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2350 Cleveland Lane S, Cambridge, MN 55008
About the Listing
3 bedrooms, 3 full baths with whirlpool, separate shower in master. Raised panel cabinetry. Hardwood floods. Stand on your deck or patio and look out over a beautiful back yard and pond. This home is sunny and bright, you will love the 4 season porch. Enjoy your large family room that walks out to the patio. No need to go downstairs to do laundry with a neat laundry room on main level. Home has freeze damage and needs a new roof-association only covers mowing & snow.
Lori Larson
Luella Spohn
Share Listing
Property Details for 2350 Cleveland Lane S, Cambridge, MN 55008
Bedrooms: 3
Bathrooms: 3 Full
Lot Size: 0.12 Acres
Lot Dimensions: 57x94
Year Built: 2003
Garage Dimensions: 2 car
Garage: Attached Garage
Style: (TH) Detached
Water: City Water/Connected
Sewer: City Sewer/Connected
Square Feet: 2688
Above Ground Sq Ft: 1698
Below Ground Sq Ft: 990 (approx)
Room Information for 2350 Cleveland Lane S, Cambridge, MN 55008
Main Floor
Living Room: 14x19
Dining Room: 12x12
Kitchen: 12x12
Bedroom 1: 13x14
Bedroom 2: 12x12
Informal Dining Room: 10x12
Foyer: 8x13
Four Season Porch: 12x14
Laundry: 8x8
Lower Floor
Family Room: 23x29
Bedroom 3: 11x13
Dining Room Description: Separate/Formal Dining Room, Informal Dining Room
Family Room Characteristics: Lower Level, Family Room
School Information for 2350 Cleveland Lane S, Cambridge, MN 55008
School District: Cambridge-Isanti
School District Phone: 763-689-6188
Interior Features for 2350 Cleveland Lane S, Cambridge, MN 55008
Appliances: Dishwasher
Air Cond: Central
Heating: Forced Air
Fireplaces: Yes
Basement: (990 sq Finished) Walkout, Finished (Livable), Day/Lookout Windows, Egress Windows
Exterior Features for 2350 Cleveland Lane S, Cambridge, MN 55008
Lot Description: Irregular Lot
Lot Dimensions: 57x94
Roof: Asphalt Shingles, Age Over 8 Years
Zoning: Residential-Single
Financial Considerations for 2350 Cleveland Lane S, Cambridge, MN 55008
Tax Amount: $4,494
Taxes w/Assessments: $4,494
Tax/Property ID: 151481560
Tax Year: 2016
Monthly Payment = $0
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Computational Modelling in Behavioural Neuroscience
Edited by Dietmar Heinke Eirini Mavritsaki
Format: Hardback
Normal Price: $200.00
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Computational Modelling in Behavioural Neuroscience by Dietmar Heinke
Book DescriptionClassically, behavioural neuroscience theorizes about experimental evidence in a qualitative way. However, more recently there has been an increasing development of mathematical and computational models of experimental results, and in general these models are more clearly defined and more detailed than their qualitative counter parts. These new computational models can be set up so that they are consistent with both single neuron and whole-system levels of operation, allowing physiological results to be meshed with behavioural data - thus closing the gap between neurophysiology and human behaviour. There is considerable diversity between models with respect to the methodology of designing a model, the degree to which neurophysiological processes are taken into account and the way data (behavioural, electrophysiological, etc) constrains a model. This book presents examples of this diversity and in doing so represents the state-of-art in the field through a unique collection of papers from the world's leading researchers in the area of computational modelling in behavioural neuroscience. Based on talks given at the third Behavioural Brain Sciences Symposium, held at the Behavioural Brain Sciences Centre, University of Birmingham, in May 2007, the book appeals to a broad audience, from postgraduate students beginning to work in the field to experienced experimenters interested in an overview.
Buy Computational Modelling in Behavioural Neuroscience book by Dietmar Heinke from Australia's Online Bookstore, Boomerang Books.
Book DetailsISBN: 9781841697383
(234mm x 156mm x mm)
Pages: 376
Imprint: Psychology Press Ltd
Publisher: Taylor & Francis Ltd
Publish Date: 3-Apr-2009
Country of Publication: United Kingdom
Other Editions...
Books By Author Dietmar Heinke
Computational Modelling in Behavioural Neuroscience, Paperback (October 2012)» View all books by Dietmar Heinke
This edited work represents the state-of-the-art in the field through a unique collection of papers from the world's leading researchers in the area of computational modelling in behavioural neuroscience.
» Have you read this book? We'd like to know what you think about it - write a review about Computational Modelling in Behavioural Neuroscience book by Dietmar Heinke and you'll earn 50c in Boomerang Bucks loyalty dollars (you must be a member - it's free to sign up!)
Author Biography - Dietmar Heinke
Dietmar Heinke is a senior lecturer at the School of Psychology, University of Birmingham. His research interests include developing computational models for a broad range of psychological phenomena. Eirini Mavritsaki is a research fellow at the University of Birmingham investigating the cognitive functions using models of spiking neurons.
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subset: commoncrawl


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And Now Back To Okay Pictures Of Jessica Simpson In A Bikini
Jessica Simpson bikini photos, anyone? More »
Jessica Simpson bikini photos, anyone? More »
Katie Holmes and Jamie Foxx are the Anti-Swoki. [Lainey Gossip]
Johnny Depp's scarves were almost the last thing Joe Perry saw. [Dlisted]
Calvin Harris is banging who? [TMZ]
Hey good cops, you know more assholes like this. Weed them out. [Newser]
Your morning links. … More »
Mischa Barton almost didn't pose in a bikini on a yacht that's how much her heart aches. More »
Gwen Stefani and Blake Shelton's relationship sells albums. [Lainey Gossip]
Yesterday was a great day to be Russell Wilson's penis. [Dlisted]
Antonio Sabato Jr. has thoughts on Emailgate. [TMZ]
Trump's America will closely resemble Saddam's Iraq. [Newser]
Your morning links. … More »
Selena Gomez escaped Taylor Swift's friend dungeon. [Lainey Gossip]
Ciara thinks Future wants to murder Russell Wilson. [Dlisted]
Teyana Taylor: God Breast America [TMZ]
Everybody hates this stupid white lady's book about the Congo. [Newser]
Your morning links. … More »
Miley Cyrus is Liam Hemsworth's 401K. [Lainey Gossip]
Drake might've knocked up Rihanna. [Dlisted]
Ryan Seacrest is banging this now. [TMZ]
Live by the metal dick, accidentally kill your family by the metal dick. [Newser]
Your morning links. … More »
Demi Lovato's butt will declare our Independence Day. More »
No one will ask Johnny Depp about Amber Heard. [Lainey Gossip]
GOOP can't believe you hated her more than Chris Brown. [Dlisted]
Nick Young's baby mama is already selling stories. [TMZ]
Your morning links. … More »
Taylor Swift is screwing Loki's shot at Bond. [Lainey Gossip]
Tyga moved into Kylie Jenner's house already. [Dlisted]
If Kanye becomes a billionaire, humanity's fucked. [TMZ]
PSA: Elsa Hosk's ass is fantastic. [Egotastic]
Your morning links. … More »
Calvin Harris is super sorry, paps. Please don't go! [Lainey Gossip]
Jon Snow threw down in McDonald's before GoT audition. [Dlisted]
Tiger Woods has to be missing these. [TMZ]
Charlotte McKinney in lingerie. [Last Men on Earth]
Your morning links. … More »


text: When you download an application like sublime text editor or any application that can run by just pressing on the file type "executable (application/x-executable)". What is the proper why to install it? I already created a desktop icon so I can run it from there, but should a global variable be set so you can run it from the command line in any directory? And if so what is the proper terminology so I can search on how to set the variable?


text:
Salted Caramel Banana Bread
Drizzled and stuffed with salted caramel, this banana bread is perfectly decadent.
Total Time:
Level: Easy
- 1/2 c. butter, melted, plus more for buttering pan
- 1 c. all-purpose flour, plus more for dusting pan
- 1 tsp. baking soda
- 1/4 tsp. kosher salt
- 3/4 c. sugar
- 1/4 c. buttermilk
- 1 tsp. vanilla extract
- 1 large egg plus 1 egg yolk
- 4 super ripe bananas, 3 mashed and 1 sliced
- 1/2 c. caramel, plus more for drizzling
- Preheat oven to 350 degrees F and butter and flour a 9-x-5" loaf pan.
- In a large bowl, whisk together flour, baking soda, and salt.
- In another large bowl, combine sugar, butter, buttermilk, vanilla, egg and egg yolk until smooth. Pour wet ingredients over dry and stir until combined, then fold in mashed bananas and caramel.
- Transfer batter to prepared baking dish and scatter with banana slices. Bake until deeply golden and a toothpick comes out clean, about 60 minutes. Let cool at least 10 minutes before serving.
- Drizzle with caramel.
More From Recipes


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|Message view
|« Date » · « Thread »
|« Date » · « Thread »
|"Reinhard Poetz" <reinh...@apache.org>
|RE: Castor support in Cocoon (was: Building cocoon: where are block descriptions?)
|Mon, 29 Sep 2003 06:22:21 GMT
> From: Carsten Ziegeler > > Reinhard Poetz wrote: > > > > > PS Speaking of which, can somebody enlighten me as to why the > > > CastorTransformer still is part of the scratchpad > > > block. And what would it take to move it to its separate block ? > > > > I remember we already discussed this before 2.1 was released and we > > said that we didn't want a block so short before the release. > > > > Secondly, the new portal stuff uses Castor too and the two > approaches > > should be unified. Carsten, do you have any suggestions (I think it > > was you who suggested this). > > > Hmm, I'm not sure if I suggested this...weak memory. > But the portal uses a persistence component (persistent the > portal profile in an xml doc and vice versa) and this > component uses Castor. This is a general component which > perhaps could be used from the > transformer? Yep, I think this is what you've proposed. So we can put the complete castor stuff into a new 'castor' block, containing the transformer and the "persistence component" and maybe a generator. The new portal block will then depend on this castor block. Is this okay for you? Reinhard
|View raw message


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Sibelius 7 (PC/Mac)
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The latest generation of the world's best-selling music notation software, Avid Sibelius 7 is sophisticated enough to meet the demands of top composers, arrangers, and publishers, yet simple enough for beginners and students. Work quickly with the brand-new, task-oriented user interface. Experience your scores in stunning clarity with the exclusive, professional-quality sound library. Collaborate more easily thanks to full MusicXML interchange support and other sharing options. And view beautiful, print-quality scores with advanced typography and graphics support. Designed by musicians for musicians, Sibelius 7 is the fastest, smartest, easiest way to write music. You can even take your scores on the go with the Avid Scorch app for iPad.
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not 424 retailers nor anyone on eBay,
but please don't worry even if it hurts,
you can look for alternatives or


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Arts, Literature, Education, Society & Culture, HistoryFollow
A poem each day, plus literary and historical notes from this day in history
May 13th, 2015
Episode 213 of 867 episodes
There was a show on TV called You Asked For It. Viewers would write in and ask to see unusual things, such as the world's greatest slingshot expert. I watched it every week on our humble Motorola, although the only episode I can remember now is the one about the slingshot expert. He was a... Read more »
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Welcome to the daily audio workout for your head.


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Hotel or Entity. Novotel Jakarta Gajah Mada is a 4 star hotel with 235 luxury guest rooms. Novotel Jakarta Gajah Mada....Read more
Hotel De Paviljoen Bandung offers a unique Colonial contemporary style decor with Bandung's street lifestyle atmosphere to create an ideal setting for your stay...Read more
Hotel or Entity all seasons Jakarta Thamrin Managed hotel City JAKARTA State Java Country Indonesia Located in central Jakarta within the Central...Read more
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Mayo Clinic Connect
Posts: 1
Joined: Mar 16, 2012
Posted by @jrv in Just Want to Talk, Mar 16, 2012
I have been using a walker for 5 years due to spinal stenosis (lumbar). What is wobenzym N? @lizochka
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Pakurumo Entertainment: Nigerian Leading Entertainment News Website; Latest Celebrity News, Nollywood Gossip, politics, Fashion, Sport.
Tuesday, 26 April 2016
MASSOB to Buhari: End Fulani herdsmen attacks on S-East in 30days or…
MASSOB (Movement for the Actualization of Sovereign States of Biafra) has given president Buhari 30 days to end attacks on innocent Nigerian s by Fulani herdsmen or face its wrath ..
The group which said it is worried by the inability of the federal government to stop the increasing destruction of farmlands, raping of women, armed robbery, kidnapping, as well as killing of innocent Nigerians by Fulani herdsmen, accused President Buhari of protecting the attackers who are his kinsmen.
National Director of Information of MASSOB, Sunny Okereafor who handed the ultimatum in an interview with journalists in Aba, said
"MASSOB is worried that Fulani herdsmen have become very daring in their attacks since President Buhari came to power. We are not saying Buhari is their sponsor, but his silence over the attacks is suspicious. MASSOB is giving Buhari 30 days ultimatum to stop the attacks or face our wrath. "Again, we are warning Fulani herdsmen and their sponsors to withdraw from Biafra land. They should count Igbo land out of their Islamization policy. We are also warning Ndigbo to remain at alert as these Fulani herdsmen are terrorists posing as herdsmen. Soon, they will pay for all their atrocities against the people of Biafra."
Okereafor who disclosed that that his group has set up a committee to monitor the activities of Fulani herdsmen in Igbo land, added that MASSOB would be forced to abandon her non violent policy to protect Biafrans if the federal government refuses to check the invasion of its communities by the herdsmen.
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Vinyl stickers
Found: 142 products← Back to category "Stickers"
Allbiz trust company
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3 D stickers for floor
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Description: Carver electric is based on high quality work at reasonable rates. When you call, we answer or get right back to. No more trying to track your con...more
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Letters Section Editor: Robert M. Golub,
MD, Senior Editor.
To the Editor: We would like to raise a few
concerns about the article by Dr Blazing and colleagues.1 First,
we are interested in the proportion of patients in the unfractionated heparin
group who were able to achieve therapeutic anticoagulation with the relatively
low-dose anticoagulation regimen. A recent study by Raschke et al2 showed inadequate rates of anticoagulation with unfractionated
heparin in large trials that compared it with low-molecular-weight heparins.
Lack of differences in efficacy or safety could be attributable to underdosing
of unfractionated heparins rather than to equivalence. It would also be useful
to know the dose adjustment regimen for unfractionated heparin infusion used
in such high-risk unstable angina patients receiving multiple antiplatelet
Kanna B, Sharma P. Enoxaparin vs Unfractionated Heparin in Acute Coronary Syndrome. JAMA. 2004;292(16):1952-1953. doi:10.1001/jama.292.16.1952-b
© 2017


text:
As one door closes on 'The Secret Circle,' another door opens, and though Chance Harbor is currently down one hunky blond Armstrong brother, a replacement has already blown into town to fill the void.
Chris Zylka plays Jake, an enigmatic bad boy who outwardly seems to want nothing to do with his dead brother's circle, but whose presence in their lives is far from coincidental. As we discovered at the end of last week's episode, Jake is in cahoots with a ruthless group of witch hunters, and seems determined to exact revenge on the town's witches for the death of his parents. Drama!
Despite his thirst for vengeance, Jake seems undeniably drawn to a member of the circle he's targeting, and when we spoke to Zylka, we couldn't resist asking about his character's connection to the seemingly irresistible Cassie, as well as Jake's tumultuous past with Adam and Phoebe. Hit the jump for more.
Spoilers ahead.


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...you...a family? don't be absurd
Of course you are! and yes, i've noticed a lot of places tend to only refer to families by surname if it has a male-adult...blergh
I think you need to find a really obscure parenting thing you love (for me, it was babywearing :P ) and then randomly start meeting up with people who have a similar love. And...well thats how i managed to create real-family branches.
[ok, non-bio family branches. but biology means diddly squat in this house. :-) ]


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text:
Quite possibly, this is either the best or worse idea we've ever had! We've been trying to get this going since last year, and with the recent entry into DST we can finally start: HIKE & HAPPY HOUR!
The idea is simple: like Tuesday's ice cream hikes, the goal is to make sure you EARN the right to enjoy a glass of beer or wine. Trust me, it does taste that much better after walking 6 miles with over 20 pounds of weight on your back.
Las Cruces has plenty of local-ish microbreweries (De La Vegas's, Mimbres Valley Tap Room, High Desert) and vinters (St. Claire's, Luna Rossa's, etc) we could visit on a rotating, weekly basis, each with a wide selection of libations.
The La Llorna trail is a flat, gravel-bed trail along the Rio Grande. The portion we'll be hiking starts at Calle de Norte in Mesilla, and goes to the Picacho Avenue La Llorna trail head.
This trail is completely flat (i.e. easy). Consider bringing weights, etc to make sure you have a workout, and please bring a flashlight (I don't plan on using them but it can't hurt to be prepared).
Directions to the trail head (assuming you're coming from Interstate 10):
Please see the map, particularly the satellite imagery on Google Maps (zoom in! at low zoom levels, the satellite image is out-of-date!), below to orient yourselves! Unfortunately there are not really signs, and it's difficult to see things in the dark. We'll try to have someone idling at the levee to direct people towards the trail head. Please keep the number in the comments and call if you have any trouble.
Note: it takes to long to walk 9+ mi and have time to do things in the evening (Friday is a work day and all), so we'll be turning around earlier than we have been at the Picacho Ave La Llorna trail head (where the rest rooms are) for a total of 6–7 mi. Again, please find ways to make this more difficult!
DISTANCE is ~6–7 mi, out and back.
ELEVATION GAIN is essentially zero, unfortunately
FEES: None. Of course, if you carpool, please compensate your driver for gas!
DURATION: 2–3 hours. Should finish by 8:30–9:00 pm.
PET FRIENDLY? Yes. Bring a muzzle (you shouldn't need be told to bring a proper leash), and if you'd like to unleash, ask others before you do so.
SKILL LEVEL is unbelievably beginner friendly. Please find a way to make it more difficult (weights, etc).
TERRAIN paved asphalt trail as well as a sections of gravel-bed trail.
WEATHER is TBD
AFTERWARDS is TBA; we'll decide during the hike.
MEET at:
MORE information:
Hi did this walk happen? I got off work a little late and got there at 6 and did most of it but never ran into anyone... oh well! : )
0 · March 28, 2013
All this responsibility so soon? I know right? Luckily it just means that I will show up and do some walking. Keen and I will gladly receive you on this awesome journey that will hopefully end in beer, as most great adventures should! Come out and join us you spectacular guys and gals!
0 · March 26, 2013
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"Snorkelling" Phi Phi Islands Tip by XLH
Phi Phi Islands, Phuket: 79 reviews and 172 photos
The equipment is usually provided by the tour agency, it includes snorkelling masks, fins and the essential life jackets, which is recommended even for swimmers as it can take away the need for maintaining your position in the water to focus on the marine life.
Touching real life corals and the feeling of fish swimming by is an experience that can't be beat, especially for nature/animal lovers. And the beauty of marine life is just so amazing, you gotta see it for yourself to appreciate it!
Address: Phi Phi Islands
Directions: From the Royal Marina
Website: http://www.tourismthailand.com
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We have reported a while back that music director Anirudh Ravichander was replaced by Mickey J Meyer for Nithin – Trivikram's much anticipated flick, A..Aa.
According to the latest sources art director Rajeevan and well known DOP Natarajan Subramanian have left the project midway as well. Now, Natarajan has been reportedly replaced by DOP Dudley, who has previously worked for SRK's Dilwale.
The film is progressing at a brisk pace and stars Samantha as the leading lady. Haarika and Hassine Creations are bankrolling the flick.
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text:
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Please double check your phone number, if it is incorrect we will be unable to contact you.
We aim to get back to you within the hour, during shop hours (please see store details), to confirm your reservation. If you do not hear from us then please resend the request.
Originally composed for Soprano or Tenor Saxophone with Chamber Orchestra, presented here with a Piano reduction of the orchestral material. Suitable for ABRSM exams.
French saxophonists Marcel Mule and Jean-Marie Londeix compile an essential addition to the Soprano Saxophone repertoire. Including pieces by J. S. Bach, Boccherini, Couperin, Gluck, Leclair, Handel, Lully, Rameau, Philidor and Schubert, Mule and Londeix ensure that a range of famous works are accessible to intermediate to advanced Tenor Saxophone players.
This book for Soprano/Tenor Saxophone contains pieces for the Grade 1-3 level player.
This substantial four-movement sonata, Hall Of Mirrors can be played on tenor or soprano sax with piano.
Commissioned by and dedicated to John Harle. This work was first performed on 23 November 1988. Suitable for ABRSM exams.
Mass for SATB Choir, Organ and Soprano Saxophone.


text:
Bathroom tile cleaner
Explore related topics
Learn how to clean your dirty, dingy grout with this simple homemade grout cleaner! All you need is baking soda and bleach!
3-Ingredient Natural Grout and Tile Cleaner - keeps tiles spotless & grime-free without chemicals
I tried this today! I actually like cleaning.....exception being the tub! this works!! i soaked my tub & tile with this mix and let it sit for about 2 hours...worked great!! ~~~Homemade Bathroom Cleaner. Equal parts blue Dawn and white vinegar. Heat vinegar in microwave till hot. Add Dawn. Mix and pour into spray bottle.
Cleaning the bathroom
Homemade Grout Cleaner- Getting down on all fours to scrub out your tub while breathing in toxic fumes is not fun. As one can imagine, inhaling these chemicals is not good for your lungs. Make your own homemade grout cleaner mixing up a ratio of 1/2 cup of baking soda, 1/4 cup hydrogen peroxide, and 1 teaspoon of liquid dish soap. Shake it all.
Easiest way to get super clean tiles in your kitchen, bathroom, or any tiled floor in your home! All you need is water, baking soda and vinegar. http://www.ehow.com/how_5616699_clean-floors-baking-soda-peroxide.html?utm_source=pinterest.com&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=freestyle&utm_campaign=fanpage
How to Quickly Clean Tile (23) copy
Homemade tub, tile, and grout cleaner - 1/2c baking soda 1/4c hydrogen peroxide. 1tsp Dawn.
Strip the gunk off your tile floors and leave them smelling clean and fresh with this heavy duty cleaner!
1/2 cup baking soda, 1/4 cup hydrogen peroxide and 1 teaspoon of liquid dish soap.


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Clinical Network Services (CNS) Pty Ltd
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Fast2First is a suite of clinical research services through a network of Phase 1 units, Clinics and Hospitals across Australia and New Zealand.
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Program Management
There are many critical success factors that must be in place to run a top notch program. Organizational goals are typically defined based on productivity targets, budget management, regulatory compliance and responsiveness to customers and stakeholders.
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Education & Schools Resources
Free additional online resources for Cambridge International A Level Literature in English.
Download free online resources pack
An exciting suite of resources designed to provide comprehensive support for the Cambridge International AS and A Level Literature in English syllabus (9695 for first examination in 2016). The resources are also perfect supplementary materials for Cambridge AS Language and Literature (8695), the Cambridge Pre-U Literature syllabus, or any other Literature course at advanced level.
A full-colour Coursebook provides the core teaching of the subject. It is written by an examiner and best-selling Cambridge author and provides 34 carefully-crafted units, divided into sections to cover poetry, prose and drama at AS and A Level, and practise skills and techniques. The online teacher's resource provides a wide variety of interactive and printable resources for teachers with accessible guidance to help your students achieve success in Literature studies at advanced level.
*The free additional online resources have not been through the Cambridge endorsement process.
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mecc interiors inc.
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mecc interiors inc. specializes in Residential Design, Renovations, and New Builds. Full service design including consultation, full design plans, kitchen & bath design, project management and procurement, materials, finishes and furnishings selections, window treatments, and art and accessories.
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Out with the old and in with the new? That depends…Your "old" bathroom is screaming for an
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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Sep 29, 1998
|Filing date
|Oct 7, 1994
|Priority date
|Oct 7, 1994
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Anthony John Appleby
|Original Assignee
|Appleby; Anthony John
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (27), Referenced by (98), Classifications (23), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates generally to the field of catalysis for the reduction of emissions from internal combustion engines. More particularly, the present invention relates to a method and apparatus for heating a catalyst by spontaneous combustion of hydrogen introduced into the catalyst. More particularly still, the present invention relates to the conditioning through preheating of a standard three-way or two-way catalytic monolith in a vehicle powered by an internal combustion engine, such as an automobile.
The control and suppression of unwanted emissions created by the operation of an internal combustion engine is a primary consideration for engine designers and vehicle manufacturers because of nearly world-wide governmental requirements regarding acceptable emission levels. Over eighty percent (80%) of the unacceptable emissions or pollutants created by internal combustion engines equipped with catalytic converters occur during cold start operations. These pollutants are emitted for a period of one to three minutes after cold engine starting, in large part because that is the time period required for the catalyst to reach an efficient operating temperature. Therefore, even though the engine exhaust is flowing through the catalytic converter, until the exhaust heats the catalytic converter to its operating range from engine start up, the exhaust flow is only slightly catalyzed during that time period.
In order to meet governmental emission standards for internal combustion engine exhaust, a catalytic converter is located in the exhaust stream of the engine. The converter typically includes a canister holding a suitable catalyst, such as a three-way catalytic converter (TWC) catalyst monolith, that will oxygenate unburned, unacceptable components in the exhaust stream including hydrocarbons ("HC"), their partially oxidized derivatives such as aldehydes and carbon monoxide ("CO"), and at the same time reducing nitrogen oxides ("NOx "), after almost stoichiometric fuel burn with oxygen in the cylinders of the engine. The exhaust gas is passed through the catalyst monolith, thereby completing the oxygenation of unburned HC and CO, and the reduction of NOx in the exhaust to convert these unacceptable emissions into acceptable emissions. Certain unacceptable emissions in the exhaust stream, including unburned hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide, require an oxidation reaction to destroy them so that they end up as the corresponding oxides, e.g. water and carbon dioxide. On the other hand, NOx requires a reduction reaction to develop N2 and O2. In fact, the O2 product of this reduction contributes to the oxidation of the HC and CO in the exhaust.
TWC catalysts are currently formulated and designed to be effective over a specific operating range of both lean and rich fuel/air conditions and a specific operating temperature range. These particulate catalyst compositions enable optimization of the conversion of HC, CO, and NOx. This purification of the exhaust stream by the catalytic converter is dependent on the temperature of the exhaust gas and the catalytic converter works optimally at an elevated temperature, generally at or above 300� C. The time span between when the exhaust emissions begin (i.e., "cold start"), until the time when the substrate heats up sufficiently for the catalyst to work efficiently, is generally referred to as the light-off time. Light-off temperature is generally defined as the temperature at which fifty percent (50%) of the emissions from the engine are being converted as they pass through the catalyst.
The conventional method of heating the catalytic converter is to heat the catalyst by contact with high temperature exhaust gases from the engine. This heating, in conjunction with the exothermic nature of the oxidation reaction occurring at the catalyst, will bring the catalyst to light-off temperature. However, until the light-off temperature is reached, the exhaust gas passes through the catalyst relatively unchanged. In addition, the composition of the engine exhaust changes as the engine heats from the cold start temperature, and the catalyst is designed to work best with the composition of the exhaust stream present at the normal elevated engine operating temperature.
There have been several attempts to shorten or avoid the time between cold start and light-off of the catalytic converter. Current techniques employ one or more of the following methods: electrical heating of the exhaust gases and/or of the catalytic converter itself; thermal insulation; multi-chambered configurations of the catalytic converter; and/or placing the catalytic converter adjacent to the engine for heating. All of these methods have drawbacks and limitations.
Placing the catalytic converter almost immediately adjacent to the engine is not feasible because of the tendency to overheat the catalyst with resulting accelerated degradation of the catalyst due to excessive heat. Thermal insulation is also not an acceptable option because of the same problems, especially during operation under maximum operating temperature ranges.
Electrical heating of catalytic converters ("EHC") has been a popular proposed method of attempting to preheat the catalyst monoliths. Limitations on the equipment and process, however, affect the utility of this method. The primary limitation on electrical preheating is the electrical energy required by the heater. The typical car battery is not a practical power source to supply the electrical power because the electrical load on the vehicle battery during the period required may exceed the rated battery output. In any event, the load placed on a typical 12 volt vehicle battery will shorten the lifetime of the battery. Also, there is a measurable delay between the time the operator of the vehicle places the ignition switch in the "on" position and the time the heater brings the catalyst to light-off temperature.
Typically, in the interval between start up and light-off, the exhaust stream is oxygen deficient. Because the catalyst requires oxygen to complete the catalytic reaction, supplemental air must be blown over the catalyst. Even when using a secondary air flow to overcome oxygen deficiency, the secondary air flow must be closely controlled to avoid an excess of oxygen, in which case the catalytic converter is less effective in reducing NOx. However, it should be noted that NOx contributes a very small portion of unacceptable emissions when an engine is cold; most of the emissions that must be dealt with comprise HC and CO and the like.
An alternative to battery powered electrical heating has been to decrease the strain on the power supply by supplying the power directly from an alternator rather than directly from the vehicle battery. An alternator powered, electrically heated catalyst ("APEHC") still requires a 5 to 10% increase in battery capacity to cope with the EHC start-up scenario. Even with the APEHC system, there still is a concern with respect to battery capacity because electric heating is needed for an extended period of time, i.e., more than 25-30 seconds. In addition, the maximum alternator power output required in the APEHC system requires a complicated switching mechanism and an altered alternator speed between 3,000 and 4,500 rpm during the heat up time period, and the alternator must be oversized.
The multi-chamber configurations of catalytic converters generally conform to one of two theories. In one multi-chamber configuration, a small portion of catalyst known as a "starter catalyst" is positioned upstream from the primary catalyst. This "starter catalyst" is generally closer to the exhaust manifold. This location, in conjunction with a smaller thermal mass associated with its smaller size, causes the catalyst to heat much more quickly than a single catalyst. This configuration, however, is generally unacceptable because the starter catalyst in the exhaust stream creates a higher back pressure which reduces the overall engine efficiency and robs the engine of power output.
Another method of providing multiple chambers in the exhaust flow includes a first catalyst having low temperature characteristics used only during cold start conditions, and, after the catalyst temperature ranges rise to a selected elevated level, the exhaust gas flow is switched to pass through the conventional catalytic converter configuration. A variation of this approach is to run all cold start emissions through a separate absorber (such as zeolite or a metal sieve-type substance) wherein unacceptable emissions are captured and later released back into the exhaust stream. This method, however, is impractical because of the complicated switching mechanism used to divert flow to the absorber, the size and space requirements of the absorber, and the impracticality of releasing the unacceptable emissions from the absorber back into the exhaust stream.
Finally, one method runs the engine excessively rich in the cold start condition and ignites the resulting super-rich mixture to directly heat the catalyst. This approach has proved wholly unreliable and has other serious drawbacks, including reduced engine and catalyst life.
To date, there has not been a catalytic converter heating system which gives almost instantaneous heating of the catalytic converter without the inherent drawbacks stated above.
Thus, there remains a need for an improved catalytic converter system that reduces ineffective catalytic action immediately after cold start-up of an engine. Such a system must be simple and must not reduce the rated lifetime of the engine, the catalytic converter, or the battery components of the vehicle.
Accordingly, the present invention provides a method and apparatus for reducing undesirable emissions from an internal combustion engine by using a gas that spontaneously combusts in the presence of a catalyst to heat the catalyst into its operating range in a minimal amount of time. In a preferred embodiment, the catalyst is heated by providing a controlled flow of hydrogen and a source of oxygen, such as air, into the exhaust line or pipe, preferably at a point between the engine manifold and the catalytic converter. The hydrogen combusts with the oxygen in the presence of the catalyst to produce water. This exothermic combustion provides localized heat at the catalyst which raises the temperature of the catalyst material.
The hydrogen is preferably supplied from an electrolyzer on board the vehicle which is supplied with DC power from the vehicle's alternator via an AC/DC converter. Such an electrolyzer produces hydrogen and oxygen from water. The oxygen so produced is vented while the hydrogen is accumulated during non-cold engine operations for release during engine start up and cold operating conditions. Sufficient hydrogen may be stored in a hydride such as LaNi5 or FeTi or may be accumulated in a pressure tank or other container such that there is hydrogen for several starts. The source of water may be distilled water; however, windshield washer fluid may also be used to eliminate the need for another storage facility for water.
It is well recognized by those of skill in the art of catalytic converter design that some monolith compositions more quickly and easily reach light-off temperatures than others. Consequently, the present invention is especially advantageous when applied to catalysts that are difficult to bring to light-off temperature by applying a small layer or film of a material that, is more reactive to hydrogen and is thus more rapidly heated by spontaneous combustion of hydrogen. Such a layer or film could be applied to a face of the slow-heating monolith or could be distributed throughout the converter, as design requirements dictate. Rapid exothermic heating of the applied catalyst quickly brings the entire structure to a temperature at which normal, efficient catalytic action occurs.
In another preferred embodiment of the invention, a small amount of stored hydrogen may be supplied to the fuel injection system of the vehicle to assist in cold starts. This allows instant firing of the engine, even with fuels with low vapor pressure, such as methanol, ethanol, or low Reid vapor pressure gasoline.
These and other features and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following description when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the apparatus of the present invention for heating a catalytic converter;
FIG. 2 is an exploded view of a preferred electrolyzer that may be employed in the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic of a hydrogen capturing and handling detail of the system of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a schematic of a test setup to assist in the determination of the ideal parameters of a system functioning in accordance with the teachings of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a sectional view of a simplified representation of a catalytic converter monolith showing air and hydrogen flow in the axial direction;
FIGS. 5A, 5B, 5C, 5D, and 5E are temperature plots of the variation of temperature with time along the axial length of a catalytic converter monolith for different hydrogen concentrations in a flowing gas stream;
FIG. 6 is a sectional view of a simplified representation of a catalytic converter monolith for temperature measurements along the major radial direction in the monolith;
FIGS. 6A, 6B, 6C, 6D, and 6E are temperature plots of the variation of temperature with time along the major radial direction of a catalytic converter monolith for different hydrogen concentrations in a flowing gas stream; and
FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of the apparatus of the present invention depicting a system for the combustion of hydrogen for cold startup assist for an internal combustion engine.
The present invention provides a method and apparatus for thermally conditioning a catalyst in order to enhance the conversion of unacceptable emissions emanating from an internal combustion engine into water and other acceptable emissions.
Referring first to FIG. 4, the schematic depicts the general configuration of a conditioning system 10 for catalytically enhancing emission reactions. The system 10 includes a catalytic converter 11, a metered hydrogen supply 13, and a metered air supply 14. Additionally, one or more thermocouples 11a are implanted at various positions along the radial and axial directions of the catalytic converter. The thermocouples are connected to a data logger 12, capable of recording the temperature of the catalyst as a function of time. The system 10 of FIG. 4 is particularly useful in demonstrating the efficacy of the present invention and for determining the optimum flow rates of hydrogen and air and other system parameters.
The flows of hydrogen and air from supplies 13 and 14 are controlled by valves or regulators 15 and 16, respectively. The regulator 16, which controls the air supply, is preferably coupled to a rotameter 17, which measures the air flow rate. The metered air then flows to a mixing chamber 20. The flow of hydrogen, which is controlled through a valve or regulator 15 and regulated by an electronically controlled mass flow controller 18 in conjunction with the controller 19, is also delivered to the mixing chamber 20.
In the mixing chamber 20, the hydrogen and air are thoroughly mixed before passing through a three way valve 21. The three way valve 21 operates to provide a bypass of the hydrogen and air mixture directly to the surrounding environment via an outlet 23 or to a conduit 22, through which the hydrogen and air mixture are introduced into the catalytic converter 11. This configuration allows for a widely varying flow of hydrogen and air to a catalytic converter to determine the proper hydrogen/air ratios for practicing the present invention.
FIG. 5 depicts a catalytic converter monolith 30 in the catalytic converter 11 that may be conditioned with the present invention. Arrows 40 represent the stream of air and hydrogen passing through conduit 22 and into contact with the monolith 30 along a central axis 37. Points 31a, 31b, 31c, 31d, and 31e represent the location of thermocouple probes, as generally represented by 11a in FIG. 4, for the measurement of temperatures along the axial or flow direction into the catalytic converter.
FIG. 6 depicts the radial distribution of a plurality of probes 33a, 33b, and 33c within the monolith 30. Below are listed some results for variously changing parameters as determined by the distribution of the thermocouple probes 31a-31e and 33a-33c.
FIGS. 5A-D, inclusive, depict test results of the distribution of temperatures detected by the thermocouples distributed as shown in FIG. 5 for varying concentrations of hydrogen. Similarly, FIGS. 6A-D, inclusive, depict test results of the distribution of temperatures detected by the thermocouples distributed as shown in FIG. 6 for the same concentrations of hydrogen. These plots clearly show the effectiveness of the heating on the face of the catalytic converter monolith and will assist those of skill in the art in selecting optimum fluid flow rates in a particular application.
FIG. 1 shows an overall system of the present invention. In this system, the catalytic converter 11 is located in an exhaust line 42 from a vehicle's exhaust manifold, as shown. The exhaust line 42 is provided with air from an air pump 44 and hydrogen from a hydrogen inlet line 46. The air pump could be any suitable air source, such as a receiver, for injecting air into the exhaust line at suitable pressure and volumetric flow rate to achieve the ideal air/hydrogen ratio mixture.
The hydrogen source portion of the system of FIG. 1 provides another feature of the present invention. The major components of the system include a reservoir 48, an electrolyzer 50, and a hydrogen storage cylinder 52. As shown in FIG. 1, the electrolyzer 50 may preferably comprise a plurality of stacked identical cells 51. The reservoir 48 serves both as a water reservoir and as a separator for oxygen and water. In a preferred embodiment, the reservoir 48 may be a vehicle's windshield washer fluid storage container. A port 54 permits the introduction of water into the reservoir and also serves as a vent to atmosphere for oxygen. Water flows by gravity drain or is pumped from the reservoir 48 to the electrolyzer 50 via a drain line 56. As the electrolyzer develops hydrogen and oxygen, the oxygen and entrained water flows naturally back to the reservoir 48 via a return line 58.
The next major component of the hydrogen source is the electrolyzer 50, shown in greater detail in FIG. 2. In the following description of the electrolyzer 50, the materials of construction referred to as "preferred" are the materials actually used in a test device to prove that the invention would work for its intended purpose. In commercial production models of the present invention, where possible, less expensive materials will be used throughout, such as carbon steel for titanium where possible, and plastic such as polypropylene where heat and stress will permit the use of such material.
The electrolyzer 50 may be referred to herein as a proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzer 50. The proton exchange membrane itself may prove corrosive in this environment in contact with certain substances, thus requiring the careful selection of the materials of construction of the electrolyzer. For example, the PEM should only contact carbon or graphite. However, those of skill in the art will readily recognize where less exotic materials than those listed in the following discussion that are located away from the PEM material itself and the oxygen electrode catalyst can be readily employed without penalty. For example, graphite will be the material of choice in certain structural elements, and not some obvious candidates such as copper, aluminum, or iron, which can corrode thus forming ions that can poison the oxygen and/or hydrogen electrode catalysts.
The PEM electrolyzer 50, formed as a stack as shown in FIG. 2, includes a pair of endplates 60 and 62. The endplates 60 and 62 are preferably titanium and measure 4.2"�4.2"�3/4". Adjacent the top endplate 60 is an anodic cell frame 64. The cell frame 64 is preferably a carbon fiber-filled Teflon sheet, sold under the trademark Zymaxx by Du Pont. The cell frame 64 retains a 1:1 molar ratio of iridium and ruthenium dioxides (IrO2 /RuO2) as the anodic electrocatalyst. The cell frame 64 also includes a plurality of flow ports 66 to permit the supply of reactant (water) and/or removal of electrolysis products (hydrogen or oxygen gases). Below the cell frame 64 is an expanded titanium metal current collector (flow field) 68, preferably 25 Ti 40-3/32 from Exmet Corp. An anode substrate 70 is preferably a porous titanium plate measuring 2.49"�2.49"�0.05". Below the anode substrate 70 is a proton exchange membrane 72, cut from a sheet of Nafion 117 from Du Pont which serves as a solid electrolyte material and which is 175 μm thick.
FIG. 2 depicts a gasket 74, one of perhaps several installed where required. Gaskets 74 are stamped from 0.033" thick fluorosilicone sheet (Viton) and from 0.005" thick unsintered PTFE sheet. The electrolyzer 50 further includes a cathode substrate 76 like the anode substrate 70 and an expanded titanium flow field 78 like the titanium flow field 68.
Finally, the PEM electrolyzer 50 includes a cathodic cell frame 80 formed of polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE) sheet, sold under the trademark KEL-F by Afton Plastics. The cathodic cell frame 80 retains a fuel cell gas diffusion electrode containing high surface area colloidal platinum, supported on platinum black, having a platinum loading of 4.0 mg/cm2 as the cathodic electrocatalyst layer.
As shown in FIG. 2, the various components of the PEM electrolyzer are stacked together and retained with a plurality of tie rods 82, preferably 16 such tie rods. Stainless steel tubing, such as SS316, are then screwed into four threaded ports on one of the titanium endplates. These ports are the water inlet port 56, the oxygen outlet port 58, and a pair of hydrogen outlet ports 84. To minimize electrical contact resistances, the titanium endplates 60 and 62 and the expanded titanium metal current collectors 68 and 78 may be electroplated with a thin film of gold.
The cathode and the anode of the electrolyzer are of special construction. The cathodic electrode structure for hydrogen evolution is fashioned from commercially available fuel cell gas diffusion electrodes from E-TEK of Natick, Mass. This structure comprises a hydrophobic gas diffusion layer on a carbon cloth backing, which acts as a support for the active hydrophilic electrocatalyst layer. This active layer contains high surface area colloidal platinum (˜100 m2 /g), supported on carbon black (60 wt % Pt on C), yielding a platinum loading of 4.0 mg/cm2. The cathodic electrode structure, having an area of 40 cm2, was hot-pressed onto one side of a segment of precleaned Nafion 117 PEM material. Hot-pressing was carried out between the plates of a hot-press, elevated to 200� C. for 60 seconds, and using a force of 15,000 pounds.
For the anodic electrocatalyst layer, a 1:1 molar ratio of iridium and ruthenium chlorides are dissolved in ca. 8 ml of concentrated HCl and heated to almost dryness. The resulting chlorides are then dissolved in isopropanol to make an ink-like coating. A porous titanium plate, 0.05" thick, of about 50% porosity, made from sintered titanium spheres of about 0.005" in diameter from Astro Met of Cincinnati, Ohio, is etched in 12% HBF4 for 60 seconds and rinsed with isopropanol. This substrate is then coated with the ink-like mixture and the solvent evaporated under low heat of about 90� C. The coating and drying procedure is repeated seven times, then the electrode is heated in a furnace at 400� C. for 10 minutes in ambient air. The coating, drying and furnace treatment is repeated twice more, but with a final baking time of two hours instead of 10 minutes.
Returning to FIG. 1, in addition to the reservoir 48 and the electrolyzer 50, the system includes a hydrogen storage cylinder and various supporting components. These components include a liquid water trap 86 to eliminate most of the entrained water from the hydrogen from the electrolyzer, a solenoid valve 88 to blow out the trap, a check valve 90, and a pressure relief valve 92 to protect the system against overpressurization. FIG. 3 depicts additional details and a preferred arrangement of the hydrogen gas handling and capture system.
As previously described, the electrolyzer 50 includes a proton exchange membrane in its stacked construction so that generated oxygen is vented to the water source reservoir and the hydrogen generated can be accumulated at pressure. Prior to operation, the system of FIG. 3 permits purging with an inert gas, such as nitrogen. For safety reasons, all air is first removed from the system by attaching a nitrogen gas feedline at a purge gas inlet 94 downstream of a check valve 90. During the purging operation, the hydrogen storage cylinder or vessel 52, preferably made of a metal hydride, is detached at a quick disconnect 96. This operation effectively seals both the vessel 52 and a gas line 98, to keep the purge gas out of the vessel 52. The remainder of the system is then purged from the purge gas inlet 94 through a back pressure regulator 100.
To charge the system with hydrogen, a needle valve 102 between the storage vessel 52 and the back pressure regulator 100 is shut. Hydrogen gas generated by the electrolyzer is processed through a four-stage process to remove entrained water (liquid or vapor) and any oxygen contaminant from the hydrogen stream before storage. The first step involves removal of a small amount of entrained liquid water coming from the electrolyzer in the hydrogen gas. This entrained liquid water is removed without a pressure loss by means of the entrained liquid water trap 86. The second step involves cooling the hydrogen gas stream from the electrolyzer temperature to ambient in a condensing coil 104. The electrolyzer is typically at least 20� C. above ambient, with the exact temperature depending on electrolyzer operating conditions. This second step condenses a substantial portion of the water vapor in the hydrogen gas stream. This condensed water could absorb a significant amount of alcohol, which may be present during operation using windshield washer fluid as the electrolyzer reactant feed. The condensate is collected in a condensate collector 106 and removed through a drain valve 108.
At this point, the hydrogen gas stream is still saturated with water vapor, but now at a lower temperature. This saturated gas stream is next passed into a zeolite-filled gas drier 110. This drier absorbs water vapor and any alcohol vapor present when using a windshield washer fluid feed. Any oxygen contaminant present in the hydrogen gas stream is then eliminated in a catalytic recombiner or oxygen eliminator 112 to reduce it to water. Final clean-up of the hydrogen gas stream is accomplished in a second zeolite absorber bed in a polishing drier 114. The polishing drier removes traces of water produced by the catalytic recombiner 112.
The hydrogen gas handling system of FIG. 3 is designed for relatively short term operation; longer term operations, for example 100,000 miles, would utilize other methods of water removal known in the art. A satisfactory metal hydride hydrogen storage unit is available from Hydrogen Consultants of Littleton, Colo. Such an available unit can store 30 liters of hydrogen, which can be delivered at 30-45 psig, with recharging using hydrogen gas at 100-200 psig.
As previously described, it has been found that the introduction of a relatively small percentage of hydrogen in the air stream of a typical automobile gas exhaust provides nearly spontaneous heating of a major portion of a face 32 (FIG. 5) of the catalyst material almost immediately following ignition in the internal combustion engine providing the exhaust gas. This heating along the face 32 of the converter is fortuitous because it has been found that the most effective site for providing local heating is along and near the upstream face 32 of the catalyst monolith 30. In fact, where the monolith 30 is made of a material that heats slowly when used in association with the present invention, the face 32 may comprise a more reactive catalytic material to bring the entire catalytic converter to light-off more quickly.
In addition, the heat supplied by the spontaneous combustion of the hydrogen in the presence of the catalytic converter 30 produces only a small quantity of water as a product of the reaction, which does not degrade the performance of the catalytic converter.
A system 10 built in accordance with the present invention as depicted in FIGS. 4, 5, and 6 have provided preferred parameters of air and hydrogen flow. The air flow rate, depending on engine size and tuning parameters, typically falls in the range of 40 to 250 liters per minute (lpm). The ideal range is between 80 and 200 lpm, depending on engine size. Effective concentrations of hydrogen for these flow rates are one to twenty-eight volume percent, with a preferred range of five to eighteen percent. The ideal range of hydrogen concentration, again depending on engine size, has been found to be eight to fifteen percent. For example, at 150 lpm flow rate across the catalytic converter, the ideal range for hydrogen concentration in that flow is 12 to 13 volume percent. Under those conditions, light-off temperature at the face 32 is reached in about one second. At 90 lpm and at 8.5 to 11 volume percent hydrogen, light-off is achieved in about two seconds.
The power consumption at the catalyst varies depending on the flow rate and the concentration of hydrogen. For example, at a flow rate of thirty to fifty lpm and a concentration of 10-111/2 volume percent hydrogen, the power required to heat the monolith to light-off is approximately 1.5 watt hours. Similar results in an EHC unit require approximately 10 to 15 watt hours.
The present invention is also suitable for use in low ambient temperature conditions, as low as -7� C. or lower. Depending on the active catalyst compositions used, the amount of time required to achieve light-off may double. In those conditions, it may be desirable to add a small electrical heater, which would be much smaller than an EHC heater and require only about 200 watts of power, in order to achieve the results at normal ambient temperatures.
Finally, FIG. 7 depicts an on-board hydrogen ignition assist system of the present invention. A source of hydrogen, such as an electrolyzer as before or any suitable means, fills the hydrogen storage cylinder 52. An ignition supply line 120 taps off the hydrogen line to a control valve 122. The control valve 122 controls the supply of hydrogen into an engine ignition 124. The engine ignition 124 includes the fuel, air, and electrical components for an internal combustion engine 126. Thus, the hydrogen can be supplied at any convenient location so that it is injected into the cylinders of the engine 126. For example, hydrogen under pressure can be supplied to the intake manifold where there is already a fuel/air mixture (during the inlet cycle), or the hydrogen can be mixed with air before it goes into the engines fuel injection system, or other means.
The preferred system of FIG. 7 turns the internal combustion engine 126 into a hydrogen fuel injected engine for the first few seconds of start-up, before any gasoline is introduced into the engine. This way, the catalytic converter can be brought to light-off while the engine is producing no undesirable emissions. Then, when gasoline is finally injected into the system, the catalytic converter is heated to efficient operating temperature.
Expended fuel gases are collected in an output manifold 128 and flow into the exhaust line 42. An ignition control 130 provides control signals to the control valve 122 for the introduction of hydrogen and to the engine ignition 124 to coordinate hydrogen introduction during cold start operations. The on-board hydrogen ignition assist system functions with or without the catalyst conditioning system but is preferably included with such a system since they may both use the hydrogen generation and on-board storage.
The principles, preferred embodiment, and mode of operation of the present invention have been described in the foregoing specification. This invention is not to be construed as limited to the particular forms disclosed, since these are regarded as illustrative rather than restrictive. Moreover, variations and changes may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the invention.
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|U.S. Classification
|60/274, 60/303, 60/284, 60/286
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Oct 7, 1994
Owner name: TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY SYSTEM, THE, TEXAS
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:APPLEBY, ANTHONY J.;REEL/FRAME:007332/0140
Effective date: 19941005
|Mar 7, 2002
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Mar 6, 2006
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|May 3, 2010
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Sep 29, 2010
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Nov 16, 2010
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20100929


text:
Disney Channel
Check out the latest Disney Channel Games from your favorite made-for-TV-movies, shows, and more!
Cartoon Network Games
Play games from your favorite shows like LEGO, Powerpuff Girls, Pokemon, Adventure Time, and more.
Play Minecraft on the Library's computers. Download the game and play with your own account or, ask Mom and Dad, to create a Mojang account and play the demo for free.
A free game where you can create worlds full of blocks and robots. Roblox is aimed for kids between the ages of 8-18.
Grow a cell by eating other smaller cells, but be careful not to be eaten along the way. You can play with people all around the world. Best for ages 8 and up.
Create stories, animations, games, and more with this free drag and drop coding program for kids. Great for kids ages 8 and up!
Learn to create your own website and code in computer programming languages like Java, for free!