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Make Your Wedding Truly Unique and Walk Down the Aisle with a Cute and Fluffy Alpaca in Japan!
Jun 13, 2016
Weddings are majestic occasions that are blessed by the heavens and have the ability to truly mesmerize and enchant guests as the bride and the groom exchange their vows to unite as one. The preparation itself can be a very demanding task and it's understandable that couples seek out...
Explore the Magic at Edo Wonderland: The Closest You Can Get to Life in Historical Japan!
Jun 4, 2016
To those who are Japanese fanatics, I bet you must have watched Japanese historical drama before. But have you ever wondered what life was like in the past? Have you ever wished to live in that time? If so, why not come and visit Edo Wonderland, a cultural theme...
Get out of Tokyo and Enjoy a Cheap Mini-Vacation Relaxing in a Private Onsen
Apr 13, 2016
A mere two hours away from the noise and lights of Shinjuku is the semi-forgotten onsen town called Kinugawa. With a direct express train leaving from Shinjuku station and the option of a free or reduced price onsen bus leaving from Ikebukuro, it is easy to get out of...
Spend Quality Time with your Favorite Characters at Bandai Museum!
Mar 26, 2016
Bandai Co., Ltd. is a popular Japanese toy and video making company which is considered to be the world's third largest producer of toys. The company started putting up its own Bandai museum in Chiba last 2003 which was dedicated to the Bandai characters. It immediately closed in 2006...
Ice Trek in an Adventurer's Winter Wonderland at Nikko's Unryu Keikoku Canyon
Mar 19, 2016
Nikko city, known for its UNESCO World Heritage Site of the Toshogu Temple, usually has visitors to sightsee or pray. That said, the mountains lining Nikko make more than perfect terrain to trek. Particularly during winter, ice stalagmites and drift ice transform the landscape into an adventurer's winter wonderland. Getting...
Discover the Magic of Nikko National Park and Its World Heritage Sites!
Mar 18, 2016
Explore one of Japan's most beautiful natural experiences at Nikko National Park. It is surrounded by peaceful plateaus, cascading waterfalls, towering forests and serene lakes which are unparalleled beauties of nature. Its solitude is a perfect place for the green traveler in search of pristine Japanese heritage. It is...
5 Reasons You Must Visit Nikko, A City Rich in World Heritage Sites
Mar 2, 2016
When people think of a trip to Japan, many think of only visiting Tokyo and Kyoto. However, you will also have an enjoyable experience in Nikko - a great place with a long history in Japan. It is also only one and a half to two hours away from...
Did you know that Japan's "Underground Palace" is where they shot parts of the Rurouni Kenshin film?
Feb 25, 2016
A great destination for adventure can be located underground in Tochigi, Japan. The place is known as Oya Stone Museum due to the rock material, Oya stone (Oya-ishi), it is made of. It used to be a mining area since the 17th century but was converted into a museum...
Celebrate the Start of Spring with the Yayoi Festival in Nikko!
Jan 16, 2016
One of the festivals which mark the beginning of Japanese spring is called the Yayoi Festival. This is held in Nikko, a town popular for lavishly decorated shrines and temples. It is held on the 13th of April with the main attraction on the 17th where you will see...
Take Irohazaka Winding Road, the Ultimately Scenic Driving Route
Nov 5, 2015
Traveling is fun in Japan. There are so many unique experiences to try. When you travel, the thought of getting to your destination should be fun as well. If you're on your way to Tochigi Prefecture, try driving on Irohazaka Road. newsnish.com/ These are a pair of winding roads connecting...
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The Barry Wolfe Grand Prix has always been epic, but I still welcomed this year's new race course, which turned out to be exciting and challenging. Barry Wolfe was a greatly respected cyclist, so I'm always honored to be a part of the race. Those who did not personally know him should know that he was a great person.
As a competitor, rolling up to the course, it's invigorating. Your heart starts beating a bit faster as the excitement increases. Robb Mesecher had his new black Sprinter van on a section of the course with the Breakaway from Cancer (BFC) team tents set up with trainers for us to warm up on. Preparation is key when getting ready for a fast, race course with a slight head wind and a false flat leading to the finish.
The 45+ race was delayed approximately 15 minutes due to a crash in the prior race. A delay like that always gets your nerves up. When they finally got the race off, it was evident that all of the teams were well represented and it was a strong field. Multiple attacks led to a few small breaks here and there. The pressure was on the whole time with not much time to rest with such a strong field. Great competitors means fast racing!
My teammate Roy Knickman and many others were constantly attacking and counter attacking, however nothing was sticking. Forgetting to bring my Garmin made it challenging since it helps me keep track of the race time and monitor my pace. This was the first time I had to race without it but it did seem to make the race go by faster. Before I knew it there were five laps to go. Once I knew the race was almost over, it helped me determine what I needed to do to get set up for the final lap. At that time the speed was high and the riders were all getting antsy.
With four laps to go it was still together with a bunch of small attacks and counter attacks, but from past experience, I knew it would come down to a sprint. On the bell lap, the BFC boys were all lined up with other riders jockeying for their final positions. Down the back straight Bert Glennon came up closer near the front so I jump on his wheel. Then the big man, Steve Gregorios, took us through corners three to corner four, putting me in good position going into long false flat. A headwind finish can sometimes be a death wish. Steve took it into the last corner and then immediately pulled off. I had a split second decision to make since there was no time to hesitate. I Jumped out of the saddle and sprinted like it was the last jump and sprint that I would ever do ever again. I looked over my right shoulder to take a temperature of where everyone else was with the finish line fast approaching. I am so grateful that I was able to keep the speed and the momentum rolling to cross the line for the win. Thank you to all the competitors, fans and my BFC teammates for a perfectly executed Barry Wolfe Grand Prix!

subset: commoncrawl


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ENT in Ourinhos São Paulo > Brazil
Ourinhos ENT clinics are the best locations you can get the health services needed to diagnose and heal any ear, nose and throat difficulties you may get like infections, strep or sinus problems. The next time you'll need an ENT in Ourinhos you should search through the internet sites listed below on ClinicBy for the very best clinic in your region.
When your sinuses have problems and require surgery to have tissue removed you will have to get function from surgeon who specialized in Otorhinolaryngology. An ENT in Ourinhos clinic will probably be able to properly diagnose and give you the best treatment and service obtainable so you can sleep and work in a regular manner once again.
ENT by Metropolis
- OurinhosHolding an estimated population of 97.799, Ourinhos is among the most important cities in Ourinhos. Check all the Consulting Room in Ourinhos and its surrounding area.
Nearest ENT in Ourinhos, located 213
César Augusto Costa
R. Cotoxó 696
São Paulo - SP 05021-000
Humio Miura
Av. Coronel João Leite 35
Mogi-mirim - SP 13800-034
Paulo Afonso Sampaio
R. Mariano Mingotti 70
Araraquara - SP 14802-630
Levi de Souza Horn
R. Carlos Gomes 1749
Araraquara - SP 14801-340
José Leandro Carvalho Turchiari
Av. Coronel Junqueira 845
Novo Horizonte - SP 14960-000
José A F Ferrari
R. Vicente Gonçalves 216
Espírito Santo do Pinhal - SP 13990-000
Clínica Dr Gobbo
Av. Andrade Neves 699 - 1
Campinas - SP 13013-161
Paulo Sérgio Dal Secco
Av. São Paulo 995
Praia Grande - SP 11713-310
Clínica Meirelles
Av. Doutor Theodoro Quartim Barbosa 990
Cruzeiro - SP 12710-080
Clínica Paparella Otorrinolaringologia
R. Bernardino de Campos 1503
Ribeirão Preto - SP 14015-130
Dárcio Justino Figueiredo
R. Américo Brasiliense 1350
Ribeirão Preto - SP 14015-050
Alejandro Javier Garcia Corbera
R. Antônio Lapa 1032
Campinas - SP 13025-242
Celso Clementino Moreira
R. Geraldo Pereira de Barros 372
Lençóis Paulista - SP 18682-041
Clínica Araújo
Av. 8 A 1320
Rio Claro - SP 13506-760
Fábio Armando Souza Frias
R. Doutor Francisco Paulo Russo 59
Araras - SP 13600-559


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crisp(redirected from crisps)
Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Medical, Legal, Acronyms, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia.
Related to crisps: chips
burn something to a crisp
to burn something totally or very badly. The cook burned the meat to a crisp.
burn something to a crisp
to burn something very badly He burned the sausages to a crisp. I played a little golf yesterday and my neck got burned to a crisp.
be burnt to a crisp(mainly British) also be burned to a crisp (mainly American)
to be very burnt By the time I remembered the pizza was in the oven, it was burnt to a crisp.
burn to a cinder
Also, burn to a crisp. Destroy by fire; overcook. For example, If I stay in the sun too long, I'll be burnt to a cinder, or He's an awful cook-dinner was burnt to a crisp. Although both expressions can be used literally, they also function as hyperbole, as in the examples.
mod. drug intoxicated. (Akin to fried. Compare to toasted.) Man, is he crisp!


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300+ Rentals · Budapest
300+ Rentals · Budapest
I had a great time in the small room. It had all I needed for my stay. A place to lay my head, good wifi connection and it was warm. The window is super small and thus the room is ideal for someone wanting to explore the city in daytime or having things to do. Price-quality is very correct.billieDecember 2016
I stayed 2 nights:)shengxia was always so nice to me! Clean and comfy room. It's good location to access the central:)manaDecember 2016
The apartment from Shengxia is pretty cool. The apartment is very clean and had enough space for my things. The location is in the near from the center, around 10 minutes with Metro/Tram to the Parlament. Shengxia is very gentle and helped me a lot of time during my vacation. Five Stars. Best regards, HolgerHolgerDecember 2016
I had an amazing short stay in Budapest while living in this room. It has a fantastic location which greatly helped me travel around the city, look for restaurants and explore some unexpected spots. The shared toilet and kitchen are neatly in order and the hostress is so helpful and friendly while you're in need for info. Nice!AaronJanuary 2017
Everthing Perfect. Directly in the centre clean very friendly host and fast Wifi.SebastianFebruary 2017
The flat is situated in one best neighbourhood of Budapest, suitable for going out to eat and drink. The room is confortable and Shengxia was extremely kind being thoughtful to any doubt. Totally recommended.IgnacioDecember 2016
Great location, you can walk everywhere from there, there is also good connection with public transportation. Everything was according to the ad. Cozy privat room and you have everything you need.AndresDecember 2016
Shengxia is a really friendly host, we had a great long chat about life in China compared to life in Hungary, I really enjoyed that. Plus the place is very nicely located, close to the 4-6 tram and not far from the party district, yet it's surprisingly quiet.LászlóJanuary 2017
Room type
Private room
Property Type
Andras welcomed us at a subway station and gave as a small tour at the bridge. He told us some hotspots and then showed us his apartment. He was very clear about everything and how stuff worked. In case we had any questions, he said we could call him anytime.WayneJuly 2016
We had a very nice stay at this apartment. Everything was nice, the location was also great. We enjoyed our stay here a lot. The host was very friendly and helpfull as well.AlexandraAugust 2016
Very well situated, walking distance from almost all attractions. The place is spacious, comfortable and clean. The host is very friendly and helpful (PS: his recommendations are the best!).AlexandruDecember 2016
The apartment is cosy, clean, and in a great neighbourhood. Close to town, but in a quiet neighbourhood with great cafes and restaurants nearby. Very reasonably priced as well! Highly recommend!JacksonSeptember 2016
It was more than I expected and the host was very helpful. I really enjoyed my stay. Nice view from the window and other exciting places to visit.FranklinFebruary 2017
András was the perfect host! He did something we have never experienced before when we booked an apartement on airbnb: he showed us his neighbourhood. But he didn't just showed us maps or illustrations; he walked us through his neighbourhood :-) This was fantastic! He showed us the best spots to dine, the nearest supermarkets, parks and gave us advice on what to do in Budapest. In this way we got to know Budapest as well as András himself, who is such a nice and gentle person. The apartment was great. It is very spacious and bright. It was perfectly clean as well. There is a small kitchen and a really nice, modern bathroom. We can not strengthen enough to stay at András apartment, when you are in Budapest - when we will visit Budapest again we will definetly stay at his place (and hopefully drink a Palinka with him ;-)).JulianAugust 2016
András's apartment was such a nice place to stay. It was cozy and the perfect size for my friend and I to spend the night. It was in an amazing location; just a couple stops from city center with a nice bakery around the corner. And András was so sweet. He gave us information about the apartment and about Budapest and provided us with maps and a list of a few of his favorite restaurants. Would definitely recommend to anyone!KayLeighDecember 2016
András was an awesome host. Had wonderful information about the city upon arrival. Explained lots of things to us. Showed us where to go for inexpensive places, maps of how to get back and so much more information. Never once did we get lost thanks to his information. He was also very flexible about arrival and depature time. His apartment was very clean and nice. Perfect for our stay. Perfect location. Quit and loved the park right across the street. Well definitely stay there the next time we visit. Highly recommened! Oh and he even had a welcome tost with us when we arrived. Very aweome Brandy, I think it was. 5 ☆! Book with confidence when working with him!MirandaAugust 2016
Room type
Entire home/apt
Property Type
District XIII., Budapest
Ildiko and Istvan were one of the best hosts I ever had through Airbnb. The apartment was perfect for any kind of visit you want to make to the amazing Budapest. From the beggining you notice the dedication with which they take care of the apartment, everything works perfectly and with all the necessary stuff provided. It's very modern and with really nice art in it. At our arrival, Ildiko andIstvan were waiting for us and have a really good explanation and recommendation for sightseeing. Also, they were really efficient and helpful along all our stay. I look forward to come back to the city and be able to do it at their placeGonzaloJanuary 2017
Beautiful, quiet apartment in gorgeous old building, minutes away from the castle and the chain bridge. I'm a native of Budapest and took a few days trip back to my home town so believe me when I say it doesn't get much better than this. Massive bed, comfortable living area. Loved it.RobertOctober 2016
Absolutely beautiful apartment in Budapest in a lovely setting near the castle. Ildikó made us feel completely welcome in the apartment and informed us about all the things to do in the surrounding area and the important transport links. She was very helpful before hand in letting us know the best way to get to the apartment from the airport. Loved the massive bed and very fast wifi. Would definitely recommend.LucyAugust 2016
A great place in a great location. Our hosts were very welcoming, that's Hungary for you. We had a fab time in Budapest made all the better by our accommodation. Highly recommended.LazSeptember 2016
Ildiko's gorgeous apartment was the perfect place to base ourselves while exploring Budapest. The pictures only convey part of how wonderful it was to live on the third floor of this lovely old building. We were 5-10 mins walk from the Chain Bridge and the Castle. It's just one tram stop, along the Danube to the supermarket and Kiraly Bath house. On our first evening we strolled over the Chain Bridge and were so enthralled with the views in the soft evening light, we walked all the way to the Parliament. At the end of the day, comfy on the lounge, with our feet up, a breeze blowing through the window, we feasted on pogácsa. Ildiko was a lovely host. She gave full, easy-to-follow instructions on finding her apartment and welcomed us on arrival with a bottle of bubbly. :) Collecting and returning keys was very easy. Ildiko's communication via Airbnb text was swift, clear and caring. :)) The modern apartment is filled with Art and has a fully equipped kitchen, refrigerator, dishwasher and laundry hidden behind the cabinetry. The wifi, AC and security are great. The beds were very comfortable. If you're visiting Budapest, staying here will enhance your experience of this beautiful city. We cannot wait to return.NickySeptember 2016
Host met me at apartment on arrival and provided a good description of neighborhood and transportation system. He also provided maps and other materials on Budapest. The building is very well located and has good lighting at entrance but is dark on entry. We found the interior to be very relaxed and calm. The apartment is kept in perfect order and is extremely clean. Like new. Nice loft bed with enough headroom for most people to be able to stand up.JoelSeptember 2016
Ildikó treated us with a warm welcome, including champagne. The apartment is absolutely beautiful and the location is the best in my opinion. It is beneath the royal palace and across the chain bridge. Only a 10 min beautiful walk over the bridge brings you in the city centre where you want to be. I highly recommend this apartment.MitchOctober 2016
Wonderful appartment, clean and friendly, Ildiko was a perfect Host... Welcome Drink ... Bottle of red wine... She answered our SMS immidietly and Sent us a Perfect Description how to get there ... I can recomend this appartment to anyone !!ClaudiaOctober 2016
Room type
Entire home/apt
Property Type
District I., Budapest
Thank you very much for my stayig in Budapest. Everything was excellent!!KateOctober 2016
Was as advertised, clean and value for moneyBrianAugust 2015
Awesome experienceSlavomìrAugust 2015
I did not see Rita, but the hostel's staff was friendly and polite. The rooms correspond to photos and clean, but bed sheets are not provided separately from pillows and covers (there is no surety that they are clean). Location is perfect. 24 hours check in and check out.AndriiOctober 2015
It was a nice place near the center of Budapest. Every sight is a walk away. The place is clean and provides privacy for everyone.RamApril 2016
I stayed for around 4 days. Location is great and everything is less than a 20 minute walk away -- I didn't need to take public transit once. The space is small (like pictured) but it's great for someone just looking for a place to sleep and not a resort. For younger crowds, it's less than a minute away from a popular night club. While it makes going out easy, it makes falling a sleep a little difficult because you can hear the music with an opened window (it's manageable). Reception is 24hours but the key to your hostel door doesn't work for the main entrance so you have to page reception from the keypad right next to the door. Most nights I ended up needing to knock on the window because they wouldn't hear the page. The really only bad part of my stay is when one member of the housekeeping staff woke me up to tell me I was sleeping in the wrong bed (my roommate mistakenly took my bed when she arrived so I had to take hers but she left the following morning; hence the confusion). She was doing her job but waking someone up from their sleep seems a little too committed. Overall, fair deal for a really cheap price.AhmedJune 2016
Great place to stay on a budget. As a girl traveling alone I felt very safe. Easy check in and easy check out. Highly recommend!SydneyMay 2016
Really good location! Easy to get everywhere, and 2 minutes walking from Instant club. Lots of free info and coupons for travellers in the dorm. Decent place for the price, but the air in the room got pretty bad, as there were no windows, and guests had to dry their towels inside.MagneAugust 2015
Room type
Shared room
Property Type
Pleasant and cosy space very near by the city centre. Genuine home feeling. Ideal location for exploring. Definitely recommended.LankaFebruary 2017
Ár/érték arányban tökéletes. Minden alkalomra kiváló helyszínnel, és egy barátságos emberrel ismerkedhet meg az ide látogató vendég. Mindenkinek csak ajánlani tudom.AttilaFebruary 2017
Room type
Entire home/apt
Property Type
Belváros, Budapest
My fiancé and I had a great stay in Budapest. Levi was unable to meet us on arrival but gave us very good instructions on how to get in the apartment and met us shortly after. He had a great booklet prepared with top sights and restaurants in the city as well. Would definitely recommend a stay here and would return again if I come back to Budapest.MeredithDecember 2016
The place is central, cheap, nicely furnished and comfortable with shampoo, towels, coffee.. the host has been clear and helpful via mail even though we couldn't meet due to our very late/very early check in and check out hours. Highly recommendedAuroraJanuary 2017
We had an awesome stay in Budapest, made a lot better by this Airbnb. Levi and Dorka were both incredibly helpful and knowledgeable about what to do in Budapest, away from all the most touristy things. Would definitely recommend staying here if you come!!LachlanOctober 2016
Perfect Stay!!! The flat is located perfectly for guests who want to do sightseeing and also wants to enjoy nightlife. Very good restaurants and bars close to the flat. Dorka & Levi are so friendly and absolutely helpful. They gave us so many recommendations. Thanks for everything!!!NinaOctober 2016
The apartment is in best location possible. Very close to all popular restaurants, clubs that local people also prefer, and not in the middle of the tourist crowds. The house looks better in real life. All the interior is new. Also the shower is very large and comfortable, which was a plus. Pictures don't do it justice. Speaking of Levi, he is a great host. During checking in, he took his time and explained all good restaurants/cafes/places we should check. Overall, it was a good experience. Will choose this apartment on my next visit.nezih canSeptember 2016
Staying at this apartment was marvellous! Levi and Dorka are very welcoming and helpful :) The flat is very cosy and clean, it has everything for your pleasant stay in Budapest. It's central located, close to transport stops, there are good groceries nearby and it's perfectly equipped. Thank you, Dorka and Levi ! :)AnnaNovember 2016
Its a very nice option for Budapest. Next time at city I'll look for this flat, not only because location, characteristics but also and most important because Levi's attitudes and help for any situation or topic, He was amazing!ArturoNovember 2016
Perfectly matched the description and the expectations. Close on foot from the center. Levi was very helpfull and accommodating. Five stars.SamyDecember 2016
Room type
Entire home/apt
Property Type
Nice tiny home.BalintJanuary 2017
Alexandra waited for us to arrive and showed us in. The place was well equipped with everything a traveller needs. A good location to explore Budapest.CalvinDecember 2016
The host, Alexandra, greeted us at the building, showed us the apartment and gave us all the basic info. She was easy to reach and communicate with before and during our stay. We loved the apartment! It is very cozy and nice, it has all the amenities you could possibly need and we loved it there. We felt very safe in the building complex. The location (Pest) is amazing, very central and close to everything we needed during our stay. It is close to Vaci and Andrassy streets, the Jewish quarter (great bars and restaurants), a bridge and metro stops. I can't praise the location enough. I would not only recommend this apartment, I would rent it again myself.MartinaNovember 2016
Alexandras appartment is really cozy and very near to the city centre and the jewish district, where are a lot of cool bars and restaurants! Everything was like on the pictures. She did everything to make our stay comfortable. I would definitely recommend her.LarsSeptember 2016
Alex's place was in a super central location. The apartment building had a great security system and was easy to use. The location was perfect to explore the city and the nightlife. The only issue we faced was the bedroom, the ceiling is quite low and you can't stand up there but that's fine as the bed is super comfortable- just a warning to those who may have a bad back or would struggle with a low ceiling. Otherwise the place was perfect and Alex was a super accomodating and helpful host.CaitlinJanuary 2017
This is a great accommodation for a stay for two in Budapest. It is equipped with everything you need, close to the metro stations and the city center, so it's possible to walk. Alexandra is very friendly, sociable and helpful.ANDRIIJanuary 2017
Alexandras apartement is pretty close to the centre and easy to find. The apartment is smaller than we thought but it's fine for two people. When it's warm outside, it's pretty hot in the studio and the neighborhood was very friendly.ShalinAugust 2016
I loved this place, centric, nice, cozy, perfect for a couple. We are doing an Eurotrip and this was my favorite accommodation of all!IleJanuary 2017
Room type
Entire home/apt
Property Type
Szabolcs and Istvan were great hosts! The appartment is very tidy and comfortably furnished, easy to reach by the metro and close to the city centre. Furthermore the hosts know the city very well and are able to perfectly explain routes to known places. I can only recommend them to everyone looking for a stay in Budapest!RobertSeptember 2013
We spent 2 nights in Budapest, during our holiday trip to Greece. Everything was clean and perfectly equipped, Istvan and Szabolc are wonderful hosts who provided us with much information that we needed and helped us also with airport transfers. This definitely recommend, we were completely satisfied and excited about their attitude to us. Janis and Dáša from Czech republic.JanisOctober 2013
Very modern and clean apartment in a great location half a block from the metro. We enjoyed our stay in Budapest!JackieJune 2014
Staying at Istvans place was really comfortable and easy going. Istvan gave good explanations of how to get to his place and made our arrival very easy. He was helpful and friendly. We really enjoyed living right in front of the market place where we could get fresh fruit and veggies every day. The apartment is fully equipped and clean. All in all it was a great stay!LillyMarch 2016
As described by many before me, was a very good best airbnb experience. Very professional and am happy i stayed at Szabolcs & Istvan's place.ShankarAugust 2014
Very Good HostBenjaminOctober 2015
Istvan was very flexible and friendly and helped to point out some sightseeings. The room was very clean, nicely designed and with ample space for two.LiiliJuly 2014
After driving by metro, which was well described by our host, we were welcomed by Istvan. He clearly explained everything we could and couldn't do. The appartment was very clean and spacious. The kitchen was well equiped. Unfortunately the bathroom didn't have a door but a curtain, which could be kind of awkward since you are sharing it with other guests. There is a very nice market just across the street which we enjoyed.StefanAugust 2015
Room type
Private room
Property Type
District XIII., Budapest
Lovely apartment within minutes walk of shops and only about 15 minutes to the river. Peter and Lili went over and above what was expected of them. Very good value for money. I would highly recommend!ErinNovember 2016
This cozy flat in downtown Budapest is an absolute treat!! Adorably decorated, the space exceeded expectations! Lily and Peter provided us with everything we could need for our stay. The location was fantastic, being in walking distance of some amazing and unique pubs & restaurants. Would highly recommend to anyone wanting to explore the city!AlexDecember 2016
This place is WONDERFUL. Great location and very nice apartment. We loved our stay here.ValerieNovember 2016
The apartment is nice and cozy and in a very central and beautiful neighbourhood in Budapest. However we had a problem with the bathrooms that wasn't advised in advance and really was an issue for us, as the shower didn't drain the water at all so after only 2 minutes the floor was completely flooded and the bathtub didn't have hot water and we had to try for almost 15 minutes to have hot water. So having a decent shower was almost impossible. Peter told us it was a problem with the pressure in the house. It was such a shame because otherwise it's a really nice place.MartaJanuary 2017
Awesome place, very friendly hostAndreaJanuary 2017
Such a beautiful apartment in a great location surrounded by restaurants and a 2 minute walk to the metro station. The kitchen is well equipped with everything you could need and the whole apartment was spotless. Lili was very helpful when checking us in and Peter responded to messages promptly and answered any questions we had. Was a great stay and would 100% book here again if/when returning to Budapest!MichaelaFebruary 2017
Guys, if you go to Budapest, don't miss this appartment! Location is perfect! You don't need any transportation because everything is on walking distance! Appartment is so good equiped. Everything is new. Pictures very good describes the appartment but you must see and feel it! Unfortunately we didn't meet Peter, but we meet lovely Lili. She is there for all questions. I don't have a doubt, my next stay in Budapest would be again this appartment! Can't wait :-)NikolaNovember 2016
It was clean and a great location! Peter and Lilli very nice and helpful. Decent!Katie February 2017
Room type
Entire home/apt
Property Type
Belváros, Budapest
Very clean and comfortable. The apartment was easy to find, because of good explanations. I recommend this apartment to everyone how wants to be close to the city center.ManuelaNovember 2016
Yoel was a perfect host. He was very helpful and gave detailed directions about how to get into the apartment. The apartment was very clean, spacious, and beautifully decorated. The location was great-only a 10-20 minute walk from anything you would want to do in Budapest. I would stay there again in a heartbeat.HannahOctober 2016
Fantastic location, lovely little safe apartment. Would thoroughly recommend for anyone wanting to stay in Budapest for a few days. Thank you Yoel!!JamesFebruary 2017
Yoel provided extremely simple and easy to follow instructions for getting from the airport to the apartment. It is in a charming block of apartments built around a central courtyard. The location is brilliant, very centrally situated with excellent public transport links. Yoel was a charming and helpful host who was very quick to respond to any communication and helped us in whatever way he could.JanJanuary 2017
The location of this flat is amazing! I walked everywhere. It's super super clean to!joannaNovember 2016
Fantastic host and accommodation. The place was exactly as described and the instructions made it easy to find and settle in. Walking distance to everything and super friendly and helpful host. Definitely recommend. Thank you for having us.CeliaSeptember 2016
Great place to stay, very comfortable, simple, clean and central. We walked most places from here but it's also just near a metro stop. Yoel's instructions on how to find the place were clear and very easy to follow. We had a great stay in Budapest!DaniDecember 2016
Nice little place at a very convenient neighborhood. Basically the place is right behind Radisson Blu in Budapest. Tram, metro, supermarket all within walking distance. The place is very cozy and new.LawrenceOctober 2016
Room type
Entire home/apt
Property Type
It is a good place to stay, comfortable and clean. I recommend this place.ReneNovember 2016
Daniel is a friendly host and he showed us the traditional Hungary restaurant and made a reservation for us. It's cheap and delicious. What's more, the location is very convenient. It's close to Metro station and bus stations. And WiFi is stable. We had a good time in Hungary!EmilyApril 2016
my stay was great the room is central and within walking distane of the westend mall. Daniel is a great host who tries to make you feel and home and assist with information. The room is ample with a small balcony and fresh air. lift gets you to the appartment... kesenem daniel.. see u soon againadiMay 2016
Location of the apartment well situated in the midden of Budapest, and near the Metro and train stations. Daniel is really friendly and for sure when I'll go back to Budapest I will contact him!AlainJune 2016
your apartment is warm and clean, you are the good host. we should talk much but it's ok. ps. i like your cat.RawikarnJuly 2016
Everything was good. I arrived at check-in time, but i didn't have internet and i had a some problems to find a way to the flat and to connect with Daniel. So I reccomend everybody to care about communication earlier. Daniel was friendly and careful host. He regaled me with delicious hungarian meat snack and suggested a glass of water. Daniel helped me with calling to hungarian company and getting some information from them. The room was simple, clear, with the freshness in the air. Location is perfect!EugeneFebruary 2017
Daniel's place is one of the best accommodations I have stayed here in AirBnB. Location is great. Near Trams and Metro stations. Daniel and his friend Gabor were very hospitable and attended my needs. He recommended some of the most sees and must be visited places in Budapest. Place is clean and tidy. Very comfortable and homey. Will be definitely coming back.VoltaireDecember 2016
The bedroom is like the foto shows it. The bedroom could not be locked but it was not a problem. Daniel was not there when I arrived but his friend Gabor friendly hosted me and Daniel called to be sure I arrived safely. The appartement is a bit far from the city center but can be easily reached by metro. The bathroom and kitchen was really complete and all was clean.LinkaJuly 2016
Room type
Private room
Property Type
Perfect location - warm, clean and cozy apartment - and very good communication with Zsófia! Would recommend this place to anyone.AlexanderJanuary 2017
We had a wonderful experience in Budapest. The apartment was centrally located and it was easy to walk anywhere. The apartment was very clean and Zsófia was very helpful. She waited up for us to arrive and showed us around the apartment, which was lovely of her. She was friendly and made sure everything was good with our stay. I was very impressed and had a very relaxing and enjoyable time.MariaJune 2016
The flat is great and in a brilliant location. It was nice and cosy, quiet and safe but still in the heart of the city. Zsofi was an excellent host who gave us great information on getting to the apartment and information of the city and places to eat in Budapest. Highly recommend staying here.AlexDecember 2016
Really sweet host and perfect location!SymfoneeApril 2016
very nice flat for one person or couple in the center of town, close to metro , but still very quiet. zsofia is also very nice. she waited for me in flat eventhogh i was 1 hour late beacause my flight was delayed.danielMarch 2016
Zsofia's place was very nice, cute and clean. It was close to everything such as nice restaurants and the tour bus. We enjoyed our stay here :)TessaJuly 2016
The house is exactly as the pictures!!! But that you can't know, is the fact that this nice small flat is the perfect place to explore whole city. It's so warm and clean with a big bed that is perfect for Hungarian cold. The metro station is only 5 min by foot but it's not necessary because whatever you want is nearby. Sofia and her sister were help us and they told us about nice spots and places in Budapest. Both are the perfect hostess! I suggest it to everyone!!KONSTANTINOSMarch 2016
We had an absolutely amazing time staying here. Very close base to everything and some great restaurants and bars not even a few minutes walk! If we come back in summer we will be staying here again!BlakeJanuary 2016
Room type
Entire home/apt
Property Type
This is one of the best airbnbs I have ever been. Ahmed and Krisztina are real super hosts, doing their best efforts to make us feel comfortable in the apartment and also in Budapest. The apartment has an excellent location, near to all the turistic points and also near to the most beautiful metro line which is Opera. Also, it is beautiful, clean and very comfortable. Totally recommend it!AngelaMarch 2016
What an amazing weekend we had exploring the beautiful city of Budapest... Made even more amazing by our wonderful host, Ahmed and fantastic accommodation! Upon arrival, Ahmed was there to show us around the building, he settled us in and even provided us with some (delicious) complimentary wine! I can see how he and his wife have gained 'super host' status. Ahmed was very kind in offering to give us a guided tour but was declined as it was getting late- and we quite like to follow our noses anyway! However, we did take him up on the offer of a chat about the city and he gave us a map and marked off some places of interest. We filled Ahmed in on a few of the things which were definitely on our list- like the Gellert Baths- and he showed us the best way to get there and was very accurate with timings, transport and fares. We were so grateful! The apartment itself is a haven- quiet, restful and beautifully designed. It's just what you need free you've had a long day exploring! All facilities worked a treat and Ahmed had even thought to provide little touches like a hairdryer, straighteners, magazines and towels. A home from home!! Thank you, thank you, thank you!!MaisieFebruary 2016
What a great experience! Ahmed is such a wonderful person, He had a bottle of wine waiting for us in the home. He made check-in easy and showed us where everything was around the house. The home is impeccably clean and has literally everything you need during your stay. Ahmed & Krisztina had stocked up with extra towels, soap, laundry detergent etc. There is a washing machine and an iron/ironing board in the home. It rained the last day of my trip and Ahmed even had stocked the house with umbrellas! Ahmed helped us connect to the wifi and even provided us with a backup wifi just in case! After check-in, Ahmed gave us a tour of the city and showed us where all the great restaurants and landmarks were (do not expect this as he had extra time that day to show us around). He even told us where to exchange currency at the best rates! I am from the USA where the wall plugs are different from those in Europe, so Ahmed even went through the trouble of going home to get me a charger I could borrow! The house is in a central location close to all the ruin pubs, landmarks, shopping, and metro stations (5 min walk). Check out was simply a breeze- lock the door and your done! Ahmed was kind enough to take us to the Keleti train station (Thanks again!) Ahmed & Krisztina made our stay in Budapest worry-free. They were always a phone call away. I left Budapest extremely satisfied with my experience. Ahmed is not just a great host, but a great man as well. I would highly recommend this booking to anyone. GREAT host, very clean house, stocked with all amenities, easy-check-in/check-out, prime location and safe neighborhood! Ahmed is a host that operates in accordance with the highest standards!KarineJune 2015
Perfect location, close to great restaurants and nightlife. Easily accessible by metro or busses, although didn't use public transport much as able to walk to main sights in pest and buda from apartment. Very clean and has all facilities needed.BrendanFebruary 2015
This is a very clean, beautiful apartment, with a well-equipped kitchen, bathroom and comfortable space for 4. The location is great, just round the corner from the opera house, with lots of food and grocery options, and walking distance from or well-connected by public transport to most sights. And Ahmed & Krisztina were both super kind, helpful and responsive. Would definitely recommend the apartment!chaiAugust 2015
We could not have enjoyed our stay more! The apartment is in a fantastic location, close to great restaurants, cafes and markets, numerous public transportation options are very near (though it's an easy walk to just about anywhere in the city). The apartment itself was better than our expectations. Spotlessly clean and very comfortable (and fast wi-fi!). It was perfect for our 6 night stay. Ahmed and Krisztina were wonderful hosts. Any communications were answered quickly and all information/directions were very clear and easily understood. Ahmed was very generous with his time, showing us around the apartment and telling us about all of the sights, restaurants, baths, museums, etc. Even searching out activities of particular interest for us and helping with a 3am cab to the airport. Very helpful and very appreciated! We would stay here again without hesitation (hopefully longer than 6 nights next time) and fully recommend it….my best Airbnb experience yet!!EirikMarch 2015
On our first trip to Budapest, we couldn't have chosen a better location. The apartment was well situated, secure, chic, and with a well appointed kitchen, laundry, and bath. Check in and check out was very easy and Ahmed was extremely helpful with orientation information to make our stay enjoyable. We were very close to public transportation and had excellent dining choices near by. We wouldn't hesitate to come back!JudyApril 2015
Ahmed is really helpful and kind. He gave us very clear introduction and direction about Budapest. We're new to there. It helped us a lot. We enjoy our stay in this house. The room is fully-equipped. You can have all you need. We cook dinner there. It offers all kitchen appliances. The decoration in the room is exquisite and stylish. The location is perfect. We walked to the castle. It's almost 15 mins walk to there. Its located in central area and near opera metro station. I highly recommend this place and Ahmed. I will never forget this wonderful trip in Budapest.PhoenixJanuary 2015
Room type
Entire home/apt
Property Type
The flat is in very good condition, just under the buda castle. Quiet area, with some shops just down the corner, and a few minutes walk towards the center. Public transport is always an option. Andras was a very good host, he could check us in at late midnight! thats very flexible. I recommend that listing.SpyrosNovember 2015
The place has great location, it was clean and we had no problems to get in. Recommend to other guests.VytautasJanuary 2016
Nice and cosy apartment right under the hill, nearby there are few luxury restaurants, perfect location for staying. The hosts are very hospitable, and despite breakfast wasn't included in price, they left us snacks, cookies and coffee.ArtemJanuary 2016
Very beatiful apartment in a great location, andreas is amazing and helped us in every possible way! The apartment is exceptionally clean and cozy. Would definetely come back in another stay!Juan IgnacioJanuary 2017
Very well located and nice spot.vincentJune 2016
All was great :) We were even able to check out a little later! The location was extremely convenient for us. Hope to come back again :)NinaNovember 2016
Lovely apartment, waking up with th birds singing through the window. Perfect for visiting Budapest, close to everything. Spartan but practical and cosy, clean and handy, with everything you need, including Nespresso coffee machine. The hosts are kind and helpful and speak many languages, they are well travelled and therefore they understand your needs. Recommended.EmanueleJuly 2016
Kind and very flexible host!FanniMarch 2016
Room type
Entire home/apt
Property Type
District I., Budapest
Nice apartment and kind host. Everything is perfect!Excellent stayYINGDecember 2015
Stuart's place is quite spacious and modern. The location is quiet and peaceful, great for a quiet drink on the terrace. Getting into the city or finding a good nearby resto is a bit complicated - the one 5mins down the road is a total rip off, price vs quality. We also had a taxi driver over charge us at night heading back there. Lastly, the apartment had laundry facilities but no soap, and did not supply many sheets for us. For the price, this was a bit disappointing.Ryan and TessJune 2015
We had a wonderful time in Stuarts apartment! You get One of the most stunning views over Budapest at the panoramic balcony. We will definitely come back to this place!JasminFebruary 2016
Stuart`s place is not too far to the town and have nice view of budapest at night and morning. I am very enjoy to live hereNickNovember 2016
we had so much fun in there, everything is perfect and even beyond to our expectation. Should definitely come again.兴云January 2017
The flat was excellent for a family. It was so easy to get to and so quiet yet close enough to the centre.Would highly recommend.RichardAugust 2016
We were welcomed by Tamas on arrival. He was very nice and helped us with all our requests. The flat is perfect for 4-6 people. Very bright - a lot of light and sun. The flat has everything needed for comfortable stay - whether a short or a long one. We especially liked the place where the flat is situated - amazingly beautiful park around, 5-10 minutes walking to the top of the hill with Citadel from where you can get a great view to the city, and 15-25 minutes walking to the city center. Hope to come back one day!AnnaNovember 2015
If you only wanted a fantastic view of Budapest at night, Stuart's apartment would be the place for you, but it offers so much more! The apartment is perfect for a group wanting to have a place with security and privacy, but in a location that affords you amazing views and easy access to some of the city's best attractions. Just a short walk down Gallery Hill is the Gellert Thermal Baths which is an absolute must for anyone visiting Budapest. Just around the corner is the path to the Liberty Statue which is another popular attraction with great views. The apartment looks exactly like the photos and comes stocked with everything you would need to cook, do laundry or just relax. We had a wonderful time staying with Stuart as he was a fantastic host. He answered all questions I had very quickly and was able to secure us Hop-on Hop-off Bus Tour tickets and provide us with great recommendations of places to eat. Stuart is the best host I have stayed with while using AirBnB. I highly recommend Stuart and the apartment on Gellert Hill.HarrisonFebruary 2016
Room type
Entire home/apt
Property Type
The host canceled this reservation 43 days before arrival. This is an automated posting.Stanislav
The host Kata was really nice and welcpmig. The place was clean,cosy and we had everything that we can possibly need for our stay in Budapest. The neighborhood was really good,there is a supermarket 2 mins away ,a bakery, a chinese restaurant...The place is only 10 min from the center with a bus. We really enjoyed our stay and we definitely recommend it to everyone.TinaOctober 2016
Kata was kind in correspondence, studio is as on photos and in description. RecommendVesnaNovember 2016
Alles war grosartigGergelyDecember 2016
Alles war gut, vielen Dank!GergelyDecember 2016
Room type
Entire home/apt
Property Type
This is literally the ritz version of air bnb. The apartment is beautiful and there is a REAL shower with a door. No showet curtain. the kitchen is great with a microwave and the location is also perfect. Kata and David were very welcoming and everything was very smooth.MichelleJune 2016
Very Nice appartment! And very well located! We clearly enjoyed our trip. Thank you KataMARIEJune 2016
I just returned from a 3-city vacation, and stayed at airbnbs at every stop. I rely on airbnbs to make my vacations affordable, and I rely on the reviews to make smart choices. Therefore, I will try to be specific and honest here in my review. The apartment is exactly as it appears in the picture, and I really appreciated having a shower stall with a rainshower head vs the usual European offerings. The building was a little off-putting, but that shouldn't be a deciding factor. The windows face a no-cars street, so there is no street noise, but if you are a very light sleeper you may hear the front door buzzer as anyone exits the building, which begins at 6:00 AM. Kata was there to greet us when we arrived, and even helped us with our luggage (there is an elevator). There are shops and cafes in easy walking distance of the flat, and mass transit is very close, although Budapest is so compact that we walked pretty much everywhere. I was very happy with our choice here.JudiMay 2016
We booked this last minute the night before after realizing we were in town an extra day. The hosts were very accomodating. Lovely bright airy and clean apartment. Comfy bed and great shower! Great location...very nice quiet area but still in walking distance of all main attractions. Thank you for a lovely stay!MarikaOctober 2015
We spent a wonderful time in La Coccinella. Kata was very helpful and hospitable. The apartment is not only beautifully decorated, but also very clean and fully equipped. Location ideal for tourists - easy access from the airport and proximity to key points in Budapest.KasiaOctober 2016
La Coccinella is the perfect apartment if you are after a central location in Pest! The apartment is immaculate, well planned and beautifully decorated. Only a short walk to the Danube, many restaurants, shopping etc. Kata was a great host, very helpful. Would definitely stay here again!MillyOctober 2016
Great location, with easy access to the sights. Kata kept in touch and kindly allowed us to check out at a later time. Recommended.EllenAugust 2016
The flat was as described, bright and clean. There a lot of space for luggages, a wide wardrobe. Everything you need is available. Although Kata couldn't welcome us, she constantly took care of our needs and gave us tips for dinner. The location is strategic and very central. I definetely recommend this accommodation!eleonoraApril 2016
Room type
Entire home/apt
Property Type
Belváros, Budapest
Words aren't strong enough for this experience. It was an amazing apartment, perfect for two people. The apartment is better than the pictures. It's very well located to sightseeing. The metro is two minutes, a nice park down the apartment, everything is close. Eszter and Nick had informed us at best. They are very helpful and welcoming. Great! Thanks for all,CamilleOctober 2016
The perfect host very helpful and the apartment was lovely. We would definitely recommend it to our friends and would stay there again, thanks again. JoshJoshuaFebruary 2017
Great apartment close to the metro station, it was clean modern and everything we needed. Thanks Eszter!Mary-AnnSeptember 2016
Eszter was a lovely host! We had an amazing stay here. The apartment is just as beautiful in person. Very close to subways which was extremely convenient.BrittanyJuly 2016
Eszter's place is amazing, quite conveniently located, you can reach almost anywhere within minutes as it is between 2 metro lines. Her husband welcomed us and gave us tips, they even had the consideration of keeping our luggage for us until night on the day we left the place, definitely a very good option to stay in Budapest.Abraham ReneSeptember 2016
My partner and I can't praise Eszter enough for this beautiful apartment and for her timely responses to all our queries during the stay. Apartment had all the amenities we required during our stay and was exactly as shown in the photos. The apartment is within 5-10 mins walking distance of lots of bars, restaurants, tram stops and the beautiful Liberty Bridge. Access to the apartment is safe and secure by using a key fob to enter the main door. The area felt welcoming and safe and we can't wait to come back.susanAugust 2016
Eszter's place is great. The apartment is cosy and modern and very well presented. We especially apprieciated the warmth of the place in chilly December! The surrounding area is lovely and the whole city is within easy reach. Eszter & her husband met us at the apartment and were very helpful and communicative. I would highly recommend their place for a stay in Budapest.JenniferJanuary 2017
I have mixed feelings about Eszter's place. I was greeted by her husband who was welcoming and helpful, however, the bed is just absolutely uncomfortable it would have been painful to stay more than a night at her place. Location is prime and the neighbourhood is quite for a central apartment but the heating is quite weak for a double storey room and again the bed kills your back.Elisha SooJungDecember 2016
Room type
Entire home/apt
Property Type
Belváros, Budapest


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mabeline96 Review
Great case
It is a very nice simple clear case for my iPhone 4s. The design on the back is a little more clear than white, but still looks great on my black iPhone. I think it looks great and protects while still letting the iPhone look like an iPhone. I love it. It is my favorite case so far.
- How did the image on site compare with the actual product? The design is a little more clear, not white like the picture.
- Was the product free of any manufacturer defects? Yes
- Please tell us about the quality of the product. Very pretty
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CBS had another strong show of support at this years JUF Israel Solidarity Day. Thanks for coming out!
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I can feel it. Like a dog who barks before an earthquake, I just know it's coming. And just like that dog would, if it could, I hope I am wrong. But I believe The November Surprise will soon be upon us. The Great Clinton Exoneration is on its way. One way or another, the […]


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Home to the annual Outback Bowl New Year's Eve Parade that draws thousands of people from some of the top college football schools including this year's University of Florida and Iowa University.
So if you are the partygoer looking for the best place to be for New Year's Eve, then Ybor City is for you!
Here is our list of best places for New Year's Eve 2017 in Ybor City!
Red Carpet Affair NYE 2017 at Club Prana
Tampa Bay's premier NYE 2017 party for over 17 years running! This glamorous party featuring 5 Levels of celebration including the Rooftop Skybar overlooking Downtown Tampa and the fireworks. Call and reserve a VIP Table, get VIP tickets or general admission. Tickets sold at the door but we strongly recommend to buy in advance online.
NOLA New Years Masquerade Ball
Hor d'oeuvres, Select Cocktails, 3 course dinner and a chance to win a $950 bottle of Dom Perignon Luminous. Be in the heart of Ybor City at a New Orleans style bar.
2017 New Year's Eve Masquerade Ball at The Honey Pot
It's New Year's Eve and you like your party to be BIG and over the top! Honey Pot is one of the most popular night clubs in Tampa Bay and is also located in the heart of Ybor on 7th Ave.
Be sure to check out our full guide to Tampa nightlife for all the latest on bars and clubs in Tampa, events and more!


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Cadillac Luxury Lounge Brand - hours and store locations
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September 16th, 2015
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We crave and want change, but we're also afraid of it. Learn how God can help you let go of the old and take the new life He offers you.
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1 Inventory Management and Control
2 Inventory Defined Inventory is the stock of any item or resource held to meet future demand and can include: raw materials, finished products, component parts, supplies, and work-in-process
3 Inventory Process stage Demand Type Number & Value Other Raw Material WIP Finished Goods Independent Dependent A Items B Items C Items Maintenance Operating Inventory Classifications
4 E(1 ) Independent vs. Dependent Demand B(4) E(2)D(1) C(2) E(3)B(1) A Independent Demand (Demand for the final end-product or demand not related to other items; demand created by external customers) Dependent Demand (Derived demand for component parts, subassemblies, raw materials, etc- used to produce final products ) Finished product Component parts Independent demand is uncertain Dependent demand is certain
5 Inventory Models Independent demand – finished goods, items that are ready to be sold –E.g. a computer Dependent demand – components of finished products –E.g. parts that make up the computer
6 Types of Inventories (1 of 2) Raw materials & purchased parts Partially completed goods called work in progress Finished-goods inventories (manufacturing firms) or merchandise (retail stores)
7 Types of Inventories (2 of 2) Replacement parts, tools, & supplies Goods-in-transit to warehouses or customers
8 The Material Flow Cycle (1 of 2)
9 Run time: Job is at machine and being worked on Setup time: Job is at the work station, and the work station is being "setup." Queue time: Job is where it should be, but is not being processed because other work precedes it. Move time: The time a job spends in transit Wait time: When one process is finished, but the job is waiting to be moved to the next work area. The Material Flow Cycle (2 of 2) Wait Time Move Time Queue Time Setup Time Run Time Input Cycle Time Output
10 Performance Measures Inventory turnover (the ratio of annual cost of goods sold to average inventory investment) Days of inventory on hand (expected number of days of sales that can be supplied from existing inventory)
11 Functions of Inventory (1 of 2) 1.To decouple or separate various parts of the production process, ie. to maintain independence of operations 2.To meet unexpected demand & to provide high levels of customer service 3.To smooth production requirements by meeting seasonal or cyclical variations in demand 4.To protect against stock-outs
12 Functions of Inventory (2 of 2) 5. To provide a safeguard for variation in raw material delivery time 6. To provide a stock of goods that will provide a selection for customers 7. To take advantage of economic purchase-order size 8. To take advantage of quantity discounts 9. To hedge against price increases
13 Higher costs –Item cost (if purchased) –Holding (or carrying) cost Difficult to control Hides production problems May decrease flexibility Disadvantages of Inventory
14 Inventory Costs Holding (or carrying) costs Costs for storage, handling, insurance, etc Setup (or production change) costs Costs to prepare a machine or process for manufacturing an order, eg. arranging specific equipment setups, etc Ordering costs (costs of replenishing inventory) Costs of placing an order and receiving goods Shortage costs Costs incurred when demand exceeds supply
15 Holding (Carrying) Costs Obsolescence Insurance Extra staffing Interest Pilferage Damage Warehousing Etc.
16 Inventory Holding Costs (Approximate Ranges) Category Housing costs (building rent, depreciation, operating cost, taxes, insurance) Material handling costs (equipment, lease or depreciation, power, operating cost) Labor cost from extra handling Investment costs (borrowing costs, taxes, and insurance on inventory) Pilferage, scrap, and obsolescence Overall carrying cost Cost as a % of Inventory Value 6% (3 - 10%) 3% (1 - 3.5%) 3% (3 - 5%) 11% (6 - 24%) 3% (2 - 5%) 26%
17 Ordering Costs Supplies Forms Order processing Clerical support etc.
18 Setup Costs Clean-up costs Re-tooling costs Adjustment costs etc.
19 Shortage Costs Backordering cost Cost of lost sales
20 Inventory Control System Defined An inventory system is the set of policies and controls that monitor levels of inventory and determine what levels should be maintained, when stock should be replenished and how large orders should be Answers questions as: When to order? How much to order?
21 Objective of Inventory Control To achieve satisfactory levels of customer service while keeping inventory costs within reasonable bounds Improve the Level of customer service Reduce the Costs of ordering and carrying inventory
22 A system to keep track of inventory A reliable forecast of demand Knowledge of lead times Reasonable estimates of Holding costs Ordering costs Shortage costs A classification system Requirements of an Effective Inventory Management
23 Inventory Counting (Control) Systems Periodic System Physical count of items made at periodic intervals; order is placed for a variable amount after fixed passage of time. Perpetual (Continuous) Inventory System System that keeps track of removals from inventory continuously, thus monitoring current levels of each item (constant amount is ordered when inventory declines to a predetermined level)
24 Inventory Models Single-Period Inventory Model One time purchasing decision (Examples: selling t- shirts at a football game, newspapers, fresh bakery products, fresh flowers) Seeks to balance the costs of inventory over stock and under stock Multi-Period Inventory Models Fixed-Order Quantity Models Event triggered (Example: running out of stock) Fixed-Time Period Models Time triggered (Example: Monthly sales call by sales representative)
25 Single-Period Inventory Model
26 Single-Period Inventory Model In a single-period model, items are received in the beginning of a period and sold during the same period. The unsold items are not carried over to the next period. The unsold items may be a total waste, or sold at a reduced price, or returned to the producer at some price less than the original purchase price. The revenue generated by the unsold items is called the salvage value.
27 Single period model: It is used to handle ordering of perishables (fresh fruits, flowers) and other items with limited useful lives (newspapers, spare parts for specialized equipment). 3 (Newsboy Problem)
28 Shortage cost (Cost of Understocking) Shortage cost: generally, this cost represents unrealized profit per unit (C u =Revenue per unit – Cost per unit) If a shortage or stockout cost relates to a spare part for a machine, then shortage cost refers to the actual cost of lost production.
29 Excess cost (Cost of Over Stocking) Excess cost (C e ): difference between purchase cost and salvage value of items left over at the end of a period. If there is a cost associated with disposing of excess items, the salvage cost will be negative.
30 Single Period Model Given the costs of overestimating/underestimating demand and the probabilities of various demand sizes the goal is to identify the order quantity or stocking level that will minimize the long-run excess (overstock)or shortage costs (understock).
31 Demand may be discrete or continuous. The demand of computer, newspaper, etc. is usually an integer. Such a demand is discrete. On the other hand, the demand of gasoline is not restricted to integers. Such a demand is continuous. Often, the demand of perishable food items such as fish or meat may also be continuous. Consider an order quantity Q Let p = probability (demand< Q ) = probability of not selling the Q th item. So, (1- p ) = probability of selling the Q th item. Single-Period Models (Demand Distribution)
32 Expected loss from the Q th item = Expected profit from the Q th item = So, the Q th item should be ordered if Decision Rule (Discrete Demand): –Order maximum quantity Q such that where p = probability (demand< Q ) Single-Period Models (Discrete Demand)
33 Single-Period Model The service level is the probability that demand will not exceed the stocking level. The service level determines the amount of stocking level to keep.
34 Optimal Stocking Level (Choosing optimum Stocking level to minimize these costs is similar to balancing a seesaw ) Service Level So Quantity CeCs Balance point Service level = CsCs Cs + Ce Cs = Shortage cost per unit Ce = Excess cost per unit
35 Service Level Another way to define Service Level is: proportion of cycles in which no stock-out occurs
36 Service Level Order Cycle Demand Stock-Outs 11800 2 750 3235 45 41400 51800 6200 10 71500 8 900 91600 10 400 Total 1450 55 Since there are two cycles out of ten in which a stockout occurs, service level is 80%. This translates to a 96% fill rate. There are a total of 1,450 units demand and 55 stockouts (which means that 1,395 units of demand are satisfied).
37 Single Period Model (Demand is represented by a discrete distribution) Unlike the continuous case where the optimal solution is found by determining S o which makes the distribution function equal to the critical ratio c s / (c s + c e ), in the discrete case, the critical ratio takes place between two values of F(S o ) or F(Q) The optimal S o or Q corresponds to the higher value of F( S o ) or F(Q). (Note that, in the discrete case, the distribution function increases by jumps) SEE EXAMPLES 17 & 18 on page 576
38 Example : Demand for cookies: Demand Probability of Demand 1,800 dozen0.05 2,0000.10 2,2000.20 2,4000.30 2,6000.20 2,8000.10 3,0000,05 Selling price=$0.69, cost=$0.49, salvage value=$0.29 What is the optimal number of cookies to make? c Single-Period Models (Discrete Demand)
39 Cs= 0.69-0.49=$0.2, Ce= 0.49-0.29=$0.2 Order maximum quantity, Q such that Demand, Q Probability(demand) Probability(demand
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40 Single-Period Models (Continous Demand) Often the demand is continuous. Even when the demand is not continuous, continuous distribution may be used because the discrete distribution may be inconvenient. We shall discuss two distributions: Uniform distribution Normal distribution
41 Example 2: The J&B Card Shop sells calendars. The once- a-year order for each years calendar arrives in September. The calendars cost $1.50 and J&B sells them for $3 each. At the end of July, J&B reduces the calendar price to $1 and can sell all the surplus calendars at this price. How many calendars should J&B order if the September-to-July demand can be approximated by a. uniform distribution between 150 and 850 Single-Period Models (Continuous Demand)
42 Overage cost c e = Purchase price - Salvage value =1.5-1=$0.5 Underage cost c s = Selling price - Purchase price =3-1.5=$1.5 Single-Period Models (Continuous Demand)
43 p =0.75 Now, find the Q so that p = probability(demand< Q ) =0.75 Q * = a + p ( b - a ) =150+0.75(850-150)=675 Area = 850150 Demand Probability Area = Q * Single-Period Models (Continuous Demand)
44 Example 3: The J&B Card Shop sells calendars. The once- a-year order for each years calendar arrives in September. The calendars cost $1.50 and J&B sells them for $3 each. At the end of July, J&B reduces the calendar price to $1 and can sell all the surplus calendars at this price. How many calendars should J&B order if the September-to-July demand can be approximated by b. normal distribution with = 500 and =120. Single-Period Models (Continuous Demand)
45 Solution to Example 3: c e =$0.50, c u =$1.50 (see Example 2) p = = 0.75 Single-Period Models (Continuous Demand)
46 Single-Period Models (Continuous Demand) Now, find the Q so that p = 0.75
47 Single-Period Models (Continuous Demand Q= S o = mean + zσ = 500 +.68(120) = 582
48 Single Period Example 15 (pg. 574) Demand is uniformly distributed Ce = $0.20 per unit Cs = $0.60 per unit Service level = Cs/(Cs+Ce) =.6/(.6+.2) Service level =.75 Opt. Stock.Level=S 0 =300+.75(500-300)= 450 liters Service Level = 75% Quantity CeCs Stockout risk = 1.00 – 0.75 = 0.25
49 Uniform Distribution [Continuous Distn] A random variable X is uniformly distributed on the interval (a,b), U(a,b), if its pdf and cdf are: Properties –P(x 1 < X < x 2 ) is proportional to the length of the interval [F(x 2 ) – F(x 1 ) = (x 2 -x 1 )/(b-a)] –E(X) = (a+b)/2V(X) = (b-a) 2 /12 U(0,1) provides the means to generate random numbers, from which random variates can be generated.
50 Poisson Distribution [Discrete Distn] Poisson distribution describes many random processes quite well and is mathematically quite simple. –where > 0, pdf and cdf are: –E(X) = = V(X)
51 Normal Distribution [Continuous Distn] A normally distributed random variable X has the pdf: –Mean: –Variance: –Denoted as X ~ N(, 2 ) Special properties:. –symmetric about. –The maximum value of the pdf occurs at x = ; the mean and mode are equal.
52 Normal Distribution [Continuous Distn] Evaluating the distribution: –Use numerical methods (no closed form) –Independent of and using the standard normal distribution: Z ~ N(0,1) –Transformation of variables: let Z = (X - ) /,
53 Normal Distribution [Continuous Distn] Example: The time required to load an oceangoing vessel, X, is distributed as N(12,4) –The probability that the vessel is loaded in less than 10 hours: Using the symmetry property, (1) is the complement of (-1)
54 Single Period Model (Demand is represented by a continous distribution) Our college basketball team is playing in a tournament game this weekend. Based on our past experience we sell on average 2,400 shirts with a standard deviation of 350 and we can assume that demand for shirts is approximately normally distributed. We make $10 on every shirt we sell at the game, but lose $5 on every shirt not sold. What is the optimal stocking level for shirts? S o =mean + zσ C s = $10 and C e = $5; P $10 / ($10 + $5) =.667 Z.667 =.432 therefore we need 2,400 +.432(350) = 2,551 shirts
55 Multi-Period Inventory Models Fixed-Order Quantity Models (Types of) Economic Order Quantity Model (EOQ) Economic Production Order Quantity (Economic Lot Size) Model (EPQ) Economic Order Quantity Model with Quantity Discounts Fixed Time Period (Fixed Order Interval) Models
56 Fixed Order Quantity Models: Economic Order Quantity Model
57 Economic Order Quantity Model Assumptions (1 of 2): Demand for the product is known with certainty, it is constant and uniform throughout the period Lead time (time from ordering to receipt) is known and constant Price per unit of product is constant (no quantity discounts). So it is not included in the total cost. Inventory holding cost is based on average inventory
58 Economic Order Quantity Model Assumptions (2 of 2): Ordering or setup costs are constant All demands for the product will be satisfied (no backorders are allowed) No stockouts (shortages) are allowed The order quantity is received all at once. (Instantaneous receipt of material in a single lot) The goal is to calculate the order quantitiy that minimizes total cost
59 Basic Fixed-Order Quantity Model and Reorder Point Behavior R = Reorder point Q = Economic order quantity L = Lead time L L QQQ R Time Number of units on hand (Inv. Level) 1. You receive an order quantity Q. 2. You start using them up over time. 3. When you reach down to a level of inventory of R, you place your next Q sized order. 4. The cycle then repeats.
60 EOQ Model Reorder Point (ROP) Time Inventory Level Average Inventory (Q/2) Lead Time Order Quantity (Q) Demand rate Order placedOrder received
61 EOQ Cost Model: How Much to Order? By adding the holding and ordering costs together, we determine the total cost curve, which in turn is used to find the optimal order quantity that minimizes total costs Slope = 0 Total Cost Order Quantity, Q Annual cost ($) Minimum total cost Optimal order Q opt Q opt Carrying Cost = HQHQ22HQHQ222 Ordering Cost = SDSDQQSDSDQQQ
62 More units must be stored if more are ordered Purchase Order DescriptionQty. Microwave1 Order quantity Purchase Order DescriptionQty. Microwave1000 Order quantity Why Holding Costs Increase?
63 Cost is spread over more units Example: You need 1000 microwave ovens Purchase Order DescriptionQty. Microwave1 Purchase Order DescriptionQty. Microwave1 Purchase Order DescriptionQty. Microwave1 Purchase Order Description Qty. Microwave 1 1000 Order (Postage $ 0.33)1 Order (Postage $330) Order quantity Purchase Order Description Qty. Microwave1000 Why Ordering Costs Decrease ?
64 Basic Fixed-Order Quantity (EOQ) Model Formula Total Annual = Cost Annual Purchase Cost Annual Ordering Cost Annual Holding Cost ++ TC=Total annual cost D =Annual demand C =Cost per unit Q =Order quantity S =Cost of placing an order or setup cost R =Reorder point L =Lead time H=Annual holding and storage cost per unit of inventory TC=Total annual cost D =Annual demand C =Cost per unit Q =Order quantity S =Cost of placing an order or setup cost R =Reorder point L =Lead time H=Annual holding and storage cost per unit of inventory
65 EOQ Cost Model Annual ordering cost = S D Q Annual carrying cost = HQHQ22HQHQ222 Total cost = + S D Q H Q 2 TC = + S DQS DQ H Q 2 =- + S DQ2S DQ2 H2H2 TC Q 0 =- + S DQ2S DQ2 H2H2 Q opt = 2SD H Deriving Q opt Proving equality of costs at optimal point = S D Q H Q 2 Q 2 = 2S D H Q opt = 2 S D H Using calculus, we take the first derivative of the total cost function with respect to Q, and set the derivative (slope) equal to zero, solving for the optimized (cost minimized) value of Qopt
66 Deriving the EOQ We also need a reorder point to tell us when to place an order 1) How much to order? 2) When to order?
67 Optimal Order Quantity Expected Number of Orders Expected Time Between Orders Working Days / Year Working Days / Year == ×× == == = =× Q* DS H N D Q*Q* T N d D ROPdL 2 EOQ Model Equations
68 EOQ Example 1 (1 of 3) Annual Demand = 1,000 units Days per year considered in average daily demand = 365 Cost to place an order = $10 Holding cost per unit per year = $2.50 Lead time = 7 days Cost per unit = $15 Given the information below, what are the EOQ and reorder point?
69 EOQ Example 1(2 of 3) In summary, you place an optimal order of 90 units. In the course of using the units to meet demand, place the next order of 90 units when you only have 20 units left.
70 EOQ Example I(3 of 3) TC min = SDSDQQSDSDQQQ HQHQ22HQHQ222 (10)(1,000)90 (2,5)(90) 2 TC min = $ 111 + $111 = 22 $ Orders per year =D/Q opt =1000/90 =11 orders/year Order cycle time= 365/(D/Qopt) =365/11 =33.1days =33.1days + +
71 EOQ Example 2(1 of 2) Annual Demand = 10,000 units Days per year considered in average daily demand = 365 Cost to place an order = $10 Holding cost per unit per year = 10% of cost per unit Lead time = 10 days Cost per unit = $15 Determine the economic order quantity and the reorder point given the following… Determine the economic order quantity and the reorder point given the following…
72 EOQ Example 2(2 of 2) Place an order for 366 units. When in the course of using the inventory you are left with only 274 units, place the next order of 366 units.
73 EOQ Example 3 H = $0.75 per yardS = $150D = 10,000 yards Q opt = 2 S D H Q opt = 2(150)(10,000)(0.75) Q opt = 2,000 yards TC min = + S D Q H Q 2 TC min = + (150)(10,000) 2,000(0.75)(2,000)2 TC min = $750 + $750 = $1,500 Orders per year =D/Q opt =10,000/2,000 =5 orders/year Order cycle time =311 days/(D/Q opt ) =311/5 =311/5 =62.2 store days
74 When to Reorder with EOQ Ordering ? Reorder Point – is the level of inventory at which a new order is placed ROP = d. L Safety Stock - Stock that is held in excess of expected demand due to variable demand rate and/or lead time. Service Level - Probability that demand will not exceed supply during lead time (probability that inventory available during the lead time will meet the demand) 1 - Probability of stockout
75 Reorder Point Example Demand = 10,000 yards/year Store open 311 days/year Daily demand = 10,000 / 311 = 32.154 yards/day Lead time = L = 10 days R = dL = (32.154)(10) = 321.54 yards
76 Determinants of the Reorder Point The rate of demand The lead time Demand and/or lead time variability Stockout risk (safety stock)
77 Answer how much & when to order Allow demand and lead time to vary Follows normal distribution Other EOQ assumptions apply Consider service level & safety stock Service level = 1 - Probability of stockout Higher service level means more safety stock More safety stock means higher ROP Probabilistic Models
78 Safety Stock LT Time Expected demand during lead time Maximum probable demand during lead time ROP Quantity Safety stock Safety stock reduces risk of stockout during lead time
79 Reorder Point With Variable Demand Reorder point, R Q LT Time LT Inventory level 0
80 Reorder Point with a Safety Stock Reorder point, R Q LT Time LT Inventory level 0 Safety Stock
81 Reorder Point With Variable Demand and Constant Lead Time R = dL + z d L where d=average daily demand L=lead time d =the standard deviation of daily demand z=number of standard deviations corresponding to the service level probability z d L=safety stock
82 Reorder Point for Service Level Probability of meeting demand during lead time = service level Probability of a stockout R Safety stock dL Expected Demand z d L The reorder point based on a normal distribution of LT demand
83 Reorder Point for Variable Demand (Example) The carpet store wants a reorder point with a 95% service level and a 5% stockout probability d= 30 yards per day, (demand is normally distributed) d = 5 yards per day For a 95% service level, z = 1.65 R= dL + z d L = 30(10) + (1.65)(5)( 10) = 326.1 yards Safety stock= z d L = (1.65)(5)( 10) = 26.1 yards L= 10 days
84 Shortages and Service Levels It is also important to specify: 1) Expected number of units short per order cycle E(n) =E(z) σ dLT where E(z) is standardized number of units short obtained from Table 12.3, pg. 569. 2) Expected number of units short per year E(N) =E (n) (D/Q) 3) Annual Service Level SL annual = 1- E(N)/D that is percentage of demand filled directly from inventory, known also as FILL RATE.
85 Example 10 (pg. 568)– shortages and service levels Suppose standard deviation of lead time demand is known to be 20 units. Lead time demand is approximately normal. (a) For lead time service level of 90 percent, determine the expected number of units short for any other cycle. (b) What lead time service level would imply an expected shortage of 2 units?
86 Answer – shortage and service levels (a) For lead time service level of 90 percent, determine the expected number of units short for any other cycle. σ dLT = 20 units lead time service level is 0.90 from z table (lead time), E(z)= 0.048 (page 569, table 12.3) E(n) =E(z) σ dLT = (0.048) (20)= 0.96 or about 1 unit. (b) What lead time service level would an expected shortage of 2 units imply? E(n) = 2 E(n) =E(z) σ dLT or E(z) = E(n) / σ dLT =(2)/(20)= 0.100 from the table, lead time service level is 81.06 percent or 81.7%
87 Shortages and Service Levels Expected number of units short per year See example 11, page 568 Annual Service Level See example 12, page 570 Note that annual service level will usually be grater than the cycle service level
88 Fixed Order Quantity Models: -Noninstantaneous Receipt- Production Order Quantity (Economic Lot Size) Model
89 Production done in batches or lots Capacity to produce a part exceeds that parts usage or demand rate Allows partial receipt of material Other EOQ assumptions apply Suited for production environment Material produced, used immediately Provides production lot size Lower holding cost than EOQ model Answers how much to order and when to order Production Order Quantity Model
90 POQ Model Inventory Levels (1 of 2) Inventory Level Time Supply Begins Supply Ends Production portion of cycle Demand portion of cycle with no supply Maximum inventory level
91 POQ Model Inventory Levels (2 of 2) Time Inventory Level Production Portion of Cycle Max. Inventory Q/p·(p- u) Q* Supply Begins Supply Ends Inventory level with no demand Demand portion of cycle with no supply Average inventory Q/2(1- u/p)
92 D = Demand per year S = Setup cost H = Holding cost d = Demand per day p = Production per day POQ Model Equations Setup Cost Holding Cost = * = * = Q D Q S ( 1/2 * H * Q - u p 1 ) - u p 1 () Maximum inventory level
93 Production Order Quantity Example (1 of 2) H = $0.75 per yardS = $150D = 10,000 yards u = 10,000/311 = 32.2 yards per dayp = 150 yards per day POQ opt = = = 2,256.8 yards 2 S D H 1 - upup 2(150)(10,000) - 0.75 1 - 32.2 150 TC = + 1 - = $1,329 upup S D Q H Q 2 Production run = = = 15.05 days per order QpQp 2,256.8 150
94 Production Quantity Example (2 of 2) H = $0.75 per yardS = $150D = 10,000 yards u= 10,000/311 = 32.2 yards per dayp = 150 yards per day Q opt = = = 2,256.8 yards 2C o D C c 1 - dp 2(150)(10,000) 0.75 1 - 32.2150 TC = + 1 - = $1,329 dp CoDCoDQQCoDCoDQQQ CcQCcQ22CcQCcQ222 Production run = = = 15.05 days per order QpQp 2,256.8 150 Number of production runs = = = 4.43 runs/year DQDQ 10,000 2,256.8 Maximum inventory level =Q 1 - = 2,256.8 1 - =1,772 yards upup 32.2 150
95 Fixed-Order Quantity Models: Economic Order Quantity Model with Quantity Discounts
96 Answers how much to order & when to order Allows quantity discounts –Price per unit decreases as order quantity increases –Other EOQ assumptions apply Trade-off is between lower price & increased holding cost Quantity Discount Model TC = + + PD S D Q Q iP Q2 Where P: Unit Price Total cost with purchasing cost
97 Total Costs with Purchasing Cost Cost EOQ TC with PD TC without PD PD 0 Quantity Adding Purchasing cost doesnt change EOQ
98 Quantity Discount Models There are two general cases of quantity discount models: 1.Carrying costs are constant (e.g. $2 per unit). 2.Carrying costs are stated as a percentage off purchase price (20% of unit price)
99 1) Total Cost with Constant Carrying Costs (Compute the Common Optimal Order Quantity OC EOQ Quantity Total Cost TC a TC c TC b Decreasing Price CC a,b,c
100 2) Total Cost with Variable Carrying Cost (Compute Optimal Order Quantity for each price range) Based on the same assumptions as the EOQ model, the price-break model has a similar Q opt formula: i = percentage of unit cost attributed to carrying inventory C = cost per unit Since C changes for each price-break, the formula above will have to be used with each price-break cost value
101 Quantity Discount – How Much to Order?
102 Price-Break Example 1 (1 of 3) ORDER SIZEPRICE 0 - 99 $10 100 - 1998 ( d 1 ) 200+6 ( d 2 ) For this problem holding cost is given as a constant value, not as a percentage of price, so the optimal order quantity is the same for each of the price ranges. (see the figure 12.9)
103 Price Break Example 1 (2 of 3) Q opt Carrying cost Ordering cost Inventory cost ($) Q( d 1 ) = 100 Q( d 2 ) = 200 TC ( d 2 = $6 ) TC ( d 1 = $8 ) TC = ($10 )
104 Price Break Example 1 (3 of 3) Q opt Carrying cost Ordering cost Inventory cost ($) Q( d 1 ) = 100 Q( d 2 ) = 200 TC ( d 2 = $6 ) TC ( d 1 = $8 ) TC = ($10 ) The lowest total cost is at the second price break
105 Price Break Example 2 QUANTITYPRICE 1 - 49$1,400 50 - 891,100 90+900 S =$2,500 S =$2,500 H =$190 per computer D =200 Q opt = = = 72.5 PCs 2SD2SDHH2SD2SDHHH2(2500)(200)190 TC = + + PD = $233,784 SD Q opt H Q opt 2 For Q = 72.5 TC = + + PD = $194,105 SDSDQQSDSDQQQ H Q 2 For Q = 90
106 Price-Break Example 3 (1 of 4) A company has a chance to reduce their inventory ordering costs by placing larger quantity orders using the price-break order quantity schedule below. What should their optimal order quantity be if this company purchases this single inventory item with an e-mail ordering cost of $4, a carrying cost with a rate of 2% of the unit price, and an annual demand of 10,000 units? Order Quantity(units)Price/unit($) 0 to 2,499 $1.20 2,500 to 3,999 1.00 4,000 or more.98
107 Price-Break Example (2 of 4) Annual Demand (D)= 10,000 units Cost to place an order (S)= $4 First, plug data into formula for each price-break value of C Carrying cost % of total cost (i)= 2% Cost per unit (C) = $1.20, $1.00, $0.98 Interval from 0 to 2499, the Q opt value is feasible Interval from 2500-3999, the Q opt value is not feasible Interval from 4000 & more, the Q opt value is not feasible Next, determine if the computed Q opt values are feasible or not
108 Price-Break Example 2 (3 of 4) Since the feasible solution occurred in the first price- break, it means that all the other true Q opt values occur at the beginnings of each price-break interval. Why? 0 1826 2500 4000 Order Quantity Total annual costs So the candidates for the price- breaks are 1826, 2500, and 4000 units Because the total annual cost function is a u shaped function
109 Price-Break Example 2 (4 of 4) Next, we plug the true Q opt values into the total cost annual cost function to determine the total cost under each price-break TC(0-2499)=(10000*1.20)+(10000/1826)*4+(1826/2)(0.02*1.20) = $12,043.82 TC(2500-3999)= $10,041 TC(4000&more)= $9,949.20 TC(0-2499)=(10000*1.20)+(10000/1826)*4+(1826/2)(0.02*1.20) = $12,043.82 TC(2500-3999)= $10,041 TC(4000&more)= $9,949.20 Finally, we select the least costly Q opt, which in this problem occurs in the 4000 & more interval. In summary, our optimal order quantity is 4000 units
110 Multi-period Inventory Models: Fixed Time Period (Fixed-Order- Interval) Models
111 Orders are placed at fixed time intervals Order quantity for next interval? (inventory is brought up to target amount, amount ordered varies) Suppliers might encourage fixed intervals Requires only periodic checks of inventory levels (no continous monitoring is required) Risk of stockout between intervals Fixed-Order-Interval Model
112 Inventory Level in a Fixed Period System Various amounts (Q i ) are ordered at regular time intervals (p) based on the quantity necessary to bring inventory up to target maximum ppp Q1Q1Q1Q1 Q2Q2Q2Q2 Q3Q3Q3Q3 Q4Q4Q4Q4 Target maximum Time d Inventory
113 Tight control of inventory items Items from same supplier may yield savings in: Ordering Packing Shipping costs May be practical when inventories cannot be closely monitored Fixed-Interval Benefits
114 Requires a larger safety stock Increases carrying cost Costs of periodic reviews Fixed-Interval Disadvantages
115 Fixed-Time Period Model with Safety Stock Formula q = Average demand + Safety stock – Inventory currently on hand
116 Fixed-Time Period Model: Determining the Value of T+L The standard deviation of a sequence of random events equals the square root of the sum of the variances
117 Order Quantity for a Periodic Inventory System Q = d(t b + L) + z d T + L - I where d= average demand rate T= the fixed time between orders L= lead time d = standard deviation of demand z d T + L= safety stock I= inventory level z = the number of standard deviations for a specified service level
118 Fixed-Period Model with Variable Demand (Example 1) d= 6 bottles per day d = 1.2 bottles T= 60 days L= 5 days I= 8 bottles z= 1.65 (for a 95% service level) Q= d(T + L) + z d T + L - I = (6)(60 + 5) + (1.65)(1.2) 60 + 5 - 8 = 397.96 bottles
119 Fixed-Time Period Model with Variable Demand (Example 2)(1 of 3) Average daily demand for a product is 20 units. The review period is 30 days, and lead time is 10 days. Management has set a policy of satisfying 96 percent of demand from items in stock. At the beginning of the review period there are 200 units in inventory. The standard deviation of daily demand is 4 units. Given the information below, how many units should be ordered?
120 Fixed-Time Period Model with Variable Demand (Example 2)(2 of 3) So, by looking at the value from the Table, we have a probability of 0.9599, which is given by a z = 1.75
121 Fixed-Time Period Model with Variable Demand (Example 2) (3 of 3) So, to satisfy 96 percent of the demand, you should place an order of 645 units at this review period
122 ABC Classification System Demand volume and value of items vary Items kept in inventory are not of equal importance in terms of: – dollars invested – profit potential – sales or usage volume – stock-out penalties
123 ABC Classification System Classifying inventory according to some measure of importance and allocating control efforts accordingly. A A - very important B B - mod. important C C - least important Annual $ value of items A B C High Low High Percentage of Items
124 Classify inventory into 3 categories typically on the basis of the dollar value to the firm $ volume = Annual demand x Unit cost A class, B class, C class Policies based on ABC analysis –Develop class A suppliers more carefully –Give tighter physical control of A items –Forecast A items more carefully ABC Analysis
125 % of Inventory Items Classifying Items as ABC 0 20 40 60 80 100 050100 % Annual $ UsageA B C Class% $ Vol% Items A70-805-15 B1530 C 5-1050-60
126 ABC Classification 1$ 6090 235040 330130 48060 530100 620180 710170 832050 951060 1020120 PARTUNIT COSTANNUAL USAGE
127 ABC Classification 1$ 6090 235040 330130 48060 530100 620180 710170 832050 951060 1020120 PARTUNIT COSTANNUAL USAGE TOTAL% OF TOTAL% OF TOTAL PARTVALUEVALUEQUANTITY% CUMMULATIVE 9$30,60035.96.06.0 816,00018.75.011.0 214,00016.44.015.0 15,4006.39.024.0 44,8005.66.030.0 33,9004.610.040.0 63,6004.218.058.0 53,0003.513.071.0 102,4002.812.083.0 71,7002.017.0100.0 $85,400
128 ABC Classification 1$ 6090 235040 330130 48060 530100 620180 710170 832050 951060 1020120 PARTUNIT COSTANNUAL USAGE TOTAL% OF TOTAL% OF TOTAL PARTVALUEVALUEQUANTITY% CUMMULATIVE 9$30,60035.96.06.0 816,00018.75.011.0 214,00016.44.015.0 15,4006.39.024.0 44,8005.66.030.0 33,9004.610.040.0 63,6004.218.058.0 53,0003.513.071.0 102,4002.812.083.0 71,7002.017.0100.0 $85,400 A B C
129 ABC Classification 1$ 6090 235040 330130 48060 530100 620180 710170 832050 951060 1020120 PARTUNIT COSTANNUAL USAGE TOTAL% OF TOTAL% OF TOTAL PARTVALUEVALUEQUANTITY% CUMMULATIVE 9$30,60035.96.06.0 816,00018.75.011.0 214,00016.44.015.0 15,4006.39.024.0 44,8005.66.030.0 33,9004.610.040.0 63,6004.218.058.0 53,0003.513.071.0 102,4002.812.083.0 71,7002.017.0100.0 $85,400 A B C % OF TOTAL CLASSITEMSVALUEQUANTITY A9, 8, 271.015.0 B1, 4, 316.525.0 C6, 5, 10, 712.560.0
130 ABC Classification 100 100 – 80 80 – 60 60 – 40 40 – 20 20 – 0 0 – |||||| 020406080100 % of Quantity % of Value A B C
131 Inventory accuracy refers to how well the inventory records agree with physical count. Cycle counting refers to Physical Count of items in inventory. Used often with ABC classification –While A items are counted most often (e.g., daily), C items are counted the least frequently. Inventory Accuracy and Cycle Counting
132 Last Words Inventories have certain functions. But too much inventory -Tends to hide problems -Costly to maintain So it is desired Reduce lot sizes Reduce safety stocks
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Jamie's experience is a sad one, and one from which we must learn lessons. It also highlights well the challenges facing Scotland's police and court system in ensuring justice in relation to disabled people.
At the heart of his story is the concept of capacity. This is in both legal terms and in relation to a capacity to understand simply what is right or wrong.
At the forefront of any police officer's mind when conducting an interview should be "does this person have the legal capacity to understand and be held accountable for his actions?"
We would also hope that