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Type Theory & Functional Programming
- Jonah Horn
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1 Type Theory & Functional Programming Simon Thompson Computing Laboratory, University of Kent March 1999 c Simon Thompson, 1999 Not to be reproduced
2 i
3 ii To my parents
4 Preface Constructive Type theory has been a topic of research interest to computer scientists, mathematicians, logicians and philosophers for a number of years. For computer scientists it provides a framework which brings together logic and programming languages in a most elegant and fertile way: program development and verification can proceed within a single system. Viewed in a different way, type theory is a functional programming language with some novel features, such as the totality of all its functions, its expressive type system allowing functions whose result type depends upon the value of its input, and sophisticated modules and abstract types whose interfaces can contain logical assertions as well as signature information. A third point of view emphasizes that programs (or functions) can be extracted from proofs in the logic. Up until now most of the material on type theory has only appeared in proceedings of conferences and in research papers, so it seems appropriate to try to set down the current state of development in a form accessible to interested final-year undergraduates, graduate students, research workers and teachers in computer science and related fields hence this book. The book can be thought of as giving both a first and a second course in type theory. We begin with introductory material on logic and functional programming, and follow this by presenting the system of type theory itself, together with many examples. As well as this we go further, looking at the system from a mathematical perspective, thus elucidating a number of its important properties. Then we take a critical look at the profusion of suggestions in the literature about why and how type theory could be augmented. In doing this we are aiming at a moving target; it must be the case that further developments will have been made before the book reaches the press. Nonetheless, such an survey can give the reader a much more developed sense of the potential of type theory, as well as giving the background of what is to come. iii
5 iv PREFACE Outline It seems in order to give an overview of the book. Each chapter begins with a more detailed introduction, so we shall be brief here. We follow this with a guide on how the book might be approached. The first three chapters survey the three fields upon which type theory depends: logic, the λ-calculus and functional programming and constructive mathematics. The surveys are short, establishing terminology, notation and a general context for the discussion; pointers to the relevant literature and in particular to more detailed introductions are provided. In the second chapter we discuss some issues in the λ-calculus and functional programming which suggest analogous questions in type theory. The fourth chapter forms the focus of the book. We give the formal system for type theory, developing examples of both programs and proofs as we go along. These tend to be short, illustrating the construct just introduced chapter 6 contains many more examples. The system of type theory is complex, and in chapter which follows we explore a number of different aspects of the theory. We prove certain results about it (rather than using it) including the important facts that programs are terminating and that evaluation is deterministic. Other topics examined include the variety of equality relations in the system, the addition of types (or universes ) of types and some more technical points. Much of our understanding of a complex formal system must derive from out using it. Chapter six covers a variety of examples and larger case studies. From the functional programming point of view, we choose to stress the differences between the system and more traditional languages. After a lengthy discussion of recursion, we look at the impact of the quantified types, especially in the light of the universes added above. We also take the opportunity to demonstrate how programs can be extracted from constructive proofs, and one way that imperative programs can be seen as arising. We conclude with a survey of examples in the relevant literature. As an aside it is worth saying that for any formal system, we can really only understand its precise details after attempting to implement it. The combination of symbolic and natural language used by mathematicians is surprisingly suggestive, yet ambiguous, and it is only the discipline of having to implement a system which makes us look at some aspects of it. In the case of T T, it was only through writing an implementation in the functional programming language Miranda 1 that the author came to understand the distinctive role of assumptions in T T, for instance. The system is expressive, as witnessed by the previous chapter, but are programs given in their most natural or efficient form? There is a 1 Miranda is a trade mark of Research Software Limited
6 v host of proposals of how to augment the system, and we look at these in chapter 7. Crucial to them is the incorporation of a class of subset types, in which the witnessing information contained in a type like ( x:a). B(x) is suppressed. As well as describing the subset type, we lay out the arguments for its addition to type theory, and conclude that it is not as necessary as has been thought. Other proposals include quotient (or equivalence class) types, and ways in which general recursion can be added to the system without its losing its properties like termination. A particularly elegant proposal for the addition of co-inductive types, such as infinite streams, without losing these properties, is examined. Chapter eight examines the foundations of the system: how it compares with other systems for constructive mathematics, how models of it are formed and used and how certain of the rules, the closure rules, may be seen as being generated from the introduction rules, which state what are the canonical members of each type. We end the book with a survey of related systems, implemented or not, and some concluding remarks. Bibliographic information is collected at the end of the book, together with a table of the rules of the various systems. We have used standard terminology whenever were able, but when a subject is of current research interest this is not always possible. Using the book In the hope of making this a self-contained introduction, we have included chapters one and two, which discuss natural deduction logic and the λ- calculus these chapters survey the fields and provide an introduction to the notation and terminology we shall use later. The core of the text is chapter four, which is the introduction to type theory. Readers who are familiar with natural deduction logic and the λ-calculus could begin with the brief introduction to constructive mathematics provided by chapter three, and then turn to chapter four. This is the core of the book, where we lay out type theory as both a logic and an functional programming system, giving small examples as we go. The chapters which follow are more or less loosely coupled. Someone keen to see applications of type theory can turn to chapter six, which contains examples and larger case studies; only occasionally will readers need to need to refer back to topics in chapter five. Another option on concluding chapter four is to move straight on to chapter five, where the system is examined from various mathematical perspectives, and an number of important results on the consistency, expressibility and determinacy are proved. Chapter eight should be seen as a continuation of this, as it explores topics of a foundational nature.
7 vi PREFACE Chapter seven is perhaps best read after the examples of chapter six, and digesting the deliberations of chapter five. In each chapter exercises are included. These range from the routine to the challenging. Not many programming projects are included as it is expected that readers will to be able to think of suitable projects for themselves the world is full of potential applications, after all. Acknowledgements The genesis of this book was a set of notes prepared for a lecture series on type theory given to the Theoretical Computer Science seminar at the University of Kent, and subsequently at the Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil. Thanks are due to colleagues from both institutions; I am especially grateful to David Turner and Allan Grimley for both encouragement and stimulating discussions on the topic of type theory. I should also thank colleagues at UFPE, and the Brazilian National Research Council, CNPq, for making my visit to Brazil possible. In its various forms the text has received detailed commment and criticism from a number of people, including Martin Henson, John Hughes, Nic McPhee, Jerry Mead and various anonymous reviewers. Thanks to them the manuscript has been much improved, though needless to say, I alone will accept responsibility for any infelicities or errors which remain. The text itself was prepared using the LaTeX document preparation system; in this respect Tim Hopkins and Ian Utting have put up with numerous queries of varying complexity with unfailing good humour thanks to both of them. Duncan Langford and Richard Jones have given me much appreciated advice on using the Macintosh. The editorial and production staff at Addison-Wesley have been most helpful; in particular Simon Plumtree has given me exactly the right mixture of assistance and direction. The most important acknowledgements are to Jane and Alice: Jane has supported me through all stages of the book, giving me encouragement when it was needed and coping so well with having to share me with this enterprise over the last year; without her I am sure the book would not have been completed. Alice is a joy, and makes me realise how much more there is to life than type theory.
8 Contents Preface iii Introduction 1 1 Introduction to Logic Propositional Logic Predicate Logic Variables and substitution Quantifier rules Examples Functional Programming and λ-calculi Functional Programming The untyped λ-calculus Evaluation Convertibility Expressiveness Typed λ-calculus Strong normalisation Further type constructors: the product Base Types: Natural Numbers General Recursion Evaluation revisited Constructive Mathematics 59 4 Introduction to Type Theory Propositional Logic: an Informal View Judgements, Proofs and Derivations The Rules for Propositional Calculus vii
9 viii CONTENTS 4.4 The Curry Howard Isomorphism Some examples The identity function; A implies itself The transitivity of implication; function composition Different proofs and different derivations Conjunction and disjunction Quantifiers Some example proofs Base Types Booleans Finite types and The natural numbers Well-founded types trees Equality Equality over base types Inequalities Dependent Types Equality over the I-types Convertibility Definitions; convertibility and equality An example Adding one An example natural number equality Exploring Type Theory Assumptions Naming and abbreviations Naming Abbreviations Revising the rules Variable binding operators and disjunction Generalising The Existential Quantifier Derivability A is a type is derivable from a:a Unique types Computation Reduction The system T T Combinators and the system T T0 c T T0 c : Normalisation and its corollaries
10 CONTENTS ix Polymorphism and Monomorphism Equalities and Identities Definitional equality Convertibility Identity; the I type Equality functions Characterising equality Different Equalities A functional programming perspective Extensional Equality Defining Extensional Equality in T T Universes Type families Quantifying over universes Closure axioms Extensions Well-founded types Lists The general case - the W type Algebraic types in Miranda Expressibility The Curry Howard Isomorphism? Assumptions Normal Forms of Proofs Applying Type Theory Recursion Numerical functions Defining propositions and types by recursion Recursion over lists Recursion over lists A Case Study Quicksort Defining the function Verifying the function Dependent types and quantifiers Dependent Types The Existential Quantifier The Universal Quantifier Implementing a logic Quantification and Universes Quantification and Universes A Case Study Vectors
11 x CONTENTS Finite Types Revisited Vectors Proof Extraction; Top-Down Proof Propositional Logic Predicate Logic Natural Numbers Program Development Polish National Flag Program Transformation map and fold The Algorithm The Transformation Imperative Programming Examples in the literature Martin-Löf Goteborg Backhouse et al Nuprl Calculus of Constructions Augmenting Type Theory Background What is a specification? Computational Irrelevance; Lazy Evaluation The subset type The extensional theory Propositions not types Squash types The subset theory Gödel Interpretation Are subsets necessary? Quotient or Congruence Types Congruence types Case Study The Real Numbers Strengthened rules; polymorphism An Example Strong and Hypothetical Rules Polymorphic types Non-termination Well-founded recursion Well-founded recursion in type theory Constructing Recursion Operators The Accessible Elements
12 CONTENTS xi Conclusions Inductive types Inductive definitions Inductive definitions in type theory Co-inductions Streams Partial Objects and Types Modelling Foundations Proof Theory Intuitionistic Arithmetic Realizability Existential Elimination Model Theory Term Models Type-free interpretations An Inductive Definition A General Framework for Logics The Inversion Principle Conclusions Related Work The Nurpl System TK: A theory of types and kinds PX: A Computational Logic AUTOMATH Type Theories Concluding Remarks Rule Tables 360
13 xii CONTENTS
14 Introduction Types are types and propositions are propositions; types come from programming languages, and propositions from logic, and they seem to have no relation to each other. We shall see that if we make certain assumptions about both logic and programming, then we can define a system which is simultaneously a logic and a programming language, and in which propositions and types are identical. This is the system of constructive type theory, based primarily on the work of the Swedish logician and philosopher, Per Martin-Löf. In this introduction we examine the background in both logic and computing before going on to look at constructive type theory and its applications. We conclude with an overview of the book proper. Correct Programming The problem of correctness is ever-present in computing: a program is written with a particular specification in view and run on the assumption that it meets that specification. As is all too familiar, this assumption is unjustified: in most cases the program does not perform as it should. How should the problem be tackled? Testing cannot ensure the absence of errors; only a formal proof of correctness can guarantee that a program meets its specification. If we take a naïve view of this process, we develop the program and then, post hoc, give a proof that it meets a specification. If we do this the possibility exists that the program developed doesn t perform as it ought; we should instead try to develop the program in such a way that it must behave according to specification. A useful analogy here is with the types in a programming language. If we use a typed language, we are prevented by the rules of syntax from forming an expression which will lead to a type error when the program is executed. We could prove that a similar program in an untyped language shares this property, but we would have to do this for each program developed, whilst in the typed language it is guaranteed in every case. 1
15 2 INTRODUCTION Our aim, then, is to design a language in which correctness is guaranteed. We look in particular for a functional programming language with this property, as semantically the properties of these languages are the most straightforward, with a program simply being a value of a particular explicit type, rather than a state transformer. How will the new language differ from the languages with which we are familiar? The type system will have to be more powerful. This is because we will express a specification by means of a statement of the form p:p which is how we write the value p has the type P. The language of types in current programming languages can express the domain and range of a function, say, but cannot express the constraint that for every input value (of numeric type), the result is the positive square root of the value. If the language allows general recursion, then every type contains at least one value, defined by the equation x = x. This mirrors the observation that a non-terminating program meets every specification if we are only concerned with partial correctness. If we require total correctness we will need to design a language which only permits the definition of total functions and fully-defined objects. At the same time we must make sure that the language is expressive enough to be usable practically. To summarise, from the programming side, we are interested in developing a language in which correctness is guaranteed just as type-correctness is guaranteed in most contemporary languages. In particular, we are looking for a system of types within which we can express logical specifications. Constructive Logic Classical logic is accepted as the standard foundation of mathematics. At its basis is a truth-functional semantics which asserts that every proposition is true or false, so making valid assertions like A A, A A and x. P (x) x.p (x) which can be given the gloss If it is contradictory for no object x to have the property P (x), then there is an object x with the property P (x)
16 3 This is a principle of indirect proof, which has formed a cornerstone of modern mathematics since it was first used by Hilbert in his proof of the Basis Theorem about one hundred years ago. The problem with the principle is that it asserts the existence of an object without giving any indication of what the object is. It is a non-constructive method of proof, in other words. We can give a different, constructive, rendering of mathematics, based on the work of Brouwer, Heyting, Bishop and many others, in which every statement has computational content; in the light of the discussion above it is necessary to reject classical logic and to look for modes of reasoning which permit only constructive derivations. To explain exactly what can be derived constructively, we take a different foundational perspective. Instead of giving a classical, truth-functional, explanation of what is valid, we will explain what it means for a particular object p to be a proof of the proposition P. Our logic is proof-functional rather than truth-functional. The crucial explanation is for the existential quantifier. An assertion that z.p (z) can only be deduced if we can produce an a with the property P (a). A proof of z.p (z) will therefore be a pair, (a, p), consisting of an object a and a proof that a does in fact have the property P. A universal statement z.q(z) can be deduced only if there is a function taking any object a to a proof that Q(a). If we put these two explanations together, a constructive proof of the statement x. y.r(x, y) can be seen to require that there is a function, f say, taking any a to a value so that R(a, f a) Here we see that a constructive proof has computational content, in the shape of a function which gives an explicit witness value f a for each a. The other proof conditions are as follows. A proof of the conjunction A B can be seen as a pair of proofs, (p, q), with p a proof of A and q of B. A proof of the implication A B can be seen as a proof transformation: given a proof of A, we can produce a proof of B from it. A proof of the disjunction A B is either a proof of A or a proof of B, together with an indication of which (A or B). The negation A is defined to be the implication A, where is the absurd or false proposition, which has no proof but from which we can infer anything. A proof of A is thus a function taking a proof of A to a proof of absurdity. Given these explanations, it is easy to see that the law of the excluded middle will not be valid, as for a general A we cannot say that either A or A is provable. Similarly, the law of indirect proof will not be valid.
17 4 INTRODUCTION Having given the background from both computing and logic, we turn to examining the link between the two. The Curry Howard Isomorphism The central theme of this book is that we can see propositions and types as the same, the propositions-as-types notion, also known as the Curry Howard isomorphism, after two of the (many) logicians who observed the correspondence. We have seen that for our constructive logic, validity is explained by describing the circumstances under which p is a proof of the proposition P. To see P as a type, we think of it as the type of its proofs. It is then apparent that familiar constructs in logic and programming correspond to each other. We shall write p:p to mean, interchangeably, p is of type P and p is a proof of proposition P. The proofs of A B are pairs (a, b) with a from A and b from B the conjunction forms the Cartesian product of the propositions as types. Proofs of A B are functions from A to B, which is lucky as we use the same notation for implication and the function space. The type A B is the disjoint union or sum of the types A and B, the absurd proposition,, which has no proofs, is the empty type, and so on. The correspondence works in the other direction too, though it is slightly more artificial. We can see the type of natural numbers N as expressing the proposition there are natural numbers, which has the (constructive!) proofs 0, 1, 2,.... One elegant aspect of the system is in the characterisation of inductive types like the natural numbers and lists. Functional programmers will be familiar with the idea that functions defined by recursion have their properties proved by induction; in this system the principles of induction and recursion are identical. The dual view of the system as a logic and a programming language can enrich both aspects. As a logic, we can see that all the facilities of a functional programming language are at our disposal in defining functions which witness certain properties and so forth. As a programming language, we gain various novel features, and in particular the quantified types give us dependent function and sum types. The dependent function space ( x : A). B(x) generalises the standard function space, as the type of the result B(a) depends on the value a : A. This kind of dependence is usually not available in type systems. One example of its use is in defining
18 5 array operations parametrised on the dimension of the array, rather than on the type of the array elements. Dependent sum types ( x : A). B(x) can be used to represent modules and abstract data types amongst other things. More radically, we have the possibility of combining verification and programming, as types can be used to represent propositions. As an example consider the existential type again. We can think of the elements of ( x : A). B(x) as objects a of type A with the logical property B(a), witnessed by the proof b:b(a). We can give a third interpretation to p:p, in the case that P is an existential proposition: (a, b) : ( x:a). B(x) can be read thus: a of type A meets the specification B(x), as proved by b:b(a) This fulfills the promise made in the introduction to logic that we would give a system of types strong enough to express specifications. In our case the logic is an extension of many-sorted, first-order predicate logic, which is certainly sufficient to express all practical requirements. The system here integrates the process of program development and proof: to show that a program meets a specification we provide the program/proof pair. As an aside, note that it is misleading to read p : P as saying p meets specification P when P is an arbitrary proposition, an interpretation which seems to be suggested by much of the literature on type theory. This is because such statements include simple typings like plus : N N N in which case the right-hand side is a woeful under-specification of addition! The specification statement is an existential proposition, and objects of that type include an explicit witness to the object having the required property: in other words we can only state that a program meets its specification when we have a proof of correctness for it. We mentioned that one motivation for re-interpreting mathematics in a constructive form was to extract algorithms from proofs. A proof of a statement like x. y. R(x, y) contains a description of an algorithm taking any x into a y so that R(x, y). The logic we described makes explicit the proof terms. On the other hand it is instead possible to suppress explicit mention of the proof objects, and extract algorithms from more succinct derivations of logical theorems,
19 6 INTRODUCTION taking us from proofs to programs. This idea has been used with much success in the Nuprl system developed at Cornell University, and indeed in other projects. Background Our exposition of type theory and its applications will make continual reference to the fields of functional programming and constructivism. Separate introductions to these topics are provided by the introduction to chapter 2 and by chapter 3 respectively. The interested reader may care to refer to these now. Section 9.2 contains some concluding remarks.
20 Chapter 1 Introduction to Logic This chapter constitutes a short introduction to formal logic, which will establish notation and terminology used throughout the book. We assume that the reader is already familiar with the basics of logic, as discussed in the texts [Lem65, Hod77] for example. Logic is the science of argument. The purposes of formalization of logical systems are manifold. The formalization gives a clear characterisation of the valid proofs in the system, against which we can judge individual arguments, so sharpening our understanding of informal reasoning. If the arguments are themselves about formal systems, as is the case when we verify the correctness of computer programs, the argument itself should be written in a form which can be checked for correctness. This can only be done if the argument is formalized, and correctness can be checked mechanically. Informal evidence for the latter requirement is provided by Principia Mathematica [RW10] which contains numerous formal proofs; unfortunately, many of the proofs are incorrect, a fact which all too easily escapes the human proof-reader s eye. As well as looking at the correctness or otherwise of individual proofs in a formal theory, we can study its properties as a whole. For example, we can investigate its expressive strength, relative to other theories, or to some sort of meaning or semantics for it. This work, which is predominantly mathematical in nature, is called mathematical logic, more details of which can be found in [Men87a] amongst others. 7
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Product Review: Saba Social
eLearning 24-7
I admit that in general I have been underwhelmed in the past with Saba. A LMS whose UI is poor, ease of use not there and questionable feature sets and service. So, when I went and checked out Saba Social, Saba's new social learning platform, I had very low expectations. I was surprised. Saba Social offers a wealth of choices and deserves kudos in numerous areas.
And in this corner: LMS and in the other corner – Learning Platform
eLearning 24-7
have spent the last year and a half, looking to see if there were any differences between a LMS and a learning platform. Was there anything or things that really set them apart, to such a degree that one could say, "that is a LMS" and another say, "that is a learning platform" Before you go, oh, yeah well the modern ones are learning platforms and the "traditional" is LMS, I'd like to remind you, with no disrespect intended, that thinking is erroneous at best. We will discuss that in short order. than learner platform side.
Special Post – Why the Big Four are not on my latest Top 10 LMS List
eLearning 24-7
Since my Top 10 list of LMS vendors has been posted online, I have received quite a bit of e-mail wondering why the biggest names: Cornerstone On Demand, Saba, SumTotal and SuccessFactors are not on the list. A LMS should first be a LMS. viewed a SuccessFactors presentation – put on by the company to me and saw that they listed their platform as a human capital management system (it appeared on a slide). . have always seen then as talent/performance management platform which was becoming more of a HCM and this only re-confirmed it. 2012 Lists. " The Latest.
Dissecting Saba's New "Anywhere" Product for Mobile Learning
mLearning Trends
I happened upon a tweet last week while trolling my Twitter in-box that heralded a product announcement from Saba for their new " Saba Anywhere " offering designed to make training delivery to mobile workers easy, practical and secure. The marketing blurb provides the following background: At first blush, this all sounds great! Thump !
5 Ways to Use New Generation Learning Tools
CLO Magazine
survey released this week sponsored by Saba revealed that HR leaders in the U.S. Employers should welcome social, mobile and video learning tools to create a platform for a collaborative exchange of ideas. Didi D'Errico is the vice president, brand advocacy for Saba. Learning leaders have gotten hip to the potential of technology. and U.K. Open your ears and act.
#HRTECH Learning Vendors Preview – Who to see and who to avoid
eLearning 24-7
Perhaps they will also pitch LMS365 too, which is their other platform. Anyway, social exists in the platform, along with a built in authoring tool and the system is SCORM course standard. . IMO Cornerstone is more of a HCM (Human Capital Management) platform. While I place Saba in the average spot, I do think Learning@Work is heading in the right direction (cloud based platform). . Yes they offer it and sell it, but if you look at the entire platform it is pointed towards talent management – thus the primary. . Welcome, welcome all! CD2Learning.
Top 50 LMS Report for 2016 – What you need to know (criteria, approach, and yeah some vendors)
eLearning 24-7
identify the Big Dogs as SumTotal by Skillsoft (yes, that is the actual name), Cornerstone OnDemand, Saba, SucessFactors and Oracle Taleo (although, I ask myself who is using this and if you still are why?). However, I will say this: I like what Saba is doing. The system still – equally as Saba – needs some work. I think Skillsoft has the power to turn it around – ST that is, when it comes to learning. Saba Learning. just think there a way too many better platforms out there. Super robust platform – has it all. . Not in.
LMS Decision Making Criteria B4 U Buy
eLearning 24-7
You can easily replace, "LMS" to reflect your learning solution – i.e. any one of the subsets, such as employee engagement platform, learning platform , social learning platform, gamification only platform, knowledge management platform, learning system, micro-learning system or platform, courseware LMS and so forth. Been there. UI/UX.
Profile of a learning architect: Tiina Paju-Pomfret
Clive on Learning
This was accomplished using Bupa's Saba Centra virtual classroom platform. Community and collaboration Working alongside the new blended learning offering sits a powerful community, collaboration and social media platform called Bupa Live, which is based on Jive SBS software. good example would be Bupa's course on time management using Outlook. learning architects
A Look Back at E-Learning in 2012
eLearning 24-7
Sadly though many still are in the dark on true mobile learning – i.e. not accessing their platform via a mobile web browser. The next day or whenever he has a connection to the Internet, his data gets pushed out from the device and pulled into the platform or tool. OnPoint Digital – M-Learning platform. Communities tied to courses rather than the entire platform.
#25 to #11 LMSs of 2012
eLearning 24-7
Video learning platforms. The ability to shoot video with your smartphone/tablet, webcam or another device and then upload it into a platform is revolutionary, especially when the end user can type in "dog" for example and the video will go to each point "dog" is said. Hopefully this will change. . #20 Saba Learning Suite. While the pricing is outrageous and the Saba as a whole seems better suited as a HCM, their learning suite is a better alternative than those who want Cornerstone OnDemand. Drum Roll please. #25 Mindflash.com. shame really.
The Cornerstone Effect
eLearning 24-7
First off let me be clear, this post is not about the Cornerstone OnDemand LMS in the sense of whether it is a good or bad platform. It was those statements, which based on the Cornerstone platform, created assumptions that those folks had misinterpreted as being universal, when in reality, they were not. " In the LMS space, it has become the one term that if cast upon your platform is the sign of death, at least to many other vendors. The term implies to those who pitch it, as that their LMS is something new and out of the box, not like those traditional platforms.
A Conversation with Steven Just
Kapp Notes
He was previously the founder and CEO of Pedagogue Solutions which he sold to Saba and he is now working on an launching new venture called Intela. It unifies into a single platform three research- based learning strategies, for promoting learning, with a serious assessment system for diagnosing learning gaps, prescribing remediation and measuring impact. So our goal in designing Intela was to create an easy to use platform that enables trainers to incorporate all of the following practices into their training processes: Spacing effect. Here is part of our conversation.
2016 LMS Market Trends, Observations and Predictions
Talented Learning
There is really only a handful of LMS vendors that specialize in the complexities of continuing education including Abila , eLogic Learning , WBT Systems , Digitec Interactive , WebCourseworks , EthosCE , Cornerstone , SumTotal , Saba and YM Learning. #4 – Vacuum of Professional Service LMS Vendors. The 2016 LMS market is not what you think. This is big news. Conclusion.
Totara: re-shaping Moodle for corporate use
Clive on Learning
Last week I asked Can the 'big LMS' break clear of formal training? - I wanted to know whether Saba, one of the most successful of the big LMSs, could reinvent itself to accommodate informal learning. In the UK we do use two very different terms to separate between those platforms which are designed to support the learning of students (virtual learning environments – VLEs) and those designed to support the learning of employees (learning management systems – LMSs). I don't believe the distinction is so clear in the USA, yet it really needs to be. learning management systems
Top 15 Learning Management Systems mid-year 2014
eLearning 24-7
They forget to realize that a learning system, learning platform are just semantics – as noted before. You can have a modern learning system that is really crummy, just as you can have with a LMS. especially have a slight peeve when hearing how you should not buy a commercial system, rather build it yourself – because you know it gives you more control and you can do more with it than a commercial platform. Curious to know where SumTotal, Cornerstone, Saba and SuccessFactors ended up? I love to travel. Yeah, they forget that part. scoff at this idea.
Top 10 LMSs for 2013
eLearning 24-7
mean besides making additional money, I would never want to have their name on the platform. Platforms for higher education and K-12. video learning platform hits the rankings. Video learning platform – you might be asking what in the heck is that? recorder which can record videos, demos not only on the desktop/laptop, but also with a mobile device such as the iPhone and iPad. (on a side note: next week's blog covers the video learning platform market, including six vendors who stand out). Saba: See SumTotal. Hello from sunny Los Angeles.
Hello from Our New VP of Partnerships and Distribution Strategy
Organizations like Khan Academy, MOOCs (Coursera, Udacity, EdX) and platforms like Canvas are revolutionizing our primary and secondary education systems. We have also seen sea change on the platform side of enterprise learning. believe that enterprise elearning (particularly the content side) is one such market. The last few years have seen massive innovation in the edtech space.
Top 20 Learning Management Systems 2013-14
eLearning 24-7
Overall, LMS vendors are updating features more frequently than in any previous time. A factor clearly is an increase in platforms and capabilities. Cornerstone OnDemand (#24), Saba (#50). That said, it offers a lot of bang for the buck. #12 SuccessFactors - Thankfully the ol' Plateau design is long and gone, and replaced with a crisp user interface. My only concern with them is what role SAP will play in their future. #11 MediaCore - A video learning platform in the top twenty? Multi-tenant, very configurable platform. Not anymore. Moodle ranks #46. 2.
B2B Top Five LMSs
eLearning 24-7
Talk to anyone who has a multi-tenant (multi-portal) platform and immediately they will pitch that they are ideal for any markets including the B2B. What they fail to miss immediately, is just having a multi-tenant platform/aka parent/child/child aka portal/sub-portal aka PAAS (Platform as a Services) with multiple instances, is just a piece of the whole pie. I admit I love lists. I'm one of those people who sees a book of lists about anything and then I must have it. must read it. I just like lists. It seems to me that there are others who also love lists. Sweet.
The Social Collaboration Party – Should Learning Gatecrash ?
Learning Cafe
Alex has worked in senior leadership positions in Jive, SumTotal, Talent2 and Saba. Thu, Sep 11, 2014 12-1 PM Sydney , Register. In February this year Facebook was 10 years old with 1.4 billion Facebook users. Twitter signs up 135,000 new users every day. billion hours of YouTube is watched every month. Will it work ? Or are we going about the wrong way for the wrong reasons ? Panel.
What is in store for the LMS Space: My Forecasts for 2016
eLearning 24-7
One vendor already has a record button as part of their LMS, for folks who have a mobile device and wish to record the video in real time right into the LMS. A few VLPs (Video learning platforms) have had the ability for zooming in/out and quite a few feature sets; now it comes to the general LMS market. Yes it will be a splash, it's Workday after all, but their product IMO is targeting some certain folks i.e. Cornerstone, SuccessFactors, SumTotal by Skillsoft and to a lesser degree Saba. vendor)? Forecast #1. Curating Content. files, images, etc.) Forecast #2. Quick Hits.
The LMS Meets 2017: Top 15 Learning Tech Predictions
Talented Learning
Trying to proactively dislodge Cornerstone, SumTotal, Saba, SuccessFactors or Oracle as a business model is a fool's errand. The disadvantage is the same as always — lack of content portability if you leave your LMS platform. #6 LMS Gamification Levels Up. How can you make sense of this complex world where more than 700 learning platforms already compete for your business?
Perceptions and Factoids (LMS)
eLearning 24-7
Truly, sorry. Oh, and if you have SF because you are using it for HRIS or whatever and went with the learning component, to stay in alignment, you can switch to another LMS and still have it tied to your SF platform. would add that it definitely has a feel for the MediaCore VLP (Video Learning Platform) that Workday bought earlier this year. I didn't get to see the mobile piece, but I surmise it will be similar in many ways to MCs version which was always slick. It is a common misconception and one that can have and often does have negative results. Yeah, yeah, I know.
ATD2015 Conference Post – Review
eLearning 24-7
No Cornerstone OnDemand at the show – that was really surprising, especially since they push Learning Cloud; No Saba, again they are really pushing folks to Saba Cloud, and have stated their commitment to Learning. The platform will accept any 3rd party authoring tools; it does NOT come with captivate for those wondering. . Well hello there! Back after a few grueling weeks first in Australia then in Orlando, speaking at ATD. Before diving into the conference itself, for those who are unaware, I have signed a book deal with ATD Publishing. . Thank you, thank you.
Time for Change: MOOCs and Learning Technology
CLO Magazine
Companies such as Blackboard, CBT Systems — now Skillsoft — Saba and Docent were born. We're still using LMS platforms developed 10 years ago, e-learning courses that look more like cartoons or audio-enabled flash cards, and we still don't have enough mobile learning environments. MOOC platforms and other educational tools will move and be sold in the corporate market. Massive open online courses are transforming learning technology. These courses are now used by professionals and more senior people to learn new topics as well. billion. billion.
Top 10 LMS Forecasts for 2015
eLearning 24-7
There are already some vendors doing this – eLogic Learning includes close to 130 courses, when you buy their system, Docebo includes some courses with their platform, SumTotal does too (since being acquired by Skillsoft), and there are others as well. These vendors include ExpertusOne and Saba (and there are other vendors out there too). In the case of Saba for example, their predictive includes the ability for the learner to add their own skills, which in theory would make that predictive better attuned for that specific learner. Calculations. The Forecasts.
Q&A from Blog Readers on E-Learning
eLearning 24-7
have done a segment like this in the past and it was very popular. So, back for another installment. Q : I am curious on why Cornerstone On Demand, Saba and SumTotal do not appear in your top twenty lists even though they appear on other sites as the best products in the market. Am I missing something? A: Great question. There is no doubt that they are popular platforms – but as noted above – popularity doesn't mean best. There is nothing like interaction. If this was a popularity contest, then sure they deserve it. Thankfully, it isn't.
The Latest LMS Insight
eLearning 24-7
Part of the confusion is the usage of the term "traditional", whereas I think that people who use that term are focusing on vendors such as Cornerstone or Saba, for example, and assuming that all vendors are like them. This means that even if the person selecting the system is from HR, the platforms are being used first and foremost for learning/training. This week, rather than focus on one specific topic, I went wild and hit upon a few. Responding to Consumers. believe that. know of one vendor who responds within 30 minutes of receiving an inquiry. Tradition!
Trends in Learning - No LMS Left Behind [LSG Webinar Notes]
Learning Visions
TRENDS IN LEARNING - No LMS Left Behind Nag Chandrashekar, VP Products Learning Mobile and Assessment, Saba 1. learning platform used to do – it had the ability to target a specific group of learners and provide a nice catalog, dividing into groups of courses and targeting groups of people to push out the right content. Intelligent learning platforms matter: the system works for you.
5 E-Learning Forecasts for 2012
eLearning 24-7
They involved talent management, "hello and goodbye" with vendors, social learning, upswing in mobile learning, new feature sets in the authoring tool space, flat lining in web conferencing and standalone platforms. LMSs/LCMS/CMS/learning platforms in commercial and open space continued their presence. Thus, your competition expands: Large size vendors such as Saba, Cornerstone On Demand, SumTotal, Taleo, SuccessFactors – recently acquired by SAP. In 2011, I saw quite a few items that resonated. Here now are five trends and their respected forecasts.
Learning Technologies UK 2015 Review
eLearning 24-7
In my top 50 LMS vendors for example, the list of vendors at the show were: SkillsServe, LearnUpon, Tessello-Brightwave, Saba, Growth Engineering, Docebo, Administrate, Digits-Glo, Cornerstone OnDemand, Cm-Group, Kallidus, Totara (biz partners of wow, a lot of them), Litmos, Net Dimensions, SumTotal, and G-Cube (who didn't show up). I'm back. Well, back from being sick that is (hence the one week delay). And with that delay, came my delay of the LTUK15 review. So, with out any further notice, let's dive right in. Overall Impressions. Here are some quick takeaways.
Transforming the CLO Role
CLO Magazine
Saba CEO Bobby Yazdani discusses learning's evolution and technology's role in its future. For the 10-year anniversary of the magazine, Chief Learning Officer caught up with the Saba chief executive to hear about the evolution of the industry and the critical role he believes chief learning officers will play in the transformation of the enterprise. The technology had to be matured over time to accommodate an enterprise-class, global, multi-capability and multi-modality system into a single learning platform. Tell me about your entrance into the industry.
Incorporating Social
CLO Magazine
"A person takes a class and then forgets about it," said Hemanth Puttaswamy, chief technology officer at enterprise software company Saba Software Inc. For example, newly hired software engineers at a development company taking coding courses can upload outside articles about best practices onto the company's social media platform. Collaboration on social platforms can be enhanced if employees also have the chance to interact in person. Social learning is continuous learning, whereas more traditional forms can be more transactional. Do they expense it?

subset: commoncrawl


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Seattle, Washington-based photographer Jonas Seaman was very excited to share with us couple Angela and Diego's intimate backyard wedding (at the bride's family beach house on Lake Leelanau, Michigan) because, as he puts it, "from a photographer's perspective they were truly the perfect clients. They trusted us to do our jobs, and allowed us access to some incredibly personal moments."
He says the day also brought its challenges, "from sometimes harsh and dappled light to a language barrier with many of the family members and guests," but that is par for the course, isn't it? Nonetheless, the resulting images are still gorgeous, touching and convey a true sense of family love.
Bride-to-be Angela initially emailed Jonas explaining the deal: "Diego is from Ecuador (where we currently live) and so the wedding will be the first time the extended families meet. We're going for a completely bicultural and bilingual event. Our biggest challenge is that half our guests speak just English and half speak just Spanish. There are a handful of people (including me and Diego) that speak both. It's so important for us for it to be inclusive so we want as many things as possible to be bilingual. That means more than just translating an English wedding. He and I speak both English and Spanish to each other, all the time, some times at the same time, and we want the wedding to reflect our relationship." She went on to say, "Photography is a priority for us, because, well, we gotta capture the above-mentioned madness."
The day before the wedding, Jonas went location-scouting with Angela's mother and cousin looking for the perfect spot for portraits to be done at sunset. They drove through some of the surrounding area pointing at barns that they thought might be cool.
"I was a little worried about trespassing, but Angela's mom was not concerned," the photographer says. "'Everyone is very laid back here,' she'd say while we traveled up other people's driveways to jump out and take test shots. We did get some strange looks from one couple driving into their property as we were driving out. We spotted this great red house and dilapidated barn up on a hill off one of the main roads. We drove up a long dirt road to get there and I was relieved to see that the property had been abandoned. The next night during the reception, we grabbed Angela and Diego and, racing with the setting sun, got them over to the house and barn for portraits. It ended up being an ideal spot away from the chaos of family and friends for some quiet moments of intimacy. It proved to be a perfect ending to the day."
The photographer explains that the wedding couple's obvious love for photographs spilled over into their creative handling of the seating arrangement for the reception. "They found an old picture frame which they hung from a tree and to the frame they strung up little square Instagram-like photos of their friends and family. On the back of each photo was a number, and handwritten on a sign atop the frame in both Spanish and English was, 'Look for your photo to find your table number.'"
Jonas knew in advance that the whole event was DIY, and bride Angela had communicated that along with photography as a priority, there was the food. "Food is huge for us, like it is for lots of people," she told him. "We're not professional DIY people, but it's going to be a group effort just because budget-wise, it has to be. My maid of honor is making our cake, for example. My aunts are making a million quiches for the morning after brunch." She actually bribed the photo team (which included second shooter Mary Ellen Williamson) with food in her initial communications saying, "We promise you will eat great if you shoot our wedding!"
Camera: Canon 5D Mark III
Lenses: Canon 24mm f/1.4L, 35mm f/1.4L, 45mm Tilt-Shift, 50mm f/1.2L, 135mm f/1.4L
Portfolio: jonas-seaman.com
Blog: americanvirus.com
Check out more Weddings of the Week, and email Libby Peterson or Jacqueline Tobin with submissions


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Ex-Yahoo CEO becomes head of ShopRunnerEx-Yahoo CEO Scott Thompson becomes head of ShopRunner
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Source:Copyright 2012 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.. All Rights Reserved


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Best Rappers of 2014
The Contenders: Page 2
He's been here since the beginning and is considered one of the most powerful rappers in history
I like all his music and I want to be just like him... SIGHED TREVIONV 2 Comments
Probably the greatest and most "unique" rapper there isV 2 Comments
Erfan is the best. He is the best in rapV 8 Comments
ALONE MAN-we can't think about him, just we can break with his text's...
He is The Best of top Persian rappers
Ali sorena the best rapper I love you just ali sorena
He is best Persian rapper. He is alone. I love him. He is best album name is Mard Tanha.V 15 Comments
What is wrong with these people they just don't know him well you have to listen to his music,mixtapes,and other things that he makes they can't just judge him. Like what!V 1 Comment
He a the best rapper ever back in the days I don't see why he not now
The old Snoop is the one people need to listen to the current snoop sucks
He is the eldest... Singing with 2pac the only king of the rap the world had seen.. God bless
He might b addicted but they all are. Snope should b the one
All albums are a masterpiece. And express to the max just like Kendrick Lamar.
People vote 4 him his a good rapper he should be #7
A$AP is a real rapper, one of the only real G's left in the game, don't doubt rocky he will bring out some good music, Multiply, Wild for the night, goldie, etcV 1 Comment
He's a member of the rap fathers group, Hichkas
He is using philasefy in his rhymes just listen to sarzamine madari and you will realize that he has a beautiful mindV 5 Comments
I like the rap part in Dark Horse that he sang. it's my favorite part in the song!V 3 Comments
What the hell is this doing in this list? I think someone wanted to add this in the Worst Rappers list and a mistake happened and put a key or two keys wrong and Nicki Minaj was added in this list. - GREYBOYY
No Nicki Minaj is the best rapper of all time or it least best female rapper of all time - SSJ
Who votes for these damn lists? Complex magazine named Nicki Minaj the best rapper of 2014! She proved her lyricism while giving fierce street rhymes and proved her reign and influence in pop and hip hop by releasing her highest single to date, "Anaconda" and by giving a killer verse on the tripple platinum hit "Bang Bang" and the platinum jam "Only." She also introduced the world to a new and more vulnerable side with "Pills N Potions" and her album the "Pinkprint" which was the 2nd highest selling first week album of 2014 selling 250k! It also outsold Iggy's which only sold 80k in the first week and she somehow still sits above Nicki @ 40 something on this list. This list also has people's names that I never heard about!
Am I the only one here who knows she is a porn star, a garbage singer with too many butt implants, and WHY THE HECK IS SHE ON HERE?!?! I'm really sure the person on here put this trashy butt lover on here by accident. If I see any other NM lovers then I will tell them to walk off a cliff into a pit of anacondas (get it? )
Nicki is the QUEEN of rapV 10 Comments
On another level. Seems to do music he feels instead of what corps want. Different is good and D Glover seems to be onto something special.
Great Actor, Writer, Comedian and obviously Rapper!
Bino is a mastermind and IS THE BEST rapper in the game today! From songs such as LES to Outside, he always seems to tell great stories in his songs, and is very underestimated in what he does for sure.
His lyrics are just fireV 2 Comments
New York's ace in the hole!
Joey gonna get his moment and correct the mainstream "rap" game!
This year his studio debut album. Can't wait, future of rap
Come on people you have to recognize the future of rap Logic is the future of rap listen to his music he will be number one in the next year
Logic is better than half of these guys above him. He really has a story in raps and his album will show you too.
Sick behind the MIC and gets down on beats. Watch logic drop his album and nigh end up on the top 5. Better than Kanye, drake, lil Wayne.
Logic brings smooth flows with a good voice and relatable lyrics. Young stud. Look for him on the come up in the futureV 3 Comments
Flow is sick, goes so hard. I don't usually like skaters like tyler the creator and the new lil Wayne, but hop is so good
In my opinion one of the bests next to Eminem or Tupac. He talks about life just like Eminem and Tupac. Not dumb ass like Lil Wayne.
Hopsin without a doubt should be at least in the number 10 spot he deserves itV 3 Comments
He is my love rapper he is very fast speak to rapV 2 Comments
Way better than MGK... Him and Bronson are the best white rappers right nowV 2 Comments
Machine gun Kelly is legit. And he is bringing in more people from the white communities being a fare skinned rapper. He drops real lines and does it in style
MGK is a newcommer but hands down will one day be as great as Eminem.
I tink he is a good rapper but he needs to put in a lot of work to become the best. THe best song I've heard from him was wildboyV 2 Comments
Recommended Lists
Related ListsTop Ten Indian Rappers of 2014 Top Ten Punjabi Rappers of 2014 Best Indian Rappers of 2014 Under 18 Years Old Best Christian Rappers of 2014 Top 10 Fastest Indian Rappers 2014
List StatsUpdated 28 Feb 2017
200 listings
3 years, 40 days old
Top Remixes (56)
2. Drake
3. Lil Wayne
2. Sadegh
3. Reza Pishro
2. Nas
3. Kanye West
View All 56


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Movie Trailers - October 1965
May 1965 June 1965 July 1965 August 1965 September 1965 October 1965 November 1965 December 1965 January 1966 February 1966 March 1966 April 1966
Popular trailers for movies released in October 1965
Total trailers found: 126
The Desperado Trail Trailer (1965)
14 October 1965
No overview found.
The Gendarme in New York Trailer (1965)
28 October 1965
The second installment of Gendarmes series, tells the story of Sergeant Cruchot (Louis De Funes), who, together with his faithful comrades, has been sent to the International Congress of Gendarmerie in N.
Bunny Lake Is Missing Trailer (1965)
03 October 1965
A woman reports that her young daughter is missing, but there seems to be no evidence that she ever existed.
Morituri Trailer (1965)
01 October 1965
A German living in India during World War II is blackmailed by the English to impersonate an SS officer on board a cargo ship leaving Japan for Germany carrying a large supply of rubber for tyres.
The Cincinnati Kid Trailer (1965)
15 October 1965
An up-and-coming poker player tries to prove himself in a high-stakes match against a long-time master of the game.
The Nanny Trailer (1965)
27 October 1965
Ten-year-old Joey returns home from the special school he has attended since killing his baby sister. But at home he creates a terrible fuss, moving from the bedroom Nanny has prepared to one with a strong lock, refusing to eat anything Nanny cooks and adamant that Nanny shall not come near him. He even accuses Nanny of trying to kill him! Poor sweet, kindly Nanny, who single-handedly runs the Fane household?
The Bedford Incident Trailer (1965)
11 October 1965
Richard Widmark plays a hardened cold-war warrior and captain of the American destroyer USS Bedford. Sidney Poitier is a reporter given permission to interview the captain during a routine patrol.
How to Keep the Red Lamp Burning Trailer (1965)
28 October 1965
The film consists of three novels. The film begins with the fact that the Bernard Blier hero removes a lantern from the entrance to a brothel.
The Agony and the Ecstasy Trailer (1965)
07 October 1965
Charlton Heston stars as Renaissance artist Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (6 March 1475 – 18 February 1564), who begrudgingly paints the Sistine Chapel for imperious Pope Julius II in this epic adaptation of Irvine Stone's novel directed by Carol Reed.
Mirage Trailer (1965)
29 October 1965
New York City. David Stillwell struggles to recover his memory before the people who are trying to kill him succeed.
A Study in Terror Trailer (1965)
01 October 1965
When Watson reads from the newspaper there have been two similar murders near Whitechapel in a few days, Sherlock Holmes' sharp deductive is immediately stimulated to start its merciless method of elimination after observation of every apparently meaningless detail.
King Rat Trailer (1965)
27 October 1965
When Singapore surrendered to the Japanese in 1942 the Allied POWs, mostly British but including a few Americans, were incarcerated in Changi prison.
Juliet of the Spirits Trailer (1965)
22 October 1965
Visions, memories, and mysticism all help a 40-something woman to find the strength to leave her cheating husband.
The Shop on Main Street Trailer (1965)
08 October 1965
Slovakia during WW2. Tono lives a poor life, but the authorities offer him a take over the Jewish widow Lautman's little shop for sewing material.
Situation Hopeless -- But Not Serious Trailer (1965)
13 October 1965
A lonely German clerk captures two American flyers and keeps them as prisoners in his basement long after WWII has ended.
The First Teacher Trailer (1965)
31 October 1965
Dyuishen is assigned to the mountainous Kirghiz region of Central Asia by the Young Communist League after he is discharged from the Red Army.
Village of the Giants Trailer (1965)
20 October 1965
"Genius" accidentally invents "goo" which causes living things to rapidly grow to an enormous size. Seeing an opportunity to get rich, some delinquent teenagers steal the "goo" and, as a result of a sophomoric dare, consume it themselves and become thirty feet tall.
Die, Monster, Die! Trailer (1965)
26 October 1965
A young man visits his fiancé's estate to discover that her wheelchair-bound scientist father has discovered a meteorite that emits mutating radiation rays that have turned the plants in his greenhouse to giants.
The Loved One Trailer (1965)
11 October 1965
Newly arrived in Hollywood from England, Dennis Barlow finds he has to arrange his uncle's interment at the highly-organised and very profitable Whispering Glades funeral parlour.
The Hand Trailer (1965)
26 October 1965
A happy little potter is approached by a huge hand which wants him to sculpt its statue. The potter refuses, wanting nothing more than to be left alone with his only friend, a potted plant.
The Defilers Trailer (1965)
01 October 1965
Two young thugs kidnap a young girl and keep her in the basement of an old warehouse where they forcibly make her their sex slave.
The Wise Guys Trailer (1965)
22 October 1965
Hector Valentin (Bourvil) returns to France from Canada when he inherits a small sawmill. He has difficulties restarting the run-down operation which has inefficient workers and is hampered by the dirty tactics of its bigger.
Mara of the Wilderness Trailer (1965)
29 October 1965
An altruistic park ranger stumbles upon a beautiful but feral young girl (Lori Saunders) who spent most of her life being raised by a pack of white wolves.
Rustic Chivalry Trailer (1965)
09 October 1965
Maria del Pilar is in love with Sebastian, a servant of his house. But her father wants her to marry Marcos a rich landowner.
A Rage To Live Trailer (1965)
20 October 1965
Grace Caldwell, a young Pennsylvania newspaper heiress living with her widowed mother, has trouble restraining herself when it comes to the amorous attentions of young men.
Public School Trailer (1965)
07 October 1965
A schoolteacher (Robert Dhéry) and his wife (Colette Brosset) use the couple's new car for a class field trip in this routine situation comedy.
Two in Love Trailer (1965)
25 October 1965
A young musician courts a beautiful woman who refuses to respond to a word he says despite multiple encounters.
Buster Keaton Rides Again Trailer (1965)
30 October 1965
This is a documentary about the film "The Railrodder"
Hot-Blooded Woman Trailer (1965)
01 October 1965
Backwoods bombshell Myrtle marries George, only to find out that George neither can nor wants to satisfy her desires.
Heidi Trailer (1965)
29 October 1965
After her mother's death, the five year old orphan Heidi is brought by her aunt to her grumpy grandfather Alp, who leads a hermit life in the beautiful Swiss mountains.
Color Me Blood Red Trailer (1965)
13 October 1965
Gore specialist H.G. Lewis' gruesome tale of an artist who becomes a success after using human blood in his paintings.
The Eye Creatures Trailer (1965)
29 October 1965
Alien "eye" creatures invade a small town in this uncredited remake of "Invasion of the Saucer Men".
Winter A-Go-Go Trailer (1965)
28 October 1965
Ski Buffs and Ski Babes on the Go-Go in the Snow-Snow
The Golden Thread Trailer (1965)
13 October 1965
It was part of the trilogy, Meghe Dhaka Tara (1960), Komal Gandhar (1961), and Subarnarekha (1962), all dealing with the aftermath of the Partition of India in 1947 and the refugees coping with it.
Seven Golden Men Trailer (1965)
20 October 1965
After bungling a job in London, Albert, an international thief, masterminds a plan to rob a Geneva bank of 7 tons of gold.
The People vs. Paul Crump Trailer (1965)
01 October 1965
An impassioned plea for the release of a young man sentenced to die in an Illinois prison.
Piège pour Cendrillon Trailer (1965)
22 October 1965
Based on Sébastien Japrisot's novel, the story revolves around a young girl who suffers from amnesia after surviving a terrible fire.
Jealousy Trap Trailer (1965)
01 October 1965
Pinku from 1965.
Fists in the Pocket Trailer (1965)
31 October 1965
Ale, a deeply disturbed young man subject to seizures, benignly decides to murder members of his dysfunctional family for altruistic reasons.
Sword Devil Trailer (1965)
16 October 1965
Hanpei is a gentle young samurai who loves flowers. But one day he witnesses an old mans quick draw of the sword.
Cloportes Trailer (1965)
01 October 1965
Agente S 03: Operazione Atlantide Trailer (1965)
21 October 1965
An American agent discovers that the Red Chinese have built a secret atomic city from which they will attempt to invade America.
Thrilling Trailer (1965)
21 October 1965
Man from Canyon City Trailer (1965)
15 October 1965
Red and Carraucho, after escaping from jail, reach the border to Mexico and are hired by Morgan, a rich silvermine owner.
The Girl and the Playboy Trailer (1965)
15 October 1965
A millionaire gets amnesia after a hit to the head and now he has to rediscover his past and decide what kind of man he wants to be in the future.
The Rabbit Is Me Trailer (1965)
25 October 1965
The Rabbit Is Me was made in 1965 to encourage discussion of the democratization of East German society.
When the Boys Meet the Girls Trailer (1965)
10 October 1965
A playboy (Harve Presnell) helps a young woman (Connie Francis) turn her father's Nevada ranch into a haven for divorcees.
Pestilent City Trailer (1965)
02 October 1965
Pestilent City covers Manhattan from South to North, from Times Square to Harlem, finding along the way ever more poverty, violence, rage and tragic drunkenness.
West and soda Trailer (1965)
01 October 1965
West and soda is a 1965 traditionally-animated Italian feature film directed by Bruno Bozzetto. It is a parody of the traditional American Western.
Invasion Trailer (1965)
01 October 1965
An alien spaceship crashes near a rural hospital. When the aliens are taken to the hospital, a mysterious force field suddenly appears around it.
When the Song Does Not End... Trailer (1965)
13 October 1965
A combination of performances by masters of their arts, this film takes place during the Leningradskoye Leto – the Leningrad "White Nights" annual summer musical festival, featuring music stars, young opera singers, ballet, pop, circus, and amateur artists.
Doronuma no yorokobi Trailer (1965)
01 October 1965
Pinku from 1965.
Git! Trailer (1965)
01 October 1965
A teenage boy tries to train an unruly birddog.
La gazza ladra Trailer (1965)
21 October 1965
Short animatiion of The Thieving Magpie
Dead Man's Chest Trailer (1965)
27 October 1965
Two young journalists simulate a murder, but the scheme backfires when the mock victim disappears.
Key of Keys Trailer (1965)
22 October 1965
Kokusai himitsu keisatsu: Kagi no kagi is the fourth instalment of five films in the "Kokusai himitsu keisatsu" series.
La loba Trailer (1965)
07 October 1965
A wealthy, young Mexican woman is under a werewolf's curse.
The Foreigner Trailer (1965)
10 October 1965
Funny adventures of M-me Joubert and her granddaughter Madeleine from France in the city of Odessa, USSR.
Wet Woman Trailer (1965)
01 October 1965
First film written by Oniroku Dan.
Mia trelli... trelli oikogeneia Trailer (1965)
18 October 1965
The Micah is a young woman living in a crazy ... family. Her mother, Flora paste is barmy, her little sister and almost uncontrollable divorced her mother's father, is good but cowardly and soft.


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#shoutout to the students at Pretoria High School for standing up for their natural hair! Read more »
Have you ever left a hair salon unsatisfied and looking worse than how you went in? This can help. Read more »
Think of it as a hibernation period for your hair--as well as a chance to try new things without the commitment. Read more »
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How does this resolution erode a Nazi's rights?
Really nice piece Linda. Thank you.
I question the "inner robot" premise. I believe that some of the articles have suggested that while it takes the mind half a second to process the incoming data, the mind is not waiting around to interpret and respond, but is in fact "predicting" based upon what came in a half second ago and stored information about what is likely to happen within the next half second. If you're mind is synthesizing a response based upon a prediction then it is simultaneous with regard to the perceived moment even if the prediction is flawed. And it seems that there are few occurrences which could take place within that half second which would dramatically change the prediction. If so, there is no need for an "inner robot."
Gallagher's burger. You have to try it as well.
Ditto what Nico said.
Excellent article! Long overdue and much needed.
And by the way, I wrote this piece last June!
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