text:
Full profile →'">
The author is a Forbes contributor. The opinions expressed are those of the writer.
Good morning FORBES readers. Here's a roundup of stories from yesterday:
"Host Neil Patrick Harris may have said it best in his introduction to the Emmy Awards: "I love television, because it's more than entertainment; it's education!" Surprising, but true: there are money lessons to be had from best drama series winner "Breaking Bad," best comedy series "Modern Family" and other small screen favorites" -- Maggie McGrath. Read the 11 money lessons here.
Chief Product Officer Lewis DVorkin wrote about the role of native advertising in FORBES' search for a new media equation. Read the story here and check out the slideshow of FORBES covers "that focus on the people making a difference and deliver our nearly 100-year-old brand message of entrepreneurial capitalism."
"Thanks to the JOBS Act, an 80-year-old ban on general solicitation ended yesterday. The point of all of this is to free up financing for growing businesses and create jobs. Yet many companies and investors are reluctant to take full advantage of the new legislation. TechShop, a chain of membership-based industrial workshops, isn't so bashful" -- J.J. Colao. Read the story here.
" blew past estimates and set a record for opening weekend sales of its new iPhones, saying today that it sold more than 9 million units of the iPhone 5s and iPhone 5c. Analysts were counting on sales between 5 to 6.5 million" -- Connie Guglielmo. Read the story here.
"'Gravity' isn't just the movie of the year. It may-well be go down as one of the best movies I've ever seen" -- Read Scott Mendelson's review here.
FORBES news:
Tune in Thursday for this week's Twitter chat with Alex Knapp. He will discuss the Sept. 25 launch to the International Space Station. Read his coverage on science, space and NASA here.
Tumblr's David Karp talks about Marissa Mayer and mentors at FORBES. Watch the videos here.


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by Anonymous
My husband got in a wreck on an Arkansas highway undergoing repaving that was not marked. There were numerous signs covered with tarps (not visible) stating "loose gravel".
He had an accident resulting in a totaled vehicle and neck / back injury. Who would we sue?
The loose gravel signs were covered with tarps, so there was no warning!
If you have decided to sue before attempting to settle this claim you can, but before you do you will have to go through a State administrative process.
Like most states, Arkansas has a Tort Claims Law (or Act). It is a process by which legal claims are "funneled" through to the Courthouse. It is also a process which affords the State of Arkansas and you a means to settle your "Claim" before it becomes a "Case."
You will have to file a claim under the Tort Claim Law before you are able to sue the State of Arkansas. If you go to the Arkansas State website at www.arkansas.gov you will be able to download the form and the instructions to file it. It is not a complicated process. Nevertheless it is vital to your success in your claim.
The above is general information. Laws change frequently, and across jurisdictions. You should get a personalized case evaluation from an attorney licensed in your state. Find a local attorney to give you a free case review here, or call (888) 647-2490.
Best of luck,
Judge Calisi
P.S. Please help us out by sharing this site...
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AUD/USD - Bouncing At the Bottom? - 5/31/2016
FX:AUDUSD Australian Dollar/U.S. Dollar
Is Australian dollar bouncing at the bottom and ready to move up or is it just a temporary halt before a trip to 0.6500? We believe, that AUD/USD is more likely to range trade between 0.6900 and 0.7250 before taking an aim at other levels. Yesterday's sharp up leg is looking good so far and it has managed to sustain the bounce. It can reach to 0.7300 before showing the signs of fatigue but we will be very cautious getting long. In fact for a quick day trade we are looking to buy it near 0.7200 depending upon price action but nothing substantial to put more money here until we get good dips towards 0.7000. Also EUR/AUD short near 1.5450 / 1.5500 is worth looking at ! Since EUR/AUD has been pretty generous to us we will definitely pay more attention to those levels for short / medium term trades.
Related Ideas
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Will Crude Oil Break 50 or Vice Versa ?! - 5/31/2016
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EUR/AUD - Now What? - 5/5/2016
BombayBulls about EURAUD 9 months ago


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The Vikings drafted a starting safety that they will "pencil" in at free safety, but the addition of Harrison Smith with the 29th pick allows the team some flexibility in the back end of their defense.
The reviews on Smith, the Notre Dame product, are that he's better near the line of scrimmage – he did play some linebacker at Notre Dame, too – than he is in coverage. However, during his junior season, he had seven interceptions.
"He's pretty good close to the line of scrimmage. Some of that has to do with the fact that he played linebacker before, but he's a very good deep safety when it comes to being in the middle of the field or being half-field coverage," Vikings coach Leslie Frazier said. "I think his junior year, he had seven picks when he got those playing deep. So the fact that he can play in the box or play deep, it's hard to find those guys. That's why the safety position is not as deep because it's hard to find guys that are able to do both. He has the ability to be effective in both areas."
Smith didn't have any interceptions as a senior. The reason, he said, was two-fold. He was covering tight ends more and playing closer to the line of scrimmage, but he also admitted to dropping some opportunities.
"I dropped a couple of balls that I could have made good plays (into) great plays, so those are things that moving forward I want to get better at and make them game-changing plays that can ultimately win games, he said.
Although it sounds like he is better suited to play strong safety, Frazier said Smith would initially start out at free safety with Jamarca Sanford staying in the role of strong safety. Depending on what else transpires in the draft and afterwards, that could all change – just like the game is changing what the Vikings look for in a safety.
"It's changing so much. You look at what's happening in college football, the way they spread all the receivers out. Tight ends are rarely attached to the formation anymore. They're flexed," Frazier said. "The game has changed a lot, which has made it very difficult to try and evaluate safeties. It's not the traditional way anymore. You're trying to find a guy that can execute out in space and Harrison is one of those guys that can. He can match up on a tight end out in space and it's hard to find a guy like that and you need that. Even in our division, you see what the tight ends are doing – they're flexing them out. These guys are not attached to the formation that often. But he has the ability to match up at times with tight ends."
Offenses have also found ways to exploit one-dimensional safeties by motioning tight ends. That's part of the reason the Vikings are looking to safeties that can cover and tackle equally as well.
"When we have a guy that has the flexibility to be either-or, that's the best for us as a defense because of the way people use tight ends now. They rarely let them stay stationary now. They're moving them all the time, so you want guys at the safety position that are interchangeable so you're not defining them as strong or free," Frazier said. "That's one of the evolutions of the safety position because of the evolution of the tight end position. The fact that he can line up to the tight end side or the open side, that was one of things that made him very attractive to us."
Frazier would also like to see the Vikings be able to play more single-high safety, which will require better play from his cornerbacks. The return of Chris Cook, who is back working out with teammates as part of the offseason condition program, should help.
"When Cedric (Griffin), when Antoine (Winfield) did a great job for us outside, that's when we were a really good defense. Our numbers were much better across the board when that happened, and then you look at the way we've been depleted the last couple of years in the secondary, we ended up playing a lot more zone than we want to," Frazier said. "We'd like to be able to get back to where we can match up on the outside and do some other things. But when we were our best, that's what we did. We were more balanced than we have been in the last couple of years. But the situation has dictated that and it's not what we want to be able to do."
The addition of cornerbacks Chris Carr and Zack Bowman, and the likely addition of another cornerback sometime in the draft, should help. Frazier said "ideally" they would like to find another cornerback who can play more man coverage to help free up a safety.
"It just makes us less predictable and makes it a little bit harder on quarterbacks," Frazier said.
Tim Yotter is the publisher of Viking Update. Follow Viking Update on Twitter and discuss this story on our subscriber message board.
Frazier desires flexibility in the secondary
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Year 2 Teacher
This is one of two roles available at a vibrant and welcoming Primary school based in Croydon who are looking for a Year 2 Teacher from January for two terms. This is a Primary school that has a superb atmosphere and friendly and hardworking team.
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On 10 Jun 01, at 23:24, Dennis Kramb wrote:
> >I just returned from viewing my 'second bloom season.' This one was in
> >the northern suburbs of Minneapolis, cold country.
> Did you take any photos??
> --
> Dennis Kramb; firstname.lastname@example.com
Now you know me and cameras and iris photos! Mike Lowe did.
There was a gorgeous pink pallida in Jack Worel's garden with a a
sign in front of it that read "Sold Out!"'
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text:
Jammu and Kashmir government on Tuesday said 76 civilians and two policemen were killed in over five months of unrest in the Valley and ruled out ordering judicial probe into the civilian killings.
"The government has no proposal under consideration to constitute a judicial commission headed by a retired High Court judge to investigate civilian killings during the unrest," Chief Minister Mehbooba Mufti, who also holds the Home portfolio, said in a written reply in Legislative Assembly, which is in session in Jammu, winter capital of J&K.
She was responding to a question by independent MLA Hakeem Mohammad Yaseen.
The opposition National Conference and Congress and Kashmir based legislators have been demanding setting up of judicial commission to probe the civilian killings during the unrest.
The CM informed that 76 civilians and two policemen were killed during the over five months long unrest in the Valley triggered by killing of 21-year-old Hizbul Mujahideen commander Burhan Wani and his two accomplices in an encounter with security forces on July 8.
She said killing of three HM militants triggered violent protests and law and order disturbances in Valley.
"The situation was exploited by some inimical elements on various platforms including social media to stoke passions and instigate violence by spreading "malicious and baseless information". However, due to persistent efforts of security forces/police and civil administration, the situation had shown improvement with number of incidents declining progressively and day-to-day activities gradually returning to normalcy," added Mehbooba.
According to CM, only three cases pertaining to excessive use of force by security forces have been registered by police. indian Express Report


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Read More
PAKISTAN: Will the Trump Administration Now Be Providing Protection to Non-Muslim Terrorists?
Feb. 9, 2017. Published in Daily Asas.
"Does this mean that when people of any religion, color or race — other than Muslims — commit acts of terrorism, they should be ignored and no action be taken against them? "
ALGERIA: Resistance in America
Feb. 3, 2017. Published in Liberte.
"It will be especially intriguing to see how Americans react to the discovery that protectionism, even supposing it creates a surplus of jobs, will by other means make their lives more expensive than ever."
U.A.E.: Trump and Obama's Advice
Jan. 27, 2017. Published in Al-Khaleej.
EGYPT: A Threat to US Democracy
Jan. 12, 2017. Published in Ahram Online.
IRAN: 26,171 Bombs and Counting: A Bloody End to Obama's Reign of Terror
Jan. 12, 2017. Published in Fars News Agency.
RUSSIA: The Art of a Raw Deal
Feb. 21, 2017. Published in Moscow Times.
"It looks like a raw deal for the Americans. "
GERMANY: EU Foreign Policy without Trump
Feb. 21, 2017. Published in Deutsche Welle.
ITALY: Donald Trump Ignores the Fundamental Principles of the US Constitution
Feb. 20, 2017. Published in La Repubblica.
"Responding with rounds of tweets, even in capital letters, will not help Trump escape the constitutional trap he is sliding into through vanity and lack of preparation."
ITALY: The President Challenges the US Judiciary
Feb. 19, 2017. Published in la Repubblica.
"With the loutish shallowness of a reality show protagonist, Trump may not even realize what a historic threat his labeling a federal judge "so-called" represents. "
AUSTRIA: Run Into a Brick Wall
Feb. 19, 2017. Published in Die Presse.
"No other U.S. president has managed to antagonize so many people in such a short space of time."
RUSSIA: Learning To Negotiate
Feb. 18, 2017. Published in Izvestia.
ANGOLA: America Veering Off Course
Jan. 29, 2017. Published in Jornal de Angola.
"The great successes of the Obama era, which enchanted the naiveté of the world, were demolished by Trump in a matter of minutes. "
CHINA: The Meaning of Trump's Letter
Feb. 21, 2017. Published in Huanqiu.
CHINA: South Korea Truly Values the US; Is This Good?
"Seoul's independent diplomacy is almost dead, even its ability to independently think politically is seriously withering. "
AUSTRALIA: Australia Must Be Dexterous in Its Ties with Trump's America
Feb. 21, 2017. Published in The Age.
S. KOREA: Be Wary of the US Senate's Proposals for Pre-emptive Strike on North Korea
Feb. 20, 2017. Published in The Kyunghyang Shinmun.
"It would be unthinkable for the U.S. to determine the fate of the Korean Peninsula through coercive means alone."
S. KOREA: Does Trump Want to Become America's Hitler?
Feb. 19, 2017. Published in The Kyunghyang Shinmun.
"President Trump may think that his ways are not problematic because he was lawfully elected and his agenda abides by the law."
SOUTH KOREA: Strengthening of Trump's Far-Right/Racist Colors
Feb. 19, 2017. Published in Hankyoreh.
CHINA: President Trump Faces Unprecedented Backlash
Feb. 18, 2017. Published in Huanqiu.
"The Chinese must ... make adequate preparations, lest Trump does aim the tip of his spear toward us."
S. KOREA: Changing International Atmosphere ... Is Our Government Even Interested?
Feb. 17, 2017. Published in SE Daily.
"If North Korea really does take its chances as Kim warns it will, the whole Korean peninsula will be at peril, in tandem with the hardline policy of the new U.S. government."
SOUTH KOREA: US President Faces Criticism Over Violation of Human Rights, Despite His Country's Reputation as a 'Defender of Human Rights'
Feb. 16, 2017. Published in Segye Times.
"It is un-American to leave those in danger in limbo."
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PANAMA: Capitalist Crisis
Feb. 20, 2017. Published in Prensa.
"Trump, like Hitler, will increase the suffering of millions of human beings."
CANADA: The Hasty End of the Old World
Feb. 17, 2017. Published in Le Devoir.
"Deeply altering the international order, as it seems Donald Trump wants to do, is a dangerous whim, which is based upon fundamentally erroneous presumptions."
CANADA: Just Give Donald Trump a Chance, They Said
Feb. 17, 2017. Published in CBC.
BRAZIL: Brazil in the Era of Trump
Feb. 16, 2017. Published in O Globo.
CANADA: Trump Won't Change, so the Media Must Instead
Feb. 16, 2017. Published in CBC.
MEXICO: United States-China Relations
Feb. 16, 2017. Published in La Jornada.
"Colonialism/racism and the power of the lower classes should convince us to consider the enormous complexity of the transition now underway."
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Nevada (US), Nov 13 (ANI): Hindus have welcomed Pope's overtures on interreligious dialogue in his "Verbum Domini" (The Word of the Lord) apostolic exhortation released at Vatican City on November 11, calling it "a step in the right direction".
"The Church considers an essential part of the proclamation of the word to consist in encounter, dialogue and cooperation with all people of good will, particularly with the followers of the different religious traditions of humanity", His Holiness Pope Benedict XVI wrote in this about 200-page document addressed to the bishops, clergy, consecrated persons and the lay faithful.
Pope further said: "Among the various religions the Church also looks with respect to Muslims, who adore the one God. They look to Abraham and worship God above all through prayer, almsgiving and fasting..."
Talking about "dialogue with other religions", he voiced Church's respect "for the ancient religions and spiritual traditions of the various continents. These contain values which can greatly advance understanding between individuals and peoples. Frequently we note a consonance with values expressed also in their religious books, such as, in Buddhism, respect for life, contemplation, silence, simplicity; in Hinduism, the sense of the sacred, sacrifice and fasting; and again, in Confucianism, family and social values. We are also gratified to find in other religious experiences a genuine concern for the transcendence of God, acknowledged as Creator, as well as respect for life, marriage and the family, and a strong sense of solidarity."
Applauding Pope's support for interreligious dialogue, prominent Hindu statesman Rajan Zed, in a statement in Nevada (USA) today, said that serious and honest interfaith dialogue was the need of the hour and Pope should take the lead in organizing one.
Zed, who is president of Universal Society of Hinduism, argued that Pope Benedict, being the leader of the largest religious organization of the world, should invite leaders of major world religions and denominations to Vatican City and initiate the dialogue. (ANI)


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17 Easy Crafts with Yarn: Make Accessories, Decor and More with Lion Brand Imagine Yarn
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"This is an excellent collection for crochet beginners and those of us who have crocheted for years. For me in the early days I had to learn to slow down and count each stitch. This is a main problem for misaligned work. Also understanding what gauge is and being sure that the first stitches and rows match the patterns gauge instruction. Sometimes changing hook size solves a problem. How long have you been crocheting?"
"I've got to Pin this one! This is an adorable craft to make with children while they are home on school vacation this week. Crafting sessions are perfect for February vacation in the cold states of New England. Isn't it great to share special time with children or grandchildren? This is an excellent craft for daycare or the babysitter to share for entertainment."
"I actually thought the magnets were inside the material. It's excellent that they are attached underneath. I reaIly think this is a great idea. I would consider making one for my mother. She has vision problems so not only would this keep her straight pins in place but she'd be able to feel them if concentrating on a project. I'm thinking that a solid color would be a better idea for someone who is elderly and having problems seeing things. Do you agree?"
"The two strand Fold basket is a very clever pattern. Making this and keeping in your kitchen to use it for a catch all. This could be made in two colors and would so cute. The pattern dos not seem too complicate and probably would work up fast. This would make a great gift or use it for a basket on the back of the toilet. It is make with cotton yarn which is very easy to work with. I am definitely going to make this one up."
"The mop or sweeper cover is a great idea. They are so expensive to buy and these would work great. The cover is made with cotton yarn which is great for this purpose. The pattern is very simple to follow and should be able to be worked up in one sitting. I know I am going to make a couple of these for my mop. Great project."
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Ever wonder what would happen if Martha Stewart married Adam Savage of Mythbusters? Enter Andrea and Cliff Currie a creative and geeky couple best known for producing a wildly entertaining craft show Craft-Tastic LIVE out of their little apartment in San Diego California. Today they are rehabbing their very first home while co-running a creative lifestyle blog called Hand Make My Day which marries their unique and often opposing approaches to making projects for home, life and special occasions.
Andrea Currie AKA Ms. Craft-Tastic
"I'm best known in the crafting industry as Ms. Craft-Tastic but I journey into alternate creative universes by way of my artistic tendencies and ability to completely hack apart everyday things just for the fun of it. I dream of swimming in a pool full of glitter and preoccupy myself with the nuances of creating fabulous things from nearly nothing. I'm married to the most amazing man who has no problem laughing at and with me. A boring life we do not live. Enough about me though. What about you? Want to make something?"
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"What does a film degree + a healthy appetite for all things geek = ?? I don't know, that's why I was asking you! What I do know is that I'm obsessed with all things vintage military, aviation ohh and anything with buttons. Not like fashion crafty buttons but like keyboard buttons. Andrea is the creative director in our life and I'm the meat-head that puts it all together. Ok, I'm creative too but just in a totally different way which is why Hand Make My Day is so great! We've built Hand Make My day as a platform where we can duke out our creative differences as well as sound off about our creative lifestyle. I don't hold my breath for much but I'd be lying if I said I don't fantasize about piloting a helicopter painted like a bumble bee."
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SUNY Polytechnic Institute (SUNY Poly) is New York's globally recognized, high-tech educational ecosystem, formed from the merger of the SUNY College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering and SUNY Institute of Technology. SUNY Poly offers undergraduate ...
Ousmane Barry Receives Degree at SUNYIT CommencementOusmane Barry of New York, NY received a Bachelor of Science degree in Computer/Information Sciences at SUNYIT's 40th annual spring commencement May 10 in the Wildcat Field House on the SUNYIT camp...Spring 2014
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- Dan Xu, Toshi Nishimura, Sachiko Nishimura, Haili Zhang, Ming Zheng, Ying-Ying Guo +4 others
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BACKGROUND Seven of 15 clinical trial participants treated with a nucleoside analogue (fialuridine [FIAU]) developed acute liver failure. Five treated participants died, and two required a liver transplant. Preclinical toxicology studies in mice, rats, dogs, and primates did not provide any indication that FIAU would be hepatotoxic in humans. Therefore, we… (More)
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APPENDIX 1A Common Abbreviations
Published Online: 1 MAY 2003
DOI: 10.1002/0471142727.mba01as62
Copyright © 2003 by John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Lab Protocol Title
Current Protocols in Molecular Biology
Additional Information
How to Cite
2003. Common Abbreviations. Current Protocols in Molecular Biology. 1:1A.
Publication History
- Published Online: 1 MAY 2003
- Published Print: APR 2003
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This appendix presents useful basic information, including common abbreviations, useful measurements and data, characteristics of amino acids and nucleic acids, information on radioactivity and the safe use of radioisotopes and other hazardous chemicals, conversions for centrifuges and rotors, characteristics of common detergents, and common conversion factors.


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Seed gum of Stryphnodendron barbatiman (Barbatimao)
Reicher, F.; Leitner, S.C.S.; Fontana, J.D.; Correa, J.B.C.; Sierakowski, M.R.
Stryphnodendron barbatiman (barbatimao) is a native tree that is found throughout the {open_quotes}Cerrados,{close_quotes} a region of Central Brazil. Plant seeds, on water extraction, furnished 28 g% galactomannan (dry-weight basis), the monosaccharide composition of which (galactose to mannose ratio, 1.0:1.5) fits in the legume heteromannan group. This seed gum, after Sevag deproteinization, still retained 6 g% of associated protein and had a molecular weight of about 1.8 MD on gel filtration. A high intrinsic viscosity (1300 cP) was observed for the polysaccharide sample obtained after reflux of the crushed seeds in 80% aqueous methanol.
New tools and insights to assist with the molecular identification of Simulium guianense s.l., main Onchocerca volvulus vector within the highland areas of the Amazonia onchocerciasis focus.
Crainey, James L; Mattos-Glória, Aline; Hamada, Neusa; Luz, Sérgio L B
Following the success of the Onchocerciasis Elimination Programme for the Americas (OEPA), there is now just one Latin American onchocerciasis focus where onchocerciasis transmission is described as 'on-going:' the Amazonia Onchocerciasis focus. In the hyperendemic highland areas of the Amazonia focus, Simulium guianense s.l. Wise are the most important vectors of the disease. Populations of S. guianense s.l. are, however, known to vary in their cytogenetics and in a range of behaviours, including in their biting habits. In the hypoendemic lowland areas of the Amazonia focus, for example, S. guianense s.l. are generally regarded as zoophilic and consequently unimportant to disease transmission. Robust tools, to discriminate among various populations of S. guianense s.l. have, however, not yet been developed. In the work reported here, we have assessed the utility of a ribosomal DNA sequence fragment spanning the nuclear ribosomal ITS-1, ITS-2 and 5.8S sequence regions and a ∼850 nucleotide portion of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase gene (CO1) for species-level identification and for resolving the within species substructuring. We report here how we have generated 78 CO1 sequences from a rich set of both zoophilic and anthropophilic populations of S. guianense s.l. that were collected from eight sites that are broadly distributed across Brazil. Consistent with previous findings, our analysis supports the genetic isolation of Simulium litobranchium from S. guianense s.l. In contrast with previous findings, however, our results did not provide support for the divergence of the two species prior to the radiation of S. guianense s.l. In our analysis of the S. guianense s.l. ribosomal DNA sequence trace files we generated, we provide clear evidence of multiple within-specimen single nucleotide polymorphisms and indels suggesting that S. guianense s.l. ribosomal DNA is not a good target for conventional DNA barcoding. This is the first report of S. guianense s
An insight into the sialome of Simulium guianense (DIPTERA:SIMulIIDAE), the main vector of River Blindness Disease in Brazil
Background Little is known about the composition and function of the saliva in black flies such as Simulium guianense, the main vector of river blindness disease in Brazil. The complex salivary potion of hematophagous arthropods counteracts their host's hemostasis, inflammation, and immunity. Results Transcriptome analysis revealed ubiquitous salivary protein families--such as the Antigen-5, Yellow, Kunitz domain, and serine proteases--in the S. guianense sialotranscriptome. Insect-specific families were also found. About 63.4% of all secreted products revealed protein families found only in Simulium. Additionally, we found a novel peptide similar to kunitoxin with a structure distantly related to serine protease inhibitors. This study revealed a relative increase of transcripts of the SVEP protein family when compared with Simulium vittatum and S. nigrimanum sialotranscriptomes. We were able to extract coding sequences from 164 proteins associated with blood and sugar feeding, the majority of which were confirmed by proteome analysis. Conclusions Our results contribute to understanding the role of Simulium saliva in transmission of Onchocerca volvulus and evolution of salivary proteins in black flies. It also consists of a platform for mining novel anti-hemostatic compounds, vaccine candidates against filariasis, and immuno-epidemiologic markers of vector exposure. PMID:22182526
Activity of tannins from Stryphnodendron adstringens on Cryptococcus neoformans: effects on growth, capsule size and pigmentation
Ishida, Kelly; Rozental, Sonia; de Mello, João Carlos Palazzo; Nakamura, Celso Vataru
Background Stryphnodendron adstringens (Mart.) Coville, Leguminosae, also known in Brazil as barbatimão, is rich in tannins and many flavan-3-ols and proanthocyanidins such as prodelphinidins and prorobinetinidins. Previous studies have demonstrated several pharmacological properties of tannins from barbatimão, including anti-candidal activity. Methods The antifungal activity of proanthocyanidin polymeric tannins from Stryphnodendron adstringens (subfraction F2.4) was evaluated against three strains of Cryptococcus neoformans with different capsule expressions, using the broth microdilution technique, light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The effect of subfraction F2.4 on C. neoformans and melanoma mammalian cells pigmentation was also evaluated. Results Although susceptibility assays revealed MIC values quite similar (between 2.5 and 5.0 μg/ml), analyses of MFC values revealing that the acapsular mutant Cap 67 was more susceptible to be killed by the subfraction F2.4 (MFC = 20 μg/ml) than the two tested capsular strains (T1-444 and ATCC 28957) (MFC > 160 μg/ml). Optical and electron microscopy experiments revealed relevant alterations in cell shape and size in all strains treated with 1 and 2.5 μg/ml of subfraction F2.4. Capsule size of the capsular strains decreased drastically after subfraction F2.4 treatment. In addition, ultrastructural alterations such as cell wall disruption, cytoplasm extraction, mitochondria swelling, increase in the number of cytoplasmic vacuoles and formation of membranous structures in the cytoplasm were also observed in treated yeasts. Incubation with subfraction F2.4 also decreased C. neoformans pigmentation, however, did not interfere in melanization of B16F10 mammalian cells. Conclusion Our data indicate that tannins extracted from S. adstringens interfered with growth, capsule size and pigmentation, all important virulence factors of C. neoformans, and may be considered as a putative candidate for the
Congenital malformations caused by Stryphnodendron fissuratum (Leg. Mimosoideae) in guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus).
Macedo, Josenaldo S; Rocha, Brena P; Colodel, Edson M; Freitas, Sílvio H; Dória, Renata G S; Riet-Correa, Franklin; Evêncio-Neto, Joaquim; Mendonça, Fábio S
The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of Stryphnodendron fissuratum pods in guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) and test the hypothesis that this plant has teratogenic effects. Thus, sixteen guinea pigs were randomly divided into four groups of four animals each. Groups 10, 20 and 40 consisted of guinea pigs that received commercial food that contained crushed pods of S. fissuratum at concentrations of 10, 20 and 40 g/kg, respectively, during the period of organogenesis. Control group consisted of guinea pigs under the same management conditions that did not receive crushed pods of S. fissuratum in their food. In all experimental groups, the main clinical signs of poisoning consisted of anorexia, prostration, absence of vocalizations, alopecia, diarrhea, and abortions within the adult guinea pigs. Those that did not abort gave birth to weak, malnourished pups, some of which had fetal malformations. The main teratogenic changes consisted of eventration, arthrogryposis, amelia of the forelimbs, anophthalmia, microphthalmia, anotia and agnathia. The reductions in the number of offspring and the malformations observed in the experimental groups suggest that S. fissuratum affects fetal development and is teratogenic. PMID:26363291
Antifungal Activity of Condensed Tannins from Stryphnodendron adstringens: Effect on Candida tropicalis Growth and Adhesion Properties.
Morey, Alexandre T; de Souza, Felipe C; Santos, Jussevania P; Pereira, Caibe A; Cardoso, Juscelio D; de Almeida, Ricardo S C; Costa, Marco A; de Mello, João C P; Nakamura, Celso V; Pinge-Filho, Phileno; Yamauchi, Lucy M; Yamada-Ogatta, Sueli F
Candida species are some of the most common causes of fungal infection worldwide. The limited efficacy of clinically available antifungals warrants the search for new compounds for treating candidiasis. This study evaluated the effect of condensed tannin-rich fraction (F2 fraction) of Stryphnodendron adstringens on in vitro and in vivo growth of Candida tropicalis, and on yeast adhesion properties. F2 exhibited a fungistatic effect with the minimum inhibitory concentration ranging from 0.5 to 8.0 μg/mL. A significant reduction in biofilm mass was observed after either pretreatment of planktonic cells for 2 h (mean reduction of 46.31±8.17%) or incubation during biofilm formation (mean reduction of 28.44±13.38%) with 4x MIC of F2. Prior exposure of planktonic cells to this F2 concentration also significantly decreased yeast adherence on HEp-2 cells (mean reduction of 43.13±14.29%), cell surface hydrophobicity (mean reduction of 25.89±10.49%) and mRNA levels of the genes ALST1-3 (2.9-, 1.8- and 1.8-fold decrease, respectively). Tenebrio molitor larvae, which are susceptible to C. tropicalis infection, were used for in vivo testing. Treatment with 128 and 256 μg/mL F2 significantly increased the survival of infected larvae. These results indicate a combined effect of F2 on inhibition of yeast growth and interference in yeast adhesion, which may contribute to the suppression of infection caused by C. tropicalis, thus reinforcing the potential of the condensed tannins from S. adstringens for the development of novel antifungal agents. PMID:26696018
Antiviral effect of Guazuma ulmifolia and Stryphnodendron adstringens on poliovirus and bovine herpesvirus.
Felipe, Adriana Meri Mestrimer; Rincão, Vinicius Pires; Benati, Fabrício José; Linhares, Rosa Elisa Carvalho; Galina, Karen Janaina; de Toledo, Cleyton Eduardo Mendes; Lopes, Gisely Cristiny; de Mello, João Carlos Palazzo; Nozawa, Carlos
Crude extract (CE) and aqueous (AqF) and ethyl acetate (EtOAcF) fractions of Guazuma ulmifolia Lam., Sterculiaceae and the corresponding AqF, EtOAcF of Stryphnodendron adstringens (Mart.) Coville, Leguminosae were tested for their antiviral activity against poliovirus 1 (P-1) and bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) in HEp-2 cultured cells. The antiviral activity was monitored by plaque assay and immunofluorescence assay (IFA) under virucidal and therapeutic protocols. The therapeutic protocol demonstrated statistically significant positive results with both plants and for both virus strains. The highest percentages of viral inhibition were found for G. ulmifolia EtOAcF which inhibited BHV-1 and P-1 replication by 100% and 99%, respectively (p<0.05, Student's t-test). For S. adstringens, AqF was the most efficient, inhibiting BHV-1 and P-1 by 97% and 93%, respectively (p<0.05). In the virucidal protocol, G. ulmifolia CE inhibited the replication of BHV-1 and P-1 by 60% and 26%, respectively (p<0.05), while, for S. adstringens, inhibition of 62% (p<0.05) was demonstrated only with EtOAcF for P-1. IFA demonstrated that the greatest reduction in fluorescent cell number occurred with G. ulmifolia, under the therapeutic protocol for both virus strains. However, AqF and EtOAcF of S. adstringens were most efficient with the virucidal protocol for P-1. In conclusion, we demonstrated that G. ulmifolia and S. adstringens inhibited BHV-1 and P-1 replication, as well as, blocked the synthesis of viral antigens in infected cell cultures. PMID:16754999
Optimization of Ultrasound-assisted extraction of polyphenols, tannins and epigallocatechin gallate from barks of Stryphnodendron adstringens (Mart.) Coville bark extracts
Sousa, Jordana N.; Pedroso, Nathália B.; Borges, Leonardo L.; Oliveira, Gerlon A. R.; Paula, José R.; Conceição, Edemilson C.
Background: Stryphnodendron adstringens (Mar.) Coville is a native plant from Brazil, rich in phenolic compounds and used on popular medicine as a wound healing agent, in the treatment of gastric lesions and as antimicrobial. Materials and Methods: Ultrassound-assisted extraction (UAE) was applied to extraction of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), total polyphenols (TP) and total tannins (TT) content from barks of Stryphnodendron adstringens (Mar.) Coville. Several operating parameters, namely extraction time (min), liquid to solid ratio (mg/mL), ethanolic strength (%, v/v), were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) with a Box-Behnken design. Results: By using the desirability function approach, the optimum UAE conditions to obtain desirable extraction yields for all these metabolites simultaneously were found at the extraction time of 30 min, solid to liquid ratio of 4 mg/mL and ethanolic strength of 65. Under these conditions, the epigallocatechin gallate, total polyphenols and total tannins content were 0.31; 22.95 and 11.95 % (w/w), respectively. Conclusion: The results indicated that knowledge gained from this study should be helpful to further exploit and apply this resource and also showed the feasibility of ultrasound-assisted extraction for obtaining GEGC, TP and TT from barks of S. adstrigens. PMID:24991110
Acute and Chronic Toxicity of an Aqueous Fraction of the Stem Bark of Stryphnodendron adstringens (Barbatimão) in Rodents.
Costa, Marco Antonio; Palazzo de Mello, João Carlos; Kaneshima, Edílson Nobuyoshi; Ueda-Nakamura, Tânia; Dias Filho, Benedito Prado; Audi, Elisabeth Aparecida; Nakamura, Celso Vataru
Stryphnodendron adstringens has a high tannin content and is used as an antiseptic and antimicrobial and in the treatment of leucorrhea, gonorrhea, wound healing, and gastritis. The present study evaluated the toxic effects of the heptamer prodelphinidin (F2) from the stem bark of S. adstringens in rodents. In the acute toxicity test, the mice that received oral doses exhibited reversible effects, with an LD50 of 3.015 mg · kg(-1). In the chronic toxicity test at 90 days, Wistar rats were treated with different doses of F2 (10, 100, and 200 mg · kg(-1)). In the biochemical, hematological, and histopathological examinations and open-field test, the different dose groups did not exhibit significant differences compared with controls. The present results indicate that F2 from the stem bark of S. adstringens caused no toxicity with acute and chronic oral treatment in rodents at the doses administered. PMID:23970938
Acute and Chronic Toxicity of an Aqueous Fraction of the Stem Bark of Stryphnodendron adstringens (Barbatimão) in Rodents
Costa, Marco Antonio; Palazzo de Mello, João Carlos; Kaneshima, Edílson Nobuyoshi; Ueda-Nakamura, Tânia; Dias Filho, Benedito Prado; Audi, Elisabeth Aparecida
Stryphnodendron adstringens has a high tannin content and is used as an antiseptic and antimicrobial and in the treatment of leucorrhea, gonorrhea, wound healing, and gastritis. The present study evaluated the toxic effects of the heptamer prodelphinidin (F2) from the stem bark of S. adstringens in rodents. In the acute toxicity test, the mice that received oral doses exhibited reversible effects, with an LD50 of 3.015 mg · kg−1. In the chronic toxicity test at 90 days, Wistar rats were treated with different doses of F2 (10, 100, and 200 mg · kg−1). In the biochemical, hematological, and histopathological examinations and open-field test, the different dose groups did not exhibit significant differences compared with controls. The present results indicate that F2 from the stem bark of S. adstringens caused no toxicity with acute and chronic oral treatment in rodents at the doses administered. PMID:23970938
[Generalist bees (Meliponina) and the reproductive success of the mass flowering tree Stryphnodendron pulcherrimum (Fabales: Mimosaceae) in the Atlantic Rainforest, Bahia].
Monteiro, Daniela; Ramalho, Mauro
It is controversial the role played by Meliponina bees in the pollination of mass flowering trees with small generalized flowers (FMPG), very common group of trees in the tropical forest canopy. The species richness and relative abundance of flower visiting insects of the mass flowering tree Stryphnodendron pulcherrimum were measured to test the hypothesis of tight ecological association between these generalist bees and FMPG and to evaluate the effect of this relationship upon the reproductive success variation among tree crowns. The flower visiting insects were sampled on 10 flowering tree crowns at the Atlantic Rainforest in southern Bahia. Altogether, 553 visiting insects were collected during the flowering period of S. pulcherrimum: 293 (52%) Meliponina bees out of 438 bees (79.4%). All tree crowns were visited by Meliponina, with the proportion of these bees ranging from 27% to 87%. The tight ecological association between FMPG trees and Meliponina bees is supported by the observed pattern of spatial relationship. Both the relationship between variation of fruit set among tree crowns and species richness (r = 0.3579; P = 0.3098) or relative abundance (r = 0.3070; P = 0.3881) of Meliponina were not statistically significant. Likely a threshold of minimum relative abundance combined with the absolute abundance of these bees explain the fruit set variation among tree crowns of S. pulcherrimum, even by self-pollination. We tested this assumption with a preliminary analysis of Melipona bee genera distribution among the tree crowns. PMID:20877986
Isolation of endophytic bacteria from arboreal species of the Amazon and identification by sequencing of the 16S rRNA encoding gene.
Coêlho, Mariza M; Ferreira-Nozawa, Monica S; Nozawa, Sérgio R; Santos, André L W
Endophytic bacteria from three arboreal species native to the Amazon (Carapa guianenses, Ceiba pentandra, and Swietenia macrophylla), were isolated and identified, through partial sequencing of the 16S rRNA encoding gene. From these, 16 isolates were obtained, although, when compared to sequences deposited in GenBank, only seven had produced identifiable fragments. Bacillus, Pantoea and two non-culturable samples were identified. Results obtained through sequence analysis revealed low genetic diversity across the isolates, even when analyzing different species and plant structures. This is the first report concerning the isolation and identification of endophytic bacteria in these plant species. PMID:22215973
Isolation of endophytic bacteria from arboreal species of the Amazon and identification by sequencing of the 16S rRNA encoding gene
Coêlho, Mariza M.; Ferreira-Nozawa, Monica S.; Nozawa, Sérgio R.; Santos, André L.W.
Endophytic bacteria from three arboreal species native to the Amazon (Carapa guianenses, Ceiba pentandra, and Swietenia macrophylla), were isolated and identified, through partial sequencing of the 16S rRNA encoding gene. From these, 16 isolates were obtained, although, when compared to sequences deposited in GenBank, only seven had produced identifiable fragments. Bacillus, Pantoea and two non-culturable samples were identified. Results obtained through sequence analysis revealed low genetic diversity across the isolates, even when analyzing different species and plant structures. This is the first report concerning the isolation and identification of endophytic bacteria in these plant species. PMID:22215973
Biting behaviour and potential vector status of anthropophilic blackflies in a new focus of human onchocerciasis at Minaçu, central Brazil.
Shelley, A J; Maia-Herzog, M; Dias, A P; Camargo, M; Costa, E G; Garritano, P; Lowry, C A
Monthly collections were made of man-biting female blackflies: Simulium auripellitum Enderlein, S. guianense Wise, S. minusculum Lutz and S. nigrimanum Macquart (Diptera: Simuliidae) from four catching stations in the newly discovered focus of human onchocerciasis at Minaçu (13 degrees 35 minutes S 48 degrees 18 minutes W), 300 km north of Brasília in Goiás State. These provided baseline data on biting habits, population density and seasonal prevalence during the year before completion of the Serra da Mesa hydroelectric dam on the Rio Tocantins near Minaçu, in a project investigating the effect of dam construction on onchocerciasis transmission in the area. All four simuliid species were most abundant during the dry season, and only bit in low numbers (S. auripellitum S. minusculum, S. nigrimanum) or were absent (S. guianense) in the wet season. Simulium minusculum was the predominant species at all catching stations, being particularly abundant by the large River Tocantins. The other three species were mainly associated with smaller rivers. In the dry season, biting rhythms of S. minusculum varied with catching site, while S. nigrimanum showed peaks of activity in early morning and during the afternoon. Experimental infection with Onchocerca volvulus (Leuckart) (Nematoda: Onchocercidae), from a human volunteer, showed that this parasite could develop fully in the four simuliid species, which are all considered to be potential vectors in the area. PMID:11297099
Inhibitory activity of α-amylase and α-glucosidase by plant extracts from the Brazilian cerrado.
Souza, Paula Monteiro de; Sales, Paloma Michelle de; Simeoni, Luiz Alberto; Silva, Elton Clementino; Silveira, Dâmaris; Magalhães, Pérola de Oliveira
Diabetes mellitus is the most common disease in the world. One therapeutic approach for treating diabetes is inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities to reduce postprandial blood glucose levels. In vitro tests showed that several plant extracts from Brazilian cerrado species can inhibit the activity of α-amylase and α-glucosidase. The extracts of Eugenia dysenterica, Stryphnodendron adstringens, Pouteria caimito, Pouteria ramiflora, and Pouteria torta showed strong α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Eugenia dysenterica, P. caimito, P. ramiflora, and P. torta aqueous extracts exerted the highest activity against α-amylase (IC₅₀) values of 14.93, 13.6, 7.08, and 5.67 µg/mL, respectively) and α-glucosidase (IC₅₀ values of 0.46, 2.58, 0.35, and 0.22 µg/mL, respectively). Stryphnodendron adstringens ethanol extract also exhibited inhibitory activity against both enzymes (IC₅₀) 1.86 µg/mL against α-amylase and 0.61 µg/mL against α-glucosidase). The results suggest that the activity of these cerrado plants on α-amylase and α-glucosidase represents a potential tool for development of new strategies for treatment of diabetes. PMID:22134849
Black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of French Guiana: cytotaxonomy and a preliminary list of species.
Hamada, N; Fouque, F
The objectives of the present study were to broaden the survey of simuliid species in French Guiana and to cytologically analyze the species in the Simulium perflavum species group. Twelve species of Simulium were collected from which S. goeldii, S. quadrifidum, S. trombetense, S. near incrustatum, S. metallicum (s.l.) sp1, S. metallicum (s.l.) sp2 and S. ochraceum (s.l.) are reported for the first time for this region. The only species collected in the S. perflavum group was S. rorotaense; 34 larvae of this species were cytologically analyzed, all of which had the standard sequence. S. metallicum (s.l.), S. ochraceum (s.l.), S. guianense (s.l.) and S. oyapockense (s.l.) are involved with transmission of onchocerciasis in Central and South America, however, in French Guiana these species were not found biting humans during the sampling period. With the few collections made during this study, we increase the number of simulid species known in French Guiana from 6 to 13. It is clear that more simuliid species can be expected to be found when more sampling is done, including collections in other ecoregions in French Guiana. PMID:11685261
Fungal Planet description sheets: 107-127.
Crous, P W; Summerell, B A; Shivas, R G; Burgess, T I; Decock, C A; Dreyer, L L; Granke, L L; Guest, D I; Hardy, G E St J; Hausbeck, M K; Hüberli, D; Jung, T; Koukol, O; Lennox, C L; Liew, E C Y; Lombard, L; McTaggart, A R; Pryke, J S; Roets, F; Saude, C; Shuttleworth, L A; Stukely, M J C; Vánky, K; Webster, B J; Windstam, S T; Groenewald, J Z
Novel species of microfungi described in the present study include the following from Australia: Phytophthora amnicola from still water, Gnomoniopsis smithogilvyi from Castanea sp., Pseudoplagiostoma corymbiae from Corymbia sp., Diaporthe eucalyptorum from Eucalyptus sp., Sporisorium andrewmitchellii from Enneapogon aff. lindleyanus, Myrmecridium banksiae from Banksia, and Pilidiella wangiensis from Eucalyptus sp. Several species are also described from South Africa, namely: Gondwanamyces wingfieldii from Protea caffra, Montagnula aloes from Aloe sp., Diaporthe canthii from Canthium inerne, Phyllosticta ericarum from Erica gracilis, Coleophoma proteae from Protea caffra, Toxicocladosporium strelitziae from Strelitzia reginae, and Devriesia agapanthi from Agapanthus africanus. Other species include Phytophthora asparagi from Asparagus officinalis (USA), and Diaporthe passiflorae from Passiflora edulis (South America). Furthermore, novel genera of coelomycetes include Chrysocrypta corymbiae from Corymbia sp. (Australia), Trinosporium guianense, isolated as a contaminant (French Guiana), and Xenosonderhenia syzygii, from Syzygium cordatum (South Africa). Pseudopenidiella piceae from Picea abies (Czech Republic), and Phaeocercospora colophospermi from Colophospermum mopane (South Africa) represent novel genera of hyphomycetes. Morphological and culture characteristics along with ITS DNA barcodes are provided for all taxa. PMID:23105159
In vitro acaricidal efficacy of plant extracts from Brazilian flora and isolated substances against Rhipicephalus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae).
Valente, Paula Pimentel; Amorim, Juliana Mendes; Castilho, Rachel Oliveira; Leite, Romário Cerqueira; Ribeiro, Múcio Flávio Barbosa
The tick Rhipicephalus microplus causes significant losses in livestock cattle and has developed increasing resistance to the primary acaricides that are used to treat these infections. The objective of this study was to identify new biomolecules or isolated substances showing acaricidal activity from plants. Larval packet tests were conducted to evaluate the effects of 11 species of plants and three isolated substances (betulinic acid, eugenol, and nerolidol) on R. microplus. An adult female immersion test was performed with the substance that showed the highest larvicidal activity, which was evaluated for inhibition of reproduction. Tests using Licania tomentosa, Hymenaea stigonocarpa, Hymenaea courbaril, Stryphnodendron obovatum, Jacaranda cuspidifolia, Jacaranda ulei, Struthanthus polyrhizus, Chrysobalanus icaco, Vernonia phosphorea, Duguetia furfuracea, and Simarouba versicolor extracts as well as the isolated substance betulinic acid indicated lower acaricidal effects on R. microplus larvae. The extract displaying the best larvicidal activity was the ethanolic extract from L. tomentosa at a concentration of 60%, resulting in a mortality rate of 40.3%. However, nerolidol and eugenol showed larvicidal activity, which was highest for eugenol. Nerolidol caused a 96.5% mortality rate in the R. microplus larvae at a high concentration of 30%, and eugenol caused 100% mortality at a concentration of 0.3%. In the adult immersion test, 5% eugenol was identified as a good biomolecule for controlling R. microplus, as demonstrated by its high acaricidal activity and inhibition of oviposition. PMID:24221889
[Discovery of Novel Biologically Active Compounds of Natural Origin, with a Focus on Anti-tumor Activity].
Yokosuka, Akihito
Numerous clinically valuable medicines, including anticancer drugs, have been developed from biologically active natural compounds and their structurally related derivatives. This review discusses novel natural compounds with promising biological activities and those with novel chemical structures. Glaziovianin A, an isoflavone isolated from the leaves of Ateleia glazioviana (Legminosae), inhibited cell cycle progression at the M-phase with an abnormal spindle structure. AU-1 and YG-1, 5β-steroidal glycosides isolated from the whole plants of Agave utahensis and the underground parts of Yucca glauca (Agavaceae), induced apoptosis of HL-60 cells via caspase-3 activation. Lycolicidinol, an alkaloid isolated from the bulbs of Lycoris albiflora (Amaryllidaceae), induced transient autophagy and morphological changes in mitochondria in the early stage of the apoptotic cell death process in HSC-2 cells. Taccasterosides isolated from the rhizomes of Tacca chantrieri (Taccaceae) and stryphnosides isolated from the pericarps of Stryphnodendron fissuratum (Legminosae) are steroidal and triterpene glycosides with unique chemical structures having novel sugar sequences. PMID:26423865
A review of poisonous plants that cause reproductive failure and malformations in the ruminants of Brazil.
Riet-Correa, Franklin; Medeiros, Rosane M T; Schild, Ana Lucia
The objective of this review is to provide a report on toxic plants causing reproductive problems in ruminants in Brazil. Aspidosperma pyrifolium causes abortion or stillbirth in goats, as well as most likely in sheep and cattle, in the semiarid regions of Northeastern Brazil. Intoxications by Ateleia glazioveana, Tetrapterys acutifolia and T. multiglandulosa result in abortion and neonatal mortality in cattle and sheep, and the same signs have been experimentally observed in goats. These three plants can also cause cardiac fibrosis and a nervous disease with spongiosis of the central nervous system. Other plants known to cause abortion include Enterolobium contortisiliquum, E. gummiferum, Stryphnodendron coriaceum, S. obovatum and S. fissuratum. These plants can also cause digestive signs and photosensitization. Abortions have been reported in animals intoxicated by nitrates and nitrites as well. Infertility, abortions and the birth of weak offspring have been reported in animals intoxicated by plants containing swainsonine, including Ipomoea spp., Turbina cordata and Sida carpinifolia. Trifolium subterraneum causes estrogenism in cattle. Mimosa tenuiflora and, most likely, M. ophthalmocentra cause malformations and embryonic mortality in goats, sheep and cattle in the semiarid regions of Northeastern Brazil. PMID:22147504
In vitro antimicrobial activity of Brazilian medicinal plant extracts against pathogenic microorganisms of interest to dentistry.
Pereira, Elizete Maria; Gomes, Rafael Tomaz; Freire, Natália Ribeiro; Aguiar, Evandro Guimarães; Brandão, Maria das Graças Lins; Santos, Vagner Rodrigues
This study evaluated the susceptibility of oral pathogenic microorganisms Candida albicans, Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus, and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans to Brazilian medicinal plant extracts of Schinus terebinthifolius (aroeira), Croton campestris (velame), Lafoensia pacari (pacari), Centaurium erythraea (centáurea), Stryphnodendron adstringens (barbatimão), and Anacardium humile (cajuzinho-docerrado), as compared to standardized antimicrobial agents (nystatin, chloramphenicol and tetracycline hydrochloride). Ethanol, hexane and butane fractions from stem barks, rinds, leaves, and/or roots were extracted and tested. Antimicrobial diffusion agar test and MIC were performed according to CLSI. After 24 h of incubation at 37 °C, the diameter of inhibition zones and spectrophotometer readings were measured and compared. The results were reported as means ± standard deviation (M ± SD). With the exception of five extracts that showed no antimicrobial activity, all the extracts tested showed antimicrobial activity, in different levels. This study suggests that extracts from the plants tested could be an alternative therapeutic option for infectious conditions of the oral cavity, such as denture stomatitis, dental caries, and periodontitis. PMID:20862640
Pollen grain morphology of Fabaceae in the Special Protection Area (SPA) Pau-de-Fruta, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
Luz, Cynthia F P da; Maki, Erica S; Horák-Terra, Ingrid; Vidal-Torrado, Pablo; Mendonça Filho, Carlos Victor
The presented paper considered the pollen morphology of thirteen species belonging to seven genera of the Fabaceae family occurring in the Pau-de-Fruta Special Protection Area (SPA), Diamantina, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The pollen grains of six species of Chamaecrista [C. cathartica (Mart.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby, C. debilis Vogel, C. flexuosa (L.) Greene, C. hedysaroides (Vogel) H.S. Irwin & Barneby, C. glandulosa (L.) Greene, and C. papillata H.S. Irwin & Barneby] have a similar morphology, characterized by three long colporated apertures with a central constriction. The species share specific morphological features regarding pollen size, endoaperture type (circular, lalongate or lolongate) and SEM ornamentation patterns of the exine (rugulate with perforations or perforate). Andira fraxinifolia Benth., Dalbergia miscolobium Benth, Galactia martii DC, Periandra mediterranea (Vell.) Taub., Senna rugosa (G.Don) H.S. Irwin & Barneby and Zornia diphylla (L.) Pers showed different pollen types in small to large size; oblate spheroidal to prolate form; colpus or colporus apertures; circular, lalongate or lolongate endoapertures and distinctive SEM ornamentation patterns of the exine (perforate, microreticulate, reticulate or rugulate with perforations). Only Stryphnodendron adstringens (Mart.) Coville presents polyads. The pollen morphology variation of these species allowed the Fabaceae family to be characterized as eurypalynous in the SPA Pau-de-Fruta. PMID:24346795
New trends in dentistry: plant extracts against Enterococcus faecalis. The efficacy compared to chlorhexidine.
Castilho, Adriana Lígia de; Saraceni, Cintia Helena Coury; Díaz, Ingrit Elida Collantes; Paciencia, Mateus Luís Barradas; Suffredini, Ivana Barbosa
Enterococcus faecalis is an important pathogen associated with endodontic diseases, and its elimination and control are of paramount importance, as it represents one of the major causes of failure in the treatment of endodontic disease. Twenty-five plant extracts obtained from Brazilian forests were found to be effective against planktonic E. faecalis and were subjected to two traditional antibacterial assays, the microdilution broth assay (MDBA) and the disk diffusion assay (DDA), using chlorhexidine (CHX) as a control. Seven out of 25 extracts showed significant antibacterial activity and were tested in a biofilm assay, and three of these extracts were subjected to chemical fractionation. Residues were tested for their antibacterial activity, and the first chemical findings were described based on thin layer chromatography (TLC). Extracts obtained from Ipomoea alba, Symphonia globulifera and Moronobea coccinea showed significant bactericidal activity in the MDBA. The same I. alba and S. globulifera extracts, as well as the extract obtained from Connarus ruber var. ruber, showed significant activity in the DDA. RH2O obtained from Psidium densicomum and Stryphnodendron pulcherrimum showed better antibacterial activity compared to the respective crude extracts and CHX. TLC analysis showed that phenolic compounds and triterpenes represent the first findings of chemical groups that may occur in all species. The results of the present study include the discovery of six active extracts against planktonic E. faecalis and support further testing via assays involving biofilm formation, as well as the determination of the compounds' chemical profiles, as their activity was significantly better than that observed for CHX. PMID:23538423
In vitro activity of Amazon plant extracts against Enterococcus faecalis
de Castilho, Adriana Lígia; da Silva, Juliana Paola Correa; Saraceni, Cintia Helena Coury; Díaz, Ingrit Elida Collantes; Paciencia, Mateus Luís Barradas; Varella, Antonio Drauzio; Suffredini, Ivana Barbosa
Previous studies analyzing 2,200 plant extracts indicated anti-enterococcal activity in 25 extracts obtained from Brazilian forests' plants. In the present study, these extracts were subjected to microdilution broth assay (MDBA) and disk diffusion assay (DDA) using planktonic Enterococcus faecalis ATCC® 29212™ and were submitted to phytochemical analysis in TLC and HPLC. Three extracts obtained from Ipomoea alba (MIC < 40 μg/mL), Diclinanona calycina (MIC ≤ 40 μg/mL) and Moronobea coccinea (40 < MIC < 80 μg/mL; MBC = 80 μg/mL) showed significant bactericidal activity in the MDBA and four extracts obtained from I. alba (14.04 ± 0.55 mm diameter) S. globulifera (14.43 ± 0.33 mm and 12.18 ± 0.28 mm diameter) and Connarus ruber var. ruber (13.13 ± 0.18 mm diameter) were active in DDA. Residues H2O obtained from Psidium densicomum (mean of 16.78 mm diameter) and from Stryphnodendron pulcherrimum (mean of 15.97 mm diameter) have shown an improved antibacterial activity after fractionation if compared to that obtained from the respective crude extracts. Antioxidant activity was observed in some residues of the active extracts. TLC analysis showed that phenolic compounds are likely to be found in active extracts. Three molecules were isolated from S. globulifera and were identified by 13C NMR lupeol, α-amyrin and 3β-hydroxyglutin-5-ene. The present chemical and biological findings suggest that these extracts are a potential source of new anti-Enterococcus compounds to be introduced in endodontic therapy. PMID:25477906
Inorganic profile of some Brazilian medicinal plants obtained from ethanolic extract and ''in natura'' samples
Ferreira, M.O.M.; de Sousa, P.T.; Salvador, V.L.R.; Sato, I.M.
The Anadenathera macrocarpa, Schinus molle, Hymenaea courbaril, Cariniana legalis, Solidago microglossa and Stryphnodendron barbatiman, were collected ''in natura'' samples (leaves, flowers, barks and seeds) from different commercial suppliers. The pharmaco-active compounds in ethanolic extracts had been made by the Mato Grosso Federal University (UFMT). The energy-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF) spectrometry was used for the elemental analysis in different parts of the plants and respective ethanolic extracts. The Ca, Cl, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Rb, S, Sr and Zn concentrations were determined by the fundamental parameters method. Some specimens showed a similar inorganic profile for ''in natura'' and ethanolic extract samples and some ones showed a distinct inorganic profile. For example, the Anadenathera macrocarpa showed a similar concentration in Mg, P, Cu, Zn and Rb elements in ''in natura'' and ethanolic extract samples; however very different concentration in Na, S, Cl, K , Ca, Mn, Fe and Sr was observed in distinctive samples. The Solidago microglossa showed the K, Ca, Cl, S, Mg, P and Fe elements as major constituents in both samples, suggesting that the extraction process did not affect in a considerable way the ''in natura'' inorganic composition. The elemental composition of the different parts of the plants (leaves, flowers, barks and seeds) has been also determined. For example, the Schinus molle specimen showed P, K, Cl and Ca elements as major constituents in the seeds, Mg, K and Sr in the barks and Mg, S, Cl and Mn in the leaves, demonstrating a differentiated elementary distribution. These inorganic profiles will contribute to evaluate the quality control of the Brazilian herbaceous trade and also will assist to identify which parts of the medicinal plants has greater therapeutic effect.
Cytotoxicity of Brazilian plant extracts against oral microorganisms of interest to dentistry
Background With the emergence of strains resistant to conventional antibiotics, it is important to carry studies using alternative methods to control these microorganisms causing important infections, such as the use of products of plant origin that has demonstrated effective antimicrobial activity besides biocompatibility. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of plant extracts of Equisetum arvense L., Glycyrrhiza glabra L., Punica granatum L. and Stryphnodendron barbatimam Mart. against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus mutans, Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, and Candida glabrata, and to analyze the cytotoxicity of these extracts in cultured murine macrophages (RAW 264.7). Methods Antimicrobial activity of plant extracts was evaluated by microdilution method based on Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI), M7-A6 and M27-A2 standards. The cytotoxicity of concentrations that eliminated the microorganisms was evaluated by MTT colorimetric method and by quantification of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and TNF-α) using ELISA. Results In determining the minimum microbicidal concentration, E. arvense L., P. granatum L., and S. barbatimam Mart. extracts at a concentration of 50 mg/mL and G. glabra L. extract at a concentration of 100 mg/mL, were effective against all microorganisms tested. Regarding cell viability, values were 48% for E. arvense L., 76% for P. granatum L, 86% for S. barbatimam Mart. and 79% for G. glabra L. at the same concentrations. About cytokine production after stimulation with the most effective concentrations of the extracts, there was a significant increase of IL-1β in macrophage cultures treated with S. barbatimam Mart. (3.98 pg/mL) and P. granatum L. (7.72 pg/mL) compared to control (2.20 pg/mL) and a significant decrease of TNF-α was observed in cultures treated with G. glabra L. (4.92 pg/mL), S. barbatimam Mart. (0.85 pg/mL), E. arvense L. (0.83 pg/mL), and P


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Saab Receives Order from FMV Regarding Gripen System
Defence and security company Saab has received an order amounting to 128 million kronor, approximately 14 million Euro, from FMV (the Swedish Defence Materiel Administration) for system maintenance regarding Gripen.
In accordance with the order from FMV, Saab will undertake continual maintenance and updates for the Gripen C/D in compliance with the Swedish Armed Forces' long-term planning for the Gripen system.
Saab will also maintain the Gripen C/D system's operational capability. The order includes technical support, product maintenance, flight testing and flight simulator operation to ensure the operational capability of the Gripen system.
The activities will be carried out during the second quarter of 2012.
Global Military and Civil Aircraft Industry 2016 Market Research Report
Saab serves the global market with world-leading products, services and solutions ranging from military defence to civil security. Saab has operations and employees on all continents and constantly develops, adopts and improves new technology to meet customers' changing needs.
Source : Saab AB (OMX Stockholm: SAAB B)
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Bonsucesso Samba Clube is a band formed in Pernambuco, Brazil. They've released two cds: "Bonsucesso Sambaclube" (ybmusic, 2003) and "Tem Arte Na Barbearia".
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Former President Bill Clinton gives President Barack Obama an "A" grade for his first month in office, but tells ABC News that Obama needs to put on a more positive face when speaking to the American people about the economy and must keep pressure on Republicans who try to obstruct his plans.
"Look, the American people, I think, know the president has tried to reach out to Republicans," Clinton told ABC News' Chris Cuomo. "And it takes two to tango. I think there are some of them who really believe that just-say-no politics is good politics.
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Dr Finbarr Livesey, POLIS, University of Cambridge, Julie Madigan, chief executive, The Manufacturing Institute and the Rt Hon Vince Cable MP discuss the findings of a new RSA/Lloyds Banking Group report on the future facing the UK's mid-sized manufacturers.
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When considering postgraduate study, you'll come across a variety of courses that may be suitable, depending on your level of education and study area of interest.
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A graduate certificate will build on the skills and knowledge you developed in your undergraduate degree, or help you develop vocational skills in a new area.
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"Bargaining or haggling" Aleppo Tourist Trap Tip by Robin020
Aleppo Tourist Traps: 11 reviews and 21 photos
Be aware that haggling down the price of any thing you buy,The seller,vendor mostly raise the price because the vendor knows very well the buyer will try to haggle it down. It is part of the culture,cloth,taking a taxi,souveniurs,even the hotel price...etc from 20% to 40%.Do your best do not be hesitate the vendor expect you to haggle ;)
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The expiry date ('best before ...') on the stockbottles (concentrated essences) reflects the shelf life of the brandy and not the flower essence itself. The energy of the flower essence has no known expiry date.
On the recommendation of Bach Flower Essence manufacturers stockbottles should not be used any longer than ten years. Miriana®Flowers supports this advice and recommends the customers not to keep their remedies longer.
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Those who suffer much from being unable to decide between two things, first one seeming right then the other. They are usually quiet people, and bear their difficulty alone, as they are not inclined to discuss it with others. Those who have not sufficient confidence in themselves to make their own decisions. They constantly seek advice from others, and are often misguided. (Scleranthus - The 12 Healers and other remedies 1936).


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I thought my writing was fairly polished, I thought I was getting enough input from fellow writers' critiques of my work in other writing groups and then ... I joined Critique Circle and my illusions (or should that be delusions?) just melted away!
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The Critique Circle Blog
Writer's Block -- What's the Big Deal?
-- by John Berkowitz
Thursday, 22 Feb at 23:58
Writer's block is like a forest fire. Sometimes it's best to let the fire burn itself out. In places like Yosemite people went to a lot of trouble to put out naturally-occurring forest fires to "save" them, but we have since realized that naturally-occurring forest fires have been burning unchecked for precisely as long as there have been nature, forests, and fire. Nature adapts; fires are part of the process, letting new growth access to sunlight and other arboreal sciencey things. It's the whole Circle of Life jazz. Interfering with it just futzes it up.
Same with writer's block.
Response from
25 Feb at 10:17
I'm with you. I have story in me busting to get out. Sometimes I don't know where to start, so I...
[read all 2 responses...]
How to Critique Diverse Writing: A Practical Lesson in Tolerance and Acceptance -- by jlgfellers
(Wed, 14 Feb at 23:57)
The Malleability of Myth -- by Rick Ellrod
(Tue, 6 Feb at 23:03)
Finding your Way Into your Characters Experience -- by Ilana Goldowitz Jimenez
(Sun, 28 Jan at 23:19)
The Missing Mentor -- by Rick Ellrod
(Thu, 19 Jan at 00:29)
Finding Your Vein As A Writer -- by David Neilson
(Mon, 26 Dec 2016 at 00:13)
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