather counterintuitive, since one would expect the OR process in the test phase to elicit a synaptic change different from when recognition was not involved (i.e., training phase).
The hippocampus has been proposed to construct a cognitive map that mediates the representation of physical space (O'Keefe and Nadel 1978; Moser et al. 2008), and its circuitry is believed to be specifically tuned for novelty detection (Lisman and Otmakhova 2001; Vinogradova 2001). Given this, we hypothesized that synaptic changes observed in OR were elicited by the configurative novelty of object–space rather than object novelty per se. This implies that object and space are recognized as a unit rather than separately and that changes arising in any component of this representation would sufficiently constitute spatial novelty. The decrease in synaptic strength during OR training and testing would then have derived from the detection of the new spatial configuration of novel objects (i.e., novel object–space pairing) in both phases, even though initially behaviorally quantified as the mere recognition of the novel object.
To test whether the spatial novelty of the object alone (i.e., no novel object, just novel position) would evoke the same synaptic changes as described in Figure 2, we simply shifted the positions of the objects within the recording chamber in the SR task (see protocol described in Fig. 1). Here, we found a distinct decrease in CA1 synaptic strength similar to that observed in OR, but always only when the objects were spatially relocated (ANOVA, F1,586 = 205.45, P < 0.0001; n = 14) (Fig. 4a). Reexposure of the same objects in the now familiar location resulted in no change in synaptic strength (ANOVA, F1,592 = 3.3969, P = 0.06582; n = 14) compared with test-pulse only values. When the same objects were shifted anew to a novel configuration, a significant persistent reduction in synaptic efficacy was once more observed (ANOVA, F1,593 = 223.48, P < 0.0001; n = 14), which was not significantly different from the change observed during novelty exploration (ANOVA, F1,587 = 2.5229, P = 0.11274; n = 14). This indicated that spatial novelty alone in object–space pairings is necessary and sufficient to evoke CA1 synaptic depression.
Our behavioral data were congruent with the electrophysiological results. When compared with novelty exploration, the total amount of exploration toward both objects was greatly reduced during reexposure (64.56 ± 4.02%; t-test, P < 0.0001; n = 14) but was significantly increased when the objects were spatially rearranged (208.54 ± 12.35%; t-test, P < 0.0001; n = 14) (Fig. 4c). Furthermore, the discrimination ratio showed that the mice had a reduced preference for objects at the familiar locations and a significant increment in preference (ANOVA, F1,13 = 154.03, P < 0.0001) when the objects were shifted to a novel location (Fig. 4d). Evidently, the mice were not only capable of recognizing novel objects but also learned the positions of the objects, whereby the novel locations demanded greater exploratory attention compared with the familiar locations. Whereas recognition of a novel spatial configuration resulted in a corresponding decrease in synaptic efficacy at the Schaffer collateral—CA1 synapse, the realization that objects were not spatially relocated required no such synaptic change.
Novel Object–Space Learning Impairs LTP
To further examine if equal mechanisms underlie the synaptic depression elicited after exploring a new object in OR and a novel location in SR, the SR task was executed during HFS to examine if the inhibition of HFS-induced LTP which occurred during OR is also observed in SR. When HFS was paired with SR novelty exploration, a significant impairment of the LTP was observed (ANOVA, F1,684 = 846.32, P < 0.0001; n = 16) (Fig. 5a). Reexposing the mice to the objects together with HFS in their familiar location did not evoke any impairment but resulted in a synaptic potentiation not dissimilar to that elicited with HFS alone (ANOVA, F1,683 = 2.6946, P = 0.10115). Relocating the objects to a novel configuration again resulted in a significant abolishment (ANOVA, F1,681 = 856.84, P < 0.0001) of the HFS-induced LTP, which had a similar profile to that which was elicited during novelty exploration (ANOVA, F1,687 = 0.73195, P = 0.39255). The electrophysiological data thus indicates that similar cellular processes underlie the synaptic changes that occur during both the OR and the SR tasks.
Behaviorally, the data showed that the mice explored the objects in the familiar location to a significantly reduced extent during reexposure (63.81 ± 6.97%; t-test, P < 0.0001; n = 16) when compared with novelty exploration (Fig. 5c). During novel configuration, the mice explored to newly located objects to a significantly greater degree (194.69 ± 18.10%; t-test, P < 0.0001). In addition, analysis of the discrimination ratio revealed that the mice exhibited a stronger preference for the objects in the novel configuration (ANOVA, F1,16 = 77.010, P < 0.0001) compared with when they were familiar (Fig. 5d).
In this study, we show for the first time that intrinsic and endogenous synaptic depression occurs during OR in the mouse hippocampus. We report that OR involves a spatial component that elicits changes in synaptic strength in the hippocampus and results in LTD. Hippocampal LTP is prevented by OR. Furthermore, our data support that learning-facilitated LTD may be a common property shared across multiple species that is used for synaptic information storage in association with hippocampus-dependent learning events.
OR is believed to be processed by the perirhinal cortex (Mumby and Pinel 1994; Murray and Mishkin 1998; Baxter and Murray 2001; Mumby 2001; Winters et al. 2004). This has been demonstrated, for example, through studies where the presentation of objects without a distinct context facilitates the expression of the immediate early gene cFos in the perirhinal cortex but not in the hippocampus (Zhu et al. 1995, 1996). However, in the environment where objects are presented, a spatial component is always present in the OR task, as each object has a metric coordinate. Our data support that the hippocampus encodes this spatial component of OR: each time an object pair is presented synaptic depression occurs, the depression only fails if familiar objects are presented in familiar locations. This finding may help clarify the controversy in the scientific literature. Studies in humans, nonhuman primates, and other mammals have reported that the hippocampus is irrelevant for OR (Murray and Mishkin 1998; Baxter and Murray 2001; Mumby 2001), whereas others have found significant effects of hippocampal lesions on recognition memory (Reed and Squire 1997; Beason-Held et al. 1999; Clark et al. 2000; Zola et al. 2000; Broadbent et al. 2004). Whilst these prior studies contribute invaluable resource to our understanding, our current data support the idea that it is the spatial aspect of OR that appears to be processed by the hippocampus. This finding is in line with reports that the perirhinal cortex is responsible for nonspatial aspects of OR (Brown and Aggleton 2001; Aggleton and Brown 2005).
The hippocampus is known to play an essential role in novelty detection, despite controversy over the precise subregional localization of mismatch detection (Lisman and Otmakhova 2001; Vinogradova 2001; Lee et al. 2005). The major hippocampal subregions, the CA1, CA3, and the dentate gyrus, respond to novelty-elicited synaptic changes (Vianna et al. 2000; Straube, Korz, Balschun, et al. 2003; Lee et al. 2005). Whilst LTP, particularly in the dentate gyrus, is elicited through changes in novel empty space (Straube, Korz, Balschun, et al. 2003; Straube, Korz, Frey 2003; Kemp and Manahan-Vaughan 2007, 2008a), LTD appears to engage in a different form of novel information processing. In the CA1 in rats, novel constellation of small feature-conferring objects within an environment facilitates LTD (Manahan-Vaughan and Braunewell 1999; Kemp and Manahan-Vaughan 2004), whereas in the dentate gyrus such facilitation of LTD surfaces predominantly through the novelty of disproportionately large landmark cues which polarize the environment (Kemp and Manahan-Vaughan 2008a). In line with prior observations, our current results show that the novelty of either component of the object–space pairing (novelty of a new object in old space, or of an old object in new space), which effectively translates into spatial novelty, elicits endogenous LTD in the CA1 region in mice. In the CA1 region, behavioral activity alone is insufficient to trigger the synaptic changes that arise from the acquisition of novel spatial features, as active exploration of a featureless empty environment does not elicit persistent plasticity (Kemp and Manahan-Vaughan 2004). Moreover, the LTD facilitation through active exploration in a spatial task can be mimicked through a similar spatial task in which the subjects remain stationary (Kemp and Manahan-Vaughan 2011).
LTP was prevented by either the OR or the spatial OR task. The profile of synaptic depression that occurred after induction of LTP remained very similar to that seen in naive synapses. In both cases, synapses depressed by roughly 20%, which amounted to the same relative change as that obtained in naive synapses. Learning performance was also unaffected by the induction of LTP. This suggests that LTP may not play a significant part in the processing of this kind of information.
The finding that learning-facilitated plasticity is conserved across species is an important observation. Here, we describe for the first time that learning-facilitated plasticity occurs in the mouse. In rats, novel spatial context facilitates hippocampal LTD (Manahan-Vaughan and Braunewell 1999; Kemp and Manahan-Vaughan 2004, 2007, 2008a) and inhibits LTP (Kemp and Manahan-Vaughan 2004). Here, we show that OR facilitates hippocampal LTD and impairs LTP. This is an important finding, as it highlights that LTP cannot comprise the sole cellular substrate for synaptic information storage leading to persistent memories. Certain components of spatial learning may, in fact, be associated with LTD. It is indeed becoming increasingly likely that LTP and LTD work together to encode different aspects of spatial information that are combined to generate a complete spatial representation of the environment (Kemp and Manahan-Vaughan 2007; Hagena and Manahan-Vaughan 2011). We do not purport to claim that plasticity is "triggered" by the learning event (this will require greater scrutiny and other methodological tools), however, our current data indicate that LTD is tightly associated with specific aspects of spatial learning. Indeed, other studies in rats have shown that preventing spatial learning by, for example, treatment with antagonists of either the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor or of specific metabotropic glutamate, dopamine, or noradrenergic receptors also prevents the concurrent facilitation of LTD by the learning task (Lemon and Manahan-Vaughan 2006; Kemp and Manahan-Vaughan 2008b; Popkirov and Manahan-Vaughan 2011) thereby adding further support to this possibility.
In the rat hippocampus, learning-facilitated plasticity occurs at the different synapses of the trisynaptic circuit in close association with the experience of different kinds of spatial learning paradigms (Manahan-Vaughan and Braunewell 1999; Kemp and Manahan-Vaughan 2008a; Hagena and Manahan-Vaughan 2011). LTP is facilitated at the perforant path—dentate gyrus synapse, the mossy fiber—CA3 synapse, the commissural associational—CA3 synapses, and the Schaffer collateral—CA1 synapses by exposure to novel space (Kemp and Manahan-Vaughan 2004, 2008a; Hagena and Manahan-Vaughan 2011). LTD on the other hand shows subregional differences: it is facilitated in the dentate gyrus and at mossy fiber—CA3 synapses by spatial configurations of large navigational cues (Kemp and Manahan-Vaughan 2008a; Hagena and Manahan-Vaughan 2011), whereas at commissural associational—CA3 synapses and Schaffer collateral—CA1 synapses by exposure to novel and more discrete object–place configurations (Manahan-Vaughan and Braunewell 1999; Kemp and Manahan-Vaughan 2004). Learning-facilitated plasticity is thus a very robust phenomenon that may reflect the differential contribution of LTP and LTD to different components of a spatial representation. LTD that occurs in association with spatial learning may reflect changes in signal-to-noise ratios, pruning of synapses that were previously potentiated by LTP, or information storage through synaptic depression (Hagena and Manahan-Vaughan 2011). It is important to note, however, that LTP may also enable nonspatial forms of memory storage in the hippocampus. In line with this, both fear conditioning (Whitlock et al. 2006) and trace conditioning (Gruart et al 2006) elicit potentiation of synaptic responses, suggesting that LTP and LTD can functionally dissociate depending on the information being processed.
In conclusion, our data support that intrinsic synaptic depression occurs in the mouse hippocampus in association with OR. This change is coupled to the spatial component of OR: a finding that supports that the hippocampus is responsible for the processing of the novel object–space presented in the task. Furthermore, this phenomenon is tightly related to LTD and not to LTP, as attempting to induce LTP during both object and SR result in the impairment of this type of synaptic plasticity. Taken together, these data support that learning-facilitated synaptic plasticity is a common property of mammalian systems, that the hippocampus recognizes and encodes the spatial component of OR, and that OR may be enabled by encoding through long-term synaptic depression in the hippocampus.
This work is support by a grant from the German research foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinscaft, www.dfg.de) to D.M.-V. (SFB 874, TP B1).
We thank Jens Klausnitzer and Beate Krenzek for technical assistance and Nadine Gomell for animal care. We are grateful to Arne Buschler for methodological advice. Conflict of Interest : None declared.


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Simon McGrath concludes his blog about the remarkable Prof George Davey Smith's smart ideas for understanding diseases, which may soon be applied to ME/CFS.
Discuss the article on the Forums.
Dr. Coffin's Testimony to the CFSAC (Oct 09)
Discussion in 'Media, Interviews, Blogs, Talks, Events about XMRV' started by Cort, Nov 29, 2009.
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Run Capacitor, 20 MFD, 440V, Oval
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Zoro #: G2015623Mfr. Part #: 2MDZ2
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ST. PAUL, Minn. – A Rochester woman was killed in a four-vehicle accident Saturday morning.
The Minnesota State Patrol says it happened around 10:24 am at the intersection of Highway 56 and County Road 88, just east of Randolph in Dakota County. 55-year-old Lori J. Hoefs of Oronoco was driving west on County Road 88 and 81-year-old Glen W. Travis of Dodge Center was driving north on Highway 56. Hoefs apparently failed to stop for a stop sign and broadsided Travis.
That pushed Travis' vehicle into the southbound lane of Highway 56, where it collided with an SUV driven by 36-year-old Erica Myking of Burnsville. Debris from the crash site also damaged another vehicle.
Neither Hoefs nor Myking was hurt in collision. Travis suffered what is described as a serious injury and a passenger in his vehicle, 78-year-old Brenda K. Travis of Rochester, was killed. A passenger in Myking's vehicle, 36-year-old Renee C. Piersas of Bloomington, suffered a non-life threatening injury.
The Cannon Falls Police Department and the Dakota County Sheriff's Office assisted at the scene.


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We have had a week around here. Y'all, it's been two trips to the pediatric neurologist (everything's fine, it's all fine), every single person in our house has had a cold, we moved John's office from one location to a different location (he has a … [Read more]
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These five women are pastoring me this morning. Their words travel down into the deep places of my soul, partnering with Jesus on my behalf to chase shame out the back door. Let's link arms and remember justice and mercy and courage and hope. I … [Read more]


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The above mentioned factors are the controllable variables of a retail strategy as shown in the picture. Apart from planning for these a retail strategy should also take into account the uncontrollable factors like seasonality, legal restrictions, economic conditions etc. in order for the strategy to be effective.
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