text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Sep 14, 1982
|Filing date
|Oct 29, 1980
|Priority date
|May 30, 1978
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Henley F. Sterling, Miles P. Drake
|Original Assignee
|International Standard Electric Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (6), Referenced by (30), Classifications (20), Legal Events (1)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 037,790, filed May 10, 1079, now abandoned.
This invention relates to inductive low pressure radio frequency plasma reactions, and in particular to a plasma process for the deposition of glassy material onto a solid surface.
The inductive radio frequency plasma has been known for many years. The essential feature of the inductive discharge is that the power is introduced into the gas phase by inductive coupling and hence the conductor paths in the gas form closed paths within the container. This provides a hot intense plasma and has the advantage that no internal electrodes are required nor are there the problems with large potential drops, as can occur with capacitive coupling, at the walls of the containing vessel.
The term `radio frequency` as used herein is understood to include microwave frequencies.
An inductive discharge, or H-discharge, is produced by the magnetic field (H) of the exciting coil, unlike a capacitive discharge or E-discharge which is relatively diffused and is produced by electrostatic fields. It has been found that the H & E discharges become indistinguishable as the wavelength of the exciting radiation becomes comparable with the dimension of the discharge.
At low pressures the discharge tends to be most intense at the walls of a containing tube. At higher pressure 500 Torr the discharge becomes more restricted to the center of the tube.
The use of H-discharges for chemical processing has been limited previously to the atmospheric plasma torch. This device is essentially a high power H-discharge which is generally operated in argon to ease power requirements and at 3-10 MHz. Such a plasma torch has been used in the past to produce ultra-pure silica. The reactants were introduced into the tail flame of the plasma, as oxygen and silicon tetrachloride in high concentration tend to extinguish the plasma. Silica produced by such a torch was in the form of sub-micron spheres which had to be collected and sintered to form clear glass. While such an arrangement has proved effective for performing many chemical reactions it does not lend itself readily to the production e.g. of optical fiber preforms, in which it is preferred to deposit material directly as a glassy layer so as to avoid an intermediate sintering process.
According to the present invention, there is provided a method of depositing a glass or its precursor by a radio frequency induced chemical vapor reaction using an inductively sustained plasma fed with gas at a pressure within the range 0.1 to 50 Torr, wherein the plasma discharge is such that its largest dimension is significantly less than the free space wavelength of the radio frequency employed to sustain the plasma, the plasma pressure and energy density being such that the deposit is non-porous.
Embodiments of the invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram indicating the operating regimes of various types of plasma;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of an inductive plasma deposition arrangement;
FIG. 3 indicates the plasma configuration obtained in the arrangement of FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 shows an alternative deposition arrangement;
FIG. 5 shows a further type of deposition arrangement; and
FIG. 6 shows an alternative arrangement employing a radio-frequency concentrator.
Referring to FIG. 1, it can be seen that the various defined types of plasma appear with various combinations of gas pressure and input power. Thus the conventional E-discharge is achieved at relatively low pressures and low power. The H-discharge, however, occurs at intermediate pressures e.g. between 0.1 and 50 Torr and requires medium to high input power for its maintenance. The various forms of plasma are discussed in greater detail by G.I. Babat, J. Inst. Elec. Eng. 94 27-37 (June 1947).
Referring to FIG. 2, there is shown an arrangement for the deposition of a solid material on the inner surface of an insulating, e.g. glass or silica, tube 11. The tube 11 is evacuated via a pump 12 coupled to a pressure gauge 13 and is supplied with reactant gases via valves 14. Thus, for example, if silica is to be deposited on the inner surface of a silica tube in the manufacture of optical fiber preforms, th reactant gases may be silicon tetrachloride (SiC14) and oxygen together with an inert carrier gas such as argon.
Radio frequency power is supplied to the tube 11 via a coil 15 coupled via a flexible RF feeder 10 and a loading coil 16 to a generator 17.
A grounded electrode 18 is provided at one end of the tube downstream from the coil 15 as it has been found that this aids the initiation of an inductive plasma within the coil 15 and causes any capacitive discharge to be confined downstream of the coil. It is essential that the lower potential or grounded end of the coil 15 faces the incoming gas flow to the system.
It has been found for example that, using a 2 inch silica tube, the mimimum power required to strike and sustain an inductive plasma at a frequency of 3 MHz is from 4 to 6 kW. However, as it is preferable to have an ample power reserve a 24 kW generator may be employed. Matching of the generator to the plasma is provided by adjustment of the loading coil 16 and, as will be apparent to those skilled in the art, by the particular design of the coil 15 surrounding the tube. In this respect it should be noted that, when an inductive plasma on H-discharge is struck within the tube, the parallel inductance effect of the plasma on the coil 15 reduces the effective inductance of that coil causing the generator frequency to rise. This is opposite to the effect observed with capacitors of E-discharge where striking of the plasma cause the generator frequency to fall.
Referring to FIG. 3, the plasma 31 is struck with the tube 11 evacuated to the desired pressure in the range 0.1 to 50 Torr by increasing the generator power until electrical breakdown of the gas occurs. The inductive plasma may then be sustained at a somewhat lower power level. As shown in FIG. 3, the plasma 31 is displaced from the center of the coil 15 by the gas flow along the direction of the arrow A forming a broad front 32 against the gas flow and having an extended tail portion 33. Solid material 34, e.g. silica, is deposited on the tube from the plasma forming a ring of material adjacent the front 32 of the plasma 31. Thus, by moving the coil 15 along the tube 11, or by moving the tube within the coil, a contiguous layer of material may be deposited along the inner surface of the tube. The generator power may be so controlled that, while maintaining the inductive plasma, the solid material 34 is deposited directly in a glassy condition without fusion of the silica tube 11 and without the need to sinter the deposited material. Relative movement of the coil 15 and the tube 11 prevent overheating and subsequent collapse of any one portion of the tube 11.
The technique is particularly advantageous for the manufacture of silica optical fiber preforms by the coated tube method. The various layers of doped and/or undoped silica may be deposited on the inner surfce of a silica tube without fusion of the tube and subsequent loss of tube geometry. The coated tube may then be collapsed into a preform tube and drawn into optical fiber in the normal way.
In a deposition process using the apparatus of FIG. 2, silica in glassy form may be deposited over a 40 cm length of 20 mm diameter silica tube by admitting 200 cc/min oxygen bubbled through silicon tetrachloride liquid at 20� C. and admitting an additional 200 cc/min of oxygen into the tube at a pressure of 7.0 Torr. Conveniently the work coil 16 may comprise a two layer coil, 5 turns on the first layer wound on a 3 cm former, and 3 turns on the second layer. The turns may be insulated with glass sleeving and the two layers separated e.g. with a silica tube. The inductive plasma may be maintained at 2.9 MHz at a power level sufficient to heat the tube to about 1000� C., the coil being reciprocated along the tube at a rate of 5 secs. per pass. This provides a deposition rate of glassy silica on the tube of 16 g/hour. Dopants commonly employed in the production of optical fibers may of course be included in the plasma to vary the refractive index of the deposited material.
It has been found that, using the arrangement of FIGS. 2 and 3, by adjusting the generator output and, if necessary, by local heating of the deposition tube an inductive plasma may be struck and conveniently confined to the region of the work coil at pressure up to 20 Torr. At pressures up to 50 Torr the tube diameter should be increased, i.e. above 20 mm, to improve matching and facilitate maintenance of the plasma.
FIG. 4 shows an inductive plasma deposition arrangement for the plasma deposition of material by a tube-in-tube process in which a tube 41 on which material is to be deposited rests or is supported in an outer tube 42. This technique, when applied to the coating of a silica tube e.g. for optical fiber production, has the advantage that the tube 41 may be maintained at a temperature approaching its softening point without the risk of collapse due to the relatively low pressure of the plasma. It is found with this arrangement that the plasma confines itself to the inside of the tube 41 and that deposition takes place therefore only on the inside of this tube. By this means the temperature of the inner tube may be raised to 1300� C. without risk of distortion.
FIG. 5 shows a modification of the arrangement of FIG. 4 in which provision is made for the treatment of a plurality of tubes 51 by a semi-continuous tube-in-tube process. The tubes 51 to be treated are stacked in a vacuum tight storage chamber 52 communicating with a tube 53 in which the tubes 51 are to be treated. Reactant gases are supplied to the system via an inlet 54 into the storage chamber 52. To effect inductive plasma deposition, the bottom tube 51 of the stack is pushed e.g. by a piston (not shown) into the tube 53 and plasma coated with the desired material, e.g. silica or doped silica, as previously described. When coating has been completed the next tube 51 of the stack is pushed into the tube 51 ejecting the previously coated tube 51 into a further storage chamber 55. The process is then continued until all the tubes 51 have been treated.
In the arrangement of FIG. 6, a current concentrator or RF transformer 61 is employed to localize and intensify the H-discharge. Hitherto it has not been possible to apply such a current concentrator, to plasma systems operating at atmospheric pressures.
Such a transformer can be employed to effectively isolate the high voltage associated with the primary coil 15 from the plasma region and also provide a step down--high current path which can be used to stabilize and concentrate the plasma to the required deposition zone. The concentrator, which should be water cooled, comprises a conductive, e.g. copper, hollow cylinder provided with a longitudinal slot 62 and closed at one end by a plate 63 provided with a keyhole slot 64 communicating with the slot 62. The discharge tube is placed in the keyhole slot 64 around which an intense RF current is induced by the surrounding work coil (not shown). As the concentrator is isolated from the generator it may be grounded thus eliminating any stray capacitive discharges or maintained at any desired potential. Other forms of concentrator known to those skilled in the art may of course be used.
The following examples illustrate the invention:
A silica deposition tube of 21 mm internal diameter was mounted in a vacuum pumped flow system of the type shown in FIG. 2. The tube was pumped by a rotary vacuum pump through a liquid nitrogen cold trap, the tubing between pump and deposition tube being designed to give a high flow conductance.
A coil was constructed from two layers of 1/4" copper tube wound with five turns on the inside layer and three turns on the outside. The coil was insulated with glass fiber sleeving and isolation between the two layers was achieved by means of a silica tube.
The coil was placed over the silica tube and connected by means of flexible water cooled leads to the tank circuit of a 35 kW RF generator. Provision was made for reciprocation of the coil along 50 cm of the silica tube.
As stray capacitor effects resulting from discharge from high RF voltage parts of the coil were found to promote sooty deposition incorporated in the glassy deposit, the coil was arranged with the grounded end on the inside of the coil and facing the incoming gas stream. Stray discharges were then more or less confined to the downstream end where no unreacted silicon tetrachloride existed.
The silica tube was pumped down to less than 0.01 Torr. With the pump operating 200 sccm of O2 was admitted causing the pressure in the tube to rise to 2 Torr. The voltage to the oscillating valve was then increased briefly to 3 kv when an intense white plasma appeared within the tube confined to the coil region.
The frequency before the plasma appeared was 4.54 MHz and on appearance of the plasma this increased to 4.62 MHz as the inductance of the coil was reduced by the inductive plasma.
The voltage to the valve was then adjusted until the tube temperature rose to 1100� C.
Silicon tetrachloride was then admitted by bubbling oxygen through the liquid at 22� C. at a rate of 300 sccm causing the pressure to rise to 3 Torr. After one hour the tube was removed and it was found by weighing that 16 g of silica had been deposited in a glassy form.
A coil and concentrator of the type shown in FIG. 6 were used. A ten turn coil was wound as before (Ex. 1) on an internal diameter of 55 mm. A water cooled copper concentrator was inserted and grounding provided to it by means of a switch. Note that in some applications the concentrator may be maintained at any chosen RF potential with respect to earth.
The coil and concentrator were connected to the tank circuit of the generator. The voltage on the valve was increased as before until an H-discharge appeared in the region of concentrator field. The voltage was then adjusted to give a tube temperature of 1200� C. The concentrator was then grounded and all trace of stray capacitive discharges disappeared.
Silicon tetrachloride and germanium tetrachloride were admitted in the usual way to cause a layer of doped SiO2 /GeO2 to be deposited on the tube.
While we have described above the principles of our invention in connection with specific apparatus it is to be clearly understood that this description is made only by way of example and not as a limitation to the scope of our invention as set forth in the objects thereof and in the accompanying claims.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|May 3, 1965
|Dec 23, 1969
|Int Standard Electric Corp
|Method of forming a silicon nitride coating
|Oct 20, 1969
|Apr 11, 1972
|Int Standard Electric Corp
|Method of forming silicon oxide coatings in an electric discharge
|Jan 26, 1978
|Nov 14, 1978
|Northern Telecom Limited
|Method for manufacturing an optical fibre with plasma activated deposition in a tube
|Nov 16, 1977
|Mar 20, 1979
|Dieter Kuppers
|Method of producing internally coated glass tubes for the drawing of fibre optic light conductors
|Sep 19, 1977
|Mar 20, 1979
|U.S. Philips Corporation
|Method of producing internally coated glass tubes for the drawing of fiber-optic light conductors
|Mar 7, 1980
|Apr 14, 1981
|Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated
|Modified chemical vapor deposition of an optical fiber using an rf plasma
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jun 23, 1982
|Apr 3, 1984
|International Telephone And Telegraph Corporation
|Optical fiber drawing using plasma torch
|Feb 8, 1983
|Sep 25, 1984
|International Standard Electric Corporation
|Plasma method for coating the inside surface of a glass tube
|Jul 2, 1984
|Dec 10, 1985
|Polaroid Corporation
|Polarized optical fiber and method of forming same
|Oct 21, 1983
|Jan 12, 1988
|Corning Glass Works
|Vapor phase method for making metal halide glasses
|Jan 13, 1989
|Feb 13, 1990
|Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd.
|Method of heating a quartz glass tube
|Feb 16, 1988
|Oct 30, 1990
|U.S. Philips Corp.
|Method of and device for manufacturing optical fibers
|Oct 16, 1991
|Feb 23, 1993
|U.S. Philips Corp.
|Method of manufacturing optical fibres
|Apr 12, 2002
|Sep 7, 2004
|Omniguide Communications
|High index-contrast fiber waveguides and applications
|Apr 12, 2002
|Oct 5, 2004
|Omniguide Communications
|High index-contrast fiber waveguides and applications
|Apr 12, 2002
|May 24, 2005
|Omniguide Communications
|High index-contrast fiber waveguides and applications
|Apr 12, 2002
|Nov 28, 2006
|Omniguide, Inc.
|High index-contrast fiber waveguides and applications
|Jun 14, 2005
|Mar 13, 2007
|Omniguide, Inc.
|Fiber waveguide formed from chalcogenide glass and polymer
|Apr 24, 2002
|Nov 17, 2009
|European Community (Ec)
|Method and apparatus for sequential plasma treatment
|Jun 8, 2007
|Dec 21, 2010
|Omniguide, Inc.
|Dielectric waveguide and method of making the same
|Dec 10, 2007
|Aug 28, 2012
|Ofs Fitel, Llc
|Method of fabricating optical fiber using an isothermal, low pressure plasma deposition technique
|Apr 12, 2002
|Mar 13, 2003
|Ahmad Rokan U.
|High index-contrast fiber waveguides and applications
|Nov 24, 2003
|Jul 15, 2004
|Vladimir Fuflyigin
|Dielectric waveguide and method of making the same
|Nov 24, 2003
|Jul 22, 2004
|Vladimir Fuflyigin
|Dielectric waveguide and method of making the same
|Apr 24, 2002
|Aug 12, 2004
|Pascal Colpo
|Method and apparatus for sequential plasma treatment
|Aug 1, 2003
|Feb 3, 2005
|Guskov Michael I.
|Ring plasma jet method and apparatus for making an optical fiber preform
|Jun 14, 2005
|Nov 24, 2005
|Emilia Anderson
|High index-contrast fiber waveguides and applications
|Oct 6, 2005
|Sep 7, 2006
|Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd
|Plasma apparatus and apparatus for fabricating optical fiber preform by using the same
|Jun 8, 2007
|Jun 19, 2008
|Omniguide, Inc.
|Dielectric waveguide and method of making the same
|Dec 10, 2007
|Jun 11, 2009
|Furukawa Electric North America, Inc.
|Method of fabricating optical fiber using an isothermal, low pressure plasma deposition technique
|Jul 26, 2012
|Nov 15, 2012
|Fleming James W
|Method Of Fabricating Optical Fiber Using An Isothermal, Low Pressure Plasma Deposition Technique
|Nov 18, 2014
|May 28, 2015
|Corning Incorporated
|Method for reducing processing time for optical fiber preforms
|Dec 9, 2008
|Aug 14, 2013
|Ofs 飞泰尔公司
|Method for fabricating optical fibre using isothermal, low pressure plasma deposition technique
|Dec 7, 2007
|Nov 26, 2009
|Silica Tech Llc
|Ringplasmastrahlverfahren und Vorrichtung zum Herstellen einer Vorform f�r eine optische Faser
|Aug 2, 2004
|Feb 10, 2005
|Fibercore, Inc.
|Ring plasma jet method and apparatus for making an optical fiber preform
|Aug 2, 2004
|Apr 14, 2005
|Mohd Aslami
|Ring plasma jet method and apparatus for making an optical fiber preform
|U.S. Classification
|65/60.8, 427/137, 427/574, 427/570, 65/391, 65/417
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|May 28, 1987
Owner name: STC PLC, 10 MALTRAVERS STREET, LONDON, WC2R 3HA, E
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ELECTRIC CORPORATION, A DE CORP.;REEL/FRAME:004761/0721
Effective date: 19870423
Owner name: STC PLC,ENGLAND
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ELECTRIC CORPORATION, A DE CORP.;REEL/FRAME:004761/0721
Effective date: 19870423


text:
Easy way to create a face!
How to create a face
Welcome to PimpTheFace.com! Everything you need to draw a face can be found in the vertical menu on the left-hand side of the painting area: jawlines, glasses, beards, noses, moustaches, eyebrows, and eyes. Click on the desired feature and use your mouse to drag it to the desired position.
Move the scaling arrows in the lower left-hand corner to change a feature's size. Move the opacity arrow to make the feature lighter or darker.
You can also load a background to create a pattern for the face you are drawing. The 'Scaling' and 'Opacity' controls work for the background, too. The 'Crop Background' button allows you to change the crop area, affecting the size of your background image. The 'Show Crop Area' button makes the crop area visible. Check that box before printing the face or saving it as an image.
Once you have finished your drawing, click 'Save' to save it or 'Snapshot' to view it as a JPG or PNG file.
To make your drawing private and invisible to other users, click 'Register' and create a user account.
Top 10 Faces
Mark Wholberg - Slive Anderson
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?? ?????? ???? ????????? ????? ?????? 3-4 ??,?? ??? ?????????? ??????,?? ?????? ????? ?????????...
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wild boy who lives in jungle
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Visitors to the 2016 Insights-X, Germany's hot new stationery fair (October 6-9), will receive an exclusive sneak peek at some up-and-coming toys that most won't get to see until next February's Nürnberg Toy Fair rolls around.
Spielwarenmesse, the well-known organizer of Insights-X, announced a Toy Preview will run for two days (October 6 and 7) as part of the second annual stationery fair which will showcase over 200 vendors of everything from office supplies to writing utensils and creative items.
While Insight-X exhibitors will, of course, account for the biggest percentage of floor space in the Nürnberg Exhibition Centre, about 20 toy companies will reveal their latest products and 2017 marketing campaigns in the Centre's roomy Hall 12.2.
The Toy Preview, which was also part of last year's inaugural Insights-X, was introduced for several reasons, says a Spielwarenmesse spokesman. "It enables central buyers, buying groups, licensors and journalists from the specialist toy press from Germany, Austria and Switzerland to meet the managing directors and representatives of the big companies.
"The exhibitors at this event welcome comments that help them fine-tune their concepts and incorporate market wishes into the final product development phase. Central buyers and wholesalers gain exclusive insights into the latest trends in the toy industry," he added.
For more information about Insights-X and Toy Preview, contact Spielwarenmesse.


text:
Our Mission
Our mission statement is "Strong Families in a Caring Society". Our mission is to promote families as the primary source of nurture and development of individuals, to promote quality services which strengthen families and communities and to advocate policies and legislation which advance family well-being in Canada.
About Our Charity
Family Service Canada is a not-for-profit, national voluntary organization representing the concerns of families and family serving agencies across Canada. Membership includes family service agencies, corporations, government agencies and interested individuals.


text:
Even though we drove it extensively last month, BMW officially took the wraps off of the 2012 BMW M550d xDrive at the Geneva Motor Show. The M-tuned five-passenger sedan continues to put a smile on our face even as it causes yet another salty tear to drip down our cheek.
BMW M550d, X5 M50d, X6 M50d
2012 BMW M550d xDrive leaves us both giddy and quietly weeping
- Michael Harley
- Mar 7, 2012
BMW M shows off new diesel-powered lineup in motion
- Jonathon Ramsey
- Jan 26, 2012
If you'd like to see more of BMW newly unveiled range of M Diesels, here's your chance. To recap, BMW revealed four tri-turboed, diesel-engined, all-wheel-drive M cars for European buyers yesterday: the M550d xDrive (a.k.a. 5 Series) sedan and touring, the X5 M50d and the X6 M50d. All use a 3.0-liter inline-six putting out 376 horses and 545 through an eight-speed auto, and in the case of the M550d sedan it can get to 60 mph in 4.6 seconds.
BMW M goes diesel, introduces M550d, X5 M50d, X6 M50d
- Damon Lavrinc
- Jan 25, 2012
Rumors of BMW M launching a diesel model have been circulating for over a year, and confirmation has finally arrived in the form of not one, not two, but four M-fettled oil-burners, each sporting all-wheel drive and the oft-rumored tri-turbocharged 3.0-liter inline six. And before you get excited, none of them are slated for sale in the U.S. – this is a Euro-only affair.
- Biggest automotive sales disappointments
- Fastest-depreciating cars in the United States
- Find and compare 2017 Models


text:
❀ Miss VioletMae ❀
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Hello earth angels! Welcome to my page on Bitwine. You are a beautiful soul on a powerful journey and it is my intention to guide you along the way. You were drawn to me because I can help you. I am an intuitive empath and lightworker. I offer psychic readings and spiritual work. If you seek something not listed, please ask. I am a lifelong student of the metaphysical, and there are many different types of services that I can offer.
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VioletMae is a lovely woman, gifted reader, and has a beautiful energy about her that comes through her words. She is one of those rare gems on this site who is truly genuine, has great communication skills, and is ethical. I did an angel card reading. I would not rate on typing time because she is genuinely telling you what is coming from the cards and not just pulling something out of the air like most readers do (cut/paste info). Rate her on the beautiful exchange of energy in the reading - that is what matters most.
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text:
Celebrity Weight Loss Tips
If celebrity culture has taught us anything, it's that being thin (albeit with large breasts) is very important if you're a woman. Celebrities seem to be able to lose pounds at whim, getting pregnant, blowing up to the size of a small whale, and being back to their pre baby weight in just a week. The weight loss secrets of Hollywood's finest have long been a hot topic of discussion amongst the mere mortals who gaze upon these lovely creatures with respect and awe. But now, with the findings of scientists who have been intensively studying celebrities for the past three decades, you too can lose weight like a celebrity!
Just follow these tips to have a celebrity hot body!
Run From The Paparazzi
Celebrities burn a great deal of calories every day just running from the paparazzi. Even though you might not be chased by thirty grown men with cameras everywhere you go, there's no reason why you can't pretend that you are. If you've been delusional enough to think that all those Twinkies won't go straight to your hips for all these years, it won't be too much of a stretch to pretend that you're being hounded through the streets. Don dark sunglasses and a heavy wig if it makes you feel better about the exercise, and simply sprint from store to store on your next outing.
Fight Angelina Jolie For Your Man
(Apologies to Angelina Jolie on this one, personally I think the Angie, Brad, Jen thing was way over done. Brad Pitt was a grown man who evidently met a woman he felt he was more suited to and decided to follow his heart by being with her and not America's Coffee House Sweetheart. It doesn't reflect badly on Jennifer Aniston, and it is impossible to 'steal' someone's man anyway, men aren't possessions, they are humans capable of making their own choices about who they want to be with.)
But if you're not one to believe in all that reasonableness, then you need to protect what's yours, most notably, your man! Every woman you pass by in the street is a potential threat to your relationship, so make sure to pre-emptively kick the ass of any female you meet over the age of 10 and under the age of 80.
Photoshop Yourself
If you're feeling that you look a little dumpy in the family Christmas picture this year, why not Photoshop yourself? You can have a perfect body, it's only a few mouse clicks away! If all else fails, paste your head onto someone else's body. Of course, this could cause problems when you're required to appear in person, but there's absolutely no shame in using a body double for those sensitive times when you have to bare some skin, such as when wandering along a sun soaked beach, stepping in and out of the shower, or making love to your spouse.
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Breasts are a many wondrous thing. Usually hidden by clothing, they walk among us, tempting us with their breastlyness (which is a word, because I say it is). There is one thing better than a breast however, and it's a...
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I wrote a hub about petticoats, and men wearing petticoats, but you know what I didn't have? Any pictures of men wearing petticoats. That left a gap in authenticity in my hub, after all, if I claim that men sometimes...
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If you have a new rabbit, you might be surprised by how much poop it makes. You might even think that it is sick. However, keep in mind that rabbits do poop a lot. In fact, what might seem like up to a hundred or more...
Comments 2 comments
hahaha a nice and funny article;)
Surgery: Instant Weight Loss
If nothing works for you and if you have the budget for it, you can go for some surgery .However, you should try to avoid this as much as possible if you can as this can lead to a lot of risks.
The good thing about surgery is that the results are instant, although there would be some fallbacks such as scars and difficulty on moving at some points. Take note that your dream of losing weight does not get achieved after the surgery but long after since after this, you would still have to do a lot of maintenance. If you don't maintain what you have achieved through surgery, then you would just be as fat as you always have been.


text:
Forum: How school funding matters
Cultural Logic launches new issue #CulturalLogic21
Cultural Logic is a journal of marxism, literature, and radical politics, which has been an open access journal since it was founded in 1997.
The new issue, Cultural Logic 21, features the following articles and poetry.
Anthony Barnum
"Identifying the Theoretical Development of the League of RevolutionaryBlack Workers for a Pedagogy of Revolution"
Paul Diepenbrock
"Consolidating US Hegemony:A neo-Gramscian of Pantich and Gindin, and Konings"
Rich Gibson
"Sudents and Teachers! The Unasked Question:Why Have School?"
Matthew MacLellan
"The Gun as Political Object:Transcoding Contemporary Gun Culture and Neoliberal Governmentality"
Larry Schwartz
"The Ford Foundation, Little Magazines and The CIA in the Early Cold War"
Alan J. Spector
"Campus Activism Today — Some Lessons from Students for a Democratic Society"
Alzo David-West
"1932, A Pseudo-Revolutionary Poem"
Cultural Logic 22 will be a massive 20th anniversary triple issue on "Schol-Activism" produced in collaboration with Works & Days. Look for it in the coming months.
Vancouver faces stark contrasts between funding for K to 12 and university
Vancouver faces stark contrasts between funding for K to 12 and university
Vancouver Observer
October 7, 2016
Vancouver, the city of disparities, is faced with polar opposites in its educational system.
The contrast between K-12 schools and the university in Vancouver could not be more stark: The schools sinking in debt with rapidly declining enrolments and empty seats versus the university swimming in cash and bloating quotas to force excessive enrolments beyond capacity.
With central offices just 7km or 12 minutes apart, the two operate as if in different hemispheres or eras: the schools laying off teachers and planning to close buildings versus the university given a quota for preparing about 650 teachers for a glutted market with few to no jobs on the remote horizon in the largest city of the province.
There is a gateway from grade 12 in high school to grade 13 in the university but from a finance perspective there appears an unbreachable wall between village and castle.
Pundits and researchers are nonetheless mistaken in believing that the Vancouver schools' current $22m shortfall is disconnected from the university's $36m real estate windfall this past year.
The schools are begging for funds from the Liberals, who, after saying no to K-12, turn around to say yes to grades 13-24 and pour money into the University of British Columbia, no questions asked.
There may be two ministries in government, Education and Advanced Education; there is but one tax-funded bank account.
At first glance, the cheques suggest parity across the Vancouver system. For 2016-17, the schools, with about 49,000 students get a base operating grant of $436m and the university, with about 42,000 students gets a base of $420m. So what's the problem?
One is left to birth and migration rates while the other is manipulated with enrolment quotas. For each decrease of enrolment in the Vancouver schools the University ironically matches with an increase of teachers for the job market.
UBC's Faculty of Education, which could be financially assisting the schools to meet this historic shortfall, is instead bloated with a $2.6m deficit partially to maintain a quota for a steady flood of new teachers into Vancouver.
With the building boom at UBC, in March the Faculty of Education occupied a floor and a half of the new Ponderosa Commons building, despite about two floors of unoccupied or underutilized space in its Scarfe building. Education's share of the $57m building is $18m.
At the same time 21 Vancouver schools were scheduled for closure or demolition to meet a shortfall the government gave a $19.5m windfall to renovate UBC's Life Sciences building.
Wheeling and dealing, the Liberal government is robbing Peter to pay Paul, demoralizing Petra to pump up Paulette.
UBC appears to be throwing money around like it grows on Endowment Land trees. With the Vancouver real estate boom, it does.
The short history of UBC at 100 years is that it was born spoiled with a sizeable estate in 1915-1916 and remains spoiled in 2016-2017.
Through the stroke of a pen in 1858, Queen Victoria created the colony of British Columbia and transformed First Nations traditional territory into Crown Land. In 1907, an amendment to the BC Land Act granted 3,000 acres (5 sq. miles) to a University Endowment.
UBC property sits precariously on unceded Musqueam territory aggressively developed by settlers into prime Vancouver real estate over the past century and most aggressively since 1988 when the UBC Real Estate Corporation (Properties Trust) was established. In 1994 UBC converted 200 acres of its campus and Endowment Lands into condo and shopping centre development.
By 2003, as University Hill Secondary school was crammed and the urban plan expanded, so flush with cash was the university that its Properties Trust offered to bankroll renovations to its National Research Council (NRC) building and charge the busted VSB a monthly lease. In 2008, the Liberals stepped in, effectively saving the university from a $37.9m renovation.
The Vancouver Schools have had to defer $700m of building maintenance costs while UBC has announced plans for an $822 million building boom on it campus, with generous commitments from the Ministry.
As in real estate goes demographics: from boom to bust, the empty seats in Vancouver schools will inevitably be empty seats in the university. Like the VSB, it won't be long before UBC begins to schedule the closure or demolition of empty academic buildings, that is, if someone opens the doors to realize there's no one inside.
With more and more faculty members preferring to work at home, save for staff, empty offices are making hollow buildings the norm.
The Ministry is now threatening to fire the School Board for suspending school closure and demolition plans but when the University Board colludes to hide decisions from access and scrutiny the Ministry looks the other way.
Vancouver is now desperate to resolve the deepest school finance crisis and worst university administrative legitimacy crisis in 100 years. False distinctions between the two or the success of one at the expense of the other are at the root of the crises.
It's the story of Vancouver: Broke and barely making it versus fixed, rich, and laughing all the way to the bank: 99% versus 1%.
Stephen Petrina and E. Wayne Ross are professors in the Department of Curriculum and Pedagogy at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver.
(Un)Learning Anthropocentrism: An Ecocritical Framework for Teaching to Resist Human-Supremacy in Curriculum and Pedagogy
UBC Department of Curriculum and Pedagogy
2016-2017 Seminar Series
(Un)Learning Anthropocentrism: An Ecocritical Framework for Teaching to Resist Human-Supremacy in Curriculum and Pedagogy
John Lupinacci, PhD
Cultural Studies & Social Thought in Education
College of Education
Washington State University
October 28, 20106
Scarfe 1214
In this talk, I will call attention to—and critically question—the epoch now referred to as the Anthropocene in relationship to Western industrial assumptions rooted in the understanding of human-beings as separate from and superior to all other life-forms and the environments upon which they depend. Drawing from an ecocritical framework in education, I emphasize that because anthropocentrism is cultural rather than inherently natural, it is amenable to social change. As a scholar-activist educator, I take the position that (un)learning anthropocentrism as radical change is imperative in light of environmental degradation, climate change, and the multitude of social and ecological problems that follow as a consequence. The stakes are high and the capacity of the planet for sustaining life depends upon future generations learning to live in harmony and at peace with the diverse ecosystems within which they reside. More than a critique of anthropocentrism, I work to challenge this worldview and seek ways of engaging educators and educational researchers in doing the same. Drawing from ecocritical projects in education—including critical animal studies, anarchism, and ecofeminism—while recognizing centuries of wisdom in indigenous epistemologies, this talk shares a pedagogical process aimed at helping educators to recognize an anthropocentric worldview, to examine how this worldview is implicated in maintaining human (and male, white, able-bodied) supremacy, and to rethink anthropocentrism in favor of ecological alternatives that are socially just and encompass all living systems.
John Lupinacci is an Assistant Professor at Washington State University. He conducts research and teaches in the Cultural Studies and Social Thought in Education (CSSTE) program using an approach that advocates for the development of scholar-activist educators. His ecocritical work in education is interdisciplinary and draws from critical social theory through anarchist philosophy, critical animal studies, new materialism, and queer-ecofeminist philosophy while recognizing that many of these Western frameworks are entangled with colonial cultures and thus ought not take precedence over—or appropriate—diverse indigenous knowledges. Drawing heavily from critical conceptions of environmental education, Dr. Lupinacci's research focuses on how people—specifically educators, educational leaders, and educational researchers—learn to both identify and examine destructive habits of Western industrial human culture and how those habits are taught and learned in schools. His experiences as a high school teacher, an outdoor environmental educator, and a community activist-artist-scholar all contribute to his research, teaching, and development of interdisciplinary research projects open to the (im)possibilities of unexpected spaces with(in) education and educational research.
Marx, Engels and the Critique of Academic Labor
Special Issue of Workplace
Edited by
Karen Lynn Gregory & Joss Winn
Articles in Workplace have repeatedly called for increased collective organisation in opposition to a disturbing trajectory in the contemporary university… we suggest that there is one response to the transformation of the university that has yet to be adequately explored: A thoroughgoing and reflexive critique of academic labor.
Table of Contents
- Marx, Engels and the Critique of Academic Labor
Karen Lynn Gregory, Joss Winn
- Towards an Orthodox Marxian Reading of Subsumption(s) of Academic Labour under Capital
Krystian Szadkowski
- Re-engineering Higher Education: The Subsumption of Academic Labour and the Exploitation of Anxiety
Richard Hall, Kate Bowles
- Taxi Professors: Academic Labour in Chile, a Critical-Practical Response to the Politics of Worker Identity
Elisabeth Simbürger, Mike Neary
- Marxism and Open Access in the Humanities: Turning Academic Labor against Itself
David Golumbia
- Labour in the Academic Borderlands: Unveiling the Tyranny of Neoliberal Policies
Antonia Darder, Tom G. Griffiths
- Jobless Higher Ed: Revisited, An Interview with Stanley Aronowitz
Stanley Aronowitz, Karen Lynn Gregory
Call for Manuscripts: Radical Departures: Ruminations on the Purposes of Higher Education in Prison
Call for Manuscripts:
Critical Education
Radical Departures: Ruminations on the Purposes of Higher Education in Prison
Series Editors:
Erin L. Castro, University of Utah
Mary Rachel Gould, Saint Louis University
Higher education in prison is experiencing a moment of increased attention throughout the United States. The Second Chance Pell Program, an Experimental Sites Initiative facilitated by the U.S. Department of Education, has helped to propel access to education inside prisons into mainstream discourse. The commonsense justification provided for increasing access to higher education in prison, a bipartisan language spoken across the political landscape, hinges on a compelling rationale: access to higher education in prison reduces recidivism, lowers cost, and increases safety and security. Departing from conventional logic regarding the rationale for higher education in prison, this special edition considers possibilities and futurities regarding postsecondary educational opportunity made available inside prisons.
The series aims to explore how various educational theories and theorists can inform understandings of and desires for higher education in prison. We invite manuscripts that provide imaginative and theoretically grounded visions for postsecondary education inside prisons that are disentangled from the logics of the carceral state and the afore mentioned commonsense rationales for higher education in prison. Authors are invited to put on hold narrow discourses of recidivism to explore higher education inside prison through conceptual, empirical, theoretical, pedagogical, narrative, and poetic articles that approach this topic from a variety of perspectives, frameworks, and positionalities.
In considering higher education in prison, we especially seek manuscripts authored and/or co-authored by currently incarcerated and formerly incarcerated people, co-written essays among diverse stakeholders, and other creative configurations.
Manuscripts may examine, but are not limited to, the following questions:
- What does it mean to teach and/or learn on inside prisons?
- How can educational theory inform possibility inside prison classrooms?
- What does/should education mean inside prisons during hyperincarceration?
- What should be the purposes of higher education in prison?
- How can/do various educational theories take root inside prison classrooms?
- Which theoretical bodies are useful in (re)imagining and (re)engaging higher education in prison?
- How do examples in practice provide potential for re-theorization?
Manuscripts due: May 1, 2017.
For details on manuscript submission see: Critical Education Information for Authors
Additional questions can be directed to Erin L. Castro: email@example.com


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There is always something to do at the Royal Saskatchewan Museum. We are constantly planning new and exciting things for you to see and do.
Birthday Parties
Enjoy a fun and informative birthday celebration at the Royal Saskatchewan Museum!
Yoga | Winter 2017
Practice and learn yoga in our museum galleries.
Young Explorers | Fall 2016
Designed to give 9 to 12 year olds a fun, social, and educational way to spend Friday night.
Megamunch Club | Winter 2017
Join the kids club that is filled with FUN and FACTS! For kids 5 to 8 years old.
smARTies | Winter 2017
Mix art and biology in this program for 6 to 10 year olds.
Storytime in the Paleo Pit
Calling all children aged 2 to 5 and their caregivers! It's storytime with real museum specimens.
School's Out! | 2016/17
A little something extra offered by our museum educators on dates when both Regina Public and Regina Catholic are out of school.
Group Gallery Tours
Perfect for corporate groups, senior groups or ESL students, pre-book a gallery tour with one of our museum educators.
SaskTel Summer Cool Camps
#naturalfun in the heart of the city! Kids Camps at the Royal Saskatchewan Museum offer our children the opportunity to play, learn and explore nature past and present right in Regina!
Mascot Appearances
Do you have an upcoming event at which you would like to have a 7-foot green T. rex?


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Locatie en stad
|Check-in vanaf
- Lift
- Kluizen bij de receptie
- Restaurant(s)
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Services in het hotel
- Business Center
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Stijl en sfeer van het hotel
-Property description-, offering seventeen stories and 135 sun drenched, guest rooms the bowery hotel is in walking, distance to some of new york citys most popular, neighborhoods such as soho chinatown little italy, union square and the east village. Situated on, bowery and third street in downtown manhattan, navigate with ease to districts such as wall, street midtown tribeca and greenwich village., ., Sophisticated and timeless the bowery hotel offers, the quintessential new york experience along with, warm friendly service and luxury amenities such as, factory styled floor to ceiling windows 24 hour, room service flat panel televisions ipod docking, stations complimentary high speed wireless, internet rain shower bath fixtures luxurious, bathrobes and c.O. Bigelow bath amenities., ., Each carefully designed room features signature, oushak rugs over hardwood floors that compliment, the luxurious 400 thread count sheets and rich, velvet drapes and embody the standard in luxury, new york city living., ., Guests have preference and exclusive access to our, lobby bar and lounge including the ability to, secure reservations in gemma - the popular italian, restaurant located on the ground floor of the, bowery hotel., ., Based on availability guests have access and, complimentary use of unique amenities such as, bicycles laptop computers and a dvd film library, during their stay at the bowery hotel.
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Few witnesses survive to tell of the day 60 years ago that changed the history of China and the world. One of the last is Li Pu.
The 91-year-old retired journalist may be the last person alive who stood with Mao Zedong on the day that he declared the founding of the People's Republic of China.
Mr Li, then a relatively junior reporter, joined several hundred of the most influential figures of 20th-century China on October 1, 1949, to climb Tiananmen — the Gate of Heavenly Peace — at the entrance to the palace of the emperors.
Mr Li, his


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|Games & Hobbies
What's the history of stop lights? What are some common myths about car dealerships? Join Scott and Ben as they take a closer look at all things automotive in CarStuff, a podcast by HowStuffWorks.com.
February 3rd, 2011
Episode 315 of 825 episodes
Known as 'the DaVinci of Detroit,' Harley Earl fundamentally redefined the automotive industry through his innovations in design and technology. Learn why Earl is considered the father of American car design in the episode of CarStuff.
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Welcome to the daily audio workout for your head.


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Testing Faith and Tradition
A Global Mennonite History
By (author) John C. Lapp
Format: Paperback
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Testing Faith and Tradition by John C. Lapp
Book DescriptionThe Anabaptist movement had its beginning in scattered places throughout Europe during the 16th century. Today these Anabaptist-descended Mennonite churches are declining in membership, but they are not without reinvigorated faith and hope. Frequent wars during the past 480 years strained these Mennonite churches immeasurably, especially when their governments battled each other. This volume recounts those torturous and formative experiences. Seldom have the distinguishing features of the Dutch, the French, the German, the Swiss, the Russian -- and more recently, the U.K. and the Spanish-Mennonite churches been examined. These churches' cultural and historical differences are significantly unique, and they are a key part of the history told in these chapters by European Mennonite historians and church leaders. The Umsiedler, with their sheer numbers and religious vigor, are a current force included in this ongoing story. Testing Faith and Tradition is the second volume in the Global Mennonite History Series.
Buy Testing Faith and Tradition book by John C. Lapp from Australia's Online Bookstore, Boomerang Books.
Book DetailsISBN: 9781561485505
(216mm x 140mm x 21mm)
Pages: 323
Imprint: Good Books
Publish Date: 1-Oct-2006
Country of Publication: United Kingdom
Books By Author John C. Lapp
Mission and Migration, Paperback (July 2010)
Mission and Migration is the first comprehensive history to be written by Latin American Mennonite historians about Mennonite church life in Central and South Americas from its beginnings.
Esthetics of Negligence, Paperback (April 2009)View all books by John C. Lapp
In this book devoted to the Contes, Professor Lapp re-establishes them as repaying serious study, as examples of La Fontaine's skill in 'the esthetics of negligence'.
» Have you read this book? We'd like to know what you think about it - write a review about Testing Faith and Tradition book by John C. Lapp and you'll earn 50c in Boomerang Bucks loyalty dollars (you must be a member - it's free to sign up!)
Author Biography - John C. Lapp
John A. Lapp was professor of history for many years at Eastern Mennonite University, Harrisonburg, VA. Later in his career, he served as Dean of Goshen (IN) College. He is Executive Secretary Emeritus of Mennonite Central Committee, the global relief and service organization. He is Coordinator and Co-General Editor of the Global Mennonite History Series."
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Cattiecann's Pie Crust
Total Time
Prep 30 mins
Cook 0 mins
I was looking for a good pie crust recipe so a cousin of mine gave me her mother's recipe. I tweaked it a liitle and it hasn't failed me yet.
Ingredients Nutrition
- 4 cups all-purpose flour
- 1⁄2 teaspoon salt
- 2 cups butter, cut into pea-size pieces
- 1 large egg, slightly beaten
- 1 teaspoon vinegar
- 3 fluid ounces cold water
- In a large mixing bowl, stir together the flour and salt until well blended.
- Cut the butter into pea size pieces and add to the flour. (This sometimes gets messy so have a towel handy.).
- Place the slightly beaten egg and vinegar in a measuring cup and add enough cold water to equal 1/2 cup of total liquid. Pour this into the flour mixture and mix until the dough can form a large ball.
- Divide dough into four equal portions. You can wrap in plastic wrap and store in the refrigerator or freezer. This dough can be refrigerated for up to 3 days or frozen for up to 3 months.


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Hosted since 1996 in XIXth century Wine Warehouses, listed among the French inventory of Historic Monuments, the Pavillons de Bercy receive more than 250 000 people a year.
Five unique worlds on 8500m2, each staged with their own specific theme:
. Le Musée des Arts Forains (Museum of Fairground Arts), a Belle-Époque fairground space
. Le Théâtre du Merveilleux (The Theatre of Marvels), a giant curiosity-cabinet paying tribute to projection shows.
. Les Salons Vénitiens (The Venetian rooms), a carnival in the Serene Republic.
. Le Théâtre de Verdure (The Greenery Theatre), an extraordinary garden.
And since Fall 2014, the recently settled "Magic Mirror", an authentic travelling ballroom from the 1920's.
A continuously evolving cultural location, staging the biggest collection of festive arts and entertainment 'objects' in Europe through the use of modern sound and image technologies. This unique scenography, combining tradition and modernity, transforms this place into a huge living show where the rides and objects are actors.
An event location:
The different venues of les Pavillons de Bercy and its exteriors can be rented all year long to accommodate private events: dinners, cocktail parties, conventions, fashion shows. Thanks to its location, modularity and originality, this venue offers ideal conditions for private parties.
An entertaining museum to discover year round:
Guided tours involving the public's participation are available all year long upon reservation. The visitors need to be guided within this art-living museum as it is possible to try the rides and touch the objects within its walls. A real Journey out of time…
Public openings:
Twice a year, les Pavillons de Bercy – Musée des Arts Forains continuously open its doors to the general public; In September during the European Heritage Days, and around the Christmas Holidays for the Festival du Merveilleux with many performances taking place throughout the day.
Everything has been conceived to give visitors, who have become actors, a truly magical moment.
All the authentic patrimony objects, artefacts and ancient rides are in an excellent preserved condition. Many years of research and restoration have been necessary to enable each object to tell its story, as some have been in use for more than a hundred years.
Thanks to a museography oriented restoration, the museum professionals – archivists, experts, art curators as well as exhibition designer- analysed over 29000 objects, post cards, and catalogs from Fairground manufacturers all over Europe.
During their fairground life, the museum rides and attractions were repainted multiple times to maintain their lively aspects; sometimes as much as 20 layers of paint were applied! The conservation work now involves the uncovering of every paint layer with a scalpel in order to reveal their original colours and sculpture, which can take up to 3 months.
Whether it is uncovering the original colours of an antique mural painting or recreating the broken pieces of sculptures with identical woods, our dedicated conservation and restoration professionals make miracles happen in our workshops.
Réalisé par Les Pavillons de Bercy © Copyright 2011 Tous droits réservés


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Hotfrog NewZealand provides information regarding Bizbang in CHRISTCHURCH Canterbury. Bizbang is located at PO Box 22647, CHRISTCHURCH Canterbury 8034 and provides Marketing services. Contact them on 021 1976 123.
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This exhibit uses the theory of six degrees of separation and applies it to architects and landscape architects whose collections are held at the CED Environmental Design Archives.
Six Degrees showcases projects that resulted from both personal and professional relationships, illustrating the interconnectedness that existed, and continues to exist, among Bay Area designers.
Exhibit Curator: Chris Marino
Exhibition Committee: Miguel Nieto, Waverly Lowell, Cailin Trimble, Emily VIgor, Jason Miller and Esther MacKenzie.
Image: Architect Joseph Esherick & Landscape Architect Mai Abergast


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Blue patches on thighs
Hello, my wife gets blue patches on her thighs frequently, she was diagnosed that she has defficiency of Vitamin B12 and D and took some injections but after completing the course, patches are still happening. Please suggest.
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Doctor Answers (1) on Blue patches on thighs
Harisha N L
3 yrs. of exp | Bangalore | General Physician
INR 250 for 24 hrsCHAT NOW
Hey,it could be bruises,any history of trauma ? Is it itching ? Or may have dermatological reasons consult dermatologist
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Boiler Scrappage
£400 trade in for your old boiler guaranteed from Superwarm
Scotland has one of the most ambitious CO2 emission reduction targets in the world. The installation of an efficient heating system is one effective way of reducing your household energy bills and CO2 emissions. There are currently an estimated 250,000 homes in Scotland that have boilers of the least efficient type (efficiency of less than 70%).
The Scottish Government ran the boiler scrappage scheme last financial year. Homeowners, on a first, come first served basis, could apply for a £400 grant towards the replacement of a working G rated boiler with an energy efficient model certified under the Energy Saving Recommended scheme.
There was further funding available for summer 2011.
The Government funded scrappage scheme was a huge success. This scheme is now closed.
However due to this success and the benefits to consumer's Superwarm has partnered with Worcester Bosch and Vaillant to bring you the best deals on high efficiency A rated boilers. This means upgrading your G rated boiler to an A rated one, your household heating bill should drop by about 25% a saving on average of around £235 per year.
Also due to the high price of scrap metal, and the need to recycle, We can offer £400 scrappage allowance for your old boiler, cylinder, radiators and redundant pipe work. This is due to the fact it is cheaper to recycle copper than it is to mine new copper. Recycling 1 tonne of copper takes 15% of the energy it would take to mine and extract the same copper.
All this equates to you having a new energy efficient boiler, the old removed and recycled and


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Ramada Orlando Near Convention Center
- Free continental breakfast, free WiFi, and free parking
Main amenities
- 133 guestrooms
- Outdoor pool
- Free area shuttle
- Room service
- Fitness center
- 24-hour business center
- Childcare
- 24-hour front desk
- Coffee/tea in a common area
- Air conditioning
- Daily housekeeping
- Front desk safe
For families
- Free cribs/infant beds
- Children's club
- Babysitting or childcare (surcharge)
- Children's club (surcharge)
- Rollaway/extra beds (surcharge)
- Microwave
What's around
- In International Drive
- I-Drive 360 (0.2 mi / 0.4 km)
- Orange County Convention Center (1.4 mi / 2.2 km)
- Universal Studios Florida™ (3.1 mi / 4.9 km)
- SeaWorld® Orlando (3.1 mi / 5 km)
- Universal's Islands of Adventure™ (2.6 mi / 4.3 km)
Ramada Orlando Near Convention Centerfrom S$112
- Room, 2 Double Beds, Non Smoking
- Room, 2 Double Beds, Non Smoking
- Standard Room, 1 King Bed, Accessible, Non Smoking
- Room, 2 Queen Beds, Non Smoking
- Standard Room, 1 King Bed, Non Smoking
- Mobile Exclusive
- Standard Room, 1 King Bed, Smoking
- Room, 2 Double Beds, Smoking
More great choices
At a glance
Key facts
Hotel size
- This hotel has 133 rooms
- This hotel is arranged over 3 floors
- Check-in time 4 PM-3 AM
- Check-out time is 11 AM
Required at check in
- Credit card or cash deposit required
- Government-issued photo ID required
Travelling with others
- Up to 2 children (17 years old and younger) stay free when occupying the parent or guardian's room, using existing bedding
- Babysitting/childcare *
- Children's club *
- Pets not allowed
- Free WiFi in public areas
- Free WiFi in rooms
- Free self parking
- Free area shuttle
- Free theme park shuttle
Nearby Two Star Orlando hotels
In the hotel
- Children's club (surcharge)
- Free continental breakfast daily
- Room service (during limited hours)
- Coffee/tea in a common area
- Outdoor pool
- Fitness facilities
- 24-hour business center
- Business center
- One meeting room
- 24-hour front desk
- Concierge services
- Tours/ticket assistance
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Laundry facilities
- Luggage storage
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
- Year Built 1989
- Elevator/lift
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Picnic area
- Accessible bathroom
- In-room accessibility
- Roll-in shower
In the room
- In-room climate control (air conditioning)
- Air conditioning
- Coffee/tea maker
- Iron/ironing board
- Private bathroom
- Shower/tub combination
- Free toiletries
- Hair dryer
- Flat-screen TV
- Premium TV channels
- Desk
- Free WiFi
- Free local calls
- Refrigerator
- Microwave
- Daily housekeeping
- Connecting/adjoining rooms available
- Access via exterior corridors
Top Orlando hotels
Recently reviewed hotels in Orlando
- DoubleTree by Hilton at the Entrance to Universal OrlandoFrom
"Room are spacious, breakfast availability is good. Staff were always helpful and were quick to make a change and upgrade me to the front facing universal studios where I am able…"Dec 25, 2016
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"We stayed in the suite that could comfortably our group and the amenities in the room were very new and nice. The breakfast corner tends to get very overwhelmed in the late…"Dec 23, 2016
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"Staff were helpful, room was comfortable. Although there is free transport the schedule time is half an hour i.e. if you just missed the bus it can be tiring."Dec 21, 2016
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"We had a really enjoyable time in this hotel. The room was large and well decorated. Overall an exceptionally pleasant stay. Will definitely stay again"Dec 8, 2016
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Ramada Orlando Near Convention Center's small print
Also known as
- Ramada Hotel Orlando Convention Center
- Ramada Orlando Convention Center
- Ramada Inn Convention Center i-Drive Hotel Orlando
- Ramada Orlando Convention Center Hotel
- Ramada Convention Center Hotel
- Ramada Convention Center
The property has connecting/adjoining rooms, which are subject to availability and can be requested by contacting the property using the number on the booking confirmation.
Mandatory fees
You'll be asked to pay the following charges at check in or check out:
- Resort fee: USD 4.00 per accommodation, per night
Resort fee inclusions:
- Breakfast
- Pool access
- Fitness center access
- Shuttle service
- Internet access (may be limited)
- Parking
- Additional inclusions
Inclusions may be listed elsewhere on the page as free or for a surcharge.
Optional extras
Rollaway beds are available for USD 10 per night
Children's club access is available for an extra charge
Babysitting/childcare is available for an extra charge
We have included all charges provided to us by this hotel. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.
Recent reviews
Good 3.0 /5 from 446 reviews
My car was broken into on the premises and they took over 1500 doller worth of items after waiting for almost an hour and a half for the manager and the police neither show up then I was told the manager is not at work the workers bearly speak English they don't understand you when speak to them I will never stay at that place again.
Hotel was good for only one night stay but if you gonna stay more than one day I recommend to find another place. The rooms needs to be updated ASAP because they have a lot of competition on International Drive with better prices.
sorry but this hotel was in bad shape the room had 7 things wrong with it the mimunt we open the door, breakfast was over crowed with a tiny eating space. the room ens table was broken toilet paper holder was missing woodwork falling off wall t v didn't work tolit wouldn't stop runningdoor wouldn't open.was just sad that the hotel is in bad shape..never again will we stay there
Was traveling from Miami up North. Needed a place to sleep. Set-up as motel. Easy to pull my car in and unload boxes in the room. Would not bring wife or family there, but suited my needs. Free wifi, breakfast & cable
The breakfast is not good. The room was not clean.
Is the description of this hotel not correct? Tell us


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[SweetHeartVideo] Sinn Sage, Liza Del Sierra - Analingus, Scene 3 (2013) [HD 720p]
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Added to Shopping Bag
Dolce Vita Layla Platform Espadrilles Pink Wedges
Listed by Alyssa F.
Size: 8 Regular (M, B)
Price: $39.00
Returnable for Site Credit.
You can request a return for Tradesy Site Credit within 4 days of delivery. FREE return shipping.
If your item was misrepresented in any way, you can file a misrepresentation claim. Tradesy will investigate and you'll be eligible for a Full Refund.
Shopping Bag :
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Layla Platform Espadrilles Pink Wedges
Size: 8
$39.00 + Shipping Included
Retail Price: $102.00
Layla Platform Espadrilles Pink Wedges
Shipping Included
Pay with Credit Card, PayPal, or Affirm.
2 people saved this item
- Exterior scuffs or marks
- Missing accessories (shoebox, dustbag)
two very small dark spots on suede
Raffia-covered platform and wedge heel. Padded footbed and rubber sole.
Regular (M, B)
Heel Height:
Medium 2-3
Heel Style:
Style Tags:
platform, rafia platform, wedge, wedge espadrilles, dolce vita, Dolce Vita Wedges
Sat 2/25/17 - Tue 2/28/17 (5-8 days)
Feel free to return this item for any reason and get Tradesy Credit. Use your credit to buy something that makes you happy. Just a heads-up, purchases outside the U.S. are Final Sale.
Submit a return request within 4 days of delivery
Pack and ship the item using our free return shipping label
Skip the return request and bring the item to your nearest for instant Tradesy Credit.
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How to become a Ultrasound Technician (Sonographer)
A ultrasound technician is also known as a diagnostic medical sonographer. The profession is known as diagnostic medical sonography or ultrasound imaging. There are many types of medical imaging, one of which uses ultrasound to produce 2D and 3D images of the internal organs of the body. It must be noted that ultrasound imaging only applies to those areas of the body where the internal organs are not concealed within skeletal structures. For example, a diagnostic medical sonographer cannot scan images of the brain or fractures in bones.
How to become a Diagnostic Medical Sonographer
There are a few ways to become a diagnostic medical sonographer. There are accredited programs that last anywhere from 1 year to 4 years. The prerequisites required for each of the various programs vary. According to the Commission on Accreditation of Allied Health Education Programs (CAAHEP) however, all programs have the same base line requirement - you must be able to complete college level courses in general physics, biological science, algebra, and communication skills.
Job Profile of a Diagnostic Medical Sonographer
The job profile of a diagnostic medical sonographer includes conducting ultrasound imaging and compiling the subsequent reports. A diagnostic medical sonographer may interpret the reports or may offer an explanation of the scanned images.
A diagnostic medical sonographer does not prescribe medications, he or she doesn't recommend treatments formally, and doesn't offer a medical remedy. It is purely a diagnostic job, which is restricted to using ultrasound-imaging devices in a lab, clinic, healthcare center, or hospital.


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These bets are set in stone until they reach judgement. Read the arguments written in favor of each position and discuss the bets with the bettors themselves and the rest of the Long Bets community.
The U.S Department of Transportation Bureau of Transportation Statistics (www.bts.gov) will report a lower number of total highway vehicle miles traveled in 2010 than in 2005.
5 years
02005-02010 $400
$200 Daniel K Simon Glen F Raphael
By 2025, the states will have voted on at least one constitutional amendment to cede US federal power to a global government.
21 years
02004-02025 $800
$400 Thomas D Quigley Steve M Midgley
As of August 2005 a Democrat is President of the US.
2 years
02003-02005 $1,000
$500 Stewart Brand brian eno
Over the next ten years, we will make measurable global progress in all five areas of the human condition: food, access to clean water, health, education, and the price of energy.
? years
02003-??? $400
$200 Patrick Burns Steven B Kurtz
By 2025 the scientific evidence of a hither-to-unknown large bi-pedal great ape will be sufficient to convince at least 50% of primatologists that a yeti/bigfoot-like creature exists.
22 years
02003-02025 $800
$400 Kevin Kelly Stewart Brand
The annual average cost between 2003 and Dec 31 2005 of the total retail price (commercial and residential) per Kilowatthour of electricity in the United States will rise as calculated by the U.S. Departmentof Energy in chained (inflation-adjusted) U.S. dollars.
3 years
02003-02005 $400
$200 Steven B Kurtz Patrick Burns
Evidence of extraterrestrial intelligence within the solar system will be confirmed before evidence from several light-years away.
? years
02002-??? $400
$200 Allen Tough H. Paul Shuch
The first discovery of extraterrestrial life will be someplace other than on a planet or on a satellite of a planet.
? years
02002-??? $2,000
$1,000 freeman j dyson Peter A Spark
In 2022 the US economy will no longer be held to be the world leader in global environmental degradation.
20 years
02002-02022 $2,000
$1,000 Peter A Spark Alexander King
By 2020, no one will have won a Nobel Prize for work on superstring theory, membrane theory, or some other unified theory describing all the forces of nature.
18 years
02002-02020 $2,000
$1,000 John Horgan Michio Kaku


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Insync Recruitment Pty Ltd
Executive Search
Executive Search
Talent and leadership drive business success, and executive search is the best way to find those talent leaders.
Traditional recruitment relies heavily on internet advertising and candidate databases to find candidates – these candidates are invariably highly active – candidates who happen to be unemployed or unhappy in their current role, and who will almost certainly be looking at a range of other opportunities.
This method works pretty well when it comes to middle and lower level roles, but for the Talent leaders of your business – don't you want those people who are kicking goals and genuinely adding value to their current roles?
Executive search, is designed to find the very best candidates, including those who are generally hidden from traditional recruitment methods.
These individuals might be the 'passive' candidates, happily and successfully working at another business but not specifically looking for anything new. Or they might be the candidates we define as the 'superstars' – the real high-fliers and rising stars who are highly valued and closely guarded by their current employers, and will definitely not be on the market.
Either way, the best executive search services allow you to reach these individuals, so you can be sure you are reaching not just the most available candidates but the very best talent in the market place
The Process
Pivotal to Lead Recruitment's delivery of candidates who outperform their peers and exceed the expectations of clients is our detailed and thorough selection process.
Breaking the executive search process down into stages, our approach covers:
Role Profiling
Candidate identification
Extended research
Candidate screening
Reference checking
Presentation of candidates
Interview briefing and de-briefing
Counter-offer preparation
Presentation of offer
Candidate feedback and support.
All of this is delivered with the commitment and guarantees of Lead Recruitment terms of business.
Contact Lead Recruitment today to find out how this approach can help you identify and secure the very best talent for your business.
Print this page
For a day or twelve months we have a solution for you and your business. We know that your people
Permanent Recruitment Overview Where a search and selection process is not required but still a robust and thorough exercise in
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Today's Featured Artist: Michael Godard
Need your order in time for Christmas? Check out our Holiday Shipping Deadlines.
Transform your photos into one-of-a-kind, hand painted masterpieces!
Protect your iPhone 7 with a brand new iPhone 7 phone case!
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Fine Art America has expanded to 14 fulfillment centers in 5 countries!
David Bowie Remembered - A Collection of Unpublished Portraits by Terry O'Neill
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Live from New York... it's Anne Geddes! Watch Anne create one of her iconic holiday images live from her studio in NYC at 10:00 AM EST today.
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The watermark in the lower right corner of the image will not appear on the final print.
Panther In The Backyard by Cheryl Poland - 8.000" x 5.375"
Luster Photo Paper
Rolled in a Tube
Assembly Charge
Panther In The Backyard poster by Cheryl Poland. Our posters are produced on acid-free papers using archival inks to guarantee that they last a lifetime without fading or loss of color. All posters include a 1" white border around the image to allow for future framing and matting, if desired.
Ships Within
2 - 3 business days
Ships From
Atlanta, GA
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All prints ship in durable cardboard tubes.
Fine Art America is one of the largest, most-respected giclee printing companies in the world with over 40 years of experience producing museum-quality posters and prints. All of our posters are produced on state-of-the-art, professional-grade Epson printers.
We use acid-free paper with archival inks to guarantee that your posters last a lifetime without fading or loss of color. All posters include a 1" white border around the image to allow for future framing and matting, if desired.
Posters ship within 3 - 4 business days in durable cardboard tubes.
This is Jack, which I lovenly refer to as panther, since he looks like one sometimes. This beautiful boy is a pleasure to have and I have found that most black cats have very similar personalities as this is my third time in owning a black cat. His eyes are a blueish green which adds to his beauty.
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Fine Art America sells thousands of pieces of artwork each month - all with a 100% money-back guarantee. We take great pride in the fact that hundreds of thousands of artists have chosen Fine Art America to fulfill their orders, and we look forward to helping you select your next piece!
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All posters ship from our production facility within 2 - 3 business days of your order.


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Use the booking form at right to find the best deals and book a room online with IrishTourist.com!
Alternatively, browse all of the accommodation by selecting from the links below:
Click on an icon to see full details of that listing, or scroll down to view all listings.
Ballywaltrim Lane, Bray, Co. Wicklow, A98 HV56
Featuring free WiFi throughout the property, Woodville B&B offers accommodation in Bray. Free private parking is available on site. The rooms have a flat-screen TV. Every room is equipped with a private bathroom. A TV with cable channels is offered.
Read more about Woodville B&B | View Map of Area | Photos
Herbert Road, Bray, Co. Wicklow
Old Rectory offers accommodation in Bray. The rooms are equipped with a TV. All rooms have a private bathroom. For your comfort, you will find free toiletries and a hair dryer. You will find a shared lounge at the property.
Read more about Old Rectory | Check Availability | View Map of Area | Photos


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Tonganoxie, Kan. —
Thursday marked the beginning of the 2012 schedule for the Lansing cross country teams, and the girls' squad started the season right.
The Lady Lions had three runners finish in the top four, five in the top ten, to beat out host Tonganoxie and Kansas City Christian. The Lansing boys came in second, barely losing to Tonganoxie, but beat KCC.
Full Story on http://www.leavenworthtimes.com...
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Video: Michelle hammers McCain for not condemning the Palin smears
posted at 5:05 pm on November 12, 2008 by Allahpundit
More in sadness than in anger. Like she says, this isn't standard political sniping on the Kerry/Edwards model; whispers about differences in strategy are one thing, whispers about whether the VP's an abject moron quite another. And for the record, Cavuto's wrong in wondering whether McCain's heard about the smears. We know that he has, from the 'Cuda herself and from one of his own top people in New Hampshire.
Hey, remember my Senate post from this morning? Dude.
Related Posts:
Breaking on Hot Air
Democrats would like their rabid base to cool it with the impeachment talk
Reince Priebus: Top intelligence official says the NY Times story on Russian contacts is 'complete garbage'


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"Once again AK and Indie were beautifully looked after! Thanks so much Dannielle. See you next time x"
"Due to some circumstances unfortunately I wasn't happy with the sit, however my pets were happy to..."
"Holly has done a wonderful job looking after our 2 dogs. I would definitely recommend her and look..."
"Another no fuss stay for Wikus :)"
"Thanks so much Kelly for looking after Bling! She looks well cared for."
"Always a fantastic stay. Tanika totally loves Fifi and Fifi loves her equally"
"Always happy with Lindsey!"
"Thanks Shirley & Don, home away from home for Rex. Very grateful to have had a day out! "
"Chew returned happy and healthy and seemed to have a great time. Thanks"
"Thank you Michael for looking after Cosmo, your kind nature was very assuring when leaving our..."
"Our dog had a very relaxing stay with Debbie and her dog Sammy. Debbie did a great job making sure..."
"Yet another great stay. Thanks! "
"Monica was great, we had daily updates and Sonny seemed very happy. No fuss and no worry."
"I've just returned from 5 days away during which time Helen looked after my two girls. I received..."
"5 Star treatment for Pickles as usual! Thanks Nicole and Ruby"


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As the Edward Snowden-National Security Agency scandal continues to unfold, new details from the Washington Post are emerging on sums secretly spent by the intelligence community under the so-called black budget. The figures in the $52.6 billion classified budget cover, like the unclassified federal budget, a wide range of accounts. One of the more ambiguous is cyber funding.
Spending on cybersecurity can be difficult to nail down – it is tucked away in many different line items, not always labeled cyber, and has come to pervade spending accounts and areas of attention throughout varying agency levels. For example, in fiscal 2014 the Defense Department is set to receive nearly $5 billion in cyber funding, up from $3.4 billion in 2013, but that money is scattered across the four services and the multitude of agencies and offices comprising the military.
Intel community IT spending exceeds that of many agencies
Leaked documents clarify classified IT spending
It is even more difficult to see how the intelligence community spends its black-budget money on cybersecurity, even with the release of the documents. Still, there are a handful of clearly discernible figures: According to the Post's documents, $4.3 billion was spent on "conducting cyber operations," both offensive and defensive.
"The CIA and the NSA have begun aggressive new efforts to hack into foreign computer networks to steal information or sabotage enemy systems, embracing what the budget refers to as 'offensive cyber operations,'" the Post story noted.
In another of the clearer examples of cyber spending, the National Security Agency received $1 billion for "computer network operations." It is not clear what exactly that money is used for, but by comparison, the Homeland Security Department received almost the same amount in fiscal 2014 – specifically for the protection of federal computer and networks against malicious cyber activity.
That $1 billion in DHS funding comes in addition to billions more for areas such as critical infrastructure protection, the National Protection and Programs Directorate and cybersecurity research and development.
A closer look at some of the leaked National Intelligence Program budget documents reveal more specific, but not necessarily transparent, cyber funding. Under the NSA's Consolidated Cryptologic Program, roughly $139 million in fiscal 2013 went toward cyber analysis activities, a decrease of $7.3 million from 2012. A separate account under the CCP, cyber cryptanalysis, received a $4 million boost to $115 million in fiscal 2013.
In the Defense Foreign Counterintelligence Program, the Defense Cyber Crime Center received $19.3 million, a boost of roughly $1.4 million over fiscal 2012.
While the intelligence community remains focused on traditional types of terrorism, the increasing focus on cybersecurity is clear, even if exactly what is being bought and carried out is not.
"The United States has made a considerable investment in the intelligence community since the terror attacks of 9/11, a time which includes wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, the Arab Spring, the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction technology, and asymmetric threats in such areas as cyber-warfare," Director of National Intelligence James Clapper said in a written response in the Post. "Our budgets are classified as they could provide insight for foreign intelligence services to discern our top national priorities, capabilities and sources and methods that allow us to obtain information to counter threats."
About the Author
Amber Corrin is a former staff writer for FCW and Defense Systems.
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Save the date for 28th annual Federal 100 Awards Gala.
March 30, 2017
The new $7.5 billion SETI acquisition program aims to rapidly contract innovative technologies and solutions across the Defense Department.
The Department of Commerce is revising its confidentiality agreement for statistical data survey respondents to reflect the fact that the Department of Homeland Security could see some of that data if it is captured by the Einstein system.
In a Feb. 17 memo, Defense Secretary Jim Mattis told senior leadership to establish teams to look for duplication across the armed services in business operations, including in IT and cybersecurity.
State election officials had more questions than answers after a Department of Homeland Security presentation on the designation of election systems as critical U.S. infrastructure.
The government desperately needs younger talent to replace an aging workforce, and experts say that a freeze on hiring doesn't help.
The Department of Veterans Affairs will test an internally developed scheduling module at primary care sites nationwide to see if it's ready to service the entire agency.
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Tucker + Tate Space Dye T-Shirt (Big Boys)
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Tucker + Tate Nep Hoodie (Big Boys)
Was: $39.00
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