text:
Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. The curves are presented for any anxiety disorder (A), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (B), mood disorder (C), and substance use disorder (D) for one-third of the samples in each country. B&H indicates Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Priebe S, Bogic M, Ajdukovic D, Franciskovic T, Galeazzi GM, Kucukalic A, Lecic-Tosevski D, Morina N, Popovski M, Wang D, Schützwohl M. Mental Disorders Following War in the BalkansA Study in 5 Countries. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2010;67(5):518-528. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.37
© 2017
War experience may affect mental health. However, no community-based study has assessed mental disorders several years after war using consistent random sampling of war-affected people across several Western countries.
To assess current prevalence rates of mental disorders in an adult population who were directly exposed to war in the Balkans and who still live in the area of conflict, and to identify factors associated with the occurrence of different types of mental disorders.
Design, Setting, and Participants
War-affected community samples in Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo, the Republic of Macedonia, and Serbia were recruited through a random-walk technique.
Main Outcome Measure
Prevalence rates of mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders were assessed using the Mini–International Neuropsychiatric Interview.
Between 637 and 727 interviewees were assessed in each country (N = 3313). The prevalence rates were 15.6% to 41.8% for anxiety disorders, 12.1% to 47.6% for mood disorders, and 0.6% to 9.0% for substance use disorders. In multivariable analyses across countries, older age, female sex, having more potentially traumatic experiences during and after the war, and unemployment were associated with higher rates of mood and anxiety disorders. In addition, mood disorders were correlated with lower educational level and having more potentially traumatic experiences before the war. Male sex and not living with a partner were the only factors associated with higher rates of substance use disorders. Most of these associations did not significantly differ among countries.
Several years after the end of the war, the prevalence rates of mental disorders among war-affected people vary across countries but are generally high. War experiences appear to be linked to anxiety and mood disorders but not substance use disorders. Long-term policies to meet the mental health needs of war-affected populations are required.
Although millions of people have been exposed to war in the 20th and the beginning of the 21st century, systematic studies on the long-term mental health consequences in war-affected communities are still rare. Most of the existing research evidence is on war veterans rather than civilians,1,2 despite modern warfare threatening more civilians than soldiers.3 Similarly, more studies assess refugees in Western countries rather than the people who stay in the area of conflict,4- 12 usually the vast majority of the affected population.
Long-term consequences of war in civilians have been studied in Lebanon, Algeria, Cambodia, Ethiopia, Rwanda, and Timor-Leste.13- 18 The findings suggest an association between war experience and increased levels of mental disorders several years later, particularly posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression. Prevalence rates were usually higher than those found in samples not affected by war despite substantial differences between studies.19- 22 For example, de Jong et al15 studied war-affected civilians in Algeria, Cambodia, Ethiopia, and Gaza using similar methods in each country and reported increased prevalence rates of PTSD (16%-37%), mood disorders (5%-23%), and anxiety disorders (10%-40%). Pham et al17 found a 24.8% prevalence of PTSD among community samples in Rwanda, whereas Karam et al13 reported lower rates in Lebanon, ie, 11% for anxiety disorders and 7% for mood disorders. Within Western countries, a study in the Netherlands showed that experiences in World War II may still negatively affect mental health even 50 years after the end of the war.23 However, the study did not use a comprehensive diagnostic assessment of disorders beyond PTSD.
The collapse of Yugoslavia in the early 1990s precipitated the worst armed conflict in Europe since 1945. War activities occurred at different places in the former Yugoslavia between 1991 and 2001.24 A few studies on long-term mental health consequences were conducted in the aftermath of the war and suggested higher levels of mental distress in war-affected groups. However, they recruited from clinical samples,25 assessed only single-sex groups,26 used nonrandom sampling methods,27 had relatively small sample sizes,28 or did not administer standardized instruments to establish mental disorders.29
In this study, we aimed to assess prevalence rates of mental disorders in people who experienced the war in the Balkans between 5 and 15 years previously and identify factors associated with the occurrence of different mental disorders. The study was designed to recruit people who had directly experienced at least 1 war-related potentially traumatic event and lived in regions that had been directly exposed to war activities. It was conducted in 5 countries: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo (at the time of the data collection a province of Serbia and Montenegro), Republic of Macedonia, and Serbia.
The study was conducted as a multicenter survey in 5 countries. The rationale and methods have been described in detail elsewhere.30
In each country, we selected interviewees using a multistage probabilistic sampling frame and random-walk technique. We first identified all administrative regions that had been directly exposed to war activities, including bombing, artillery shelling, or combat fire lasting at least 7 days. We then randomly chose approximately 20% of the identified regions, with a minimum of 2 administrative regions in each country. This resulted in selecting a total of 15 regions across all participating countries (Bosnia and Herzegovina: Bosnian Podrinje and Sarajevo regions; Croatia: Lika-Senj, Karlovac, and Sisak-Moslavina regions; the Republic of Macedonia: Skopje, Northeast, and Polog regions; Kosovo: Prishtina and Kosovan District of Mitrovica; and Serbia: Raska, Nis, Jablanica, Pcinj, and Belgrade regions). In each of these regions, 3 localities with a minimum population of 3000 each were randomly selected, resulting in a selection of 49 localities across all 5 countries. To limit oversampling from the largest localities, a maximum of 25% of the study sample in each country was recruited in 1 locality.
In each locality, streets were randomly identified. Every fourth household was selected until a maximum of 15 interviews for 1 street were completed. If there were several households in the same building, households were chosen randomly, but no more than 6 participants were interviewed per building. Advance notifications informing residents of the study purpose and planned visit were mailed where possible.
The interview was conducted with the eligible adult member of the household whose birthday was closest to the date of interviewing and who fulfilled the inclusion criteria: born within the territory of the former Yugoslavia; age between 18 and 65 years; experienced at least 1 war-related potentially traumatic event; experienced the last war-related event at age 16 years or older; no severe learning difficulty; and no mental impairment owing to a brain injury or other organic cause. The potentially traumatic experience was established using a screening list containing 20 stressful events that people may have experienced during wartime (eg, shelling, sexual assault, or combat). People who had not been in the Balkan countries during wartime and those who had experienced only secondary trauma (eg, hearing about the disappearance or murder of a family member or friend) were not included.
Researchers made up to 3 attempts at different times of the day and on different days of the week to interview eligible participants, after which a replacement participant from another household was identified following the same sampling procedure.
All interviews were conducted face-to-face between January 15, 2005, and November 20, 2006. Participants' age, sex, marital status, educational level, and employment status were obtained on a brief structured questionnaire. The history of potentially traumatic experiences was assessed using a specifically amended version of the Life Stressor Checklist, Revised. The list is similar to other methods used to assess trauma exposure.31,32 It assesses whether a participant had experienced any of 24 potentially traumatic events before, during, and after the war. Cumulative scores for prewar, war, and postwar experiences were calculated. For each event we recorded the year of the occurrence, or in the event of repeated experience, the year of the most stressful occurrence and the level of personal distress caused by the event at the time of the potentially traumatic event (on a 5-point Likert scale, ranging from 0, not at all, to 4, extremely).
Current mental disorders were assessed using the Mini–International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI),33 a structured diagnostic interview assessing the symptom criteria used in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, (Fourth Edition34) with published translations for the languages used in this study. The MINI was validated by a cross-national study involving more than 600 participants.33 The instrument has been found to be valid when measured against the longer Composite International Diagnostic Interview and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R Patients.35,36 The reliability of the interview has been shown in various cultures,33,37- 39 and its utility as a diagnostic tool to identify populations at risk in war-affected groups has been demonstrated previously.28,40
All those instruments for which there had been no validated translations in all languages were translated and back-translated into English. All 22 interviewers were either qualified psychologists or psychiatrists.
All interviewers were trained in the assessments used in the survey. Rating agreement among interviewers was assessed for the MINI in 2 mock interviews. An agreement on an item was reached when all interviewers gave it the same answer. Among 251 items, the mean agreement rate across 2 sessions was 90.2%. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants before the interview. The study was approved by the relevant national ethics committees.
Descriptive statistics were used to report war experiences and characteristics of the samples in each country. The prevalence rates of mental disorders were calculated as percentages of participants with a positive diagnosis. Participant characteristics were compared between countries using x2 tests and analyses of variance depending on the type of data. Prevalence rates are reported with standard errors.
In addition to the country, sociodemographic characteristics (age, sex, and educational level), the number of potentially traumatic experiences before the war, active combat involvement during the war, the number of potentially traumatic experiences during the war, the level of distress during the potentially most traumatic experience, the time since the potentially most traumatic event, the number of potentially traumatic experiences after the war, marital status, and employment status were considered as variables potentially associated with mental health outcomes. All these variables were associated with long-term mental sequelae of war in several other studies.5- 17,23,25- 27,41
A multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to examine how the variables were associated with the 3 most frequently expected types of disorders: any mood disorders (major depression, dysthymia, hypomania, or mania), any anxiety disorder (panic disorder, agoraphobia, social phobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, PTSD, or generalized anxiety disorder), and any substance use disorder (alcohol abuse and dependence or drug abuse and dependence). Because of the particular interest in PTSD, the analysis was also conducted specifically for PTSD. Three categorical variables (educational level, marital status, and employment status) were collapsed into dichotomous ones according to model goodness-of-fit. Multicollinearity among potential predictor variables was assessed using the variance inflation factor statistic. A variance inflation factor exceeding 10 for a variable was regarded as indicating multicollinearity. Variables with sufficient variability and without collinearity with other variables were selected in the final model analysis and fitted simultaneously.
To assess whether the same predictive models applied in all 5 countries, we randomly split the sample into two-thirds as a training data set and one-third as a validation data set. We used the estimated coefficients (ie, log odds from the logistic regression model) from the training data set to calculate the risk score for the validation data set and its resulting receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve separately for each country. The ROC curve is summarized by the area under the curve (AUC). An ROC curve area of 0.5 indicates no discrimination and an area of 1.0, perfect discrimination. The AUCs were compared using a nonparametric approach as suggested by DeLong et al.42
We also calculated the prevalence rates for different categories of each of the factors that had been found significantly associated with the given type of disorder in the multivariable logistic regression analyses. For this, all factors were dichotomized. We calculated the observed and adjusted prevalence rates with standard errors using the total sample in each country.
Finally, we tested interactions between a country and each influential factor to assess whether the effects of the factors differed across countries. Interaction effects were fitted simultaneously with main effects in a multivariable logistic regression analysis. The analyses were based on the sample with the complete information on each variable. All analyses were done on unweighted data with SPSS statistical software, version 15 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, Illinois); STATA statistical software, version 11 (STATA Corp, College Station, Texas); and SAS statistical software, version 9.1 (SAS Institute Inc, Cary, North Carolina).
A total of 3313 participants were interviewed across the 5 countries. Table 1 summarizes the selection processes for each country.
Across all countries, 70.1% of the eligible participants were interviewed (range, 46.7%- 91.0%). Of 5330 people contacted, 11.3% did not meet the inclusion criteria (4.9% because they had not experienced any potentially stressful war event).
Sociodemographic characteristics and trauma-related variables are reported in Table 2. All sociodemographic variables and trauma exposure varied across countries, and the differences were particularly marked for educational level, employment rates, and number of war-related potentially traumatic experiences.
The exposure to different war-related potentially traumatic events is shown in Table 3 and varied across countries. Apart from Kosovo, shelling or bombardment was the most frequent war-related potentially traumatic experience.
The prevalence rates of mental disorders by country are shown in Table 4. The overall prevalence of mental disorders was 44.8%. Rates of anxiety disorders ranged from 15.6% to 41.8% and those of mood disorders from 12.1% to 47.6%. Substance use disorders, somatization disorders, and psychotic disorders were less frequent across all countries. The most frequent individual disorders were PTSD (range, 10.6%-35.4%) and major depressive episode (4.1%-37.3%). The prevalence rates of most disorders showed substantial variation between the countries. Between 14.4% and 26.9% of the samples met the criteria for only 1 disorder, and between 7.1% and 35.3% met criteria for 2 or more disorders.
When testing for the multicollinearity of the potential correlates, the length of time since the potentially most traumatic war-related experience showed high collinearity with the country. This reflects the history of events with the war happening in different countries at different times. The variable on experienced distress at the time of the potentially most traumatic event during the war showed a very low variance in all countries, with up to 99.5% of participants (Bosnia and Herzegovina) rating the highest option. These 2 variables were therefore excluded from logistic regression analyses.
The results of the multivariable logistic regression analyses with randomly selected two-thirds of the total sample are shown in Table 5.
When all selected variables were considered, higher rates of anxiety disorders were associated with older age, female sex, more potentially traumatic experiences during and after the war, and being unemployed. The same factors were associated with PTSD. Higher rates of mood disorders were significantly associated with older age; female sex; lower educational level; more potentially traumatic experiences before, during, and after the war; and being unemployed. Men and people without a partner had higher probability of having substance use disorders. In each of these analyses, significant differences remained between countries.
The ROC curves indicated that the discriminating ability of the 4 models to predict anxiety disorders, mood disorders, substance use disorders, and PTSD was satisfactory, with an AUC of 0.72 for anxiety disorders, 0.74 for mood disorders, 0.82 for substance use disorders, and 0.76 for PTSD.
The AUCs for ROC curves calculated using the risk score derived from the estimated coefficients from the two-thirds sample and the data from the remaining one-third sample by country are plotted in the Figure. The AUCs had a value around 0.70 for the 4 study outcomes (anxiety disorders, mood disorders, substance use disorders, and PTSD) in all countries, suggesting that the estimated models based on a two-third sample had similarly moderate predictive ability across the 5 countries. The comparison of AUCs between countries showed no statistically significant difference.
The ROC curves for substance use disorders were more variable across countries and unstable. This may be a consequence of sampling errors, the relatively lower prevalence of these disorders, and the inclusion of only 2 strong binary predictors.
The differences in observed and adjusted prevalence rates associated with each of the factors identified as influential are shown in Table 6 and Table 7.
Observed and adjusted prevalence rates were similar in most cases. The number of war-related potentially traumatic events was associated with the largest differences of adjusted rates of anxiety disorders (≥4 potentially traumatic experiences were linked with between 6.9% and 24.1% higher rates) and PTSD (9.8%-26.0%). These differences were smaller for the adjusted rates of mood disorders (3.9%-19.8%). The factor associated with the highest difference in prevalence rates of substance use disorders was sex.
Of the 19 tested potential interaction effects, 3 were statistically significant at P < .05. Country interacted with sex in predicting mood disorders (P < .001), with the number of war-related potentially traumatic experiences for anxiety disorders (P = .02), and with postwar potentially traumatic experiences for PTSD (P = .01). In all countries, the differences of the adjusted rates of the given disorder explained by these factors went in the same direction, although they varied in size (Tables 6 and 7).
More than 5 years after the war, the prevalence rates of mental disorders in war-affected people varied across Balkan countries. Overall, they were substantially higher than those reported for non–war-affected populations in Western countries.19- 22 The substantial differences between countries held true when other factors were considered in multivariable analyses. However, the multivariable models developed for predicting disorders in all countries had similarly moderate predictive power in each country. In these models, older age, female sex, more potentially traumatic experiences during and after the war, and unemployment were associated with higher rates of mood and anxiety disorders. In addition, mood disorders were correlated with lower educational level and more potentially traumatic experiences before the war. Male sex and not living with a partner were the only factors associated with higher rates of substance use disorders. Most of these associations did not significantly differ between countries.
To our knowledge, this is the largest community-based study assessing mental disorders in people directly exposed to war that has been conducted several years after the war and used consistent methods with random sampling across 5 countries. A multistage probabilistic sampling method and random-walk technique were applied in all countries. The findings may therefore be seen as representative for large populations of people who were directly affected by the war in the former Yugoslavia and who still live in the area of conflict. The study included civilians and people with active combat experience. Further strengths are that all interviewers were well-trained researchers with a relevant professional background who were familiar with the local context. The study was conducted in a cultural context in which concepts of Western psychiatry may be seen as valid. Studies using methods that were developed in Western medicine to assess distress in war-affected non-Western societies have often been criticized as culturally inappropriate.43 Another strength was that the influence of participants' sociodemographic characteristics and postwar social situation was considered in a multivariable analysis. Indeed both patients' prewar characteristics and aspects of their social situation after the war showed significant associations with prevalence rates but did not explain the variance in rates of anxiety and mood disorders associated with the level of war experiences. Finally, it is a strength of the analysis that the logistic regression model was developed in a randomly selected subsample and then tested in independent subsamples in each country.
The study also has several limitations. We only assessed point prevalence rates and have no information about the onset of the disorders. Because there are no comparable data on the prewar prevalence rates of mental disorders in the populations of the former Yugoslavia, it is not possible to determine whether the high rates of mental disorders are a direct consequence of the war and the postwar situation in these countries or whether they are influenced by other factors. The reporting of past experiences may have been influenced by recall bias. Substantial, although inconsistent, evidence suggests that people with current symptoms tend to report more potentially traumatic experiences.44,45 This bias may exaggerate associations between disorders and reported experiences.
Although a consistent sampling method was applied, the response rates varied across countries. In Bosnia-Herzegovina, the Republic of Macedonia, and Kosovo, the rates were 78% and higher, but in Serbia, we achieved a response rate of only 46.7%. This lower response rate may impair comparisons across countries. Some findings suggest that a lower response rate might be associated with underrepresentation of mental disorders, particularly anxiety disorders,46 whereas a less rigorous sampling has also been linked with higher rates of disorders.47 We used different interviewers across the 5 countries, and although they underwent extensive training and achieved an acceptable level of agreement, some of the differences between countries may be owing to differences in interviewing methods. There may also have been underreporting of mental disorders, in particular with respect to substance use disorders, which may be seen as unacceptable in the cultural context of the studied populations. Conclusions on causal relationships between the existence of current mental disorders and the social situation of interviewees cannot be drawn. For instance, unemployment may be the result of depression, contribute to its occurrence, or both. Finally, only a limited number of potential predictor variables were assessed, and the differences and associations found in this study may still be subject to unobserved confounding factors.
Studying mental disorders following war experiences, we selected only interviewees who had been directly exposed to war activities. The findings are therefore neither representative for the included countries as a whole nor for all people who had experienced war. The samples represent people who had been directly exposed to war and still live in the affected areas. Within the selected communities, less than 5% of potential interviewees were excluded because they had not experienced any war events, usually because they had been elsewhere during that time.
The results are consistent with other studies suggesting that war experience may be associated with negative, long-term consequences for mental health.5- 15,17,23,26,27 Previous studies in countries in the former Yugoslavia found prevalence rates of PTSD between 16% and 34%, major depressive episodes between 9% and 32%, and substance use disorders between 7% and 16% among war-affected community samples in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo, and Serbia,26- 28 which are similar to the rates in this study. Major depression and PTSD were the most prevalent disorders in the present study. Except for the Republic of Macedonia, PTSD occurred in at least 1 of every 5 survivors living in the community. Also, the substantial levels of comorbidity between mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders observed here are consistent with findings from previous research in other war-affected populations.5,15,27,28,48 Exposure to potentially traumatic experiences during the war showed a strong positive association with mood and particularly anxiety disorders, a finding reported in other studies assessing long-term outcomes of war.5,7- 15,17,23,26,27,41 A survey of war-affected civilians in Algeria, Cambodia, Ethiopia, and Gaza identified war-related experiences after the age of 12 years as the only factor consistently associated with PTSD across all 4 samples.14 In Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, and Serbia, Başoglu et al27 found higher rates of major depression and PTSD in a nonrandom community-based sample of people with direct war exposure compared with matched interviewees without such experience. In a study in Herzegovina, women in war-exposed areas had higher rates of PTSD than women in other areas.26
The lack of a significant association between war trauma and substance use disorders found in this study is inconsistent with some, but not all, previous research.5,49- 51 A study of Cambodian refuges 2 decades after resettlement in the United States also failed to find an association between war trauma exposure and later alcohol use disorder.5
Furthermore, we identified individual risk factors for ongoing mental disorders after war, ie, older age, female sex, and lower educational level, that are in line with findings in other settings and historical contexts.5,8,10- 13,16,17,27 Also consistent with previous research is the association of socioeconomic adversities after war, in particular unemployment6,11,12 and being separated or divorced6,13 as well as postwar potentially traumatic experiences,5,41 with unfavorable long-term outcomes. Factors associated with anxiety and mood disorders are similar, whereas other factors, in particular male sex and living alone, are linked with substance use disorders.
We found significant differences of prevalence rates of mental disorders among the 5 countries. Substantial differences of prevalence rates of mental disorders between countries after war have also been reported previously.15 However, the differences may be of particular interest in this study because all 5 countries had until 1990 been part of the same country (ie, Yugoslavia) and share much of their history, culture, and traditions.
There are several factors that may account for the identified differences between countries. The exact features of the warfare and the related experiences of the affected people varied across the countries. Most war experiences in Serbia and the Republic of Macedonia related to shelling or bombardment. Participants in other countries reported a range of other war experiences, including a loss of family or friends, witnessing murder, being under siege, and being in a concentration camp/prison. It is unknown whether the different quality of such experiences may have a specific influence on mental disorders.
Ongoing societal instability and political uncertainty may have been factors increasing rates of all mental disorders in Serbia. The increased levels of mood disorders among the war-affected Kosovan population may reflect a cumulative effect of particular socioeconomic hardship and ethnic tensions experienced by this population over several decades, including long periods before the beginning of the war.24 Differences of prevalence rates may also have been influenced by the overall level of health and social care provision in each country or specific aspects of the national health and social care systems.
The considered prewar characteristics, war experiences, and postwar factors did not explain the marked differences between countries. However, the associations of these factors with adjusted outcomes pointed in the same direction in all countries, even when interaction effects were taken into account and the predictive value of the developed multivariable models for adjusted mental disorders did not differ significantly between countries. The findings suggest that the influence of the factors was generally not dependent on the country. The consistency of associations may reflect the cultural similarity of the 5 countries and the consistent methodological approach of the study across countries.
Studies predicting or identifying the mental health needs of war-affected populations need to be country specific. The large differences of prevalence rates between countries found in this study in the same region, in a similar historical context and using the same methods, underline the limits of generalizing findings from one war-affected area to another. At the same time, once differences in prevalence rates among countries in the same region are taken into account, similar multivariable models might be used to estimate the risks for mental disorders and the level of potentially traumatic experiences in the war may be expected to explain a substantial difference in prevalence rates of mood, and particularly, anxiety disorders. Once other factors were considered, combat involvement was not significantly associated with any of the outcomes. This may indicate that research findings in people with combat experience may to some extent be generalized to civilians and vice versa.
Wars are still happening in different parts of the world and affect millions of civilians every day. Long-term policies are required to meet the mental health needs of war-affected populations and should go beyond the international aid programs that had been organized in various war-affected regions in the studied countries. Such policies should consider country-specific aspects. Across countries they should target groups with higher risks, such as older people, women, those with lower educational levels, those having experienced more war-related potentially traumatic events, and those without employment. Strategies should include evidence-based health care interventions, which exist for the most frequent disorders found in this study, and social reconstruction facilitating and providing employment. The impact of war experience on mood and anxiety disorders but not on substance use disorders may be relevant for compensation legislation.
Correspondence: Stefan Priebe, FRCPsych, Unit for Social and Community Psychiatry, Queen Mary University of London, Newham Centre for Mental Health, London E13 8SP, England (firstname.lastname@example.com).
Submitted for Publication: December 11, 2008; final revision received October 9, 2009; accepted October 29, 2009.
Author Contributions: Dr Priebe had full access to all the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.
Financial Disclosure: None reported.
Funding/Support: This study was funded by grant INCO-CT-2004-509175 from the European Commission.
Role of the Sponsor: The funding organizations had no role in the design and conduct of the study; in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of the data; or in the preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript.
Disclaimer: The views expressed in the publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the European Commission.
Additional Contributions: The CONNECT Study Group—Violeta Arnaudova, PhD; Jelena Blazevic, BSc; Arlinda Cherga, BSc; Niccolo Colombini, MD; Paolo Curci, MD; Kristina Dionisio, BSc; Dubravka Salcic-Dizdarevic, MD; Senadin Fadilpasic, BSc; Sanja Filipovic, BSc; Martina Flego, BSc; Ardiana Idrizi, BSc; Ljubica Ivanovic, BSc; Radojka Kraljevic, PhD; Daut Krasniqi, BSc; Alma Dzubur Kulenovic, MD; Almir Kulla, MA; Sanja Macura, BSc; Bekrije Maxhuni, BSc; Alma Bravo- Mehmedbasic, PhD; Tijana Miladinovic, BSc; Lendita Morina, MD; Katerina Naumova, BSc; Giovanni Neri, MD; Bojana Pejuskovic, MD; Sandra Penic, BSc; Katja Pöhnitzsch, BSc; Linda Rajhvajn, BSc; Gyltene Retkoceri, BSc; Masa Romagnoli, BSc; Besa Shala, BSc; Violeta Stare, BSc; Elma Sukaj, BSc; Zdravko Tovilovic, BSc; Anne-Kathryn Will, MA; Ksenija Yeeles, BSc; and Blerim Zeqiri, BSc—provided help with the project at various stages.


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Peach Flower brings you unique and good quality wedding favours without a big price tag. The feasured "Sweet Heart" Soap is one good example. What a lovely way to show your love and appreciation in your heart! The "Sweet Heart" Scented Soap is a chic favor for a classic wedding. It brings a dramatically elegant look to your tables and a heartfelt thank-you to each and every guest.
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Size: approximate 6cm x 6cm x 6cm Material: paper box, fabric ribbon Description: The frosted tops of cupcakes peeks through
This lace parasol is a beautiful and functional accessory to any bride especially for a summer wedding. You will walk with your
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Beautifully designed Vollrath 3.4 Round Double Wall Insulated Serving Bowl makes it convenient to serve your customers with style. Featuring long lasting satin finish, this serving bowl comes with an interior that withstands scratches and daily wear. The stainless steel construction of this display ware ensures that the color and taste of the food remains unaffected. This Vollrath 3.4 Round Double Wall Insulated Serving Bowl features a double wall construction that helps in maintaining the right food temperature.
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munchkin859 (21-06-2014)
Calstar - I like "squirt" - very appropriate I don't know how many times I've seen the movie...but I have a bit of a Dory memory when it comes to movies. I once watched one with a friend and only realised when it got to the climax that I knew what the ending was.
With all the twin talk - we've had 11 goes at conceiving on clomid and no twins made, yet we fell naturally with twins a year and a half ago. There have been twins in our family but never any to survive.
I need a bit of retail therapy! I need a baby safe necklace to stop ds clawing me during a feed. And to stop him grabbing my face. He is developing a mean grip!
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My retail shopping pre drs was just stuff for miss Ella nothing for me. 11 weeks old yesterday my little baby is no more ;( getting big already and now just hit 5 kgs. We have twins in both sides of my family my mum and dad both have twins as first cousins but none of their kids or anyone else has had any twins. I always wanted twins but now know I would not be able to cope and when we move to new house won't be able to get mum over in 5 mins to come help me
Wow - that time has flown. It's nice when they get that little bit bigger and like to interact. Yet, I guess at the newborn stage they can't say no to snuggles - it's so hard to pin my 2 year old down for a hug "That's enough mum"
*runs to hug ds before he's old enough to squirm away*
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JessyJ (20-06-2014),Little Ted (20-06-2014)
My DS1 (6) on the other hand has started to enjoy cuddles again and usually this would be great but he has a cough/cold from a virus earlier in the week and I can't get sick now as it took me 6 weeks to get over just a cold last time and I only have less than a month to go!
Oh no LT, hope he recovers quickly and doesn't pass it on to you!
I do not want twins!! I can only imagine how hard it must be. I'm with you Munch and Wobbler! Jim has uncles who are twins but his G'ma had them pretty late in life so it was probably more to do with age than anything running in the family. My best friend has cousins who are QUADS! Can you even imagine???
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Little Ted (21-06-2014)
It would be SUCH hard work, but so worth it I think ;-)
Would have to be first baby though; then u don't know any different lol.
Funchu (08-07-2014)
Pregnant for the first-time?
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Whether your property is valued for under the total amount owed on the mortgage, or equity has generated beyond the mortgage amount, you possess your home before day time it's sold at auction by the lending company. The truth that you're behind in your mortgage repayments triggers the loan provider to begin the actions of repossessing its security. This might take months, and in some full cases, years. A loan provider prefers to sell my foreclosed home fast, so get in touch with it and begin the sale process.
Positive Equity
Your house will probably be worth more than the total amount owed on the mortgage but you're facing a monetaray hardship and can't help to make the mortgage repayments any longer. The lending company offers instituted a foreclosure. Act rapidly and put your house on the market on the market as a "fair marketplace" listing prior to the actual foreclosure purchase occurs. You'll sell the home, the lender will undoubtedly be repaid and you'll leave with several dollars in your wallet and won't sustain any credit score damage. It is a win-win situation for several.
When to Short Sell
When you've determined that paying your mortgage is really a hardship, you can't afford it and the ancillary obligations that opt for it, that's enough time to investigate listing your house as a brief sale – marketing it for under is owed about the mortgage. Together with your lender's approval predicated on your present financial distress, listing the true home with an avowed short sale specialist from the local property brokerage. Do this before missing your first payment even.
Missed Payment
You're in a new downward spiriling marketplace and have missed at the very least two obligations. Your lender has delivered you a need letter requesting that the obligations be brought up to now. When you're 3 months behind is once the foreclosure clock begins ticking. The lending company sends you the official see of default and notifies its foreclosure division to put your house into its data source. You have another 3 months to negotiate with the lending company concerning the back payments and may ask for financing modification. For the time being, your agent is actively marketing the home for sale. In the event that you haven't experienced any offers, lower the purchase price and hope your loan provider encourage the reduced amount. Do everything you can to create your house attractive to buyers. You're attempting to defeat the foreclosure clock at this true point.
Lender's Preferences
Lenders prefer to use an proprietor on a home loan refinancing arrangement, and when necessary, a brief sale. They are cost by it significantly less than a foreclosure. Your job is usually to be touching your lender through the entire procedure, without putting your mind in the sand. Your real estate agent helps with prices, your lender's asset manager works together with your real estate agent on vetting provides, and you also work to maintain your house in pristine condition. Don't let your home owners association – HOA – creep and foreclose before your lender up. Pay your dues once a month.
Trustee Sale Notice
When you obtain the notice of trustee purchase from your lender, you understand your timeframe for marketing is nearing a detailed. At the least three weeks will move prior to the actual sale. You are still permitted to sign a buy contract from the buyer at this time and also have it submitted to your lender's reduction mitigation department's asset supervisor handling your file. That is not the same as your lender's foreclosure division.
Two things can occur simultaneously: you near on the short purchase and a trustee's purchase, or auction, occurs. The short purchase takes precedence and documents putting the short purchase above the foreclosure will be signed at the closing desk.
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Murrumbeena, Victoria, Australia 1920 – Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 1999
born 1923
St Francis cleansing the leper.
Collection Title: T.S.R. Boase, St Francis of Assisi, with 16 lithographs by Arthur Boyd. London: Thames & Hudson, 1968.
Page: no.17
Place made: London, Greater London, England
Materials & Technique: prints, ink; paper lithographm, printed in black ink, from one plate Support: thick white wove Cranbrook paper
Manufacturer's Mark: watermark, 'Handmade' and 'Cranbrook'.
Edition State: published state
Impression: /25
Edition: proposed edition of 25 (the edition may not have been completed); plus 5 artist's proofs


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On October 21, 2016, New Market Elementary School PTO hosted our annual Fall Festival and Literacy Night. We had many local vendors, activities, and even a haunted hallway! Our PTO put on a wonderful family-friendly event. The students and our community had a wonderful time!
These links will leave our school district site. These linked sites are not under the control of the district, and the district is not responsible for the contents of any of these linked sites or any link contained in a linked site, or any changes or updates to such sites. The district is providing these links to you only as a convenience, and the inclusion of any link does not imply endorsement of the site by our district. We have no control over which sites are blocked by your school's network filter.
Copyright © 2017 New Market Elementary School


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Juanita Banana (song)
|This article needs additional citations for verification. (September 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
|"Juanita Banana"
|Single by The Peels
|Karate 522
Stateside 513 (UK)
|Tash Howard
Murray Kenton
|"A (Tash) Howard/Smith Production"
"Juanita Banana" is a novelty song adaptation from Mexican folk music by Tash Howard and Murray Kenton.[1] The song, which tells the story of a Mexican banana farmer's daughter with operatic ambitions and whose chorus is an adaptation of "Caro Nome" from Giuseppe Verdi's opera Rigoletto, was originally released in the United States in 1966.
The Peels[edit]
The original release of "Juanita Banana" was performed by The Peels, a studio group assembled by co-writer Tash Howard, who also co-produced the single. The Peels consisted of Gail Allan (22), Bill Spilka (25) and Harvey Davis (23). and Harold Swart[2] Howard also wrote "Juanita Banana Part 2" for The Peels as a follow-up release later in the same year.
The Verdi-inspired chorus of the Peels recording was sampled later that year in the Dickie Goodman record "Batman & His Grandmother".[citation needed]
Other versions[edit]
Henri Salvador, Luis Aguilé, Los Tres Sudamericanos, Paola Neri, Het Cocktail Trio, Los Yaki and Quartetto Cetra were among the many artists who recorded non-English cover versions of the song.
- ^ "Hills, The – Juanita Banana / Fun (Austrian release)". Discogs.com. Retrieved 27 October 2011.
- ^ "The Peels Discography". Discogs.com. Retrieved 2016-09-29.
External links[edit]
- The Juanita Banana phenomenon at Poparchives
|This 1960s single-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
|This 1960s pop song-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.


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Grayling Says EU `Disastrous' for U.K. as Cabinet Takes Sidesby
First cabinet minister to hint he will campaign for `out'
Leader of House of Commons doubts EU readiness to compromise
Chris Grayling, the leader of the U.K. House of Commons, became the first cabinet member to suggest he will oppose the country's membership of the European Union since Prime Minister David Cameron allowed his top team freedom to campaign against him in a referendum expected this year.
Saying that the premier has made "a sensible decision" to allow ministers with long-standing opposition to the EU to campaign against the government stance in the vote, Grayling wrote that staying in the bloc on current terms would be "disastrous" for the U.K.
"The crisis in the euro zone and the migration challenge have led to calls for still more integration and a move towards much greater political union. It is a path that the U.K. will not and should not follow," Grayling wrote in an article for the Daily Telegraph newspaper. "Simply staying in the EU with our current terms of membership unchanged would be disastrous for Britain. That's why I have always believed that it is imperative that his renegotiation takes place and delivers as much potential change as possible."
Cameron is aiming to reach a deal with his European counterparts next month, paving the way for a referendum as soon as June. He has committed to changing Britain's membership terms and Grayling backed the prime minister's attempts to offer a vote on a new relationship.
The renegotiation "is in the interests of all euro-skeptics and of our country. I want Britain to choose between a changed relationship and leaving, and not between the current situation and leaving," Grayling wrote, before shedding doubt on the willingness of the EU to offer real change. "We will know then how far other EU states are willing to go to meet the prime minister's demands for change and how much difference that renegotiation can make."
Cameron Memo
Cameron published a note to cabinet ministers this week which made clear that, while they will be free to campaign against the government position in the referendum, he expects them to offer their support to the renegotiation process and back him in the talks.
Grayling said that the outcome of the referendum should not affect Cameron's future and it's important for Conservative ministers to continue to govern together and continue to pursue the rest of the government agenda.
"The idea that a vote for 'leave' means he has to go is simply wrong and no more logical than suggesting that a vote to 'remain' would mean all euro-skeptics had to quit," he wrote. "When the referendum is over, we must reunite and work together as a team to make absolutely sure that we win the next election in 2020."


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GetMyBoat is the world's largest boat tour marketplace. Looking for whale watching, sightseeing, cruising, or water taxis in Martinique? GetMyBoat has over 1 wild life tours, 1 dolphin tours, 2 cruises excursions.
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If you Sony LCD projection TV overheats, the thermal fuse could short circuit the power going to the transformer. This mean, your television will not power on. Often, once the television cools down, the TV will power back on. However, in extreme cases where the television overheats, the fuse will permanently blow. This means you must service the television and replace the thermal fuse. Fortunately, the fuse is mounted in an easy to reach place.
- Skill level:
- Moderately Easy
Other People Are Reading
Things you need
- Blanket
- Phillip's screwdriver
Show MoreHide
- 1
Remove the LCD projection TV from the wall mount and disconnect the cable and accessory connections. This will differ depending on the type of wall mount you own and the accessories you have plugged into the television.
- 2
Place a blanket onto a table and then place the TV face down on the blanket. The blanket will protect the screen from damage.
- 3
Remove the 12 Phillip's screws that hold the back of the television onto the television housing with a Phillip's screwdriver. The screws recess into holes in the back of the cover so inspect each recessed hole for a screw until you locate all 12 screws. Place the rear cover off to the side.
- 4
Locate the fan housing in the centre, bottom on the back of the TV and then locate the thermal fuse housing next to the fan. Pull the cover off the thermal fuse housing.
- 5
Pull the old fuse out with your fingers and then press the new fuse into the housing. Place the cover back onto the housing.
- 6
Place the cover onto the back of the television and secure it with all 12 screws.
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You missed it This great deal for MK Styling is over. But don't despair, we've got more great deals every day.
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MK Styling
Salon Services in Sherman Oaks
- Save 66%
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92% recommendedin LivingSocial customer ratings
Finding a stunning new look for yourself is easy. Just pick up this offer from MK Styling, an upscale salon in Sherman Oaks:
• $37 ($110 value) for a haircut, deep conditioning & blow dry
• $59 ($185 value) for a single process color, haircut, deep conditioning & blow dry
• $69 ($220 value) for partial highlights, a haircut, deep conditioning & blow dry
Why You'll Love It
With more than 15 years of experience, owner and stylist Mike Katoobi brings creativity and cutting-edge hair trends to this chic Ventura Boulevard salon. Opt for a new 'do -- with or without highlights or color -- and get treated to a protein deep-conditioning treatment that may infuse extra luster into your locks for up to one week.
PAID VALUE EXPIRES ON March 1, 2022
PROMOTIONAL VALUE EXPIRES ON December 5, 2013


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Original Nail Envy
Guide price: £11
Last updated on 31st Oct 2012
Tags: none
Original Nail Envy
Maximum strength formula with Hydrolyzed Protein and Calcium helps nails grow harder, longer and stronger and resist peeling, cracking and splitting.
Login or Register to add this to your wish list or favourites.
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This new nail polish from NYX has bold primary colors in matte finish. Check it out here: http://beautyjoint.com/nyx/nxmnp-nyx-matte-nail-polish/
Original Line Wavy Indian Hair with Natural Black
Our famous surface – wavy hair, is being sold in a 3-group bargain for uncommon reserve funds. Accessible in an assortment of lengths, this arrangement permits you to accomplish breathtaking hair at an incredible cost. Our wavy hair wefts are produced using characteristic human hair sourced straightforwardly from India, and are developed in the remy style


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STARmeterSEE RANK
Down 15,209 this week
Bryan Terrell Clark
Actor | Producer | Soundtrack
Bryan Terrell Clark is an actor and producer, known for Collateral Beauty (2016), ATM (2012) and Heaven Is for Real (2014). See full bio »
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Prices, specials, features and availability subject to change.
Contact for details
Arriving home from a full day in Palm Beach County - at work, at play, or both should be utterly inviting. That is exactly what you will find when you make your home at Avana Isles. Our bright, spacious floor plans feature one to three bedrooms and one or two baths, so you are sure to find the ideal option for you. Our amenity spaces are carefully designed to help you work up a sweat, perfect your tan, or simply lounge and relax in style after a long day. And with a Boynton Beach locale that is just minutes from everything you want and need, there is no better place to start and end every day than here at Avana Isles. Welcome home, beautifully.
Lease terms are variable. Please inquire with property staff.
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214 units
Monday-Friday: 9:00am-6:00pm
Saturday: 10:00am-5:00pm
Sunday: 1:00pm-5:00pm
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Does this restaurant accept reservations?
Is this a seafood restaurant?
Does this restaurant have waiters and waitresses?
Is this an Indian restaurant?
Are the prices at this restaurant low or inexpensive?
Is this restaurant good for dining on a budget?
Is this restaurant wheelchair accessible?
Is this restaurant family-friendly?
Is this restaurant good for brunch?
Can a vegetarian person get a good meal at this restaurant?
Thanks for helping!
This place is for fine dining, fairly heavier on the wallet. But the food is awesome. Expect crowd on weekends.
Great place to chill and grab a beer but we found the food pretty expensive compared to local standards. The taste was nothing to write home about.
We drank here more than ate as the beer was cold after the ferry trip back from Ernakulam and only a slight divergence from were we stay.
After a couple of attempts at the food we decided it was overpriced and not of good quality .
The seafood on display in cold box has lid open all day and flies...
We had lunch and dinner in the Old Port Restaurant and we enjoyed it very much.
The atmosphere is very good and the food excellent. The manager of the hotel, Mr Ahmed, was very helpful when we had a problem going to the Airport.
went a couple of time, the guys only interested in sneaking round the back for a quick fag and chat. waited ages to get served. both visits we made were in the afternoon and the staff just did not seem interested.
I tried the prawns curry and rice at this restaurant with some beer and it was fantastic! The service is very ordinary but OK.
Dont go by the photos and images on the menu they didnt have half the stuff on it.
Dont try the continental food, the pasta had tomato ketchup or some other sweet sauce and it tasted...
I enjoyed a great meal at the place after I met the Director of the Hotel at the fish market. The food is of excellent quality and the place is really nice in the outside garden. This off course comes with a price.
As the title says - good ambience but the prices are similar to UK prices for average menu range. Service good and some live entertainment in the form of a folk band.
The restaurant was recommended to us by a friend and it certainly lived up to it. We had tandoori grilled tiger prawns and sole, absolutely delicious! Plus some great cheese nan and a pineapple crepe as desert, fantastic! Unfortunately they don't have a license for alcohol, but the waiter said that his food makes up for that, and he was...
Own or manage this property? Claim your listing for free to respond to reviews, update your profile and much more.


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We are the smart home experts that make home automation simple, affordable, and fast. Our home automation company specializes in home security, home audio, theater, and more. From tv mounting and projection systems to home security systems that you can see and control from your phone, we can help you! Schedule a free consultation today to see how we can help you with your security, audio, and visual needs.Payment Options: Cash, Visa, Master Card, American Express, Discover, Personal Checks
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Rox Tan In-Home Spray Tan Kit
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Our products are great for spray tan professionals but also fanatics. Skip the salons and achieve an air brush tan at home with our portable spray machines and tents. We offer many different sizes, diverse brands and package deals. Tents are included with many of our machines to set up a salon at home.
We offer a price range that will accommodate every individual, with large discounts and packages. We also stock some of the best self-tanner solutions to achieve a natural and seamless coverage. The formulas come in mouse, lotion and spray. Furthermore, we stock products for all skin types ranging from light to dark.
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If you would like more information on these products please don't hesitate to contact us through our online enquiry contact form. We are pleased to offer free shipping on many of our products for Australian postcodes.…read more
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BonusRight is an interactive tool designed to enable you to build, operate, and communicate your unique and customized bonus program. You can obtain help and guidance by utilizing this help section, experimenting with different inputs, and communicating with a Client Service Representative or Plan Consultant.
Feel free to create different Plan Drafts (by selecting "Draft" in the Status field under Plan Information). By creating multiple drafts you can experiment with different planning features. Your subscription status will allow you to "activate" a specified number of plans at a given time.
Glossary of Terms
1 Factor
A choice made in the "Budget" section. Will company results be determined by a single financial factor, such as Operating Income or Pre-tax Income? (Contrast with "2 Factor")
2 Factor
A choice made in the "Budget" section. Will company results be determined by two financial factors, such as Revenue and Margin? (Contrast with "1 Factor")
A section in plan Operations where you can change the status of Participants, such as for promotions, salary changes, terminations, and new hires.
Allocable Pool
The Total Bonus Pool less the Reserve. The Allocable Pool is typically the sum of the bonus payments for all participants prior to individual changes on the Finalize tab.
This is a specific step in the Plan Design process where you will decide the proportion of Participant's bonus that may be allocated between company, Org Unit, andIndividual Performance. For example, 50%, 25%, 25%.
Annual Reserve Spent
When calculating your bonus payments on the Finalize tab, you can see how much of your Reserve has been used for individual exceptions, exceptional Org Unitperformance, or other operational decisions. In theory, you can overspend your Reserve when necessary.
When establishing the metrics for Org Unit key performance indicators you need to indicate whether larger or smaller values are preferred. If a higher value is better, select Ascending. If a smaller value is better, select Descending. For example, Sales is always an Ascending goal (more sales are good!). Customer attrition is an example of a Descending goal.
BonusRight uses "Base" to describe minimum acceptable performance for justification of any bonus payments. Think of it as being short for "Baseline." Base level profits result in a Bonus Pool. If profits fall one dollar under Base, there would be no bonuses. As a rule-of-thumb, companies should expect to achieve Base profits in 4 out of 5 years.
Bonus Bump
Term used to describe the additional amount of bonus to add to a participant's Base or Target bonus value. Assume that company performance exceeded Base production, but was less than Target production. The employee is entitled to a Preliminary Bonus that is greater than the Base value but less than the Target value. Her base value was $10,000 and her Target value was $15,000. There's a $5,000 difference. Apply the Bonus Ratio on that difference. Assuming the Bonus Ratio is 20%, the employee would have a Preliminary Bonus of $11,000 ($10,000 + (20% X $5,000)). The same principle applies for performance falling between Target and Superior. In a 1-Factor plan it's possible to have additional degrees of performance between Base and Target (Base Plus) or between Target and Superior (Target Plus).
Bonus Pool
The sum of all bonuses at a given production level. You will define the Bonus Pool at Base, Target, and Superior. At the end of the performance period, you will calculate the actual Bonus Pool by inputting results.
Bonus Ratio
The Bonus Ratio is used when calculating actual bonuses in the operational stage. It measures the percentage achievement from the Base to Target Bonus Pool (BP) actually earned; or likewise, the percentage achievement from the Target to Superior Bonus Pool. For example, assume the BP at Base is $100,000 and the BP at Target is $160,000. The distance between the two pools is $60,000. Now assume the company's actual results produced a BP of $120,000. This represents an increase of $20,000 above the Base BP. We can now calculate the Bonus Ratio to be 33.3% ($20,000/$60,000). You might think of it as, "Our BP traveled 33.3% of the way from Base to Target." The same calculation would apply if the actual BP lands between Target and Superior, except you would calculate the distance between the corresponding Target and Superior BPs. What if actual results exceed Superior? In a 2-Factor plan, you would simply follow the same calculation as for a pool that lands between Target and Superior—resulting in a Bonus Ratio greater than 100%. This is because a 2-Factor plan carries forward the highest achieved Bonus Metric percentage for results greater than Superior. For a 1-Factor plan, you can select the Bonus Metric percentage for results beyond Superior. It may even be 0%. But the same principle applies.
The step in the design stage where you select the total dollar commitment for the plan. In a Sum of Targets plan this is the sum of all employee bonus targets plus theReserve. In a Set a Budget plan, the Budget is an input which may be expressed in dollar terms or as a percentage of profits. The system starts with the Budget at Targetlevel production, and then allows you to select a lower and higher value (Base and Superior).
A step in the operations portion of the system. This is where you see the Preliminary Bonus for each participant and verify the results of changes on the Adjustment tab.
Corporate Funding Metrics
Part of the Metrics design step. Here you review and modify the relative spacing of Bonus Pool values that lie between Base and Target and Superior. The system creates equal spacing between all fields. You can modify as desired.
Default Ratio
Used when defining Org Unit metrics. The Default Ratio establishes the relationship between the values at Target and the values at Base and Superior. For example, assume a Target value of 100 and a Default Ratio of 10%. The Base value would be 90 (10% lower than Target) and the Superior value would be 110 (10% higher than Target). The system will reflect given Default Ratios and you should modify them to fit the circumstance.
When establishing the metrics for Org Unit key performance indicators you need to indicate whether larger or smaller values are preferred. If a higher value is better, select Ascending. If a smaller value is better, select Descending. For example, Sales is always an Ascending goal (more sales are good!). Customer attrition is an example of a Descending goal.
The default term used by the system to describe all individuals entered into Manage Employees. You can change the term to fit your preference in Settings.
Employee ID
The system requires a unique numeric identifier for all employees. You can use payroll number or any other numeric value. Social Security numbers should not be used.
End of Service
The general description of any form of employee termination or separation. You designate End of Service on the Manage Employees tab.
The last stage in the operations stage. This is where you make final adjustments and exceptions before preparing the Bonus Payments report.
Forecasted Bonus Pool
This value appears on the Results tab of the operation stage. The Forecasted Bonus Pool is the calculated value of the company bonus obligation based on the input of company performance results.
A term describing the way employees are grouped together for planning purposes. You can rename this term under Term Definitions in the Settings section of the tool. Common terms include band, paygrade, tier, level, or group.
Hire Date
The date the employee was first hired by the company. The date does not need to be precise as long as the employee was hired prior to the plan year.
Individual Performance
An indication of whether an employee's performance will affect his or her bonus payout. See Individual Performance below for a full explanation of this concept.
Last Year's Total Incentives
The system will compare a projected bonus for an individual with the previous year's value if you identify that amount in the Manage Employees section.
Leave of Absence
An approved absence from work for a temporary period of time.
The section of the BonusRight system where you input results, make adjustments, and determine final bonuses.
Organization Unit Metrics
A section in Plan Design stage where you determine the metrics or Key Performance Indicators that are part of the Org Unit allocation in the plan.
Organizational Unit (Org Unit, OU)
Any type of company unit of operation that might be accounted for in the plan. This can include divisions, departments, business units, teams, locations, etc.
An employee in the Manage Employee section who has been made eligible for participation in a given plan.
Performance Factor
This term appears on the Results tab to indicate the degree to which an Org Unit achieved its target results. For example, a factor of .80 means the unit performed at 80% of goal. A factor of 1.25 represents 125% performance. A factor of 0.00 indicates the unit failed to reach Base level results and no value will be awarded under the plan.
Performance Rating
The numeric score assigned to participants on the Finalize tab (if applicable). The score may either impact the entire bonus value or a portion depending on way Individual Performance is being applied under the plan.
Plan Design
The section of the BonusRight system where you build out your plan.
Plan Name
The name you've given to your plan in Plan Specs.
Term used to describe each employee's role or job title in the company.
Preliminary Bonus
The calculated value of a participant's bonus based on the company's actual results, but before adjustments. The Preliminary Bonus first appears on the Calculation tab.
Primary Contact
The name of the person at the company who is responsible for administrative communications with BonusRight staff.
Primary OU
If you wish to create a plan that is organized by an Org Unit (such as a department), you will need to designate the employees' Primary Org Unit. This is done on the Manage Employee tab.
The step in the Plan Design stage where you review employee bonuses before finalizing the plan.
Proration Settings
Term which describes how employee bonuses will be treated under various scenarios such as new hires, terminations, resignations, promotions, and salary changes. The system contains standard default assumptions. Depending on your subscription level you can override the defaults on either an individual or universal basis.
The section of the BonusRight system where you can view and print summaries and statements to be used to explain and communicate the plan to managers and employees.
The dollar amount determined on the Budget page to be retained for special circumstances, exceptions, and extraordinary performance. Holding a reserve allows greater flexibility in plan operation.
The step in Operations where you input actual performance values for the company and Org Units.
Set a Budget
One of two approaches to creating your plan budget. The other is Sum of Targets. It's also referred to as the "top down" method. With SAB you start with your totalBonus Pool and allocate it among employees.
A step in the Plan Design stage where you review various plan components by individual participant. This is where you make exceptions to Grade level decisions on an employee by employee basis.
Sum of Targets
One of two approaches to creating your plan budget. The other is Set a Budget. It's also referred to as the "bottom up" method. With SOT you start by identifying bonus targets for employees—the sum of which creates your budget.
BonusRight uses "Superior" to describe the highest desirable performance for the company. This reflects achievable but exceptional results. As a rule-of-thumb, companies should expect to achieve Superior profits once in every 5 years.
BonusRight uses "Target" to describe the company's expected performance for the plan year. This might be thought of as "Budget" level results (from a planning perspective). This is the level at which participants would earn their Target bonus value. As a rule-of-thumb, companies should expect to achieve Targets profits 3 out of 5 years.
Term used to describe the annual earnings to be used in the design and operation of your plan. You may prefer to use a different term such as salary, earnings, etc. You can indicate your preferred term in Term Definitions in the Settings section.


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Laundry 365
tumble dryer, Commercial Tumble Dryers
Top quality, most effcient, fully featured range of commercial tumble dryers currently available and suitable for all business sectors. From 11 to 80kg Capacity, electric/gas/steam heat options are avaiilable, for a range of Vented commercial tumble dryers and clean room tumble dryers.
Coming soon, Heat Pump Tuble Dryers and Stacking Tumble Dryers.
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The Domus DMS (Medium Spin, rigid mount) range of Washing Machines is designed for laundry operations needing commercial washing machines that balance performance with affordability with capacity from 11kg to 40kg, low-cost medium-spin washing machine with a range of useful pre-defined programmes. Simple to operate and easy to maintain.
Affordable peace of mind and best for you options, laundry365 take the time to understand each situation and then make optimum recommendations based on 40years+ of accumulated expertise.
Cost effective 'Complete Care rentals' for commercial and industrial laundry equipment, nothing more to pay ever - 5-8 year agreements...
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Laundry365 supply, maintain, service and repair a wide range of commercial and industrial laundry equipment and are currently promoting Domus, Primus, Miele and Electrolux commercial and industrial equipment.
Affordable peace of mind, top quality service and support.
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Panthers Release Fullback Mike Tolbert
The Carolina Panthers have released fullback Mike Tolbert according to reports Tuesday.
The Carolina Panthers have released fullback Mike Tolbert according to reports Tuesday.
The Carolina Panthers announced the signing of guard Amini Silatolu to a one year contract on Friday.
The NFL Scouting Combine begins February 28, 2017. Over 300 players will descend upon Indianapolis to prove their value to NFL scouts.
NFL Free Agency is Less than a Month Away
The Carolina Panthers have announced that Danny Morrison, who has served as team president since 2009, has resigned from that position.
Cam Newton's girlfriend Kia Proctor gave birth to their second child last weekend.
The Carolina Panthers announced the re-signing of linebacker Ben Jacobs to a two-year contract on Wednesday.
Former Carolina Panther Steve Smith Sr. has signed a multi-year contract to appear on the NFL Netowrk as an analyst.
The Carolina Panthers have promoted Curtis Fuller to secondary coach and hired Lance Taylor as wide receivers coach and Jeff Imamura as assistant defensive backs/nickels coach, the team announced Thursday.
Buick just released a new Buick Big Game commercial featuring Cam Newton and Miranda Kerr. Check out the commercial above.
Do You Side With the Division Rival or the Team That Beat You in Super Bowl XXXVIII?
The Oakland Raiders have filed paperwork to move to Las Vegas.
The Carolina Panthers will have four players participating in the 2017 Pro Bowl in Orlando, on January 29, 2017.
Proehl has resigned from the Carolina Panthers so he can spend more time watching his sons play college football
The Chargers appear ready to leave San Diego, their home of 56 seasons, for the potentially more lucrative but crowded Los Angeles market.
A person with direct knowledge of the decision tells The Associated Press the Buffalo Bills have reached an agreement to hire Sean McDermott to be their next head coach.


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August 1st, 2014
Episode 584 of 1115 episodes
Chrissie & Jane chat to Anja Nissen and discuss what's with all the controversy over her Voice win, do you speak the same love language as your partner and Chrissie's found a haunted chair on eBay!
You'll need to sign in to write a comment.
Welcome to the daily audio workout for your head.


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Pa Propargyl Alcohol 65130 C3h4o Colorless - Chinaprice: contact company for price
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text: Now that I have an idea of what these are worth, I am selling all of them! PM me with offers or bid on the auctions! Dragon Stone x19Dragon Stone Fragment x5Cooked Turkey x902013 4th of July Indpenedence Day Firework x1 Note: All items have not been used/have no durability loss except the horses that have been opened.I am selling these mainly, but I am willing to trade for supporter vouchers If you PM me, please reply as soon as you can so I know who is interested in what promos. Don't abandon the messages without letting me know if you are interested or not. You can see the current chest of promos at /v 4075 promo on smp2


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Elbit Systems Ltd. announced today Sept. 11 that it was awarded a contract valued at over $90 million from an Asia-Pacific country, for the supply of SPECTRO XR advanced electro-optic systems. The contract will be performed over a four-year period.
|Elbit Systems' Spectro XR EO payload
(Credit: Elbit Systems Ltd)


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jwright500 Review
Looks Good - Fit Average
Buckle on both ankle straps was not connected. The shoe fit very tight across the toes - I've been trying to stretch them out. They are really pretty shoes and I will keep them to wear for a special occassion.
- Did the color match the color displayed onsite? yes
- How is the quality of the product? good
- Did the product fit true to size? yes - but a very narrow shoe
Was This Review Helpful?


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George Earl Parker is an artist, singer/songwriter, director of the short film The Yellow Submarine Sandwich, and is now able to add author to the running list of talents, with his debut novel Vampyre Blood – Eight Pints of Trouble. Mr. Parker has also received accolades, awards, and a showing at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City. In addition to having his art exhibited around the country in museums and galleries, George Earl Parker has had three of his songs climb the European Country Music Association charts.
I am pleased to share with readers an interview with this talented man and hope that you take the time to check out his debut novel, Vampyre Blood – Eight Pints of Trouble, as well as his art and his music, which you can discover more about at his website!
First of all, could you tell us a bit about Vampyre Blood – Eight Pints of Trouble? What is the story about, who are the characters, etc.
When Count Dracula gives up his evil ways and joins a Goth rock band on a tour of America, he donates blood in order to find a lawyer, and ends up saving a life, which changes his fate forever.
Populated by loveable rogues, scheming lawyers, and thieving gypsies, Vampyre Blood – Eight Pints of Trouble is an insane romp through New Orleans, illustrating the intensity of our human desire to get what we want at any cost, and the strange places that desire can lead to.
Do you have a favorite excerpt from Vampyre Blood – Eight Pints of Trouble? Could you share that with us, please?
This is an excerpt from the beginning of the book, after Count Dracula is cured, but before he steps into the light:
He lingered in the darkest shadows staring at a shimmering pool of white light as the roar of a thousand dragons filled his ears. Like a tragic lover in a mystery play seeking the most ardent of his heart's desires, he had often stood in such fashion, lusting after one sweet caress, while restraining himself from leaping into the soft warm glow.
"She lives to enchant," he murmured. "She is a temptress, sometimes cold and sometimes hot, but always alluring."
Her radiance had beguiled him for centuries: what would it be like if he fell under her spell? What dreams awaited him? What nightmares? What adventures?
What do you want readers to take away from reading Vampyre Blood – Eight Pints of Trouble?
That being human is being vulnerable to forces beyond our control. That we have wildly differing points of view. And that it sure is fun watching other people deal with sticky situations.
What was the most fun about writing Vampyre Blood-Eight Pints of Trouble?
The New Orleans wise guys, Joey 'The Suit," Oggie "The Bulldozer," & Eddie "The Fish."
What was the hardest part about writing Vampyre Blood-Eight Pints of Trouble?
Getting up at midnight and working till dawn.
What kind of research did you do for Vampyre Blood-Eight Pints of Trouble?
I did a lot of internet research, blood, Goths, music, wise guys, lawyers, gypsy acrobats, giants pizzas, all the things you need to create an exciting story.
Could you please tell us about your writing process?
I like to get characters into an untenable situation and then try to write them out of it.
Do you ever put yourself within your characters?
All my characters are me, or an anti me to some degree.
Do you have any particular habits that you take part in while writing? By that I mean certain music you like to listen to, foods you like to eat, environment that helps you write better, etc.
It has to be quiet, that's why I like to write in the middle of the night, no disturbances in the ether, nothing at all just clear communication.
Where do you get your ideas and inspirations?
From somewhere deep within, and somewhere far without, and the strangest thing is they both feel like the same place.
How did you decide you wanted to be a writer? Was there any authors or books that made you think "Wow, that's what I want to do – craft stories of my own for others to read"?
I entered an essay contest run by Cadbury's Chocolates when I was nine or 10 years old, and when I came in second they gave me tons of chocolate. That was the day I made up my mind to get better at it, because I like chocolate.
What make you take that leap from "wanting" to be a writer, as opposed to "becoming" a writer? Many talk of being a writer and dip their toes in, but it seems there is often a sort of "push" to bring one over that wall.
You are referring to finding your voice. Up until that moment you are just a bundle of good intentions that never really accomplishes anything. When you find your voice however, you suddenly have something to say, and people want to listen. That is the paradigm shift you are referring to.
How do you come up with the names of your characters? It almost seems as though, as an author, you have the continuous fun of naming children!
I try to insert an infinitesimal amount of their character into their name.
Were you an avid reader as a child? If so, what were some of your favorite books?
I used to love Noddy. A character created by Enid Blyton, it used to scare the heck out of me. She also created the Famous Five, and she is one of the most translated authors in the world.
If you had to summarize your life and give it a book title, what would that title be?
Rules are made to be broken.
What are you working on right now? Could you give us a taste/teaser (aka excerpt) from your current WIP?
I am writing a book about teenage angst manifesting itself in strange new dimensions.
What are you reading right now?
Sabriel by Garth Nix
Who are some of your favorite authors?
Charles Dickens, Carlos Castaneda, Mickey Spillane, Tom Robbins.
If you could have lunch and chat with any author, dead or alive, who would it be and why?
That would need to be Lao Tzu author of the Tao Te Ching.
What do you hope to accomplish within the next five years?
Another book and at least another album of songs, perhaps two.
Is there anything that you would like to add? That you would like readers to know about you or your writing?
People that laugh are healthier than those that don't. So don't take yourself too seriously.
Where can readers get in touch with you? Twitter, Blog, Facebook, etc?
I'm on Facebook, I'm on My Space, I might have a blog coming up.
That address will probably take you everywhere you need to go.Powered by Sidelines


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Kaskaskia College Now Accepting Applications for 2017-18 Foundation Scholarships
Kaskaskia College is now accepting applications for the 2017-18 Foundation Scholarships.
Students are asked to visit
and create a log in for the system.
Deadline for the scholarships to be completed electronically is
February 27.
Students are reminded that a partial high school transcript and an essay must accompany the application.
Students are also encouraged to pay special attention to the essay requirements.
The essay and transcript are required attachments to complete the application process.
Letters of recommendation are not required but are HIGHLY ENCOURAGED! They are often the difference between a student receiving or not receiving an award. Students are also asked to complete the 2017-18 FAFSA.
For more information, please all the Kaskaskia College Financial Aid Office at 618-545-3080.
© 2017 Kaskaskia College - 27210 College Road - Centralia, Illinois 62801 - (618)545-3000 (800)642-0859


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Home sales in Manhattan are down, especially compared to suburbs in New York. The problem, suggests Bloomberg reporter Oshrat Carmiel, is sellers' high expectations for their property values.
Owners who bought homes between 2010 and 2012 are now listing apartments for a modest markup. Through September, home buyers who bought homes in 2010 who are now listing homes priced at $3 million or less are seeking a median 47% markup on their investment. Buyers from 2011 are returning homes to market for a 42% median markup and buyers from 2012 are listing for a 35% markup.
The ambitious pricing, which took hold when Manhattan was starved for non-luxury listings, is bumping up against a new reality. As the inventory of sub-$3 million apartments gets replenished, sellers are sticking to their lofty expectations while buyers with more to choose from are refusing to bite. That disconnect is hobbling sales of previously owned homes in the borough, which plunged 20 percent in the third quarter from a year earlier, according to Miller Samuel and brokerage Douglas Elliman Real Estate.
"In my experience, it takes sellers a good one to two and a half years to believe in the new market," Miler said. "The buyers are with the program immediately."